IRLF 
 
 
 ANDERSON 
 
 ISTOE1CAL 
 

Progressive Map, No. 1, 
 
 82 Juong.fcQm 7 Greenwich 82 
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 
 EAST OF THE MlSSISSIPET 
 
 AS OCCUPIED BY THE INDIANS 
 
 15 J-ong.from 10 
 
JOHfl S. PRELL 
 
 Civil & Mechanical Engineer. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 GRAMMAR SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 UNITED STATES: 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 AND 
 
 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 BY 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.,D. 
 
 Author of a " Pictorial School History of the United States," a, " Manual of 
 
 General History," a " History of England," " The Historical 
 
 Header" " The United States Reader " etc., etc. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 CLARK <fc MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 734 BROADWAY. 
 
 1882. 
 
Anderson s Historical Series. 
 
 A Junior Class History of the United States. 
 
 Illustrated with hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 272 pnges. IGmo. 
 
 A Grammar School History of the United States. 
 
 Annotated ; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than 
 forty maps, many of which are colored. 340 pp. IGmo. 
 
 A Pictorial School History of the United States. 
 
 Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vigncttes, etc. 420 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A Popular School History of the United States, 
 
 in which are inserted :i8 a part of the narrative selections from the writings of eminent 
 American historians and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated with maps, 
 colored and plain ; portraits, views, etc. 356 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A Manual of General History, illustrated with numerous 
 
 engravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the political di 
 visions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 483 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A School History Of England. Illustrated with numerous 
 engravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the country at 
 different periods. 32 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A School History Of France. Illustrated with numerous en. 
 gravings, colored and uncolored maps. 373 pp. 12mo. 
 
 A HlStOry Of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, .plans, and 
 engravings. 543 pp. By R. F. LEIGHTON, Ph.D. (Lips.). 
 
 A School History of Greece, in preparation. 
 Anderson s Bloss s Ancient History, illustrated with 
 
 engravings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. 
 
 The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
 from standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of Difficult 
 Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pp. 12mo. 
 
 The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent 
 American historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with explanatory observations, 
 notes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States History. Illustrated 
 with colored historical maps. 414 pp. 12uio. 
 
 CLARK & MAYNARD, Publishers, 
 
 734 Broadway, New York, 
 
 Coovri^ht, 1874, by JOHN J. ANDERSON. 
 
 / 
 
 GIFT 
 
_ JOHN S. PRELL 
 
 Civil & Mechanical Engto 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 
 TO TEACHEKS. 
 
 THIS work is intended for advanced classes in Gram 
 mar Schools and Academies. The leading aim in its 
 preparation has been to narrate the events, as well aa 
 their causes, details, effects, and connection with each 
 other, in the most concise language consistent with 
 the clearness and fulness necessary for the proper 
 understanding of the subject. Although the history 
 of our country is here condensed within a few pages, 
 it is believed that all the important facts are stated, 
 and that no particulars are omitted that are essential 
 to their clear comprehension. 
 
 A knowledge of history can never be acquired so as 
 to make the acquisition permanent and useful, unless, 
 at the same time, the geography of the narrative is 
 well understood. The exact location of every place 
 mentioned in this work, except a very few beyond the 
 limits of the United States, is shown on maps, a num 
 ber of which were specially prepared for this work ; 
 and the system of map questions, by which not only 
 the location of each place is required to be learned, 
 but its situation with reference to other places, is a 
 
 039 
 
TO TEACHERS. 
 
 feature not to be found in any other history which 
 has come under the author s notice. Of the import 
 ance of uniting the two studies of history and geo 
 graphy, no practical teacher need be informed. By 
 associating events with places, both are more perma 
 nently impressed on the mind. 
 
 The design of the questions at the bottom of the 
 pages, is to draw attention to the facts singly. Those 
 at the end of the sections, called Keview Questions, 
 associate facts belonging to the same class or train 
 of events, and, consequently, require answers of a 
 topical character. This method, in connection with 
 the requirements in relation to geography, cannot fail 
 to awaken an interest in the mind of the learner, and 
 lead him to a knowledge of the subject that will prove 
 satisfactory and permanent. It will give him, too, a 
 power and readiness of grouping, describing, and re 
 lating, that will prove of lasting benefit. 
 
 It will be observed that the author has given more 
 attention to the pronunciation of proper names than 
 in his previous works. The pronunciation of no name 
 that seemed to be at all difficult for the learner, has 
 been omitted. The authorities employed are Web 
 ster s and Worcester s Dictionaries, and Baldwin s 
 Gazetteer. 
 
 The author would suggest to his fellow-teachers, 
 
TO TEACHERS. 
 
 that this book may be used just as it is written. It 
 is a production growing out of twenty years expe 
 rience in the school-room ; and, while no claim of 
 perfection is made either for its plan or infallibility 
 in its statements, it will be, it is believed, when thus 
 used, an important aid in the hands of teachers. The 
 maps should be used freely : they may be drawn by 
 the teacher or pupils on the blackboard ; and no reci 
 tation should be heard nor instruction given, without 
 them. In this way pupils will be made to learn and 
 recite intelligently, since they will be compelled to 
 use their eyes as well as their ears, and to exercise 
 their understanding. 
 
 With regard to the chronology, two things are to be 
 avoided. The pupil should not be required to learn 
 dates unassociated with the narrative, nor should any 
 system of mnemonics be employed which requires the 
 use of facts or statements not belonging to the his 
 tory. In the one case, the mind is burdened with 
 useless lumber to the overtasking of the memory ; 
 and, in the other case, it is confused with a multipli 
 city of facts, perhaps, of but little or no importance. 
 A few prominent events should be selected as stand 
 points, from which, on the one side, may be seen a 
 train of causes ; and, on the other, a series of effects 
 or consequences. In this way, whatever is really im- 
 
TO TEACHERS. 
 
 portant, will be readily remembered and judiciously 
 appropriated. 
 
 With these few remarks and suggestions, the author 
 commits the work to the impartial examination of his 
 fellow-laborers in the cause of education ; trusting 
 that it will be received with that kind consideration 
 which has been extended to his other works on this 
 subject. 
 
 Teachers who desire that their pupils should acquire 
 a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of the 
 United States than can be gained from the text, are 
 referred to the QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY AND RECI 
 TATION at the end of the work. These questions, with 
 the references and the additional information given in 
 connection therewith, supply a complete collection of 
 topics, beginning with the discovery of the New World, 
 and running through succeeding events to the present 
 time. Much interesting information, not found in the 
 preceding pages of the book, is there inserted. The 
 author is indebted to School Superintendents and 
 teachers, and to examination-papers which have been 
 furnished him, for many of these questions. 
 
 Two articles have been added at the end of the 
 History, one showing the Territorial Growth of the 
 United States, and the other the Civil Progress of 
 the Nation. 
 
HOW TO TEACH HISTORY. 
 
 The author of this book having been solicited by many teachers fora few brief 
 rales, by which they might be governed in using it, submits the following. H 
 floes not claim that these iir the best, nor does he advise any teacher who may 
 adopt them to adhere to them strictly in all cases. 
 
 Lessons should be assigned and recitations heard, not so much in conformity with, 
 rules as in accordance with circumstances. 
 
 ASSIGNING THE LESSON. 
 
 1. " Give out " a short lesson, at tlie same time designating a 
 map to be drawn by the pupils, on paper or slate, the map to show, 
 among other things, the location of the important places mention 
 ed in the lesson. Jgf" Let it be understood that no lesson is learn 
 ed by a pupil until he has learned how every place mentioned in 
 it is located. 
 
 2. Let the lesson be read by the class, care being taken to 
 have all the proper names correctly pronounced. Endeavor, also, 
 to give interest to the lesson by enlarging upon the facts, throw 
 ing in historical incidents, and referring to authors. 
 
 RECITATION, 
 
 3. Let the maps be examined and criticised. In this duty 
 the teacher may bo aided veiy much by a system of examinations 
 carried out by he pupils themselves, who will derive benefit in 
 many respects by the exercise. 
 
 4. Bring 1 out the facts of the lesson with clearness, partic 
 ularly the relation of causes to results. If any question is not fully 
 answered, put others to elicit what has been omitted. Then ask 
 the first question again, requiring it to be properly answered. Of 
 course the teacher should in all cases aim to have his questions 
 answered with intelligence. Use outline wall-maps, and question 
 freely on the geography. Occasionally have the maps drawn on 
 the blackboard. IHSIP Permit no answer to pass if it is not clear 
 that the pupil is acquainted with the location of the places reierred 
 to in it. 
 
 REVIEWS. 
 
 5. Review by topics. Besides the oral method, the composition 
 plan (see Appendix, p. 62) and the one by written diagrams (see 
 model preceding p. 18) should occasionally be used. (The Review 
 Questions, at different places in the book, furnish a number of 
 topics and suggest others. A list of about two hundred topics is 
 also given at the end of the book.) 
 
 6. Dates. Do not require dates too freely, the month and 
 the day of the month in no case, unless there is a special reason 
 for it. Take the date of an important event as a turning point ; 
 and when it is well fixed in the mind, arrange on the one side the 
 train of events as causes, and on the other the train of results. 
 
JOHN S. PRELL 
 
 Civil & Mechanical Engineer. 
 
 SAN FKANCISCO, CAL. 
 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 1. THE geographers of ancient times had no knowledge whatever 
 of America ; though it has been asserted that, several years before 
 Christ, navigators had sailed out of the Mediterranean Sea, and, 
 being wafted across the Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had 
 reached the Western Continent. 
 
 2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of America by 
 Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Norway, colonized Iceland 
 and Greenland, and made explorations hi America as far south aa 
 New England. Settlements are also said to have been made by 
 them, and intercourse kept up for some time with the mother 
 country. These expeditions, however, seem not to have attracted 
 any general attention ; nor were their results permanent, or known 
 to the other nations of Europe. (Read Note 7, end of Section.) 
 
 3. It is certain, indeed, that when Columbus set sail on his event 
 ful voyage hi 1492, he had not the least knowledge of the ox.isten.ce 
 of a second continent, nor is there any evidence whatever that he 
 even imagined there was such a continent* His great aim was to 
 find a shorter and better route to India than the one then travelled 
 by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. To him, nevertheless, is justly 
 ascribed the honor of being the discoverer of the New World, since 
 it was through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came 
 to be generally known. 
 
 4. At the time of Columbus s discovery, the continent of America, 
 from the icy latitudes of the North to the regions far south of the 
 equator, together with most of its islands, was inhabited by various 
 races who ditfered in many respects from Europeans. As Uie coun 
 try at that time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean 
 (p. 17), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants were 
 called Indians. In some parts of the country they were found to 
 have attained a considerable degree of civilization ; in others they 
 were hi the savage state, being divided into tribes, living in rude 
 huts called wigwams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting 
 
 * This statement is made on the authority of Irving, Helps, and others ; but a recent 
 writer holds to a different opinion, giving several reasons for his belief. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 They spoke different languages, and their religion consisted in wor 
 shipping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they called the 
 " Great Spirit." 
 
 5. "Whence did they corne ? How did they reach America ? How 
 long had they been living there ? These questions have been asked 
 a great many times, but have never yet been satisfactorily answered. 
 Many theories have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the 
 origin of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, remains 
 as much a mystery as ever. 
 
 6. According to one of these theories, America received its first 
 inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring s Straits ; while 
 other and more probable statements are, that vessels were at various 
 times watted by the trade-winds across the Atlantic Ocean from 
 tho Old World, and that thus people of different races being acci 
 dentally carried to the other continent, settled there, and founded 
 the different nations which inhabited it at the time of its dis 
 covery by Columbus. 
 
 ". Of one thing there can be no doubt. When America was dis 
 covered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for centuries ; and the 
 previous occupants of certain portions of it had attained a degree 
 of civilization not possessed by their inhabitants at the time of this 
 discovery. The evidences of this are still abundant in the ruins of 
 temples and other buildings, and hi the articles of copper and silver 
 found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery 
 of great antiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remark 
 able extent are seen in certain parts, the origin of which was un 
 known *o the uncivilized Indians. 
 
 8. After Columbus led the way, expeditions were undertaken by 
 Europeans of different nations in order to explore the New World, 
 aad make settlements in various parts of it. None were marked 
 by more heroism and self-sacrifice than those conducted by the 
 French Catholics in their efforts to explore the country in the 
 region of the great lakes, and along the Mississippi River and ita 
 tributary streams. Marquette (mar-kef), La Salle (sal), and others, 
 penetrated the vast wilderness by way of the St. Lawrence ; and 
 they were followed by others who established stations .at various 
 places, and labored to convert the Indians to their faith.* 
 
 9. At the close of the Revolutionary War, the western boundary 
 of the territorial possessions of the United States extended only to 
 the Mississippi (p 98). By the " Louisiana Purchase," in 1803, the 
 
 See Note 6, end of Section I., for Marquette ; and, for Lc, Salle, Note 16, end of Section H 
 
Marquette Sailing Down the Mississippi. 
 
 " On the 17th of June (1673), they saw on their right the broad meadows, bounded in the 
 distance by rugged hills, where now stands the town of Prairie du Chien. Before them, a 
 wild and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of lofty heights wrapped 
 thick in forests. They had found what they sought, and with a joy, writes Marquette, 
 which I cannot express, they sieered forth their canoes on the eddies of the Mississippi. 
 PAUK.MAN. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 limits were extended to the Rocky Mountains (p. 110). The coast 
 strip, about fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed 
 by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United States at 
 the beginning of the War of 1812," and, under the claim tbat it 
 was part of the "Louisiana Purchase," was retained. In 1819, 
 Florida was acquired by cession from Spain (p. 135), all the :< rights, 
 claims, and pretensions" of Spain to territory west of the Missis 
 sippi and north of the 42>d parallel, being, at the same time, also 
 ceded to the United States. 
 
 10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending from 
 atitude 42 to about 54, with the Pacific for its western boundary, 
 was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States, 
 because, among other reasons, its principal river had been discov 
 ered by an American Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of lios- 
 ton in 1792 ; and because, during the administration of President 
 Jefferson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, command 
 ing an overland expedition sent out by the United States govern 
 ment. Gray gave the name of his vessel to the river he discovered. 
 By the treaty made with Spam hi 1819, the United States strength 
 ened their claim to the region. 
 
 11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, by treaty, 
 the boundary line between the possessions of the two nations was 
 fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus was settled a controversy which 
 had been continued for a number of years, and which, at one time, 
 threatened to produce a war between the two countries. In 1845. 
 Texas became a member of the Union by annexation (pp. 141-143), 
 California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada were acquired 
 from Mexico by conquest ; and their possession wag confirmed by 
 a treaty made at the close of the war with that country (p. 150), 
 and by subsequent negotiation. Alaska was ourc/iaaed from Russia 
 in 1867 (p. 184). 
 
 NOTE. " The evidences of the former existence of a pre-Mstoric race, known 
 as the mound-builders, who at oue time occupied the principal affluent!) of the 
 Mississippi, the C-Julf Coast, and the region of the Great Lakes, are too conclu 
 sive to aumit of doubt. These evidences consist of tumuli symmetrically raised 
 and often enclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, 
 and circle, with long Hues of circumvallation; of pits in the solid rock, and 
 mobiith-heaps formed in the prosecution of their mining operations; and ol a 
 variety o! utensils, wrousrht in stone or copper, or moulded in clay, which evince 
 a knowledge of art and methodical labor foreign to the Red man. While the 
 character of these structures, a? traced over wide areas, differ in minor particu 
 lars, still there is a great uniformity which stamps the authors as one people nd 
 subjects of one controlling government. " Foster s Pre-Historic Races in th 
 United States of America. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 
 
 1. AMERICA was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Co 
 lumbus, a native of Genoa (jen -o-ah), Italy. Believing 
 the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing 
 westward he would sooner reach India than by taking 
 the usual route by way of Egypt. The route around 
 
 ^the southern extremity of Africa was not then known.* 
 
 2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own 
 expense, he applied for aid to the republic of Genoa, and 
 afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; 
 but in vain. At last he was assisted by Isabella, Queen 
 of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and 
 after a voyage of ten weeks, discovered one of the Baha- 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (See Map, page 8.) Where are the Bahama Islands ? The 
 West Indies ? Where is Guanahani ? Labrador ? Porto Rico ? Florida ? St. 
 Domingo ? Cuba ? Tampa Bay ? Newfoundland ? Quebec ? Nova Scotia f 
 New Brunswick ? Acadia ? Port Royal entrance ? St. Augustine ? Pamlico 
 Sound ? Albemarle Sound ? Virginia ? Cape Cod ? Maine ? Martha s Vineyard ? 
 Jamestown ? Into what waters does the Mississippi flow ? The St. Lawrence ? 
 The St. John s ? The Kennebec ? The James ? 
 
 1. Who was Columbus? When was America discovered? Who made the 
 discovery ? What belief did Cok.mbus have ? What was then the usual route 
 to India ? What route was then not yet known ? 
 
 2. For what did Columbus solicit aid? Why did he do eo? Of whom did 
 he ask aid ? Who, finally, assisted him ? What can you state of his first voyage ? 
 What land did he discover ? What name did he give it ? 
 
 * " The crown of Portugal was constant in its efforts, through the fifteenth century, to find 
 a passage round the southern point of Africa into the Indian Ocean; though so timid was the 
 navigation that every fresh headland became n formidable barrier ; and it was not till tire 
 latter part of the century that the adventurous Diaz passed quite round the Stormy Cape, as 
 he termed it, but which John the Second (King of Portugal), with happier augury, called the 
 Cape of Good Hope. But, before Vasco de Gama had availed himself of this discovery to 
 spread his sails in the Indian seas (U97), Spain entered on her glorious career, and seat Colum 
 bus across tho western waters." Pr escorts Conquest qfPeru. 
 
10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1492. 
 
 ma Islands, called by the natives Gur,nahani (gwah-nahr 
 hah -ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador. 
 
 3. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
 World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just 
 described, his discoveries were confined to the islands 
 between North and South America. These he supposed 
 to be near India; but when, in after years, the mistake 
 became known, they were called the West Indies, and the 
 islands southeast of Asia were called the East Indies. 
 
 4. In his third voyage* made in 1498, Columbus dis 
 covered the mainland, at the mouth of the river O-ri-no - 
 co, in South America ; and in his last he examined the 
 coast of Da-ri-en . He died in Spain, at the age of seventy, 
 a few months after he returned from his fourth voyage. 
 He never knew that he had discovered a new continent, f 
 
 5. In 1497, John Cabot (kab -bot\ and his son Sebastian, 
 while sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of 
 England, reached the coast of Labrador, and thus were 
 the first to discover the continent of America. In a 
 second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot, in 1498, the 
 coast from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay was explored. 
 
 6. In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci (ah-ma-re-go ves-poot - 
 che), a Florentine navigator, visited the eastern coast of 
 South America, and, in 1501, made a second voyage to 
 the same regions. He prepared accounts of the two voy 
 ages, from which he acquired the reputation of being the 
 discoverer of the western mainland. In consequence of 
 this, as well as from the fact that his were the first pub 
 lished accounts of the newly discovered country, it was 
 called America. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 208.) 
 
 3. Columbus 1 ? second voyage? Why were the West Indies so called? 
 
 4. Coluinbus s third voyage ? His fourth ? What further of Columbus? 
 
 5. What discovery was made in 1497 ? What exploration in 1498? 
 
 6. Who was Amerigo Ve-pucci ? What two voyages are mentioned ? Why 
 was the iiL Vf world called America? 
 
 * Read Note 1, end of this Section. 
 
 t His body was deposited in a convent at Valladolicl, Spain, "but was after 
 ward removed to Seville, Spain. Twenty-three years alter, it was taken across 
 the Atlantic to St. Domingo, and finally, two- hundred and sixiy years later, waa 
 carried with great ceremony to the cathedral at Havana, its present resting-place. 
 
1512.1 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 
 
 7. Twenty years after Columbus s first and great dis 
 covery, Ponce de Leon (pon -tha da let-on ) , an aged Span 
 iard, sailed from Porto Kico (re -co) in search of a won 
 derful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the 
 Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to all 
 who might drink of its waters. (Read Note 8, end of Sec.) 
 , 8. After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1513, 
 an unknown land, whose forests were adorned with 
 flowers. From the abundance of the flowers, and also 
 because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
 the Spaniards call Pascua Florida (pali -scoo-ah flo-re - 
 dah], it received the name of Florida. His search for 
 the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 
 
 9. Several years after, he went again to Florida. His 
 object this time was to make a settlement, he having 
 been appointed governor of the country upon the condi 
 tion that he would colonize it. He effected a landing, 
 but in an attack made by the natives, the Spaniards 
 were killed or driven back to their ships, and De 
 Leon received a mortal wound of which he died, in 
 Cuba. 
 
 10. Two expeditions were made to Carolina by Do 
 Ayllon (da ile-yone ). The object of the first, made in 
 1520, was the capture of natives to work the plantations 
 and mines of St. Domingo. The second was undertaken 
 to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful.* 
 
 11. In 1517, Cordova (&or -do~vd) discovered Mexico, 
 and explored the northern coast of Yu-ca-tan .f After 
 ward, Cor -tez, who had been sent by the governor of 
 
 7. Who was Ponce de Loon ? What visionary enterprise did h/ 1 undertake! 
 
 8. Did he discover tne fountain? Why not ? What did he discover ? Why 
 wa* the land called Florida? 
 
 9. What next did DC Leon undertake? What was the result ? 
 
 10. What wa* undertaken in 1B20? What, afterward ? What were the results? 
 
 11. When was Mexico discovered ? Who made the discovery ? What els 
 did Cordova do ? What did Cortez accomplish ? 
 
 * Many of De Ayllon s men, in the second expedition, were killed by th 
 natives, because he had kidnapped a number of their companions iu his first ea? 
 pedition. He himself barely escaped. 
 
 + Head uoto 9. end of Section. 
 
12 "DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. Lisas. 
 
 Cuba, succeeded in conquering the Mexicans ; and their 
 country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. (App. p. 65.) 
 
 12. Narvaez (nar-vah -eth), believing Florida to be a 
 land of great wealth, obtained from the Spanish sovereign 
 an appointment as governor, and, in 1528, sailed from 
 Cuba, to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved 
 disastrous ; for of the three hundred men who penetrated 
 the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, suc 
 ceeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 
 
 13. These men asserted that Florida was the richest 
 country in the world, a statement which the people of 
 Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto 
 (da so -to). With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay com 
 pany of six hundred armed men, De Soto- sailed for Cuba, 
 whence he proceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores 
 of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced 
 his march into the interior.* 
 
 14. After wandering for nearly three years, during 
 Which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened 
 and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who re 
 garded him with fear, his body was sunk in the waters of 
 the great river which he had discovered. The remnant 
 of his followers, having in vain tried to reach Mexico 
 through the forests, built seven frail barks, sailed down 
 the Mississippi and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
 reached a Spanish settlement. (Read Note 2, end of Sec.) 
 
 15. In 1524, Verrazzani (ver-rat-tsah -ne), a Florentine 
 navigator, sailing in the service of France, explored the 
 coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland 
 (new 1 -fund-land). To the whole region thus examined he 
 
 12. What belief did Narvaez have? What appointment did he obtain? 
 From what place did he sail ? With what object ? What was the result ? 
 
 1 3. Who was De Soto ? What statement did he believe ? Give an account 
 of the beginning of his expedition. 
 
 14. Give* further account of his expedition. What river did he discover? 
 When dirt he make the discovery ? What became of hie folio were ? 
 
 15. Who was Verrazzani ? What explorations did he make ? What name 
 did he give to the region ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (See Map, p. 53.) 
 
 * His explorations extended about two hundred miles west of the Mississippi. 
 
1534.1 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 
 
 gave the name of New France, a name which was after 
 ward restricted to Canada. (Read Note 3, end of Sec.) 
 
 16. No other explorations were made by the French 
 until 1534. In that year and the following, James Cartier 
 (car-te-a) made two voyages, discovered the St. Lawrence, 
 explored its banks, and took possession of the whole 
 country in the name of his king. The French, however, 
 effected no permanent settlement in Canada until one was 
 made on the site of Quebec, in 1608.* 
 
 17. But Quebec was not the first settlement made by 
 the French on the American continent, as Port Royal, 
 now Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, was settled three years 
 before. The French, claiming the whole territory now 
 included in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, called it 
 A-ca -di-a. 
 
 18. The French Protestants, or Huguenots, as they 
 were called, desired to have in America a place of refuge. 
 With the permission of King Charles, and aided by the 
 celebrated Coligny (ko-leen-ye 1 ), two attempts were made 
 to establish a colony one at Port Royal entrance, Caro 
 lina, in 1562, and the other on the banks of the St. John s 
 River, Florida, in 1564. 
 
 19. The settlers of 1562 built a fort, to which they 
 gave the name of Carolina, in honor of Charles ( Carolus, 
 in Latin), their king. Twenty-six men were left to keep 
 possession of the country, while the others, with John 
 Ribault (re-bo ) , their commander, returned to France for 
 re-enforcements; but the promised aid not arriving, the 
 colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 
 
 20. Spain, unwilling that the settlement on the St. 
 
 16. When was the St. Lawrence discovered? By whom? What further 
 did Cartier do ? When was Quebec settled ? By whom ? 
 
 17. Which was the first French settlement in America? When was Port 
 Royal settled ? What country was called Acadia ? Who called it so ? 
 
 18. Who were the Huguenots? What desire did they have? Who aided 
 them? "What settlements were begun by them? 
 
 19. Give an account of the Carolina settlement. 
 
 By Samuel Champlain, the discoverer and explorer of Lake Champlain. 
 
14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1583. 
 
 John s should exist, commissioned Melendez (md-leri- 
 detli) to destroy it. After laying the foundations of St. 
 Augustine, in 15G5, Melendez proceeded against the 
 Huguenots, whom he surprised and massacred. In re 
 venge, De Gourgues (goory), of France, two years after, 
 surprised the Spanish forts on the St. John s, and hung 
 two hundred captives upon the trees. 
 
 21. In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed fromEnglnnd, 
 under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. His design 
 was to take possession of the northern parts of America, 
 and found a colony in Newfoundland. He landed on the 
 island, but, in consequence of disasters, no attempt at 
 settlement w T as made. On the return to England, one of 
 the ships, that in which Gilbert sailed, foundered, and all 
 on board perished.* 
 
 22. Sir Walter Raleigh (raic -le), not disheartened by 
 the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from 
 Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, 
 under the command of Am -i-das and Barlow. The voy 
 agers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands 
 in Pam -li-co and Albemarle sounds, took possession of 
 the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after 
 trafficking with the natives, returned to England. 
 
 23. So glowing an account did Amidas and Barlow give 
 of the country which they had seen, that Elizabeth de 
 clared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, 
 and, as a memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
 region Virginia. Upon Raleigh she conferred the honor 
 of knighthood.} (See Appendix, p. 73, topic 147.) 
 
 2O Give an account of the St. John s settlement. When was St. Augustine 
 Fettled ? By whom ? How does it rank in age among the towns in the Uniiect 
 State- ? Ana. It, is the oldest. What reventre did De Gourgues have? 
 
 21. What voyage was commenced in 1583? What was Gilbert s design ? 
 Givo an account of Gilbert s operations ? Of his fate. 
 
 22. Who was Raleigh ? Give an account of his expedition sent in 1584 ? 
 
 23. Why was thu country called Virginia ? Honor conferred upon Raleigh? 
 
 * Gilbert, " sitting; abaft witb a book in his hand, cried out to those in the other resscl 
 4 We are as near to Heaven by sea as by land. That same night the lights of the Squirrel 
 (a bark of only ten tons) suddenly disappeared, and neither vessel nor any of its crew wa 
 ever seen again." Bancroft. 
 
 tRead Note 10, end of Sectioff 
 
1&85.] DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 
 
 24. Two attempts were afterward made by Raleigh to 
 establish a colony on Roanoke Island one, under Ralph 
 Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 15S7. 
 The people under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- 
 oke, embarked for England with .Sir Francis Drake, who 
 had stopped there on his. way from the West Indies. White 
 did not remain long at the island : he went to England 
 for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of 
 nearly three years, none of the colonists could be 
 found. (Read Note 4, end of Section. Also note 11.) 
 
 25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in 
 America was made by Bartholomew Gos -nold, in 1602. 
 He discovered Cape Cod, and so named it because of the 
 great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to 
 settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a store 
 house and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was 
 abandoned, and the whole party returned to England.* 
 
 26. The favorable reports of the country made by Gos- 
 nold induced some English merchants to fit out two ves 
 sels, under the command of Martin Pring, for exploration 
 and trade. Pring, in ]603, examined the shores and large 
 rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha s 
 Vineyard. Three years later he made a second voyage, 
 and also a more accurate survey of Maine. ^ 
 
 27. The territory which the English claimed, basing 
 their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended 
 from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude.! In 
 1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. 
 The northern, called North Virginia, he granted to the 
 
 24. What did Raleigh wish to do ? Give an account of Lane s undertaking. 
 Of White s. 25. When was Cape Cod discovered? By whom ? Why was it 
 eo named? Give an account of Gosnold s attempt at settlement. Where are 
 the Elizabeth Islands? (See Map, p. 24.) 26. Who sent Pring to America? 
 What induced them to send him ? Give an account of his first voyage. His 
 second. 27. What extent of American territory did the English claim? What 
 was their title to the claim ? What division was made in 1606 ? 
 
 * The tobacco plant was first carried to England by some of Raleigh s returning colonists. 
 and he introduced the habit of smoking it. It is related that when his servant entered 
 his room with a tankard of ale, and for the first time saw the smoke issuing from his mas 
 ter s mouth and nostrils, he cast the liquor in his face. Terribly frightened, he alarmed tba 
 household with the intelligence that Sir Walter was on fire." 
 
 t This claim was afterward extended to the 48th deRree (see page 24). 
 
16 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. [1607. 
 
 Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Vir 
 ginia, to the London Company. 
 
 28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
 Company sent a number of planters, who began a settle 
 ment at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the 
 winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death 
 of their president, discouraged them, and they returned 
 to England. 
 
 29. The London Company were successful. They sent 
 more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by 
 Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was 
 to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels fur 
 ther north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named 
 the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, 
 and called it Jamestown. (See note, p. 23.) 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 -1492. America was discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1497. The Continent of America was discovered by John Cabot 
 
 1498. The coast of North America was explored by Sebastian Cabot 
 The Continent of America was discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
 1513. Florida was discovered by De Leon.* 
 
 1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 
 
 1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 
 
 1524. The coast of North America was explored by Verrazzani. 
 1528. The conquest of Florida was undertaken by Narvaez. 
 
 -.1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
 
 -.1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 
 1562. The Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. , t 
 
 1564. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida. 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (See Map. p. 53.) What lanje bay is on the East of Vir 
 p-inia ? Into what body of water does the James River flow ? Where is James 
 town ? Where are the Bermuda Islands ? (See Map, p. S.) 
 
 28. What attempt at settlement did the Plymouth Company make? VVhat 
 caused the failure of the attempt? 
 
 29. Where did the London Company design to plant a colony ? Did they (10 
 BO ? Why not ? Where did they make a settlement? 
 
 agrees with the year 1513. la 1612, Easter Sunday came la April. 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 
 
 1565. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards. 
 
 1584. The coast of Carolina was explored by Amidas and Barlow. 
 
 1585. The first attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 1602. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold. 
 
 1103. The New England coast was explored by Pring. 
 .1305. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 
 1606. The London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 
 1007. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. 
 Jamestown was settled by the London Company. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10 
 
 2. Give an account of the Cahots and their two voyages 10 
 
 3. Give an account of the two voyages made by Vespucci 10 
 
 4. Give an account of De Leon s two expeditions to Florida 11 
 
 5. Give an account of De Ayllon s two expeditions to Carolina 11 
 
 6. Of Narvaez s expedition (12). 7. Of De Soto s expedition 12 
 
 8. Of Verrazzani s expeditions (12, 13). 9. Of Cartier s expeditions 13 
 
 10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13 
 
 11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John s River 13, 14 
 
 12. Of Gilbert s expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14 
 
 13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14 
 
 14. Of Raleigh s two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15 
 
 15. Of Gosnold s expedition and discovery in 1602 15 
 
 16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15 
 
 17. What grants of land did King James make in 1606 ? 15, 16 
 
 18. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted? Am. 
 
 North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north 
 latitude ; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree. 
 
 19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company.. 16 
 
 20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 1607 16 
 
 21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1492 to 1541 16 
 
 22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17 
 
 23. Name six of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of Spain .9-17 
 
 24. Name (bur of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of France . . . 9-17 
 2"> Name eleven of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of England. 9-11 
 JJ6. By whom was the southwest passage to Asia discovered? Ans. By 
 
 Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his 
 name, in 1520. At the Philippine Islands, in a contest with the na 
 tives, he was killed ; bi>t one of his vessels reached Spain by way of 
 the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the 
 globe. 
 
 27. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered ? Ans. In 1513, 
 Bal-bo -a, w r hile crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit 
 of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. (See 
 Note 6, end of Section.) 
 
 NOTE. "It must be recollected that the name of Florida then (1580) designated a vast 
 extent of country, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico, northwestwardly, towards u 
 region./ Fairbanks^ History of Florida. 
 
ITa DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 SPANISH. 
 
 Columbus discovered all the large islands of the West Indies, 
 besides a number of the small ones. He also discovered South 
 America (1498) and explored the coast of Darieii (1503). 
 
 Ponce de Leon discovered Florida and explored its coast 
 (1513). 
 
 Balboa, while crossing the isthmus of Darien, discovered the 
 Pacific Ocean, and called it the South Sea (1513). (Note 5, end of sec.) 
 
 Cordova explored the northern coast of Yucatan (1517). 
 
 Magellan sailed around South America to the Pacific (1520) ; and 
 westward to the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in a con 
 test with the natives. One of his vessels continued the voyage, 
 thus making the first circumnavigation of the earth (1522). 
 
 De Ayllon made two expeditions to Carolina (1520 and 1524). 
 
 Cortez sailed to Mexico (1519) and conquered it (1521). 
 
 Narvaez explored the interior of Florida (1528). 
 
 De Soto explored a large part of the country from Florida to a 
 point several hundred miles west of the Mississippi (1539 to 1542). 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 The Cabots discovered Labrador (1497) ; and Sebastian Cabot, 
 in a second voyage, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Chesa 
 peake Bay (1498) . 
 
 Drake sailed along the coast of California (1579). 
 
 Gilbert made a voyage to Newfoundland (1583). 
 
 Raleigh sent an expedition to North Carolina (1584) ; and made 
 two attempts to found a colony (1585, 1587). 
 
 Gosnold explored the coast of Massachusetts (1602). 
 
 Pring explored the coast of New England (1603). 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Verrazzani explored the coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, 
 being the first European to enter the harbor of New York (1524). 
 
 Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence (1534), and, in a second 
 voyage, sailed up the river as far as Montreal (1535). 
 
 DUTCH. 
 Hudson sailed up the Hudson River as far as Albany (1609). 
 
 The western coast of North America was first explored by the Spaniards. 
 Expeditions sent by Cortez examined the California peninsula. Alarqon 
 (ah-lar -sori), sent by the governor of Mexico, in 1540 ascended the Colorado 
 River beyond the CUla (he -lah); and Coronado (ko-ro-nah -do), also sent, at the 
 same time, wandered for three je;irs over the regions now known as Arizona, 
 New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (1540-1543). In 1542. Cabrillo (cab- 
 reel -yo) commanding two vessels, sent by the Mexican governor, examined 
 the coast as far as the northern limits of San Francisco Bay; but, dying, his 
 pilot, Fer-re -lo, next year continued the exploration as far north, probably, as 
 the latitude of 43 degrees. 
 
17b 
 MODEL OF A DIAGRAM FOR A WRITTEN ANALYSIS. 
 
 * [Made a voyage toward Greenland. 
 
 TOPIC COLUMBUS, HIS VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 
 
 (See pa^es 9 and 10; also the answer to question 34, Appendix, p. 65.) 
 
 Born at Genoa. 
 
 On the Mediterranean 
 
 p. lgsed much time ftnd 
 
 west coast of Africa. 
 
 ljIFE - 
 
 ( The route to India. 
 His THEORY. < Shape of the earth. 
 
 ( Conclusion regarding India. 
 
 EFFORTS FOR j {{j J^iardis of EngTand and Portugal, 
 ho AID> ( To Isabella, by whom he was aided. 
 
 S1 r 
 
 o 1 ( Sailed with three vessels. 
 
 VOYAGES 
 AND 
 
 > -j Voyage lasted ten weeks. 
 ^ ( Discovered San Salvador. 
 
 Discovered other islands 
 
 between North and South America. 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 ^ ( Discovered South America. 
 
 <*> i (Was sent back to Spain in irons.) 
 
 & -( Examined the coast of Darien. 
 
 -3 
 
 DEATH. { Died in Spain, at the age of seventy. 
 
 Topics. The Cabots, their voyages and discoveries. Vespucci s 
 voyages and their consequences. De Leon and his two voyages 
 to Florida. Narvaez s expedition and its consequences. De Soto 
 and his expedition. Verrazzani and his explorations. Cartier and 
 his two voyages. The Huguenots and their settlements. Gilbert 
 and his expedition to Newfoundland. Raleigh and the three expe 
 ditions sent by him. Gosnold in Massachusetts and Virginia. 
 Spanish discoveries and explorations. English. French. 
 
 MARCO POLO. Tils first and most extensive traveler among the Eastern nations WRS 
 Marco Polo, a Venetian, who passed seventeen years in the service of the Khan of Tartary, 
 during which he visited the chief countries and cities of Eastern Asia, amonj;- them Jnpan, 
 the existence of which was not previously known. He returned to Venice in 1295 ; and sub 
 sequently a very interesting account of his travels was published, which had a wonderful 
 effect in encouraging geographical research. It led to the two great discoveries : ol 
 America, by Columbus ; and the Cape of Good Hope, by the 1 ortugues.e. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 1. Columbus in Chains. While Columbus, during his third voyage in 
 1498, was making discoveries in the New World, his enemies in Spain "artfully 
 endeavored to undermine his credit with his sovereign," by circulating false 
 reports about his integrity and loyalty. At last " the queen acquiesced in send 
 ing out a commission to investigate the affairs of the colony (Hispaniola). The 
 
 person appointed to this delicate trust was Don Francisco de Rob-a-dil la 
 
 From the very first, Robadilla regarded Columbus in the light of a convicted 
 
 criminal, on whom it was his business to execute the sentence of the law 
 
 Accordingly, on his arrival at the island, he commanded the admiral to appear 
 before him, and without affecting the forms of a legal inquiry, at once caused 
 him to be manacled and thrown into prison. Columbus submitted without the 
 least show of resistance, displaying in this sad reverse that magnanimity of soul 
 which would have touched the heart of a generous adversary. Robadilla caused 
 the accusation to be sent back to Spain with the admiral, whom he commanded 
 
 to be kept strictly in irons during the passage So monstrous an outrage 
 
 shocked the minds of even those most prejudiced against Columbus ; and none 
 partook of the general indignation more strongly than Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 They sent to Cadiz without an instant s delay, and commanded the admiral to 
 be released from his ignominious fetters." Prescotfs Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 2. Burial of De Soto (p. 12, U 14). "They buried him in the dead of 
 night, with sentinels posted to keep the natives at a distance. The place chosen 
 for the sepulchre was one of many pits, broad and deep ; but, with all their pre 
 cautions, they soon found out that the Indians suspected not only the death of 
 the governor, but the place where he lay buried ; for, in passing by the pit, they 
 would stop, look round attentively on all sides, talk with one another, and make 
 signs with their chins and their eyes toward the spot where the body was 
 interred. The Spaniards perceiving this, determined to disinter the body and 
 deposit it in the mid-channel of the Mississippi. As there was no stone in the 
 neighborhood wherewith to sink it, they cut down an evergreen oak, and made 
 an excavation in one side, of the size of a man. On the following night, with all 
 the silence possible, they disinterred the body, and placed it in the trunk of the 
 oak, nailing planks over the aperture. The rustic coffin was then conveyed to the 
 center of the river, where, in presence of priests and cavaliers, it was committed 
 to the stream, and they beheld it sink to the bottom, shedding many tears over 
 this second funeral rite, and commending anew the soul of the good cavalier to 
 heaven." Theo. Irving s Conquest of Florida. 
 
 3. Verrazzani off the Coast of Carolina (p. 12, IT 15). "What 
 manner of men were the naked, swarthy, befeathered crew, running like deer 
 along the border of the sea, or screeching welcome from the strand ? The 
 Trench rowed towards the shore for a supply of water. The surf ran high , they 
 could not land; but an adventurous young sailor leaped overboard, and swam 
 towards the crowd with a gift of beads and trinkets. His heart failed him as he 
 drew near; he flung his gift among them, turned, and struck out for the boat. 
 The surf dashed him back, flinging him with violence on the beach among the 
 recipients of his bounty, who seized him by his arms and legs, and, while he 
 called lustily for aid, answered him with hideous outcries designed to allay his 
 terrors. Next they kindled a great fire doubtless to roast and devour him 
 before the eyes of his comrades, gazing in horror from their boat. On the con 
 trary, they carefully warmed him, and were trying to dry his clothes, when, 
 recovering from his bewilderment, he betrayed a strong desire to escape to his 
 friends; whereupon, with great love, clasping him fast about, with many em- 
 bracings," they led him to the shore, and stood watching till he had reached the 
 boat." Parkman s Pioneers of France in the New World. 
 
KOTES. 
 
 4. The L,ost Colony of Roanoke (p. 15, IF 24). "White found the 
 island of Roanoke a desert (1590). As he approached the island, he sounded a 
 signal trumpet, but no answer was heard to disturb the melancholy stillness 
 that brooded over the deserted spot. What had become of the wretched colo 
 nists ? No man may with certainty say; for all that White found to indicate their 
 late was a high post bearing on it the letters CRO; and, at the former site of 
 their village, he found a tree which had been deprived of its bark and bore in 
 
 well-cut characters, the word CROATAN Thus ended the effort to find 
 
 the lost colony, and they were never heard of. That they went to Croatan 
 (further south), where the natives were friendly, is almost certain; that they 
 became gradually incorporated with them is probable from the testimony of a 
 historian who lived in North Carolina and wrote in 1714: < The Hatteras Indians, 
 who lived on Roanoke island, or much frequented it, tell us, says he, that 
 several of their ancestors were white people and could talk in a book, as we do. 
 The truth of this is confirmed by gray eyes being found frequently amongst 
 those Indians, a circumstance which, does not occur in any other tribe. " 
 Hawks 1 K History of North Carolina. 
 
 5. Discovery of the Pacific (p. 17). A little before Vas -co Nufi -ez 
 de Balboa reached the height, the Indians informed him of his near approach to 
 the sea (1515). It was a sight in beholding which, for the first time, any man 
 would wish to be alone. He bade his men sit down while he ascended ; and 
 then, in solitude, looked down upon the vast Pacific the first man of the Old 
 World, so far as we know, who had done so. Falling on his knees, he gave thanks 
 to God for the favor Shown him, in his being permitted to discover the Sea of tho 
 South." Having taken "formal possession, on behalf of the kings of Castile, of 
 the sea and all that was in it," by " cutting down trees, forming crosses, and 
 heaping up stones, he descended with difficulty to the shore, accompanied by 
 ghty of his men. He entered the sea up to his thighs, having his sword on, 
 and with his shield iu his hand. Then he called the bystanders to witness how 
 he touched with his person and took possession of this sea for the kings of Cas 
 tile." Helps s Spanish Conquests in America. 
 
 6. Marquette and Jolliet descending the Mississippi (p. 
 6, 11 8). "Then launching on the broad Wisconsin, they sailed slowly down its 
 current amid its vine-clad hills, and its countless sand-bars. No sound broke 
 the stillness, no human form appeared, and, at last, after sailing seven days, on 
 the 17th of June (1673), they happily glided into the great river (the Mississippi). 
 Joy that could find no utterance in words, filled the grateful heart of Marquette. 
 The broad river of the Conception, as he named it, now lay before them, stretch 
 ing away hundreds of miles to an unknown sea. Soon all was new; mountain 
 and forest had glided away; the islands, with their groves of cottonwood, became 
 more frequent; and moose and deer browsed on the plains; strange animals 
 were seen traversing the river, and monstrous fish appeared in its waters. De 
 scending still further, they came to the land of the bison, which, with the turkey, 
 became sole tenant of the wilderness. At last, they descried foot-prints on the 
 shore. They now took heart, and Jolliet and the missionary, leaving their five 
 men in the canoes, followed the beaten path to discover who the tribe might be. 
 They traveled on in silence almost to the cabin doors, when they halted, and 
 with a loud halloa ; proclaimed their coming. Boused by the cry, the village 
 poured forth its motley group. All was silence, and Marquette asked, Who are 
 you? We are Illinois, was the answer, which sent a thrill to the heart of 
 Marquette. The Illinois missionary was at last amid the children of that tribe 
 which he had so long, so tenderly yearned to see." Shea s Discovery and Explo 
 ration of the Mississippi Valley. (Jolliet s name is BO spelled by Shea.) 
 
NOTES. 
 
 7. The Northmen * Discovery of America (p. 5, t 2). It la 
 claimed for the Northmen (also called Norsemen) that "Bjarne (byar -ne) Her - 
 julf-son, in the year 966, sailed from Norway for Iceland, but, owing to a north- 
 wind and fog that lasted many day.-, 1 his ship was driven to the south as far as 
 the present Nantucket, and thus he was the first European whose eyes 
 beheld any part of the American Continent; but he did not go ashore. A 
 few years later, Leif Jife) Er- ik-son, having bought Bjarne s ship, set sail with 
 a good crew of thirty-five men, and found the lands just as Bjarne had described 
 them. * * He called the country Vinland, and the cause of this was the follow 
 ing interesting incident : There was a German in Leif Eriksson s party, by name 
 Tyrker (tvr -ker). He was a prisoner of war, but had become Leif s special 
 favorite. He was missing one day alter they came from an exploring expedi 
 tion. Leif became very anxious about Tyrker, and, fearing that he might be 
 killed by wild beasts or by Indians, went out with a few men to search for him. 
 Toward evening he was found coming home, but in a very excited state of 
 mind. The cause of his excitement was some fruit which he had found, and 
 Avhich he held up in his hands, shouting : Weintrauben ! Weintrauben ! The 
 sight and taste of this fruit, to which he had been accustomed in his own native 
 land, had excited him to such an extent that he seemed drunk, and for some time 
 he would do nothing but laugh, devour graphs, and talk German, which language 
 our Norse discoverers did not understand. At last he spoke Norse, and 
 explained that he, to his great joy and surprise, had found vines and grapes in 
 great abundance. * * Here i?, then, a short account of the first expedition to 
 America. It took place in the year 1000, and Leif Erikson was the first pale- 
 faced man who planted his feet on the American Continent."- .ff. B. Anderson^ 
 America Not Discovered by Columbus. 
 
 8. The Fountain of Youth The Story believed in Europe 
 (p. 11, 1 7). "Among the islands north of Hispaniola (Hayti) there is one, as 
 they say who have searched the same, in the which is a continued spring of 
 running water, of such marvellous virtue that the water thereof being drunk, 
 perhaps with some diet, maketh old men young again. And here I must make 
 protestations to your Holiness not to think this to be said lightly or rashly, for 
 they have so spread this rumor for a truth throughout all the court (of Spain), 
 that not only all the people, but also many of them whom wisdom or fortune 
 had divided from the common sort, think it to be true ; but, if you ask my 
 opinion herein, I will answer that I will not attribute so great power to nature, 
 but that God hath no less reserved this prerogative to himself than to search 
 the hearts of men." Peter Martyr (to Leo X., then Bishop of Rome). 
 
 9. Civilization in Yucatan (p. 11,1" 11). "An hidalgo of Cuba, 
 named Hernandez de Cordova, sailed with three vessels on an expedition to 
 one of the neighboring Bahama Islands, in quest of Indian slaves. He en 
 countered a succession of heavy gales that drove him far out of his course, and, 
 at the end of three weeks, he found himself on a strange and unknown coast. * * 
 Cordova landed on the north-eastern end of the peninsula at Cape Catoche 
 Qtah.-to -chay). He was astonished at the nize and solid materials of the build 
 ings, constructed of stone and lime, so different from the frail tenements of 
 reeds and rushes which formed the habitations of the islanders. He was struck, 
 also, with the higher cultivation of the soil, and with the delicate texture of the 
 cotton garments and gold ornaments of the natives. Everything indicated a 
 civilization far superior to any thing he had before witnessed in the New 
 World." Prescott s Conquest of Mexico. 
 
 10. Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh (pp. 14, 15; also Topic 
 147, Ap. p. 73). Approaching the edge of the scaffold and kneeling down, "he 
 
NOTES. 17t 
 
 addressed himself to prayer, and, in a very earnest manner, begged for the 
 prayers of all who heard him." When he arose, he examined the block and 
 fitted himself to it. Finding it as he would have it, he stood up once more. 
 " The executioner then kneeled to him for.the forgiveness of his office. Raleigh 
 placed both his hands on the man s shoulders, and assured him that he forgave 
 him with all his heart. Show me the axe, Raleigh added ; but, as the execu 
 tioner hesitated, he had to repeat the request. Touching its edge with his finger, 
 and then kissing the blade, he said : This gives me no fear. It is a sharp and 
 fair medicine to cure me of all my diseases. Presently he added: When I 
 stretch forth my hands, despatch me. Once more he turned to the right and to 
 the left, and said again to the people : Give me heartily your prayers. Then 
 Raleigh knelt, finally, for his parting prayer, and, laying his neck on the block, 
 awaited the death-stroke that was to follow. There was something, it seems, in 
 the scene that moved the headsman beyond the wont of his craft, for when 
 Raleigh extended his hands, the man forbore to strike. Raleigh stretched forth 
 his hands again. The man still hesitated. What dost thou fear ? said Raleigh. 
 * Strike, man, strike ! So he spake ; but it was noticed that his prostrate body 
 remained as motionless as a statue. His lips were seen to move in prayer." 
 At two blows his head was severed from his body, and thus, at the age of 
 sixty-six, was put to death a man, who, take him for all in all, had in his day 
 but few equals. Edwards s Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 11. Drake s Voyage around the World (p. 15, t 24). Under the 
 patronage of Queen Elizabeth, Drake sailed from England, Dec. 13, 1577, with 
 five small vessels, ostensibly for a voyage to Egypt, but really to cruise against 
 the dominions and subjects of Spain. For some months he roved about the 
 Atlantic without making any prize of value. Passing through the Strait of 
 Magellan, though not without losing one of his vessels, and, shortly after, two 
 others, he was left with only a schooner of a hundred tons burden. Notwith 
 standing these disheartening occurrences, Drake did not hesitate to proceed. 
 He pillaged the Spanish settlements of Peru, Chili, and Mexico, and, having 
 filled his vessel with the precious spoils, became anxious to return to England. 
 Fearing, however, that the Spaniards would intercept him if he attempted to 
 repass Magellan s Strait, he resolved to seek a northern route to the Atlantic. 
 Repelled by the severe cold, he sailed along the American coast southward to a 
 bay (either San Francisco or Bodega, it is not certain which). In this bay the 
 English remained five weeks. The natives, " having their houses close by the 
 water s side," at first exhibited signs of hostility; but they were soon concili 
 ated by the kind and forbearing conduct of the strangers ; and their respect for 
 Drake increased so that, when they saw him about to depart, they earnestly 
 implored him to continue among them as their king. " Whereupon, in the 
 name and to the use of her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth, he took the crown, 
 Bcepter, and dignity of the country into his own hands, wishing that the riches 
 and treasure thereof might be so conveniently transported, for the enriching 
 her kingdom at home." The coronation accordingly took place, with most 
 ludicrous solemnities, and Drake bestowed on his dominions the name of New 
 Albion. On the 22cl of July, 1579, he took leave of his worthy subjects, to their 
 great regret, and, sailing directly across the Pacific, arid thence through the 
 Indian Seas, and around the Cape of Good Hope, reached England on the 26th of 
 September, 1580, thus accomplishing the second circumnavigation of the world. 
 (It was the first ever performed by one crew in one vessel). Elizabeth received 
 Drake with favor, knighted him, and partook of a banquet on board of hia 
 vessel. Greenfiow s History of Oregon, and California (Abridged). 
 
18 COLONIAL HISTOBT. [1607. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 Colonial History. 
 
 FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. 
 
 VIRGINIA, 
 
 1. The first settlement in Virginia, as previously stated, 
 was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of 
 the London Company. The colony was governed under 
 a charter granted by James I., the supreme government 
 being vested in a council resident in England, and the 
 local government in a colonial council of seven persons, 
 one of whom was president.* 
 
 2. At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of 
 provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of in 
 dustrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which 
 carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, 
 proved nearly fatal to the enterprise. Among those who 
 died was Bartholomew Gosnold. (See p. 15, ^[ 25.) 
 
 3. Wingfield, the president of the council, having em 
 bezzled the public stores and become concerned in a plot 
 to abandon the settlement, was expelled from office. He 
 was succeeded by Ratcliffe ; but, in consequence of the 
 inefficiency of the latter, the management of affairs fell 
 into the hands of Captain John Smith, the most enter 
 prising and sagacious man in the colony. 
 
 4. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 
 
 1. Where was the first settlement made in Virginia? Who made it? Whe* 
 was Jamestown settled ? How was the colony governed ? 
 
 2 Why did not the colony prosper at first ? What is said of Gosnold ? 
 
 8. Who was Wingfleld ? What is said of him ? Who was Ratcliffe ? What 
 IB said of him ? What, of Smith ? 
 
 4. What further is said of Smith ? Where ie Chesapeake Bay ? (Map, p. 58.) 
 The James River ? 
 
 * " The names of the provincial council were not communicated to the adven 
 turers when they departed from England ; but the commission which contained 
 them was inclosed in a sealed box, which was directed to be opened within 
 twenty-four hours after their arrival on the coast of Virginia, when the coun 
 cilors were to be installed in their office and to elect their own president." 
 Grahame s Colonial History of the United States. 
 
1607.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 19 
 
 Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in bis place. To 
 the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in 
 fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, 
 as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned 
 with supplies of corn. (Read Note 7, end of Section.) 
 
 5. It is related that Smith, while on one of his expedi 
 tions, was surprised by a large body of Indians, and, after 
 a desperate struggle, w r as captured, and conducted to 
 Powhatan (pow-hat-tan } , the principal chief. The war 
 riors met in council, so goes the story, and determined 
 that Smith should be put to death. 
 
 6. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
 a stone; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 
 to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon -tas, a daughter of Pow 
 hatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive s head in her 
 arms, and begged that his life might be- saved. It is fur 
 ther related that the conduct of Pocahontas touched her 
 father s heart, and the sentence was revoked. Recent 
 investigations, however, render it nearly certain that no 
 such event ever took place.* 
 
 7. The London Company, not having realized their ex 
 pectations of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought 
 and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred 
 upon Lord Delaware, a nobleman distinguished for his 
 virtues, the appointment of governor for life. Three com 
 missioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (sum -erz), who 
 had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony* 
 till the arrival of Delaware, were sent to America with 
 nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants. 
 
 .5. Who was Powhatan ? The capture of Smith ? What further is stated ? 
 6. The sentence. Of the part taken by Pocahontas. The result. The whole 
 story. 7. When did the London Company get a second charter? Why did 
 they ask for it? Who was Lord Delaware? What appointment was given 
 him ? What is stated of three commissioners ? 
 
 * "The story was published, for the first time, in 1622, by Smith, In his pamphlet entitled 
 New England s Trialt. 1 This was five years after the death of Pocahontas , no allusion, in 
 letter, or book, or printed statement of any kind, having previously been made in relation to 
 the story." Palfrey says : " Smith, in the latter part of his life, had fallen into the hand* 
 of hack-writers, who adapted his story for popular effect." 
 
20 COLONIAL HISTORY. 11610. 
 
 8. While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the 
 fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commission 
 ers) was wrecked on the Ber-mu -da Islands, and another 
 foundered ; the others reached the James River in safety. 
 Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede 
 him, Smith maintained his position as president, until, 
 having been severely injured by an explosion of gunpow 
 der, he returned to England for surgical aid. (P.23, |[ 21.)* 
 
 9. No sooner had Smith fairly departed than the col 
 onists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The 
 Indians became hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and 
 in less than six months not more than sixty of the five 
 hundred persons whom he had left were alive. This pe 
 riod, extending over the-first half of 1610, was long re 
 membered as the " starving time." 
 
 10. In consequence of their destitution and gloomy 
 prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among 
 the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four vessels 
 they embarked ; but, just as they were drawing near the 
 mouth of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emi 
 grants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. The 
 new administration was a wise one, and under it the col 
 ony prospered. In consequence, however, of ill health, 
 Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He 
 was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. 
 
 11. New settlements were made in the vicinity of 
 Jamestown ; and, notwithstanding the laws were harsh 
 and strict, the colony continued to prosper. With a 
 view to greater privileges, the London Company obtained 
 
 8. What misfortune befell them ? Where are the Bermudas ? (p. 8.) Why did 
 Smith go to England ? (The three commissioners afterward reached Virginia.) 
 
 9. How did the colonists behave after Smith left them ? What were the con 
 sequences ? What further is stated ? 
 
 1O What did the colonists determine upon ? Why did they so determine ? 
 Did they carry out their plan ? Why not ? What is said of Lord Delaware s ad 
 ministration ? Why did he return to England ? Who succeeded him in office ? 
 
 11. When did the London Company receive their third charter ? What re 
 markable feature did the new charter contain ? 
 
 * See Appendix, page 73, topic 149. 
 
1612.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 
 
 their third charter, in 1C 12. A remarkable feature of the 
 new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for 
 the transaction of business, thus giving to that body a 
 democratic form of government. 
 
 j 12. Next year occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to 
 a young Englishman, named John Rolfe (rolf}. This 
 event proved of great public importance, as it had the 
 effect of establishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan. 
 Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied 
 her husband to England, where she was an object of in 
 terest to all classes of citizens, and was presented at 
 Court. While preparing to return to her native land, she 
 suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended 
 some well-known families in Virginia. (Note 8, end of Sec. ) 
 
 13. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
 colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1619, 
 when a Dutch trading-vessel entered the James River 
 with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into 
 perpetual slavery.* During the nex l year, about a 
 hundred women of good reputation arrived from England, 
 and were married to the planters, each man giving for 
 his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the 
 price of her passage to America. The culture of cotton 
 was beguVi the next year. 
 
 14. Aft^r the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
 of her fatiher, peaceful relations existed between the 
 settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan s suc 
 cessor commenced a bloody war, in one day massacring 
 about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. 
 The colonists retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of 
 the enemy. In an attack made upon the settlements, in 
 
 12. What event occurred in 1613? Of what advantage did it prove to the 
 colonists ? What further can you state of Pocahontas ? 
 
 13. When did negro slavery commence in this country? State the circuni? 
 stances. What event took place in 1620 ? In 1621 ? 
 
 14. What occurred in 1622 ? Give an account of what followed. 
 
 * Sec Aoacudix, page 63, topic 17. 
 
22 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1644. 
 
 1644, about three hundred persons were killed. Hostili 
 ties continued until 1646, when a treaty was made. 
 
 15. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
 of the London Company, which were largely attended. 
 The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions dis 
 pleased the king, James I., and, under the pretext that 
 the disasters to the colony were the result of bad govern 
 ment, he dissolved the company. Thus Virginia became, 
 in 1624, a royal proA ince. 
 
 16. The " Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 
 1651, secured to English shipping the monopoly of the 
 carrying trade with England. Though not at first en 
 forced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, 
 with new provisions, it was vigorously executed, notwith 
 standing the remonstrances of the people. (See note, p. 65.) 
 
 17. The colonists, in consequence, became dissatisfied ; 
 and when, in 1673, Charles IT. ceded to Lord Culpepper 
 and the Earl of Arlington " all the dominion of land and 
 water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years, 
 their dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 
 
 18. Besides, they were restricted in the elective fran 
 chise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals 
 of the Church of England, and the taxes levied were un 
 equal and oppressive. A spirit of rebellion, in conse 
 quence, broke out among the " common people," who 
 wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms; and it 
 was soon found in an invasion made by the Susquehanna 
 Indians. (Read Note 6, end of Section.) 
 
 19. The measures for defence adopted by Berkeley, the 
 governor, being inefficient, the people demanded permis- 
 
 15. When did Virginia become a royal province? How was the change 
 brought about ? 
 
 16. When was the "Navigation Act 1 passed? What feature of it is men 
 tioned ? What is said of the enforcement of the act ? 
 
 1 7. What made the colonists dissatisfied ? What increased their dissatis 
 faction ? 
 
 18. What restriction is mentioned ? What requirement ? What oppression ? 
 What was the consequence ? 
 
A 676.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 23 
 
 sion to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, 
 a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known 
 as BACON S REBELLION. Five hundred men under arms, 
 with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the 
 Indians, whom they defeated. The colonists recovered 
 for a time the rights which they formerly enjoyed; bib 
 Bacon dying, Berkeley caused twenty-two of the insur 
 gents to be hung ; and tines, imprisonments, and confisca 
 tions disgraced the rest of his administration. ( Ap., p. 63.)* 
 20. Upon his recall by the king, in 1677, Virginia be 
 came a proprietary government, with Culpepper as gov 
 ernor. Culpepper ruled till 1684, when, because of his 
 mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made in 
 1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then be 
 came a royal province again, and so remained till the 
 Revolution. (See Appendix, p. 75, topic 176.) 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
 ENGLYND COLONIES, IN 1643. 
 
 21. Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
 part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
 1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. 
 He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to 
 Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which 
 he gave the name of New England. ( App. , p. 76, top. 1 95.) 
 
 19. Who was Berkeley? What demand did the people make? Why did 
 they make it ? How did Berkeley treat their demand ? The consequence ? Who 
 was Bacon ? What further can you say of him ? Of Berkeley ? 
 
 20. When was Berkeley recalled ? What, then, did Virginia become ? What 
 further history of Virginia can you give ? 
 
 21. What explorations did Captain Smith make in 1614? Where had Smith 
 previously made explorations ? How did New England get its name ? 
 
 * "I find no vestiges of the ancient town (Jamestown) except the ruins of a 
 church-steeple and a disordered group of old tombstones. The ruin of the 
 steeple is about thirty feet high, aud mantled to its very summit with ivy." 
 Wirfs Life of Patrick Henry. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 22. The original Plymouth Company having been su 
 perseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the 
 king, James I., granted to the latter, in 1620, all the ter 
 ritory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of 
 north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 23. It was not, however, under the direction of this 
 company, nor with the aid of the king, that the first per- 
 
 manent settlement was made in New England, but by a 
 small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of 
 England, who had fled from their own country to find an 
 
 ~"MAP QUESTIONS. Where is Cape Cod ? Cape Cod Bay ? Plymouth ? Saltern ? 
 Boston? Little Harbor? Portsmouth? Dover? Merrimac K. ? Punobscot 
 K. ? (p. til.) 22. What company took the place of the Plymouth Company? 
 What < r raut was made to the new company? 23. Who were the Punuuig? 
 Who were the Pilgrims ? Why did the Pilgrims leave England 1 
 
1620.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 
 
 asylum from religious persecution. They were known in 
 England as Puritans. (See Note, p. 24.) 
 
 24. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland,whence 
 they removed to Leyden (Rden). At Leyden they lived 
 eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of 
 John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis 
 satisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony 
 in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli 
 gious rights without molestation. 
 
 25. As many as could be accommodated, embarked on 
 board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to 
 Southampton, England, where she was joined by another 
 ship called the Mayflower, with other Pilgrims from Lon 
 don. The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before 
 the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered 
 the port of Dartmouth(a?ar - wwM), England. A second time 
 they started, but again put back this time to Plymouth, 
 where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. 
 
 26. The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with about one 
 hundred passengers*, the most distinguished of whom were 
 John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, William 
 Bradford, and Edward W inslow. After a boisterous passage, 
 they reached Cape Cod Bay ; and there, in the cabin of the 
 Mayflower, they signed a compact for their government, 
 and unanimously elected Carver governor for one year. 
 
 27. Several days were spent in searching for a favonv 
 ble locality. At length, on the 21st of December, 1620, 
 
 land), who was borr. on board, hut after the vessel arrival. Accord 
 list, the Mayflower arrived in (Jape Coil H:ubor \riih 102 t):isst iit;ers. 
 
 24. To what place did they first go ? Where next did they go ? How long 
 did they live in L -yden? Why did they leave ? Wh:it did they desire ? 25. 
 In what vessel did the Pilgrims sail from Leyden ? What took plare at South 
 ampton ? At Dartmouth ? At Plymouth ? 26. What finally took place ? Name 
 five of the. Mayflower s passengers. What bay did they reach ? Where is that 
 bay ? (P. 24.) Compact ? Where were the Pilgrims then ? The first governor 1 
 
26 COLONIAL HISTORY. [16O8. 
 
 they landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in 
 memory of the hospitalities which had been bestowed 
 upon them at the last English port from which they had 
 Bailed. The winter was severe, and in less than five 
 months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from the 
 effects of exposure and privations, Carver and his wife be 
 ing among the number. Bradford was thereupon elected 
 governor, and he continued, during thirty years, to be a 
 prominent man in the colony. (See Topic 195, Ap., p. 76.) 
 
 28. In 1621, a treaty of friendship was made with Massa- 
 soit (mas-sa-soit 1 ), chief of the Wampanoags (wom-pa-no ~ 
 ags), that was sacredly observed for more than thirty years. 
 Canonicus (ka-nori-i-Jcus), chief of the Narragansetts, kept 
 the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of 
 Bradford eventually compelled him to sue for peace. 
 
 29. Meanwhile other influences were at work to extend 
 the range of settlements. A company of persons inter 
 ested in the fisheries of New England, having purchased 
 a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge 
 of En -di-cott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus lay 
 ing the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The 
 proprietors soon after obtained a charter from Charles I. 
 
 30. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, 
 and settlements at Charlestown and other places were 
 begun. An important change, by which the government 
 of the colony was transferred to New England, induced 
 n?en of fortune and education to join the enterprise, 
 ^.bout three hundred families, mostly Puritans, under the 
 oare of John Winthrop, arrived in 1630, and settled at 
 and near Boston. Winthrop had been appointed governor. 
 
 27. When did the Pilgrims land ? Is the anniversary of that day celebrated? 
 Ann. Owin<j to a mistake in converting the date from old to new style, the 22d 
 is celebrated instead of the 21st. Where did the Pilgrims land ? Why did they 
 call the place Plymouth ? What is naid of their sufferings? Of Bradford? 
 
 28. Who was Maseasoit ? What treaty was made? What is said of Canonicus ? 
 
 29. On what enterprise was Endicott sent ? With what success ? 
 
 30. Where is Charlestown ? (Map, p. 0.) What change in government took 
 place ? What was the effect ? What took place in 1630 ? 
 
 See Note, page 30. Also, topic 227, App. p. 83. 
 
1629.] 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 27 
 
 31. An act of the "General Court" at Boston, in 1636, 
 by which about two thousand dollars were appropriated 
 for the purpose of founding a public school or college, led 
 to the establishment of what is now the oldest literary 
 institution in America. Two years after, the Rev. John 
 Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars 
 to it, which, in honor of the benefactor, was named Har 
 vard College. Its location is at Cambridge. (Topic 219, 
 Ap.,p. 79.) 
 
 PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 32. The Council of Plymouth, 
 it will be remembered, obtained, 
 in 1620, a grant of land including 
 the whole of what is now known 
 as New England." Two years 
 after, all that portion of the ter 
 ritory lying between the Merri- 
 mac and the Kennebec was ceded 
 by the Council to Sir Ferdinando 
 Gorges (gor -jez) and John Ma 
 son. In 1623, the proprietors sent emigrants to America, 
 who settled at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth ; and at 
 Dover. 
 
 33. After these settlements were made, the Rev. John 
 Wheelwright purchased of the Indians the territory be 
 tween the Merrimac and the Pis-cat -a-qua, being a part 
 of the same that had been ceded to Gorges and Mason.* 
 
 31. Where it* Cambridge? (Map, p. 70.) What celebrated institution of 
 learning is* there ? Give the history of its establishment . 
 
 32. When did the Council of Plymouth obtain their grant? What took 
 plac two years after? When was New Hampshire settled ? Where? 
 
 33. By whom was New Hampshire so called ? How did Mason come by the 
 territory? Upon what did Wheelwright base his claim ? Where is the Kenuebec 
 Iliver? (Map, p. til.) 
 
 * A recent writer has cast some doubt upon the validity of the purchase made by Wheel 
 wright. pronouncing his deed from the Indians " a forgery." 
 
28 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1636. 
 
 In the same year (1629) Mason obtained a grant, in his 
 own name, of the country which Wheelwright had pur 
 chased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 
 34. After the death of Mason, a vexatious controversy 
 took place in consequence of the land claims which his 
 heirs made. It was not terminated until the parties to 
 whom the claims were finally conveyed (in 1746) relin 
 quished the occupied portions of the province. New Hamp 
 shire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but 
 in 1741 a final separation occurred. (See pp. 33, 34.) 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 35. In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the "soil 
 of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick ; and this grant, 
 the following year, was transferred to Lord Say-and-Seal, 
 Lord Brooke, .and others. As the Dutch, at the time, laid 
 claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the 
 Connecticut, where Hartford now stands, to prevent the 
 English from making any settlements in that section. 
 
 36. The structure was hardly completed when Captain 
 Holmes (homz) and a company from Plymouth, sailed up 
 the river. Though menaced by the Dutch, the English 
 passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the settlement of 
 Connecticut, by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading- 
 house at Windsor (win -zer}. Important additions were 
 made to this, called the Connecticut Colony, by two large 
 emigrations from Massachusetts the second conducted 
 by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 
 
 34. Whit controversy took place? How ended? Subsequent hislory of tue 
 New Hampshire colony? 35. Wnat grant w IB made in 103o? In 1GJ1 ? Where 
 did the Dutch build a fort? Why did they build it there? 3 G When was 
 Connecticut settled? At what place ? By whom ? What threat cud the Butch 
 make? What additions were made to the Connecticut colony ? 
 
 * John T. Mason, great-grandson of J-ilin Mason, " the only heir of the original pat 
 entee, agreed (j u 173^) to release his interest to the Assembly of New Hampshire," but in 
 consequence of delay on the part of the Assembly to ratify the agreement, "he conveyed 
 (Jan. 3J, 1746), by deed of sale, for the sum of 1,51)0, his whole interest to twelve persons. 
 * * These transactions raised a great ferment among the people. Angry and menacing 
 words were plentifully thrown out against the purchasers; but they had prudently taken 
 c:ire to file in flhe Recorder s office a dewd of quit-claim to all the towns which had been 
 settled and granted within the limits of their ;,w<^ M-se." Belknap^ Hitstory of A ew Hawp- 
 Mr*. 
 
1635.] 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 29 
 
 Scale 
 
 LON& ISLAND SOUND 
 
 37. Toward the close of 1635, John Wintbrop, son of 
 the Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission 
 from the proprietors of Connecticut, built a fort at the 
 mouth of the Connecticut. A colony was also established 
 there, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord 
 Brooke, was called Saybrook. 
 
 38. About this time difficulties with the Indians com 
 menced. The Pequods (pe -Jcicodz), a warlike tribe inhab 
 iting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Where is Windsor ? Saybrook? Hartford? Wethersfield? 
 New Ha veil ? Providence ? (p. 24.) What city is on the island of Rhode Island t 
 Ans. Newport? In what direction is Newport from Providence ? What State 
 is on the south of New Hampshire ? (p. 24.) What two on the south of Mas 
 sachusetts ? Describe the Connecticut River. 
 
 37. When was the Saybrook colony established ? Why so called ? Origin ? 
 
 38. Who were the Pequods ? What united action was takan by the settlers ? 
 Why was the action taken ? Give the result. 
 
 IfooJter a Emigration. " There were of the company about one hundred souls. They 
 drove before them numerous herds of cattle; and thus they traversed on foot the pathless 
 forests, advancing hardly ten miles a day through the tangled woods, across the swamps 
 and numerous streams, and over the highlands that separated the several intervening val 
 leys; subsisting, as they slowly wandered along, on the milk of the kine, which browsed on 
 the fresh leaves and early shoots; having no guide through the nearly untrodden wilderness, 
 but the compass, and no pillow for their nightly rest but neaps of stones." Bancroft. 
 KOTJS. For an account of the founding of Yale College, see topic 219, Appendix, p 79. 
 
30 COLONIAL HISTORY. [163T. 
 
 many ats of hostility, Hartford, Windsor, and Wethers- 
 field, in 1637, united in declaring war against them. 
 Captain Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly 
 Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort 
 and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their num 
 ber, and completely broke them up as a tribe.* 
 
 39. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
 1638, called the New Haven Colony. The land was 
 bought of the Indians ; and, under the guidance of The- 
 ophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport, a colony, 
 remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, 
 was planted and flourished. (Appendix, p. 65, topic 41.) 
 
 40. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and 
 Wethersfield, finding their settlements beyond the limits 
 of Massachusetts, met at Hartford, and united in forming 
 a government for themselves. The colony of Saybrook 
 maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its an 
 nexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only 
 two colonies remained, which were united, in 1665, under 
 a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of 
 England. (Read topics 214, 215, Appendix, p. 78.) 
 
 41. Sir Edmund Andros, v/ho had been made royal gov 
 ernor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Con 
 necticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded 
 the surrender of the charter. A discussion at once arose, 
 which was protracted till evening, when the charter was 
 brought in and laid upon the table ; but just as Andros 
 was stepping forward to take it, the lights were suddenly 
 extinguished. When the candles were relighted, the 
 document could not be found. It had been carried away 
 and hid in the hollow of a tree. (Appendix, p. 62, topic 6.) 
 
 39. When was New Haven commenced? Its origin ? What further ? 
 
 40. What union took place in 1639? In 1644 ? In 1665 ? 
 
 41. What appointment did Andros receive ? What demand ? How met ? 
 
 * "The few that survived, about two hundred, surrendering in despair, were enslaved by 
 the English, or incorporated among the Mohegans and the Narragansetts. There remained 
 not a sannup, nor squaw, not a warrior nor child, of the Pequod name. A nation had 
 disappeared from the family of man." Bancroft s U. S. (Read Note 1, end of Section.) 
 
1636.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 
 
 KHODE ISLAND. 
 
 42. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who 
 had been banished from Massachusetts because of his de- 
 fnunciation of the religious intolerance practised there, as 
 well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. The 
 settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands pur 
 chased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com 
 memorate " God s merciful providence to him in his dis 
 tress." The great freedom in religious matters, and the 
 democratic government of the colony, caused immigrants 
 to flock thither in large numbers. 
 
 43. In 1638, William Coddington, who had been sub 
 jected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an 
 invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the 
 island of Rhode Island, and settled there. Rather than 
 admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Wil 
 liams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
 the settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, 
 under one government. 
 
 44. After Charles II. ascended the throne of England, 
 Rhode Island, in 1663, obtained a new charter. When 
 Andros assumed the government of New England, the 
 management of affairs under the charter was, for the 
 time, necessarily suspended; but directly after he was 
 seized and sent to England, as elsewhere stated, the char 
 ter became the fundamental law of the colony, and was 
 the only constitution of the State till 1843.* (P. 141, f 25.) 
 
 42. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? Where did he 
 make a settlement ? Whew . w hy did he call the place Providence ? 
 
 43. Coddington? Why did Williams go to England ? How did he succeed? 
 
 44. When did Rhode Is. get anew charter? Who granted it ? Its history ? 
 
 NOTE. "It was in January, 1636, the sternest month of a New England winter, when 
 Roger Williams left his wife and babes in Salem (Mass.), in order to escape the warrant 
 that would have conducted him to the ship then waiting to bear him to England. He went 
 forth an exiled man, to trust his life and fortune to the rough chances of the wilderness tht 
 then skirted the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Seldom has an exile for 
 opinion s sake been driven from a Christian community to encounter more severe necessi 
 ties, or endure more crushing privations. "Spar/csV American Biography. 
 
 NOTE For an account of the capture and destruction of the schooner Gaspee, see topic 
 218, Appendix, p. 79. 
 
 * See Note 13, end of Section. 
 
82 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1643. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FKOM THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, 
 
 TO "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAK." 
 
 , 
 
 45. The four colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
 
 necticut, and New Haven, formed a union in 1643, for 
 mutual protection against the encroachments of the Dutch 
 and French, and for better security against the hostility 
 of the Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. 
 Rhode Island was refused admittance into it, because she 
 would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and 
 lose her separate existence.* 
 
 46. In 1656 a serious trouble commenced, growing out 
 of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from 
 England. They had been represented as a people of pe 
 culiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were 
 persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and 
 others were whipped or cast into prison. The great sever 
 ity of the measures at last produced a reaction in public 
 feeling ; and, after five years of trouble, the Quakers were 
 allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. \ 
 
 47. KING PHILIP S WAR. During the life of Massasoit, 
 the treaty of friendship between him and the people of 
 Plymouth was faithfally kept; but, after his death, Philip, 
 commonly known as King Philip, his son and successor, 
 made war upon the colonists. It became evident to the 
 Indians that the spreading settlements were fast breaking 
 
 45. What union in 1643 ? How long did it. last ? Rhode Island ? 
 
 46. What trouble commenced in 1656 ? Give an account of it ? The end ? 
 
 47. Philip ? Evident ? What did they pee ? What other cause of war ? 
 
 * " The confederation was no less than an act of absolute sovereignty on the part of the con 
 tracting states. The first two articles bound together the four colonies and their dependen 
 cies under the name of TJie United Colonies of New England, In a * firm and perpetual 
 league of friendship and amity for offence and defence, mutual advice and succor, upon :tll 
 just occasions, both for preserving and propagating the truth and liberties of the Gospel, 
 and for their own mutual safety and welfare. * * * Of this confederation which offers 
 the first example of coalition in colonial story, and showed to party leaders in after times, 
 the advantage of concert, it was not without apparent reason that an unfriendly historian 
 (Chalmers) remarked, that its principles were altogether those of independency, and that it 
 cannot easily be supported by any other. " Palfrey 1 s Hist, of New England. 
 
 t Read Note 9, end of Section. 
 
1675.] COLOFIM, HISTORY. 33 
 
 up their hunting-grounds ; and they saw, too, in the grow 
 ing power of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. 
 Besides, they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 
 
 48. Nothing short of a union of the New England tribes 
 for the extermination of the colonists, it was thought, 
 could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was 
 alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combina 
 tion. It is related that a converted Indian, who had been 
 sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal 
 informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. 
 The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted 
 of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause 
 of the war. 
 
 49. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
 the people of Swan -zey, as they were returning, one Sun 
 day, from church. Although a treaty of peace had been 
 made with the Narragansetts, they joined in the war 
 against the English. A strong force was sent against the 
 Indians ; and, in an immense swamp in the southern part 
 of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet 
 they continued their depredations till the death of Philip, 
 which occurred in 1676, he being shot by one of his own 
 tribe. (Read Note 10, end of Section.) 
 
 50. A controversy which had been going on for a num 
 ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and 
 the Massachusetts colony, concerning the ownership of 
 Maine, was, in 1677, decided in favor of the heirs, and 
 Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three years 
 after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts 
 
 48. How, oiily, could the Indians look for success? What charge was made 
 against Philip ? What was the immediate cause of the war ? 
 
 49. Where is Swauzey? (Map, p. 24.) What took place there ? How did 
 the Narragansetts act ? What defeats did the Indians meet ? Give the closing 
 history of the war. 
 
 50. What controversy was settled in 1677 ? How was it settled ? How did 
 Massachusetts {jet to own Maine ? Which was the first royal province in New 
 England ? When was that brought about ? 
 
 NOTE. For an account of the early efforts to provide a currency for the people of Mas 
 sachusetts, read Note 2, The Pine-Tree Shilling, at the end of the Section. 
 
 ?* 
 
34 COLONIAL HISTORY. [168O. 
 
 having been declared, the former became a royal prov 
 ince the first in New England. 
 
 51. The opposition which Massachusetts had shown to 
 the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of Par 
 liament, displeased the king, Charles II., and he declared 
 her charter void.* His death occurring not long after, his 
 successor, James II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, 
 and, in 1686, deprived Massachusetts of her charter-gov 
 ernment. In the same year Andros was appointed royal 
 governor of New England. (See p. 22, ^f 16,) 
 
 52. These proceedings on the part of King James ren 
 dered him so unpopular, that, when the news of the Eng 
 lish Revolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, 
 in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his offi 
 cers, whose tyranny had made them odious to the people, 
 were seized and sent to England, when the New England 
 colonies established their former modes of government. 
 
 53. KIXG WILLIAM S WAR, James fled to France, arid 
 William, Prince of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest 
 daughter of James, were called to the English throne as 
 king and queen of that country. The cause of the fugi 
 tive king was espoused by the French monarch ; and this, 
 principally, led to a contest between the two powers, 
 known as King William s War, in which the respective 
 colonists became involved. 
 
 54. An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, com 
 manded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Royal, 
 now Annapolis, and secured a large amount of booty. A 
 second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the 
 conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the 
 
 51. Why did Charles II. declare the Massachusetts charter void? What 
 afterward took place ? When was Andros appointed governor ? 
 
 52. What news reached Boston in KiS!)? What effect did it have there? 
 Why did it have that effect ? What treatment was reserved for Andros ? 
 
 53. What was the cause of King William s War? 
 
 54. Give an account of Phipps a first expedition. Where is Annapolis T 
 (Map, p. 61.) Of his second expedition. Ho\y long did the war last ? What 
 was the result as regards the ownership of territory ? 
 
 * See note, p. 65. 
 
1692.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 
 
 most important events of the contest in America. The 
 war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick (riz -wick), 
 in 1697, a period of about eight years. The claims to ter 
 ritory in America remained as before the war. 
 
 55. SALEM WITCHCRAFT. During the war, King Wil 
 liam, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter 
 which James II. had taken away, granted a new one, 
 which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova 
 Scotia in a royal government. Upon Phipps was con 
 ferred the office of governor (16kl) c 
 
 56. One of the first acts of the new governor was the 
 formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who, 
 because of their real or supposed strange conduct, were 
 accused of practising witchcraft. Most of the inhabitants 
 of Salem and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, 
 believed the accusations to be true; and, before the delu 
 sion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, 
 more than fifty were tortured or frightened into con 
 fessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison 
 ment. (Read Note 4, end of Section.) 
 
 57. QUEEN ANNE S WAR. Upon the death of James 
 II., which occurred in France, the French monarch ac 
 knowledged his son king of England. This tended to 
 produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the 
 crown had previously been settled upon Anne (an), the 
 second daughter of James. While the English were 
 making preparations for war, King William died, and 
 Anne became Queen of England. 
 
 58. The interference of France in the succession to 
 the English crown, in connection with other causes, led 
 
 55. What appointment was conferred upon Phipps ? 
 
 56. What act of Phipps is mentioned? What belief prevailed at Salem? 
 Where is Salem ? (See Map. p. 34.) Give an account of the " Salem Witchcraft." 
 
 57. Where was James II. when he died ? What action did the French king 
 take ? What effect did his action have ? What followed ? 
 
 58. What was the principal cause of Queen Anne s War? By wtat name is 
 the war known in Europe ? Where is Nova Scotia ? (Map, p. 61.) 
 
36 COLONIAL HISTORY. UTO2. 
 
 to a war between England on the one side, and France 
 and Spain on the other, which is known in America as 
 Queen Anne s War ; but in Europe, is called the War 
 of the Spanish Succession. Hostilities were commenced 
 fen 1702. 
 
 59. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from 
 Massachusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years 
 before, was the most important event of the war in 
 America. The name of the place was changed to An 
 napolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was 
 annexed to the British realm. The contest continued 
 about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of 
 Utrecht (ii-trekt), in 1713. 
 
 60. KING GEORGE S WAR. A peace of nearly thirty 
 years followed, which was broken, during the reign of 
 George II., by King George s War. This contest had 
 its origin in European disputes, relating, principally, to 
 the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Eu 
 rope as the War of the Austrian Succession. 
 
 61. War having been declared between England and 
 France in 1744, the colonists soon became involved. The 
 most important event of the struggle in America was 
 the taking of Louisburg (loo -is-burg), a fortress erected 
 by the French, and which, from its strength, was called 
 the Gibraltar of America. 
 
 62. The capture of this place was effected in 1745, by 
 a force, mostly of New England troops, under William 
 Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Coin- 
 
 59. When did the French finally lose Port Royal ? What change of name 
 was made ? What change in ownership of territory took place ? How long 
 did the war last? 
 
 GO. How did King George s War originate ? What other name did the war 
 have ? Why was it so called ? 
 
 61. When was war ck-clared? What is stated of Louisburg? Where is 
 Louisburg? (See Map. p. (il.) 
 
 62. When did the English capture it? Give an account of the capture. 
 When did the war end? How did it result as regards ownership of territory 1 
 Who, then, owned Louisburg ? 
 
1745.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 
 
 rnodore Warren. The contest was terminated by the 
 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (aJces lali sha-pel ), in 1748, by 
 which all acquisitions of territory, made during the war, 
 were mutually restored. (See p. 54, T 1.) 
 
 NEW YOKK. 
 
 63. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, while sailing 
 in the service of " The Dutch East India Company," in 
 1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. 
 His object was to find a northwest passage to the Pacific 
 Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to 
 the head of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued 
 his exploration some miles further.* (Ap., p. 68, top. ^2.) 
 
 64. The Dutch, claiming that Hudson s discoveries 
 gave them a title to the country, in 1614 built a fort on 
 Man-hat -tan Island. Their claim to territory included 
 the whole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore 
 of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Neth -cr- 
 lands, though the name was more generally applied to 
 only that part actually in possession of the Dutch. 
 
 65. The colonization of the country did not commence 
 until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
 organization, known as " The Dutch West India Com 
 pany," two settlements were made one on Manhattan 
 Island, called New Amsterdam, and the other at Albany, 
 called Fort Orange. The company, to encourage emi 
 
 63. Who was Henry Hudson ? What river did he discover? What was ha 
 trving to do when he discovered the river? How much of the river did he ex 
 plore. ? Who lirst discovered the Hudson river ? Ans. Verrazzani, in 1524 
 
 64. What claim to territory did the Dutch make? What was their title lo 
 the claim? What name did they uivo to the territory claimed hy them ? What 
 
 States are now included in the territory so claimed? [See Progressive Map. No. 
 8.] Where did the Dutch build a Ion in 1614? By what name i& Manhattan 
 Island now generally known? Ans. New York Island. 
 
 65. When did the Dutch hegin to colonize New Netherlands? Where were 
 * On his return to Holland, Hudson stopped at Dartmouth, Borland." When at length 
 
 the East India directors heard of Hudson s arrival at Dartmouth, they instructed him to Re 
 turn with his vessel to Holland as soon as possible. As he was about complying with their 
 orders early n the following year (1610), he was arbitrarily forbidden to leave his couutrv 
 by the English authorities, who were jealous of the advantages which the Dutch ruid 
 pained by reason of Hudson s discoveries while in their service ; and the Half Moon (Hud- 
 oon s vessel) was detained for several months quietly at anchor in Dartmouth harbor."-^ 
 Brodhead s Hist of t lie Mate oj New York. 
 
38 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 [1623, 
 
 TOE STATS OT 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 gration, offered a large tract of land and certain privi- 
 leges to every individual who would form a settlement 
 of fifty persons. (Read Note 11, end of Section.) 
 
 66. The first Dutch governor was Peter Min -u-its ; the 
 second, Wout -er Van Twil -ler ; the third, Sir William 
 Kieft (keeft) ; and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant 
 (sti -ve-sant)* Kieft, who was haughty and unscrupulous, 
 involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes on the 
 Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut. He also, 
 
 settlements made that year? What was Albany then called ? What offers were 
 made to induce persons to fettle in New Netherlands ? 66. Wiio was the first 
 Dutch governor of Nevy Netherlands ? The second * The third ? The fourth! 
 What can you say of Kieft 8 character? Of his acts ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. What country is on the north of New Ycrk State ? What 
 States on the east? What, on the South ? Describe the Hudson River. What 
 is New Amsterdam now called? Ans. New York. How is New York city 
 situated ? Albany ? 
 
 * " A better day dawned on New Netherlands, when the brave and honest Stuyyesnnt, a 
 soldier of experience, and a scholar of some learning, was promoted for his services, mid 
 entered on the government of the province. Sad experience dictated a milder system towards 
 the natives; and it was resolved to govern them with lenity." Bancroft s History of the 
 United States. 
 
1664.] COLONIAL HISTOKY. 39 
 
 by his inhuman conduct, brought on a disastrous war with 
 the Indians. (Read Note 12, end of Section.) 
 
 67. The rule of Stuyvesant was vigorous, though often 
 arbitrary. He conciliated the Indians, agreed to a west 
 ern boundary for Connecticut, and gained by conquest 
 the Swedish territory in Delaware. But a new danger 
 appeared. In 16G4, Charles II., of England, disregard 
 ing the claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the 
 Duke of York, the whole region from the Connecticut 
 River to Delaware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, 
 was sent to take possession of the country. (P. 45, T 87.) 
 
 68. When the fleet appeared before New Amsterdam, 
 the people, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English 
 rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant 
 held out until the town was actually in possession of the 
 English. Nicolls was the first English governor. The 
 province, as well as New Amsterdam, was called New 
 York ; and Fort Orange received the name of Albany. 
 In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the 
 Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a pe 
 riod of fifteen months, returned them to the English. 
 Andros was then appointed governor*. (Ap., p. 62, top. 6.) 
 
 69. In 1741 several incendiary fires occurred in the city 
 of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Wit 
 nesses testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the 
 city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a government of 
 their own. An intense excitement followed ; and before 
 it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as 
 having been engaged in the alleged plot, were executed, 
 and others were transported. A plot of some kind there 
 
 67. What is said of Stuyvesant s rule ? What did he accomplish ? What 
 grant was made in 10(54 ? Did King Charles do right ? Upon what did he base 
 his claim to the territory? Ans. The discoveries and explorations of the Cabots. 
 
 68. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherlands. Who was the 
 first English governor ? What changes in names were made ? What is the sub. 
 sequent history of New Netherlands as a Dutch province? 
 
 69. What occurred in 1741 ? State what followed. 
 
 * Read topics 228 and 2:29. App. pp. 82, S3. 
 
40 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1622. 
 
 may have been, though it is certain the accounts of it 
 were greatly exaggerated, and many innocent persons 
 suffered. (See Appendix, p. 63, topic 17.) 
 
 NEW JEKSEY. 
 
 70. The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the prov* 
 ince of New Netherlands, established a trading-post at 
 Bergen as early as 1622, and built a fort on the Dela 
 ware ; but the settlement of Elizabethtown, now Eliza 
 beth, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island, is consid 
 ered as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 
 
 71. In 1664, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the 
 Duke of York, to whom Charles II. had granted New 
 Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir 
 George Carteret. The liberal offers at first made to emi 
 grants induced many to settle. After the Dutch, as else 
 where related, had, for the second time, relinquished New 
 Netherlands, the whole territory was again granted to the 
 Duke of York. 
 
 72. The duke, in total disregard of the rights of Berke 
 ley and Carteret, appointed Andros governor over the 
 entire reunited province, but afterward agreed to restore 
 New Jersey to the rightful proprietors. Notwithstand 
 ing this promise, he repeatedly interfered with the rights 
 of Berkeley and Carteret. 
 
 73. Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an 
 English Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory be 
 came, by purchase, the property of William Penn and 
 other Quakers.* In 1702, the proprietors surrendered 
 
 70. What trading settlement did the Dutch make ? Where is Bergen ? (Map, 
 p. 43.) Where, in New Jersey, did they build a fort? When was Elizabeth 
 settled ? What is considered as regards that settlement ? Where is Elizabeth? 
 (Map. p. 43.) Where is Long Island ? (Map. p. 2ft.) 
 
 71 . To whom did Charles II. give New Jersey ? To whom did the Duke sell 
 it? When did the duke get a second grant of it ? 
 
 72. Of what wrong was the duke guilty ? And afterward of what wrong ? 
 
 * In 167R, New Jersey was divided into.Eas t and W^st Jersey, the former 
 falling to Carteret ; hence the term, " the Jersey 3." 
 
1624.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 41 
 
 their powers of government to the Crown, when New Jer 
 sey became a royal province, united to New York. In 
 1738, the connection was severed, and from that time New 
 Jersey had a government of its own. (Top. 219, Ap., p. 79.) 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 74. By the second charter granted to the London Com 
 pany, the limits of Virginia embraced all the territory 
 which afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, 
 and North Carolina ; but, by the dissolution of the com 
 pany in 1624, the whole region became the property of 
 the Crown. In 1631, William Clay -borne obtained a 
 license from Charles I. to traffic with the Indians; and, 
 under this authority, a trading-post was established on an 
 island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth of 
 the Susquehanna. 
 
 75. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for 
 Catholics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Cal- 
 vert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was Lord 
 Baltimore, applied for a charter to establish a colony in 
 America. The king, Charles I. , readily agreed to make 
 the grant, but before the document received the royal 
 seal, Calvert died. It was then issued to Ce -cil Calvert, 
 son of Sir George, who, by the death of his father, in 
 herited the title of Lord Baltimore.* 
 
 73. To whom did Berkeley sell hi? interest in New Jersey? How was New 
 Jersey afterward divided "> Am. Into East Jersey and West Jersey. Carteret 
 owning the former. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey. 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (p. 53.) What States are on the South of New York ? On 
 the south of Pennsylvania? What river separates Maryland from Virginia? 
 What lanre hay divides Maryland ? What large river flows into it from the 
 north? Where was St. Mary s situated? 
 
 74. What license ? Where did Clayborne establish trading-posts ? 
 
 75. Who was George Calvert. ? What great desire did he have ? For what 
 did lie apply? With what success* ? To whom was the grant then made ? 
 
 * " It was intended, it is said, thiit the country granted by this charter should have been 
 called Crescentw ; but when it was presented to the king (ffharles I., of England) for his 
 signature, in conformity to his majesty s wishes the name of the province was chansred to that 
 of Maryland, in honor of his queen, Henrietta Maria, a daughter of the great king Henry 
 IV ., of * ranee." J3oia;i Hist, of Harylattd. 
 
42 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1634. 
 
 76. This charter was the most liberal one, in every 
 respect, that had thus far been granted by the English 
 Crown. " Christianity, as professed by the Church of 
 England, was protected ; but beyond this, silence left 
 room for equality in religious rights, not less than in civil 
 freedom." The province was called Maryland, in honor 
 of Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles. 
 
 77. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore 
 consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman 
 Catholics. They arrived in 1G34, and at once commenced 
 a settlement, which they anticipated would become a 
 great city, calling it St. Mary s. Leonard Calvert, brother 
 of the proprietor, was the first governor. (Note 14, end of See.) 
 
 78. Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the au 
 thority of the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, which 
 compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 
 After the governor resumed his office, the Assembly 
 enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
 secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all per 
 sons professing belief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the right 
 not denied by the charter receive the sanction of law. 
 
 79. During the supremacy of Cromwell in England, 
 Parliament appointed commissioners to administer the 
 government of the colony. The Protestants gaining a 
 majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of 
 their rights as citizens, and an act was passed declaring 
 them not entitled to the protection of the laws. A civil 
 war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. 
 After Cromwell s death, the rights of Lord Baltimore 
 were restored to nim. 
 
 80. Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles 
 
 76. What was the character of the charter? What name was given to the 
 province ? Why was it so named ? 
 
 77 Did Lord Baltimore go to America ? Whom did he send ? \V hen and 
 
 ^^S^^r^^-Bebellion." Of the "Toleration Act." 
 79. Give an account of the civil war. Of after events. 
 
1715.] 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 43 
 
 became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained 
 possession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. 
 In 1715 the proprietor s rights were restored to his infant 
 heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained 
 a proprietary government from that time till the Revo* 
 lution. (See Appendix, p. 71, topic 111.) 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 TPPEREARTOF 
 NEW JERSEY 
 "wrnr vjcuwnr or 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 81. Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civd 
 and religious liberty might be enjoyed, and where tne 
 
 8O. Of what injustice was King William guilty ? What, of Maryland ? 
 WAV QUESTIONS. What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? 
 How is Philadelphia situated ? Trenton ? Tinicnm Island ? 
 
 NOTE." There was a large sum of money due from the (English) govern, 
 ment to the Admiral (Wm. Penn s father) at the time of hi? death. ^ * In 
 
 consequence of his death, Wm. Penn, in the summer of 1680, petitioned King 
 Charles the Second, that letters patent might be granted him for a tract oi land 
 in America, lying north of Maryland ; on the east, bounded by Delaware River: 
 OB the west limited by Maryland; and northward to extend as far as piantable." 
 Pr&ud s Hist, qf Pennsylvania. 
 
44 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1682, 
 
 people might dwell together in peace, William Penn ob 
 tained from Charles II. a tract of land west of the Dela 
 ware. The domain thus granted was called Pennsylvania. 
 From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
 Delaware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three 
 Lower Counties on the Delaware." 
 
 82. Though small settlements of Swedes had been pre 
 viously made within the limits of both Pennsylvania and 
 Delaware, the permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates 
 from the founding of Philadelphia in 1G82. by Penn. Af^ 
 tcr several conferences with the Indians, he met them 
 beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a place now called Ken 
 sington, a portion of Philadelphia, where he made his 
 famous " treaty of peace and friendship" with the " red 
 men." This treaty was * never sworn to and never 
 broken." * (Read, also, Note 3, end of Section.) 
 
 83. To the Swedes on the Delaware, Penn gave assur 
 ance that they should not be molested in their religion or 
 laws. The wisdom of his course toward the Swedes and 
 Indians, as well as of his government in general, was soon 
 apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful 
 growth than any other in America. 
 
 84. Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in Eng 
 land in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. 
 They administered the government, most of the time by 
 deputies, until the Revolution, when their claims were 
 purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 81. What desire had Penn? What did he obtain ? From the Duke of York?" 
 
 82. When was Philadelphia founded? Bv whom had Pennsylvania been 
 previously settled? By whom Delaware ? What bargain did Penn make witty 
 the Indians ? Where did Penn make Ms famous treaty ? What is said of it ? 
 
 83. What assurance ? Growth of the colony ? To what attributed ? 
 
 84. Where and when did Penn die ? Further history of Pennsylvania. 
 
 * " The groat elm-tree, under which this treaty was made, becnme celebrated on that 
 account, and when the British were quartered ne.ir it during the war of American Inde 
 pendence, thoir general so respected it, that, wheu his soldiers were cutting down every 
 tree for firewood, he placed a sentinel under H that not a branch of it migut be touched. A 
 few years ago it was blown down, when it was split into wood, and many cups, bowls, and 
 other articles were made of it, to be kept as memorials." " The tree (In 1782) was one hun 
 dred and fifty years eld. Under its spreading branches friendly nations hud been wont to 
 meet to arrange difference* and smoke the calumet of peace long before tUd nalo faces had 
 lauded on tUesa shores." Z>ico/i Life of Ftnn~ 
 
JG38.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 
 
 DELAWAKE. 
 
 85. The settlement of Delaware may be said to have 
 had its origin m the desire of Gus-ta -vus Adolphus, the 
 renowned king of Sweden, to found a free colony in the 
 New World for all persecuted Christians. His death 
 occurring before the project was undertaken, a delay of 
 several years followed ; but finally a charter was granted 
 by the government of that country to the Swedish West 
 India Company. 
 
 86. In 1638 a body of emigrants, sent out by the com 
 pany under the care of Minuits, a former governor of 
 New Netherlands, arrived at Cape Hen-lo -pen. Having 
 purchased of the Indians all the lands from the cape to 
 the falls in the Delaware at Trenton, they commenced a 
 settlement on Chris-ti-an -a Creek, near the present site 
 of Wilmington. To the country thus purchased was 
 given the name of New Sweden. 
 
 87. Other settlements were formed, but the one on 
 Tin -i-cum Island, a few miles below Philadelphia, was 
 made the capital. The Dutch, regarding these settle 
 ments as intrusions upon their territory of New Nether 
 lands, Governor Stuyvesant proceeded against the Swedes, 
 in 1655, and subjected them to the authority of Holland, 
 which government retained possession of the*country till 
 1664. (See page 39, ^ 67.) 
 
 85. What was the origin of the settlement of Delaware ? What further can 
 you state of the project ? 
 
 86 What territory was called New Sweden? By whom was it so called? 
 Where did the Swedes first settle ? Where is Wilmington ? (Map, p. 53.) What 
 two capes are at the entrance of Delaware Bay ? 
 
 87. What is stated of Tinicum and other settlements ? Give an account of 
 the subjugation of New Sweden. 
 
 NOTE -" In the year 1623, a number of emigrants from Holland, under the guidance of 
 Cornelius May, arrived in the Delaware (hence, Cape May), * ** landed his forces, and 
 built Ft Nassau So far as our information extends, May was the first European who stilled 
 n the Delaware and the first adventurer who made a settlement on its shores. * * In 
 ten years after, De Vries found the establishment in the poseession of the Indians." 
 Ferries Hint, of the Orif/iual Settlements on. the Delaware. 
 
 Ft, Nassau was on Big Timber Creek, New Jersey, about five miles louth of Camdan, 
 
COLONIAL HISTOEY. 
 
 [1682 
 
 88. During the period from 1664 to 1682, Delaware, 
 being claimed by the Duke of York, formed a part of the 
 province of New York. By the grant to Penn, in 1682, 
 it was united to Pennsylvania ; and, although the settlers 
 in " The Territories" became dissatisfied with Penn s gov 
 ernment, and were granted an Assembly of their own, 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware continued under one governor 
 until the Revolution. (See Appendix, p. 66, topic 48.) 
 
 NOETH AND SOUTH CAEOLINA 
 
 "V T 
 
 88. What is said in connection with the claim of the Duke of York ? What 
 farther account can you erive of Delaware ? (See p. 39.) 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. What State is on the south of Virginia ? On the south o 
 North Carolina? On the west of South Carolina? What body of water on tho 
 east of the two Carolinas ? Describe the Chowan River. Where is Edenton! 
 Wilmington i Charleston ? The Savannah River ? 
 
165O.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 
 
 89. The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as 
 before described, were made by parties sent by Raleigh 
 in 1585 and 1587. More than sixty years later, probably 
 in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement upou 
 the Cho-wan River, near the present village of E -den-ton. 
 
 90. In 1663 a vast territory, south of Virginia, was 
 granted by Charles II. to Lord Clar -en-don and seven 
 other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, a 
 government was instituted over the settlement on the 
 Chowan, which was called " The Albemarle County 
 Colony." Two years later a second colony was planted 
 in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes (bar-ba 1 - 
 doz) selected a place near Wilmington, and there estab 
 lished " The Clarendon County Colony." 
 
 91. It having been discovered that the settlement on 
 the Chowan was outside of the limits of the domain 
 granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was 
 made to the same parties, by which the boundaries were 
 extended so as to embrace the country from Virginia to 
 about the middle of Florida. (Topic 230. App. p. 83.) 
 
 92. In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County 
 Colony," was planted on the western bank of the Ashley 
 River. This, in consequence of not being well located 
 for commercial facilities, was removed, ten years after, to 
 the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus 
 the foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina 
 was sold to the king of England, and separated into North 
 and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution 
 they were royal provinces. (App. p. 72, topics 125, 126.) 
 
 89. Which were the earliest attempts made to settle North Carolina ? What 
 settlement was made in 1650 ? 
 
 90. Give the early history of " The Albemarle County Colony!" Of " The 
 Clarendon County Colony." What grant was made in 1663? 
 
 91. What discovery was made ? What then was done? 
 
 92. When was " Old Charleston" settled ? Why was a removal made ? When 
 was Charleston settled ? How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 73.) Describe 
 the Cooper River. The Ashley River. What occurred in 1729 ? 
 
48 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1732. 
 
 GEOKGIA. 
 
 93. Though Spain claimed the territory of Georgia as a 
 part of Florida, the English king, George II., disregarded 
 the claim; and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consist 
 ing of James Oglethorpe (o -gl-thorp) and twenty other 
 trustees, for twenty-one years, all the country between 
 the Savannah and the Altamaha (al-ta-ma-haw }. In 
 honor of the king it was called Georgia. The object of 
 the trustees was to provide an asylum for their destitute 
 countrymen, the grant being " in trust for the poor." 
 
 94. The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. 
 The colony made rapid increase in numbers ; but, owing 
 to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to 
 the impolitic regulations of the trustees, the bright antici 
 pations of plenty and comfort which had been entertained 
 were not, for a time, realized. (Eead Note 15, end of Sec.) 
 
 95. In consequence of the claim to territory set up by 
 Spain, hostilities took place between the English settlers 
 and their Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the 
 bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, the result was to the ad 
 vantage of the English. The trustees governed till 1752, 
 when, wearied with their troublesome charge, they sur 
 rendered their charter to the Crown, and Georgia became 
 a royal province. (See Appendix, p. 67, topic 61.) 
 
 93. What grant was made in 1732? What distinguished person was born in 
 that year? Ans. George Washington. Describe the Altamaha River. (Map p. 
 174.) The Savannah. Why was Georgia so called ? Object of Oglethorpe ? 
 
 94. When was Georgia settled y Where ? Progress of the colony? 
 
 95. What hostilities occurred ? How did they end ? How long did the trus 
 tees govern ? What then did they do ? What followed ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (Map, p. 46.) How is Edenton situated ? Charleston ? 
 Savannah? Wilmington? Name eight rivers of North Carolina. What river 
 is between South Carolina and Georgia? 
 
 NOTE. "John Wesley, the celebrated founder of the sect of Methodists," joined the 
 colony in 1736, but " resided in America less than two years." "George Whitefield, the 
 celebrated preacher and founder of the Galvanistic Methodists," also joined the colony, and, 
 says Bancroft, tv founded and sustained an orphan home at Savannah, by contributions 
 which his eloquence extorted. He became more nearly identified with America (than Wes 
 ley), visited all the provinces from Florida to the northern frontier, and made his grave in 
 New England." " His eloquence was wonderful, his voice powerful, rich, and sweet, and 
 Dr. Franklin estimated that 30,(M)0 persons might hear him distinctly when preaching in the 
 open air." .Crate s Am. Biography. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1607. Virginia was settled at Jamestown. 
 
 1009. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson. 
 
 1610. The " Starving Time" prevailed in Virginia. 
 
 1613. The marriage of Pocahontas occurred. 
 
 1614. Smith explored the coast of New England. 
 New York was settled by the Dutch. 
 
 1619. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia.* 
 
 1620. The Council of Plymouth received a grant. 
 Massachusetts was settled by the Pilgrims at Plymouth. 
 
 1621. A treaty was made with Massasoit. 
 
 1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 
 
 1623. New Hampshire was settled at Little Harbor and Dover. 
 The Dutch began to colonize New York. 
 
 1628. A settlement was made at Salem by Endicott 
 1630. A settlement was made at Boston by Winthrop. 
 
 1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor by Holmes. 
 
 1634. Maryland was settled at St. Mary s. 
 
 1635. The Say brook Colony, Connecticut, was established. 
 
 1636. Rhode Island was settled at Providence by Williams. 
 
 1637. The Pequod War, in Connecticut, occurred, f 
 
 1638. Delaware was settled near Christiana Creek by the Swedes. 
 The New Haven Colony was established. 
 
 1639. Settlements on the Connecticut united as the Conn. Colony. 
 
 1643. A union of New England colonies was formed. 
 
 1644. The Connecticut and Saybrook colonies were united. 
 The Second Indian Massacre in Virginia occurred. 
 
 The two settlements of Rhode Island united, forming R. I. 
 
 1645. Clayborne s Rebellion in Maryland occurred. 
 
 1650. North Carolina was settled on the Chowan River. 
 
 1651. The Navigation Act was passed by Parliament. 
 
 1655. A civil war in Maryland occurred. 
 
 New Sweden was conquered by Stuyvesant. 
 
 1656. The Quakers, in Massachusetts, were persecuted. 
 1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others. 
 
 The Albemarle County Colony was established. 
 1661 New Netherlands was taken by the English and named N. T. 
 
 * Many authors give 1620 as the date of the introduction of slavery into Vir 
 ginia, but this, it has been shown, is incorrect. 
 
 tThe name of the Connecticut tribe of Indians is now generally written Pequots by the 
 officials of that State. 
 
50 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 1664. New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth). 
 
 1665. The Clarendon County Colony was established. 
 
 The Connecticut and New Haven colonies were united. 
 ,3370. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River, 
 1373. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 1375. King Philip s war began by an attack at Swanzey. 
 
 1376. Bacon s Rebellion broke out in Virginia. 
 
 JK80. The settlement at Charleston, South Carolina, was begun. 
 
 New Hampshire became a separate royal province (first time). 
 1682. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia by William Penn. 
 
 The Duke of York granted Delaware to William Penn. 
 
 1686. Andros was appointed royal governor of New England. 
 
 1687. The Connecticut Charter was hid in the " Charter Oak." 
 
 1689. Andros was seized and sent to England. 
 King William s War began. 
 
 1690. Port Royal was captured by the English under Phipps. 
 1692. The Salem Witchcraft delusion prevailed. 
 
 . 1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King William s War. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne s War began. 
 
 1710. Port Royal was captured (a second time) by the English. 
 
 1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne s War. 
 
 1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina. 
 V 1732. Washington was born in Virginia, February 22d. 
 
 1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah. 
 
 1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (last time). 
 
 1744. King George s War began. 
 
 1745. Louisburg was taken by the English. 
 
 1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George s War. 
 1752. Georgia became a royal province. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Give the history of Virginia under the first charter 18, 19 
 
 2. Give the history under the second charter 19, 20 
 
 8. State what you can of Pocahontas 19, 21 
 
 4. Give the history of Virginia under the third charter 21, 22 
 
 6. Give an account of Bacon s Rebellion 22, 23 
 
 6. State all you can in relation to Captain John Smith 18-23 
 
 7. All, in relation to the Council of Plymouth 24, 27, 28, 29 
 
 8. In relation to the pilgrims before they came to America 24, 25 
 
 9. Give an account of their movements from Holland to America 25 
 
 10. When and where did they make their settlement ? 25, 26 
 
 NOTE. By the old style of reckoning, the date of the landing of the Pilgrims at Plym- 
 outh is December 11. When the practice of celebrating the anniversary of th landing 
 began (in 1769), eleven days, instead of ten. were erroneously udd^d to the recorded date to 
 make it con Conn to the Gregorian (from Pope Gregory) style, which had been adopted in 
 England seventeen years before. But as, in 1620, the derangement of the calendar 
 amounted to only ten days, the anniversary should te celebrated en the 21st of December. 
 Instead of the 22d, as it is. 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 
 
 11. Give their early history at Plymouth 26 
 
 12. What can you state of the treaty made with Massasoit ? 26, 32 
 
 13. Give the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 26 
 
 14. Give the history of the founding of Harvard College 27 
 
 15. Whence did Massachusetts derive its name ? Ans. From the name of 
 
 a tribe of Indians. 
 
 16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire 27 
 
 17. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Hampshire 28, 33, 34 
 
 IS. How did New Hampshire get its name ? Ans. It was so called by John 
 
 Mason, who lived in Hampshire county,England. 
 
 19. Give an account of the first settlement of Connecticut 28 
 
 20. Give the history of the Saybrook Colony 29, 30 
 
 21. Give an account of the Pequod War 29, 30 
 
 22. Give the history of the New Haven Colony 
 
 23. State how Andros was foiled in his attempt to get the Conn. Charter. . 30 
 
 24. Whence did Connecticut get its name? Ans. From the name of its 
 
 principal river, which the Indians called the Connecticut. The word 
 signifies the long river. 
 
 25. Give an account of Williams s settlement of Rhode Island 31 
 
 26. Give an account of Coddington s settlement of Rhode Island 31 
 
 27. Give the subsequent colonial history of Rhode Island 31 
 
 28. How did Rhode Island get its name? Ans. It (the island) was " so 
 
 called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes/ Another 
 authority says: that in consequence of the reddish appearance of 
 the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Roode, or Red 
 Island. From this is derived the name of the island and state. 1 
 
 29. Give an account of the Union of New England colonies 32 
 
 30. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers 32 
 
 31. Give an account of King Philip s War 32, 33 
 
 32. Give an account of King William s War 34, 35 
 
 33. Give an account of Queen Anne s War 35, 36 
 
 34. Give an account of King George s War 36, 37 
 
 35. Give an account of the settlement of New York 37, 88 
 
 36. What can you state of Kieft and his administration 38, 39 
 
 37. What can you state of Stuyvesant and his administration 39, 45 
 
 38. Give the subsequent colonial history of New York 39, 40 
 
 39. Why was New York so called ? Ans. In compliment to the Duke of 
 
 York, to whom it had been granted. 
 
 40. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey *0 
 
 41. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey 40, 41 
 
 42. Why was New Jersey so called ? Ans. In honor of Sir George Carteret, 
 
 who had been governor of the island of Jersey. 
 
 43. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 41, 42 
 
 44. Give the history of Clayborne s Rebellion 41, 42 
 
 45. What is paid of the charter granted to Maryland ? 42 
 
 46. What is said of the Maryland Toleration Act ? 42 
 
 47. What were the causes of the civil war in Maryland ? 42 
 
 48. Give the subsequent colonial history of Maryland 42, 43 
 
 49. Why was Maryland so called ? 42 
 
 56. Give an account of the first settling of Pennsylvania 43, 44 
 
52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 51. What induced William Penn to form a colony ? 43, 44 
 
 52. What two tracts of land did Penn get ? 44 
 
 53. Give the history of their conversion to him 44 
 
 54. What were the important events of 1682 ? 44, 50 
 
 55. State what you can of Penn s treaty with the Indians . . . . 44 
 
 56. Of his treatment of the Swedes, and of his government 44 
 
 57. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania 44 
 
 58. How did Pennsylvania get its name ? Am. The word sylva means a 
 
 wood or forest. William Penn, thinking that sylvania would be an 
 appropriate name for a land covered with forest, suggested it for hia 
 territory. The prefix Penn was put to the word, in honor, as the 
 king said, of Penn s father. 
 69. When and by whom was Delaware settled ? 45 
 
 60. What had Adolphus done in relation to the settlement ? 45 
 
 61. Name two important events of 1638 49 
 
 62. What was accomplished in New Sweden that year ? 45 
 
 63. Give an account of Stuyvesan f s expedition against the Swedes 45 
 
 64. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware 46 
 
 65. Name, in order, ten important events from 1607 to 1621 49 
 
 66. Name, in order, ten important events from 1622 to 1637 49 
 
 67. Name, in order, ten important events from 1638 to 1651 49 
 
 68. Give an account of the attempts to settle Koanoke Island 14, 15, 16 
 
 69. Give the history of the Albermarle County Colony 47 
 
 70. Give the history of the Clarendon County Colony 47 
 
 71. Give the history of the Carteret County Colony 47 
 
 72. State how North and South Carolina derived their names 13, 47 
 
 73. Give the closing colonial history of the two Carolinas 47 
 
 74. Name, in order, ten important events from 1655 to 1670 49, 50 
 
 75. Name, in order, ten important events from 1673 to 1689 50 
 
 76. Why was Georgia so called ? 48 
 
 77. Give the history of the settlement of Georgia 48 
 
 78. Give an account of the subsequent colonial progress of Georgia 48 
 
 79. Name, in order, ten important events from 1682 to 1702 50 
 
 80. Name, in order, ten important events from 1710 to 1752 50 
 
 81. How many colonies have you learned the history of? 18-48 
 
 82. Give their names in the order of their settlement 49, 50 
 
 83. Give their names in their geographical order, beginning with New 
 
 Hampshire (Progressive Map, No. 2). 
 
 84. Which of them were settled by the English ? 18-48 
 
 85. Which were settled by other nations than the English ? 18-48 
 
 86. Which offered asylums for persecuted Christians ? 18-48 
 
 87. Which were settled because of religious persecutions ? 18-48 
 
 88. Give the date and place of settlement of each. (Table, end of history.) 
 
 89. Give the name of the most prominent man in the settlement of each.. 18-48 
 
 90. State what Indian troubles occurred in each 18-39 
 
 91. Name the colonies of which Andros was governor 18-46 
 
 92. Name nine events belonging to the history of Virginia 49, 50 
 
 93. Name ten belonging to the history of Massachusetts 49, 50 
 
 94. Name five events belonging to the history of New Hampshire 49, 50 
 
 95. Name four events belonging to the history of New York 49 
 
NOTES. 52a 
 
 1. The Last Fisht of the Pequods (p. 29, If 38). "The Pequod 
 fort was a nearly circular area of an acre or two, enclosed by trunks of treea, 
 twelve feet high or thereabouts, set firmly in the ground so closely as to exclude 
 
 entrance Within, arranged along two lanes, were some seventy wigwam* 
 
 covered with matting and thatch Two hours before dawn, under a bright 
 
 moonlight, the little band was set in motion toward the fort, two miles distant. 
 Mason had come within a few feet of the sally-port which he was seeking, when a 
 dog barked, and the cry, Owanux ! Owanux I Englishmen 1 Englishmen ! which 
 immediately followed, showed that the alarm was given. With sixteen men, he 
 instantly pushed into the enclosure. Underbill did the same on the other side. 
 The terrified sleepers rushed out of their wigwams, but soon sought refuge in 
 them again from the English broadswords and fire-arms. Snatching a live brand 
 from a wigwam, Mason threw it on a matted roof. Underbill set fire in his quarter 
 with a train of powder, and the straw village was soon in flames. All was over 
 in an hour. The muskets of the English brought down those who escaped the 
 conflagration, and most of the stragglers who avoided this fate, fell into the 
 hands of the native allies, who had kept cautiously aloof from the conflict, but 
 had no mercy on the fugitives. "Palfrey s History of New England. 
 
 2. The Piiie-Tree Shilling. Captain John Hull was the mint-master 
 of Massachusetts, and coined all the money that was made there. This was a 
 new line of business ; for, in the earlier days of the colony, the current coinage 
 consisted of gold and silver money of England, Portugal, and Spain. These 
 coins being scarce, the people were often forced to barter their commodities 
 instead of selling them. For instance, if a man wanted to buy a coat, he perhaps 
 exchanged a bear-skin for it. If he wished for a barrel of molasses, he might 
 purchase it with a pile of pine boards. Musket bullets were used instead of far 
 things. The Indians had a sort of money, called wampum, which was made of 
 clam shells; and this strange sort of specie was likewise taken in payment of 
 debts by the English settlers. Bank bills had never been heard of. There was 
 not money enough of any kind, in many parts of the country, to p-<*y the salaries 
 of the ministers; so that they sometimes had to take quintals of fish, bushels of 
 corn, or cords of wood, instead of silver or gold. As the people grew more 
 numerous, and their trade one with another increased, the want of current 
 money was still more sensibly felt. To supply the demand, the general court 
 passed a law for establishing a coinage of shillings, sixpences, and threepences. 
 Captain John Hull was appointed to manufacture this money, and was to have 
 about one shilling out of every twenty to pay him for the trouble of making 
 them. Hereupon all the old silver in the colony was handed over to Captain 
 John Hull. The battered silver cans and tankards, I suppose, and silver buckle*, 
 and broken spoons, and silver buttons of worn-out coats, and silver hilts of 
 8 words that had figured at court -all such curious old articles were dovibtless 
 thrown into the melting-pot together. But by far the greater part of the silver 
 consisted of bullion from the mines of South America, which the English bucca 
 neerswho were little better than pirates had taken from the Spaniards, and 
 brought to Massachusetts. All this old and new silver being melted down and 
 coined, the result was an immense amount of splendid shillings, sixpences, and 
 threepences. Eacli had the date, 1652, on the one side, and the figure of a pins 
 tree on the other. Hence they were called pine-tree shillings. In the course of 
 time their place was supplied by bills of paper on parchment, which were nomi 
 nally valued at threepence and upw vd. The value of these bills kept sinking, 
 beeaxise the real hard money could not be obtained for them. They were a great 
 deal worse than the old Indian currency of clam shells." Hawthorne. 
 
52b HOTES. 
 
 3. Feim * Treaty with the Indians (p. 44, H 82)." This conference 
 has become one of the most striking scenes in history. Artists have painted, 
 poets have snug, and philosophers have praised it. In the center stood William 
 Peuu, in costume undistinguished from the surrounding group, save by his 
 silken sash. . . When the Indians approached in their old forest costume, their 
 bright feathers sparkling in the sun, .and their bodies painted in the most gor 
 geous manner, the proprietor received them with the easy dignity of one 
 accustomed to mix with European courts. The venerable Indian kicg then 
 seated himself on the ground, with the older sachems on his right and left; the 
 middle-aged warriors ranged themselves in the form of a crescent, or half-moon, 
 round them; and the younger men formed a third and outer semicircle. Penn 
 then arose and addressed them in their own language, and, unfolding the writing 
 of the treaty of friendship, laid the scroll on the ground. The sachems received 
 his proposal of peace and friendship with decent gravity, and accepted it for 
 themselves and their children. No oaths, no seals, no official mummeries were 
 used: the treaty was ratified with a yea, yea. " Dixon s Life of William Penn. 
 
 4. Salem Witchcraft (p. 35). "A frenzy which led to tho death of 
 many innocent persons, had originated in the wicked arts of a few children. 
 They belonged to the Rev. Mr. Parris, minister of Salem. These children com 
 plained of being pinched and pricked with pins, and otherwise tormented by the 
 shapes of men and women, who were supposed to have power to haunt them 
 invisibly, both in darkness and daylight. Often in the midst of their family and 
 friends the children would pretend to be seized with strange convulsions, and 
 would cry out that the witches were afflicting them. These stories spread abroad, 
 and caused great tumult and alarm. Nobody could be certain that his nearest 
 neighbor or most intimate friend was not guilty of this imaginary crime. The 
 number of those who pretended to be afflicted by witchcraft grew daily more 
 numerous; and they bore testimony against many of the best and worthiest 
 people. A minister, named George Burroughs, was among the accused. In the 
 months of August and September, 1692, he and nineteen other innocent men and 
 women were put to death. The place of execution was a high hill, on the out 
 skirts of Salem; so that many of the sufferers, as they stood beneath the gallows, 
 could discern their own habitations in the town ; but the martyrdom of these 
 guiltless persons seemed only to increase the madness." Hawthorne. 
 
 5. The Gentry of Virginia. "The whole usages of Virginia were 
 fondly modeled after the English customs. It was a loyal colony. The Vir 
 ginians boasted that King Charles II. had been king in Virginia before he had 
 been king in England. English king and English church were alike faithfully 
 honored there. The resident gentry were allied to good English families. They 
 held their heads above the Dutch traders of New York, and the money-getting 
 Roundheads of Pennsylvania and New England. Never were people less repub 
 lican than those of the great province which was soon to be foremost in the 
 memorable revolt against the British crown. The gentry of Virginia dwelt on 
 their great lands after a fashion almost patriarchal. Fcr its rough cultivation, 
 each estate had a multitude of hands, who were subject to the command of tha 
 master. The land yielded their food, live stock, and game. The great rivera 
 swarmed with fish for the taking. Their ships took the tobacco off their private 
 wharves on the banks of the Potomac or the James River, and carried it to Lon 
 don or Bristol, bringing back English goods and articles of home manufacture in 
 return for the only produce which the Virginia gentry chose to cultivate. Their 
 hospitality was boundless. No stranger was ever sent away from their gates. 
 The gentry received one another, and traveled to each other s houses, in a stt 
 almost feudal." Thackeray s Virainians. 
 
NOTES. 52C 
 
 6. Virginia in 1674 (p. 22, 1 18). "The generation now in existence 
 were chiefly the fruit of the soil ; they were children of the woods, nurtured 
 in the freedom of the wilderness, and dwelling in lonely cottages, scattered 
 along the streams. No newspapers entered their houses: no printing-press 
 furnished them a book. They hud no recreations but such as nature provides 
 in her wilds ; no education but such as parents in the desert could give their 
 offspring. The paths were bridleways rather than roads ; and the highway sur 
 veyors aimed at nothing more than to keep them clear of logs and fallen trees. 
 I doubt if there existed what we should call a bridge in the whole Dominion, 
 though it was intended to build some. Visits were made in boats, or ou horse 
 back through the forests ; and the Virginian, traveling with his pouch of 
 tobacco for currency, swam the rivers, where there was neither ferry nor ford. 
 Almost every planter was his own mechanic. The houses, for the most part 
 of but one story, and made of wood, often of logs, tho windows closed by con 
 venient shutters for want of glass, were sprinkled at great distances on both 
 sides of the Chesapeake, from the Potomac to the line of Carolina. There was 
 hardly sucli a sight as a cluster of three dwellings. Jamestown was but a 
 place of a statehouse, one church, and eighteen houses, occupied by about a 
 dozen families. Till very recently the legislature had assembled in the hall of 
 an alehouse. Virginia had neither towns nor lawyers. A few of the wealthiest 
 planters lived in braver state at their large plantations, and, surrounded by 
 indentured servants and slaves, produced a new form of society, that has some 
 times been likened to the manners of the patriarchs, and sometimes to the 
 baronial pride of feudalism." Bancroft s History of the United States. 
 
 7. The Gold Delusion in Virginia (p. 19)." An unlucky incident 
 turned the attention of the colonists from that species of industry which alone 
 could render their situation comfortable. In a small stream of water that 
 issued from a bank of sand near Jamestown, a sediment of some shining 
 mineral substance, which had some resemblance to gold, was discovered. At 
 a time when the precious metals were conceived to be the peculiar and only 
 valuable productions of the New World, when every mountain was supposed to 
 contain a treasure, and every rivulet was searched for its golden sands, this 
 appearance was fondly considered as an infallible indication of a mine. Every 
 hand was eager to dig, and large quantities of the glittering dust were 
 amassed. From some assay of its nature, made by an artist as unskillful as his 
 companions were credulous, it was pronounced to be extremely rich. * There 
 was now, says Smith, no talk, no hope, no work, but dig gold, wash gold, 
 refine gold. With this imaginary wealth the first vessel returning to England 
 was loaded, while the culture of the land and every useful occupation were 
 totally neglected." Robertson s History of America. 
 
 8. Pocahontas in England (p. 21, 1 12)." From Plymouth the young 
 couple proceeded to London, and here the Indian princess, Lady Rebecca, as 
 she was officially styled, received all the attention due to her rank. We are 
 told that she had previously already accustomed herself to civility, and now 
 carried herself as the daughter of a king; so there was no difficulty in the way 
 when she appeared at Court under the patronage of Lady de la Ware 
 (Delaware), and was form-illy presented. Her debut, was a perfect success. All 
 doors were thrown open to her, and rank and fashion vied with each other in 
 doing honor to the strange being thus suddenly transplanted from savage life 
 in distant forests to the strict etiquette and artificial manners of an English 
 Court. We read glowing accounts of her being attended by divers persons of 
 lashion. Nor does she seem to have disliked the gay and brilliant life of 
 
52d NOTES. 
 
 London, for she appeared at the maskes and other entertainments, and evefl 
 at a great festival given with much state and pomp in her honor by the Bishop 
 of London. 1 " De Vere s Romance of American History. 
 
 9. Early Customs ia New England Churches (p. 32, f 46). 
 Public worship took place in what was called the meeting-house, where 
 assemblies for transacting the town s business and for other purposes were 
 also held. In most of the congregations, bells being obtained but slowly, tlie 
 assembly was summoned by beat of drum. At the religious services, families 
 were divided, men and women sitting apart on their respective sides of the 
 house. The children sat by themselves, and a man was appointed to keep them 
 in order and to keep the older folks awake. He carried a staff of office with 
 n knob at one end and a feather brush at the other. With the knob, he knocked 
 the heads of the men who slept, and with the feathers he tickled the faces of 
 the women. The men, or such portion of them as was from time to time 
 thought sufficient, were required to come to their worship completely armed. 
 But few of the meeting-houses were warmed even in the coldest weather; for 
 the strict professors thought it wrong to have a fire in the house of God. So 
 they sat and suffered until it became the practice to use hot bricks and stones 
 for the hands and feet. The next thing were the foot-stoves, which were filled 
 with wood coals. Books were scarce and expensive, and when the hymn was 
 not familiar, the minister read off two lines, which were sung by the congrega 
 tion ; then other two lines were read and sung, and so on through the hymn. 
 The services consisted of extemporaneous prayer, of singing without instru 
 mental accompaniment, and of a sermon of whicli the approved length was an 
 hour, measured by an hour-glass which stood upon the pulpit. Palfrey s His 
 tory of New England, and Elliott s New England History (abridged). 
 
 1 0. Indian Warfare (p. 33, 1 49)." The war, on the part of the Indians, 
 was one of ambushes and surprises. They never once met the English in open 
 field ; but always, even if eightfold in numbers, fled timorously before infantry. 
 But they wtre secret as beasts of prey, skillful marksmen, and ia part provided 
 with fire-arms; fleet of foot, conversant with all the paths of the forest, patient 
 of fatigue, and mad with a passion for rapine, vengeance, and destruction ; 
 retreating into swamp? for their fastnesses, or hiding in the greenwood thickets, 
 where the leaves muffled the eyes of the pursuer. By the rapidity of their ds 
 scent they seemed omnipresent among the scattered villages, which they ravaged 
 like a passing storm; and, for a full year (1675), they kept all New England in a 
 state of terror and excitement. The exploring party was waylaid and cut off, and 
 the mangled carcasses and disjointed limbs of the dead were hung upon the trees 
 to terrify pursuers. The laborer in the field, the reapers as they went forth to 
 the harvest, men as they went to mill, the shepherd s boy among the sheep, were 
 shot down by skulking foes, whose approach was invisible. Who can tell the 
 heavy hours of woman? The mother, if left alone in the house, feared the 
 tomahawk for herself and children. On the sudden attack, the husband would 
 fly wi h one child, the wife with another, and, perhaps, one only escape. The 
 village cavalcade, making its way to meeting on Sunday, in files, on horseback 
 the farmer holding the bridle in one hand and a child in the other, his wife 
 seated on a pillion behind him, it may be with a child in her lap, as was the 
 fashion in those days could not proceed safely, but, at the moment when least 
 expected, bullets would whiz amongst them, discharged with fatal aim from an 
 ambuscade by the wayside. The forest that protected the ambush of the 
 Indians secured their retreat. They hung upon the skirt" of the English villages 
 * like the lightning on the edge of the clouds. "Bancroft s History of the United 
 
 Stales. 
 
NOTES. 52e 
 
 11. Supplies sent to New Netherlands (p. 38, 165). "Hulft, on 
 of the directors in Holland, undertook to convey to the colony, at his own risk, 
 such necessary articles as might be provided. Two ships were accordingly fittecj 
 out in the spring (of 1(J25), and loaded with one hundred and three head of 
 cattle horses, bulls, cows, swine, and sheep. Each beast had its own separate, 
 stall, arranged upon a flooring of sand three feet deep, which was laid upon a 
 deck specially constructed in the vessel. Under this deck, each ship carried 
 three hundred tuns of fresh water, for the use of the cattle. Hay and straw 
 were provided in abundance for the voyage ; and all kinds of seed, and plows 
 and other farming implements, were sent on board, for the use of the colony. 
 Hal ft also added a third ship to the expedition. Along with these three vessels 
 went a fast-sailing yacht, or fluyt, 1 fitted out by the directors of the company, 
 on their own account. These vessels carried out six entire families, besides 
 several free emigrants; so that forty new settlers were thus added to the popula 
 tion of New Netherlands. The voyage was entirely successful; only two of the 
 beasts died at sea." Brod/iead s History of the State of New York. 
 
 12. The Indian Confederacy in New York (pp. 39, 87). "Fore 
 most in war, foremost in eloquence, foremost in their savage arts of policy, stood 
 the fierce people called by the French the Iroquois (e -ro-quah). They occu 
 pied Central New York, but extended their conquests and their depredations 
 irom Quebec to the Carolinas, and from the Western prairies to the forests of 
 Maine. They consisted of five tribes or nations the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the 
 Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas (to whom a sixth, the Tuscaroras, was 
 afterwards added, in 1715). * * * Both reason and tradition point to the conclu 
 sion that the Iroquois formed, originally, one undivided people. Sundered, 
 like countless other tribes, by dissensions, caprice, or the necessities of the hunt- 
 er-lil e, they separated into five distinct nations. * * * At length, says tradition, 
 a celestial being, incarnate on earth, counseled them to compose their strife and 
 unite in a league of defense and aggression. Another personage wholly mortal, 
 yet wonderfully endowed a renowned warrior and a mighty magician, stands, 
 with his hair of writhing snakes, grotesquely conspicuous through the dim light 
 of tradition, at, this birth of Iroquois nationality. This was At-o-tar -ho, a chief 
 of the Onondagas; and from this honored source has sprung a long line of 
 chieftains, heirs not to the blood alone, but to the name of their great prede- 
 cesf-or. A few years since, there lived in Onondasra Hollow (State of New 
 York) a handsome Indian boy, on whom the dwindled remnant of the nation 
 looked with pride, as their destined Atotarho. With earthly and celestial aid, 
 the league was consummated, and, through all the land, the forests trembled 
 at the name of the Iroqnais." Parkman s Jesuits in Norfh America. 
 
 13. TheOreat Charter of Rhode IslandSaved (p. 31, 144). 
 "Stopping at Newport with his troops, Andros proposed to take possession of 
 the charter of Rhode Island (1687). But in this attempt he was foiled by the 
 foresight of the cautious Clarke (Governor of the colony), who. on hearing of his 
 arrival, sent the precious parchment to his brother, with orders to have it con 
 cealed in some place unknown to himself, but within the knowledge of the 
 secretary. He then waited upon Sir Edmund (Andros) and invited him to his 
 home. A great search was made for the coveted document, but it could 
 nowhere be found while Andros remained in Newport. After he left it was 
 returned to Governor Clarke, who kept it until the fall of Andros permitted a 
 resumption of the government under it. * * * [n his letter to the Board of 
 Trade, Andros makes no allusion to the successful ruse of the Governor ol 
 Rhode Island. Arnold s History of Rhode Island. 
 
52f NOTES. 
 
 1 4 . The First Settlement in Maryland (p. 42, <f 77)." The nati v 
 inhabitants having suffered from the superior power of the Susquehannas, who 
 occupied the district between the bays, had already (1634) resolved to move into 
 places of more security, in the interior ; and many of them had begun to migrate 
 before the English arrived. To Calvert, the spot seemed convenient for a plan 
 tation. It was easy, by presents of cloth and axes, of hoes and knives, to gain 
 the good-will of the natives, and to purchase their rights to the soil, which 
 they were preparing to abandon. They readily gave consent that the English 
 should occupy one-half of theu town, and, afier the harvest, should become the 
 exclusive tenants of the whole. Mutual promises of friendship and peace were 
 made, so that the Catholics took quiet possession of the little place ; and 
 religious liberty obtained a home, its only home in the wide world, at the humble 
 village which bore the name of St. Mary s." Bancrofts History United States. 
 
 15. Ogletliorpe and tlie Indian Boy (p. 48). "In 1743, General 
 Oglcthorpe took with him to England an Indian boy, the son of one of the 
 greatest chiefs in Georgia. Oglethorpe was animated by an earnest desire to 
 make the boy, at any expense and by every effort on his part, a fit instrument 
 to carry the advantages of civilization, and the blessings of Christianity, to his 
 unfortunate brethren. The youth received a liberal education the best that 
 England could afford in those days and became a polished man, moving freely 
 in the best society. He then went back to his tribe, the Creeks ; and great 
 were the expectations of his noble old friend, and high the hopes of all who 
 wished well to the Indians, when he parted with them, at Savannah. (A. fine 
 portrait of Oglethorpe, with his young Indian friend standing in an affectionate 
 attitude by his side, commemorated the event, and was kept in the Garden City 
 of the South as Savannah was often called till the British captured the town, 
 in 1778, and destroyed the picture.) But the result was a sad disappointment. 
 In a short time, the accomplished courtier became a wily Indian once more: he 
 laid aside his European costume, and, with it, the habits he had acquired in 
 England ; and, before a short year had passed, he had become an Indian war 
 rior once more, in the full and most painful sense of the word." De Vere s 
 Romance of American History. 
 
 16. Deatli of La Salle (p. 6, 1" 8 ; also topic 99, Ap. p. 70). "Leaving 
 twenty men at Fort St. Louis (Texas), La Salle, with sixteen men, departed for 
 Canada (1687). * * In the little company of wanderers, there were two men, 
 Duhaut (du-o \ and L Archeveque (lar-tfie-vake), who had embarked their capi 
 tal in the enterprise. Of these. Duhaut had long shown a spirit of mutiny. 
 * * Inviting Mo-ran -get (La Salle s nephew) to take charge of the fruits of a 
 buffalo hunt, they quarreled with him and murdered him. Wondering at the 
 delay of his nephew s return, La Salle went to seek him. At the brink of the 
 river (Trinity) he observed eagles hovering as if over carrion ; and he fired an 
 alarm gun. Warned by the pound, Duhaut, and L Archeveque crossed ihe river : 
 the former skulked in the prairie grass: of the latter, La Salle asked, k W T here 
 is my nephew ? At the moment of the answer, Duhaut fired, and, without 
 uttering a word, La Salle fell dead. You are down now, grand bashaw ! you 
 are down now ! shouted one of the conspirators, as they despoiled his re 
 mains, which were left on the prairie, naked and without burial, to be de 
 voured by wild beasts. Such was the end of this daring adventurer. For force 
 of will and vast conceptions ; for various knowledge, and quirk adaptation of 
 his genius to untried circumstances ; for a sublime magnanimity, that resigned 
 itself to the will of Heaven, and yet triumphed over affliction by energy of pur 
 pose and unfaltering hope, he had no superior among his countrymen. 1 San- 
 croft s History of the United States. 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 63 
 
 SHOWINGTHE LOCATION 
 
 or srrym OF THE 
 MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 
 
 OT THE 
 
 FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 
 
54 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1748. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 The French and Indian Weir. 
 
 1. Although the boundaries between the British and 
 French possessions in America had been, for more than a 
 quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, made in 1748, left them still undefined. 
 
 2. The English, basing their title upon the discoveries 
 made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from 
 Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. The French claimed all the interior portion 
 adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and 
 their tributaries, upon the ground that they had explored 
 and occupied it ; and, the better to secure this claim, they 
 erected forts at various places through the region. 
 
 8. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war 
 broke out between England and her colonies, with a few 
 Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, 
 largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known 
 as " The French and Indian \Yar." It was a contest for 
 territory and dominion in America.* 
 
 4. EVENTS OF 1753. At the time of the breaking out 
 of the war, there was in existence an organization, known 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (Map. p. 53.) What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario* 
 What, the outlet of Lake Erie ? What are the head branches of the Ohio ? De- 
 scribe the Alleghany. The Monongahela. The Mohawk. Where is Williams- 
 burs?? Crown Point? Albany? Fort Edward? Montreal? Ticonderoga? 
 Lake George ? Lake Champlain ? Kittanning ? Where was Fort Venango ! 
 Fort Le Bceuf ? Fort Duquesne ? Fort Necessity ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Wm. 
 Henry ? Fort Frontenac ? 
 
 1 . When, treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ? What dispute still continued ? 
 
 2 What territory did the English claim? By what right? Hie French 
 claim ? What was the ba*is ? Am. That which exploration and occupancy gave. 
 
 3. To what did the conflicting claims lead ? The object of the contest i 
 
 * " The settlements of the French, stretching from north to south, necessarily interfered 
 with those of the English, extending from east to west. Their plan, if executed, would 
 completely have environed the English. Canada and Louisiana united would, as lias been 
 antlv said have formed a bow, of which the English colonies would have constituted the 
 trine * * * The delightful resrion between the summit of the Alleghany Mountains and 
 the Mississippi was the object for which these two powerful nations contended ; and it now 
 became apparent that the sword aloue could decide the contest." Marshall s Life of Wash 
 ington. 
 
 NOTE. For an account of the early occupation of the Mississippi Valley, see topic 209, 
 Appeudix, p. 77. 
 
1753.3 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 55 
 
 as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king 
 of England a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, 
 for the purpose of carrying on the fur-trade with the In- 
 dians, and of settling the country. 
 
 5. The French having seized three British traders, and 
 also built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Gov 
 ernor Din-wid -die, of the Virginia colony, determined to 
 send a letter to their commander, remonstrating against 
 the aggressive acts. This message was intrusted to 
 George Washington, a young man not then twenty-two 
 years of age. 
 
 6. Washington set out on his mission on the last day 
 of Oct., 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Vir 
 ginia. He had before him a difficult and dangerous jour 
 ney of four hundred miles, more than half of which was 
 through a wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians. Hav 
 ing reached Fort Ve-nan -go, he was conducted thence 
 to Fort Le Boeuf (buf], where he found the French com 
 mander, St. Pierre (pe-ard}. 
 
 7. EVENTS OF 1754. After an absence of eleven weeks, 
 during which he encountered severe hardships amid snow, 
 icy floods, and hostile Indians, Washington delivered to 
 Dinwiddie St. Pierre s letter in reply. In it St. Pierre 
 stated that he was acting under orders from Du Quesne 
 (doo-kane \ governor of Canada, and that he could not 
 leave the territory. This document and the report made 
 by Washington of warlike preparation which he had seen 
 during his journey, convinced the English that, if they 
 would secure possession of the region on and near the 
 Ohio, they must act without delay. (Note 1, end of Sec.) 
 
 4. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company? 
 
 5. What message was sent to the French? What part was assigned to 
 Washington ? When and where was Washington born ? Ans. In Virginia, on 
 the 22d of February. 1732. 
 
 6. Give an account of Washington s journey to Le Bcenf. 
 
 7. Of his journey back to Williamsburg. What reply did he bring? Of 
 what were the English convinced ? What produced that conviction ? 
 
56 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1754. 
 
 8. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
 rivers, the Ohio Company commenced the construction 
 of a fort ; and a body of troops, of which Washington 
 became the commander, was sent to protect the works. 
 Before, however, he had time to reach the place, a party 
 of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took pos 
 session. The works w T ere then completed, and called Fort 
 Duquesne. 
 
 9. Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and that a 
 strong force was marching to intercept him, Washington 
 fell back, and took a position at a place called the Great 
 Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detach 
 ment of the French had advanced to within a few miles of 
 his position, where they were skulking, evidently with 
 hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling 
 their design, he sallied forth, came upon them by surprise, 
 and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 1754, killed 
 or captured all but one. 
 
 10. In little more than a month after, a force of fif 
 teen hundred French arid Indians, commanded by De 
 Villiers (vil-le-are 1 ), made an attack upon a small fort 
 which Washington had constructed and named Fort 
 Necessity.* A brave defence of ten hours was made, but, 
 on the morning of the 4th of July, Washington was com 
 pelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and 
 the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 
 
 / 11. EVENTS OF 1755. Four expeditions, on the part of 
 the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against 
 Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, and Fort Du 
 quesne. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded 
 by Col. Monckton (monk -tun}. Two forts there were 
 
 8. What measures were then taken against the French? What followed? 
 What name was given to the fort ? 
 
 9. What course did Washington then pursue ? Give an account of the con 
 test that took place. Where were the Great Meadows ? (Map, p. 53.) 
 
 10. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity. 
 
 1 1 . What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? Give an account of the first. 
 
 * " The palisaded fort was named Fort Necessity, from the pinching famine that had 
 greyailed duriug its construction," Irviuai 
 
1755.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 5? 
 
 captured in June ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
 reduced to a solitude ; and the inhabitants by thousands 
 were driven on board the English ships, and scattered 
 among the colonists of New England and other places.* 
 
 12. Gen. Brad -dock, who had been sent to America as 
 commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expe 
 dition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions 
 of Washington, who was acting as his aid-de-camp, he fell 
 into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, 
 when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with 
 great loss, he himself being mortally wounded. This con 
 flict is known as the battle of the Mo-non-ga-he -la. ) 
 
 13. The expedition against Niagara was also a failure. 
 Gov. Shir -ley, who commanded it, advanced as far as 
 Oswego ; but the defeat of Braddock paralyzed his ef 
 forts, his Indian allies deserted, and finally the enterprise 
 was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two new forts 
 which had been commenced, Shirley returned to Albany. 
 
 14. To Gen. Johnson had been confided the expedition 
 against Crown Point. He was preceded by Gen. Ly -man, 
 who, at the " carrying place" between the Hudson and 
 Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson ad 
 vanced as far as the head of the lake, and, while encamped 
 there, his Indian scouts brought word that two thousand 
 French and Indians were marching to attack Fort Ed 
 ward. Dieskau (de-es-ko } , commanding this force, had 
 made his way from Montreal. 
 
 15. Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams, with 
 twelve hundred men, two hundred of whom were Indians, 
 to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
 As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, his Indian allies, 
 
 12. Of the expedition against Duc[uesne. What battle was fought ? 
 
 13. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. 
 
 14. How was the expedition against Crown Point undertaken? Where did 
 Johnson encamp ? What word did he receive ? 
 
 1 5. What detachment did he send ? Dieskau s plan ? What followed ? 
 
 * Longfellow s poem of " Evangeline " is based on an incident in this act of tyranny. 
 Read Note 2, end ot Section. 
 
 t Read Note 3, end of Section. 
 
58 THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. U756. 
 
 fearful of its cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking 
 another direction, to surprise the army at the lake, he 
 drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed 
 them with fearful slaughter, pursuing the fugitives to 
 Johnson s camp. 
 
 16. From behind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired 
 topon his assailants ; but he receiving a wound early in the 
 action, the defence was continued by Lyman, and finally 
 turned into an attack. The French and their allies were 
 defeated ; and Dieskau, incurably wounded, was made a 
 prisoner. Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, 
 retired to Albany. (See, for Dieskau, App., p. 66, top. 46.)* 
 
 17. EVENTS OF 1756. The Marquis de Mont calm 
 (mont-fatm 1 ), Dieskau s successor, in August, 1756, made 
 an attack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, num 
 bering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large 
 amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of 
 the victor. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of 
 the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Arm 
 strong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittan- 
 ning (kit-tan, 1 -King), their chief town, and destroyed it 
 by fire. 
 
 18. EVEXTS OF 1757. In the beginning of August, 
 1757, Montcalm, with nine thousand men, two thousand 
 of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. 
 For six days its commander, Col. Monro, kept up a vig 
 orous defence, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, 
 who, at the time, was in command of a large force al 
 Fort Edward, only fifteen miles oif. 
 
 19. At length, learning that no assistance would be 
 sent, and being without ammunition, he was compelled 
 
 1 6. Account of the battle at the lake. What did Johnson then do ? 
 
 17. What did the French accomplish in 1756? Wh<;re is Oswc-go? (p. 53.) 
 Give an account of Armstrong s expedition. Where is Kittannlng? (p. 53.) 
 
 1 8. What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? Give an account of 
 It. Where was Fort Wm. Henry? (p. 63.) 
 
 "Dieskau was found by his pursuers leaning against a stump of a tree. As they ap- 
 pronched, he felt for his watch to secure kind treatment by delivering U up. A soldier, 
 thinking he was drawing forth a pistol to defend himself, shot him through the hips." 
 Irving. 
 
1758.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 59 
 
 to surrender, on the 9th, capitulating that his men should 
 have a safe escort to Webb s quarters. Notwithstanding 
 the stipulation, the English had hardly left the fort be 
 fore the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope 
 of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number 
 The fort was demolished by order of Montcalm. 
 
 20. EVENTS OF 1758. Upon the death of Braddock, 
 which occurred four days after his defeat in 1755, the 
 general command devolved upon Shirley. Shirley was 
 soon succeeded by Lord Lou -don, and he, in turn, by Gen. 
 Ab -er-crom-by.* With the celebrated William Pitt, af 
 terward Lord Chatham, at the head of the British gov 
 ernment, preparations to carry on the war were made with 
 great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758 : 
 one, under Gen. Amherst (cim -ersf), against LouisWvg ; 
 another, under Abercromby, against Fort Ticonderoga ; 
 and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 
 
 21. On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after 
 a desperate resistance of more than forty days, during 
 which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly dis 
 tinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John s 
 Island, now Prince Edward, as well as the island of 
 Gape Breton (brit -un), fell into the hands of the British. 
 
 22. Abercromby, making his way northward, sailed 
 down Lake George, and, debarking near its outlet, com 
 menced a march through the forests toward Ticon 
 deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict 
 which took place, July 6th, between advanced bodies oi 
 the contending parties, Lord Howe, an officer greatly be= 
 loved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault 
 
 19. Why was Monroe compelled to surrender? What capitulation was en 
 tered into ? State how it was violated ? 
 
 20. Who, up to 1758, were the successive English commanders ? What ex 
 peditions were planned for that year ? Who was William Pitt * 
 
 21. Where is Louisburg? (Map, p. 61.) Cape Breton Island ? St. John s 
 Island ? Give an account of the expedition against Louisburg. What were the 
 further results of the victory ? 
 
 22. Give an account of the expedition commanded by Abercromby. 
 
 NOTE. For Braddock, see Appendix, p. 64, topic 22. 
 * Abercromby s name is misspelled by many writers. 
 
60 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758. 
 
 upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing 
 nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded * 
 
 23. While Abercromby, at the head of Lake George, 
 was wasting away the rest of the season, a detachment of 
 his army, under Col. Bradstreet, achieved an important 
 success. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswe 
 go, Bradstreet crossed Lake Ontario, and captured Fort 
 Fron -te-nac, situated where Kingston now stands. A 
 vast amount of military stores and several vessels fell 
 into his hands. 
 
 24. In the expedition against Fort Duquesne, Wash 
 ington held a prominent command. Instead of advan 
 cing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, 
 it was decided, against the judgment of Washington, that 
 a new one further east should be opened for the expedi 
 tion. The progress of the army was, consequently, slow, 
 and a feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, 
 which was greatly increased by a defeat sustained by 
 Major Grant, while leading an advanced detachment. 
 
 25. It was then determined to abandon the expedition, 
 but before the order to return was given, prisoners were 
 brought in who made known the fact that the garrison 
 at the fort was in a weak condition. The march was 
 therefore resumed, but when Duquesne was reached, it 
 was found in flames and deserted. In honor of their 
 illustrious statesman, the English changed the name of 
 the place to Fort Pitt. (See topic 135, App. p. 72.) 
 
 26. EVENTS OF 1759. The great object of the campaign 
 of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was 
 to lay siege to Quebec; Amherst, who had succeeded 
 Abercromby as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticon* 
 deroga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; 
 
 23. Of the one under Brad?treet. Where was Fort Frontenac ? (p. 53.) 
 
 24. Oive an account of the progress of the expedition against Duqueone. 
 25 State what afterward occurred. What change in name was made ? 
 26. What plan of operation was adopted for 1759 ? 
 
 * Read Note 4, end of Section. 
 
1759.] 
 
 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 61 
 
 and Gen. Prideaux (prid -o) was to capture Niagara and 
 Montreal, and then join Amherst. 
 
 27. Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but, during the 
 siege of the place, was killed. Johnson, having succeeded 
 to the command, defeated a relief force of French and 
 Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender.* In 
 stead, however, of proceeding to Montreal, he made his 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Into what body of water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The 
 St. John s? The Penobscot? The Kennebec? The Connecticut? What 
 country is on the north of the St. Lawrence ? What natural division of land is 
 Nova Scotia? Describe it. Where is Louisburg ? St. John s, or Princd 
 Edward Island ? Cape Breton I. ? (Quebec ? Isle of Orleans ? Point Levj ? 
 
 27. Give an account of the expedition against Niagara. Of Amherst s ex 
 pedition. Where are Ticonderoga and Crown Point ? 
 
 Johnson came from Ireland about the year 1734. " Settling in the valley of the Mo 
 hawk, he curried on a prosperous traffic with the Indians, uiid gained an extraordinary 
 influence over the neighboring Lroquois. As his resources increased, lie built two mansions, 
 known respectively by the names of Johnson Castle and Johnson Hall, the latter of which, 
 a well-constructed building of wood and stone, i^ still standing in the village of Johnstown. 
 Both were fortified against attack, and the latter was surrounded with cabins built for the 
 reception of the Indians, who often came in crowds to visit the proprietor, invading hia 
 dwelling at all hours, loitering in the doorways, spreading their blankets in the passages, 
 and infecting the air with the fumes of stale tobacco." (See topic 83, Ap. p. 69.) Park> 
 man s Conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
62 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. 
 
 way to Albany. Amherst reached the vicinity of Ticon- 
 deroga, when the French abandoned both it and Crown 
 Point without striking a blow. He went into winter- 
 quarters at the latter place, and thus failed to co-operate 
 with Wolfe. 
 
 28. With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. 
 Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. 
 On the 31st of July he made a daring though unsuccess 
 ful attempt upon the French intrenchments before Quebec. 
 Not discouraged by the disaster, the English eifected a 
 landing at night about two miles above the city, and 
 climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on 
 the following morning, September 13th, stood on the 
 Plains of Abraham in battle array. (Note 5, end of Sec.) 
 
 29. Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by 
 the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked 
 them. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which re 
 sulted in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the mo 
 ment of victory.* Montcalm, who was mortally wounded., 
 on being told that he could not live long, replied : " So 
 much the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of 
 Quebec." The city capitulated five days after. 
 
 30. EVENTS OF 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. De 
 Levi, Montcalm s successor, made extensive preparations 
 for the recovery of Quebec. He marched to Sillery, three 
 miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 1760, 
 was fought one of the most desperate battles of the war. 
 
 28. Give an account of Wolfe s operations. Where is the Isle of Orleans? 
 (See Map, p. 61.) Where are the Plains of Abraham ? 
 
 29. Give an account of the battle that followed. What memorable reply did 
 Montcalm make ? When did Quebec fall into the hands of the English ? 
 
 30. Who was De Levi ? What preparation did he make ? Give an account 
 of the battle that followed. Where is Sillery ? What success did Amherst have ? 
 
 * u See how they run, one of the officers exclaimed, as the French fled in confusion 
 before the levelled bayonets. Who run? demanded Wolfe, opening his eyes like a man 
 aroused from sleep. The enemy, sir, was the reply ; they give way everywhere. * * * 
 Now, God be praised, I die in peace, he munuiyed ; and turning on his side, he calmly 
 breathed his last." Parktnaris Conspiran/ of Pontiac. 
 
 " He wrote, from the testimony of a brother aide-de-camp, who was by his side, that the 
 general (Wolfe) never spoke at all after receiving his death-wound ; so that the phrase which 
 has been put into the mouth of the dying hero may be considered as no more authentic than 
 an oration of Livy or Thucydides." Thackeray s Virginians. 
 
Scaling the Heights of Abraham. 
 
1760.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 63 
 
 At length the English, after losing a thousand men, fell 
 back; but the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
 days after, compelled the French to retreat. Amherst pro 
 ceeded against and invested Montreal. The governor, una. 
 ble to resist, signed a capitulation, by which not only that 
 city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the Englishc 
 
 31. The war between France and England continued 
 until 1763, when a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, 
 by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American 
 possessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iber- 
 ville (i -ber-vil) River, in Louisiana.* At the same time 
 Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 
 
 32. PONTIAC S WAR. The transfer of the posts between 
 the lakes and the Ohio to the British, whom the Indians 
 disliked, exasperated the savages; and they, in a short 
 time, gained possession of them all, except Niagara, Fort 
 Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered 
 or driven from their homes. Detroit was besieged six 
 months, but was finally relieved ; and at last the Indians 
 were compelled to sue for peace. Pon -ti-ac, their princi 
 pal chief, a few years after, was assassinated by an Indian. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1753. Washington was sent with a letter from Dinwiddie . .Oct 31. 
 
 1754 Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. .May 28. 
 
 Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity July 4. 
 
 1755. Monckton expelled the French from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela July 9. 
 
 Dieskau defeated the British near Lake George, \ 
 
 The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, f be P t y - 
 
 1756. War between England and France was proclaimed. 
 
 The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego . . .Aug. 14. 
 Armstrong defeated the Indians, at Kittanning Sept. 8. 
 
 1757. Webb surrendered Fort Win. Henry to Montcalm. . .Aug. 9. 
 
 1758. Montcalm repulsed Abercromby at Ticonderoga July 8. 
 
 The English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. . .July 26. 
 
 3 1 . When was the war closed ? Terms of the treaty ? Florida ? 
 
 32. Next war ? Its cause ? Account of it. Where is Detroit ? (P. 105.) 
 
 * The Iberyille is an outlet of the Mississippi, fourteen miles south of Baton Kouge, con> 
 necting the Mississippi with Lake Maureoas. 
 
64: THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 1758. English, under Bradstreet, captured Ft. Frontenac. .Aug. 27. 
 
 Aubiy defeated Grant near Fort Duquesne Sept. 21. 
 
 Fort Duquesne fell into the hands of the English. . .Nov. 25. 
 
 1759. The English, under Johnson, captured Ft. Niagara. .July 25. 
 Wolfe was defeated in the battle of Montmorenci .... July 31. 
 Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13 
 Quebec was surrendered to the English Sept. 1& 
 
 1760. De Levi defeated the English at Sillery, near Quebec, Apr. 28 
 Montreal surrendered to the English, under Amherst, Sept. & 
 
 1763. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War, Feb. 10. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. What was the principal cause of the French and Indian War ? 54 
 
 2. On what mission was Washington sent in 1753 ? 55 
 
 3. Give an account of his journey and success 55 
 
 4. In what direction was Fort Le Boeuf from Williamsburg ? 53 
 
 5. Give the history of the construction of Fort Duquesne 56 
 
 6. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 56 
 
 7. Name three principal events of 1753 and 1754. . . . 63 
 
 8. Name four principal events of 1755 63 
 
 9. Name nine principal events of the next three years 63, 64 
 
 10. Name seven principal events that next occurred 64 
 
 11. State all you can of General Braddock 57 
 
 12. State all you can of Governor Shirley 57-59 
 
 13 State all you can of General Johnson 57, 58, 61, 62 
 
 14. State what you can of Baron Dieskau 57, 58 
 
 15. State what you can of Montcalm 58, 59, 62 
 
 16. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning 58 
 
 17. State what you can of General Amherst 59, 60, 62, 63 
 
 18. Give an account of Bradstreet 1 s expedition against Frontenac 60 
 
 19. Give an account of Forbes s expedition against Duquesne 60 
 
 20. State what you can of General Wolfe 59, 60, 62 
 
 21. Give an account of the military events of 1760 62, 63 
 
 22. Name, in order, sixteen battles of the war . 63, 64 
 
 23. Name seven in which the English were successful 63, 64 
 
 24. Name nine in which the French were successful 63, 64 
 
 25. Name five battles that were fought in Pennsylvania 63, 64 
 
 26. Name six that were fought in New York 63, 64 
 
 27. Name four that were fought in Canada 63, 64 
 
 28. Give an account of Monckton s expedition 56, 57 
 
 29. Give the history of Louisburg to the close of 1758 36, 59 
 
 30. Give the history of Fort Duquesne to the close of 1758 56, 55, 57, 59, 60 
 
 31. When did the French and Indian War begin and end ? 63, 64 
 
 32. Give an account of Pontiac s War ... 68 
 
 forbore to obtrude the sound of their rejoicings upon the grief for one who had been 
 life lipr pride and solace, and repaid her love with a tender and constant devotion. 
 man s Conspiracy of Ponliac. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY, 
 
 WITH THE CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH AND FRENCH SOYEREIGN8. 
 
 English. French. 
 
 Q 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations 
 
 1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots. 
 
 1498. Coast of N. America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
 South America was discovered by Columbus. 
 
 1499. " was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 
 1513. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon. 
 
 The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa. 
 1517. Yucatan was discovered by Cordova. 
 
 1520. The coast of Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 
 
 1521. Mexico was explored and conquered by Cortez. 
 1524. Coast of North America explored by Verrazzani. 
 1528. Florida was explored by Narvaez. 
 
 1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 
 1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 
 
 Colonial Events. 
 
 1562. The Huguenots attempted to colonize Carolina. 
 
 1564. The second Huguenot colony was begun in Florida. 
 
 1565. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by Spaniards. 
 1579. West coast of North America explored by Drake. 
 1584. Carolina coast explored by Raleigh s expedition. 
 1585-7. Raleigh made two attempts to colonize Carolina. 
 1602. The Massachusetts coast was explored by Gosnold. 
 
 1606. The London and Plymouth Co s received charters. 
 
 1607. The London Co. planted a colony at Jamestown. 
 1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Hudson. 
 1614. The New England coast was explored by Smith. 
 
 New York was settled by the Dutch. 
 
 1619. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. 
 
 1620. Plymouth, Massachusetts, was settled. 
 
 1621. The treaty with Massasoit was made. 
 
 1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 
 
 1623. New Hampshire was settled. 
 
 1630. Boston settled by the Massachusetts Bay colony. 
 
 1633. Connecticut was settled at Windsor. 
 
 1634. Maryland (at St. Mary s) was settled. 
 
 1635. Saybrook (2d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
 
 1636. Providence (1st colony in Rhode Island) was settled. 
 
 1637. The Pequods of Connecticut were destroyed. 
 
 1638 The second colony of Rhode Island was established. 
 The Swedish colony in Delaware was established. 
 New Haven (3d colony in Connecticut) was settled. 
 
 1643. Four New England colonies formed a Union. 
 
 1644. The two colonies of Rhode Island were united. 
 
 -w 
 
 W 
 
64b 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 
 
 English. French. 
 
 , 1650. North Carolina (on the Chowan) was settled. 
 | ^ 1651. Parliament passed the " Navigation Act." 
 g-s 1655. New Sweden (Delaware) conquered by the Dutch. 
 " * 1656. The " Persecution of Quakers" in Massachusetts. 
 
 L663. The grant of Carolina to Clarendon and others. 
 
 1664. New York taken by the English from the Dutch. 
 New Jersey (at Elizabeth) was settled. 
 
 1665. The Connecticut colonies united under one charter. 
 1670. South Carolina (on the Ashley) was settled. 
 
 1673. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 1675. King Philip s War in New England 
 
 1682. Pennsylvania (at Philadelphia) was settled. 
 
 Delaware granted by the Duke of York to Penn. 
 
 1689. King William s War began in America. 
 
 1690. Port Royal (Nova Scotia) captured by the English. 
 1692. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts. 
 
 1697. The " Treaty of Ryswick" ended the war. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne s War began in America. 
 
 1710. Port Royal captured (3d time) by the English. 
 
 1713. The " Treaty of Utrecht" ended the war. 
 
 1729. Carolina separated into North and South Carolina. 
 
 1732. "Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 22. 
 
 1733. Georgia (at Savannah) was settled. 
 
 1744. King George s War began in America. 
 
 1745. Louisburg was taken (1st time) by the English. 
 1748. The " Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle" ended the war. 
 
 1754. The French and Indian War. 
 
 Washington defeated the French at Gt. Meadows. 
 Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity. 
 
 1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia. 
 Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela. 
 
 1756. Oswego was captured by the French. 
 
 1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to the French. 
 
 1758. Abercromby was defeated at Ticonderoga. 
 Louisburg was taken (2d time) by the English. 
 
 Ft. Frontenac (Kingston) was taken by the English 
 
 1759. Ft. Niagara was taken by the English. 
 
 The battle of Montmorenci : Wolfe was defeated. 
 Wolfe defeated Montcalm before Quebec. 
 Quebec was surrendered to the English. 
 
 1760. The English were defeated near Quebec. 
 Montreal was surrendered to the English. 
 
 1763. The " Treaty of Paris" ended the war. 
 
SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 64c 
 
 SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 
 
 The pupils will prepare written exercises in narrative form, 
 taking each colony as a topic. They should make the statements 
 with fulness, and as near as possible in their own language; or, 
 the exercise may be prepared in the form of an analysis, according 
 to the model given before page 18. 
 
 Virginia. First Charter Jamestown Sufferings- 
 Wingtield Ratcliffe Smith Pocahontas Second 
 Charter Starving Time Lord Delaware Third Charter 
 Slavery Planters Wives Indian Massacres Fate of 
 the third Charter Navigation Act Grant to Ctilpepper 
 and Arlington Causes for dissatisfaction Subsequent 
 historyBacon s Rebellion French and Indian War 
 Government * Name.* 
 
 Massachusetts. Gosnold Pring Plymouth Co. 
 Smith Council of Plymouth Pilgrims The Mayflower 
 Plymouth Carver Brewster and others Distress 
 Treaty with Massasoit Massachusetts Bay Colony 
 Boston Other settlements Harvard College Union of 
 Colonies Quakers King Philip s War Fate of the 
 Charter, and why King William s War Witchcraft 
 Union of Plymouth with Massachusetts Queen Anne s 
 War King George s War French and Indian War 
 Government Name. 
 
 New Hampshire. Smith Council of Plymouth 
 Grant to Gorges and Mason Settlements Wheelwright 
 Mason s subsequent ownership Union with Massachu 
 setts Land Controversy Government Name. 
 
 Connecticut. Council of Plymouth Subsequent 
 Proprietors Connecticut Colony Saybrook Colony 
 Pequod War New Haven Colony Union of the Col 
 onies Andros The Charter Government Name. 
 
 Rhode Island. Roger Williams Providence Settle 
 ment Coddington Rhode Island Settlement Union 
 of the Settlements Charter Government Name. 
 
 * See Appendix, page 9 ; also topics at the end of the book. 
 
64d SUGGESTIVE SUMMARY BY COLONIES. 
 
 New York. Henry Hudson Settled Inducements 
 to settlers Dutch Governors Stuyvesant in Delaware 
 The Grant to the Duke of York The surrender to the 
 English Ciiange of Names Under English Rule Re 
 covery by the Dutch Slaves French and Indian War 
 Battles near Fort George Oswego Ft. Wrn. Henry 
 Ticonderoga Government Name. 
 
 New Jersey. New Netherlands Dutch trading 
 posts and forts Grant to the Duke of York To Berk 
 eley and Carteret Elizabeth The Duke of York s 
 conduct The disposition of Berkeley s interest The 
 subsequent ownership of New Jersey The Union with 
 New York Government Name. 
 
 Maryland. Part of Virginia Clayborne The 
 Charter Settlement Clayborne s Rebellion Toleration 
 Act Protestant Intolerance Subsequent History 
 Government Name. 
 
 Pennsylvania. Swedish Settlements Penn Phil 
 adelphia Indian Treaty Perm s Government French 
 and Indian War Great Meadows Fort Necessity Brad- 
 dock s Defeat Kittan ning Fort Du Quesne Govern 
 ment Name. 
 
 Delaware. Gustavus Adolphus Purchase of land 
 Charter Name of New Sweden New Settlements 
 New Netherlands Dutch Conquest Part of New York 
 Subsequent history Government Name. 
 
 North and South Carolina. Exploration of 
 Amidas and Barlow Raleigh s attempts at settlement 
 The Albemarle County Colony The First Grant to 
 Clarendon & Co. The Clarendon County Colony The 
 Second Grant to Clarendon & Co. The Carteret 
 County Colony Charleston The Separation of the 
 Carolinas Subsequent history Government Name. 
 
 Georgia. Different Claims to the Territory The 
 Grant to Oglethorpe and others Settlement Character 
 of Settlers Regulations of the Trustees Hostilities with 
 Spanish Neighbors Final action of the Trustees Gov 
 ernment Name. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 1. "Washington s Perils returning from Venango (p. 55, IT 
 
 1\ t< Washington had expected to find the river- (the Alleghany) frozen com 
 pletely over; it was so only for about fifty yards from either shore, while great 
 quantities of broken ice were driving down the main channel. Trusting that he 
 had out-travele d pursuit, he encamped on the border of the river; still, it was an 
 anxious night, and he was up at daybreak to devise some means of reaching the 
 opposite bank. No other mode presented itself than by a raft, and to construct 
 this they (he and one companion named Gist) had but one poor hatchet. With 
 this they set resolutely to work, and labored all day, but the sun went down 
 before their raft was finished. They launched it, however, and getting on board, 
 endeavored to propel it across with setting poles. Before they were half way 
 over, the raft became jammed between cakes of ice, and they were in imminent 
 peril. Washington planted his pole on the bottom of the stream, and leaned 
 against it with all his might to stay the raft until the ice should pass by. The 
 rapid current forced the ice against the pole with such violence that he was 
 jerked into the water, where it was at least ten feet deep. He only saved himself 
 from being swept away and drowned, by catching hold of one of the raft logs. It 
 was now impossible, with all their exertions, to get to either shore ; abandoning 
 the raft, therefore, they got upon an island, near which they were drifting. 
 Here they passed the night, exposed to intense cold, by which the hands and feet 
 of Mr. Gist were frozen. In the morning they found the drift ice wedged so 
 closely together, that they succeeded in getting from the island to the opposite 
 Bide of the river; and before night they were in comfortable quarters at the 
 house of Frazier, the Indian trader, at the mouth of Turtle Creek, on the Monon- 
 gahela." Irving s Life of Washington. 
 
 2. The Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia (p. 56, [f 11). 
 "Proclamations, drawn up with perfidious skill, ordered the people to assemble 
 in the principal villages. Four hundred and eighteen iinarmed men, heads of 
 families, putting their trust in British honor, met in the church of Grand-Pre. 
 A body of soldiers, hitherto kept in the background, now started from their 
 hiding-place and surrounded the church. The soldiers then collected the women 
 and children outside. More than a thousand persons were thus made prisoners 
 
 In Grand-Pre alone Before embarking, the prisoners were ranged six 
 
 abreast, the young men in front. The latter refused to move, claiming the exe 
 cution of the promise made to them that they should accompany their relatives; 
 but a body of soldiers was called, who drove them on with fixed bayonets. The 
 road from the chapel to the river was a mile long. It was lined on both sides 
 with women and children, who, on bended knees, and in tears, encouraged their 
 husbands, sons, fathers; pouring upon them their parting blessings. The sad 
 procession passed on slowly, praying and singing hymns. At length the train 
 reached the sea-shore, when the males were consigned to this vessel and that; 
 the women and children were stowed away pell-mell in other vessels. The 
 transports, freighted with victims, set sail for the Anglo-American colonies, and 
 they discharged their living cargoes, at intervals, along the whole seaboard, from 
 Boston to Carolina, destitute of means of subsistence and without any protec 
 tion." Bell s History of Canada. 
 
 3. Washington could not be Slain In Battle (p. 57, T 12). 
 "There is a tradition, worthy of notice, which rests on the authority of Dr. 
 Craik, the intimate friend of Washington from his boyhood to his death, and who 
 was with him at the battle of the Monongahela. Fifteen years after that event, 
 they traveled together on an expedition to the western country with a party of 
 woodsmen, for the purpose of exploring wild lands. While near the junction of 
 
NOTES. 
 
 the Great Kenhawa and Ohio Rivers, a company of Indians came to them with an 
 interpreter, at the head of whom was an aged and venerable chief. This person 
 age made known to them by the interpreter, that, hearing Colonel Washington 
 was in that region, he had come a long way to visit him, adding, that, during the 
 battle of the Mouongahela, he had singled him out as a conspicuous object, fired 
 his rifle at him many times, and directed his young warriors to do the same, but, 
 to his utter astonishment, none of their balls took effect. He was then persuaded 
 that the youthful hero was under the special guardianship of the Great Spirit, and 
 ceased to fire at him any longer. He was now come to pay homage to the man 
 
 who was the particular favorite of Heaven, and who could never die in battle." 
 
 Sparks s Life of Washington. 
 
 4. Abercromby descending; Lake George (p. 59, If 22). "Nine 
 thousand provincials, from New England, New York, and New Jersey, assembled 
 on the shore of Lake George. There were the six hundred New England rangers, 
 dressed like woodmen; armed with a firelock and a hatchet; under their arm a 
 powder-horn; a leathern bag for bullets at their waist; and to each officer a 
 
 pocket compass as a guide in the forest On the 5th of July (1758), the 
 
 armament of more than fifteen thousand men, the largest body of European 
 origin that had ever been assembled in America, struck their tents at daybreak, 
 and in nine hundred small boats, and one hundred and thirty-five whale boats, 
 with artillery mounted on rafts, embarked on Lake George; the fleet, bright 
 with banners, and cheered by martial music, moved in procession down the 
 beautiful lake, beaming with hope and pride, though with no witness but the 
 wilderness. They passed over the broad expanse of waters to the first narrows; 
 they came where the mountains, then mantled with forests, step down to the 
 water s edge; and in the richest hues of the evening light, they halted at Sab 
 bath-day Point. Long afterwards, Stark remembered,, that on that night, Howe, 
 reclining in his tent on a bearskin, and bent on winning a hero s name, ques 
 tioned him closely as to the position of Ticonderoga, and the fittest mode of 
 conducting the attack." Bancroft s History of the United States. 
 
 5. Scaling the Heights of Abraham (p. 62, H 28). "The ebbing 
 tide sufficed to bear the boats along, and nothing broke the silence of the night 
 but the gurgling of tha river, and the low voice of Wolfe as he repeated to the 
 officers about him the stanzas of Grey s Elegy in a Country Churchyard, which 
 had recently appeared. Perhaps, as he uttered those strangely appropriate 
 words, The paths of glory lead but to the grave, the shadows of his own ap 
 proaching fate stole with mournful prophecy across his mind. Gentlemen. he 
 said, as he closed his recital, I would rather have written those lines than take 
 Quebec to-morrow. .... They reached the landing-place in safety. The Gen 
 eral was one of the first on shore. He looked upward at the rugged heights that 
 towered above him in the gloom. You can try it, he coolly observed to an 
 officer near him, but I don t think you ll get up. At the point where the 
 Highlanders landed, one of their captains, Donald Macdonald, was climbing in 
 advance of his men, when he was challenged by a sentinel. He replied in 
 French, by declaring that he had been sent to relieve the guard. Before the 
 latter was undeceived, a crowd of Highlanders were close at hand, while the steps 
 below were thronged by eager climbers, dragging themselves up by trees, roots, 
 and bushes. The guard turned out, and made a brief but brave resistance. In a 
 moment they were cut to pieces, dispersed, or made prisoners; while men alter 
 men came swarming up the heights, and quickly formed upon the plain above. 
 
 The sun rose (Sept. 13), and from the ramparts of Quebec the astonished 
 people saw the Plains of Abraham glittering with arms, and the dark red lines of 
 the English forming in array of battle." Parkman s Conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
1761.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The American Revolution. 
 
 1. CAUSES OF THE WAR. The expenses which Great 
 Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War, 
 greatly increased her national debt. The English min 
 istry, asserting that this had been done in defending 
 their American possessions, proposed to lessen the bur 
 den by taxing the colonies. In connection with the pro 
 position thus made, it was affirmed that the right to tax 
 the colonies was inherent in Parliament. 
 
 2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colo 
 nies had been founded at their own expense ; and that, 
 while they had already contributed their full proportion 
 in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from 
 their preservation were shared by England in common 
 with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they 
 could be justly taxed only by a legislature in which they 
 were represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not al 
 lowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, 
 that body had no right to tax them. 
 
 3. Besides, the policy of Great Britain toward her col 
 onies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calcu 
 lated to incite a rebellious spirit. The Navigation Act,* 
 previously described, and the issuing of " Writs of As 
 sistance," in 1761, were measures which were loudly com- 
 
 _! How did the French and Indian Wa. affect the debt of Great Britain f 
 \V hat assertion was made ? What affirmation ? What proposition was made ? 
 
 2. What reply did the colonists make ? What was the conclusion ? 
 
 3. What policy had been pursued ? What is said of the Writs of Assistance ? 
 
 * "March (1763) had not ended wheu a bill was brought in (the House of Commons) giv 
 ing authority to employ the ships, seamen, and officers of the navy as custom-house officer 
 and informers. The measure was Grenville s own (Lord Grenville was a member of the 
 British Cabinet, (Jeorge III. being king), and it was rapidly carried through; so that in three 
 short weeks it became lawful, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to Cape Florida, for each 
 commander of an armed vessel to stop and examine, and, in case of suspicion, to seize every 
 merchant ship approaching the colonies. "Bancrofts History of the United States. 
 
66 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1765. 
 
 plained of. These " Writs" were general search-warrants 
 empowering custom-house officers to break open ships, 
 stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on 
 which it was suspected no duty had been paid. 
 
 4. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
 by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indigna 
 tion was produced. By the provisions of the Act, it was 
 required that stamps, to be furnished by the British gov 
 ernment, were to be put upon all instruments, such aa 
 deeds, bonds, and notes ; as well as upon newspapers, al 
 manacs, and other printed matter. This was " taxation 
 by means of a stamp duty." (Read Note 11, end of Sec.) 
 
 5. The first burst of opposition appeared in the Legisla 
 ture of Virgina, where Patrick Henry distinguished him 
 self by his bold eloquence. Afterward a more formidable 
 opposition was shown, when, upon the recommendation 
 of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Congress, in 
 which nine colonies were represented, was held in New 
 York. Of this Congress, Timothy Ruggles, of Massa 
 chusetts, was elected president ; and, after mature delib 
 eration, a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, 
 and a Memorial to Parliament, were adopted.* 
 
 6. When the day came on which the Stamp Act was 
 to go into effect, there were no officials courageous enough 
 to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all the stamps had 
 been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to be 
 conducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants 
 agreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious 
 measure remained a law. A change in the British minis 
 try occurring, the act was repealed in 1766. 
 
 7. Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colo- 
 
 4. What took place in 1765 ? What effect did the news have in America ? 
 What provisions of the Stamp Act are named ? 
 
 5. What opposition did the Stamp Act meet with? 
 
 6. How were the operations of the Stamp Act prevented ? What was the 
 consequence ? 
 
 * See Appendix for Patrick Henry, page 63, topic 70, 
 
1767.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 
 
 nies, passed a bill, in 1767, for levying duties on glass, 
 paper, painters colors, and tea. The news of this and 
 other obnoxious measures of the British government, pro 
 duced a revival of the feelings which had been caused 
 by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation 
 associations were formed. (Read topic 16, App., p. 63.) 
 
 8. The opposition of the people of Boston being par 
 ticularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage 
 from Halifax to overawe them. The presence of the 
 troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one 
 of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 
 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the populace, 
 killing three men and wounding others. 
 
 9. The opposition to the revenue measures induced 
 Parliament to revoke all the duties laid in 1767, except 
 that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the peo 
 ple were contending against the principle of " taxation 
 without representation," and not against the amount of 
 taxes imposed, the concession was not satisfactory. 
 
 10. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent 
 back : that for Charleston being stored in damp cellars, 
 perished. At Boston a party of men, since known as the 
 " Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the 
 ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke 
 open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into 
 the water. (Read topic 218, Appendix, p. 79.) 
 
 11. For the purpose of punishing the Bostonians, Par 
 liament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all 
 
 7. What right did Parliament still claim ? By what act was the claim made 
 known ? What was the effect ? 
 
 8. What military measure was adopted? What was the effect? Give an 
 account of the " Boston Massacre." Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 61.) 
 
 9. What concession was made by Parliament ? Why was not the concession 
 satisfactory to the colonists ? 
 
 1 0. What was done with the tea brought to America ? Where is Phila 
 delphia ? (Map, p. 43.) Where is Charleston ? (Map. p. 46.) 
 
 1 1 . What retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt ? What generous con 
 duct did the people of Salem manifest ? Where is Salem ? (Map, p. .H) 
 
 NOTE." The whole number of white inhabitants In all the thirteen colonies 
 was, ia 1774, about 2,100,000 ; of blacks, about 500,000," Bancroft. 
 
68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1774. 
 
 intercourse with Boston by water, and removed the cus 
 tom-house to Salem. But the people of Salem generously 
 refused to thrive at the expense of their neighbors, and 
 the wharves of that town were offered for the use of the 
 Boston merchants, free of charge.* (Note 4, end of Sec. * 
 
 12. A general Congress, known as " The First Conti 
 nental Congress," with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as 
 president, met at Philadelphia, in September, 1774. All 
 the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. After 
 due deliberation, a Declaration of Rights was made ; 
 the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
 Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the 
 king and the people of Great Britain and Canada. 
 
 13. A conflict with Great Britain seemed inevitable. 
 The men in Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were 
 daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take 
 the field at a minute s notice, hence their name of " Min 
 ute Men." Military measures were also adopted in other 
 colonies, and a general determination was manifest to 
 resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to 
 be imposed by Great Britain. 
 
 14. EVENTS OF 1775. On the night of the 18th of 
 April, 1775, Gen. Gage dispatched eight hundred troops, 
 under Col. Smith and Major Pitcairn (pit -karne) , to de 
 stroy some military supplies which the Americans had 
 collected at Concord, a town in Massachusetts, about six 
 teen miles from Boston. 
 
 15. The patriots of Boston, having had a suspicion of 
 3uch a movement, were on the alert. By preconcerted 
 
 12. What convention was held hy the colonists ? Give an account of its or. 
 ganization and doings. 
 
 1 3 . What seemed inevitable ? What is said of the " Minute Men ?" What is 
 eaid of military preparations? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (Map, p. 24.) How is Boston situated? Newburypott? 
 Newport ? New Bedford ? New London ? In which direction is Lexington 
 from Boston ? Concord from Boston ? Salem from Boston ? 
 
 14. What was Gage s first important measure against the Americans ? 
 
 * The people of Newburyport made a similar offer. 
 
1775.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 
 
 signals, the alarm was given, and when the British reached 
 Lexington, early on the following morning, April 19th, 
 about seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. 
 The king s troops fired upon them, killing and wound 
 ing several. Then was shed the first blood of the Rev 
 olution, j" 
 
 16. At Concord some of the supplies were destroyed, 
 but the militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took 
 place, in which several were killed on both sides. On 
 their way back to Boston, the British were re-enforced at 
 Lexington, but during their retreat, as far as Charles- 
 town, the Americans pursued, keeping up a constant and 
 destructive fire upon them. The loss of the British dur 
 ing the clay was over two hundred ; that of the patriots 
 was about ninety. (Read Note 1, end of Sec.) 
 
 17. When the news of the day s contest spread, the 
 militia from all parts of New England hastened to join 
 those of Massachusetts in forming a camp near Boston, 
 where General Ward, of Massachusetts, was exercising 
 a limited command. It being deemed important to 
 possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were 
 captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, 
 and a large supply of military stores secured for the 
 patriots. 
 
 18. Upon the arrival of re-enforcements from England, 
 under Generals Howe, Bur-goyne , and Sir Henry Clin 
 ton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans 
 in arms rebels and traitors, but offering pardon to those 
 who should return to their allegiance. John Hancock 
 and Samuel Adams, whose offences were pronounced 
 
 1 5. What action did the patriots take ? Give an account of what occurred 
 at Lexington. Where is Lexington ? (Map, p. 24.) 
 
 16. Give an account of what took place at Concord. Of the other events of 
 the day. Where is Charlestown ? (Map, p. 70.) 
 
 17. What effect did the news have ? What success did Allen and Arnold 
 have ? Where is Ticonderoga ? (Map, p. 38.) Crown Point ? 
 
 18. What re-enforcements came to Gates ? What proclamation was issued ? 
 Who were excepted ? Why were they excepted t 
 
70 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 [1775. 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 AND 
 
 too great to admit of pardon, were excepted from this 
 offer/* 
 
 19. It becoming 
 evident that the 
 British meditated 
 offensive operations, 
 Col. Prescott was 
 sent, on the evening 
 of the IGth of June, 
 with a detachment 
 of one thousand men 
 to fortify Bunker 
 Hill ; but, on attain 
 ing the heights, he 
 concluded to fortify 
 Breed s Hill instead, 
 this being nearer to 
 Boston. When the 
 British, on the fol 
 lowing morning, dis 
 covered the redoubt which the Americans had constructed 
 during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. 
 
 20. This failing, three thousand men, under Howe, were 
 sent to dislodge the patriots. Twice did the British ap 
 proach within a few rods of the redoubt, but they were 
 each time repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arriving, 
 the third charge was more successful ; and the Americans, 
 their ammunition being exhausted, were forced to retreat. 
 
 21. The British lost, in killed and wounded, more than 
 thousand men ; the Americans, less than half that num- 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. How is Boston situated ? Tn what direction is Boston 
 from Bunker Hill? From Breed s HIL1? From Charlestown ? From Cam- 
 orids*e? Where was Copp s Hill ? Where are Dorchester Heights ? Where is 
 South Boston? Ans. On and about Dorchester Heights. Of what city does 
 South Boston now form a part ? Ans. Boston. 
 
 19. What defensive measures did the patriots adopt? 
 
 19, 2O. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 * See App., p. 62, topic 2 (AdamsV, also App., p. 68, topic 63 (Hancock). 
 
1773.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 
 
 ber, but among their slain was the distinguished pa 
 triot, Joseph Warren.* Though the British had gained 
 the hill, the victory to them was more disastrous and hu 
 miliating than an ordinary defeat ; while, to the Ameri 
 cans, the defeat had the effect of a triumph. 
 
 22. On the very day of the capture of Ticonderoga^ 
 May 10th, the second Continental Congress convened at 
 Philadelphia. That body decided to raise an army of 
 twenty thousand men ; and, on the 15th of June, by a 
 unanimous vote, elected George Washington commander- 
 in-chief of " the forces raised or to be raised in defence 
 of American liberties." 
 
 23. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a 
 decided course against the patriots; but, owing to the 
 activity of Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled 
 to make compensation for a quantity of powder which he 
 had seized. Some months later a force of tories and ne 
 groes which he had collected attacked a body of Virgin 
 ians near Norfolk ; but the assailants 
 
 were repulsed with great loss. In 
 revenge, Dunmore, on the first day 
 of the new year, reduced Norfolk to 
 ashes, f (Eead Note 11, end of Sec.) 
 
 24. To prevent the use of Canada 
 by the British as a place of rendez 
 vous and supply, an invasion, by two 
 forces, was determined upon. Ac 
 cordingly, Gen. Schuyler (ski -ler), 
 commanding one, was sent by the 
 
 PART OF THE SOREL K. 
 
 21. What losses did each party sustain? How did the victory affect th 
 British ? How did the defeat affect the patriots ? 
 
 22. When and where did Congress, a second time, meet? What measures 
 were adopted by Congress ? 
 
 23. Give an account of the difficulties in Virginia, with Dunmore Where 
 is Norfolk ? (Map, p. 126.) 
 
 24. What plan of action against Canada was adopted ? Describe the Ken- 
 nebec Eiver. (Map, p. 61.) How did Montgomery get the command? What 
 success did Montgomery have ? 
 
 * For account of Warren, see App. p. 74, topic 165 ; and read also Note 2, end of Section. 
 For the burning of Charlestown, rear! topic 231, App. p. 83. 
 t For Henry, see topic 70, App. p. 68- 
 
72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 11775. 
 
 way of Lake Champlain; while the other, under Gen. Ar 
 nold, took the route by the Kennebec River. Schuyler 
 proceeded but a short distance when, sickness compelling 
 him to return, the next in command, Gen. Montgomery, 
 gained possession of Fort Chambly (sham -Ue), St. John s, 
 and Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. 
 
 25. Arnold, having performed a tedious march through 
 the wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that 
 of Montgomery, and, with the latter officer in the chief 
 command, Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Finally, 
 at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a violent 
 snow-storm, the American army, in four columns, ad 
 vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuc 
 cessful. Montgomery was among the first who fell, and 
 Arnold was severely wounded.* 
 
 26. Arnold, though wounded, took command of the 
 troops that had effected a retreat, and, in an encampment 
 a short distance from Quebec, passed a rigorous winter. 
 In the spring, Gen. Woos -ter arrived and took the com 
 mand ; and he, in turn, was succeeded by Gen. Thomas. 
 By the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had aban 
 doned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
 Canada. 
 
 27. EVENTS OF 1776. Washington, who had arrived 
 at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment 
 as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of 
 the army, determined to drive the British from Boston ; 
 but no plan of operations was fully determined upon before 
 the early part of March, 1776. Then, in one night, intrench- 
 ments were thrown up on Dor -ches-ter Heights, which 
 completely commanded the city and harbor of Boston. 
 
 25. What did Arnold accomplish ? Give an account of the operations against 
 Quebec. Where in Quebec ? (Map, p. 61.) 
 
 26. What did Arnold do after the battle ? How was the design against Que 
 bec terminated ? 
 
 27. At what place did Washington take command of the army ? What Wfts 
 hie first aim ? What means did he adopt ? 
 
 * For account of Montgomery, see App., p. 70, topic 108. 
 
1176.] 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 73 
 
 28. Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the com 
 mand, being unable to dislodge the Americans, informally 
 agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon 
 condition that, while doing so, his army should not be 
 molested from the batteries on the heights. Accordingly, 
 on the 17th of March, 17V6, the British troops, accompa 
 nied by several hundred families cf loyalists, embarked on 
 board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax.* 
 
 29. Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clin 
 ton, which had been previously sent from Boston, was des 
 tined to attack New 
 
 York, Washington 
 sent Gen. Charles 
 Lee to protect that 
 city. It happened 
 that on the very day 
 of Lee s arrival 
 there, Clinton ar 
 rived off Sandy- 
 Hook. Thus foiled 
 in his attempt 
 against New York, 
 Clinton sailed to 
 the South, and was 
 joined by Sir Peter 
 Parker and Lord 
 Corn-wal -lis, with 
 a fleet and troops 
 
 from England, when the whole force proceeded against 
 Charleston. 
 
 28. What agreement was made between the two parties ? Give an account 
 of what followed. Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 61.) 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. How is Charleston situated? Sullivan s Island? What 
 fort is on Sullivan s Island ? What other forts defend Charleston ? Where is 
 Sandy Hook ? (Map, p. 43.) 
 
 29. What can you state of an expedition against New York ? "What wan 
 then done by Clinton ? What was done by Clinton and Parker ? 
 
 Non. For account of General Lee, see Appendix, p. 
 Bead Ncte 12, end of Section. 
 
 J, topic 96. 
 
74 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1110. 
 
 30. The people of Charleston had made preparations 
 against an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto-wood 
 on Sullivan s Island, which commanded the channel lead 
 ing to the town. This was garrisoned by five hundred 
 men, under Col. Moultrie (mole -tre). On the morning 
 of the 28th of June, the fleet approached Sullivan s Island; 
 but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was 
 defeated in an attempt to reach the island, the ships, much 
 shattered, drew off, and afterward sailed to the North.* 
 
 31. In the mean time, Congress, then in session at Phil 
 adelphia, was preparing to declare a separation of the 
 political relations existing between Great Britain and the 
 colonies. A resolution to that effect, having been offered 
 
 O 
 
 by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of June, 
 was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. Two 
 days after, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a 
 committee of five members, presented a document which 
 he had prepared; and then, July the 4th, 1776, this docu 
 ment, the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, was unani 
 mously adopted by Congress. (See note, App., p. 8.)f 
 
 32. In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe arrived from 
 Halifax and took possession of Staten Island, at the en 
 trance of New York Bay. Here he was joined by hid 
 brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large 
 body of hired troops, from Germany. These last were 
 called Hessians, because the most of them had been fur 
 nished by the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. While Howe 
 goon had an army of thirty-five thousand men, Washing 
 ton s effective force, in New York and vicinity, did not 
 exceed seventeen thousand. (Topic 232, App. p. 83.) 
 
 30. How were the people of Charleston prepared? Give an account of the 
 battle fought there. 
 
 31. What was Congress doing in the mean time ? What is said of a resolu 
 tion ? What afterward took place ? 
 
 32. Where, meanwhile, were the British concentrating a large force ? What 
 troops joined Howe there ? What is said of the Hessians ? 
 
 * Read Note 3, end of Section. 
 
 t For the Declaration itself, with the names of the signers, see App., p. 8. 
 
1776.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 75 
 
 33. Howe s troops were landed 
 on the western end of Long Isl 
 and, and, in three divisions, by 
 three different roads, advanced 
 toward the American camp at 
 Brooklyn, then in command of 
 Gen. Putnam.* While two of the 
 divisions, Aug. 27th, were en 
 gaging the Americans, the third, 
 
 under Clinton, having taken a NEW YORK BAY. 
 
 circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots 
 cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two 
 thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
 British lost less than four hundred. 
 
 34. The British encamped in front of the American 
 lines, but made no attack during two days, their design 
 being to await the arrival and co-operation of the fleet. 
 Washington, perceiving that his army in Brooklyn might 
 be surrounded and entrapped, began a movement on the 
 night of the 29th ; and, favored by a fog which hung over 
 the city, succeeded in getting all his troops to New York. 
 
 35. Influenced by his oflicers, Washington retreated to 
 the northern part of New York island, and then to White 
 Plains. Here a partial engagement, to the disadvantage 
 of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when 
 they withdrew to North Castle. Instead of following, 
 the British general turned his attention to the forts on the 
 Hudson. (Read Note 5, end of Section.) 
 
 36. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Cas- 
 
 33. What movement did Howe first make from Staten I. ? Give an account 
 of the battle. By what name 13 it known ? Ans. The Battle of Long Island. 
 
 34. Give an account of Washington s masterly retreat. 
 
 35. What course did Washington then adopt ? Give an account of the battle 
 of White Plains. To what objects did Howe next turn his attention ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. -(Map, p . 29.) Where is Brooklyn ? North Castle ? Sagg 
 Harbor? Esopus (now Kingston) ? West Point? Tarrytown ? Where was 
 Fort Washington ? Fort Lee ? Fort Clinton ? Fort Montgomery ? 
 
 * See Appendix, page 72, topic 136. 
 
76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1776. 
 
 tie, another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, and 
 a third, under Gen. Heath, at Peekskill, Washington 
 crossed the Hudson and entered New Jersey. On the 
 16th of November, the British attacked Fort Washington, 
 and, although they were successful, the victory cost them 
 thousand men. 
 
 37. To the number of six thousand, with Lord Con* 
 wallis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took 
 possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had aban 
 doned on their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, 
 Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, on the 
 8th of December, crossed the Delaware with his dimin 
 ished and disheartened army. Congress, then in session 
 at Philadelphia, soon after adjourned to Baltimore. 
 
 38. Lee, who had been urged to hurry to the support 
 of the main army, instead of obeying, at first delayed, 
 and then advanced leisurely. Having incautiously taken 
 quarters at a distance from his detachment, he was sur 
 prised and taken prisoner. Sullivan, who had been made 
 a prisoner at the battle of Long Island and recently ex 
 changed, then promptly conducted the detachment to 
 Washington s camp. 
 
 39. A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many 
 disasters, prevailed among the patriots. This was dis 
 pelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. 
 On Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware, and on the 
 following morning, Dec. 26th, attacked a body of Hessians 
 stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their commander, was mor 
 tally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thou 
 sand taken prisoners.* The Americans lost only four men. 
 
 36. Where did Washington leave detachments? What movement did he 
 then make ? State what took place at Fort Washington. 
 
 37. Give an account of Washington s retreat and Cornwallis 1 ! pursuit. 
 38 What is stated of Lee ? What is stated of Sullivan ? 
 
 39. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. Where is Trenton? (Map, 
 p. 77.) Princeton ? Morristown ? 
 
 "Understanding that the brave but unfortunate Rah) was in a dying state. Washington 
 paid him a vWt before leaving Trenton, accompanied by General Greene. They found him 
 at his quart t-rs in the house of a Quaker family. Their visit, and the respectful considera 
 tion and unaffected sympathy munife^ed by them, evidently soothed the feelings of the 
 uiitortumUe soldkr." Irving s Life of Washington. 
 
1777.] 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 77 
 
 
 40. Washington recrossed the Delaware with his pris 
 oners, but, encouraged by his success and finding his 
 army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed 
 the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
 the offensive. This was a bold movement, for the enemy 
 were assembled in great force at Princeton, only ten miles 
 distant. 
 
 41. EVENTS OF 1777. 
 Though Washington had 
 been joined by troops un 
 der Generals JVfifflin and 
 Cadwallader, the whole 
 force with him, on the 1st 
 of Jan., 1777, did not exceed 
 five thousand men. Toward 
 the evening of the 2d, Corn- 
 wallis reached Trenton, and 
 after making several unsuc 
 cessful attempts to cross the 
 
 stream which runs through the town, concluded to defer 
 hostilities till the morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
 Washington and his entire army. 
 
 42. The position of the American army was critical. 
 Any attempt to cross the Delaware, then obstructed by 
 floating ice, would undoubtedly end in disaster ; while to 
 remain and risk a battle with a force so much superior to 
 his own, appeared to Washington equally dangerous. In 
 this emergency a bold expedient was adopted. Leaving 
 his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route 
 toward Frinceton, intending to surprise the enemy at that 
 place.* 
 
 4O. What movement did Washington next make ? 
 
 41 . What force did he have at Trenton ? State what occurred there on the 
 evening of Jan. 2, 1777. 
 
 42. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. How did he 
 extricate himself from the danger ? 
 
 _* "To deceive the British, men were e 
 relieve guards, and keep up the camp-fi 
 army." 
 
 CENTRAL PART OP NEW JERSEY. 
 
 mployed to dig trenches, others to po the rounds 
 res. At daybreak they were to hasten to th 
 
78 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777, 
 
 43. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces en 
 countered, near Princeton, a division of the British troopn 
 already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
 American militia gave way ; but Washington coming up 
 with a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed 
 the enemy. The loss of the British in killed, wounded 9 
 and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the 
 patriots did not exceed thirty, but Gen. Mercer was 
 among their mortally wounded.* 
 
 44. Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France 
 to solicit aid.* Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Frank 
 lin and Arthur Lee. Though France hesitated to extend 
 the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette (lah-fd-ett } 
 and other citizens of that country acted generously. At 
 his own expense, Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the 
 spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined the army 
 as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after appointed 
 a major-general. (See App., p. 70, topic 98.) 
 
 45. Toward the close of April, Gen. Try -on, late royal 
 governor of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and 
 after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On 
 his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the 
 militia, commanded by Generals Wooster, Arnold, and 
 Silliman. His loss, during the expedition, amounted to 
 nearly three hundred men : that of the patriots was not 
 so large, but Wooster was among their slain. 
 
 46. Two small expeditions on the part of the Ameri 
 cans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the head of one, 
 destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag Har 
 bor ; and Col. Barton, at the head of the other, captured 
 
 43. Give an account of the battle of Princeton. 
 
 44. What efforts were made to secure the aid of France ? Success ? 
 
 45. Give an account of Tryon a first expedition. Where is Danbury ? (p. 29.) 
 
 46. How did the Americans offset Tryon s wantonness ? 
 
 * "His career as a general had been brief, but long enough to secure him a 
 lasting renown. His name remains one of the consecrated names of the Revo 
 lution." Irving s Washington. 
 
 t For Deane, see App., p. 65, topic 44. For Franklin, p. 66, topic 53. 
 
1777.] 
 
 THE AMEEICAN EEYOLUTION. 
 
 Gen. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Island. Pres- 
 cott, in 1778, was exchanged for Lee. 
 
 47. Washington s army was encamped at Morristown 
 during the early part of 
 
 1777; but in the spring he 
 removed to Middlebrook. 
 Howe having failed to draw 
 Washington from this"latter 
 place, and bring on an en 
 gagement, withdrew his 
 troops to Staten Island, thus 
 leaving the Americans in 
 complete possession of New 
 Jersey. 
 
 48. The British troops, to the number of eighteen thou 
 sand men, then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
 Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving Clinton in com 
 mand of a large force at New York. The destination of 
 the fleet being unknown to Washington, he remained for 
 many days in painful uncertainty about it. 
 
 49. At last the enemy s expedition was heard from. 
 Their fleet had sailed up Chesapeake Bay, the troops had 
 been landed, and a march commenced against Philadelphia. 
 Washington hastened to dispute the progress of the Brit 
 ish, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
 at Chad s Ford, on Brandy wine Creek, where, on the lltb 
 of September, a battle was fought. 
 
 50. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
 one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the 
 Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and un 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Where is Paoli ? Chad s Ford ? Germantown ? Fort Mer 
 cer? FortMifflin? Red Bank ? Valley For^e ? Reading? 
 
 47. What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey? What 
 movement did he next make? 
 
 48. What further can you state of Howe s movements ? 
 
 49. In what way did Washington t.ry to save Philadelphia? 
 49, 50. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 
 
80 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1777. 
 
 expectedly fell upon their right. The patriots defended 
 themselves with great valor, but were at length forced 
 to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, 
 wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred 
 men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among 
 the wounded was Lafayette. Pulaski (pu-las -he) , a Po 
 lish nobleman, was also in the battle, doing brave ser 
 vice for the cause of liberty. (See p. 91, T 88 
 
 51. Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadel 
 phia. The two armies again met, but a violent storm 
 prevented a battle ; and Gen. Wayne (icdne], who had 
 been detached with fifteen hundred men to hang upon 
 the rear of Howe s army, was attacked at night near 
 Paoli (pa-o -le), and defeated. On the 26th Howe entered 
 Philadelphia, but the main body of his army encamped 
 at Germantown.* 
 
 52. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the 
 Americans held two forts on opposite sides of the Dela 
 ware, and thus commanded the river. Learning that a 
 strong detachment of the British had left for their re 
 duction, Washington attacked the force remaining at 
 Germantown, Oct. 4th ; but the patriots, although at 
 first successful, were finally repulsed, with the loss of a 
 thousand men. 
 
 53. Both forts were attacked, Oct. 22d ; Mercer, by a 
 force of two thousand troops, tinder Count Do -nop ; and 
 Mifnin, by a number of frigates and other vessels. But 
 the assailants were repulsed with heavy loss. Donop 
 was mortally wounded, about five hundred Hessians and 
 marines were killed or wounded, and two large ships were 
 destroyed. 
 
 51. What next occurred ? Give an account of the battle of Paoli. When 
 did Howe enter Philadelphia ? 
 
 52. What induced Washington to go against the enemy at Qermantown ? 
 Give an account of the battle that followed. 
 
 53. What took place 011 the 22d of Oct. ? Give an account of the operations. 
 
 * Germantown is now a part of Philadelphia. 
 
 NOTE. The United States flag was adopted in July of this year. See App. t 
 p. 76, topic 194. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 
 
 54. On the 10th of November a second attempt to re 
 duce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic de 
 fence of five days, during which the British kept up a 
 destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, 
 the garrison evacuated the fort and crossed to Red 
 Bank. A force appearing before Fort Mercer soon after, 
 it, too, was abandoned. 
 
 55. During the winter of 1777-78, Washington s troops 
 were quartered in huts at Valley Forge. The position, 
 besides being easy of defence, enabled Washington to 
 watch Howe s movements and protect his own military 
 stores at Reading (recl -ing). But the patriots suffered 
 greatly from insufficient food, clothing, and shelter ; and 
 many of the officers resigned in consequence of not re 
 ceiving their pay.* (Read, also, topic 50, App., p. 06.) 
 
 56. BURGOYNE S INVASION. During the early part of 
 the summer of 1777, an army often thousand men, Brit 
 ish and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted 
 out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. 
 The design of General Burgoyne, the commander of this 
 large force, was to effect a junction of his own army 
 with another from New York, and thus cut off Washing 
 ton s communication with the Eastern States. 
 
 57. After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne 
 proceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned 
 by three thousand men under General St. Clair. St. Clair 
 had determined upon a resolute defence, but discovering, 
 to his dismay, that the enemy had erected batteries on 
 Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 
 made a hasty retreat. (Read topic 153, App., p. 73.) 
 
 54. Give an account of the next attempt against Fort Mifflin. 
 
 55. What can you state of Washington s army during the winter ? 
 
 56. What invading army at the North in 177T? Bnrgoyne s design? 
 
 57. First movements of Burgoyne ? His success at Ticonderoga ? 
 
 * " That winter they lay on the ground. So scarce were blankets, that many 
 were forced to sitnp all night hy their fires. At one time more lhan a thousand 
 Boldiers had not a shoe to their feet. You could trace their march hy the blood 
 which their nuked feet left in the ice." Theo. Parker s Historic Americans. 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 [1777. 
 
 58. The retreating army crossed over to Mount Inde 
 pendence, and took a road through the woods toward 
 
 Fort Edward, the headquar 
 ters of Gen. Schuyler, whc 
 then commanded the Ameri 
 can forces at the North ; but> 
 at Hubbardton, the rear divi 
 sion was overtaken, on the 
 morning of the 7th of July, 
 and routed with considerable 
 loss. The ammunition and 
 stores, which had been sent 
 by water, were also overtaken, 
 and were destroyed. 
 
 59. Schuyler, deeming his 
 force inadequate to make a 
 successful stand against the 
 invaders, gradually fell back 
 to the islands at the mouth 
 of the Mohawk. Burgoyne 
 reached the head of Lake 
 Champlain, and thence his 
 march to Fort Edward was 
 slow and difficult, owing to 
 the impediments which Schuy 
 ler had placed in his way, by 
 destroying the bridges and 
 felling immense trees across 
 the roads. 
 
 60. The story of the murder of Miss McCrea, about 
 this time, excited wide-spread abhorrence, and had the 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Where is Crown Point? Ticonderoga? Mt. Defiance? 
 Mt. Independence ? Hubbardton? Ft. Edward? Bennington ? Stillwater? 
 Albany ? Saratoga ? Into what river does the Mohawk flow ? 
 
 58. Give the particulars of the disasters that followed St. Clair s retreat. 
 
 5t>. What retreat and advance next took place ? 
 
 60. Relate the story in relation to Jane McCrea. 
 
1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 
 
 effect of greatly increasing the number of Schuyler a 
 troops. The lady, it appeared, had been captured by 
 some Indians attached to Burgoyne s army, during a visit 
 she was making at the house of a friend ; and while they 
 were conducting her to his camp, she met her death, 
 Accounts differ as to how she was killed ; but the savages 
 brought her scalp into Burgoyne s camp, and the opinion 
 prevailed that they were her murderers.* 
 
 61. Burgoyne had previously sent a detachment under 
 Col. St. Leger (lej -er) to capture Fort Schuyler. On 
 reaching the place and finding it resolutely defended, St. 
 Leger determined upon a siege. While this was in pro 
 gress, Gen. Her -ki-mer, in advancing to the relief of the 
 garrison, fell into an ambuscade, August 6th, and was de 
 feated, he being mortally wounded. At last the Indian 
 allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold, who had been 
 dispatched by Schuyler, was approaching with a large 
 army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently 
 abandoned. 
 
 62. Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and 
 finding himself in want of supplies, sent five hundred 
 men, under Col. Baum (bourn), to seize the stores which 
 the Americans had collected at Benninsrton. Baum was 
 
 C3 
 
 met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, 
 under Gen. Stark, and defepted ; and, on the same day, 
 August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the 
 aid of Baum, was also defeated. (Topic 225, Ap., p. 82.) 
 
 63. The reverses experienced by the British at Fort 
 Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of 
 Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. Just 
 then, when the Americans were in good force to confront 
 
 61. Give the particulars of St. Legcr s operations. Where was Fort Sclmy. 
 ler? (Map, p. 38.) By what name is Herkimer s battle known ? Ans. O-ris -ka-ny. 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of Bennington. 
 
 63. How did the reverses of the British affect them ? What change in com 
 manders took place ? 
 
 * See Appendix, page 75, topic 19d 
 
84 THE AMERICAN [REVOLUTION. [1777. 
 
 the enemy, General Gates, by act of Congress, was ap 
 pointed to succeed Schuyler. 
 
 64. Gates advanced to Bem -is Heights, near Stillwater, 
 and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. On the 19th of Sept - 
 was fought the first battle of Stillwater, sometimes called 
 the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold displayed 
 great bravery. Both parties claimed the victory; but, 
 though the British remained on the field of battle, their 
 progress toward Albany was effectually checked. 
 
 65. The two armies remained in sight of each other for 
 more than two weeks. Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
 strengthened his position, to await the co-operation of 
 Clinton from New York ; but, at last, despairing of aid 
 from that quarter, he determined, if possible, to cut his 
 way through the American lines. This brought on, Oc 
 tober 7th, the second battle of Stillwater, often called the 
 battle of Saratoga. (Read Note 6, end of Section.) 
 
 66. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the 
 loss of the British was severe, they were compelled to 
 give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though 
 fighting without any assigned command, and was severely 
 wounded. Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding 
 himself so surrounded by the Americans that all chance 
 of retreat was cut off, and being without provisions, or> 
 the 17th of October he surrendered his whole army, num* 
 bering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war." 
 
 67. Clinton, in the mean time, had ascended the Hudson 
 as far as forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured 
 both forts; but instead of hastening to the co-operation 
 of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 
 
 64. Give an account of the first battle of Stillwater. 
 
 65. What positions did the two armies then hold? What determination 
 did Burgoyne at last form ? 
 
 65, 66. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. Give an account 
 of Eurgoync s final movements and surrender. 
 
 67. What had Clinton been doing meanwhile? What did the British do ou 
 hearing of Burgoyne e surrender ? 
 
 * Eead Note 7, end of Section. 
 
1778.J THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 
 
 try. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing 
 of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and 
 other forts ; and Clinton s expedition, after burning Kings 
 ton, returned to New York. 
 
 68. In November of this year ARTICLES OF CONFEDERA 
 TION for the government of the United States were adopted 
 by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not 
 being ratified by all the states till 1781, did not go into 
 effect before that time. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 1 92.) 
 
 69. EVENTS OF 1778. The success of the Americans at 
 Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on 
 foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of 
 the United States, and an alliance was concluded between 
 the two nations. The French government at once fitted 
 out a squadron, of which Count D Estaing (des-tang 1 ) 
 was given the command, and, about the middle of April, 
 the fleet sailed for America. (Read topic 53, App., p. 66.) 
 
 70. In England the tidings of Burgoyne s surrender 
 produced alarm ; a more conciliatory spirit began to pre 
 vail; and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were 
 passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to Amer 
 ica to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress re 
 fused to treat with them until Great Britain should with 
 draw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independ 
 ence of the United States. 
 
 71. In the mean time, Gen. Howe having resigned his 
 command, Gen. Clinton was appointed his successor ; and 
 the British government, fearing for the safety of their 
 army at Philadelphia, ordered Clinton to proceed to New 
 York. In July D Estaing arrived in Delaware Bay, but 
 
 68. What is stated of the Articles of Confederation ? 69. What effect did 
 Burgoyne s surrender have in France? 7O. In England ? How did Congress 
 receive the Commissioners? "71. What clianire in commanders? What, in 
 structions were sent to Clinton ? What escape did the British fleet make ? 
 
 "Burgoyne s reverses at Saratoga Caused much dissatisfaction in England, and one of 
 the poems of the day ran thus: 
 
 BurRoyne, unconscious of impending fates. 
 Could cut his ways through woods, but not through Gates. 
 
 He was dismissed from the British army for refusing to return to America, his visit to 
 England being on his parole, but was restored three years alter." R Shelton Mackenzie. 
 
86 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1778. 
 
 not in time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe 
 had sailed a few days before. 
 
 72. On the 18th of June Clinton evacuated Philadel 
 phia, and commenced his march through New Jersey tc 
 /New York. The Americans gave pursuit ; and at Mon "- 
 mouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was 
 fought. In the early part of the conflict Lee s division 
 fell back, and was in full retreat just as Washington 
 came up. Lee was rebuked by the commander-in-chief, 
 and directed to assist in further operations : he complied, 
 and, during the rest of the battle, displayed both faith 
 fulness and courage. 
 
 73. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the 
 engagement was indecisive, the advantage was with the 
 Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to 
 renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clin 
 ton silently departed before dawn. The loss of the Brit 
 ish in the battle and by desertions during the march, 
 amounted to fifteen hundred men. The patriots lost 
 more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex 
 cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 
 
 74. Lee s pride having been wounded by the rebuke 
 which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful 
 letters to Washington. For this disrespect and his con 
 duct on the battle-field, he was tried by a court-martial, 
 found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command 
 for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, 
 just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. 
 
 75. A combined attack by D Estaing and Gen. Sullivan 
 was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode 
 Island, where, under Gen. Pig -ot, they had established a 
 
 72. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 
 
 73. Give the result and consequences of the battle. Where is Monmouth T 
 (Map, p. 43.) Morristown ? 
 
 74. What offensive course did Lee take ? Give an account of the trial anJ 
 consequences. 
 
1778.] THE AMERICAN EE VOLUTION. 87 
 
 military depot. Tempted by the hope of a victory, 
 D Estaing sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who 
 had heard of Pigot s danger and hastened to his relief; 
 but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just 
 as they were about to engage, he returned to Newport, 
 and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 
 
 76. Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew 
 to the northern part of the island ; and, being followed 
 by the enemy, an engagement took place, August 29th, 
 resulting in a loss of over tw r o hundred on each side, and 
 in the repulse of the British. Learning that a fleet with 
 troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained 
 the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by 
 Clinton. 
 
 77. An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, commit 
 ted great destruction at New Bedford and other places ; 
 but no acts of the enemy during the entire war were con 
 sidered more atrocious than those of which they were 
 guilty at Wy-o -ming, in Pennsylvania, and Cherry Val 
 ley, in New York. 
 
 78. Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, 
 under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, 
 spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a 
 body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. 
 In November a party of the same mixed character fell 
 upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, and killed or car 
 ried into captivity many of the settlers. 
 
 79. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an ex 
 pedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. 
 
 75. What enterprise was planned for D Estaing and Sullivan ? Give an ac 
 count of D Estaing s movements. 
 
 76. Give an account of the land battle and Sullivan s movements. By what 
 name is that battle known ? Ans. Quaker Hill, or Bait s Hill. 
 
 7 7. What account can you give of Grey s expedition ? 
 
 77. 78. Give an account of the u Massacre of Wyoming." Also of the at 
 tack upon Cherry Valley. Where is Wyoming? (Map. p. 38.) Cherry Valley ? 
 
 79. What expedition was sent against Georgia ? What did the British ac 
 complish in Georgia ? 
 
88 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [17T9. 
 
 Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, 
 then defended by a small force under Gen. Robert Howe, 
 and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. The 
 Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse 
 quence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and 
 Was retained by them till 1783. 
 
 80. EVENTS OF 1779. At the beginning of 1779 only- 
 one post in Georgia, that of Suribury, remained in pos 
 session of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th 
 of January by Gen. Pre-vost , who had arrived with troops 
 from Florida. Assuming the command of the British 
 forces in the South, Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy 
 Augusta, his object being to encourage the tories in that 
 region to join the royal standard. 
 
 81. The tories along the western frontiers of the Ca; oli- 
 nas were thus induced to organize themselves into a body, 
 with Col. Boyd in command. They then marched to. 
 ward the Savannah, committing great devastation and 
 cruelties as they proceeded ; but, at Kettle Creek, Feb. 
 14th, they were attacked by a force of Carolina militia, 
 under Col. Pickens, and utterly defeated. Boyd was 
 among the slain. 
 
 82. Encouraged by this success, Gen. Lincoln, then in 
 command of the American forces at the South, sent Gen. 
 Ashe (ash) to aid in driving the enemy from Augusta. 
 The patriots having concentrated a force opposite that 
 town, Campbell fled. Ashe pursued, but at Brier Creek, 
 March 3d, he was surprised by Prevost, and defeated, 
 losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 
 dispersion. 
 
 83. Learning that a body of British troops was sta< 
 
 80. What did the British accomplish in Georgia, in January, 1799? 
 
 81. Give an account of Boyd s operations and defeat. 
 
 82. Give an account of Ashe s operations and defeat. 
 
 83. Of Lincoln s operations and defeat. Of the disasters at the Nortfc. 
 WTiere is Stony Point ? (Map, p. 38.) Verplanck e Point ? 
 
1779.] 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 89 
 
 tioned at Stono Ferry, ten miles from Charleston, Lincoln 
 determined to drive the enemy from a position so menacing 
 to the city. Accordingly the attempt was made, June 20th, 
 but, after a severe engagement, the Americans were re 
 pulsed. Disaster, too, attended the patriotic cause at the 
 North. Tryon made two more expeditions against Connec 
 ticut, and Clinton captured Stony Point and Verplanck s 
 Point. 
 
 84. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, 
 planned an attack to be conducted by Wayne.* At mid- 
 
 MAP QUKSTIONS. What State is on the South of Virgiira? On the South of 
 North Carolina ? On the south and west of South Carolina? Where is Savan 
 nah? Smibury? Augusta? Monk s Corner? Ninety-six? Rocky Mount? 
 Hanging Rock? King s Mountain ? Cowpens? Guilford Court House? Wil 
 mington? Camden? Hobkirk s Hill ? Eutaw Sprinirs ? Into what river does 
 Brier Creek flow ? Waxhaw Creek? Sanders Creek? Catawba R. ? Yadkin 
 R. ? Dan R. ? 
 
 * Gen. Charles Lee, when he heard of Wayne s achievement, wrote to him as 
 follows : "I do most sincerely declare that your assault, on Stony Point is not 
 only the most brilliant, in my opinion, throughout the whole course of the war, 
 on either side, but that ills the most brilliant I am acquainted with in history." 
 
90 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1779. 
 
 night, on the 15th of July, the Americans, in two columns, 
 forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, 
 meeting in the centre of the works, the garrison surren 
 dered at discretion. The entire loss of the patriots in this 
 brilliant success, achieved at the point of the bayonet and 
 without firing a gun, was fifteen killed and eighty-three 
 wounded. The enemy lost upward of six hundred in 
 killed and prisoners. 
 
 85. About a month after (Aug. 19), another brilliant 
 exploit crowned the efforts of the patriots. The British 
 post at Paulas (paw Jus) Hook, in New Jersey, opposite 
 the city of New York, was surprised at night by Major 
 Lee, and one hundred and fifty of the garrison were made 
 prisoners. 
 
 86. Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians 
 of Western New York to check their depredations and 
 avenge the " Massacre of Wyoming," was completely 
 successful. He defeated a body of Indians and tones in 
 the battle of the Chemung (she-mung), August 29th, and 
 then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount 
 of corn, (Read topic 233, App. p. 84.) 
 
 87. In September an obstinate engagement took place 
 off the eastern coast of England, between a small squad 
 ron of French and American vessels, commanded by Paul 
 Jones, and two British frigates. It lasted from seven till 
 ten at night, when both frigates surrendered.* 
 
 88. D Estaing, as has been stated, sailed from Rhode 
 Island to Boston. Thence he went to the Wesflndies. 
 In September, 1779, he appeared before Savannah, and 
 prepared to co-operate with Lincoln for the recovery of 
 
 84. Give an account of the battle of Stony Point. 
 85 Of the exploit at Paulus Hook. Where was Paulus Hook? 
 86! Give an account of Sullivan s expedition against the Indians. Where 
 WasChemun<r? (Map. p. 38.) 
 
 87 Of Paul Jones s remarkable naval battle. 
 
 88 . Of the operations and failure of D Estaing and Lincoln. 
 
 * See Appendix, page 09, topic 86. 
 
1780.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 91 
 
 the town. On the 9th of October, after a siege of about 
 three weeks, a disastrous assault was made. Among 
 those who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski. (P. 80, ^[ 50.) 
 
 89. EVENTS OF 1780. The principal military operations 
 of 1780 were carried on in the Carolinas. Clinton, witt 
 a fleet commanded by Ar -buth-not, having sailed froir? 
 New York to the South, appeared before Charleston in 
 February, pud, on the 1st of April, commenced a regular 
 siege. The forces defending the city were commanded 
 by Lincoln. 
 
 90. While the siege was in progress, an American corps, 
 stationed at Monk s Corner to keep open a communica 
 tion between the city and the interior, was surprised by 
 Col. Tarleton (tarl -turi) and put to flight. On the 12th 
 of May, after a heroic defence of about forty days, Lincoln 
 surrendered ; and six thousand prisoners fell into the hands 
 of the British. (Read topic 234, App. p. 84.) 
 
 91. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as 
 Clinton contemplated, expeditions were sent into the inte 
 rior. One of these captured the post of Ninety-Six ; and 
 another, commanded by Tarleton, pursued a body of 
 troops, under Col. Buford (bu -furd). At Wax -haw 
 Creek, Tarleton overtook the patriots, and, falling upon 
 them impetuously, massacred or maimed nearly every man. 
 
 92. Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, 
 sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war 
 into North Carolina and Virginia; but Generals Sumter 
 and Marion (mar -e-un), and other patriot leaders, by their 
 partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of freedom at 
 the South.* Though Sumter met with a repulse at Rocky 
 
 89. How were the operations of 1780 commenced 1 
 
 90. Give an account of the battle of Monk s Corner. 
 
 89, 9O. Give an account of the sie^e and surrender of Charleston. 
 
 91. What post, in South Carolina did the British then capture? Give an 
 account of Tarleton s success and inhumanity. 
 
 92. At, this stage what course did Clinton pursue ? What can you state ol 
 the doings of Sumter and Marion ? 
 
 93. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 
 
 * Read Note 8, end of Se;tion Marion s Diuner of Sweet Potatoes; also 
 topic 103, App., p. 70. For Surnter, see topic 154, App., p. 73. 
 
92 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. FITS ?, 
 
 Mount, yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained 
 a decided victory.* 
 
 93. On the 16th of August occurred the battle of San 
 ders Creek. Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by 
 Congress to succeed Lincoln in the command at the 
 South, advanced against the British, and was met by 
 Cornwallis a short distance from Camden. After a des 
 perate contest, the American regulars, being deserted by 
 the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of about a 
 thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was taken 
 prisoner. (See Appendix, p. 66, topic 49.) 
 
 94. Gates s defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, 
 who, at Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by 
 Tarleton, and routed with great slaughter. Believing 
 South Carolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis pro 
 ceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer 
 guson to precede him. Large numbers 01 tories joined 
 the detachment during its march. * 
 
 95. The excesses of which Ferguson s troops were 
 guilty so exasperated the inhabitants, that a hastily- 
 formed force, under Col. Campbell, attacked them at 
 King s Mountain, Oct. 7th, and killed Ferguson and ona 
 hundred and fifty of his men. The remainder, number 
 ing more than eight hundred, surrendered. ^.The loss of 
 the Americans was only twenty. 
 
 96. ARNOLD S TREASON. The year 1780 is particularly 
 memorable for the "Treason of Arnold. " In 1778. after 
 the British had evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was put 
 in command of that city. Here he lived at an expense 
 beyond his income, and, to meet the demands of his cred 
 itors, appropriated public funds to his own use. Charges 
 
 94. What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Oreefc ? What did Corn 
 wallis proceed to do then ? 
 
 94, 95. Give an account of the battle of King s. Mountain. 
 
 96. For what is the year 1780 particularly remarkable ? How was Arnold 
 ed to take the steo in treason? 
 
 See App., page 70, topic 103 (Marion) ; also App., p. 73, topic 154 (Sumtcr> 
 
1780.] 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 93 
 
 were preferred against him, and, in conformity with the 
 decision of the court, he was reprimanded by Washing 
 ton. He felt the disgrace, and 
 determined to wreak his ven 
 geance. 
 
 \ 97, Having secured the com 
 mand of West Point, he offered, 
 by means of a correspondence 
 which he had carried on several 
 months, to betray it into the 
 hands of Clinton. Major An -dre, 
 aid-de-camp to Clinton, was sent 
 to finish the plan of treason and 
 adjust the traitor s recompense. 
 Andre proceeded up the Hud 
 son, and at a place six miles be 
 low West . Point, met Arnold, 
 and completed the bargain. 
 
 98. Instead of returning by water, as had been pre 
 viously arranged, Andre was compelled by circumstances 
 to cross to the east side of the Hudson and proceed by 
 land. When near Tarrytown, he was stopped by three 
 militiamen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, who 
 conducted him to North Castle, the nearest military sta 
 tion of the Americans. (Read Note 9, end of Section.) 
 
 99. The commander at North Castle, having no suspi 
 cion of Arnold s base design, wrote to that officer, inform 
 ing him of the arrest of Andre. The traitor, startled and 
 alarmed upon reading the letter, escaped on board the 
 British sloop-of-war Vulture, the vessel which had been 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Whpre is Stony Point ? Verplanck s Point ? West Pcint ? 
 Tarrytown ? Tappan ? Where was Fort Independence ? Fort Clinton ? 
 
 97. In what way did Arnold proceed? What further account can youpfive? 
 
 98. State how Arnold s design was frustrated. Where is North Castle! 
 (Map. p. 39.) 
 
 99. What act of stupidity did the commander at North Castle commltl 
 What was tha consequence ? 
 
94 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1781. 
 
 intended for Andre s return, and took refuge in New 
 York. (See Appendix, p. 62, topic 5.) 
 
 100. Andre was conveyed to Tappan (tap-pawn ), a vil 
 lage on the Avest side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, 
 and was there tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and, 
 agreeably to the laws and usages of nations, executed as 
 a spy.* Arnold was made a brigadier-general in the Brit 
 ish service. (See Appendix, p. 63, topic 9.) 
 
 101. EVENTS OF 1781, and to the beginning of Wash- 
 ingtoii s Administration. During the winter of 1780-1, 
 great dissatisfaction existed among the troops of Wash 
 ington s army, because they had not been paid for several 
 months, and were not provided with sufficient clothing 
 and provisions. This feeling increasing among the Penn 
 sylvania troops, owing to a dispute about the term of their 
 enlistment, they left their camp at Morristown, on the 
 first day of 1781, to seek redress of Congress. 
 
 102. On the march toward Philadelphia, they were 
 overtaken by two emissaries of Clinton, whom they 
 seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne, to be treated as 
 spies. At Princeton they were met by a committee of 
 Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus 
 suppressed the revolt. This mutiny, and arrt)ther among 
 the New Jersey troops, which was speedily quelled by 
 military power, quickened Congress to act for the relief 
 of the army. 
 
 103. Taxation was resorted to, an agent was sent to 
 Europe for aid, and other measures were adopted. Robert 
 Morris, who had been appointed superintendent of the 
 national treasury, was very active in the discharge of his 
 duties; and, by the. financial aid which he rendered, en- 
 
 100. What further can you state of Andre and Arnold? 
 
 101. What alarming event marked the opening of 1781? 
 
 102. Give an account of the mutiny. Of a second mutiny, and what fol 
 lowed. Where is Morristown? (Map, p. 77.) Princeton? 
 
 103. State what measures were adopted by Congress. 
 
 * Rend, in connection with the arrest and execution of Andre, the case of 
 Nathan Hale, for which Bee topic 66, App., p. 67. 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 95 
 
 abled Congress to prosecute the war. Upon his recom 
 mendation the Bank of North America was established at 
 a later period, and this institution proved of great service 
 during the rest of the contest. 
 
 104. Gates, in consequence of his defeat at Sanders 
 Creek, was superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, 
 who at once sent Gen. Morgan to check the devastations 
 <of the British in South Carolina. At the Cow -pens, on the 
 1 7th of January, Tarleton overtook Morgan ; but, after a 
 severe battle, the British were completely routed, losing 
 about eight hundred men, while the loss of the Americans 
 did not exceed eighty. (Read topic 60, App., p. 67.) 
 
 105. Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a north 
 easterly direction ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarle- 
 ton s defeat, started in pursuit, and reached the Ca-taw - 
 ba, at evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the 
 Americans had forded the river. He halted, intending 
 to cross in the morning, but, during the night, a heavy 
 rain set in, and, by daybreak, the stream was so swollen 
 as to be impassable. (Read topic 110, App., p. 71.) 
 
 106. Here, on the east side of the Catawba, Greene 
 came to the aid of Morgan, and, taking the command, 
 continued the retreat. At the Yad -kin the Americans 
 were again favored by a rain-storm ; and, after they crossed 
 the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the pursuit. 
 
 107. In a few days Greene recrossed the Dan into 
 North Carolina. Receiving re-enforcement, which in 
 creased his army to over four thousand men, he no longer 
 avoided a battle. At Guilford (ghil -fard] Court House, 
 where he had taken a position, he was attacked on the 
 15th of March. The result, though unfavorable to the 
 
 104. What was the consequence to Gates of his defeat at Sanders Creek? 
 Give an account of the battle of the Cowpcns. 
 
 105, 1O6. Give an account of the memorable retreat and pursuit through 
 North Carolina. 
 
 1O7. What movement and battle soon after took place ? Give an account, 
 of the battle and its consequences. " 
 
96 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1781 
 
 Americans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition 
 that, three days after, he retreated from the field of vic 
 tory, taking the road to Wilmington. (Note 6, end of Sec.) 
 
 108. Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pur 
 sued Cornwallis ; but not being able to overtake him, ad 
 vanced into South Carolina to attack the enemy at Can> 
 den. At Hobkirk s Hill, two miles from that place, Lord 
 Kawdon partly surprised him on the 25th of April. The 
 struggle was waged with varied fortune, but at length a 
 regiment of the Americans breaking, the patriots were 
 forced to retreat. (For Greene, read top. 64, App., p. 67.) 
 
 109. The battle of Eutaw (ii -taw) Springs, fought on 
 the 8th of September, between Greene and Stuart, closed 
 the contest in the Carolinas. This was a desperate en 
 gagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the 
 Americans ; but the British rallying, Greene drew off his 
 troops, taking with him about five hundred prisoners. 
 
 110. Cornwallis proceeded from Wilmington to Vir 
 ginia, where, during the summer, his operations were very 
 distressing to the patriotic inhabitants. To Lafayette 
 was intrusted the defence of Virginia, but, owing to the 
 inferiority of his force, he was not able to make a stand 
 against the enemy. In August, Cornwallis concentrated 
 his forces at Yorktown, and at once began to strengthen 
 his position by fortifications. 
 
 111. In the mean time Washington had made prepara 
 tions by which a large force of French troops, co-operating 
 with another of Americans, was to make an attack for 
 the recovery of New York. On learning, however, that 
 
 108. What bold movement did Greene then make ? Give an account of th 
 battle of Ilobklrk s Hill. 
 
 109. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs. 
 
 110. What movement did Cornwallis make after leaving "Wilmington? 
 What is paid of Lafayette s eflbrts ? What position did Cornwallis finally Be- 
 Ject and fortify ? Where is Yorktown ? (Map, p. 126.) Into what water does the 
 James River flow ? The York River ? 
 
 111. What extensive preparations had Washington in the mean time made T 
 Why did he alter his design f ,, 
 
1781.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 97 
 
 a PVench fleet would soon arrive in the Chesapeake, 
 Washington was induced to change his design, and pro 
 ceed against Cornwallis. 
 
 112. But while continuing preparations, as if against 
 Clinton at New York, Washington actually began his 
 march for Yorktown ; consequently, before Clinton be 
 came aware of the real intentions of the American com 
 mander, the French and American troops were well on 
 their way to Virginia. 
 
 113. It being too late to adopt any direct measures for 
 the aid of Cornwallis, Clinton under 
 took to recall Washington, by hurry 
 ing off an expedition under Arnold 
 
 against New London. Fort Griswold 
 
 made a brave defence, but was finally 
 
 carried by assault. Col. Led -yard, its 
 
 commander, was murdered with his NEW 
 
 own sword, after yielding it up, and VICINITY. 
 
 many of the garrison were also slaughtered. The town 
 
 was reduced to ashes. (Read topic 9, App., p. 63.) 
 
 114. Arnold s expedition failed to recall Washington, 
 and Yorktown was soon invested with a large land force, 
 while the French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse 
 (gras), blockaded the York and James rivers. On the 
 9th of October, the allied armies commenced a cannonade 
 so heavy that in a day or two most of the works of the 
 British were demolished. At length, on the 19th, finding 
 his position untenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, 
 Cornwallis surrendered the place, with more than seven 
 thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his shipping and 
 seamen to De Grasse. (Read Note 13, end of Sec.) 
 
 115. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicing 
 
 112. State how Clinton became deceived. 
 
 113. What counterplot did Cornwallis adopt ? How did Arnold execute the 
 part a?isncd him ? 
 
 114. Give an account of the siege and surrender of Yorktown. 
 
98 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. F1782. 
 
 throughout the United States, being considered a death 
 blow to the war. In England, public opinion, in conse 
 quence, became so decidedly opposed to the further pros 
 ecution of hostilities, that negotiations were entered into 
 for the establishment of peace. 
 
 116. On the 30th of November, 1782, a preliminary 
 treaty was signed at Paris by commissioners from the two 
 governments, those from the United States being John 
 Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. 
 On the 19th of April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was 
 proclaimed in the American army ; and on the 3d of Sep 
 tember following, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris. 
 
 117. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknow 
 ledged the independence of the United States, and the 
 boundaries were fixed at the great lakes on the north and 
 the Mississippi on the west. She also conceded the right 
 to fish on the Banks of NewfoundLand. Florida was re 
 turned to Spain. (See Appendix, p. 66, topic 54.) 
 
 118. At the close of the war the government was una 
 ble to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the conse 
 quence was general discontent, particularly among the 
 officers and privates of the army. Through the influence 
 of Washington the ill-feeling among the troops was al 
 layed ; and Congress afterward granted five years whole 
 pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
 1780, half-pay for life. Four months whole pay was 
 granted to the privates. (Read Note 14, end of Section.) 
 
 119. By order of Congress, the army was disbanded on 
 the 3d of November, 1783. On the 25th of the same 
 month New York was evacuated by the British ; and in 
 December following, Washington, " with a heart full of 
 
 115. What was the effect in America and England ? 
 
 116. What pteps were taken for the establishment of peace ? 
 
 117. What terms of the treaty are mentioned ? 
 
 118. In what condition did the close of the war find the national finances ? 
 How were the troubles with the army healed ? 
 
 NOTE. For Franklin, see Appendix, page 66, topic 53. 
 
Progressive IVEap, No. 
 
 87 Longitude 82 from Greenwich 77 
 
 AT 
 
 COUNTRY 
 
 EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 THE CLOSE^REVOLUTION 
 
 Longitude 10 from Washington 5 
 
1787.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 
 
 love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city. 
 He then repaired to An-nap -o-lis ; and there, on the 23d 
 of December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned 
 to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On 
 the following day he reached his home at Mount Vernon * 
 
 120. It was found that, by the ARTICLES OF CONFEDER 
 ATION*, under which the United States had existed since 
 1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the 
 debts incurred by the war. The individual States were 
 therefore called upon for funds ; but their efforts to raise 
 them by direct taxation produced great opposition, espcr 
 cially in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insur-. 
 rection, known as Shays s Rebellion. This, however, was 
 suppressed in 1787. (See Appendix, p. 76, topic 192.) 
 
 121. This rebellion and other causes convinced the peo 
 ple that a more powerful general government was needed. 
 Accordingly, a national convention was held at Phila 
 delphia, with Washington as president, and after four 
 months deliberation, the Constitution was adopted, Sep- 
 iember 17th, 1787. After being ratified by the requisite 
 number of States, though not without great opposition, it 
 went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. f 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1765. Parliament passed the Stamp Act March 8. 
 
 The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 
 
 17G6. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 
 
 U767. A bill taxing tea, glass, paper, etc., was passed June 29. 
 
 1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Sept. 27. 
 
 1770. Affray, known as the " Boston Massacre," occurred . March 5. 
 
 119. Name some of the closing scenes of the war. To what place did 
 VV ashington then go ? Where is Mount Vernon ? (Map. p. 126.) Annapolis ? 
 
 120. Peace bein.? established, what embarrassments beset Congress ? What 
 measure for relief was adopted ? Give an account of Shays s Rebellion. 
 
 121. To what conviction did Shays s rebellion and other causes lead ? State 
 what followed. 
 
 * Read Note 10, end of Section. 
 
 t See Appendix, page 9 ^nd uote, Appendix. oae 11. Read, also, Notes 15 and 16, end of 
 Section. 
 
100 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1773. The tea in Boston harbor was thrown overboard Dec. 16. 
 
 1774. The Boston Port Bill was passed by Parliament. . .March 31. 
 The First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. . Sept. 5. 
 
 1775. The war commenced with the battle of Lexington. .April 19. 
 
 Allen and Arnold captured Ticonderoga May 10. 
 
 Washington was elected commander-in-chief June 15. 
 
 The battle of Bunker Hill occurred June 17. 
 
 Montreal surrendered to Montgomery Nov. 13. 
 
 Montgomery was defeated and slain at Quebec Dec. 31. 
 
 1776. Boston was evacuated by the British troops March 17. 
 
 The British were repulsed at Ft. Moultrie, Charleston .June 28. 
 Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. . .July 4. 
 
 The Americans were defeated on Long Island Aug. 27. 
 
 Washington was defeated at White Plains Oct. 28. 
 
 The British captured Fort Washington Nov. 16. 
 
 Washington took a thousand prisoners at Trenton. . . Dec. 26. 
 
 1777. Washington gained a victory at Princeton Jan. 3. 
 
 Tryon made an expedition against Connecticut April 26. 
 
 Meigs destroyed British property at Sag Harbor May 23. 
 
 Burgoyne commenced his invasion of New York.. . .June 16. 
 
 Ticonderoga fell into the hands of Burgoyne July 5. 
 
 The Americans were defeated at Hubbardton July 7. 
 
 Prescott was captured by Barton at Rhode Island. . .July 10. 
 
 Fort Schuyler was besieged by St. Leger Aug. 3. 
 
 Herkimer was defeated at Oriskany Aug. 6. 
 
 Stark defeated Baum at Bennington Aug. 16. 
 
 Howe defeated Washington at Brandy wine Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of Bemis Heights was fought Sept. 19. 
 
 Grey defeated Wayne at Paoli Sept. 20. 
 
 Howe took possession of Philadelphia Sept. 26. 
 
 The British repulsed the Americans at Germantown . . Oct. 4. 
 The British captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery. . Oct. 6. 
 
 The battle of Saratoga was fought Oct. 7. 
 
 Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates Oct. 17. 
 
 The British were repulsed at Fts. Mercer and Mifflin . Oct. 22. 
 Am. army went into winter-quarters at Valley Forge. Dec. 11. 
 
 1778. France acknowledged the independence of the L T . S. . .Feb. 6. 
 The British, under Clinton, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. 
 
 Washington defeated Clinton at Monmoutli June 28. 
 
 The battle and massacre at Wyoming occurred July 3, 4. 
 
 Sullivan defeated the British at Quaker Hill, R. I.. . .Aug. 29. 
 
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 
 
 1778. Tories and Indians massacred people at Cherry V y Nov. 11 
 Campbell captured Savannah Dec. 29. 
 
 1779. The British, under Prevost, captured Sunbury Jan. 9 
 
 Pickens defeated Boyd at Kettle Creek Feb. 14. 
 
 Prevost surprised and defeated Ashe at Brier Creek . March 3 
 
 The British repulsed Lincoln at Stono Ferry June 20, 
 
 The Americans, under Wayne, captured Stony Point. July 15. 
 The British garrison at Paulus Hook was captured. .Aug. 19. 
 Sullivan made an expedition against the Indians . Aug., Sept 
 Paul Jones gained a victory off the coast of England. Sept. 23. 
 D Estaing and Lincoln were reoulsed at Savannah Oct. 9. 
 
 1780. Charleston was besieged by the British April and May. 
 
 Tarleton defeated the Americans at Monk s Corner. April 14. 
 
 Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton May 12. 
 
 Tarleton defeated Buford at Waxhaw Creek May 29. 
 
 Cornwallis defeated Gates at Sanders Creek Aug. 16. 
 
 Tarletcn routed Sumter at Fishing Creek Aug. 18. 
 
 Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. 
 
 Andre was executed as a spy, at Tappan Oct. 2. 
 
 Ferguson was defeated and slain at King s Mt Oct. 7. 
 
 1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. 1. 
 
 Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Jan. 17. 
 
 The New Jersey troops revolted Jan. 18. 
 
 Cornwallis pursued Morgan and Greene Jan., Feb. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. 
 
 Cornwallis defeated Greene at Guilford C. H March 15. 
 
 Rawdon defeated Greene at Hobkirk s Hill April 25. 
 
 Arnold made an expedition against New London Sept. 6. 
 
 The battle and massacre at Ft. Griswold occurred Sept. 6. 
 
 The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought Sept. 8. 
 
 Yorktown was besieged by Americans and French . . Sept. 30. 
 Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 
 
 1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. . .Nov. 30. 
 
 1783. Savannah was evacuated by the British July 11. 
 
 A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris Sept. 3. 
 
 The American army was disbanded Nov. 3. 
 
 New York was evacuated by the British Nov. 25. 
 
 Charleston was evacuated by the British Dec. 14. 
 
 Washington resigned his commission to Congress. . .Dec. 23 
 
 1787, Shays s Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts. 
 
 Convention at Philadelphia adopted Const, of U. S. . Sept. 17, 
 
102 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 The asterisk indicates the successful party, t Doubtful. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 HEN ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Am ncn I British. 
 
 1775. 
 April 19, 
 June 17, 
 Dec. 81, 
 
 Lexington 
 Bunker Hill 
 Quebec 
 
 Parker 
 Prescott 
 Montgomery.. 
 
 Smith* 
 
 unknwn 
 1.500 
 900 
 
 1,700 
 8,000 
 1,200 
 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Carle-ton* 
 
 June 23, 
 Aug. 27, 
 Oct. 28, 
 Nov. 16, 
 Dec. 26, 
 1777. 
 Jan. 3, 
 July 7, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Sept. 19, 
 Sept 20, 
 Out 4, 
 
 Oct. 6, | 
 Oct7, 
 Oct. 22, | 
 
 Nov. 16, 
 1778. 
 June 28, 
 July 3, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 1779. 
 Feb. 14, 
 March 3, 
 June 20, 
 July 15,- 
 Aug. 13, 
 19, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Oct. 9, 
 1780. 
 April 14, 
 Mav 12, 
 May 29, 
 June 23, 
 July 30, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Oct. 7, 
 1781. 
 Jan. 17, 
 M arch 15, 
 April 25, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Sept. 8, 
 Oct 19, 
 
 Fort Moultrie 
 
 Moultrie* .... 
 Putnam 
 McDougall ... 
 Magaw 
 
 Washington*. . 
 
 Parker 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Leslie* 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Kaiil 
 
 400 
 6,000 
 1,6(0 
 3.000 
 2.400 
 
 4,000 
 20,000 
 2.000 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 
 Long Island 
 White Plains 
 Fort Washington... 
 Trenton 
 
 Princeton . ... 
 
 Washington*.. 
 Warner 
 
 Mawhood 
 Fraser* 
 
 3,000 
 700 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 11.000 
 2,500 
 1,500 
 11,000 
 
 600 
 
 8,000 
 450 
 400 
 400 
 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 1,500 
 1,200 
 18,000 
 8.000 
 3,000 
 15,000 
 
 8,000 
 
 4,500 
 2,000 
 Mixed. 
 Mixed. 
 
 
 Oriskanyt 
 
 Herkimer .. 
 Stark* 
 
 St. Leger 
 Bauin . ... 
 
 
 Brandyvine 
 Bemis Heights. 
 
 Washington... 
 Gates* 
 
 Gen. Howe* . . 
 Burgoyne 
 Grey*. 
 
 Paoli 
 
 Wayne 
 Washington... 
 Jas. Clinton. ( 
 Gov. Clinton f 
 Gates* 
 
 Germantown 
 Fort Clinton 
 Fort Montgomery. . 
 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Sir II. Clinton* 
 
 Burgoyne 
 Doiiop 
 Gen. Howe. . . 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 
 Fort Mercer 
 FortMifflin 
 FortMifflin 
 
 Col. Greene*. . 
 Col. Smith* .. 
 Major Thayer. 
 
 
 
 Washington* . 
 Col. Z. Butler. 
 Sullivan* 
 Robert Howe. 
 
 
 12,000 
 400 
 5,000 
 900 
 
 11,000 
 1,100 
 5,000 
 2,000 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Jo lin Butler* . 
 Pigot 
 Campbell* 
 
 Rhode Island 
 Savannah 
 
 Kettle Creek 
 Brier Creek 
 
 Pickens* . 
 Ashe ... 
 
 Boyd 
 Pr.evost* 
 Maitland* 
 Johnson 
 McLean* 
 
 300 
 1,200 
 800 
 1,200 
 900 
 350 
 4,000 
 squadr n 
 4,500 
 
 300 
 8,700 
 400 
 8,000 
 600 
 600 
 8,000 
 700 
 900 
 
 700 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 600 
 3,000 
 250 
 1,500 
 2 vessels 
 2,900 
 
 Stono Ferry 
 
 Lincoln 
 Wayne* 
 Lovell 
 
 Stony Point 
 
 Paulas Hook 
 
 Major Leo* . . . 
 Sullivan* . 
 
 Sutherland .. 
 Brant 
 
 Flauiboro 1 Head . . . 
 Savannah 
 
 Paul Jones*... 
 Lincoln 
 
 Pearson 
 Prevost* 
 
 
 Monk s Corner 
 
 linger 
 Lincoln 
 
 Tarleton* 
 Ciinton* 
 
 600 
 9,000 
 700 
 5,000 
 500 
 500 
 2,200 
 350 
 1,100 
 
 Waxhaw 
 
 Springfield, N. J... 
 Rocky Mount 
 Hanging Rock 
 Sanders Creek 
 Fishing Creek 
 King s Mountain.. . 
 
 Buford 
 Greene* 
 Sumter .-. 
 Sumter* 
 Gates 
 
 Tarleton* 
 Knvphausen.. 
 Turnbull* 
 Brown 
 
 Cornwallis*... 
 Tarleton* .... 
 
 
 Campbell* 
 
 Ferguson 
 
 Cowpens 
 Guiiford C. H 
 Hobkirk s Hill 
 Fort Griswold 
 Eutaw Springs! 
 Yorktown 
 
 Morgan* 
 Greene 
 Greene 
 Ledyard 
 Greene 
 Washington*. . 
 
 Tarleton 
 Cornwallis ... 
 Rawdori* 
 Eyre* 
 Stuart 
 Cornwullis 
 
 900 
 4,400 
 1,200 
 150 
 2,000 
 16,000 
 
 1,100 
 2,400 
 900 
 800 
 2,800 
 7,500 
 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 103 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. What principle of taxation did the colonists contend for ? . . 65, 67 
 
 2. Of what British legislation did the colonists first complain ? 65 
 
 3. Give the history of the Stamp Act 66 
 
 4. Give the history of the next measure of Parliament 66, 67 
 
 5. State all you can of the tea tax, and the " Tea Party" 66, 67 
 
 6. State what you can in relation to the Boston Port Bill 67, 68 
 
 7. Give an account of the military operations of April, 1775 68, 69 
 
 8. What ten important events occurred from 1765 to 1775 ? 99, 100 
 
 9. Give an account of the taking of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 69 
 
 10. What occurred in and near Boston in June, 1775 ? 69, 70 
 
 11. What three Congresses had previously met ? 66, 68, 71 
 
 12. What did the first congress accomplish ? 66 
 
 13. What was accomplished by the Congress of 1774 ? 68 
 
 14. What measures did the Congress of 1775 adopt ? 71 
 
 15. Give an account of the invasion of Canada, in 1775 71, 72 
 
 16. Give an account of two battles before Quebec 62, 72 
 
 17. Name, in order, six important events of 1775 100 
 
 18. Write an account of Washington previous to 1776 50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71 
 
 19. Describe three battles of 1775 68, 69, 70, 72, 102 
 
 20. What were the first important operations of 1776 ? 72, 73 
 
 21. Give an account of Parker s southward movements 73 
 
 22. Give an account of the attack upon Fort Moultrie 73, 74 
 
 23. How is Fort Moultrie situated ? (Map, p. 73.) 
 
 24- How many colonies united in the Declaration of Independence? Ans. 13. 
 
 25. Name them in the order of their colonization. (See table, end of History.) 
 
 26. What preparations did Howe make to capture Washington s army ?. . . 74 
 
 27. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 75 
 
 28. What movements did Washington make from August 27 to Dec. 8 ? . . . 75, 76 
 
 29. How did the Americans lose Forts Washington and Lee ? 76 
 
 30. Give an account of the events of December, 1776 76 
 
 31. Name, in chronological order, seven events of 1776 100 
 
 32. Name five battles that occurred in 1776 102 
 
 33. Give the dates of their occurrence and other particulars 102 
 
 34. Give an account of the events of January, 1777 77, 78 
 
 35. What aid did Lafayette extend to the patriots ? 78 
 
 36. Give an account of Tryon s three expeditions 78, 89 
 
 37. What were the successes of Meigs and Barton ? 78, 79 
 
 38. What army movements were made in the early part of 1777 ? 79 
 
 39. What movements by land and water did Gen. Howe make ? 79 
 
 40. What courses and on what waters did Gen. Howe sail ? 53 
 
 41. What four important events occurred in September, 1777 ? 100 
 
 42. Give a full account of the battle of Brandy v ne 79, 80, 102 
 
 43. What were the consequences of the battle ? 80 
 
 44. Name five important events that occurred in October, 1777 102 
 
 45. Give a full account of the battle of Germantown 80, 103 
 
 46. Describe the two attacks upon Forts Mercer and Mifllin . 80, 81 
 
 47. What is stated in connection with Valley Forge ? 81 
 
 48. What invading force did Burgoyne command ? , 81 
 
104 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PA&B 
 
 49. What plan of operations did Burgoyne have ? 81 
 
 50. What were his first two successes ? 81 
 
 51. What two disasters next befell the patriots ? 82 
 
 52. What retreating movement did Schuyler make ? 82 
 
 53. Give an account of Burgoyne 1 s march to Fort Edward 82 
 
 54. Give a full account of St. Leger s operations 83,102 
 
 55. Give a full account of the battle of Bennington 83, 102 
 
 56. What were the consequences of the British reverses ? 83, 85 
 
 67. Give a full account of the battle of Bemis Heights 84, 102 
 
 58. Give a full account of the battle of Saratoga 84, 102 
 
 59. What did Clinton do up the Hudson river ? 84, 85 
 
 60. Name, in chronological order, twenty events of 1777 100 
 
 61. On what mission were Deane, Franklin, and Lee sent ? 78 
 
 62. What success did they meet with ? 78, 85 
 
 63. What were the other consequences of Burgoyne s surrender ? 85 
 
 64. Give an account of D Estaing s operations in America 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 
 
 65. Give a full account of the battle of Monmouth 86, 102 
 
 66. Give the history of General Lee 73, 75, 76, 86 
 
 67. Of the attempt to drive the British from Rhode Island 86, 87 
 
 68. Of the massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley 87 
 
 69. How were the massacres subsequently avenged ? 90 
 
 70. Give the history of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 101 
 
 71. Name, in chronological order, seven important events of 1778 100, 101 
 
 72. What were the events preceding the battle of Kettle Creek ? 88 
 
 73. What occurred at the South in January and February, 1779 ? 88 
 
 74. Give a full account of the Battle of Brier Creek 88, 102 
 
 75. What disasters befell the Americans in S. Carolina and Connecticut ? . . 88, 89 
 
 76. Give a full account of the battle of Stony Point 89, 90, 102 
 
 77. Give a full account of Paul Jones s victory 90,102 
 
 78. Name, in chronological order, nine important events of 1780 101 
 
 79. Give an account of Clinton s siege and capture of Charleston 91 
 
 80. What events followed the loss of Charleston ? 91 
 
 81. Give a full account of the battle of Sanders Creek 92, 102 
 
 82. Give an account of Ferguson s expedition 92, 102 
 
 83. Give a full history of Arnold s treason 92, 93, 94 
 
 84. Give the history of Arnold 69, 71, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 97 
 
 85. Give an account of two mutinies that occurred in the army 94 
 
 86. Of the measures adopted in consequence 94, 95 
 
 87. Of change in commanders and of the battle of the Cowpens 95 
 
 88. Of the retreat conducted by Morgan and Greene 95 
 
 89. Of Greene s subsequent movements 95, 96 
 
 90. Of Cornwallis s movements from Ilobkirk s Hill to Yorktown . . 96 
 
 91. Of the siege of Yorktown and surrender of Cornwallis 96, 97 
 
 92. Of the consequences of Cornwallis s surrender 97, 98 
 
 93. Name, in chronological order, the important events of 1781 101 
 
 94. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 85, 99 
 
 95. What was the origin of the Constitution of the United States ? 99 
 
 96. What battles of the Revolution were fought in Virginia ? 103 
 
 97. Name twelve battles that occurred in the State of New York 103 
 
 98. Name five battles that were fought in New Jersey 109 
 
NOTES. 104a 
 
 1. Retreat of the British from Concord and Lexington 
 
 (p. 69, IT 16)- " An old, gray-headed man of Woburii figures iu the stories of tb 
 time, who rode a fine white horse after the flying troops, and, dismounting 
 within gunshot, would send his sure bullet to the mark. When he fired, some 
 one fell. They came to cry, at sight of him, Look out, there is the man on the 
 white horse. Even the multitudes of the old and infirm, of women and children, 
 looking down from the hillsides, were transformed, in the frightened imagination 
 of the retreating troops, into hosts of armed men threatening their extinction. 
 Amid the unknown terrors which beset these strangers in a strange laud, with 
 lurking foes on every side, with all the country pouring its forces against them, 
 it is hardly strange that they lost hope and daring, and fled in terror. The 
 officers went in front, and threatened with death every man who advanced. But 
 nothing could have averted surrender or utter destruction but the timely arrival 
 of the re-enforcement which had been sent for. These formed a hollow square 
 at Lexington, and received the weary, affrighted men. They were so much 
 exhausted with fatigue, says a British historian, that they were obliged to lie 
 down for rest on the ground, their tongues hanging out of their mouths like dogg 
 after a chase. " Rev. Alex. McKenzie. 
 
 2. Deatli of Warren (p. 70, IT 21). "After meeting with the Committee 
 of Safety, he armed himself and went to Charlestown. A short time before the 
 action commenced, he was seen in conversation with General Putnam, at the rail 
 fence (near the foot of Breed s Hill), who offered to receive his orders. General 
 "Warren declined to give any, but asked where he could be most useful. Putnam 
 directed him to the redoubt, remarking that there he would be covered. Don t 
 think, said Warren, I cameto seek a place of safety; but tell me where the onset 
 will be most furious. Putnam, still pointing to the redoubt, said, That is the 
 enemy s object, and if that can be defended, the day is ours. General Warren 
 passed to the redoubt, where the men received him with enthusiastic cheers. 
 Here, again, he was tendered the command, by Colonel Prescott; but declined it, 
 
 saying that he came to encourage a good cause He mingled in the fight, 
 
 behaved with great bravery, and was among the last to leave the redoubt. He 
 was lingering, even to rashness, in his retreat, and had proceeded but a few 
 rods, when a ball struck him in the forehead, and he fell to the ground." 
 Frothingham s History of the Siege of Boston. 
 
 3. Attack on Fort Moultrie, Sullivan s Island (p. 74, If 30). 
 " The garrison fought with a coolness which would have done honor to veterans. 
 The day was very warm, and the men partially stripped to it. Moultrie says: 
 When the action began, some of the men took off their coats, and threw them 
 upon the top of the merlons. I saw a shot from the fleet take one of them, and 
 throw it into a small tree behind the platform. It was noticed by our men, and 
 they cried out, Look at the coat ! A little incident that speaks volumes for their 
 coolness. In the hottest fire of the battle, the flag of the fort was shot away, and 
 fell outside of the fort. Jasper, one of Marion s men, instantly sprang after it 
 upon the beach, between the ramparts and the enemy, and binding it to a sponge- 
 staff (used for cleaning cannon), restored it to its place, and succeeded in getting 
 back to the fort in safety. There is something chivalric in such deportment, 
 which speaks for larger courage than belongs to ordinary valor. Tradition 
 ascribes to the hand and eye of Marion the terrible effect of the last shot fired 
 this bloody day. It was aimed at the commodore s (Parker s) ship, which had 
 already received something more than her share of the attention of the fort. 
 This shot, penetrating the cabin of the vessel, cut down two young officers, then 
 ranged forward, swept three sailors from the main-deck into eternity, and fiuallj 
 burled itself in the bosom of the sea." Simms s Life of Marion. 
 
104b NOTES. 
 
 4. Effect of the Boston Port Bill (p. 67, H 11). "As the clocks in 
 the Boston beliries finished striking twelve, the blockade of the harbor began 
 
 (Juue 1) The warehouses of the thrifty merchants were at once made 
 
 valueless; the costly wharves, which extended far into the channel, and were so 
 lately covered with the produce of the tropics and with English fabrics, were 
 become solitary places ; the harbor, which had resounded incessantly with the 
 cheering voices of prosperous commerce, was now disturbed by no sounds but 
 from British vessels of war. At Philadelphia, the bells of the churches were 
 muffled and tolled; the ships in port hoisted their colors at half-mast; and niue- 
 tenths of the houses, except those of the Friends, were shut during the memor 
 able first of June. In Virginia, the population thronged the churches : Washing 
 ton attended the service and strictly kept the fast. No firmer or more touching 
 words were addressed to the sufferers than from Norfolk, which was the largest 
 place of trade in that well-watered and extensive dominion. Jefferson, from 
 the foot of the Blue Kidge of the Alleghanies, condemned the act which in a 
 moment reduced an ancient and wealthy town from opulence to want. The colo 
 nies vied with each other in liberality. The patriotic and generous people of 
 South Carolina were the first to minister to the sufferers, sending, early in June, 
 two hundred barrels of rice, and promising eight hundred more. At Wilming 
 ton, North Carolina, the sum of two thousand pounds currency was raised in a 
 few days; the women of the place gave liberally; Parker Quince offered his ves 
 sel to carry a load of provisions freight free, -and masters and mariners volun 
 teered to navigate her without wages. Hartford was the first place in Connecti 
 cut to pledge its assistance; but the earliest donation received, was of two 
 hundred and fifty-eight sheep from Windham. Throughout all New England the 
 towns sent rye, flour, peas, cattle, sheep, oil, fish whatever the land or the hook 
 could furnish, and sometimes gifts of money. The English inhabitants of Que 
 bec, joining with those of English origin, shipped a thousand and forty bushels of 
 wheat." Bancroft s History of the United States. 
 
 5. Washington, favored by a Fog, retreats from Long 
 Island (p. 75, 1f 34). "A Long Island tradition tells how the British camp 
 became aware of the march which had been stolen upon it. Near the ferry 
 (Brooklyn) resided a Mrs. Rapelyea (rap-el-ya ), whose husband, suspected of 
 favoring the British, had been removed to the interior of New Jersey. On seeing 
 the embarkation of the first detachment of the American army, she, out of loy 
 alty or revenge, sent off a black servant to inform the first British officer he 
 could find, of what was going on. The negro succeeded in passing the American 
 sentinels, but arrived at a Hessian (German) outpost, where, not being able to 
 make himself understood, he was put under guard as a suspicious person. There 
 he was kept until about daybreak, when an officer visiting the post examined 
 him, and was astounded by his story. An alarm was at once given, and the 
 troops were called to arms. One of General Howe s aid-de-camps, followed by a 
 handful of men, climbed cautiously over the crest ot the works, and found them 
 deserted. Advanced parties were then hurried down to the ferry. The fog had 
 cleared away sufficiently for them to see the rear boats of the retreating army 
 halfway across the river. One boat, still within musket shot, was compelled to 
 ri turu; it was manned by three vagabonds who had lingered behind to plun 
 der." Irving s Life of Washington. 
 
 6. Kosciusko (App. p. 65, topic 39)." He was made Colonel of Engineers, 
 and all the important works at the north were entrusted to his care. It was he 
 that planned the strong intrenchments which proved so useful at Bemis Heights. 
 It is to him, also, that we owe the fortifications of West Point, where a romantic 
 
NOTES. 104:0 
 
 spot on a ledge of the precipitous wall that overhangs the Hudson, is still 
 pointed out as the garden of Kosciusko. When General Greene was sent to take 
 command of the Southern army, Kosciusko was placed at the head of his engi 
 neers, and, during the whole of that active campaign, no one, in his appropriate 
 sphere, was more useful than the gallant young Pole in his. It was not till the 
 war was over and American independence secured, that he turned his face 
 towards Europe. The long years that remained to him wera passed in retire 
 ment there. Napoleon sought to lure him from his retreat, but failed. Alexan 
 der, of Russia, listened respectfully to his intercessions for his exiled country 
 men. And when he died the women of America went into mourning, and his 
 ashes were carried reverently back from the land of exile to sleep on their native 
 soil in the tomb of Poland s kings." Greene s American Revolution. 
 
 7. The News of Burgoyiie s Surrender in Europe (p. 84, f 
 60). " No sooner had it become certain that Burgoyne s expedition was frus 
 trated, than the Council of Massachusetts, perceiving the infinite importance of 
 getting the news swiftly to France, completed a fast-failing vessel, and appointed 
 Mr. Austin special messenger Mr. Austin reached Nantes (nants) in thirty- 
 one days, and pushed on rapidly for Paris. Swiftly as he traveled, a rumor pre 
 ceded him of the arrival of a special messenger, and all the circle of official 
 Americans hurried out to Passy (Dr. Franklin s residence) to be present at the 
 opening of the packet. When Mr. Austin s chaise was- heard in the court, they 
 went out to meet him, and before he had time to alight, Dr. Franklin cried out, 
 Sir, is Philadelphia taken? 1 Yes, sir, 1 replied Austin, but I have greater 
 news than that. GENERAL BURGOYNE AND HIS WHOLE ARMY AKE PRISONERS OP 
 AVAR! The effect was thrilling, electric, overwhelming, indescribable. The 
 news, said Mr. Deane afterwards, was like a sovereign cordial to the dying/ 
 The king s financial a<jent, through whom the Americans had been so generously 
 aided, who had been for several days in an agony of despair, feeling himself to 
 1)e on the brink of rum, was almost beside himself with joy. He straightway 
 ordered his carriage, and drove towards Paris at such a furious pace, that the 
 vehicle was overturned, and one of his arms dislocated. In a lew clays all Europe 
 had heard the news ; and, except the tory party of Great Britain, and the conti 
 nental holders of English stock, all Europe rejoiced at it Often, in meeting 
 
 Mr. Austin at breakfast, or when sitting with him in the office, Dr. Franklin 
 would break from one of those musings in which it was his habit to indulge, 
 and, clasping his hands together, exclaim, Oh, Mr. Austin, you brought us glo 
 rious news. " Partori s Life of Franklin. 
 
 8. Marlon s Dinner of Sweet Potatoes (p. 91, t 92). "About 
 this time (1780), we received a flag from the enemy, the object being to effect an 
 exchange of prisoners. The flag, after the usual ceremony of blindfolding, was 
 
 conducted into Marion s swamp encampment The British officer was 
 
 about to return, after transacting his business, when Marion said, I hope you 
 will giye us the pleasure of your company to dinner. At the mention of the 
 word dinner the officer looked around, but could see no sign of a pot, pan, Dutch- 
 oven, or any other cooking utensil that could raise the spirits of a hungry man. 
 Well, Tom," said General Marion to one of his men, come, give us our dinner. 
 The dinner to which he alluded was no other than a heap of sweet potatoes that 
 were snugly roasting under the embers, and which Tom, with his pine stick, 
 soon liberated from their ashy confinement, pinching them every now and then, 
 with his fingers, to see whether they were well done or not. Then, having 
 cleaned them of the ashes, partly by blowing them with his breath, and partly 
 by brushing them with the slweve of his old cotton shirt, he piled some of the 
 
104d 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 best on a large piece of pine bark, and placed them between the British officer 
 
 and Marion, on the trunk of the fallen pine on which they sat The officer 
 
 took up one of the potatoes, and affected to feel as if he had found a great dainty, 
 but it was very plain that he ate more from good manners than a good appetite." 
 Weems s Life of General Marion. 
 
 9. Capture of Andre (p. 93, U 98). Andre coming to a place where a small 
 stream crossed the road and ran into a woody dell, a man stepped out from the 
 trees, leveled a musket and brought him to a stand, while two other men simi 
 larly armed, showed themselves prepared to second their comrade. The man who 
 first stepped out wore a refugee uniform. At sight of it Andre s heart leapt, and 
 he felt himself secure. Losing all caution, he exclaimed, eagerly : < Gentlemen, I 
 hope you belong to our party ? What party ? was asked. The lower party, 
 said Andre. We do, was the reply. All reserve was now at an end. Andre 
 declared himself to be a British officer; that he had been up the country on par 
 ticular business, and must not be detained a single moment. He drew out his 
 watch as he spoke. It was a gold one, and served to prove to them that he was 
 what he represented himself, gold watches being seldom worn in those days, 
 excepting by persons of consequence. To his consternation, the supposed 
 refugee now avowed himself and his companions to be Americans, and told Andre 
 he was their prisoner. Seizing the bridle of his horse, they ordered him to dis 
 mount, and proceeded to search him. They obliged him to take off his coat and 
 vest, and found on him eighty dollars in continental money, but nothing to war 
 rant suspicion of anything sinister, and were disposed to let him proceed, when 
 Paulding exclaimed: Boys, I am not satisfied his boots must come off. At 
 
 this Andre changed color He was obliged to sit down ; his boots were 
 
 drawn off, and the concealed papers discovered While dressing himself, 
 
 Andre endeavored to ransom himself from his captors; rising from one offer to 
 another. He would give any sum of money, if they would let him go. He would 
 give his horse, saddle, bridle, and one hundred guineas; but the patriots were 
 not to be bribed, and the unfortunate Andre submitted to his fate. " Irving s 
 Life of Washington. 
 
 10. Washington taking Leave of his Officers (p. 98, f 119). 
 " At noon (Dec. 4) the principal officers of the army assembled at Frances s tav 
 ern, soon after which their beloved commander entered the room. His emotions 
 were too strong to be concealed. Turning to them he said, With a heart full 
 of love and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your 
 latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been glo. 
 rious and honorable; adding, I cannot come to each of you to take my leave, 
 but shall be obliged if each of you will come and take me by the hand. General 
 Knox, being nearest turned to him. Washington, incapable of utterance, 
 grasped his hand and embraced him. In the same affectionate manner he took 
 leave of each succeeding officer. The tear of manly sensibility was in every eye; 
 and not a word was spoken to interrupt the dignified silence and the teucferuesg 
 of the scene. Leaving the room, he passed through the corps of light infantry, 
 and walked to White Hall ferry, where a barge was in waiting to convey him 
 across the river. The whole company followed in mute and solemn procession, 
 with dejected countenances, testifying feelings of delicious melancholy which no 
 language can describe. Having entered the barge, he turned to the company, 
 and, waving his hat, bid them a silent adieu. They paid him the same affection 
 ate compliment, and, after the barge had left them, returned in the same 
 solemn manner to the place where they had assembled. "Marshall s Life qf 
 Washington. 
 
NOTES. 1 04e 
 
 11. Primary Causes of the Revolution (p. 66, 1 3). "Whoever 
 has examined the acts of Parliament that were resisted by the coloi.ists has 
 found that nearly all of them inhibited labor. There were no less than twenty- 
 nine laws that restricted and bound down colonial industry. None of these 
 laws touched so much a? the south-west side of a hair of an k abstraction, and 
 hardly one of them, until the passage of the Stamp Act, imposed a direct tax. 
 They forbade the use of waterfalls, the erecting of machinery, of looms and 
 spindles, and tho working of wood and iron; they set the king s arrow upon 
 trees that rotted in the forests ; they shut out markets for boards and fish, and 
 seized sugar and molasses, and the vessels in which these were carried; and 
 they defined the limitless ocean as but a narrow pathway to such of the lands 
 it embosoms as wore the British flag. To me, then, the great object of the 
 Revolution was to release labor from these restrictions. * * * For a higher or 
 holier purpose than this, men have never expended their money, or poured out 
 their life-blood in battle." Saline s Loyalists of the Revolution. 
 
 12. Loyalists, or Tories, of the Revolution (p. 71, 123, and 
 p. 73, 128). These were the people of the colonies " who preferred to live and 
 die in allegiance to the British crown." The patriots called them Tories, the 
 king s adherents, or those in England who favored the war against the colonists, 
 being so called. The most of them were natives of the colonies. " It may not 
 be possible to ascertain the number of the Loyalists who took up arms, but, 
 from the best evidence which I have been able to obtain, I conclude there were 
 twenty thousand, at the lowest computation. * * * The acts of the legislative 
 bodies (of the (several States) for the punishment of the adherents of the crown 
 were numerous ; but, eventually, popular indignation diminished. The statute- 
 book was divested of irs most objectionable enactments, and numbers were 
 permitted to occupy their old homes, and to recover the whole or a part of their 
 property. But by far the greater part of the Loyalists who left the country at 
 the commencement of or during the war, never returned; and of the many 
 thousands who abandoned the United States after the peace, and while these 
 enactments were in force, few. comparatively, had the desire, or even the means, 
 to revisit the lands from which they had been expelled. 1 Sabine s American 
 Loyalists. 
 
 13. Surrender of Cornwallis (p. 07, 1114). "The event of an 
 assault could not be doubted, and, to save the useless t bedding of blood, Corn- 
 wallis proposed to capitulate. ** * Washington would enter into no express 
 agreement for the safety of the refugees in the British camp; but Cornwallis 
 was allowed the use of a ship, to pass without examination, nominally to send 
 dispatches to Clinton. In this ehip some of the most obnoxious re- ngees 
 escaped to New York. Lincoln, who had given up his sword to Cornwallis at 
 Charleston, was appointed to receive the surrender of the British troops. The 
 rigor of the British on that occasion was not forgotten: now, as then, the 
 capitulating force was required to inarch out with colors cased." 1 Ilildreth. 
 "At about twelve o clock, the combined army was drawn up in two lines, more 
 than a mile in length the Americans on the right side of the road, the French 
 on the left. Washington, mounted on a noble steed and attended by his staff, 
 was in front of the former ; the Count de Rochambeau (ro-shony-bo } ;md hit 
 suite were in front of the latter. The French troops, in complete uniform and 
 well equipped, made a brilliant appearance, and had marched to the ground 
 with a band of music playing, which was a novelty in the American service. 
 The concourse of spectators from the country seemed equal in number to the 
 military, yet silence and order prevailed. * * * In passing through, the line 
 
104t NOTES. 
 
 formed by the allied troops, the march of the British troops was careless and 
 irregular, and their aspect sullen. The order to ground arms was given 
 by their platoon officers with a tone of deep chagrin, and many of the soldiers 
 threw down their muskets with a violence sufficient tj break them." Thacher s 
 Military Journal of the Revolution. 
 
 14. Our Country alter the Revolution (p. 98, 1 118. "Our 
 fathers emerged from their arduous, protracted, desolating Revolutionary 
 struggle, rich indeed in hope, but poor in worldly goods. Their country had 
 for seven years been traversed and wasted by contending armies, almost from 
 end to end. Cities and villages had been laid in ashes. Habitations had been 
 deserted and left to decay. Farms, stripped of their fences, and deserted by 
 their owners, had for years produced only weeds. Camp-fevers, with the hard 
 ships and privations of war, had destroyed many more than the sword ; and 
 all alike had been subtracted from the most effective and valuable part of a 
 population always, as yet, quite inadequate. Cripples and invalids, melancholy 
 mementos of the yet recent straggle, abounded in every village and township; 
 and habits of industry had been unsettled and destroyed by the anxieties and 
 uncertainties of vfnrS Greeleifs American Conflict. 
 
 15. While they were signing the Constitution (p. 99,1121). 
 The convention, in Philadelphia, to frame a Constitution, "occupied 1 rom four 
 to seven hours each day, for four months ; and every point was the subject of 
 able discussion, by the best talent and noblest spirits of the country. Entire 
 harmony was not to be expected, but the high importance attached to union 
 finally triumphed over local interests," and the Constitution was completed. 
 " While the last members were signing it, Dr. Franklin, looking towards Pres 
 ident Washington s chair, at the back of which a rising sun happened to be 
 painted, observed to a few members near him that painters had found it diffi 
 cult to distinguish, in their art, a rising from a setting sun. I have, said he, 
 often and often, in the course of the session, and in the vicissitudes of my 
 hopes and fears as to the issue, looked at that behind the President, without 
 being able to tell whether it was rising or setting. But now, at length, I have 
 the happiness to know that it is a rising, and not a setting sun. " The Madison, 
 Papers. 
 
 16. The Federalist (p. 99, 1 121). " Neither the intrinsic merits of the 
 Constitution, nor the imposing weight of character by which it was supported, 
 gave assurance to its friends that it would be ultimately adopted " by the 
 States. A great many persons were opposed to it, and exerted their influence 
 to have it rejected. " Under these circumstances, Hamilton and Jay conceived 
 the plan of publishing, through the newspaper press of New York city, a series 
 of essays, for the purpose of explaining and defending the Constitution ; and 
 they invited Mr. Madison whose peculiar qualifications for the task both of 
 them knew to cooperate with them in the work. In the commencement, these 
 articles were addressed to the people of New York, under the signature of A 
 Citizen of that state ; but the general interest and importance of the subject 
 soon induced the writers to address their reflections to the people of the United 
 States; and, after the association of Madison in the work, the signature of * A 
 Citizen of New York was exchanged for that of Publius (from the Roman 
 patriot Valerius Publicola). Such was the origin of a series of papers which 
 (collected and published under the title of the FEDERALIST) have come to be 
 recognized as one of the political classics of the age and language in which they 
 were written, and will endure, posgibly, even longer than the Constitution 
 which they were intended to elucidate and defend. "Rives s Life and Times 
 Of Madison. 
 
WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 105 
 
106 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. H789, 
 
 SECTION v. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION 
 TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFERSON S : 1789 TO 1809. 
 
 1. WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. The first election 
 for President of the United States resulted in the choice 
 of George Washington, who received the whole number 
 of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of 
 Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. New York 
 was then the capital; and in that city Washington ap 
 peared before the first constitutional Congress, and was 
 inaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789. (Ap.,note, p. 11.)* 
 
 2. Congress having created three executive depart 
 ments, of state, treasury, and war, the heads of which 
 were to form the President s cabinet, Washington ap 
 pointed Thomas Jeiferson of Virginia, Secretary of State ; 
 Alexander Hamilton of New York, Secretary of the Treas 
 ury; and Henry Knox of Massachusetts, Secretary of 
 War. Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed 
 the public finances in a good condition ; and, upon his rec 
 ommendation, the debts of the states, contracted during 
 the war, were assumed by the general government. 
 
 3. In 1790 a law was passed establishing the seat of 
 government at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward 
 locating it permanently on the Potomac. In the follow 
 ing year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated ; 
 
 1. Who was the first president? First vice-president? What was New 
 York City at that time ? When and where was Washington inaugurated ? 
 2,* What departments did Congress create ? What of Hamilton and his plans ? 
 3. What the seat of government? Bank of the United States? Of Vermont i 
 
 * " The oath was to be administered by the Chancellor of the State of New York (Robert 
 R. Livingston) in a balcony in front of the Senate Chamber (of Congress), Rn d in full view 
 of an immense multitude occupying the streets (Wall and Broad), the windows, and even 
 the roofs of the adjacent houses. * * * The Chancellor advanced to administer the oath pre 
 scribed by the Constitution, and Mr. Otis, the Secretary of the Senate, held up the Bible 011 
 its crimson cushion. The oath was read slowly and distinctly, Washington at the same time 
 laying his hand on the open Bible. When it was concluded, he replied solemnly, I ewear 
 so help my God. Mr. Otis would have raised the Bible to his lips, but he bowed down 
 reverently and kissed it. The Chancellor now stepped forward, waived his hand, and ex 
 claimed : Long live George Washington, President of the United States! At this mo 
 ment a flag was displayed on the cupola of the Hall (the new Federal Hall old City Hall 
 where Congress met and the inauguration took place : it stood where the United States 
 Treasury now ia), on which signal there was a general discharge of artillery on the battery. 
 All the bells in the city rang out a joyful peal, aud the multitude rent the air with accla 
 mations." Irving s Life of Wnshington. 
 
n 90.] WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 107 
 
 and Vermont was admitted into the Union, making the 
 number of states fourteen. During the Revolution, Ver 
 mont applied for admission into the Confederacy ; but as 
 New York claimed the territory, the application was not, 
 granted.* (See p. 189; also App. p. 75, topic 173.) 
 
 4. In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was com 
 menced by the tribes north of the Ohio. Washington at 
 first used pacific means; but, these failing, he sent an 
 expedition, under Gen. Harmar, against the hostile tribes. 
 Harmar destroyed several of their villages, but, in two 
 battles, near the present village of Fort Wayne, Indiana, 
 he was defeated with severe loss. 
 
 5. In the following year St. Clair marched against the 
 Indians ; but while encamped at a place in the western 
 part of Ohio he was surprised, and defeated with the loss of 
 six hundred men. During the war, Kentucky, which had 
 been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted into 
 the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was 
 again elected president. Adams was also rechoseti vice- 
 president. (See p. 190 ; also App. p. 69, topic 90.) 
 
 6. Gen. Wayne was finally sent against the Indians. 
 In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the 
 Mau-mee , and gained a complete victory. This success, 
 followed up by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians 
 to sue for peace ; and, in 1795, a treaty was made at Green 
 ville, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the 
 United States. Tennessee was admitted into the Union 
 in 1796. (See p. 190; also App. p. 74, topic 160.) 
 
 7. When France, during her great revolution, declared 
 war against England, a large part of the people of this 
 
 4. What occurred in 1790? Give an account of Harmar s expedition? 
 Where is Fort Wayne ? (p. 105.) 
 
 .I*. Give an account of St. Glair s expedition. What is said of Kentucky ? 
 Of Wa?hhit:>n s re-election ? 
 
 6. Give an account of Wayne s expedition. What is said of the treaty of 
 Greenville? Where is Greenville ? (p. 105.) In what direction from Greenville 
 is the battle-ground of Wayne s victory ? What is said of Tennessee ? 
 
 * For information in relation to tho selection of a place for the seat of government. st> 
 Note 1, end of section. Read, also, topic 168, App., p. 74. 
 
108 JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. [1791. 
 
 country were in favor of helping their old ally of the Rev* 
 olution. M. Genet (z/ie-na 1 ), the French minister in the 
 United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his 
 country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to 
 cruise against British vessels. Washington, deeming it 
 best to preserve a position of strict neutrality between the 
 two countries, demanded his recall, and another minister 
 was sent in his place. 
 
 8. The first measure adopted by the United States gov 
 ernment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was 
 the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It 
 met with considerable opposition, especially in the west 
 ern part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794. the resistance 
 grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insur 
 rection. Upon the approach of a force sent by Washing 
 ton, the insurgents yielded. 
 
 9. It was not long after the making of the treaty of 
 1783, at the close of the Revolution, before the American 
 and British governments began to accuse each other of 
 violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed 
 inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to En 
 gland, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. This new 
 treaty met with considerable opposition in the United 
 States, because its provisions were regarded as being too 
 favorable to the English ; but it was at length ratified.* 
 
 10. JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. Washington, hav 
 ing declined a nomination for a third term. John Adams 
 was elected to succeed him ; and the new president was 
 inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of~March, 1797. 
 Washington then retired to the quietude of his home at 
 Mount Vernon. (See App. note, p. 24.) 
 
 7. What imprudence was committed by the French minister ? What course 
 Aid Washington adopt y 
 
 8. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection. 
 
 9. State the circumstances in relation to Jay s Treaty. 
 
 1 0. Who succeeded Washington as president ? When and where was Adams 
 Inaugurated ? What. then, did Washinerton do 7 
 
 * For Jay, pee App., p. 09, topic 82. Read, also, Note 2, end of Section. 
 
1797.] JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 109 
 
 11. The neutral position taken by the United States in 
 the war between England and France, gave offence to the 
 latter power; and "Jay s Treaty," ratified in 1795, so 
 aggravated the unfriendly feeling, that a war seemed in 
 evitable. The president, therefore, convened an extra ses- 
 J sion of Congress, and defensive measures were adopted, 
 Washington being appointed commander-in-chief. Hos 
 tilities at sea were commenced ; but the decided stand 
 taken by the Americans had its effect, and a treaty of 
 peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had be 
 come First Consul of France. (Note 2, end of Sec.) 
 
 12. Washington, however, did not live to see the trou 
 bles terminated: he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th 
 of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national 
 bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and 
 the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt 
 that he had individually sustained. During the following 
 year the " City of Washington " was made the nation s cap 
 ital. (See App., p. 74, topic 168 ; also note 3, end of Sec.) 
 
 13. Toward the close of Adams s administration of 
 four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two 
 great parties of the day Federal and Republican in 
 relation to the presidential succession. Upon counting 
 the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the 
 requisite majority ; therefore the election went to the 
 House of Representatives, by whom Jefferson was chosen 
 president, and Aaron Burr of New York, vice-president.* 
 
 14. JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. The inauguration 
 of Jefferson took place in the new capitol, at Washington, 
 on the 4th of March, 1801. f At the expiration of his first 
 
 11* Give an account of the troubles with France. 
 
 1 2. What is stated in relation to Washington s death ? What occurred iq 
 1800 ? Where is the city of Washington ? (Map, p. 12.) 
 
 13. What struggle is spoken of? State the particulars in relation to tha 
 lection. * Jefferson and Burr were the Republican candidates. 
 
 14 When and where was Jefferson inaugurated ? 
 
 NOTE. For a statement showing the successive capitals of the United States, see topic 
 220, App. p. 79. For the Alien and Sedition Laws, topic 235, App. p. 84. 
 t See App., note, p. 24. 
 
110 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 term of office, he was re-elected for a second ; consequently 
 he was president eight years. 
 
 15. During his first term Ohio was admitted into the 
 Union (in 1803); and an immense tract of land, including 
 the present State of Louisiana and extending from the 
 Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, was bought 
 (in 1803) from France, for fifteen millions of dollars. By 
 the purchase thus made the free navigation of the Missis 
 sippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured.* 
 
 16. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble (preb -el) 
 was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who 
 were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon 
 the commerce of the United States. One of his vessels, 
 the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitring in the har 
 bor of Tripoli (trip -o-le), struck on a rock, and was cap 
 tured, her crew being made slaves. 
 
 17. The recapture of the frigate being considered im 
 practicable, her destruction was determined upon. Ac 
 cordingly, on a night in February, 1804, Lieut. Decatur 
 (de-ka -tur), in a small vessel, with about 80 companions, en 
 tered the harbor, boarded the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
 into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
 setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 
 
 18. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United 
 States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled 
 though rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli. He marched 
 from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der -ne ; but, 
 in the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was con 
 cluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American 
 Consul-General. (See p. 129, 1 57.) 
 
 15. Whnt is f aid of Ohio ? Of Louisiana ? Of the advantage gained by the 
 purchase of Louisiana ? 
 
 16. What were the Barbary States ? A/is. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and 
 Tripoli, lying along the north coat* t of Africa. What expedition was sent in 1803 ? 
 Why was it sent ? What, misfortune occurred ? 
 
 1 7. Give the subsequent history of the frigate Philadelphia ? 
 18. Give an account of Eaton s success ? What followed ? 
 
 * For Louisiana, see Notes 4 and 5, end of Section; also the two paragraphs on page 201, 
 piving the history and extent of the Louisiana purchabe; the uote on page 157 , aud topic 
 101, App., p. 70. For Ohio, topic 129, App., p. 72. 
 
1804.] JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. Ill 
 
 19. In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamil 
 ton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which re 
 sulted in the death of Hamilton, grew out of a political 
 quarrel. Burr, finding that he had lost his political influ 
 ence, became engaged, two years after, in organizing a 
 secret expedition at the West. He was tried on a charge 
 of treason, and, though acquitted, was generally believed 
 to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union.* 
 
 20. About that time, France and England being at war, 
 the latter power declared the northern coast of France in 
 a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated, decreeing the 
 blockade of the British islands. In consequence of these 
 and other " decrees" and " orders," great numbers of 
 American vessels were seized by the cruisers of the bel 
 ligerent powers, and our commerce with Europe was 
 nearly destroyed. 
 
 21. But the crowning grievance of the Americans was 
 the so-called " right of search." This was a claim set up 
 by -Great Britain, under which American vessels were 
 searched, and all sailors of English birth found on board, 
 were impressed as subjects of the king. (See note, p. 114.) 
 
 22. An event occurred, in June, 1807, which brought 
 things toward an issue. The frigate Chesapeake, when off 
 the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British frigate 
 Leopard. The American vessel being unprepared for ac 
 tion, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of her 
 crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were 
 then transferred to the Leopard ; but three of them, it 
 was -afterward proved, were native Americans. 
 
 23. This outrage provoked the president to issue a pro- 
 
 19. What is said of a duel? Of Burr, his western expedition and trial? 
 What opinion prevailed ? (Read Note 6, end of Section.) 
 
 20. What declaration and decree are mentioned ? The consequence of them t 
 
 21. What is said of the " ri<rht of search " claim ? 
 
 22. In what notable case did the British enforce their claim ? 
 
 23. To what act did the outrage lead the President ? 
 
 * See for Hamilton, App., p. 67, topic 65; for Burr, App., p. 64, topic 98, 
 Read, also, Note 6, end of Section. 
 
112 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. [1807. 
 
 clamation forbidding British armed vessels to enter the 
 ports or waters of the United States. Although the act 
 of the Leopard was not approved by the British govern 
 ment, no reparation was made till four years after. 
 
 24. In consequence of the policy of the two European 
 nations, so destructive to our commerce, Congress passed 
 the Embargo Act, forbidding American vessels to leave 
 the ports of the United States. As the Act not only 
 failed to produce any change in the policy of the two 
 powers at war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the 
 shipping interests, it became very unpopular, and was re 
 pealed a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun 
 tries being substituted for it.* 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1789. George Washington was inaugurated President April 30. 
 
 1790. The Indians defeated Harmar near Fort Wayne. .Oct. 17, 22. 
 
 1791. The United States Bank was established at Philadelphia. 
 
 Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. 
 
 Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio Nov. 4. 
 
 1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 
 
 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee Aug. 20. 
 
 The Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 
 
 1795. Jay s- treaty with Great Britain was ratified , .June 24. 
 
 1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1. 
 
 1797. John Adams was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 1799. Washington died at Mount Yernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 
 
 1800. The City of Washington became the capital of the U. S. 
 
 A treaty of peace was concluded with France Sept. 30. 
 
 1801. Thomas Jefferson was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 Tripoli declared war against the United States June 10. 
 
 1803.. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 
 
 Louisiana was purchased of France April 30. 
 
 Commodore Preble was sent against Tripoli. 
 1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia Feb. 15. 
 
 24. What was the Embargo Act? Why was the act passed? Why was U 
 repealed ? What was substituted ? 
 
 *"It is true it (the Embargo) helped manufacturers by increasing the de 
 mand for domestic goods." Headley. 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 113 
 
 1804 Hamilton and Burr fought a duel July 11 
 
 1805. Eaton captured Derne, a Tripolitan city April 27. 
 
 A treaty of peace was concluded with Tripoli June 3 
 
 1807. The Leopard attacked U. S. Frigate Chesapeake June 2. 
 
 British armed vessels ordered to leave the U. S. , July 2. 
 
 Congress laid an embargo on American ships Dec. 22 
 
 1809. Congress interdicted commerce with Great Britain 
 
 and France March 1 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. When and where was Washington inaugurated president ? 106 
 
 2. How was Washington s first cabinet organized ? 1(K5 
 
 3. State what you can of Vermont 82, 83, 107 
 
 4. Whence did Vermont derive its name ? Ans. From its principal range 
 
 of mountains. The word is derived from the French words vert, 
 green, and mont, mountain. 
 
 5. Give an account of the three expeditions against the Indians 107 
 
 6. Give the history of General Wayne 80, 89, 90, 107 
 
 7. State what you can of General St. Clair 81, 82, 107 
 
 8. Give an account of the difficulties with France 107, 108, 109 
 
 9. What can you state of Kentucky ? 10T 
 
 10. How did Kentucky get its name ? Ans. The Indians called the region 
 
 Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare. The 
 word means the dark and bloody ground. 
 
 11. Give the history of the Whisky Insurrection 108 
 
 12. Write an account of General Washington ... .50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71, 72, 75, 
 
 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106-109 
 
 13. Give the history of New York City . .37, 39, 40, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 91, 98, 106 
 
 14. What account can you give of John Adams ? 98, 106, 107, 108, 137 
 
 15. Give an account of Jefferson 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 
 
 16. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 110 
 
 17. Whence did Ohio get its name? Ans. From the river forming its 
 
 southern boundary. The Indians called the river the Ohio, a term 
 meaning the beautiful river. 
 
 18. Give an account of the troubles with the Barbary States 110 
 
 19. What account can you give of Alexander Hamilton ? 106, 111 
 
 20. What account can you give of Aaron Burr ? 109, 111 
 
 21. What foreign war-measures injured United States commerce ? Ill 
 
 22. Give an account of the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 111 
 
 23. Give the history of the Embargo Act 112 
 
 24. During what period was Washington president ? 112 
 
 25. Name, in chronological order, ten important events of that period 112 
 
 26. What states were admitted during his administration ? 112 
 
 27. During what period was John Adams president ? 112 
 
 28 Name, in chronological order, four important events of that period... 112 
 29. During what period was Jefferson president ? 112, 114 
 
 NOTE. In 1807, an act was passed to prevent the importation of slaves into the 
 United States after January 1, 1808 (See App. p. 34, Const. U. S., Sec. III., 1st 
 clause); and Fulton, in his first steamboat, sailed up the Hudson River. 
 
113a 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Selecting: a Place for the Nation s Capital (p. 106, f 3). 
 " By this act of Congress, the permanent seat of the federal government was es. 
 tablished on the Potomac, the particular spot, within certain limits, being left to 
 the discretion of the president (Washington), who was to appoint commissioners 
 to fix the location, and to erect suitable public buildings. In their eagerness to fi^ 
 the seat of government in their own neighborhood, Maryland and Virginia, as 
 well as Pennsylvania and New Jersey, had held out very liberal offers; and it wag 
 one of the arguments in favor of the present act, that it provided for establishing 
 a capitol and erecting all the necessary public buildings without any cost to the 
 nation, an idea kept up for several years, but which proved in the end to be a 
 
 very mistaken one Shortly after the adjournment of Congress, Washington. 
 
 started on a three mouths tour through the Southern states. In the course of 
 his journey he stopped for several days on the Potomac to select the site of 
 the future seat of government. That selection made, the Commissioners entered 
 forthwith upon their duty. The city was laid out on a most magnificent scale, 
 on a plot large enough to accommodate a million of inhabitants. Many persons 
 from different parts of the Union entered with great zeal into the speculation 
 for building it up, to most of whom, however, the enterprise proved sufficiently 
 disastrous. The owners of the land, confident of growing rich by the enhance 
 ment ot its value, transferred to the United States not only the ground necessary 
 for streets, and the space reserved for public purposes, but one-half of the lots 
 into which the city plot was laid out, the proceeds to be applied toward the com 
 pletion of the public buildings." Hildretk s History of the United States. 
 
 2. Jay s Treaty (p. 108, H 9 and IT 11)." While Mr. Jay was iu England, 
 he was elected governor of the State of New York. He returned to this country 
 in May, 1795, and entered upon his duties as governor on the 1st of July follow 
 ing. Owing to the hostility towards England prevailing in the United States, 
 great pains were early taken to secure the rejection of the treaty which Mr. Jay 
 had negotiated. On the 4th of July (1795), a great mob paraded the streets of 
 New York, with an effigy of Mr. Jay, which was afterward committed to the 
 flames. No time was lost in getting up meetings throughout the country to de 
 nounce the treaty, and in many instances, inflammatory resolutions, previously 
 prepared, were adopted by acclamation, without examination or discussion. It 
 was easy to discover defects in a treaty which had been condemned before it was 
 known At a meeting in New York, convened in the open air and numer 
 ously attended, Alexander Hamilton attempted to make an address in vindica 
 tion of the treaty, but the orator was answered with stones. The mob, after 
 adopting the resolutions prepared by the leaders, marched, with the American and 
 French colors flying," to the residence of Mr. Jay, and there burned the treaty. 
 
 "A similar meeting was held at Philadelphia On the 15th of August, the 
 
 president (Washington), signed the treaty, and by that act of moral c::urage, res 
 cued his country from the evils impending over her, and secured for her a long 
 course of almost unexampled prosperity." William Jay s Life of John Jay. 
 
 3. The White House (p. 109, IT 12). The residence of the President of the 
 United States at Washington, is commonly called the White House. It was first 
 occupied by President John Adams, in November, 1800, while the carpenters and 
 masons were yet at work there, as appears by the first letter, probably, ever written 
 in the White House by its mistress. The letter was addressed by Mrs. Adams to 
 her married daughter, on the 21st of the month. It says: " Ths house is upon a 
 grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to attend and keep the 
 apartments in order. The lighting of the apartments, from the kitchen to parlor 
 
NOTES. 113b 
 
 and chamber, is a tax indeed (candles being used) ; and the fires which we are 
 obliged to keep to secure us from daily agues, is another very cheering comfort. 
 TO assist us in this great castle, and render less attendance necessary, belle are 
 wholly wanting, not a single one being hung through the whole house, and 
 promises are all you can obtain. If they will put up some bells, and let me have 
 wood enough to keep fires, I design to be pleased. Surrounded with torests, can 
 you believe that wood is not to be had, because people cannot be found to cut and 
 cart it ! The house is made habitable, but there is not a single apartment fin 
 ished. We have not the least fence, yard or other convenience without, and 
 the great unfinished audience-room I make a drying-room of to hang up the 
 clothes in." Mrs. John Adams s Correspondence. 
 
 4. The Acquisition of Louisiana (p. 110, IF 15). "The mission to 
 France was attended with unlocked for success. The American ministers, in 
 stead of merely purchasing New Orleans and the Floridas, as had been the first 
 and main object of Mr. Jefferson, were able to effect a purchase of all Louis 
 iana, equal in extent to the whole previous territory of the United States. They 
 owed their good fortune to the war which was so suddenly renewed between 
 France and England, when the government of France, convinced that the posses 
 sion of Louisiana would soon be wrested from her by the superior naval power 
 of England, readily consented to make the sale, the rather, as the purchase 
 money was particularly acceptable to France (Bonaparte) at that time." Tucker s 
 Life of Je$erson. 
 
 5. Advantages of the Acquisition " Jefferson had conceived the 
 design, foreseen the occasion, and had even given the signal to strike when the 
 
 occasion came The purchase secured, independently of territory, several 
 
 prime national objects. It gave us that homogeneousness, unity, and indepen 
 dence which is derived from the absolute control and disposition of our commerce, 
 trade, and industry in every department, without the hindrance or meddling 
 of any intervening nation between us and the sea, or between us and the open 
 market of the world. It gave us ocean boundaries on all explored sides, for it 
 left Canada exposed to us and not us to Canada. It made us indisputably and 
 forever (if our Union is preserved) the controllers of the western hemisphere. 
 It placed our national course, character, civilization, and destiny solely in our 
 own hands. It gave us the certain sources of a not distant numerical strength to 
 which that of the mightiest empires of the past or present is insignificant." 
 Randall s Life of Jefferson. 
 
 6. Effect of Hamilton s Death (p. Ill, IT 19). "On the day of his 
 funeral, the whole city (New York) was in mourning. The procession which 
 followed him to the grave comprised men of every degree, without distinction of 
 parties. The minute-guns from the batteries were answered by the French and 
 British ships-of-war in the harbor. On the steps of Trinity Church, Gouverneur 
 Morris, with the four sons of the deceased by his side, pronounced a solemn 
 oration in memory of his slaughtered friend ; and when they had laid him in the 
 earth, aud the parting volley had been fired over his remains, the vast crowd 
 dispersed in silence, and each man carried to his home the impression of a pro 
 found grief. Nor was this feeling confined to New York. It spread rapidly 
 through the Union, and found utterance iu every variety of form. Speeches, 
 sermons, and poems innumerable were composed in honor of Hamilton ; towns 
 and villages in all parts of America were called after his name; and never up to 
 that time, since the death of Washington, had any event produced so universal 
 an expression of sympathy on that continent, as the untimely snd lamented end 
 of the great Federalist." Reithmuller s Alexander Hamilton. 
 
114 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [i809, 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 Madison s Administration: 1809 to 1817. 
 
 1. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. The fourth 
 President of the United States, James Madison of Vir 
 ginia, was inaugurated at Washington, on the 4th ol 
 March, 1809, at a crisis in the affairs of the nation which 
 required, on the part of the administration, the utmost 
 caution, prudence, and resolution. 
 
 2. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to 
 increase the ill feeling which then existed between Great 
 Britain and the United States. The British sloop-of-war 
 Little Belt, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired 
 into the American frigate President ; but her fire was 
 returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min 
 utes, thirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 
 
 3. Before Madison became President, the Indians on 
 the western frontiers, influenced by the appeals of Te- 
 cumseh (te-7cum -se), one of their ablest warriors, began 
 to form a hostile confederacy. Their hostility increasing. 
 Gen. Harrison marched against them in 1811. 
 
 4. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tip-pe-ca- 
 noe , and encamped for the night. Early on the following 
 morning, November 7th, the Indians made a furious at 
 tack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were 
 repulsed. This conflict, known as the Battle of Tippe- 
 canoe, ruined the plans which Tecumseh had formed. 
 
 1 When was Madison inaugurated President ? 
 
 2. What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Americans? 
 
 3. Who attempted to unite the Indians in a league against the whites ? 
 
 3, 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. Where was the battle 
 fought ? (p. 105.) What was the consequence of the battle ? Was Tecumseh in 
 the battle ? Ans. He was not. 
 
 NOTE. "Upward of six thousand case** of alleged impressments were re 
 corded (at Washington). * * * It was admitted (by the British govern 
 ment) that there might have been, at the commencement of the year 1811, six 
 teen hundred bona fide American citizens serving by compulsion in the 
 British fleet. * * * Upon the breaking out of hostilities, twenty-five hun 
 dred impressed sailors, still claiming to be American citizens, and refusing to 
 fight against their country, were committed to Dartmoor and other prisons (in 
 England), where most of them were detained to the end of the war." UUdreWs 
 History of the United States. (See Note 1, end of Section.) 
 
1812.] 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 115 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 5. EVENTS OF 1812. The government of the United 
 States having in vain endeavored to induce the British 
 to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American 
 commerce, and also to cease their impressment of our 
 seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19th 
 of June, 1812. 
 
 6. The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull (July 12th) 
 was the first hostile movement on the part of the Ameri 
 cans ; and the capture of Fort Mack -i-naw, five days after, 
 the first on the part of the British. Hull crossed the Detroit 
 River, intending to go against Fort Maiden (mawl -den), 
 but, instead of doing so, encamped at Sandwich. 
 
 7. A detachment 
 which Hull had sent 
 to convoy a supply 
 train for his army, 
 was met near 
 Brownstown, on the 
 5th of August, and 
 utterly defeated. 
 Four days after, a 
 second detachment, 
 under Col. Miller, 
 encounteied and 
 routed the enemy. 
 In about a month 
 Hull recrossed the 
 river, and took post 
 at Detroit. 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. What two lakes does the Detroit River connect? Name 
 four places situated on the Detroit River. Name four rivers that flow into Lake 
 rie. Where was fort Meigs ? Fort Maiden ? Fort Stephenspn ? Where is De 
 troit? Sandwich? Brownstown? Frenchtown? Name two rivers that flow into 
 Lake St. Clair. What battle was fought on one of these rivers ? Who gained a 
 victory on Lake Erie ? Who, in 1794, gained a victory on the Maumee ? Where 
 is Fort Mackinaw? (p. 105.) 
 
 5. How did the ;i War of 1812" have its origin ? 
 
 6. What were the first hostile acts of the war ? What movement did Hul 
 make in Canada ? 
 
 7. Give an account of the two battles near Brownstown. 
 
116 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 8. To this place lie was soon after followed by Gen. 
 Brock, commanding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 
 The Americans were confident of victory in the battle 
 >vhich seemed about to take place, yet, to their great in 
 dignation, Hull ordered a white flag to be shown, in 
 token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but 
 the whole territory of Michigan passed into the hands 
 of the enemy. The surrender took place on the 16lh of 
 August. (See App. p. 68, topic 73 ; also Note 1, end of Sec.) 
 
 9. A second invasion of Canada was made in October 
 of the same year. Gen. Van Rensselaer (van ren-se-ler}, 
 in command of a body of troops, mostly New York 
 militia, was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a de 
 tachment of this force crossed the Niagara, and carried a 
 battery on the heights of Queenstown. 
 
 10- The enemy, re-enforced by Brock, attempted to re 
 gain their lost bat 
 tery, but were re 
 pulsed, and Brock 
 was killed. On the 
 afternoon of the same 
 day, the 13th, they 
 made a second at 
 tempt with fresh 
 troops, and this time 
 with success. Van 
 Rensselaer, retiring 
 from the serviqe, was 
 succeeded by Gen. 
 Smyth ; but the lat- 
 t e r accomplished 
 nothing, and also 
 resigned. 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. What two lakes does the Niagara River connect ? Name 
 seven towns situated on the Niagara River. Name four forts that were on that 
 river. Where is -Lewieton ? Queenstown? Cbippewa? Lundy s Lane ? Yoris 
 (now Toronto) ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTKATION. 117 
 
 11. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 
 1812 were as decided as their reverses on the land. There 
 were five important naval battles, in every one of which 
 the Americans were victorious. The first was the cap 
 ture, August 13th, of the sloop Alert, by the frigate Es 
 sex, Captain Porter. (Page 128, ^ 53.) 
 
 12. On the 19th, six days after, the frigate Constitu 
 tion, Captain Hull, captured the Guerriere (yare-e-are )^ 
 after an action of about forty minutes. In October, the 
 sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic ; but 
 scarcely had the prize been taken possession of, when an 
 English ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and 
 captured both vessels. (See App., p. 68, topic 74.) 
 
 13. Just one week after, October 25th, the frigate 
 United States, Commodore Decatur, after an action of 
 nearly two hours, west of the Canary Islands, compelled 
 the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two 
 months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Com 
 modore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the 
 capture of the Java (jati-vah). The action took place off 
 the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29th, and lasted nearly two hours. 
 
 14. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and 
 British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
 the year more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
 than three thousand prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, 
 were taken by the Americans. The presidential election 
 engaged the attention of the people toward the latter 
 
 8. What next followed, including the surrender of Detroit ? 
 
 9. What second invasion of Canada was made? 
 
 9, 1O, Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. What is said of Van 
 Rensselaer and Smyth ? 
 
 11. Compare the land and naval battles of 1812? What was the first im 
 portant naval victory pained by the Americans ? 
 
 12 State what you can of the capture of the Guerriere. (See, also, table, 
 p 132.) State what you can of the Wasp. 
 
 13. State what you can of the capture of the Macedonian. Of the capture ot 
 
 1 4. What is said of the privateers and their successes ? What is said of the 
 presidential election of 1812 ? 
 
118 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [is 13. 
 
 part of Madison s first term, but, though he was opposed 
 by those who condemned the war, he was chosen for a 
 second term. 
 
 15. EVENTS OF 1813. For the campaign of 1813, three 
 armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of 
 Lake Erie, was commanded by Gen. Harrison ; that of 
 the Centre, on the Niagara frontier, by Gen. Dearborn ; 
 and that of the North, near Lake Champlain, by Gen. 
 Hampton. 
 
 16. Harrison s first object was the recovery of Michigan. 
 A division of his army, mostly Kentuckians, commanded 
 by Gen. Winchester, reached the Maumee, whence a de 
 tachment was sent forward, which drove a body of British 
 and Indians from Frenchtown. Winchester soon after 
 arrived. On the 22d of January, he was attacked by 
 fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. 
 
 17. The Americans made a brave defence; but Win 
 chester, who had been made a prisoner, agreed upon a 
 capitulation, though at the time he was in the hands of 
 the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition 
 that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to 
 keep his promise, and many of the wounded Americans 
 were murdered by his savage allies. 
 
 18. Harrison, who was at the rapids of the Maumee 
 when the news of Winchester s defeat reached him, 
 selected a position for defence, and there built Fort 
 Meigs (megz). On the 1st of May a large force of British 
 and Indians appeared before the place, and at once com 
 menced a siege. Four days after, Gen. Clay arrived with 
 twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked 
 
 15. What preparations were made for the campaign of 1813? 
 
 16. What was Harrison s first object ? State what occurred previous to the 
 22d of January. 
 
 16, 17. Give an account of the battle and massacre at Frenchtown. 
 18. Where was Harrison when the news of Winchester s defeat reached 
 him T What measures of defence did he then adopt ? State what followed. 
 
i8i3.i MADISON S ADMINISTKATION. 119 
 
 the besiegers ; but Proctor continued operations until the 
 9th, when, deserted by his Indian allies, he made a dis 
 orderly retreat. 
 
 19. He again threatened Fort Meigs, but, finding it 
 well defended, terminated a brief siege by suddenly leav< 
 irig. His next ifiove was against Fort Stephenson, then 
 garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under the 
 command of Major Croghan (kroy -an\ a young man 
 not twenty-two years old. Croghan had but one cannon, 
 a six-pounder. (See App., p. 65, topic 37.) 
 
 20. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
 "breach was made, when the enemy, Aug. 2d, attempted 
 to carry the place by assault ; but they were met by a 
 volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
 with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in 
 confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number 
 killed or wounded. 
 
 21. During the summer, an American and an English 
 squadron were fitted out on Lake Erie the former com 
 manded by Commodore Perry, and the latter by Commo 
 dore Barclay. They met on the 10th of September, near 
 the western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought 
 battle of four hours took place, resulting in a brilliant 
 victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy hav 
 ing surrendered. In dispatching information of his vic 
 tory to Harrison, Perry wrote : " We have met the enemy, 
 and they are ours. " 
 
 22. The consequences of the victory were highly im 
 portant. The Americans established their naval suprem 
 acy on Lake Erie, Detroit was evacuated by the British, 
 and the Indians of Michigan were intimidated. Harrison 
 
 19, 2O. State what afterward occurred at Fort Meigs. Give an account of 
 CroganV heroic conduct. Where was Fort Stephenson ? (Map, p. 115.) What 
 town now occupies the site of Fort Stephenson ? Arts. Fremont. 
 
 2 1 . Give an account of Perry s victory on Lake Erie. 
 
 22. Name three consequences of Perry s victory. What movement did Hap- 
 rison make ? What movement did Proctor make ? 
 
 * Perry and Barclay at tb.e time, held the rank of Captain. 
 
120 
 
 v MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 [1813, 
 
 seeing his opportunity for success, crossed the lake in 
 Perry s fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But the 
 fort was deserted, and Ptoctor and Tecumseh were in 
 full retreat. 
 
 23. Harrison followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th 
 of October, overtook the enemy at a pladfe on the Thames 
 (temz). The Americans charged, breaking the lines of 
 the British, and soon compelling them to surrender ; but 
 the contest with the Indians was more obstinate. At 
 length Tecumseh fell, and the savage warriors fled. The 
 war on the western frontier was terminated. 
 
 24, In the spring of 1813, several months before the 
 successes of Perry and Harrison, the Southern Indians 
 
 were visited by Te 
 cumseh, and in 
 duced to take up 
 arms against the 
 whites. On the last 
 day of August, fif 
 teen hundred of 
 their warriors sur 
 prised Fort Minis, 
 and massacred near 
 ly three hundred 
 men, women, and 
 children. j 
 
 25. This unpro 
 voked attack arous 
 ed the whole South, 
 and volunteers* as- 
 
 STATE OF 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 10 30 50 80 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. What state ie on the north of Alabama. ? On the east? 
 On the west? On the south? Name fix rivers partly or wholly in Alabama. 
 Where was Fort Mims (also written Mimms)? Tohopeka ? 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle of the Thames. 
 
 21. How were the Creek Indians induced to make war upon the whites 1 
 Give an account of the massacre at Fort Mime. 
 
 25. Give an account of what followed. Give an account of the battle of To 
 hopeka. What were the consequences ? 
 
 la connection with the account of tue battle of Tokupeka, read Note 3, end of Section. 
 
IBIS.] MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 121 
 
 sembled to avenge the deed of horror. Several battles 
 were fought in quick succession, in every one of which 
 the Indians were defeated. At length a thousand war 
 riors made a final stand at To-ho-pe -ka, where they were 
 defeated by Gen. Jackson, on the 27th of March, 1814, 
 with great slaughter. Their subjugation w^as complete. 
 
 26." Toward the latter part of April, 1813, Gen. Dear 
 born, commanding the Army of the Centre, left Sackett s 
 Harbor, in Commodore Chauncey s (cJiahn -se^s) fleet, 
 crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York, now 
 Toronto. On the 27th, the troops landed, led by Gen. 
 Pike, and were carrying everything before them, when, 
 the enemy s magazine exploded, mortally wounding Pike, 
 and making sad havoc among his men. After a moment s 
 panic they moved on, and were soon in possession of the 
 town.* 
 
 27. Just one month later, May 27th, the fleet with 
 Dearborn and his army, appeared off Fort George. The 
 British made but a- brief defence of the place, and then 
 fled. A detachment, under Generals Chandler and Win - 
 der, sent in pursuit, was unsuccessfully attacked on the 
 night of the 6th of June, though both generals were made 
 prisoners. 
 
 28. The British in Canada, on being informed that 
 Dearborn with a large body of troops had sailed from 
 Sackett s Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake to 
 attack the place. Gen. Pre-vost , the commander, effected 
 a landing; but was met, May 29th, by a small body 
 of regulars and some militia, under Gen. Brown, and 
 repulsed. 
 
 29* Dearborn, having resigned his command, was sue- 
 
 26. Give an account of the battle of York. 
 
 27. What fort did the Americans capture ? Chandler and Winder ? 
 
 28. What tempted the British to go against Sackett s Harbor ? Give an ac 
 count of the battle fought there. Where is Sackett s Harbor ? (Map, p. 38.) 
 
 * " Pike was carried on board the commodore s ship, and the last act of his 
 life was to make a sign that the British flag, which had been brought to him, 
 should be placed under bis head." Headless Second War with England. 
 
122 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. us is. 
 
 ceeded by Gen. Wilkinson. A plan for the invasion of 
 Canada was devised by the Secretary of War, by which 
 the Army of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and the Army 
 of the North, under Hampton, were to form a junction 
 on the St. Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 
 
 30. In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed 
 a detachment near Williamsburg, to cover the descent of 
 the fleet. On the llth of November a severe though 
 
 S 
 
 indecisive engagement took place, known as the battle of 
 Chrysler s (kris -ler^s] Field, in which the Americans were 
 the greater sufferers. Wilkinson proceeded some dis 
 tance further, but, Hampton failing to co-operate with 
 him, the design against Montreal was abandoned. 
 
 31. Though the American seamen, during 1813, were 
 not uniformly successful, their gallantry still continued to 
 be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, 
 the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered 
 the British brig Peacock, off the coast of Guiana (ge-ah - 
 na), and in fifteen minutes compelled her to strike her 
 colors. The captured vessel sank in a fevr minutes after, 
 carrying down with her nine of her own crew and three 
 of the Hornet s. 
 
 32. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
 promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
 then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 
 1st the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared 
 off the harbor to meet the Chesapeake. Though the 
 American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill- 
 assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew 
 
 29. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command? What plan of action was 
 devised at Washington ? 
 
 30. Give an account of the battle of Chrysler s Field. Where is Williams- 
 bury? (Map, p. 38.) What were the further movements of Wilkinson? 
 
 31. What is said of the naval operations of 1813? Give an account of tho 
 action between the Hornet and the Peacock. 
 
 32. What took place preliminary to the battle between the Chesapeake ancl 
 the Shannon ? 
 
1813.] 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 123 
 
 and was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still 
 felt impelled to go out and engage her* 
 
 33. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific 
 contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mor- 
 tally wounded in the early part of the action, but his 
 last injunction as he was borne below was, " Don t give 
 up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all her su 
 perior officers either killed or wounded, was boarded by 
 the enemy, and her flag hauled down. (Note 4, end of ) 
 
 34. The brig Argus, Captain Allen, made a daring 
 cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large 
 number of vessels. While in the English Channel, Al 
 len fell in with the brig Pelican ; and, in the action which 
 ensued, and which resulted in the capture of the Argus, 
 was mortally wounded. 
 
 35. Fortune next favored the Americans. Off the coast 
 of Maine, Sept. 5th, the brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burrows, 
 met the British brig Boxer, Capt. 
 
 Blythe, and, after an action of forty 
 minutes, captured her. Both com 
 manders fell in the engagement, and 
 their bodies were buried side by side, 
 at Portland, with the honors of war. 
 
 36. EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE 
 OF THE WAR. During the winter of 
 1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkin 
 son was quartered at French Mills. 
 Early in 1814 a detachment, under 
 
 Gen. Brown, was sent to Sackett s Harbor ; and, toward 
 March, the main body removed to Plattsburg. In the 
 
 33. Give an account of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon. 
 In what affair did we hear of the Chesapeake before ? (p. 111.) Did Perry s vic 
 tory occur before or after the loss of the Chesapeake ? 
 
 34. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Arerns. 
 
 35. Give, an account of the capture of the Boxer, and subsequent events. 
 3*5. Where did Wilkinson s army quarter durintr the winter of 1813-14? 
 
 Where is French Mills? (p. 53.) What army movements are mentioned ? What 
 events closed Wilkinson s military career? Where is La Colle ? (Map, p. 123.) 
 
 * A irritten challenge, which had been sent to Lawrence, had not been received when tha 
 Chesapeake sailed from Boston. 
 
 PART OP SOREL RIVER. 
 
124 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [is 14. 
 
 same month, March, Wilkinson marched into Canada, but 
 being repulsed at La Colle (koll), he returned to Platts- 
 burg. He was soon after superseded in the command by 
 Gen. Iz -ard. 
 
 37. Brown did not remain long at Sackett s Harbor, 
 but, having been appointed to the command of an armyi 
 on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out the] 
 views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of 
 Canada. On the 3d of July his advance, consisting of 
 two brigades under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed 
 the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. 
 
 38. The Americans, with Brown in command, pushed 
 forward along the western bank of the river, and, at 
 ChippeAva (chip -pe-waio] , on the 5th, gained a brilliant 
 victory over the enemy, under Gen. Ili -all. The British 
 retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, and there were re- 
 enforced by Gen. Drummond, who took the command. 
 
 39. Drummond marched against the Americans, and, 
 on the 25th, the battle of Lundy s Lane, the most obsti 
 nate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, 
 bravely contended against superior numbers, until the 
 arrival of Brown ; but, it soon becoming evident that a 
 battery which the enemy heldvon a height, and which 
 swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the 
 Americans be defeated, Col. Miller was asked if he could 
 take it. He promptly answered, " I ll try, sir." 
 
 40. He did try, and was successful. Three times the 
 British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were 
 repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a 
 contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing 
 about eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being se- 
 
 37. Who. in 1R14, commanded an expedition for the invasion of Canada? 
 What were the first movements ? 
 
 38. Give an account of the battle of Chippcwa? What did the British do 
 after the battle ? 
 
 39. 4O. Give an account of the battle of Lundy s Lane. What is sttid of 
 Brown, Scott, Ripley, and Gaines ? 
 
1814.] MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 125 
 
 verely wounded, Gen. Ripley conducted the army to 
 Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command.* 
 
 41. On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to 
 Fort Erie, and, on the 15th, in attempting to carry the 
 place by assault, was repulsed with the loss of about a 
 thousand men. On the 17th of September, Brown being 
 then in command, the Americans made a sortie from the 
 fort, and destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers. 
 Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach 
 ing, retired northward ; and, .in November, the Americans 
 destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. 
 
 42. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg, left Gen. 
 Macomb (ina-komb ) in command there, witli only a few 
 hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at the 
 head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Ma- 
 comb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake 
 Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie (down -e), 
 sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore 
 MacDonough (inak-don -o) . 
 
 43. The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain 
 took place on the llth. While the British, from their 
 batteries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet en 
 gaged MacDonough s vessels which were at anchor" in the 
 bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours Mac 
 Donough gained a complete victory. The fire from the 
 land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost 
 made a hasty retreat, having lost in killed, wounded, and 
 desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. 
 
 44. During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlantic 
 seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which 
 
 41. What was the next movement of the British ? What occurred more than 
 a month later ? How was the siege brought to a close ? 
 
 42. Who. after Izard. had the command at Lake Champlain ? What forces 
 threatened the army and fleet there ? 
 
 42. 43. Give ah account of the two battles that occurred Sept. llth. Where 
 is Lake Champlain ? (Map, p. 53.) Plattaburg ? (Map, p. 82.) 
 
 * "The battle of Lundy s Lane had never been appreciated as it ought to b9. The victory 
 was the resurrection or birth of American arms. The charm of British military invincibility 
 was as effectually broken by a single brigade as that of naval supremacy by a single 
 frigate, as much as if a large army or fleet had been the agent." Charlet J. IngvreolVs Ha- 
 torieul Sketches. 
 
126 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 [1814. 
 
 descents were made upon 
 small towns. In August, 
 Stonington was bombarded, 
 but without success. A lit 
 tle later in the month, a 
 squadron entered the Pa- 
 tux -ent, and, at Benedict, 
 landed five thousand men, 
 commanded by Gen. Ross. 
 
 45. An American flotilla 
 was then lying in the Pa- 
 tuxent, but, rather than 
 have his boats fall into the 
 hands of the invaders, Com 
 modore Barney burnt them. 
 Ross s object was the cap 
 ture of Washington. In 
 stead, however, of making: a 
 
 S 
 
 direct march, he proceeded 
 by the way of Bla -dens- 
 burg, where he met, Aug. 
 24th, with some opposition from the militia, under Gen. 
 Win -der, and a body of seamen and marines, under 
 Barney. 
 
 46. On the same day, Aug. 24th, he reached Washing 
 ton, and destroyed a large amount of property.* The 
 capitol, with its library, the president s house, and other 
 buildings were burned, and, next day, the British made 
 a hasty retreat. In the mean time a division of the ene- 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. Name six rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Describe 
 the Patuxent. Where is Benedict ? Bladcnsburg? Washington ? Alexandria? 
 Baltimore? Fort McIIenry ? NorthPoint* 
 
 44. What did British cruisers accomplish ? What is said of Stonington ? 
 Where is Stomnston ? (Map, p. 24.) What took place at Benedict ? 
 
 45 What action did Barney take ? What was Ross s object? State what 
 happened at Bladensburg. 
 
 46. What destruction was effected at Washington t What did the British 
 effect at Alexandria ? 
 
 * Read Notes 5 and 6, end of Section. 
 
1814.] MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 127 
 
 toy s fleet ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, and com 
 pelled the inhabitants of the town, on threat of bombard 
 ment, to surrender their merchandise and shipping. 
 
 47. Ross next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 
 12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, 
 several miles from the city, while sixteen of the enemy s 
 ships sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort Mcllenry. 
 On his march, Ross was killed in a skirmish, and the 
 progress of the troops was then disputed, for more than 
 an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strick -er. Next 
 day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, 
 to await the movements of the fleet. 
 
 48. The bombardment of Fort Mcllenry commenced 
 on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the 
 following morning, but without making any serious im 
 pression,* Gen. Brooke, Ross s successor, seeing no pros 
 pect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and 
 the whole force of the enemy withdrew, 
 
 49. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, 
 then a Spanish port, allowed the British to take possession 
 of their forts and fit out expeditions 
 
 against the United States. On the 
 15th of September, Fort Bowyer 
 (bo -yer), now Fort Morgan, was 
 attacked by a British fleet, aided 
 by a force of Indians and marines, 
 but the assailants were repulsed, 
 losing one of their ships and many 
 men. The other ships effected their 
 escape to Pensacola. 
 
 47. Against what pJace did Ross next proceed ? What further can you state 
 of Ross ? What took place on the 12th, after Ross s death ? 
 
 48. The attack upon Fort McHenry. Brooke s subsequent movements. 
 
 49. What wrong did the authorities of Pensacola permit ? The attack upon 
 Port Bowyer. Where is Fort Morgan ? (Map. p. 120.) Mobile? Peusacola? 
 
 * During the bombardment, Francis S. Key, an American detained on board 
 one of th enemy s vessels, during the bombardment, wrote the national ode, 
 Th* Star-Spangled Banner. (Read Note 7, end of Section.) 
 
 MOBILE AND VICINITY. 
 
128 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [is 14. 
 
 50. Jackson being in command at Mobile, marched to 
 Pensacola at the head of three thousand men ; and, nego 
 tiations failing, seized the town and compelled the British 
 to leave. He then returned to Mobile, whence, learning 
 that the British were preparing to invade Louisiana, he 
 hastened to put New Orleans in a condition of defence. 
 
 51. Toward the middle of December, a British squadron 
 entered Lake Borgne (bom), carrying twelve thousand 
 troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham (pak n-am), 
 the first object of the expedition being to capture New 
 Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of American gunboats 
 was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson 
 made a spirited though ineffectual attack upon an encamp 
 ment of the enemy s vanguard. On the 28th, and again 
 on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuc 
 cessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson 
 had thrown up four miles from the city. 
 
 52. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a 
 general advance against the American intrenchments ; 
 but volley after volley was poured upon them with such 
 terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. Paken 
 ham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, 
 wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
 seven killed and six wounded.* (Note 8, end of Sec.) 
 
 53. Although, during 1814, the Americans were gener 
 ally victorious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Capt. 
 Porter, after a successful cruise of more than a year, was 
 attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso (vahl^mh-ri -so)^ 
 March 2 8th, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
 The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 
 
 50. Jackson s procedure against Pensacola ? Jackson s next movement ? 
 
 51 . What invasion in Dec. ? Where is L. Borgne ? (p. 120.) New Orleans ? 
 Misfortune on Lake Borgne ? Attack by Jackson ? Two attacks by Pakenham ? 
 
 52. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans ? 
 
 53. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Essex. (Note 9, end of Sec.) 
 
 * " O Moree. O Cyrus Field, why were you not ready with your Oceanic Tele 
 graph then, to tell those men of both armies, ***** t hat they were 
 not enemies, but friends and brothers, and send them joyful into each other 8 
 arms, not in madness against each other s arms." Parian s Life of Jackson,- 
 
1814.] MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 129 
 
 54. A large number of citizens of the United States, 
 mostly residents of New England, had been opposed to 
 the war from its very commencement. They regarded it 
 as entirely unnecessary ; besides, the losses which they 
 were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not 
 without influence upon them. (Read Note 10, end of Sec.) 
 
 55. For the purpose of considering their grievances and 
 devising means of redress, delegates met at Hartford, in 
 December, 1814. The friends of President Madison and 
 of the war looked upon this assemblage, commonly known 
 as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body ; 
 but the doings of the members were, to say the least, 
 harmless, their principal act being the recommendation 
 of several amendments to the Constitution. After three 
 weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 
 
 56. In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the 
 United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at 
 Ghent (gent, not jent) on the 24th of December, 1814. 
 The two great points of dispute the encroachments upon 
 American commerce, and the impressment of American 
 seamen were left untouched by the treaty. The omis 
 sion, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the 
 termination of the European war, all encroachments upon 
 American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of 
 the American navy, the impressment question was effectu 
 ally disposed of. (Read Note 11, end of Section.) 
 
 57. WAR WITH ALGIERS. In 1795 a treaty was made 
 with Algiers, in which it was stipulated that an annual 
 tribute should be paid to that power, to secure American 
 vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was 
 
 54. By whom, and why were persons opposed to the war ? 
 
 55. Give what account yon can of the Hartford Convention. 
 
 56. When did hostilities between Great Britain and the United States cease ? 
 In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? What rendered the omission of no 
 consequence ? 
 
 57. What treaty was made in 1795 ? How long did the United States pay the 
 tribute ? What practice did the Algerines resume ? 
 
 NOTB. For an account of the loss of the Essex, see Note 9, end of Section. 
 
130 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 accordingly paid until 1812, when the Algerines, believ 
 ing that the Americans, because of their war with the 
 English, would not be able to protect their commerce, 
 resumed their old practice of piracy against United States 
 vessels. (See page 110.) 
 
 58. After peace with England was established, a naval 
 ibrce, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Mediter* 
 ranean. Decatur captured the largest frigate in the Al- 
 gerine navy, and another vessel with more than five hun 
 dred prisoners, and then appeared before Algiers. The 
 terrified Dey was compelled to liberate the American 
 prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all claim to tribute 
 from the United States for the future. Decatur also made 
 satisfactory treaties with Tunis and Tripoli. (Ap.p. 66,top.45.) 
 
 59. The charter of the first Bank of the United States 
 having expired in 1811, a second bank of the same name 
 was incorporated in 1816. During Madison s adminis 
 tration two states were added to the Union : Louisiana, 
 previously the Territory of Orleans, in 181 2;* and Indiana, 
 formerly a part of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 
 
 1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated the Little Belt. May 16. 
 Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe Nov. 7. 
 
 1812. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. 
 
 United States proclaimed war against Great Britain . June 19. 
 
 General Hull made an invasion of Canada July 12. 
 
 Fort Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. 
 
 The British defeated the Americans near Brownstown. Aug. 5. 
 The Americans defeated the British near Brownstown . Aug. 9. 
 The American frigate Essex captured the Alert Aug. 13. 
 
 58. Upon what expedition was Decatnr sent ? Give an account of Decatur 1 a 
 successes. 
 
 59. What is said of the Bank of the United States ? What is said of Loui* 
 Jana? OfBidi&na? 
 
 * In 1804, the southern part of the "Louisiana Purchase," being the territory of th 
 present 8tate of Louisiana, except the portion north of the Ibervilie River, was constituted 
 the Territory of Orleans. In 1812, the same was admitted HS a state, the portion north of th 
 Ibervilk being added a few days after by Act of Congress. (Read tooic 21W, A&p., i>. 77.) 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 131 
 
 1812. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock , Aug. 16. 
 
 American frigate Constitution took the Guerriere. . .Aug. 19. 
 
 The Americans were defeated at Queenstown Oct. 13. 
 
 The American sloop Wasp captured the Frolic Oct. 18. 
 
 American frigate United States took the Macedonian . Oct. 25. 
 The American frigate Constitution took the Java. , .Dec. 29. 
 
 1813. Winchester was defeated at French town Jan. 22 
 
 The American sloop Hornet captured the Peacock. .Feb. 24. 
 
 The Americans captured York (now Toronto) April 27. 
 
 Proctor laid siege to Fort Meigs May 1. 
 
 Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs May 5, 
 
 The Americans, under Dearborn, took Fort George. May 27. 
 
 Brown repulsed the British at Sackett s Harbor May 29. 
 
 The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake June 1. 
 
 Croghan repulsed the British at Fort Stephenson, . . .Aug. 2. 
 
 The British sloop Pelican captured the Argus Aug. 14 
 
 Creek War began by the massacre at Fort Minis. . .Aug. 30. 
 The American brig Enterprise captured the Boxer. .Sept. 5. 
 Perry gained his victory over Barclay on Lake Erie . . Sept. 10. 
 Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames. . Oct. 5. 
 Battle of Williamsburg or Chrysler s Field was fought. Nov. 11. 
 
 1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek War March 27. 
 
 Two British vessels captured the Essex March 28. 
 
 The British defeated Wilkinson at La Colle March 30. 
 
 Scott and Ripley captured Fort Erie July 3. 
 
 Brown defeated the British at Ckippewa : . . .July 5. 
 
 Battle of Lundy s Lane or Bridge water was fought. .July 25. 
 The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Erie. . .Aug. 15. 
 
 Ross defeated the Americans at Bladensburg Aug. 24. 
 
 Ross entered Washington and fired public buildings. Aug. 24. 
 MacDonough defeated the British on L. Champlain. .Sept. 11. 
 
 Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg Sept. 11 
 
 Battle of North Point, near Baltimore, was fought. .Sept. 12 
 The Americans repulsed British fleet at Ft. McHenry.Sept 13. 
 The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bo v/yer. Sept. 15, 
 Brown made a sortie upon British works at Ft. Erie. . Sept. 17. 
 Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola. . .Nov. 7. 
 British squadron on Lake Borgne capt d U. S. flotilla. Dec. 14. 
 
 The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec. 15. 
 
 The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 
 
 1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8, 
 
132 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1815. Congress declared war against Algiers March 2. 
 
 Decatur was sent against the Algerines May 21. 
 
 1816. The Bank of U. S. was rechartered for twenty years. April 10. 
 Indiana was admitted into the Union . .Dec. 11. 
 
 PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 WHERE FOUGHT. 
 
 VESSELS. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 1812. 
 Aug. 13, 
 
 Aug. 19, 
 Oct. 18, 
 Oct. 25, 
 
 Dec. 29, 
 1813. 
 Feb. 24, 
 
 June 1, 
 Aug. 14, 
 Sept. 5, 
 
 Sept. 10, 
 1814. 
 
 Mar. 28, 
 
 Apr. 29, 
 June 28, 
 Sept. 1, 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 1815. 
 Jan. 15, 
 
 Feb. 20, 
 Mar. 23, 
 
 Off Newfoundland . . -| 
 Off Massachusetts . . . j 
 Off North Carolina . . -J 
 Near Canary Islands, -j 
 Off San Salvador . . . . -j 
 
 Am. Frig. Essex 
 
 Porter.* 
 Laugharne. 
 Hull.* 
 Dacres. 
 Jones.* 
 Whinyates. 
 Decatnr.* 
 Carden. 
 Bainbridge.* 
 Lambert. 
 
 I Br. Sloop Alert 
 
 Am. Frig. Constitution. . . 
 Br. Frig. Guerriere 
 Am. Sloop Wasp 
 Br. Brig Frolic 
 Am. Frig United States . . 
 Br. Frig. Macedonian 
 Am. Frig. Constitution. .. 
 Br. Frig. Java 
 
 Off Demarara ... , . . -j 
 
 Am. Sloop Hornet ?.. 
 
 Lawrence.* 
 Peake. 
 Lawrence. 
 Broke.* 
 Allen. 
 Maples.* 
 Burrows.* 
 Blythe. 
 Perry.* 
 Barclay. 
 
 ( 
 Massachusetts Bay., -j 
 
 British Channel -j 
 Off coast of Maine . . . -j 
 Lake Erie ... -J 
 
 Am. Frig. Chesapeake 
 Br. Frig. Shannon 
 
 Am. Brig Argus 
 Br. Sloop Pelican 
 
 Am. Brig Enterprise 
 Br. Brig Boxer 
 Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns 
 Br. 6 vessels, t>3 guns 
 
 
 Harbor of Valparaiso < 
 
 Off coast of Florida.. -{ 
 Near British Channel] 
 
 Am Fri 01 E^ex 
 
 Porter. 
 Hillyar.* 
 Tucker. 
 Warrington.* 
 Wales. 
 Blakely.* 
 Manners. 
 Blakely.* 
 Arbuthnot. 
 McDonough.* 
 Downie. 
 Jones. 
 Lockyer.* 
 
 Br. BrigPhabe 
 
 Br Sloop Cherub 
 
 Am. Sloop Peacock 
 Br. Brig Eporvier 
 Am Sloop Wasp 
 
 Br Sloop Reindeer 
 
 Am. Sloop Wasp 
 
 Lake Champlain \ 
 
 Br. Sloop Avon 
 Am. 14 vessels. 86 guns 
 Br. 17 vessels. 95 guns .... 
 Am. 5 gunboats 
 
 Lake Borgne ! 
 
 Br. 40 barges 
 
 Off New Jersey -J 
 Off Island of Madeira -| 
 Off Brazil j 
 
 Am Fri^ President 
 
 Decatur. 
 Hayes.* 
 Stewart.* 
 Falcon. 
 Douglass. 
 Biddle.* 
 Dickensoii. 
 
 Br. (Squadron) 
 Am. Frig. Constitution 
 Br. Ship Cyane 
 Br. Ship Levant 
 Am. Sloop Hornet 
 
 ( 
 
 
 NOTE. During the battle on Lake Erie, " Captain Perry, finding himself in a 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 133 
 
 FBINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 MEN. ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Amer n 
 
 British. 
 
 1812. 
 Aug. 5, 
 
 Aug.9,j 
 
 Oct. 13, 
 
 1813. 
 Jan. 22, 
 Am-il 27, 
 May 5, 
 May 29, 
 Aug. 2, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Nov. 11, 
 1814. 
 Mar. 30, 
 July 5, 
 July 25, 
 Aug. 15, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Sept, 11, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Sept. 15, 
 Sept. 17, 
 Dec. 23, 
 1815. 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 Brownstown 
 Maguaga, or 2d of 
 Brownstown 
 Queenstown 
 
 Van Horn 
 [Miller* 
 Van Rensselaer 
 
 Tecumseh*. . 
 Tecumseh... 
 Brock* 
 
 200 
 600 
 1,200 
 
 600 
 900 
 2,500 
 
 
 Frenchtown 
 
 Winchester 
 Pike* 
 Clay* 
 
 Proctor* . , 
 Shcaffe 
 Proctor 
 Prevost 
 Proctor 
 Proctor 
 
 800 
 1,700 
 1.200 
 1,000 
 150 
 2,500 
 1,200 
 
 1.500 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 1,300 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 
 York 
 Fort Meigs 
 Sackctt s Harbor.. 
 Fort Stephenson . . 
 Thames 
 Chrysler s Field . . . 
 
 Brown* 
 Croghan* 
 Harrison* 
 Boyd 
 
 Morrison . . . 
 
 La Colle .... 
 
 Wilkinson 
 Brown* 
 Brown* 
 Gaines* 
 
 I/an cock*.... 
 Riall 
 Drummond. . 
 Drummond. . 
 Ross* 
 Prevost 
 Brooke* 
 Cochrane. ... 
 Nicholls 
 Drummond . 
 Keane 
 
 4,000 
 
 i,aoo 
 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 3,500 
 3.000 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 120 
 2,500 
 2,000 
 
 2.000 
 2,100 
 5.000 
 5.000 
 5.000 
 14.000 
 5,000 
 16 ships 
 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 
 Chippewa 
 Lundy s Lane 
 Fort Erie (assault). 
 Bladensburg 
 Plattsbnrg 
 North Point 
 Fort McHenry 
 Fort Bowyer 
 Fort Erie (sortie).. 
 9 miles from N. O. 
 
 Winder 
 
 Macomb* 
 Strieker .. 
 
 Armistead* 
 Lawrence* 
 Brown* 
 
 Jackson 
 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Jackson* 
 
 Pakenham. . . 
 
 6,000 
 
 12,000 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. N&me the first ten important events of Madison s administration 130 
 
 2. Give an account of the events of 1811 114 
 
 3. What were the causes of the second war with England ? Ill, 115 
 
 4. Give an account of the expedition under General Hull lis , 116 
 
 5. Give an account of General Van Rensselaer s campaign 116 
 
 C. What account can you give of General Brock ? 116 
 
 7. Give an account of the action between the Alert and Essex 117, 132 
 
 8. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere HT, 133 
 
 9. Of the action between the United States and Macedonian 117^ 133 
 
 10. Of the action between the Constitution and Java 117 
 
 11 . Now state, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812 117, 132 
 
 12. Name, in chronological order, thirteen important events of 1812 130, 131 
 
 vessel (his flag-ship, the Lawrence), that had been rendered nearly useless by 
 the injuries she had received, and which was dropping out of the combat got 
 into his boat, and pulled after the Niagara (of his fleet), on board of which vesseV 
 he arrived at about half-past two." Hooper s Hist, of the Navy qf the U. S. 
 
134 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13. State what you can of General Winchester 118 
 
 14. When, where, and why, was Fort Meigs built ? 118 
 
 15. Give the further history of Fort Meigs 118, 119 
 
 16. State what you can in relation to Major Croghan 119 
 
 17. State what you can in relation to Commodore Perry 119 
 
 18. Give an account of Tecumseh 114, 120 
 
 19. Give an account of General Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120 
 
 20. Give a full account of the Creek War 120, 121 
 
 21. What movement did Dearborn make in April, 1813 ? 121 
 
 22. State what you can in relation to General Pike 121 
 
 23. What success did Dearborn afterward have ? 121 
 
 24. Now, give a full account of Dearborn s part in the war 118-121 
 
 25. Give a full account of Wilkinson s part in the war 122-124 
 
 2<>. Of the action between the Chesapeake and the Shannon 122, 123, 132 
 
 27. Give an account of the career of the Argus , 123, 132 
 
 28. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 123, 132 
 
 29. Name, in order, five naval eveiits of 1813 132 
 
 30. Name, in order, fifteen important events of 1813 1 31 
 
 31. State how the Americans captured Fort Erie 124 
 
 32. Give a full account of the battle of Chippewa 124, 133 
 
 33. Give a fall account of the battle of Lundy s Lane. 124, 133 
 
 34. Give, as far as you can, the history of Fort Erie 124, 125 
 
 35. State all you can in relation to General Brown 121, 123-125 
 
 36. Give an account of the Battle of Lake Champlain 125, 132 
 
 37. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg 125, 133 
 
 88. State what you can in relation to Sir George Prevost 121, 125 
 
 39.Give an account of naval affairs during 1814 .125, 126, 128 
 
 40. How and when did General Ross commence operations ? 126 
 
 41. Give an account of his march from Benedict to Washington 126 
 
 42. Of his acts at Washington, and death near Baltimore 126, 127 
 
 43. Now give the whole account in relation to Ross 126, 127 
 
 44. State what is said in connection with Pensacola 127, 128 
 
 45. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Bowyer 127 
 
 46. Of Pakenham s movements in December, 1814 128 
 
 47. Of the disaster to the Americans on Lake Borgne 128 
 
 48. Of the defeat and death of Pakenham 128 
 
 49. Now give the full account of Pakenham s expedition 128 
 
 50. Give the history and doings of the Hartford Convention 129 
 
 51. Give the particulars in relation to the treaty of peace 129 
 
 52. Name six naval events of 1814 132 
 
 53. Name, in order, nineteen important events of that year 131 
 
 54. Name three important events of 1815 .131, 132 
 
 55. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 129, 130 
 
 56. Give a full account of the troubles with the Barbary powers 110, 129, 130 
 
 57. Give the history of Louisiana 110, 128, 138 
 
 68. How did Louisiana get its name ? Ans. The whole country watered 
 
 by the Mississippi was taken possession of by the French, in 1682, 
 and named Louisiana, in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. 
 
 69. Whence did Indiana get its name ? From the word Indian. It was 
 
 first applied, in 1768, to a grant of land near the Ohio, which a com 
 pany of traders that year obtained from the Indians. 
 
NOTES. 134a 
 
 1. Sufferings of American Prisoners In Dartmoor Prison 
 
 (Note p. 111). "The winter (of 1813-14) set iu with a severity not i elt before for 
 half a century. The mountain on which the prison stood was covered with 
 snow to the depth of from two to four feet. The stream running through the 
 prison yard, and the buckets of water in the rooms, were frozen solid. Most 
 of the prisoners being protected only by rags, and destitute of shoes, could not 
 go out into the yard at all, for it was covered with snow, but they lay crouched 
 in their hammocks all day and all night. The strong were bowed in gloom and 
 despair, and the weak perished in protracted agonies. To fill up the measure 
 of their sufferings, the commanding officer issued an order compelling them to 
 turn out at nine o clock in the morning, and stand up in the yard till the guard 
 counted them. This took nearly an hour, during which time the poor fellows 
 stood barefoot in the snow, benumbed by the cold, and pierced by the bleak 
 wind. Unable to bear this dreadful exposure, the prisoners cut up their bed- 
 ding, and made garments and socks for their feet, and slept on the cold floor. 
 Morning after morning, hardy men, overcome by the cold, fell lifeless in the 
 presence of their keepers." Headley s Second War with England. 
 
 2. Hull s Surrender of Detroit (p. HG, U 8). "General Hull had 
 been in many battles of the revolution. He had led a column of Wayne s troops 
 at the taking of Stony Point, and for his conduct in that action received the 
 thanks of Washington, and promotion in the service. He was in the midst of 
 the battle of White Plains, and was there wounded. He was in the battles of 
 Trenton and Princeton. He fought at Ticonderoga, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, 
 Monmouth and other places, and led regiments and battalions in most of these 
 
 battles Is it likely, therefore, that he should have been the only man in 
 
 his army disabled by fear from fighting General Brock ? What, then, were his 
 reasons as given by himself? General Hull was now in thc position in which, as 
 he had stated to the administration before the war, Detroit must fall. His com 
 munications to Ohio were cut off by the Indians in the woods ; his communica 
 tions by the lakes were cut off by the British vessels; and he had no co-operation 
 at Niagara. If he should fight a battle, and defeat the British army, his fate 
 would not be less inevitable, for a victory would not re-open his communications. 
 Besides this, his forces were vastly inferior to those; of the enemy, his provisions 
 were nearly exhausted, and there was no possibility of obtaining a supply from 
 any quarter. If he were to fight, he would save his own reputation, but could 
 not save the army or territory, and he would be exposing the defenseless inhab 
 itants of Michigan to all the horrors of Indian warfare, without a reason or an 
 object. Under these circumstances, it would be the part of a selfish man to 
 fight. It was the part of a brave and generous man to hazard the sacrifice of 
 his own reputation as a soldier, and his own selfish feelings, to his duty as a 
 governor and a man. General Hull did the last, and never regretted it for a 
 moment. He was asked, on his death-bed, whether he still believed he had done 
 right in the surrender of Detroit, and he replied that he did, and was thankful 
 that he had been enabled to do so." James Freeman Clarke s Campaign of 1812. 
 
 3. After the Battle of Toliopeka (p. 121, IF 25)." The grim general 
 (Jackson) who presided over this bloody scene, had still a tender spot in his 
 heart. Moved by the wail of an Indian infant, picked up from the field, whose 
 mother had perished during the battle, Jackson strove to induce some nursing 
 woman among the prisoners to take care of it. Its mother is dead, was the 
 cold answer, let the child die too. The general, himself a childless man, then 
 turned nurse himself. Some brown sugar formed a part of his private stores^ 
 and with this he caused the child to be fed. He even took it home with him, 
 and reared it up in hia own family. The Indian boy, thus cared for, grew a 
 
134b KOTES. 
 
 bright and thriving boy, and, when he came of age, having meanwhile chosen 
 and learned a trade, he was comfortably established as a saddler at Nashville." 
 The defeat of the Indians entirely broke their spirits, and they began to come 
 into Fort Jackson. "Among tnese suppliants was Wetherford, the chief who 
 had been so active in commencing the war. I fought at Fort Miins, such 
 was his address to Jackson; I fought the army of Georgia. I did you all the 
 injury I could. Had I been supported as I was promised, I would have done 
 more. But my warriors are killed, and I can fight no longer. I look back with 
 sorrow that I have brought destruction on my nation. I am now in your power, 
 do with me as you please. I, too, am a warrior. In spite of the murmurs of 
 the volunteers, Wetheriord s life was spared, and the same lenient policy was 
 adopted by Jackson with all who came in." Hildreth s History of the U. S. 
 
 4. Don t Give up the SAip (p. 123, *fi 33)." At half-past five the action 
 commenced with great spirit on both sides. The first broadsides were, however, 
 remarkably fatal to the officers of the Chesapeake. In a few minutes the master 
 was killed, and four lieutenants were severely wounded. Shortly afterward Cap 
 tain Lawrence received a dangerous wound, but remained on the deck, issuing 
 his orders with perfect composure. The fire of the Chesapeake was directed 
 with evident effect against the hull of the Shannon; that of the latter was aimed 
 at the rigging of the Chesapeake, with such success, that in twelve minutes from 
 the commencement of the action, she fell foul of her antagonist. A raking fire 
 was now poured into her from the Shannon; and Captain Broke, seeing that her 
 decks were nearly swept of the crew, took the opportunity of boarding at the 
 head of his marines. At this moment Captain Lawrence, who had persisted iu 
 remaining on deck, received a mortal wound, and was carried below. It was at 
 this period that he uttered those emphatic words, since so justly celebrated, 
 Don t give up the ship. In a few minutes the enemy obtained possession of the 
 vessel, and for the first time since the declaration of war the British flag was 
 hoisted on an American vessel." Ramsay s History rf the United States. 
 
 5. Burning of the City of Washington (p. 126, If 46). " This, 
 says an officer in Ross s army, was a night of dismay to the inhabitants of 
 Washington. The streets were crowded with men, women, and children, horses, 
 carriages, and carts loaded with household furniture, all hastening towards a 
 
 wooden bridge which crosses the Potomac. " "At a small beer house 
 
 opposite to the Treasury, fire was procured with which the Treasury and then 
 the President s house, were set fire to. Before setting fire to the latter building, 
 it was ransacked for booty, especially for objects of curiosity, to be carried oft 
 as spoils; but few were found. Some pictures and books, chosen from Mr. 
 Madison s library, were all that were deemed worth preserving, except a small 
 parcel of pencil notes, which, during the last few days, had been received by 
 Mrs. Madison from her husband, while he was with the troops, and which she had 
 rolled up together and put into a table drawer. To all the rest of the contents 
 of the building furniture, wines, provisions, groceries, and family stores, to 
 gether with an excellent library the torch was applied. After incendiarism 
 had done its worst, both at the President s house and the Navy Yard, indiscrim. 
 inate pillage closed the scene But the day s victory and night s devasta 
 tion brought the conquerors to a pause and retirement." Ingersoll s Second Wat 
 with Great Britain. 
 
 6. What was thought In England of the Injury done to 
 Washington (p. 126)." In England there was a general feeling that, however 
 brilliant had been the attack upon Washington, the destruction of non-warlike 
 buildings was something more than a mistake. It was an outrage inconsistent 
 
NOTES. 134c 
 
 with civilized warfare. Lord Grenville, with dignified earnestness, lamented a 
 departure from a system of forbearance which had been pursued even by Napo 
 leon during a conflict of twenty years, in whose hands nearly all the capitals of 
 Europe had been, and in no instance, except in that of the Kremlin of Moscow, 
 were any unmilitary buildings destroyed. We had done, said Mr. Whitbread, 
 what the Goths had refused to do at Home, when Belisarius represented to them 
 that to destroy works of art was to erect a monument to the folly of the destroy, 
 ers. He maintained that the outrage at Washington had conciliated to the 
 American government those parts of the United States which were before hostile 
 to it; had put in motion battalions of militia which before were not allowed ta 
 march. It had united all. It had made determined opposition to England a 
 common interest. W T hether to the destruction of the public buildings in Wash 
 ington may be attributed the extraordinary vigor which seemed now to be 
 infused into the military character of the American democracy, it is certain 
 that, after that event, the course of the war was one of almost unvarying success 
 to their arms." Knight s History of England. 
 
 7. The Star-spangled Banner (p. 127). " During the tremendous 
 bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key lay in a little vessel under the 
 British admiral s frigate. He had visited the fleet for the purpose of obtaining 
 an exchange of some prisoners of war, especially of ons who was a personal 
 friend, and was directed to remain till after the action. During the day his eye 
 had rested eagerly on that low fortification over which the flag of his country 
 was flying; and he watched with the intensest anxiety the progress of each shell 
 in its flight, rejoicing when it fell short of its aim, and filled with fear as he saw 
 it descend witho it exploding within those silent enclosures. At night, when 
 darkness shut out that object of so much and intense interest, around which 
 every hope and desire of his life seemed to cling, he still stood straining his eyes 
 through the gloom, to catch, if he could, by the light of the blazing shells, a 
 glimpse of his country s flag, waving proudly in the storm. The early dawn 
 found him still a watcher; and there, to the music of bursting shells and the 
 roar of cannon, he composed The Star-spangled Banner. "Headley s Second 
 War with England. 
 
 8. Jackson s Cotton-balo Defenses of New Orleans (p. 128, 
 If 52). " Each company had its own line of embankment to throw up, which it 
 called its castle, and strained every muscle in fierce but friendly rivalry to make 
 it overtop the castles of the rest. The nature of the soil rendered the task one 
 of peculiar difficulty. Dig down three feet anywhere in that singular plain, and 
 you come to water. Earth soon becomes the scarcest of commodities near the 
 lines, and had to be brought from far after the first hours. An idea occurs to an 
 ingenious French intellect. Cotton bales I The town is full of cotton. And, lo, 
 here, close to the lines, is a vessel laden with cotton, waiting for a chance to get 
 to sea. The idea, however, plausible as it was, did not stand the test of service. 
 The first cannonade knocked the cotton bales about in a manner that made 
 General Jackson more eager to get rid of them than he had been to use them. 
 Some of the bales, too, caught fire, and made a most intolerable and persistent 
 smoke, so that, before the final conflict, every pound of cotton was removed 
 from the lines. A similar error was made by the enemy, who, supposing that 
 sugar would offer resistance to cannon-balls equal to sand, employed hogsheads 
 of sugar in the formation of their batteries. The first ball that knocked a hogs 
 head to pieces, and kept on its destructive way unchecked, convinced them that 
 sugar and sand, though often found together, have little in common." Parton a 
 Life of Jackson. 
 
1341 NOTES. 
 
 9. The Loss of the Essex (p. 128, IT 53). "There was no longer any 
 chance of saving the ship. To add to her distress, she was on fire, the flames com- 
 ing up both the main and forward hatchways, and lor a few minutes it was 
 thought she must consume. To add to the horrors of the scene, an explosion of 
 powder also occurred below; and Captain Porter told his people, that in prefer 
 ence to being blown up, all who chose to incur the risk might make the attempt 
 to reach the shore by swimming. Many availed themselves of the permission, 
 and some succeeded in effecting their escape. Others perished; while a few, 
 after drifting about on bits of spars, were picked up by the boats of the enemy. 
 Much the greater part of the crew, however, remained in the ship, and they set 
 about to extinguish the flames, the shot of the enemy committing its havoc the 
 whole time. Fortunately, the fire was got under, when the few brave men who 
 were left went again to the guns; but the enemy, in perfectly smooth water, was 
 firing his long eighteens at a nearly unresisting ship, with as much precision as 
 lie could have discharged them at a target. It had become an imperative duty, 
 therefore, to strike, and the colors were accordingly hauled down thousands of 
 persons on shore being witnesses after one of the most remarkable combats 
 that is to be found in the history of naval warfare." Cooper s Naval History of 
 the United States. 
 
 10. The Hartford Convention (p. 129, H 55). "The troops of the 
 United States, intended for defending the sea-coast, had been withdrawn to 
 parry on the war in Canada. A British squadron was stationed in Long Island 
 tSound to prevent the escape of a frigate from New London, and to intercept our 
 coasting trade; one town in Maine was in possession of the British forces; the 
 banks south of New England had all suspended the payment of specie; our ship 
 ping lay in our harbor, embargoed, dismantled, and perishing; the treasury of 
 the United States was exhausted to the last cent, and a general gloom was spread 
 over the country. In this condition of affairs, a number of gentlemen in North 
 ampton, Mass., determined to invite some of the principal inhabitants of the 
 three counties on the Connecticut formerly comprising the old county of 
 Hampshire, to meet and consider whether any measures could not be taken to 
 arrest the continuance of the war." Out of this grew the Hartford Convention. 
 " The citizens had the same right then to meet in convention as they have now. 
 The distresses of the country demanded extraordinary measures for redress. 
 The thought of dissolving the Union never entered into the head of any member 
 of the Convention. The gentlemen who composed it, for talents and patriotism, 
 have never been surpassed by any assembly in the United States; and, beyond a 
 question, the appointment of the Hartford Convention had a very favorable 
 effect in hastening the conclusion of a treaty of peace. All the reports which 
 have been circulated respecting the evil designs of that Convention I know to be 
 the foulest misrepresentations." Noah Webster^s Sketches of American Policy. 
 
 11 8 Peace ! Peace! (p. 129, IT 56). "No victory ever so electrified the 
 nation as the news of this peace. The ship that bore the glad intelligence 
 reached New York on Saturday evening, February llth, an hour after dark." . . 
 " In half an hour after, Broadway was one living sea of shouting, rejoicing peo 
 ple. Peace I peace I peace ! was the deep, harmonious, universal anthem. 
 The whole spectacle was enlivened by a sudden inspiration. Somebody came 
 with a torch; the bright idea passed into a thousand brains. In a few minutes 
 thousands and tens of thousands of people were marching about with candles, 
 lamps, torches making the jubilant street appear like a gay and gorgeous pro 
 cession. The whole night Broadway sang its song of peace; and the next day, 
 Sunday, all the churches sent up hymns of thanksgiving for the joyous tidings." 
 S. G, Goodrich. 
 
1817.] MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 135 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 From the beginning of Monroes Administration to the 
 
 close of Piercers : 1 8 1 7 to 1 85 7. 
 
 1. MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. James Monroe, of Vir 
 ginia, Madison s successor in the presidency, was inaugu 
 rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and his administration 
 commenced under very favorable circumstances. We 
 were at peace with all foreign powers ; our commerce 
 rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two 
 great political parties, Democrats and Federalists, had 
 entirely ceased. (Read topic 224, Appendix, p. 81.) 
 
 2. Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles (sem -i-ndlz) 
 of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depreda 
 tions on the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first 
 Gen. Gaines, and, afterward, Gen. Jackson, was sent 
 against them. Being convinced that the Indians had 
 been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jack 
 son marched into that province, though, at the time, it 
 belonged to Spain; seized the fort at St. Mark s; exe 
 cuted two instigators of the war, both British subjects ; 
 and sent the authorities of Pensacola to Havana. (Note 1.) 
 
 3. This having led to difficulties between the govern 
 ments of Spain and the United States, a treaty was finally 
 made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United 
 States, but Spain did not surrender possession of the ter 
 ritory before 1821. The Mississippi Territory, embracing 
 
 1. When was Monroe inaugurated ? Condition of the country at that time ? 
 
 2. Give an account of the troubles in Florida. 
 
 3. State how Florida came into the pos^es^ion of the United States. Where 
 is St. Marks ? (p. 174.) What is said of the Slate of Mississippi ? 
 
 NOTE. " Shortly after his inauguration, Monroe, imitating the example of 
 Washington, set out on a tour through the Eastern States. His declaration of 
 principles in his inaugural address had been highly satisfactory to the Federal 
 ists, and at Boston he was received with most elaborate pomp. Embittered and 
 hot-tempered leaders of parties, who for the last seven years had hardly deigned 
 to speak to each other, or even to walk on the same side of the street, met now 
 with smiling faces, vying in extravagance of republican loyalty. The era of 
 good feeling having thus begun, the way was rapidly paved for that complete 
 amalgamation of parties which took place a few years after." HUdreth s Hist. 
 
 u, m. 
 
136 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. [is IT. 
 
 the present states of Alabama and Mississippi, was di 
 vided in 1817, and the western portion admitted into the 
 Union as the State of Mississippi. (App., p. 71, topic 109.) 
 
 4. Illinois, which, up to 1800, was a part of the North 
 west Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana 
 the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was 
 the Illinois Territory ; became a state in 1818. Alabama 
 was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had up to 
 that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
 as a state, and admitted into the Union. (P. 190, T 6.) 
 
 5. The most important event during Monroe s admin 
 istration was the controversy preceding the admission of 
 Missouri into the Union. The states of the North op 
 posed its admission as a slave-state, while those of the 
 South favored such admission. (App., p. 71, topic 116.) 
 
 6. In Congress the debate was long and violent ; but 
 
 O O " 
 
 at length, in 1820, a bill, known as the "Missouri Com 
 promise," was passed, by which it was declared that, with 
 the exception of Missouri, slavery should be prohibited 
 in the territory of the United States north of the parallel 
 36 30 , and west of the Mississippi. Under this com 
 promise, Missouri, with a constitution permitting slavery, 
 was admitted into the Union in 1821* (Page 151, [ 57.) 
 
 7. An important event of Monroe s administration was 
 the recognition of the independence of the South Ameri 
 can republics. In his annual message of 1823, Monroe 
 declared that the American continents " are henceforth 
 not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by 
 any European power." This is known as the " Monroe 
 Doctrine." 
 
 4. What is said of Illinois? Of Alabama? Of Maine? 
 
 5. What was the most important event during Monroe s administration T 
 How were the states divided ? 
 
 6. When was the Missouri Compromise Act passed? What declaration was 
 made in the act ? When was Missouri admitted into the Union ? 
 
 7. What other important event of Monroe s administration ia mentioned? 
 What is the Monroe Doctrine ? 
 
 Read topic 213, Appendix, p. 77. 
 
1825.] JOHN Q. ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 137 
 
 8. In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit 
 to this country, as a guest of the nation. His tour 
 through the states was everywhere signalized by tokens 
 of respect from a grateful people.* In the fall of the same 
 year, the election for president took place ; but, in conse- 
 quence of there being four candidates, and no one receiv 
 ing a majority of the electoral votes, the election went to 
 the House of Representatives, by whom (in 1825) John 
 Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen. 
 
 9. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. The in 
 auguration of Adams took place on the 4th of March, 
 1825. His administration of four years was one of peace, 
 and under it the nation made rapid increase in population 
 and wealth. (Read Note 2, end of Section.) 
 
 10. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independ 
 ence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the deaths of the two 
 venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jeffer- 
 Bon. When it is recollected that Adams and Jefferson 
 were members of the committee to prepare the Decla 
 ration of Independence, that both had been foreign min 
 isters, vice-presidents, and presidents, the coincidence in 
 
 * their deaths is indeed remarkable. 
 
 11. The subject of domestic manufactures engaged a 
 large share of the president s attention. In 1828 a tariff 
 law was passed, based upon the principle of protecting 
 home manufactures by imposing heavy duties upon im 
 ported articles of the same kind. This policy, known as 
 the American System, had its friends and opponents then 
 as it has now. 
 
 12. Toward the close of the presidential term, the con- 
 
 8. What is said of Lafayette ? State how John Quincy Adams was elected 
 president. 
 
 9. When was Adams inaugurated ? What is said of his administration ? 
 
 10. When did Jefferson and John Adams die r What coincidence in their 
 lives and deaths occurred ? What took place on the 4th of July, just five years 
 lifter ? Ans. The deatn of James Monroe. 
 
 11. What can you state of the tariff policy known as the American system? 
 
 * Head Note 3 Lafayette, the Guest of the Nation end of Section. 
 
138 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. [1829. 
 
 test for the succession was carried on with great bitter 
 ness of party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a sec 
 ond term, but was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of 
 Tennessee. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, then 
 Vice-President, having been elected four years before, was 
 again chosen to that office. (Read topic 221, Ap., p. 80.) 
 
 13. JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. Jackson s inaugura 
 tion took place on the 4th of March, 1829, and he at once 
 commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he car 
 ried out for eight years. The practice of removing office 
 holders and appointing political friends of the president, 
 was begun by Jackson. (Read topic 236, App. p. 85.) 
 
 14. In his first annual message to Congress, the new 
 president took ground against the renewal of the charter 
 of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the objec 
 tion, Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to re-charter it, but 
 Jackson vetoed the bill, and the bank consequently ceased 
 to be a national institution when the charter expired. 
 
 15. In 1832 the northwest frontier suffered from Indian 
 hostilities. Black Hawk, the most noted of the savages, 
 and from whom the contest that followed took its name, 
 was taken prisoner. The Indians finally gave up a large 
 tract of territory and removed further west. 
 
 16. The tariff law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among 
 the people of the cotton-growing states ; and though, in 
 1832, an act was passed removing some of the duties on 
 foreign goods, the feeling was greatly increased, A con 
 vention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts uncon 
 stitutional, and therefore null ; and proclaimed that if any 
 
 12. What is stated of the presidential canvass of 1828? Give the result. 
 
 1 3. When was Jackson inaugurated ? What is said of his measures ? What 
 is said of the practice he began ? 
 
 14. What is stated in relation to the United States Bank? 
 
 15. Give an account of the Black Hawk War. 
 
 16. What is said of the tariff act of 1828? Of the act of 1832? What was 
 done, in consequence, in South Carolina ? 
 
 NoTE.Durin? Jackson s term, France, after a long and troublesome delay, 
 paid to the United States five millions of dollare for injury done to American 
 commerce by the French. 
 
1835.1 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 139 
 
 attempts were made to collect the duties, the state would 
 secede from the Union. (See ^ 5, p. 158.) 
 
 17. Jackson acted with promptness and firmness. He 
 sent Gen. Scott to Charleston, and issued a proclamation 
 against the " nullifiers." A "compromise bill," providing 
 for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered by 
 Henry Clay, and passed by Congress. It was accepted 
 by Calhoun, Hayne, and the other South Carolina leaders, 
 and thus quiet was restored.* 
 
 18. Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became 
 hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to 
 lands west of the Missis 
 sippi, in accordance with 
 
 a treaty which ^ had been 
 made with some of the 
 chiefs, but which others 
 did not consider binding. 
 Osceola (os-e-o -la/i), their 
 most noted chief, having, 
 in his opposition, used 
 threatening language, Gen. 
 Thompson, the govern 
 ment agent, put him in irons ; but by feigning penitence 
 and making promises, he soon obtained his liberty. 
 
 19. On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon 
 vengeance, approached a house in which Thompson and 
 others were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed 
 five of the party, including Thompson. On the same 
 day, Major Dade, while marching with more than a hun 
 dred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was at- 
 
 1 7. Give the subsequent history of the attempt at " Nullification." 
 
 18. What troubles commenced in 1835 ? How was Osceola treated ? How 
 did he regain his liberty ? 
 
 19. How was Osceola revenged ? How was he revenged at Fort Drane ? 
 
 * "Henry Clay proposed that the duties upon articles imported from foreign countries, 
 and not coming into competition with similar articles n:ade or produced within the United 
 States, be abolished, except the duties upon wines and silks, and that those be reduced. A 
 bill in accordance with this proposition passed both Houses, and was sigued by the President 
 (1833)." Par ton" 8 Lije of Jad 
 
140 TAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. [is 3 7. 
 
 tacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was 
 massacred. . 
 
 20. A number of battles were fought during the follow- 
 ing year ; but in none could the Americans claim a de 
 cided victory. In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in 
 the American camp with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup 
 seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie. Two 
 months later, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the 
 United States, defeated the Indians near Lake O-kee-cho - 
 bee, in the most desperate battle of the war ; and though 
 they continued hostile till 1642, they never again rallied 
 in large force. (Read topic 222, Appendix, p. 80.) 
 
 A 21. VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. Jackson was suc 
 ceeded in the presidency by Martin Van-.Buren, of New 
 York. Van Buren served only one term, or four years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of 
 March, 1841. (See App., p. 75, topic 172.) 
 
 22. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in mone 
 tary affairs took place, producing great distress in all 
 branches of business throughout the country. Merchants 
 failed, commerce and manufactures were prostrated, and 
 the crash was finally consummated by the suspension of 
 specie payments on the part of the banks. 
 
 23. In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke out in 
 Canada, which enlisted the sympathies and engaged the 
 active co-operation of many citizens of the United States. 
 A proclamation, issued by the president, forbidding inter 
 ference in the affairs of Canada, together with the decided 
 measures of the British authorities, had the effect intend 
 ed, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 
 
 2O. What is said in relation to the battles fought in LS36 ? What took place 
 in October, 1837 ? What further can you say of Osceola ? Am. He died about 
 three months after, while at Fort Moultrie. Give an account of the battle of 
 Okeechobee. What were the consequences ? 
 
 21. Who succeeded Jackson as president? When was he inaugurated? 
 
 22. Give an account of the revolution in monetary affairs. 
 
 23. Give an account of the insurrection in Cnnada. 
 
 NOTE. For an account of the Mormons, read topic 223, Appendix, p. 80.) 
 
i84i.] HAEBISON S AND TYLER S ADMINISTRATIONS. 141 
 
 24. HARRISON S AND TYLER S ADMINISTRATIONS. Van 
 Buren s successor in office was William Henry Harrison, 
 of Ohio, the " hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames." The 
 cabinet of the new president was judiciously chosen, and 
 the people anticipated for him a successful administration ; 
 but, on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month after his 
 inauguration, he died ; and the vice-president, John Tyler, 
 on taking the oath of office two days after, became presi 
 dent. (See App., p. 68, topic 69.) 
 
 25. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode 
 Island, growing out of a movement to substitute a con 
 stitution extending the right of suffrage, in place of the 
 charter granted by Charles II., in 1663, and which had 
 been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part 
 of two centuries. The " suffrage party" attempted to 
 effect the change without regard to existing laws, even 
 resorting to force ; but the legitimate power, prevailed. 
 A constitution, the one under which the state is now gov 
 erned, was soon after adopted. (See p. 31, ^[ 44.) 
 
 26. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the 
 Union caused an excited discussion throughout the 
 
 O 
 
 country during the closing months of Tyler s administra 
 tion. Those who objected to an increase of the slave- 
 power in the government, opposed the proposition ; while 
 those who favored such increase, advocated it. Three 
 days before the expiration of his term of office, the presi 
 dent signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the 
 United States. (Florida was admitted in 1845 : Iowa in 
 1846.)* 
 
 24. Who succeeded Van Buren in the presidency? When was Harrison 
 inaugurated ? What further can you state in relation to Harrison 9 When was 
 Tyler inaugurated ? 
 
 25. Give an account of the "Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island 
 
 .*?: W JS t P ro P*itin caused excited discussion ? How were the people di- 
 vided ? What did Tyler do on the 1st of March ? 
 
 26,27. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency? When was Polk man- 
 gurated ? State how Texas was made a member of the Union. 
 
 i*o? e c PP " P n 74 t ? pic ^1, for Texas; App., p. 66, topic 54, for Florida ; and 
 p. 191, 1 8, as well as App., p. 68, topic 78, for Iowa. 
 
142 HARRISON S AND TYLER S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 JMKXICO, 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 TKXAS Sec. 
 
1845. 
 
 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 143 
 
 27. WAR WITH MEXICO, FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 Tyler s successor in office was James K. Polk, who was 
 inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. His adminis 
 tration continued during only one term, but it was an 
 eventful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature 
 of Texas approved the " annexation bill" passed by the 
 United States Congress, and, by this act of approval, 
 Texas became one of the United States. 
 
 28. Texas had been 
 a province of Mexico, 
 but, in consequence 
 of the arbitrary pol 
 icy of the Mexican 
 rulers, the Texans re 
 volted, and, in 1836, 
 ?et up a government 
 of their own. The 
 annexation of Texas 
 to the United States 
 ted to a war with Mex- 
 tco ; for Mexico still 
 claimed Texas as a 
 part of her own ter 
 ritory, and consid 
 ered the act of an 
 nexation a sufficient cause of war. (See Note, next page.) 
 
 29. EVENTS OF 1846. For the protection of the new 
 state, Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, 
 
 28. What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? To what did the 
 annexation of Texas lead ? Why did Mexico feel injured ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (Maps, pp. 143, 149.) Into what waters does the Rio 
 Grande flow ? The Nueces (nwa -ses) ? What conflicting claims to territory were 
 made ? Ans. The United States claimed the Rio Grande as their boundary, 
 while the Mexicans asserted that the western limits of Texas never extended 
 beyond the Nueces. Where is Corpus Christi ? Point Isabel ? Matamoras ? 
 Saitillo ? Monterey (Mexico) ? Monterey (California) ? Buena Vista ? Fort Brown ? 
 Where was the battle of Palo Alto fought ? Of Resaca de la Palma ? Of Bracito ? 
 Of Sacramento ? Where is Tampico ? Leavenworth ? Santa Fe ? New Mexico ? 
 California ? Vera Cruz ? Jalapa ? Puebla ? City of Mexico ? 
 
144 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. [1846. 
 
 to the Rio Grande (re -o grahn -da), opposite Mat-a-mo - 
 ras, where he erected a fort, which was afterward named 
 Fort Brown. Learning that the Mexicans were assem 
 bling troops at a point higher up the river, Taylor sent 
 Capt. Thornton, with sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoi 
 tre. This little force was attacked on the 26th of April, 
 1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to 
 surrender. 
 
 30. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the 
 Rio Grande, for the purpose, as was supposed, of moving 
 against Point Isabel, where the Americans had established 
 a depot of supplies, Taylor marched to the relief of that 
 place. After putting the Point in a good state of defence, 
 he set out on his return to the river. 
 
 31. His progress was disputed at Palo Alto (pah -4d 
 ahl -to) and Resaca de la Palma (ra-sah -kah da lah paJd - 
 mah) by Gen. Arista (ah-rees -taJi) ; but, in both battles, 
 the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. In the first, 
 fought on the 8th of May, the Mexicans numbered six 
 thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but 
 twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded 
 five hundred. That of the latter was scarcely fifty, but 
 among their mortally wounded was the brave Major 
 Ring -gold. 
 
 32. The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the 
 following day, May 9th. The action was commenced on 
 both sides by the artillery, but the Mexican guns, well 
 aimed and rapidly discharged, were holding the Americans 
 in check, when Capt. May was ordered to silence them. 
 At the head of his dragoons he charged with great fury, 
 
 29. What order did Polk (send to Taylor t Why was the order given ? Give 
 an account of the misfortune to Thornton. 
 
 SO. Why did the Mexicans cross the Rio Grande ? Taylor s movements 
 31, 32. Battle of Palo Alto. Battle of Resaca de la Palma. 
 
 NOTE. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claimed the Rio 
 Grande as their boundary, while the Mexicans maintained that the western 
 limits of Texas never extended beyond the Nueces (noo-d -cees) ; consequently 
 when Taylor crossed the latter river into the disputed territory, the advance 
 was treated by the Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. 
 
1846.] POLE S ADMINISTRATION. 145 
 
 killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
 Vega (lah va -gah). (Read Note 4, end of Section.) 
 
 33. During the most of Taylor s absence from the fort 
 on the Rio Grande, a period of nearly eight days, it had 
 been subjected to a bombardment from the enemy s bat 
 teries at Matamoras. The garrison made a successful 
 defence, though their heroic commander, Major Brown, 
 was mortally wounded by the bursting of a shell. 
 
 34. On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of 
 Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey 
 (mon-td-rd )j a city strong in its natural defences, and then 
 garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia 
 (am-poo -de-ah). After a series of assaults, in which 
 Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, 
 Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and 
 Taylor agreed to an armistice. (Topic 216, Ap., p. 78.) 
 
 35. Having received orders from Washington directing 
 him to renew offensive operations, Taylor sent a division 
 of his army, under Gen. Worth, to Saltillo (sahl-teel -yo). 
 Here Worth was joined by Gen. Wool, who, with an 
 army of three thousand men, had marched from San 
 An-to -ni-o, designing to penetrate Chihuahua (che-wati- 
 wah), but, after crossing the Rio Grande, had been or 
 dered to abandon the design. In November, Commodore 
 Conner, commanding the American fleet in the Gulf of 
 Mexico, captured Tampico (tam-pe -ko). 
 
 36. In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, 
 Gen. Kearny (&ar -rce)*entered Santa Fe and gained pos 
 session of the whole of New Mexico without opposition. 
 After organizing a government, he left the main body of 
 
 33. What, meanwhile, took place at Fort Brown ? 
 
 34. What city did Taylor then take possession of? Against what city did 
 he afterward march ? Give an account of his success at. Monterey. 
 
 35. By whom was Saltillo occupied? What march had Wool performed? 
 What did Wool do after his march ? What can you say of the capture of Tarn- 
 pico? 
 
 36. Give an account of Kearny a successes. * Stephen W. Kearny. 
 
146 POLE S ADMINISTRATION. [is 4 7. 
 
 his army under Col. Don -i-phan, and crossed the conti 
 nent to California. 
 
 37. With less than a thousand men, Doniphan start 
 ing from Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand 
 miles, and arrived at Saltillo. During the march he 
 fought two battles, and was victorious in both. The first 
 was at Bracito (brah-se -to) , December 25th ; and the 
 second was at the Sacramento (sak-rah-men -to), February 
 28th, 1847. 
 
 38. Before the breaking out of the war, Captain Fre 
 mont was sent to make western explorations. After suf 
 fering great hardships, he made his way into California, 
 then a department of Mexico. Learning that Gen. Cas - 
 tro, the governor of the province, was mustering a force 
 to come against him, he took a position on a mountain 
 peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, where, in March, 
 1846, he built a fort and hoisted the American flag. But 
 the governor made threats instead of attacks. 
 
 39. Taking a northern route, Fremont passed through 
 the valley of the Sacramento, but was overtaken by an 
 order from Washington, directing him to protect the in 
 terests of the United States in California. Retracing his 
 
 O 
 
 steps, he found Castro already marching against the 
 American settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers 
 nocked to his standard with such alacrity, that he soon 
 found himself able to confront the Mexicans, whom he 
 defeated in several skirmishes, and finally compelled to 
 retreat toward the southern part of the province. 
 
 40. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared 
 to be independent. A few days later, Commodore Slote, 
 
 37. Give an account of Doniphan s successes. 
 
 38. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? Give an account of his 
 first troubles in California. 
 
 39. Give an account of Fremont s successes in California. 
 
 40. What declaration was made by the American settlers in California? 
 What did Commodore Slote do ? What further is said in relation to Slote, 
 Stockton, Fremont, and Kearny ? 
 
1847.] FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 147 
 
 commanding the Pacific fleet, having received informa 
 tion that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
 took possession of Monterey. Toward the latter part of 
 the month, Commodore Stockton superseded Slote in com 
 mand ; and, with Fremont s co-operation, in a few months 
 gained possession of the whole of California. Kearny 
 arrived and took part in the final battle, January 8th, 
 1847. (See App., p. 66, topic 55.) 
 
 41. EVENTS OF 1847. It having been decided by the 
 authorities in Washington, that, in order to " conquer a 
 peace," the Mexican capital would have to be menaced, 
 Gen. Scott was sent to march through Mexico against 
 
 O O 
 
 the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor of a 
 large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
 chief command of the American forces, he being the 
 senior officer. 
 
 42. Taylor s last engagement in Mexico was the battle 
 of Buena Vista (bwa-nah vees -tah), fought on the 23d of 
 Feb., 1847. His force of less than five thousand men was 
 attacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa 
 Anna ; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till 
 night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 
 
 43. On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of 
 twelve thousand men near Yera Cruz, and, on the 22d, 
 aided by the fleet, he opened so destructive a fire upon 
 the city and the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (san whahn 
 da ool-yo -ah), that, on the 27th, both places were com 
 pelled to surrender. 
 
 44. The march toward the interior was commenced on 
 the 8th of April, but, at the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo 
 (sar -ro gor -do), Scott found Santa Anna prepared to resist 
 
 41. What plan of action was decided upon in Washington ? How did this 
 affect Taylor ? 
 
 42. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 43. Give an account of Scott s euccess at Vera Cruz. 
 
148 
 
 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 [1847. 
 
 his advance. On the mornin 
 
 of the 18th, a daring assault 
 was made upon the 
 works of the enemy, 
 and, before noon, 
 the whole were in 
 possession of the 
 Americans. Besides 
 losing their artillery, 
 the Mexicans had 
 one thousand of their 
 number killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 45. On the next 
 day the Americans 
 entered Jalapa (hah- 
 lah -pali) ; further on 
 they took, Avithout 
 opposition, the 
 strong castle of Perote (pd-ro -td) ; and, on the loth 
 of May, they occupied the ancient and populous city of 
 Puebla (poo-a -blah). Here they halted nearly three 
 months for re-enforcements, and then resumed their 
 march, reaching Ayotla (ah-yot -lah], a town fifteen miles 
 from the city of Mexico. 
 
 46. Finding that the direct route thence was strongly 
 fortified, and anxious to spare the lives of his men, Scott 
 turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin (san 
 aw- g us-teen }, about ten miles from the capital. The ap 
 proaches to the city of Mexico thence were guarded by 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. How is Vera Cruz situated ? What fort protects the city? 
 On the national road from V era Cr z to Mexico, what towns do you pass 
 through ? In what direction is the city of Mexico from San Augustin ? From 
 San Antonio ? From Contreras ? From Churubusco ? From Ch apul tepee ? 
 
 44. Give an account of Scott s march to and success at Cerro Gordo. 
 
 45. Give an account of Scott s success from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla. 
 
 46. What route did Scott take from Ayotla ? Why did he change hia route ? 
 Where did he encamp ? How, thence, were the approaches to the city of Mexico 
 guarded ? 
 
1847.] FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 149 
 
 batteries at Contreras (con-tra -ras) and San Antonio, and 
 by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-boos -ko) and 
 Chapultepec (chah-pool-td-pek }. 
 
 47. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans 
 attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, car 
 ried the batteries. They were also successful at San An 
 tonio. On the same day Churubusco was attacked : the 
 defence was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, but, at 
 length, the Mexicans were driven from the fort and com 
 pelled to flee. 
 
 48. At the request of Santa Anna, an armistice was 
 granted, during which Scott endeavored to bring about 
 a peace ; but finding that the Mexican commander was 
 violating the truce by strengthening his defences, he or 
 dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Bey (mo-le - 
 nd del ra), an outer defence of Chapultepec. The attack 
 was made on the 8th of September, and, although the 
 Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a 
 loss of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven 
 from their position. 
 
 49. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situ 
 ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital 
 could be reached. Batteries were erected to bear upon 
 it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches 
 through the stone wall defences, and, on the 13th of Sep 
 tember, the place was carried by assault. During the 
 night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, 
 on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a 
 triumphant entry into it. (Read Note 5, end of Section.) 
 
 50. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness 
 of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege 
 
 47. What three successes did the Americans have in one day ? 
 
 48. What request did Santa Anna make ? How did Scott endeavor to im 
 prove the armistice ? Why did he order Worth to make an attack ? Give an 
 account of Worth s success. 
 
 49. Give an account of the success against Chapultepec. What were the 
 immediate consequences of the victory ? 
 
150 TAYLOR S AND FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1848. 
 
 to the place ; and Santa Anna, after his flight from the 
 capital, joined the besiegers. Learning, however, that 
 recruits were on their march to re-enforce Scott, he at 
 tacked them, but, as usual, met with defeat, and the siege 
 of Puebla was raised. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 
 
 51. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace 
 was signed, by which all the territory north of the 
 Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico 
 and California, was relinquished to the United States. 
 On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
 $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
 that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amount 
 ing to $3,000,000, should be assumed. Peace was pro 
 claimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848.* 
 
 52. TAYLOR S AND FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 Polk s successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary Tay 
 lor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in 
 the war with Mexico. His inauguration took place on 
 the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 
 
 53. During the early part of 1848, gold began to be 
 found in California in large quantities. The news at once 
 spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emi 
 grants from all parts of the world rushed thither. So 
 rapidly did the territory become populated, that in the 
 fall of 1849, there was a sufficient number of settlers there 
 to constitute a state; and an application for admission 
 into the Union was consequently made. (P. 193, ^[ 13.) 
 
 54. As the constitution which California had adopted 
 
 50. What took place at Puebla ? Of Santa Anna s last defeat. 
 
 51. How was the war brought to a close? What territory did the United 
 States acquire? What did the United States* agree to do in return? What 
 States were added to the Union during Folk s administration ? Ans. Texas, 
 Iowa, and Wisconsin. 
 
 52. Who, next after Polk, was president? When was he inaugurated ? 
 
 53. What excitement, with regard to California, soon broke out? What is 
 said of the growth of California ? What application to Congress was made by 
 the Californians ? t 
 
 * The treaty was made by commissioners who met at Guadeloupe Hidalgo 
 (gwah-dah-loo -jw he-dakl -go), a small town about four miles from the City of 
 Mexico ; but the boundary between the two countries soon became a subject of 
 dispute, which was not settled till 1853, when the United States purchased the 
 
Progressive IVTap, N"o. 8. 
 
 COUNTRY 
 
 EAST or THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
1850.] PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 151 
 
 excluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute com 
 menced in Congress, and throughout the United States, 
 which continued several months, the friends of the slave- 
 power opposing the admission of California as a free state. 
 Before the dispute was settled, Gen. Taylor died, after an 
 administration of only one year, four months, and four 
 days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon, 
 became president. (See App., p. 74, topic 163.) 
 
 55. Other questions, growing out of the subject of sla 
 very, having been introduced into Congress, five acts were 
 passed in conformity with the spirit of a compromise of 
 fered by Henry Clay. These provided for the admission 
 of California as a free state ; the organization of territo 
 rial governments for New Mexico and Utah (yoo -tah), 
 without mention of slavery; the establishment of the 
 boundary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave-trade in the 
 District of Columbia ; and the surrender to their masters 
 of slaves escaping to free states this last bill being known 
 as the " Fugitive Slave Law." (App., p. 64, topic 32.) 
 
 56. PIEKCE S ADMINISTRATION. During the administra 
 tion of Eranklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency 
 on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy between the 
 slaveholding and non-slaveholding sections of the Union 
 was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other op 
 posed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
 United States. 
 
 57. This fresh outbreak had its origin mainly with Con 
 gress, in the introduction there of what is known as the 
 " Kansas-Nebraska Bill." By the " Missouri Compromise 
 
 54. What dispute of national importance soon occurred ? What loss did the 
 nation sustain at, that time ? Who, then, became president ? 
 
 55. Give a full account of what was done before California gained admission 
 to the Union ? Now, repeat the provisions of the five acts. By what name 
 was Mr. Clay s bill known ? Ans. The Omnibus Bill. 
 
 56. Who succeeded Fillmore in the presidency? When was Pierce inau 
 gurated ? How did the slavery question in another shape appear ? 
 
 57. Origin of the new outbreak ? Give the history of the trouble. 
 
 Mesitta Valley, or, as it is called, the Oadsden Purchase, for $10,000,000, General 
 Gadsden having been the agent of the United States Government in the nego 
 tifttion. 
 
152 PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. [is 54. 
 
 Bill," passed in 1820, slavery was prohibited in all the 
 territory bought of France, north of the southern bound 
 ary of Missouri Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill," which Congress passed in 1854, this pro 
 hibition was repealed, arid the two territories of Kansas 
 and Nebraska w r ere duly organized. (See p. 136, *[[ 6.) 
 
 58. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
 both sec aons of the Union began to pour into Kansas, 
 those from the North being determined to make it a free 
 state, while those from the South were equally resolved 
 the other way ; and with such undue zeal was the strife 
 carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which 
 blood was sometimes shed. 
 
 59. As the time for the next presidential election ap 
 proached, three candidates were put in nomination. James 
 Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party ; Mil- 
 lard Fillmore, of the American; and John 0. Fremont, 
 of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, 
 known as the Republican party. After an exciting can 
 vass, during which the repeal of the "Compromise of 
 1820," the troubles in Kansas, and the "Fugitive Slave 
 Law," entered largely into the subjects of discussion, 
 Buchanan was elected. (See p. 163, ^[ 23.) 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1817. James Monroe was inaugurated president March 4 
 
 Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. 
 
 The Seminoles commenced depredations. 
 
 1818. Jackson went against the Seminoles March. 
 
 Illinois was admitted into the Union Dec. 3. 
 
 1819. Alabama was admitted into the Union.. . , Dec. 14. 
 
 1820. Maine was admitted into the Union March 15. 
 
 58. (rive an account of the strife that followed. 
 
 59. What candidates were nominated to succeed Pierce? Give an account 
 Of the canvass. What was the result of the election ? 
 
 For an account of the Rush to California for Gold, read Note 6, end of Section. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 153 
 
 1820. The " Missouri Compromise Bill" was passed March 3. 
 
 1821. Spain surrendered Florida to the United States July 1. 
 
 Missouri was admitted into the Union Aug. 20. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aug. 15; 
 
 1825. John Qnincy Adams was inaugurated president. . . March 4 
 
 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4. 
 
 1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 1832. The Black Hawk War occurred. 
 
 South Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullification. Nov. 24. 
 
 1835. The war with the Seminoles commenced Dec. 28. 
 
 Seminoles massacred Thompson s and Dade s party. .Dec. 28. 
 
 1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 
 
 1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union Jan. 26. 
 
 Martin Van Buren was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Indians at Okcechobee Dec. 25. 
 
 1841. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated president . March 4. 
 
 The death of President Harrison occurred April 4. 
 
 John Tyler was inaugurated president April 6. 
 
 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
 
 The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred. 
 1845. Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas. . .March 1. 
 
 Florida was admitted into the Union March 3. 
 
 James K. Polk was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 Texas was admitted into the Union Dec. 29. 
 
 1846- The Mexicans captured Thornton s party April 26. 
 
 The Mexicans bombarded Fort Brown May. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Palo Alto May 8. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at ResacadelaPalma. .May 9. 
 
 Congress declared lt war existed by the act of Mexico".May 11. 
 
 Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras . May 18. 
 
 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Monterey Sept. 24. 
 
 Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Bracito Dec. 25. 
 
 Iowa was admitted info the Union Dec. 28. 
 
 1847 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Vista Feb. 23. 
 
 Doniphan defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Feb. 28. 
 
 The Mexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Scott March 27. 
 
 Scott defeated the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo April 18. 
 
 Scott took Contreras and Churubusco Aug. 20. 
 
 The Americans were victorious at Molino Del Rey. . Sept. 8. 
 
 The Americans were victorious at Chapultepec Sept. 13. 
 
 Bcott entered the city of Mexico Sept. 14 
 
 7* 
 
154 
 
 CHEONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1848. A treaty was made between the U. S. and Mexico. . . Feb. 2. 
 Wisconsin was admitted into the Union May 29. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated president March 5, 
 
 1850. The death of President Taylor occurred July 9. 
 
 Millard Fillmore was inaugurated president Jury 10. 
 
 California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated president March 4 
 
 1854. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill May 31 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OP THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
 
 (The Americans were successful in every battle.) 
 
 DATES. 
 
 1846. 
 May8, 
 May 9, 
 Sept. 24, 
 Dec. 25, 
 1847. 
 Feb. 23, 
 Feb. 28. 
 March 27, 
 April 18, 
 
 Aug. 20, -I 
 
 Sept. 8, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. FORCES ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 Mexican. 
 
 Amer n 
 
 Mex n 
 
 Palo Alto 
 Resaca de la Palrra 
 Monterey 
 Bracito 
 
 Taylor 
 Taylor 
 Taylor 
 Doniphau.. 
 
 Arista 
 Arista 
 Ampudia 
 
 2,300 
 
 2,200 
 6,(>00 
 500 
 
 6,000 
 5,000 
 10,000 
 1,200 
 
 
 
 Buena Vista 
 Sacramento .. . .. 
 Vera Cruz 
 Cerro Gordo 
 Contreras 
 Churubnsco 
 Molino del Rey. . 
 Chapultepec 
 Iluamantla 
 
 Taylor 
 Doniphan 
 
 Santa Anna.... 
 Trias 
 
 4,700 
 900 
 12,000 
 8.500 
 4,000 
 8,000 
 3.500 
 7,200 
 500 
 
 17,000 
 4,000 
 6,000 
 12.000 
 7.000 
 25,000 
 14,000 
 25,000 
 1,000 
 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Worth 
 Scott . 
 
 Morales 77... . 
 Santa Anna.. . 
 Valencia 
 Santa Anna. . . 
 Alvarez 
 Bravo 
 
 Lane 
 
 Santa Anna.... 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Name three important events of 1817 152 
 
 2. What events happened at Pensacola ? 127, 128, 135 
 
 3. Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, IK. 
 
 4. What history can you give of the State of Mississippi 1 135, 136 
 
 5. Give the early history of Illinois 136 
 
 6. Give the early history of Alabama 136 
 
 7. Give the early history of Maine 27, 33, 136 
 
 8. State what you can of the early history of Missouri 110, 136 
 
 9. Give the particulars in relation to the admission of Missouri 136 
 
 10. State all you can in relation to the " Monroe Doctrine" 136 
 
 11. Give an account of Lafayette 78, 80, 96, 97, 137 
 
 12. How was John Quincy Adams elected president ? 137 
 
 13. What presidents have been elected by the House 1 109, 137 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 155 
 
 PAGE 
 
 14. Which three ex-presidents died on the 4th of July ? (See note also.) 137 
 
 15. Name ten important events from 1818 to 1826 152, 153 
 
 16. What can you state of the tariff law of 1828 ? 137 
 
 17. Which of the presidents served each two terms ? (See Table, end o history.) 
 
 18. Give the history of the United States Banks 106, 130, 133 
 
 19. Give an account of the Black Hawk War 138 
 
 20. Give the history of the " South Carolina Nullification" 137, 138, 139 
 
 21. Give the history of the troubles with the Seminoles 135, 139, 140 
 
 22. Name seven events of Jackson s administration 138, 153 
 
 23. Write an account of Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 
 
 24. Name three events that occurred in Van Buren s term 140 
 
 25. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee 140 
 
 26. What distress was produced in monetary affairs ? 140 
 
 27. What account can you give of the Canadian Eebellion ? 140 
 
 28. Give an account of Harrison 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 
 
 29. Name in order the events from 1836 to 1845 153 
 
 30. Give the history of Rhode Island 31, 33, 68, 74, 79, 86, 87, 141 
 
 31. Name four important events of 1845 153 
 
 32. What dispute was there in relation to Texas ? 141 
 
 33. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 143 
 
 34. Name, in order, nine important events of 1846 153 
 
 35. Give the history of Fort Brown 143, 144, 145 
 
 86. Give a full account of the battle of Palo Alto 144, 154 
 
 87. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 144, 145, 154 
 
 38. What city did Taylor soon after get possession of? 145 
 
 89. What were Taylor s other successes during 1846 ? 145 
 
 40. What did General Wool accomplish during the war ? 145 
 
 41. What service did Com. Conner render during the war ? 145, 147 
 
 42. What service did General Kearny render during the war ? 145,147 
 
 43. Give a full account of Doniphan s expedition 145, 146, 154 
 
 44. Give an account of Fremont s movements and successes 146, 147 
 
 45. What did Com. Slote accomplish ? 146, 147 
 
 46. What plan " to conquer a peace" was decided upon ? 147 
 
 47. Give an account of Taylor s successes during 1847 147, 154 
 
 48. Of Scott s success against Vera Cruz and its fortress 147 
 
 49. Of his march to and success at Cerro Gordo 147, 148 
 
 50. Of his march from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla 148 
 
 51. Of his march from Ayotla to San Augustin 148 
 
 52. Of his march and successes during August, 1847 148, 149 
 
 53. What can you state of the armistice granted by Scott ? 149 
 
 ?A. Give an account of the conflict at the Molino del Rey 149 
 
 65. Of further operations and Scott s final success 149 
 
 56. Give an account of the siege of Puebla 149, 150 
 
 57. What were the closing acts of the war ? 150 
 
 58. Name eight important events of 1847 153 
 
 59. Write an account of General Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145-150 
 
 60. Give the early history of California 150, 151 
 
 61. Give the history of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 151, 152 
 
 62. State what you can of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 
 
 63. Name eight events that occurred from 1848 to 1854 . . 154 
 
155a NOTES. 
 
 1. The Execution of Arbutlmot and Ambrister (p. 135, If 2). 
 " Such \yas the tragedy enacted at St. Mark s, in the year of our Lord, 1818." 
 The executions produced intense indignation in England, where they " subse 
 quently became the subject of parliamentary inquiry. Commentaries that might 
 have been anticipated were made in debate. Out of doors, excitement seemed 
 to rise higher and higher. Stocks experienced a slight fall, under an apprehen 
 sion of war with the United States. The newspapers kept up their fire. Little 
 acquainted with the true character of the transaction, they gave vent to angry 
 declamation ; they fiercely denounced the government of the United States ; and 
 tyrant, ruffian, murderer, were among the epithets applied to the commanding 
 general. Jackson was exhibited iu placards through the streets of London. 
 The journals, without any distinction of party, swelled the general chorus. 
 But in the midst of this din of passion the ministry stood firm. At a later day 
 of my mission, Lord Castlereagh said to me that a war might have been pro 
 duced on this occasion, if the ministry had but held up a finger. On so slender a 
 thread do public affairs sometimes hang ! " Rush s Residence at the Court of London. 
 
 2. John Quiiicy Adams (p. 137). "Though Mr. Adams did not live 
 by many years as long as his father, yet he was a man of remarkably robust frame 
 and excellent constitution. A lady, when he was first made President, com 
 plained to a member of Congress, that she could not see the chief magistrate. 
 Madam, said he, you have only to go down to the Potomac bridge any morn 
 ing about day-light, and you may see him swimming in the river. After Mr. 
 Adarns was seventy years of age, that continued to be his habit; and, it was 
 said, he often swam across the Potomac where it is more than a mile wide." 
 Shortly after the close of his presidential term, he was elected to Congress from 
 his native State (Massachusetts), and held the position, through repeated elections, 
 till his death. "On the 21st of February, 1848, while in attendance as a mem- 
 ber of the House of Representatives, he underwent his death-stroke in attempt 
 ing to give utterance to an emotion. He sunk forward in his seat senseless, in 
 a fit of mortal paralysis. A crowd of members rushed to his help, and he was 
 lifted up and borne off through the middle aisle of the House, and taken into 
 the Speaker s room. Almost inanimate, he is said to have uttered the few words, 
 This is the last of earth. If he could have expired when, as well as where, 
 he wished, it would have been the next day, the 22d of February, the anniver 
 sary of Washington s birthday, instead of living till the evening of the 23d." 
 Ingersoll s Second War ivith Great Britain. 
 
 3. Lafayette, the Guest of the Nation (p. 137, H 8). "His recep 
 tion at New York was sublime and brilliant in the extreme. From New York he 
 proceeded on a tour throughout the United States. Everywhere he was received 
 aud honored as the Nation s Guest. For more than a year his journey was a 
 complete pageant. The people appeared delirious with joy, and with anxiety to 
 hail him, grasp him by the hand, and shower attentions and honors upon him. 
 The gratitude and love of all persons, of every age, sex, and condition, seemed 
 hardly to be restrained within bounds of propriety. As he passed through the 
 country, every city, village, and hamlet poured out its inhabitants en masse to 
 meet him. Celebrations, processions, dinners, illuminations, bon-fires, parties, 
 balls, serenades, and rejoicings of every description, attended his way, from the 
 moment he set foot on the American soil, until his embarkation to return to his 
 native France. In June, 1825, he visited Boston; and, on the 17th day of that 
 month, it being the anniversary of the battle of Bunker Hill, he participated in 
 the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the monument of that event, on 
 
 Bunker (Breed s) Hill. Daniel Webster was the orator .of the day A new 
 
 frigate, the Brandywine, named in honor of the gallant exploits of Lafayette at 
 
NOTES. 155b 
 
 the battle of Brandy wine, was provided by Congress to coiivey him to France. It 
 was deemed appropriate that he should take final leave of the nation at the seat 
 of Government in Washington. Multitudes of citizens ana strangers assembled 
 in the President s house, where an address was made by the President, to which 
 Lafayette made a fitting and feeling response. As the last sentence of the fare 
 well was pronounced, Lafayette advanced aud took President Adams in his arms, 
 while tears poured down his venerable cheeks." W. H. Seward s Life of J. Q. 
 Adams. 
 
 4. The Mexican Battery Captured by < aptaitt May (p. 144, 
 Tf 32). " The battle had lasted some two hours with great fury on both sides, 
 and many heroic deeds had been done, when it became evident that victory could 
 not be completed by the Americans without capturing the enemy s batteries. 
 General Taylor sent for Captain May, and told him he must take that battery 
 with his squadron of dragoons, if he lost every man. May instantly placed him 
 self at the head of his men, aud setting off at full speed, with cheers and shouts, 
 dashed into the defile, where he was greeted with a discharge of grape and 
 bullets which nearly annihilated his first and second platoons; but he was seen, 
 unhurt, darting like lightning through this murderous hail-storm, and in a 
 second he and his men drove away or cut to pieces the artillerists. The speed of 
 his horses was so great, however, that they passed over the battery, and were 
 halted in its rear. There, turning, he charged back, and was just in time to 
 rescue a Mexican general officer, who would not leave his guns, and was parry 
 ing the strokes of one of the dragoons. The officer handed his sword to May, 
 announced himself as General La Vega, and gave his parole." Frost s History of 
 America. 
 
 5. Scott s March through Mexico (p. 147-150). "There are but 
 two passages in modern history which present parallels to the march of Scott 
 from Vera Cruz to the city of Mexico. These are the first conquest of Mexico 
 by Cortez, and the other is the campaign of Napoleon in Egypt. Each of these 
 has a strong resemblance to the sacond conquest of Mexico by Scott. Is there 
 one who delights in the sound of glorious victory, and will not say that Scott s 
 fictories were complete, and his actions honorable ? Is there one whose heart is 
 pained with every sound of Avar, and will not say that he performed the painful 
 duties of war with the strictest regard to the claims of humanity, and with the 
 utmost solicitude for the return of peace ? "Mansfield s Life of Scott. 
 
 6. The It ti Nil for Gold (p. 150, 1[ 53). "An agent of the United States 
 Government, who visited California about three months alter the. first discovery 
 of gold there, reported that, San Francisco was deserted of nearly all its male 
 inhabitants, and even females were very scarce. The mills in the vicinity were 
 idle, the fields were open to cattle, the house* were vacant, and the farms going 
 to waste. At Sutter s, where the discovery was made, there was much life and 
 bustle. Flour was selling at thirty-six dollars a barrel (it sold afterwards at a 
 hundred), and Captain Sutter was carefully gathering his crop of wheat, esti 
 mated at forty thousand bushels. The Captain had two mechanics in his employ, 
 to each of whom he gave ten dollars a day. A two-story house, within the fort, 
 was rented as a hotel at five hundred dollars a month. At a place about twenty- 
 five miles up the American fork of the Sacramento river, there was a mining 
 camp in full operation. Canvas tents and arbors of bushes covered the hill-side. 
 There was a store, and several shanties were used as boarding-houses. The sun 
 poured down its rays with intense heat upon two hundred miners working for 
 gold, some using tin pans, some baskets, and some rude cradles. " Tuthill s His* 
 tory of California. 
 
156 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTKATION. 
 
1857.] BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 157 
 
 SECTION 
 
 Prom the beginning of Buchanan s Administration in 
 1857, to the present time. 
 
 1. THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRA 
 TION. The inauguration of Buchanan took place on the 
 4th of March, 1857. During his administration of four 
 years, three states all free were added to the Union. 
 Minnesota was admitted in 1858 ; Oregon, in 1859; and 
 Kansas, in 1861. (Note, p. 157, p. 192, and App., p. 72.) 
 
 2. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
 topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the 
 fall of 1859, and which created intense excitement 
 throughout the country, not only gave increased impulse 
 to the discus-sion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then 
 prevailing at the South against the North. This was 
 < John Brown s Raid." (Read topic 217, App., p. 78.) 
 
 3. Brown s object was the liberation of slaves. With 
 that in view, he and twenty-one associates seized the ar 
 senal at Harper s Ferry, for the purpose of making it 
 a rendezvous ; but the movement was a total failure. 
 Those engaged in it were overpowered by state and na 
 tional troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two es 
 caped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and hung. 
 
 4. As Buchanan s term of office drew toward its close, 
 
 1 . When was Buchanan inaugurated ? What states were added to the Union ? 
 
 2. What subject continued to be generally discussed? 
 JJ, 3. Give an account of John Brown s raid. 
 
 4. Wiiat is said of the presidential canvass of 1800 ? What was the result ? 
 
 NOTE." How far Louisiana extended westward when it wapcededby France 
 to Spain, history offers no means of determining. * * * In the absence of all 
 light on the subject from history, we are forced to regard the boundaries indi 
 cated by nature, namely, the highlands separating the waters of the Mississippi 
 from those flowing into the Pacific or the California!) Gulf, as the true western 
 boundaries of the Louisiana ceded to the United States by France in 1803." 
 Grcenhow s History of Oregon and California. 
 
 During the negotiations for the cession of Florida, in 1818, "Don Onis, the 
 Spanish Minister at Washington, offered to agree to the Sabine and a due north 
 Jine to the Missouri, and the course of that river to its head. The American 
 claim to extend to the Pacific he pronounced a novelty BOW heard of for the first 
 U. & 
 
158 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. [is GO. 
 
 no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed 
 him. After an exciting canvass, in which the slavery 
 question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted 
 in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Re 
 publican party. 
 
 5. When it became known that the party opposed to 
 the further extension of slavery had been successful, and 
 that Lincoln would be the next president, public meetings 
 were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession 
 of that state from the Union ; and, on the 20th of De 
 cember, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a 
 state convention held in Charleston, (p. 139, ^f 16.) 
 
 6. Six days after, Major Anderson, commanding at 
 Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from 
 that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place 
 of greater security. This being regarded by the South 
 Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the cus 
 tom-house at Charleston, as well as other property be 
 longing to the general government, and began to make 
 preparations to drive Anderson from his new position. 
 
 7. EVENTS OF 1861. The steamer, Star of the West, 
 sent from New York with supplies and re-enforcements 
 for Fort Sumter, arrived oif Charleston, January 10th, 
 1861 ; but, being fired upon by batteries which had 
 been erected and manned by authority of South Caro 
 lina, she was compelled to put back. During this 
 month, January, five of the slave states, Mississippi, 
 Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, following the 
 lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances; and 
 on the 1st of February, Texas did the same. 
 
 5 Whati^m^diatTeflfect did the election have in South Carolina ? What 
 
 SUI 7. e What plan for the relief of Fort Sumter did the 
 Which states passed secession ordinances in January, 
 lowed next ? 
 
i86i.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTKATION. 159 
 
 8. On the 4th of February, a congress, composed of 
 delegates from all these states, except Texas, met at 
 Montgomery ; and, four days after, organized a gov 
 ernment by the adoption of a "Provisional Constitu 
 tion," assuming the title of the " Confederate States of 
 America." On the 9th, this congress elected Jefferson 
 Davis " President of the Confederacy ; " and, on the 18th, 
 Texas being then represented, he was duly inaugurated. 
 
 9. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and 
 other property belonging to the general government, 
 within the boundaries of the Confederate states,were seized 
 by state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, 
 near Pensacola, which had been saved by Lieutenant Slem- 
 mer, with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern ex 
 tremity of Florida, alone remained in the possession of the 
 United States. 
 
 10. LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. In this distracted and 
 sad condition were the affairs of the country when Lin 
 coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, entered upon the office 
 of president. His inauguration took place " amid a 
 greater display of military force than had ever before 
 been witnessed on such an occasion." 
 
 11. The president, in his inaugural address, announced 
 that he had " no purpose to interfere with the institution 
 of slavery" where it existed ; further stating that, in his 
 opinion, he had " no right to do so." But this assurance 
 had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Re 
 garding their duty to the general government as second 
 ary to the obligation they owed to their respective states. 
 
 at M "" *" m y, "> Fobnmry. How Is Montgomery 
 
 ,^^/ 1 ^^^? f Ll eUtenan t 81emmer? 
 
 "-" to l ? What is said of the occasion ? 
 
 Wh 7ii i BM nt-^ duI 1 I incoln mak ? What did ho further state ? 
 dntv ? Whf -r? efte0t m>d F ort ? How did the Southern leaders regard their 
 auty t What military preparations did they make ? 
 
160 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [isei. 
 
 they organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard 
 (bo -re-yard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 
 
 12. Accordingly, on the morning of the 12th of April, 
 the first shot was fired upon the fort. After a bombard 
 ment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble 
 in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the 
 poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to 
 capitulate. On the following day, April 14th, he de 
 parted with his command, and sailed for New York. 
 
 13. The news of this event produced an almost uncon 
 trollable excitement throughout the country ; and the 
 president s proclamation, issued on the 15th, calling for 
 troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. A 
 Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the 
 national capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets 
 of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two 
 of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. 
 
 14. Lincoln s proclamation was followed, two days 
 after, by one from Davis, offering letters of marque and 
 reprisal to all persons, who, in private armed vessels, 
 would prey upon the commerce of the United States. 
 This was followed, April 19th, by another proclamation 
 from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the Confederate states 
 in a state of blockade. 
 
 15. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the 
 slave states arrayed itself promptly and decidedly on 
 the sid5 of the Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, 
 Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed secession ordi 
 nances, Virginians seized the armory at Harper s Ferry 
 
 1*;. Give an account of the bombardment of Fort Sumter. 
 
 13. What effect did the news produce? What call did President Lincoln 
 make? How was the call responded to? Give an account of the attack upon 
 the Massachusetts regiment. What event took place just eighty-six years be 
 fore ? (p. P9.1 
 
 1 4- What nroclamation did Davis put forth ? By what action, on the part oi 
 Lincoln, was Davis s proclamation followed ? 
 
 1 5. Which states besides those already named passed secession ordinances ? 
 WTiat seizures did the Virginians make ? 
 
1861.] 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 161 
 
 and the navy-yard at Norfolk, both places having been 
 abandoned by the Union officers in .charge after a large 
 part of the property contained therein had been destroyed. 
 
 16. It can hardly be said that the national government 
 made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. 
 Then Gen. Scott, commanding the 
 
 Union army, sent troops into Vir 
 ginia ; and Arlington Heights, oppo 
 site Washington, as well as the town 
 of Alexandria, were occupied. Some 
 days after, June 10th, a force, sent 
 by Gen. Butler, commanding at For 
 tress Monroe, was severely repulsed 
 in an attack upon the Confederate 
 works at Big Bethel. 
 
 17. The Confederate army, to the number of about one 
 hundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virginia, 
 from Harper s Ferry to Norfolk ; their strongest position 
 being on the road from Washington 
 
 to Richmond, at a place called Ma- 
 nassas Junction. Richmond was 
 then the capital of the Southern 
 Confederacy, the transfer from 
 Montgomery having been decided 
 upon in May. 
 
 18. About the middle of July, a 
 large army, commanded by Gen. 
 
 McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (Map, p. 156.) How is Baltimore situated? Norfolk? 
 Harper s Ferry ? Washington? Alexandria? Fortress Monroe ? Big Bethel? 
 Richmond? Where is Manassas Junction ? Arlington Heights ? Bull Run ? Ed 
 ward s Ferry ? Cedar Mt. ? Ball s Blufl ? 
 
 16. What movements were made on the 24th of May? Give an account of 
 the Battle of Big Bethel. 
 
 then? What Une of defence dld the Confederates occupy ? What was Richmond 
 
 / * ** ^ hen did tlie battle of Centreville occur ? How is Centreville situated T 
 (Map, p. 156.) Give an account of the battle of Bull Run. 
 
162 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [isei. 
 
 Beauregard, at Manassas Junction. On the 18th a conflict 
 took place near Centreville. On the 21st occurred the 
 battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict, in which more 
 than forty thousand men were engaged. At length the 
 Confederates, being largely re-enforced, prevailed ; and the 
 Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
 Washington. The Union loss reached nearly three thou 
 sand men, while that of the Confederates did not much 
 exceed half that number. 
 
 19. On the following day, July 22d, Gen. McClellan 
 was called to take command of the forces around Wash 
 ington, known as the Army of the Potomac. He had just 
 closed with credit a campaign in West Virginia, during 
 which the Confederates were routed at Philippi (fl-lip -pi), 
 Rich Mountain, and other places. Congress, which com 
 menced an extra session on the 4th of July, appropriated 
 five hundred million dollars for carrying on the war, 
 and voted to raise five hundred thousand troops. 
 
 20. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Se 
 cessionists to take Missouri out of the Union. In this, 
 however, they failed, mainly through the prompt action 
 of Gen. Lyon, who captured their camp near St. Louis, 
 defeated them at Booneville on the 17th of June, and 
 thus frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. 
 
 21. On the 5th of July a division of his troops, under 
 Col. (afterward Gen.) Sigel (se -gel], made a gallant fight 
 at Carthage; but on the 10th of August, having been 
 confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing that a 
 retrograde movement would be fatal to the cause, Lyon 
 
 1 9. To what position was McClellan called ? What can you state of hU 
 previous successes ? What was done by Congress ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS, -(p. 165.) Where is St. Louis ? Booneville ? Carthage T 
 Wilson s Creek ? Springfield ? Belmont ? New Orleans ? Cairo ? Lexington ? 
 
 20. What had been the aim of secessionists in Missouri ? What successes 
 did Gen. Lyon have at St. Louis ? At Booneville ? 
 
 21. What account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? Of the battle of 
 Wilson s Creek or Springfield ? 
 
i86i.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTEATION. 163 
 
 made an unsuccessful attack upon the Confederate force 
 at Wilson s Creek, near Springfield, and was killed. 
 
 22. In a little more than a month afterward, Col. Mul 
 ligan, commanding twenty-five hundred men at Lexing 
 ton, Missouri, was attacked by a Confederate force at 
 least five times as large, and, after a contest of four days, 
 was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 
 
 23. Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western 
 Department, left St. Louis for Jefferson City, and thence 
 marched against Price, who was retreating in a southerly 
 direction. The pursuit was continued only as far as 
 Springfield, when Fremont, in compliance with orders, 
 turned the command over to Gen. Hunter, who held it 
 until the arrival of Gen. Halleck. (See p. 146, f 40.) 
 
 24. In October, Gen. Stone was in command of a large 
 Union force on the Potomac, in Maryland. A division 
 of this force, having crossed the river to Ball s Bluff to 
 make a reconnoissance, was disastrously defeated, on the 
 21st, and its commander, Col. Baker, killed. In an attack 
 upon the Confederate works at Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 
 7th, Gen. Grant wac at first successful, but the enemy 
 having been re-enforced, he retired to his boats. 
 
 25. Two coast expeditions one to North Carolina, and 
 the other to South Carolina were completely successful. 
 In the first, Com. Stringham (string -am) and Gen. But 
 ler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the 
 Confederate forts at Hatteras Inlet. In the second, Com. 
 Du-pont , with a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the 
 
 22. Give an account of the battle of Lexington. 
 
 23. Who, at the time, was in the chief command of the Union forces a> the 
 West. Give an account of the pursuit made by Fremont. Who superseded 
 Fremont in the command ? Who succeeded Hunter ? 
 
 24. Where was Gen. Stone in command? Give an account of the disaster 
 at Ball s Bluff. By what name is the battle of Ball s Bluff also known ? Ans. 
 Edwards Ferry. Give an account of the battle of Belmont ? 
 
 25. Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Hatteras Inlet. 
 Give an account of the expedition against the forts at Port Royal harbor. What 
 change in commanders was made ? 
 
164 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 forts at Port Royal entrance. In the mean time, Gen. 
 Scott, in consequence of physical infirmities, resigned the 
 command of the army of the United States, and McClellan 
 was appointed in his place. (App., p. 73, topic 156.) 
 
 26. On the sea an event occurred in November, which 
 produced great excitement both in the United States and 
 Great Britain. Capt. Wilkes (icilks), in command of the 
 frigate San Jacinto (sanja-sin -to), intercepted an English 
 steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Sli-dell , 
 Confederate commissioners to Europe ; but as the seizure 
 was contrary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the 
 British government resented the act, the two prisoners 
 were given up. 
 
 27. This affair tended to make still less amicable the 
 relations which, at the time, existed between the United 
 States and England ; for before the last of the States that 
 passed secession ordinances had joined the Confederacy, 
 Queen Victoria (May 13th) acknowledged the South as a 
 belligerent power; and France, soon after, did the same. 
 
 28. The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, 
 one of the most successful being the steamer Sumter, 
 Capt. Semmes (semz), which ran the blockade of New 
 Orleans on the last day of June. She captured a number 
 of vessels, and then, crossing the Atlantic, entered the 
 bay of Gibraltar. Here she was found by a United 
 States gunboat, and, being unable to escape, was sold- 
 Her crew went to England, where a faster steamer was 
 in process of construction. This vessel the Confederates 
 obtained, and named the Alabama. (See p. 181, ^ 80.) 
 
 29. During the year 1861, the Federal government in 
 creased its navy, from less than fifty, to about two hun- 
 
 26. Give an account of the capture of Mason and Slidell. 
 
 27. What unfriendly acts did England and France perform ? 
 
 28. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 
 
 29. What addition was made to the Union navy in 1861 ? What is said of 
 the blockade ? Of specie payments ? Of the circulating medium ? Of gold ? 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 165 
 
 r ; uum_Loui^^j2 i ^^ x/ w/r 
 UNION 6ITY\ \J\f 
 
 \NASHVILLE 
 
 MU^FREESBOHOc 
 
 F.ASANTHILLO olsPANDECOR 
 ATPni-Tnrnrc;nV-<\ 
 
166 LINCOLN S ADMINISTBATION. [is 02. 
 
 dred vessels. This whole force was required in block 
 ading Southern ports ; and, as it was increased in the 
 three succeeding years, the blockade became more effec 
 tive. A general suspension of specie payments by the 
 banks of the North having taken place, specie circulation 
 soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an ar 
 ticle of merchandise commanding a high premium. 
 
 30. EVENTS OF 1862. At Cairo (ka -ro) the Union 
 troops established a base of operations, Gen. Grant being 
 in command. From a point on the Mississippi, a few 
 miles below Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in 
 possession of the Confederates, and great preparations 
 were made by both parties, one to retain and the other 
 to gain the mastery of the river. 
 
 31. The Confederates had also a line of defences from 
 the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, with strong positions 
 at Columbus, Bowling Green, Fort Henry, Fort Donel- 
 son, and near Mill Spring. In January, 1862, Gen. Buell 
 was in command of a Federal department, with his head 
 quarters at Louisville. A division of his army, under 
 Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, gained a brilliant victory at Mill 
 Spring, Jan. 19th, the defeated party escaping further loss 
 by crossing the Cumberland. 
 
 32. In February, Commodore Foote, commanding a 
 fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, and, on the 
 6th, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after 
 abandoned. On the 16th, Gen. Grant, with the co-opera 
 tion of the fleet, effected the important capture of Fort 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (p. 174.) Where is Cumberland Gap ? Mill Spring ? Louis 
 ville? Roanoke Island ? Elizabeth City ? Columbus? (p. 165.) Bowling Green ? 
 Fort Henry ? Fort Donelson ? Nashville ? Pea Ridge ? New Madrid ? Island 
 No. 10? 
 
 30. At what western place did the Union troops establish a base of opera 
 tions ? How much of the Mississippi did the Confederates hold ? What efforts 
 were made by both parties ? 
 
 31. What line of defences did the Confederates have? Where were their 
 strong positions ? Give an account of the battle of Mill Spring. 
 
 32. Of the capture of Fort Henry. Of the capture of Fort Donelson. 
 
1862.] 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 167 
 
 Donelson, on the Cumberland, with about ten thousand 
 prisoners. The Confederates thereupon evacuated Colum 
 bus and Nashville. 
 
 33. An important success meanwhile attended the ef 
 forts of the Unionists on the Atlantic coast. A land and 
 naval expedition, sailing 
 
 from Hampton Roads, un 
 der Gen. Burnside and 
 Com. Goldsborough, cap 
 tured Roanoke Island, 
 Feb. 8th. This success 
 was followed by the de 
 struction of the Confed 
 erate flotilla at Elizabeth 
 City, by the capture of 
 that and other places, and 
 by a victory gained by 
 Burnside at Newbern. 
 An expedition, fitted out 
 at Port Royal, captured Fort Pulaski (pu-las -Jce). 
 
 34. Two important events occurred on the 8th of 
 March. Gen. Curtis, ably seconded by Sigel, defeated 
 the Confederates, under Gen. Yan Dorn, at Pea Ridge, 
 Arkansas, after three days hard fighting ; and the ram 
 Virginia, steaming out from Norfolk to Hampton Roads, 
 destroyed the United States sloop-of-vvar Cumberland and 
 the frigate Congress. (See p. 170, T 45.) 
 
 35. This vessel, formerly the Merrimac, which had been 
 sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the 
 beginning of the war, had been subsequently raised by 
 
 PART OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND GEORGIA. 
 
 33. Where is Hampton Eoads? (Map. p. 156.) Give an account of the ex 
 pedition under Burnside and Goldsborough. Of the expedition against Fort 
 Pulaski. What city does Fort Pulaski defend ? (Map. p. 167.) 
 
 34. Give an account of the battle of Pea Ridge. Of the destruction effected 
 by the ram Virginia. 
 
 35. Give the previous history of the ram Virginia. 
 
168 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [is 62. 
 
 the Confederates, cut down almost to the water s edge, 
 covered with a plating of iron, and named the Virginia. 
 
 36. The night of the 8th set in, and it was anticipated 
 that next day all the national vessels in the vicinity of 
 Fortress Monroe would be destroyed. But, during the 
 night, the Monitor, a neAvly invented floating battery r 
 commanded by Lieut. Worden (tour -den), arrived from 
 New York, and, on the following day, encountered the 
 Virginia. After a contest of several hours, the latter, in 
 a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 
 
 37. The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, 
 were victorious in March, taking New Madrid. Again 
 they were victorious, on the 7th of April, co-operating 
 with Foote s gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, 
 with six thousand prisoners. The gunboats then descend 
 ed the Mississippi, defeating the Confederate fleet near 
 Fort Pillow. On the 6th of June, Commodore Davis, 
 Foote s successor, gained a victory over the fleet at 
 Memphis, the town in consequence falling into his hands. 
 
 38. Gen. Grant, after his victory at Fort Donelson. 
 proceeded up the Tennessee. On the morning of the 6th 
 of April, his army, encamped at Shiloh (shl -lo), near 
 Pittsburg Landing, was suddenly attacked by Gen. A. S. 
 Johnston s army ; and, after a contest, which raged till 
 near nightfall, the Union troops were driven to the river, 
 where the gunboats aided them to keep the Confederates 
 in check. Johnston was killed. 
 
 39. The arrival of re-enforcements under Buell, enabled 
 Grant to assume the offensive on the following day, and 
 
 36. What was anticipated for the 9th of March ? What happened during the 
 night ? Give an account of what followed. 
 
 37. What was the Union success at New Madrid? At Island No. 10? At 
 Fort Pillow? At Memphis ? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (p. 1(55.) Into what river does the Tennessee flow ? Name 
 four States in which the Tennessee runs. Where is Pittsburg Landing? What 
 battle was fought there ? Am. Shiloh. Where is Corinth? Huntsville? luka! 
 Cincinnati? (p. 174.) Frankfort? Richmond (Kentucky)? 
 
 38. Give an account of the first day s contest at Shiloh. 
 
1862.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 169 
 
 the Confederates, commanded by Beauregard, were driven 
 toward Corinth (kor -inth). The forces engaged in this 
 battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred 
 thousand men ; and the losses were severe, being not less 
 than twenty thousand. 
 
 V 40. Gen. Ilalleck arrived soon after, and took command 
 in person of Grant s victorious army. lie at once com 
 menced an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing 
 every day for nearly two months, when, May 30th, the 
 place was found deserted. A body of troops, under Gen. 
 Mitchell, detached from Buell s army, meanwhile marched 
 from Nashville as far as Huntsville, Alabama. 
 
 41. In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success 
 of great importance. This was the capture of New Or 
 leans, on the 25th of April. The Union fleet, commanded 
 by Far -ra-gut and Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bom 
 barding and then running past two forts. The city was 
 reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed 
 it under martial law. 
 
 42. Ilalleck, having been called to Washington, as com- 
 mander-in-chief, Grant was left in command at Corinth. 
 Gen. Rosecrans (roz -krants), with a division of Grant s 
 army, gained a victory at I-u -ka, September 19th; and, 
 October 4.th, he was again victorious, repulsing more than 
 thirty thousand Confederates who made an attack upon 
 his defences at Corinth 
 
 43. The Confederates were active in Tennessee and 
 Kentucky during the summer, Gen. Bragg being in com 
 mand with a large army. A part of this force, under 
 Gen. Smith, defeated a body of Unionists at Richmond, 
 
 39. Give an account of the second day s contest at Shiloh. 
 
 40. Who, after the battle of Shiloh. took command of Grant s army? Give 
 an account of Halleck s operations. Of Mitchell s operations. 
 
 41. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans. 
 
 42. To what position was Ilalleck transferred? Who was left in command 
 of the Western troopa ? Give an account of the battle of luka. Of tH battle 
 of Corinth 
 
 8 
 
170 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [1862. 
 
 marched thence to Frankfort, and threatened Cincinnati. 
 Bragg advanced almost to Louisville, but, watched and 
 foiled by Buell, he retreated southward, meeting witli a 
 repulse at Perryville. BuelPs command was afterward 
 transferred to Rosecrans. 
 
 44. Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance 
 toward Richmond. A new organization of military de 
 partments assigned Fremont to West Virginia and East 
 Tennessee, Banks to the Shenandoah Valley, McDowell 
 to the Rappahannock, and McClellan to the command of 
 the Army of the Potomac. On the 23d of March, Gen. 
 Shields, commanding a detachment of Gen. Banks s divi 
 sion, gained a victory at Winchester. 
 
 45. At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his troops for 
 Fortress Monroe, whence, April 4th, he commenced his 
 
 march up the peninsula bet ween the 
 York and James rivers. Compel 
 ling the enemy to retreat from York- 
 town, after a month s sie^e, he 
 gained a victory at Williamsburg, 
 May 5th ; and then pushed on to 
 within seven miles of the Confed 
 erate capital. Meanwhile, General 
 Wool, proceeding from Fortress 
 
 Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, and the Confederates 
 
 destroyed their iron-clad vessel, Virginia. 
 
 46. At Fair Oaks, McClellan s army was attacked on 
 
 43 Give an account of the battle of Richmond, Kentucky. Of Bragg s ad 
 vance and defeat at Perryville. Where is Perryville ? (p. 174.) What advantage 
 did Brags? gain during his northward inarch ? Ans. He captured Munibrdsville. 
 By whom was Buell succeeded in command ? 
 
 44. What new disposition of military commanders was made? What oc 
 curred at Winchester? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. -(Map, p. 156.) Where is Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? 
 Norfolk? Into what water does the York River flow? Into what the James 
 River? Where is Yorktown ? Williamsburg? Strasburg? (p. 17-1.) Front 
 Royal ? Cedar Mt. ? Chantilly ? Fair Oaks ? (Map. p. 170.) 
 
 45. At what place did McClellan embark his troops ? From what place did 
 he commence his Peninsula Campaign ? What peninsula is alluded to? What 
 was done at Yorktown ? At Williamsburg ? At Norfolk ? With the ram Virginia ? 
 
1862.3 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 171 
 
 the 31st of May, and the battle was resumed the follow 
 ing day. It was a bloody though indecisive contest. Gen. 
 Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, hav 
 ing been severely wounded in the battle, was relieved 
 from active duty and Gen. Lee became his successor. 
 
 47. Banks s division, at the time, was at Stras -burg, and 
 this force the Confederates formed the plan of capturing ; 
 but in consequence of the resistance which they met at 
 Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and 
 made a rapid retreat to the Potomac. Their pursuing 
 general, T. J. Jackson, known as Stonewall Jackson, was 
 unsuccessfully pursued by Fremont, and then joined Lee.* 
 
 48. Believing that the force at his disposal was not 
 sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his 
 base of operations to the James River ; but, while this 
 movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the 
 Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive bat 
 tles took place, lasting through seven days. The con 
 tending armies numbered together not less than two hun 
 dred thousand men, and the joint looses thirty thousand. 
 
 )C|9. Late in June, President Lincoln ordered the forces 
 OT Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, to be consolidated, 
 and gave the command to Gen. Pope. Lee soon began 
 to menace Washington ; and, at Cedar Mountain, August 
 9th, his advance, under Jackson, gained an advantage in 
 a conflict with Banks s division. 
 
 50. The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from 
 the 23d of August to the beginning of the following 
 
 46. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. By what name is that 
 battle also known ? Am. Seven Pines. What did the Confederate cavalry ac 
 complish ? Ans. Gen. Stuart passed north from Richmond entirely round the 
 Union army. What change was made in the Confederate commanders ? 
 
 47. Give an account of Banks s retreat and escape. What pursuit was made 
 by Fremont ? 
 
 48. What transfer of base did McClellan make ? Why did he do so ? What 
 battles followed ? How strong were the two armies, and what were their losses ? 
 
 49. What consolidation of forces was made? What movement did Lee 
 make ? What occurred at Cedar Mt. ? 
 
 * " This exploit, (the Valley Campaign) of General Jackson, was undoubtedly one of th 
 pest brilliant ot the war." Tenney. 
 
172 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 month the struggle between the two great armies was 
 desperate. In that part of the struggle known as the 
 Second Battle of Bull Run, Pope was defeated. In its 
 closing part, at Chan -til-ly, though losing Stevens and 
 Kearny,*two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. 
 
 51. Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications 
 of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where 
 he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from 
 the James. At South Mountain, September 14th, the na 
 tional forces were victorious ; but this success was more 
 than counterbalanced, a few hours later, by the loss of 
 Harper s Ferry with its munitions of war and large gar 
 rison. 
 
 52. On the 17th, the great battle of Antietam (an-te r - 
 tarri) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle 
 and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five 
 thousand men. On the night of the 18th, he withdrew 
 his forces across the Potomac, into Virginia. 
 
 53. After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of 
 October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but, in Novem 
 ber, was superseded in the command by Burnside. Led 
 by their new commander, the army crossed the Rappa- 
 hannock, the design being to march against Richmond 
 by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was 
 taken, December 12th; but, after a disastrous attempt to 
 carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. 
 
 54. EVENTS OF 1863. On the 1st of January, 1863, 
 President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, de 
 claring forever free the slaves in the states at war with 
 
 50. Give an account of the strn^le between Lee and Pope. *Philip Kearny. 
 
 51. What movement did Lee then make? By whom was he pursued? What 
 occurred at South Mountain? At Harper s Ferry? Where is Sonth Mountain? 
 (p. 156.) 
 
 52. Where is Antietam C. ? (Map, p. 174.) Give an account of the battle 
 fought there. What movement did Lee make after the battle. 
 
 53. By whom was McClellan superseded in command ? Where is Fredericks- 
 bur^ ? (p. 12fi.) Name four rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Give an ac 
 count of Burnside s march, repulse, and retreat. 
 
1863.] LINCOL^S ADMINISTRATION. 173 
 
 the general government, excepting in certain designated 
 parts occupied by national troops. On the same day Gal - 
 ves-ton was taken, and the naval force before the place 
 was captured, destroyed, or dispersed by the Confederates. 
 
 55. The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at 
 Iriur -frees-bo-ro between the armies of llosecrans and 
 Bragg. On the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for 
 the national cause. Nine days after, the Confederates 
 lost Arkansas Post, which was taken by a land and naval 
 force, commanded by Gen. McClernand and Admiral 
 Porter. 
 
 56. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved 
 of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was suc 
 ceeded by Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of 
 April, crossed the Rappahannock, and, encountering Lee 
 on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, was worsted, 
 losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and 
 wounded. He then recrossed the river. 
 
 57. On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered 
 nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward move 
 ment; and Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland, 
 where, on the 28th of June, his command was transferred 
 to Gen. Meade. At Gettysburg (get -tiz-burg), on the 1st, 
 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important, as well as 
 Bevere and decisive, conflicts of the Avar took place. Lee 
 was finally defeated, and, his army reduced one-third, he 
 made a rapid retreat. 
 
 54. What can you state of Lincoln s memorable proclamation ? Of affairs at 
 Galveston, January 1st, 1863? 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (p. 165.) Where is Galveston? Murfreesboro ? Arkansas 
 Post? Vicksburg? Port Gibson? Port Hudson ? Into what water does the 
 Red River flow ? Name four towns on that river. 
 
 55. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro. Of the capture of Ar 
 kansas Post. 
 
 56. Who succeeded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac ? 
 Give an account of the battle of Chaiiceliorsville. Where is Chancellorsville / 
 (Map, p. 156.) 
 
 57- What movement did Lee be^in on the 9th of June ? By whom was h^ 
 followed? What change in commanders waa made? Give an account of the 
 battle of Gettysburg. Where is Gettysburg ? (Map, p. 156.) 
 
QUESTIONS ON THE PRESIDENTS, &o. 
 
 The following series of questions, with slight modifications, 
 be used in connection with the administration of each of the presi 
 dents. The pupils should be required to prepare written exercises, 
 numbering the answers to correspond with the questions ; or, if the 
 teacher prefer, the exercises may be prepared in narrative form, 
 the facts being related in chronological order. 
 
 The answers may be gleaned from the tables at the end of the 
 History, from the Chronological Recapitulations, or from the topic 
 matter at the end of the book. It may also be necessary to consult 
 the text. 
 
 1. Who was the first president of the United States T 
 
 2. When did Washington become president ? 
 
 3. In what city did his inauguration take place? 
 
 4. Was he elected a second time to the office ? 
 
 5. What was The length of his administration ? 
 
 6. When did his administration begin and end? 
 
 7. Who was vice-president of the United States during the same time ? 
 
 8. When and where was Washington born ? (Table, p. 50.) 
 
 9. Give an account of Washington previous to his election to the presidency. 
 
 10. How many and what States belonged to the Union when Washington 
 
 became president? (Appendix, p. 11.) 
 
 11. How many States were admitted to the Union while he was president? 
 
 (See, also, Appendix, p. 11.) 
 
 12. Give the names of those States, with the date of their admission. 
 
 13. What territory, if any, was added to the possessions of the United States 
 
 while Washington was president ? (In other cases, see Introduction.) 
 
 14. What war, if any, in which this country was a party, occurred while 
 
 Washington was president ? 
 
 15. Name, in chronological order, all the important events of Washington s 
 
 administration. 
 
 16. By whom was Washington succeeded in the presidency ? 
 
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. 
 
 1. How many presidents of the United States have there been ? 
 
 2. Give their names in the order of their succession, beginning at the first. 
 
 3. Name them in the reverse order, beginning with the last and ending with 
 
 the first. 
 
 4. Name the presidents who served one term each. 
 
 5. Name those who served less than one term each. 
 
 6. Which president served more than one term of four years, but not quite 
 
 two terms? (See Note, Appendix, p. 11.) 
 
 7. Name the presidents who served two full terms eacn. 
 
 8. Name the presidents who died while in office. 
 
 9. Name the vice-presidents who, by the death of their predecessor)*, became 
 
 presidents. 
 
 10. Which of the presidents, not being elected in the usual way, were elected 
 by the House of Representatives ? (See pages 109, 137.) 
 
1863.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 175 
 
 58. It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the com 
 mander of the national forces in the Southwest, to open 
 the Mississippi, his first point of attack being Vicksburg. 
 Near Port Gibson, May 1st, he gained a decided victory. 
 Others followed, and finally, on the 4th of July, the Con 
 federate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksburg. 
 
 59. The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the 
 fate of Vicksburg, likewise surrendered ; and thus was 
 the Mississippi opened. The surrender of this last place 
 held by the Confederates on the river was made to Banks, 
 Butler s successor. The colored troops in Banks s army 
 were commended for their bravery in the assaults which 
 had been made on the place. 
 
 60. After his victory at Murfreesboro, Rosecrans had 
 no important contest with the Confederates until he was 
 attacked by Bragg, near Chick-a-mau -ga Creek, Septem 
 ber 19th and 20th; and, but for the stand made by 
 Thomas, his army would have been totally routed. 
 
 61. He then fell bi^k to Chat-ta-noo -ga. The timely 
 arrival of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took 
 the command, enabled the Union army to gain a decided 
 victory, November 25th, after a three days conflict ; and 
 Bragg was driven back into Georgia. The killed, wounded, 
 and prisoners, on both sides, numbered not less than fif 
 teen .thousand. 
 
 62. At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed 
 Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas guerrilla bands, co 
 operating with the regular Confederate forces, continued to 
 plunder and destroy. A bold raid was made into Indiana 
 
 58. What was the chief object of Gen. Grant ? Give an account of his suc- 
 
 59. What success did Banks afterward achieve ? What is said of the col 
 ored troops ? 
 
 60. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga ? Where is Chickamau^a ? 
 (Map, p. 174.) Chattanooga ? Knoxville ? 
 
 61 . Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga 
 
 What occurred in Missouri and Kansa.T 
 
176 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 and Ohio, by the partisan ranger Gen. Morgan. He was 
 pursued day and night, for a distance of nearly seven 
 hundred miles, and his band finally killed, captured, or 
 scattered. He was among the prisoners. 
 
 63. By virtue of authority vested in him, the president 
 ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to re 
 cruit the army. Great opposition to the measure was at 
 once excited, which culminated in a riot in the city of New 
 York, commencing July 13th, and lasting four days. Be 
 fore the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were 
 sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were com 
 mitted, particularly against the colored population. 
 
 64. The navy of the United States was employed in 
 various service during the year, and was very active. 
 The blockade of the Confederate ports became so effective 
 as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe ; but 
 Wilmington, on account of its wide and numerous inlets, 
 was quite successful in maintaining an intercourse with 
 Nassau (nas-saw 1 ) and other Britis^ ports. 
 
 65. The people in the western co antics of Virginia were, 
 from the beginning of the war, opposed to secession ; and 
 they took early measures not only to effect a separation 
 of their part of the state from the other section of Vir 
 ginia, but to gain admission as a state into the Union. 
 Their efforts were crowned with success, and West Vir 
 ginia was admitted in 1863. 
 
 66. EVENTS OF 1864. Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, in Feb 
 ruary, 1864, made a successful expedition into Mississippi; 
 but this success was more than counterbalanced by a 
 
 63. Give an account of the riot in the city of New York. 
 
 64. What is said of the service of the navy? Of the blockade in general? 
 Of the hlockade of Wilmington ? 
 
 65. Give the history of the formation of West Virginia. What aid did the 
 Union cause receive from private associations? Ans. The Sanitary Commis-= 
 sion and the Christian Commission rendered important aid to the wounded OB 
 the battle-fields and to the sick and wounded in the hospitals. 
 
 66- Where is Olustee ? (Map, p. 174.) What occurred there ? 
 
1864.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 177 
 
 disastrous defeat which the Union forces sustained at 
 O-lus -tee, Florida, on the 20th of the same month. 
 
 67. An expedition against Shreveport, Louisiana, con 
 ducted by Gen. Banks with the co-operation of Porter s 
 fleet, met with a series of disasters that ended in the 
 failure of the movement. The loss, in men and material, 
 was heavy ; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in 
 the Red River, were only saved from capture or destruc 
 tion by the construction of a dam across the river, by 
 which the boats were enabled to go over the falls. 
 
 68. The absence of troops to aid Banks in the Red 
 River expedition, emboldened the Confederates under 
 Gen. Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten 
 nessee and Kentucky. Union City was captured. An 
 attack upon Fort Pillow, April 12th, was bravely resisted, 
 but at last the place was carried by assault, and three 
 hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were 
 massacred. 
 
 69. The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the 
 country, added to his peculiar fitness to command large 
 armies, induced the president to name him for the posi 
 tion of Lieutenant- General, and the nomination was con 
 firmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. Vast prepa 
 rations were at once begun for two campaigns one 
 against Richmond, by the Army of the Potomac, and the 
 other against At-lan -ta, to be conducted by Gen. Wm. T. 
 Sherman. 
 
 70. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand 
 
 67. Where is Shreveport ? (Map, p. 165.) Give an account of the Red River 
 expedition. What fort was captured? Ans. De Russy. What battles were 
 foujrht ? Ans. Cane River, Mansfield, and Pleasant Hill. 
 
 68. What temp\ed Forrest to make a raid < What success did he have at 
 Union City ? Give an account of the " Fort Pillow massacre." 
 
 69. To what position was Gen. Grant promoted ? Why was he so promoted ? 
 What preparations were at puce hesrun ? 
 
 70. From what place did Sherman advance ? By whom was his progress 
 disputed ? What were his successes over Johnston ? By whom was Johnston 
 superseded in command? Wliy was he so superseded? Where is Atlanta? 
 (Map, p. 174.) 
 
178 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. LI 864. 
 
 men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May, his pro 
 gress being disputed by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, but in 
 vain. He won battles, outflanked his opponent, and by 
 the middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. John 
 ston s " retreating policy" being condemned by the Con 
 federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. 
 Hood. 
 
 71. From the 20th to the 28th of July, Hood made 
 three furious assaults upon the Union lines, but each 
 time he was repulsed with heavy loss. Sherman sent 
 cavalry expeditions to cut the railroads by which the 
 Confederates received supplies. Gen. Stoneman, com 
 manding one of these, was defeated and captured. Mov 
 ing with nearly the whole of his arm y westward around 
 Atlanta, Sherman defeated a large division of Hood s 
 army at Jonesboro, and compelled the Confederate com 
 mander to abandon Atlanta. 
 
 72. Though Gen. Meade commanded the Army of the 
 Potomac, Gen. Grant had his headquarters with that 
 army, and planned all the military movements. On the 
 4th of May, Meade crossed the Rap-id-an . On the fol 
 lowing day he encountered Lee in a terrific contest, 
 known as the Battle of the Wilderness, which raged for 
 two days. On the 7th the Confederates withdrew toward 
 Richmond. 
 
 73. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand. 
 Fighting occurred on the 9th ; and, from that time till 
 toward the middle of June, the struggle between the two 
 
 MAP QUESTIONS. (p. 156.) Inlo what river does the Rapidan flow? North 
 Anna? Monocacy? Cedar Creek? Where is Spottsylvania C. II.? Appomattox 
 C. H. ? Piedmont? (p. 174.) Chambcrsbiini: ? Fisher s Hill? Petersburg? 
 
 71. What took place from the 20th to the 28th of July ? What expeditions 
 did Sherman send ? What misfortune befell Stoneman ? How, at last, did Sher 
 man srain Atlanta? Where is Jonesboro ? (p. 174.) 
 
 72. Where were Grant s headquarters ? What control did Grant exercise 
 over army movements ? When did Meade cross the Rapidan ? State what oc 
 curred on the following day. What occurred on the 7th. 
 
 73. What occurred on the <)th ? What is said of the succeeding straggle? 
 What battles are mentioned ? What co-operation did Butler give ? 
 
 8* 
 
1864.] LINCOLN S" ADMINISTRATION. 179 
 
 armies was more or less severe. The battles of Spottsyl- 
 vania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor were particularly 
 desperate and bloody. Butler, co-operating with Meade, 
 sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position on 
 the south side of the James, thus favoring a movement 
 by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred, June 
 14th, to that side of the river. 
 
 74. Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of 
 July a mine was exploded under one of the strongest of 
 the works before that city, so that a storming party 
 might rush through the gap thus formed, and the place 
 be captured. The assault was made, but it resulted in 
 disastrous failure. Other conflicts took place between 
 the armies of Meade and Lee, yet at the close of the 
 year, the Confederates still held Petersburg and Rich 
 mond. 
 
 75. A large force, intended for co-operation with 
 Meade s army, was in the Shenandoah Valley, under 
 Sigel ; but, after meeting a defeat at Newmarket, Sigel 
 was superseded by Gen. Hunter. Hunter gained a vic 
 tory at Pied -mont, June 5th, and then marched upon 
 Lynchburg, but finding the Confederate force there 
 strengthened by recent arrivals from Lee s army, he 
 withdrew into West Virginia. The Valley being thus 
 open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. 
 Early, to invade Maryland. 
 
 76. With overwhelming numbers Early defeated Gen. 
 Wallace at the Mo-noc -a-cy River, July 9th ; and, after 
 threatening Baltimore and Washington, he recrossed the 
 Potomac, loaded with plunder. A body of the Confeder- 
 
 74. What place was beseged? Where was a mine made ? Give an account 
 of the assault y What is said of other conflicts ? 
 
 75. Where did Sigel have a force to co-operate with Meade s army ? What 
 befell Sigel? By whom was Sigel superseded in command ? What success did 
 Hunter have ? What were Hunter s subsequent movements ? How did the 
 Confederates take advantage of Hunter s absence ? 
 
 76. Give an account ofthe battle of Monocacv ? What movements did Early 
 then make ? What occurred at Chambersburg ? what success did Averill have ? 
 
180 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [is 64. 
 
 ate cavalry which afterward advanced into Pennsylvania 
 and set fire to Chambersburg, while retreating was over 
 taken by Gen. A -ver-ill and defeated. 
 
 77. Grant hurried off troops for the defence of Wash 
 ington, and a strong force was organized for Sheridan^ 
 who relieved Hunter from command. On the 19th of 
 September, Sheridan attacked and routed Early near 
 Winchester; and, three days after, at Fisher s Hill, he 
 met and routed him again. Just a month after his victory 
 at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were sud 
 denly attacked and driven from the field, he, at the time, 
 being absent. Arriving at this critical time, he arranged 
 his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for 
 the third time, routed Early s army. 
 
 78. Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, 
 Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of Novem 
 ber, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. 
 Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, 
 he occupied the state capital and other large towns ; car 
 ried Fort McAllister by assault ; and, on the morning of 
 the 21st of December, entered the city of Savannah. 
 
 79. In the mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, 
 while Thomas fell back toward Nashville. Coming up at 
 Franklin, November 30th, with the main part of the Union 
 army, Hood made an assault, but was repulsed ; and 
 Thomas then brought his troops together at Nashville. 
 Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before 
 he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked him, on 
 the morning of the 15th of December, and, in a battle 
 
 77. Who succeeded Hunter in command? What occurred at Winchester ? 
 At Fisher s Hill ? Give an account of the battle of Cedar Creek. 
 
 78. What did Sherman do with Atlanta? What did Sherman then do? 
 Through what state did he march ? What fort did he capture ? What city did 
 he enter ? Where is Fort McAllister ? (Map, p. 167.) 
 
 79. What movement did Hood meanwhile make? How did Thomas act? 
 Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Who commanded the Union troops 
 In that battle ? Am. Gen. Schofield. Where is Franklin ? Give an account o! 
 the battle of Nashville. 
 
1865.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 181 
 
 lasting two days, defeated and drove him from the field. 
 Hood fled into Alabama. 
 
 80. The Confederates, by means of English-built priva 
 teers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in 
 destroying a large number of American merchantmen. 
 Semmes, in the Alabama, resumed his career of destruc> 
 lion, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag ; but the 
 Alabama was at last met, June 19, by the Kearsarge 
 (ke -ar-sarj), Capt. Winslow, and, after a short contest, 
 was sunk,* (See p. 187, 1 101, 102.) 
 
 81. Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the 
 United States during the war, none were more brilliant 
 than that of Admiral Far -ra-gut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th 
 of August. He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and 
 Gaines at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a 
 complete victory over the Confederate fleet. The two 
 forts were afterward captured. 
 
 82. EVENTS OF 1865, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. The 
 active operations of 1865 began with the reduction of 
 Fort Fisher, the main defence of Wilmington. This was 
 accomplished on the 15th of January, by eight thousand 
 men under Gen. Terry, aided by Admiral Porter s fleet. 
 About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration 
 against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be 
 carried hy his force, returned tp Fortress Monroe. Wil 
 mington was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d 
 of February. 
 
 83. Sherman having halted at Savannah only long 
 
 80. By what means were the Confederates enabled to destroy American 
 merchantmen? What course did Semmes pursue? What was the fate of the 
 Alabama ? 
 
 81. How is Farragut s success in Mobiie Bay spoken of? What was his 
 achievement ? Where is Mobile Bay ? (p. 165.) Fort Morgan ? 
 
 82. Where did the operations of 18t55 begin ? Give an account of the suc 
 cess achieved by Terry and Porter. What attempt had been previously made to 
 reduce the fort ? Where is Fort Fisher ? (p. 174.) 
 
 83. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? How did he compel the Con 
 federates to evacuate Charleston ? Give the account of his subsequent progress 
 and successes. 
 
 * This contest took place off the port of Cherbourg (Kher - bonrg), Prance. Semmes and 
 forty of his crew were picked up by a British vessel, and, without authority from Winslow, 
 were taken to England. 
 
182 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. [1865, 
 
 enough to refit his army, was again in motion by the 1st 
 of February. On the 17th he captured Columbia, com 
 pelling the Confederates, by this achievement, to evacuate 
 Charleston. He entered North Carolina, fought and de 
 feated Gen. Hardee on the 16th of March, and, four days 
 later, gained a victory over Gen. J. E. Johnston. 
 
 81, On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
 national forces, which Gen. Grant had gathered around 
 Richmond, commenced; and, after ten days marching 
 and fighting, the campaign was ended. On the 3d of 
 April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
 the nation s victorious troops. The retreating troops were 
 hotly pursued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th, Lee, over 
 taken and surrounded, surrendered to Grant near Appo- 
 mattox Court House. From this period the history of 
 the war is but a record of national successes in the sur 
 render of the several remaining Confederate commanders. 
 
 85. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
 joy because of the triumph so long struggled for, but this 
 feeling was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than 
 a week after Lee s surrender, and only forty days after 
 he had entered upon his second term of office, President 
 Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in sym 
 pathy with the Confederate cause. He died on the fol 
 lowing morning, April 15th. (App., p. 69, topic 94.) 
 
 86. JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. The vice-president, 
 Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became presi 
 dent, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. The as 
 sassin of the lamented president eluded pursuit until the 
 26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and 
 refusing to surrender, he was shot. Jefferson Davis, after 
 
 84. When did the final movement of the national forces commence? Giva 
 an account of the ten days campaign. When, where, and to whom did Lee ur- 
 rendei ? To whom did Johnston surrender? Ana. Sherman. 
 
 85. How were the people s rejoicings turned into sorrow ? When did Pres 
 ident Lincoln die? 
 
 86. Who. then, hecame president? What was the fate of the person who 
 shot Lincoln ? What is said of Jefferson Davis ? 
 
Progressive IVTap, No. 4. 
 
 THE COUNTRY 
 WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI 
 
 AT 1 THK CLOSE OP 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 Long from 80 Washington 
 
1805.] JOHNSON S ADMINISTEATION. 183 
 
 abandoning Richmond, fled to Georgia, where he was 
 captured. He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress 
 Monroe ; but, after a long confinement, was released (1867). 
 
 87. On the 29th of April, President Johnson issued a 
 proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in the 
 South ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation 
 of amnesty to all those who had been concerned in the 
 late war, excepting certain specified classes of persons, 
 A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to 
 the Constitution abolishing slavery, having been approved 
 by three-fourths of the states, slavery was declared consti 
 tutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 
 
 88. The national debt, at the close of 1865, amounted 
 to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars. 
 To raise the enormous sums required during the war, the 
 government had offered loans which were freely taken ; 
 the duty on importations was increased ; taxes were im 
 posed on incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps 
 were required to be placed upon bonds and other docu 
 ments. 
 
 89. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
 the Freedmen s Bureau Bill. By the term freedmen were 
 meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the 
 breaking out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had 
 afterward been declared free by proclamation of the 
 president. The bill had for its object the supervision 
 and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, 
 amending and continuing in force the first, although 
 vetoed by the president, was passed in July, 1866. 
 
 87. What proclamation in relation to commerce did Johnson issue? What 
 other proclamation did he issue ? What was done in relation to the abolition 
 of slavery ? 
 
 88. What did the national debt amount to at the close of 1865 ? How had 
 the government procured money during the war ? 
 
 89. When was the Freedmen s Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by 
 the term freedmen? What was the object of the Bill? What is said of the 
 second Freedmen s Bureau Bill ? 
 
184 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION, user, 
 
 90. It soon became, evident that Congress and President 
 Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstruct 
 ing the Union," the former being opposed to the resto 
 ration of the late Confederate states to their former politi 
 cal standing, until certain guarantees of protection should 
 be extended to the colored population, and other condi 
 tions complied with by the states. A Reconstruction Act 
 was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the 
 veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two Supple 
 mentary Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like 
 manner. 
 
 91. In March of the same year a bill to regulate the 
 tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the presi 
 dent s veto. By this bill it was declared that persons 
 holding any civil office, by and with the advice and con 
 sent of the Senate, should be entitled to hold such office 
 until a successor should be, in like manner, appointed and 
 qualified. This bill, known as the Tenure-of- Office Bill, 
 has since been essentially modified. * 
 
 92. During the year 1867, Nebraska was admitted into 
 the Union, and the territorial possessions of the United 
 States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas - 
 ka, formerly known as Russian America. This vast tract 
 of land was purchased of Russia, the price agreed to be 
 paid being $7,200,000, in gold. (App., p. 75, topic 179.) 
 
 93. In August, 1867, the president suspended Mr. Stan- 
 ton, the secretary of war, from office, because, " upon im 
 portant questions, the views of the secretary differed from 
 his own." Gen. Grant was appointed to discharge the 
 duties of the office. In December, the president notified 
 
 90. WhJV* soon became evident as between Congress and the president? 
 What position did Congress take? What is said of the Reconstruction Bill ? 
 Of the two Supplementary Acts ? 
 
 91. State what yon can in relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill. 
 
 92. What is said of the admission of Nebraska ? What is said of Alaska ? 
 
 93. Fronr what office was Mr. Stan ton suspended ? By whom was the sus 
 pension mads ? Why was it made ? What course, in relation to the matter, 
 
1868.] JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 185 
 
 the Senate of the change he had made, and of his reasons 
 for so doing. The Senate having duly considered the 
 reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence in the 
 suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, Mr. Stan- 
 ton resumed the exercise of the duties of secretary of war. 
 94- On the 21st of February, the president sent a mes 
 sage to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. Stan- 
 ton from office, and had placed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas in 
 his stead until a successor should be appointed. This pro 
 duced great excitement in both houses of Congress. The 
 Senate passed a resolution notifying the President "that, 
 under the Constitution and laws of the United States, he 
 had no power to remove the secretary of war and desig 
 nate any other officer to perform the duties of that office. " 
 
 95. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President 
 Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted 
 by the House of Representatives. In accordance there 
 with, nine articles of impeachment, prepared by a com 
 mittee of the House, w r ere, on the 2d of March, adopted ; 
 and seven managers were thereupon selected from among 
 the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment 
 before the Senate. 
 
 96. Two more articles of impeachment having been 
 added, in which the president was charged with declaring 
 that Congress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, 
 the trial was begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th 
 of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh 
 article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendered 
 on two other articles, when the Senate, as a court, ad 
 journed. On the same day, May 26th, Mr. Stanton re 
 signed his position as secretary of war. (Ap.,p. 69, top. 88.) 
 
 did the president afterward take ? What course and action did the Senate take ? 
 What course did Mr. Stanton take ? 
 
 94. What course did the president take in the following February ? What 
 was the effect in Congress ? What resolution did the Senate pass ? 
 
 95. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of Representatives ? 
 What subsequent action was taken by the House ? 
 
186 GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. [is 72. 
 
 97. GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. The presidential elec 
 tion in the fall of 1868 resulted in the choice of General 
 Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Though Virginia, Missis 
 sippi, and Texas did not participate in the election, not 
 having complied with the "reconstruction" requirements 
 of Congress, Grant received a decided majority of the 
 electoral votes of all the states. His inauguration tool 
 place on the 4th of March, 1869. 
 
 98. During the first year of his administration the three 
 states Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas were restored 
 to representation in Congress, and thus the " Reconstruc 
 tion of the Union" was fully accomplished. The number 
 of states now (1874) composing the Union is thirty-seven, 
 besides ten territories and the District of Columbia. 
 
 99. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 
 guaranteeing to all citizens of the United States the 
 right of suffrage, without regard to "race, color, or 
 previous condition of servitude," having been proposed 
 by Congress and ratified by three-fourths of the states, 
 was declared adopted, March 30, 1870. The Fourteenth 
 Amendment, guaranteeing equal rights to all persons born 
 or naturalized in the United States, had been adopted nearly 
 two years before (July 28, 1868). (App., pp. 39, 40, 41.) 
 
 100. In October of 1871, the most destructive fire in 
 the history of this country occurred at Chicago, about 
 eighteen thousand buildings being consumed.* Scarcely 
 less destructive to property, and far more so to human life, 
 were the forest fires that, during the same month, raged 
 in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A little more 
 than a year after, the election for president occurred, 
 Grant being the successful candidate. His inauguration, 
 for a second term, took place on the 4th of March, 1873. 
 
 97. Who succeeded Johnson in the presidency ? What states did not vote? 
 Whv nor. ? When was Grant inaugurated ? 
 
 98. How was the " lleco as traction of the Union" at last accomplished? 
 
 * NOTE In a little more than a year after the Chicago fire, a fire occurred in. 
 Boston (Nov. 9th, 10th, 1872), which ladl waste ft5 acres, destroying 776 build- 
 in"^ and causing a total loss, in houses and merchandise, of about $75,000,000. 
 
1873.] GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 187 
 
 101. The depredations committed by the Alabama and 
 other English-built privateers during the Great Civil War 
 (pages 164, 181), were a cause of much ill-feeling on the 
 part of the people of the United States against the Brit 
 ish Government, and while the latter refused to make 
 any reparation, the feeling continued. At length repre 
 sentatives of the respective governments met in Wash 
 ington, and concluded a treaty (1871), with a view to the 
 settlement of " all causes of difference between the two 
 countries." 
 
 102. A tribunal consisting of five arbitrators (one from 
 each of the countries : the United States, Great Britain, 
 Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil), acting under the provi 
 sions of the treaty, assembled in Geneva, Switzerland, 
 not long after, where they examined and decided all the 
 claims submitted to them, and finally (Sept. 14, 18*72) 
 awarded the sum of fifteen million five hundred thousand 
 dollars in gold to be paid by Great Britain to the United 
 States for the satisfaction of all the claims, " known as 
 the Alabama Claims, growing out of the acts committed 
 by the several vessels." That amount was accordingly 
 paid a year later (Sept. 1873). 
 
 103. THE NATION S CENTENNIAL. The year 1876, the 
 centennial of American independence, was one of great 
 rejoicing throughout the Union. The important events 
 of the Revolution that occurred a hundred years before, 
 prominently that of the Declaration of Independence, 
 were duly commemorated ; but the great occurrence of 
 the year was the exhibition known as the " World s 
 Fair." For the purposes of this exhibition, nearly two 
 hundred buildings were erected in Fairmount Park, 
 Philadelphia, the six principal ones covering more than 
 sixty acres. In these were gathered products natural 
 
 101 s 1O2. State how the Alabama claims were settled. 
 103. What gave special importance to the year 1870? State what you can 
 of the " World s Fair." Of the admission of Colorado. 
 
188 GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. [is 76. 
 
 and manufactured of nearly every country of the globe, 
 as well as specimens designed to illustrate the progress 
 of each nation in science, art, and education. During 
 the six months in which the exhibition was open, nearly 
 ten millions of persons visited it. The admission of 
 Colorado, " the Centennial State," into the Union was 
 also an important event of the year. 
 
 104. ELECTION OF HAYES TO THE PRESIDENCY. As 
 Grant s second term of office drew towards its close, the 
 two great political parties made their nominations. The 
 candidate of the Democrats for president was Samuel 
 J. Tilden, of New York; that of the Republicans was 
 Eutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. The election took place 
 (Nov. 7th, 1876), but, in consequence of disputes re 
 specting the electoral votes, in whole or in part, of some 
 of the States, particularly of Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, 
 and South Carolina, the result was in doubt. One hun 
 dred and eighty-five votes were necessary to a choice. 
 Tilden had one hundred and eighty-four, without those 
 of the four States named. 
 
 105. How should the votes be counted ? As the con 
 stitution did not clearly provide a method, a Commission, 
 composed of five Senators, five Representatives, and five 
 judges of the Supreme Court, was formed by Congress 
 to decide certain questions at issue, both parties agreeing 
 to abide by the result.* Intense excitement prevailed 
 in Congress and all parts of the country, but the de 
 cisions of the Commission, which gave to Mr. Hayes a 
 majority of the votes, calmed the feeling, and the Presi- 
 
 104. What were the difficulties in the presidential election of that year ? 
 
 105. State fully how the difficulties were overcome. 
 
 * To understand the process by which the election oT a president is effected under the 
 Constitution, the learner is referred to the "Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution," 
 Appendix, p. 25. 
 
1877.] 
 
 HAYES S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 189 
 
 dent of the Senate, in the presence of both Houses of 
 Congress assembled in joint convention, declared him 
 to be the president elect. William A. Wheeler, of New 
 York, by the same declaration, became the vice-president 
 (March 2, 1877). 
 
 106. HAYES S ADMINISTRATION. The oath of office 
 was taken in the president s mansion, commonly known 
 as the " White House," by Mr. 
 
 Hayes, on Saturday evening, 
 March 3d, 1877, a few persons 
 only being present. The oath 
 was administered by the Chief 
 Justice of the United States. 
 The inaugural ceremonies took 
 place on Monday (the 5th) in 
 the open air, at the east front of 
 the Capitol, in the presence of 
 many thousand persons. The 
 new president had been a com 
 mander in the Union army 
 during the great civil war, in which conflict he had ren* 
 dered gallant and distinguished service and been four 
 times wounded. He had also been governor of Ohio. 
 His inaugural address, breathing the spirit of concilia 
 tion, was satisfactory to all parts of the Union the 
 South as well as the North, the East as well as the 
 West. 
 
 107. During this administration the dispute respecting 
 the right of the people of the United States to catch fish 
 off the coast of British- American provinces was settled 
 for a term of years. It will be recollected that a treaty 
 
 106. When and where did Hayes take the oath of office ? State what you 
 can of the inaugural ceremonies. What do you know of Hayes s previous his 
 tory ? 
 
 107. Give an account of the fishery dispute and settlement. 
 
 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 
 
190 HAYES S ADMINISTRATION. [1879, 
 
 was made at Washington, in 1871, having for its object 
 the settlement of " all causes of difference " between the 
 United States and Great Britain (T 101, p. 187). Under 
 this treaty three commissioners met in Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, and, by a majority-vote, decided that the United 
 States should pay five and a half million dollars for the 
 fishery right, or " privilege," as it was termed, but this 
 favor was to be only for a period of twelve years. The 
 award was not regarded as equitable by the people and 
 government of the United States, but the amount was 
 duly paid (1878). (See 1 117, p. 98.) 
 
 108. During the summer of 1877 a memorable railroad 
 . strike occurred. It began in Maryland by the firemen 
 
 and brakemen of a freight train, in opposition to a reduc 
 tion of their wages, and extended into Pennsylvania and 
 other States. The strikers not only refused to work, but 
 they stopped the trains from running. The strike, in 
 some places, became a riot, and many lives were destroyed 
 in addition to a vast amount of property. At length, 
 after a period of three weeks, by the aid of State and 
 national troops, order was restored, and the trains began 
 to run with regularity. 
 
 109. When the great civil war broke out the country 
 was in a very prosperous condition ; but soon the banks, 
 as well as the general government, were compelled to 
 stop the payment of gold and silver, paying, instead, 
 paper money, mostly " greenbacks." This act, known 
 as the " suspension of specie payments," continued till 
 the first of January, 1879, when the banks and govern 
 ment resumed specie payments, and gold and silver once 
 more came into common use. (See If 88, p. 183.) 
 
 108. Give an account of the railroad strike of 1877. 
 
 109. What is stated of specie payments ? 
 
 * The right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland and in other waters of the 
 British American provinces, conceded to the United States by the treaty of 1783, 
 was, the British authorities maintained, annulled by the war of 1812. By the treaty 
 made in 1818, in consideration of certain concessions made to the Unitecf States, our 
 government gave up all claim to fish within three marine miles of the British 
 American coasts. 
 
1880.] HAYES S ADMINISTRATION. 191 
 
 110. Not the least important event of this administra 
 tion was the making of a treaty with China (1880). The 
 people of California and other parts of the West had, in 
 many ways, expressed their opposition to the system by 
 which large numbers of Chinese laborers were brought 
 to our Pacific coast. They asserted that, in consequence 
 of this, labor in certain departments of business was be 
 coming so cheapened as to compel the American work 
 men to abandon such departments. The treaty, arranged 
 by a commission sent to Chin a, 
 
 practically leaves the subject 
 of regulating the immigration 
 to the decision and control of 
 the United States. 
 
 111. During the summer of 
 1880 preparations were begun 
 for the twenty-fourth presi 
 dential election. The Repub 
 licans nominated James A. 
 Garfield of Ohio : the Demo 
 crats presented as their candi 
 date the distinguished soldier, JAMES A. GARFIELD. 
 General Hancock.* The can 
 vass was exceedingly spirited, being marked by immense 
 meetings of the people and by great torchlight proces 
 sions. The result was in favor of the Republicans; and, 
 on the 4th of March following, the inauguration of Gar- 
 field took place. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, 
 who had been elected vice-president, took his place as 
 President of the Senate. 
 
 110. What is said of the Chinese treaty of 1880 ? 
 
 111. Give an account of the presidential contest of that year. 
 
 * Winfleld Scott Hancock was born in Pennsylvania in 1824. He received his mili 
 tary education at \\ est Point, and won distinction and promotion for meritorious 
 deeds in the war with Mexico. His record made in the great Civil War is highly 
 creditable. He held important commands in several battles, and for his conduct at 
 Gettysburg, in which conflict he was severely wounded, he was awarded the thanks 
 of Congress. 
 
192 GAKFIELD S AND ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATIONS. [1881. 
 
 112. GARFIELD S AND ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 The new president had risen from a very humble position 
 in life. In his boyhood he drove the horses before the 
 plough on his father s farm. Later, when not earning 
 money in his neighbors hay fields, he was doing so by 
 chopping w r ood, or by driving horses on the canal. He 
 loved books, and his great ambition was to get an educa 
 tion. At the age of eighteen he was a school teacher, at 
 twenty-four a professor of Latin and Greek, at twenty- 
 seven a college president, at twenty-eight a state senator, 
 at thirty-one a general in the army, at thirty-three a 
 member of Congress. 
 
 113. His administration began well. He had been in 
 office less than four months, and was about to leave 
 Washington to visit the Eastern States, when, at the 
 
 railroad depot, he was shot 
 down by an assassin (July 2, 
 1881). With little delay he 
 was conveyed to the White 
 House, and there 3 during two 
 months, was tenderly cared 
 for. Then, with the hope 
 that a change of air would 
 benefit him, he was removed 
 to Long Branch, a summer 
 resort in New Jersey over 
 looking the Atlantic. It was 
 in vain, for on the 19th of 
 September he died. Never 
 
 was there a sorrow so universal as that which followed. 
 To the grief-stricken people of America came words oi 
 sympathy from every part of the civilized world. The 
 vice-president, Chester A. Arthur, on taking the oath ot 
 office, became president (Sept. 20). 
 
 112. What is said of Garfield s life before he became president? 
 
 113, State what you can of his administration and death. 
 
 CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 
 

TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 199 
 
 TERRITORIAL GROWTH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. ORIGINAL TERRITORY. The territory of the Re 
 public, at the close of the War of the Revolution, was 
 bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi River, 
 the Great Lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. Such were the 
 limits conceded by the treaty with Great Britain (Septem 
 ber 3, 1783) ; but from the region lying within them, 
 the Spanish province of Florida must be excluded, as 
 well as that part of the present State of Louisiana which 
 lies east of the Mississippi, in defining the original domain 
 of the United States. Out of that domain many new 
 States have been formed, and to it large accessions of new 
 territory have been made. 
 
 2. VERMONT. This was the first of the new States. It 
 was formed from territory which had been claimed by 
 New York and New Hampshire, the former founding its 
 claim on the grants made by Charles II. to the Duke of 
 York, the latter on the colonial charter which it received 
 at the commencement of its existence. New Hampshire 
 was the most active in the settlement of the territory, 
 her governor, during a period of eight years (from 1760 
 to 1768), having made more than a hundred township 
 grants within its limits. 
 
 3. These, with other grants subsequently made, were af 
 terward known as the " New Hampshire Grants." Before 
 the Revolution, however, New York succeeded in obtain 
 ing jurisdiction over the whole territory, through a de- 
 
 1. What territory belonged to the United States when they began their ex 
 ietence as a nation ? To what nation did Florida then belong ? 
 
 2, 3. Give the early history of Vermont. When admitted ? 
 
200 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cision of the king, to which the governor of New Hamp 
 shire assented. But the settlers refused to acknowledge 
 the sway under which they were thus abitrarily placed, 
 and continued their resistance until 1791, when, New 
 York having relinquished her claim on the payment to 
 her of $30,000, Vermont was admitted into the Union, 
 making the number of States fourteen. 
 
 4. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The western portion 
 of several of the thirteen original States extended to the 
 Mississippi River : their colonial charters, indeed, named 
 the Atlantic Ocean as their eastern boundary, and the 
 South Sea (the Pacific) as their western ; but these limits 
 were restricted by the treaty of 1783. One after an 
 other, these States surrendered their western territories 
 to the general government, and, in 1787, the region north 
 of the Ohio River was organized under the name of the 
 Northwest Territory. From this territory five States 
 have been successively formed: Ohio, in 1802; Indiana^ 
 in 1816 ; Illinois, in 1818 ; Michigan, in 1837 ; and Wis 
 consin, in 1848. (Read topic 237, App. p. 85.) 
 
 5. THE SOUTHWEST TERRITORY. The region south of 
 the Ohio, although never organized under one territorial 
 government, was generally known as the Southwest Ter 
 ritory. From it have been formed four States: Ken 
 tucky (previously a part of Virginia), in 1792 ; Tennessee, 
 (previously a part of North Carolina), in 1796 ; Missis 
 sippi, in 1817; and Alabama, in 1819 (both the latter 
 being previously a part of Georgia). 
 
 6. MAINE. Maine, in 1783, was a district of Massa 
 chusetts, having been purchased in 1677 from the heirs 
 
 4 What were the original boundarios of the Northwest Territory ? Give the 
 previous history of that territory. What Slates have been formed from that 
 
 6 5 ! What was the Southwest Territory ? What States have been formed from 
 
 6. Was Maine one of the thirteen original States ? Was Vermont ? Give the 
 arly history of Maine. 
 
TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UKITED STATES. 201 
 
 of Gorges and Mason. Thus it remained till 1820, when it 
 was organized and admitted as a State, in conformity 
 with the formally expressed will of its inhabitants. 
 
 7. THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. Though the Spaniards, 
 under De Soto, were the first to discover the Mississippi 
 River, they made no attempts to explore it. This was 
 first accomplished by the French, who traversed its en 
 tire length, and occupied certain portions of its valley on 
 both sides, giving to the whole region the name of Louis 
 iana, in honor of their king, Louis XIV. At the close of 
 the French and Indian war (1763), France ceded to Great 
 Britain all her American possessions east of the Missis 
 sippi and north of the Iberville River, having, in the pre 
 ceding year, ceded to Spain all her possessions west of 
 the Mississippi, and south of the Iberville. 
 
 8. The latter territory was retroceded to France in 1800, 
 and, three years later (1803), was purchased by the United 
 States for $15,000,000. From this vast region, which ex 
 tended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, 
 besides the State of Louisiana (admitted in 1812), have 
 been formed Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Iowa 
 (1846), Minnesota (1858), Kansas (1861), Nebraska 
 (1867), Colorado (1876), and the territories of Wyoming, 
 Montana, and Dakota., with a reservation for the Indians, 
 known as the Indian Territory * (See note, p. 157.) 
 
 9. FLORIDA. This was a Spanish province up to 1763, 
 when it was ceded to Great Britain in exchange for Cuba, 
 which the English had recently taken from Spain. By 
 the treaty of 1783 this province was given back to Spain, 
 to which it continued to belong till 1819, when it was 
 
 7. Who discovered the Mississippi? Who explored it ? What else did the 
 French do ? To what extent ol territory did the French give the name of Louis 
 iana ? How did they dispose of the part west of the Mississippi ? The part east ? 
 
 8. How did we acquire the part west ? What btates and Territories have 
 
 been formed from the part bought of France ? 
 
 9. Give the early history of Florida. How did we acqui 
 
 ire it? 
 
 Except the part of Minnesota post of the Mississippi ; and the small part of Kausai 
 and the larger ones of Colorado and Wyoming acquired from Mexico m 1818. 
 
202 TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ceded to the United States, on condition that the latter 
 country would pay the claims of American citizens against 
 Spain, to the amount of $5,000,000. Owing, however, to 
 a delay on the part of Spain to ratify the treaty, the title 
 to the territory was not acquired by the United States 
 till 182U 
 
 10. OREGON. The entire region west of the Rocky 
 Mountains, extending from latitude 42 to about 54, was 
 long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United 
 States, because, among other reasons, its principal river 
 had been discovered by Captain Gray, of the ship Co 
 lumbia, of Boston, in 1792, and because, during the ad 
 ministration of Jefferson, it was explored by Captains 
 Lewis and Clark, who commanded an overland expedi 
 tion sent out by the United States government. If, pre 
 vious to 1819, Spain had possessed any title to this region, 
 she abandoned it in that year ; since, by a clause in the 
 treaty ceding Florida, she relinquished all her " rights, 
 claims, and pretensions" to such territory. 
 
 11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when, 
 by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of 
 the two nations was fixed at the 49th parallel, thus set 
 tling a controversy which had lasted several years, and 
 which, at one time, threatened to produce a war between 
 the two countries. The region thus finally yielded to the 
 United States was first organized as a territory, under 
 the name of Oregon, but now includes the State of Ore 
 gon (admitted in 1859), and the territories of Washing 
 ton and Idaho. 
 
 12. TEXAS. This State was once a part of the Re- 
 
 10. What region was long known as Oregon ? What gave the United States a 
 right to claim it ? How did the United States get a title from Spain ? 
 
 11. What troubles did the United States have in relation to the ownership of 
 Oregon? How were the troubles settled ? What are the present divisions of 
 Oregon ? 
 
 1 2. Give the early history of Texas. How and when was it acquired by the 
 United States ? 
 
TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 203 
 
 public of Mexico, but, becoming dissatisfied with the 
 Mexican rulers, the people revolted, arid, in 1836, set up 
 an independent government. In 1845 Texas was annexed 
 to the United States. 
 
 13. CALIFORNIA, ETC. The war with Mexico gave to 
 the United States a vast region between Texas and the 
 Pacific Ocean, which had previously belonged to the 
 Mexican Republic, The conquest of this region having 
 been effected during the war, its possession was confirmed 
 by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, made in 1848, as 
 well as by a subsequent treaty, known as the " Gadsden 
 Treaty," made in 1853. (See note p. 150.) 
 
 14. By the terms of the first treaty, the United 
 States agreed to pay to Mexico $15,000,000, and to 
 assume debts due from her to American citizens to 
 the amount of $3,000,000. By the terms of the second 
 treaty, the United States paid an additional sum of 
 $10,000,000, in order to secure a more southerly bound 
 ary. From the region thus acquired from Mexico have 
 been formed the States of California (1850) and Nevada 
 (1864), and the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and 
 Utah. 
 
 15. ALASKA. The territory of Alaska, formerly known 
 as Russian America, was ceded to the United States by 
 Russia in 1867 for $7,200,000. The name of Alaska hav 
 ing been given to it in the treaty, it has since retained it. 
 
 16. Thus has the national domain increased from time 
 to time, spreading from one ocean to the other, and 
 gradually enfolding within its embrace every district of 
 country that lay as an obstacle to the mighty march of its 
 destiny. That "league of love" which first only clasped 
 
 13, 14. What territory did we acquire from Mexico? How was it acquired? 
 What States and territories have been formed from it? 
 
 15. By what name was Alaska formerly known? How did we acquire the 
 territory? 
 
 1 6. State how and to what extent the national domain has been increased. 
 
204 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 
 
 within its folds an empire of thirteen sister States, with 
 an area of 800,000 square miles, has been found suffi 
 ciently expansive to permit the embrace of a vast realm, 
 of thirty-eight States and ten Territories, including alto 
 gether an area of more than 3,000,000 square miles. 
 
 CIVIL PEOGEESS OF THE NATION. 
 
 1. CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATIONS POPULATION. 
 The first Census that of 1790 showed a total population 
 in the thirteen States, and the territory on each side of 
 the Ohio River, of less than four millions (3,921,326). 
 In the Northwest Territory the population was so small 
 that no return was made. In the territory south of the 
 Ohio, the number of inhabitants was only about 37,000. 
 The city of Philadelphia, then the largest city of the 
 Union, contained only a population of 43.525, that of 
 New York being more than 10,000 less (33,131) ; Cincin 
 nati, settled in 1788, was but a small hamlet (in 1805, its 
 population was only 500) ; Boston contained only about 
 18,000; and New Orleans, then a French settlement, less 
 than 8,000. The great western cities of the present day 
 were scarcely dreamed of. 
 
 2. The population of the Union, as shown by the cen 
 sus of 1870, is nearly forty millions (38,558,371). There 
 are fourteen cities, the population of each of which 
 exceeds 100,000, and seven in which the population is in 
 excess of 250,000. The Metropolis contains nearly one 
 million of inhabitants, having grown, during our national 
 existence, to that astonishing figure from the small 
 
 1. What was the population of the United States in 1790? What was then 
 the population of Philadelphia? of New York ? of Boston ? 
 
 2. What was the population of the United States in 1870? What is said of 
 fourteen cities? Of seven? New York? Cincinnati? Chicago? St. Louis? 
 
CIYIL PROGRESS OF THE KATIOtf. 205 
 
 number before mentioned ; while Cincinnati has grown 
 from 500 in 1805, to more than 216,000. Chicago, 
 which, in 1831, contained only about a dozen families, 
 before the great fire of 1871 had a population of 298,000. 
 St. Louis, a small trading-village in 1803, when it came 
 under the United States Government, now contains about 
 313,000 people, and is the fourth city of the Union, being 
 exceeded only by New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. 
 
 3. COMMERCE. The commercial progress of the coun 
 try has kept pace with the vast increase in its population, 
 and the amazing growth of its cities. In 1790, the total 
 exports from all the ports of the United States, amounted 
 to about twenty millions of dollars, and the imports some 
 what less; in 1870, the amount of exports was over five 
 hundred millions ; and the imports amounted to about 
 six millions more than the exports. About two-thirds 
 of all the imports of the United States arrive in New 
 York, and about forty per cent, of all the exports are 
 shipped from that port. 
 
 4. The tonnage of the United States has increased from 
 274,377, in 1790, to 4,253,149, in 1870; while the number 
 of American vessels (registered or enrolled) has increased 
 during the same period to 29,015, of which about 3,500 
 were steam-vessels. This is considerably less than the 
 number reported previous to the Civil War, the total ton 
 nage in, 1862-3, being more than 5,000,000. The vast 
 increase in population on the borders of the Great Lakes, 
 and along the great navigable rivers, has led to the 
 establishment of an inland and domestic trade, of greater 
 proportions than the foreign commerce, immense as that 
 is. The chief items of this trade are coal and lumber; 
 but the cereals also constitute a considerable part. 
 
 3. What is said in relation to the commercial progress of the country? 
 
 4. What, in relation to the increase in tonnage? 
 
 9 
 
206 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 
 
 5. MANUFACTURES. During the Colonial period, the 
 manufacturing industry of the American people was re 
 pressed by penal statutes, the selfish policy of the British 
 government dictating agricultural pursuits for the pur 
 pose of benefiting the commerce of the mother-country. 
 Hence, a free market was opened to all the agricultural 
 products, including the raw materials of manufacture; 
 and sometimes bounties were offered to stimulate still 
 further their production. This policy was peculiarly 
 fitted to increase the prosperity of the Southern Colonies, 
 while those of the North were scarcely able to subsist. 
 
 6. When, therefore, the nation commenced its exist 
 ence, the manufacturing interests were of little import 
 ance, indeed, they had scarcely commenced to be devel 
 oped. Before the war of 1812, nothing was accomplished 
 on a great scale in this direction ; the embargo, how 
 ever, gave a great stimulus to this interest. Since that 
 period, an amazing expansion has been reached in every 
 department of manufactures, but especially in those of 
 cottons, woollens, and iron, the three great staples, in 
 the first of which this country is now exceeded by Great 
 Britain alone. The principal seats of this manufacture 
 are in the New England States, Pennsylvania, arid New 
 York. 
 
 7. The general use of furnaces, stoves, etc., for heating 
 purposes, the innumerable applications of machinery, as a 
 substitute for human labor, and for the propulsion of land- 
 carriages, as well as for the purposes of navigation, ren 
 der the iron manufacture of great importance in this 
 country, and, accordingly, it has developed into vast 
 proportions. Its kindred department mining has, of 
 course, kept equal pace with it. 
 
 5, 6. How was the manufacturing industry of the colonies repressed? What 
 further is stated in respect to manufactures? 
 7. What is stated of the manufacture of iron and of mining? 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 207 
 
 8. SHIP-BUILDING. The first vessel built in New England 
 was built in Medford, Massachusetts, for Governor Win- 
 throp. She was launched on the fourth of, July, 1631, 
 and was called the " Blessing of the Bay," a name 
 which indicated, in anticipation, the great benefits which 
 that section of our country was to experience from this 
 department of industry. Up to the commencement of 
 the Civil War (1861) this branch of labor was among the 
 most flourishing in the country; but the operations of 
 Confederate cruisers, aided, as they were, by British in 
 fluence and support, had the effect to paralyze this, as 
 well as every other branch of industry dependent upon 
 navigation. (Read topic 238, App. p. 85.) 
 
 9. PRINTING AND BOOK-PUBLISHING. Under our sys 
 tem of free government and free schools, the various pur 
 suits connected with the printing and publication of news 
 papers, books, etc., have reached a condition of great 
 activity and extent. The wide-spread demand for informa 
 tion has stimulated the application of science and art in 
 this branch of industry to the highest degree. The pro 
 cesses in use for the purpose, a century ago, would be at the 
 present time comparatively valueless. One of the earliest 
 inventions for improving the old printing-press was the 
 Columbian press, invented by George Clymer of Phila 
 delphia, in 1818 ; and more recently the powerful cylinder 
 presses constructed by Richard M. Hoe, of iSTew York, 
 have rendered it possible to keep pace with the daily de 
 mand for newspapers and books. By the cylinder press 
 worked by steam, in connection with the stereotype pro 
 cess, as many as 40,000 impressions of a newspaper can 
 be taken in an hour. 
 
 10. AGRICULTURE. This, the leading pursuit of our 
 
 8. What history can you cive of phip-b uilding? 
 
 9. State what you can of printing and book-publishing. 
 
 1 0. What is the leading pursuit of our country? By what means has agricul 
 ture made rapid strides? 
 
208 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 
 
 country during its entire history, has made vast and rapid 
 strides, both in processes and results, since the commence 
 ment of our national union. The great demand for labor 
 has furnished very strong inducements for the invention 
 and use of labor-saving machinery and implements, and 
 the ingenuity of the American people has been strikingly 
 illustrated by its innumerable achievements in this direc 
 tion. Of these the cultivator, the mowing-machine, the 
 reaper, the horse-rake, the threshing-machine, etc., are 
 examples. Steam has been applied to the working of 
 many of these implements; and, in this way, the work of 
 one man is often made more effective than that of a hun 
 dred a century ago. 
 
 11. In the northern sections of the country, the chief 
 staples are the cereal grains, maize, wheat, rye, oats, bar 
 ley, etc., together with potatoes and hay. In the South, 
 cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco take the lead. The in 
 crease in the production of these various articles since the 
 formation of our government has been amazing. In 1790, 
 the cotton raised amounted to less than 250,000 pounds ; 
 while in 1860, just previous to the great Civil War, the 
 quantity cultivated reached the extraordinary amount of 
 more than 2,000,000,000 pounds,or nearly 4,000,000 of bales. 
 In 1870, the crop amounted to a little over one billion 
 and three-quarters of pounds (1,767,000,000 Ibs.) Missis 
 sippi occupies the first place as a cotton-growing State.* 
 
 12. CANALS. In 1827, Edward Everett thus spoke of 
 the internal improvements of that period : " A system of 
 internal improvements has been commenced, which will 
 have the effect, when a little further developed, of crowd 
 ing within a few years the progress of generations. Al 
 ready Lake Champlain from the north, and Lake Erie 
 
 * The invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney, in 1792, gave so vast an impulse 
 to the cultivation of cotton, that the event constitutes an epoch in the history of 
 rtie country. 
 
 1 1 . Staples in the northern sections ? Southern ? Cotton ? 
 
 12. Repeat, in substance, what Everett stated In 1827. 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION. 209 
 
 from the west, have been connected with Albany. The 
 Delaware and Chesapeake Bays have been united. A 
 canal is nearly finished in the upper part of New Jersey, 
 from the Delaware to the Hudson, by which coal is al 
 ready dispatched to our market. Another route is laid 
 out, across the same state, to connect New York by a 
 railroad with Philadelphia. A water communication 
 has been opened, by canals, half-way from Philadelphia 
 to Pittsburgh. Considerable progress is made, both on the 
 railroad and the canal, which are to unite both Baltimore 
 and Washington with the Ohio River. A canal of sixty 
 miles in length is open, from Cincinnati to Dayton, in the 
 State of Ohio ; and another, of more than three hundred 
 miles in extent, to connect Lake Erie with the Ohio, is 
 two-thirds completed." 
 
 13. The various enterprises here alluded to have all been 
 completed. The Grand Erie Canal, in the State of New 
 York, was opened in 1824, but not entirely completed 
 till 1825. This magnificent public improvement owed its 
 success to the genius of De Witt Clinton,* and contrib 
 uted in a very great degree to make New York City 
 what it is at present the great emporium of the country. 
 It is 363 miles in length, and was first estimated to cost 
 $5,000,000. Since its completion, in 1825, it has been 
 considerably enlarged. The total length of canals in the 
 United States, in 1854, was nearly 5,000 miles; but since 
 that period few undertakings of this kind, of any magni 
 tude, have been commenced, their use as a means of com 
 munication having been superseded by the construction of 
 railroads. Extensive river improvements" have also been 
 accomplished in many parts of the country. 
 
 13. What is stated of the Grand Erie Canal? Of canals in the United 
 States? 
 
 * De Witt Clinton was born in March, 1769, and was the son of General James Clinton, 
 of Orange County, New York. He was mayor of the city of New York ten years; and 
 was elected governor of the State in 1817, and again in 1820 and 1826. His death occurred 
 in February, 1828. 
 
210 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 
 
 14. RAILROADS. The first great internal- improvement 
 in this country was the Philadelphia and Pittsburg Turn 
 pike, which was completed near the close of the last cen 
 tury. The Cumberland Road, subsequently called the 
 GKEAT NATIONAL ROAD, had its origin in an appropriation 
 of $30,000 by Congress, in 1806, for the construction of a 
 road over the Alleghany mountains, from Cumberland, in 
 Maryland, to the Ohio River. Other appropriations for 
 the construction of this road were made from time to 
 time; and in 1820 it had been completed to Wheeling, at 
 an expense of $1,700,000. Subsequently it was extended 
 to Springfield, Ohio, and partially undertaken in Indiana 
 and Illinois ; but being superseded by railways, it was 
 never completed to the extent at one time contemplated. 
 
 15. The first railroads constructed in the United States 
 were the Quincy Railroad, used to transport granite from 
 the quarries of Quincy, Massachusetts (1826), and the 
 Mauch Chunk Railroad, for the conveyance of coal from 
 the mines at that place to the Lehigh River in Pennsyl 
 vania (1827). The rapid construction of railroads in 
 every part of the country since that time presents a very 
 striking evidence of the activity and enterprise of the 
 people, and the civil progress of the nation. 
 
 16. In 1848, the number of miles of completed rail 
 ways amounted to 6,000 ; in 1860, this had increased to 
 nearly 31,000, the construction and equipment of which 
 cost more than one billion of dollars ($1,151,560,289). 
 In 1870, it had further increased to more than 53,000. 
 
 Of all the enterprises of this character, the Pacific 
 Railroad is the most stupendous. This road extends 
 from Omaha in Nebraska to San Francisco, and connects 
 with the great lines from the east, bringing the great 
 
 1 4. Give the history of the Cumberland Road. 
 
 1 5. Which were the first railroads in this country? 
 
 16. 17. What further can you state in relation to railroads in this country? 
 
CIVIL PEOGRESS OF THE NATION. 211 
 
 eastern cities within a week s journey from San Fran 
 cisco. It is 1,913 miles long between the two points 
 above mentioned. This great undertaking was completed 
 in 1869. Other railroads are also in contemplation across 
 the western part of the country to the Pacific Ocean. 
 The Northern Pacific, already commenced, has its eastern 
 terminus at Lake Superior (Dulnth), and its western at 
 Puget s Sound, in Washington Territory. 
 
 17. Thus are the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans bound 
 together by an iron band, by means of which, in connec 
 tion with the Trans-Pacific lines of steamships, China, 
 India, and Japan are brought within a few weeks travel 
 of the great American marts, and the rich products of 
 those realms are poured into them in boundless profusion. 
 New sources of enterprise and wealth are also developed 
 in our own country by the same means, and additional in 
 centives offered for settlement in the wild and unculti 
 vated, but vichly endowed, regions of our widely-extended 
 domain. 
 
 18. TELEGRAPHS. The demand for the rapid commu 
 nication of intelligence was by no means supplied by the 
 locomotive and railroad ; and the agency of electricity 
 has been brought in to supplement the deficiencies of 
 steam. The invention of the electro-magnetic telegraph 
 is due to Prof. Morse, who, in 1844, erected the first line, 
 between Baltimore and Washington, a distance of forty 
 miles. This line was extended northward, through Phil 
 adelphia and New York, to Boston, in 1845. From this 
 comparatively small beginning a vast system of tele 
 graphic lines has been constructed, by means of which all 
 the great centres of trade and population in the world 
 have been brought into instantaneous communication. In 
 1850, the length of telegraph lines in the United States 
 
 18. What is said in relation to telegraphs? 
 
212 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE 
 
 was 23,281 miles; in 1854, it had increased to 41,392 
 miles; and in 1858, to more than 50,000 miles. At this 
 present time it cannot be less than 100,000 miles. 
 
 19. ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. The first successful subma= 
 rine telegraph was laid in 1851, across Dover Strait, con 
 necting Dover and Calais. Three unsuccessful attempts 
 to establish a telegraphic cable across the Atlantic Ocean 
 were made in 1857, 1858, and 1865. In the first and last 
 of these the cable parted and was partially lost; in the 
 second it was laid, but almost immediately failed to 
 convey signals. A fourth attempt, in 1866, proved en 
 tirely successful. The success of this gigantic enter 
 prise, persisted in under so many discouragements, was 
 due to the untiring energy of Cyrus W. Field. The suc 
 cessful cable of 1866 was laid by the Great Eastern, the 
 largest steam-vessel ever constructed. She was built in 
 London, and made her first trip in 1859. The Atlantic 
 cable is about 2,600 miles long, and contains no less 
 than 25,000 miles of copper wire in the conductor, 35,000 
 miles of iron wire in the outside covering, arid upward 
 of 400,000 miles of strands of hemp, more than enough 
 in all to go twenty-four times round the world. Its 
 strength is sufficient to bear a strain of nearly twenty- 
 eight tons. 
 
 20. EDUCATION. The establishment of Common Schools, 
 in which all classes could be educated, has been a distin 
 guishing feature in the civil progress of the country. 
 Several of the States have inserted in their Constitutions 
 articles requiring the maintenance of public schools. In 
 New England, the principle has been ever avowed and 
 sustained, that it is the right and duty of government to 
 
 19. When and where was the first success* ul submarine telegraph laid? What 
 fnrther can you state in relation to telegraph cables? 
 
 20. What constitutional requirements, as regards public schools have been 
 made by s -veral States? What principle has beeii sustained in New England? 
 
CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE NATION". 213 
 
 provide the means for the instruction of the youth of all 
 classes of society in the elements of learning. Other 
 States have adopted this principle. In Massachusetts, 
 by statute enacted in 1647, "each town, consisting of fifty 
 householders, was directed to maintain a school to teach 
 their children to read and write, and every town of one 
 hundred families was to maintain a grammar school to fit 
 youth for college." In the early history of Connecticut, 
 similar laws were passed. 
 
 21. It has been uniformly a part of the land system of 
 the United States to provide for public schools. In the 
 organization of territories and the admission of States, the 
 condition has often been imposed, that a part of each 
 township should be permanently applied for the use or 
 support of such schools. In nearly all .the States, there is 
 a large fund devoted to the support of common schools, 
 under provisions of State law. The special instruction 
 of teachers has become a prominent feature in the educa 
 tional systems of most of the States. Several of the States 
 have a Normal School fund. In most of the Slave-States, 
 popular education was greatly neglected ; but since the 
 close of the Civil War, strenuous efforts have been made 
 in many of the southern States to provide the means of 
 educating all classes, including the children of the freed- 
 men. The High Schools and Colleges of the country 
 have also attained a high rank for scholarship and efficiency 
 of education. 
 
 22. LITERATURE. During the colonial period, America 
 gained no prominence in any department of literary 
 effort, except, perhaps, that of theology, religious dispu 
 tation almost absorbing the intellectual energies of the 
 
 21. What is stated of the government land system in connection with pub 
 lic schools? What condition has often been imposed? What is stated of com- 
 on school funds? Normal school fnnd? 
 
 22. What is stated of American literature during the colonial period? Or 
 Jonathan Edwards? Of American oratory ? 
 
 9* 
 
214 CIVIL PROGRESS OF THE 
 
 age. Jonathan Edwards, by the publication of his mas 
 terly " Treatise on the Will," at once secured for himself 
 the respectful attention of thinkers in the mother-country ; 
 several of his sermons were republished in England. 
 This distinguished man died in 1786. Since that time 
 American literature has been enriched by many works of 
 genius in almost every department. In oratory, no nation 
 can claim to have surpassed the United States; and the 
 speeches of Webster, Clay, and Everett will ever remain 
 as monuments of the literary culture, as well as clearness 
 and power of reasoning of those distinguished men. These 
 are but the bright stars in a cluster of brilliant names. 
 
 23. Irving s writings were the first to make American 
 literature popular abroad ; their genial spirit, inimitable 
 humor, and elegant style attracting all classes of readers. 
 In history, independently of what has been done to illus 
 trate specially the annals of every part of our own country 
 "by a host of worthy writers, the works of Bancroft, Hil- 
 dreth, Prescott, and Motley, have given our literature a 
 high rank. In fiction, Cooper won for himself, by his 
 " Leather-stocking Tales," a very decided pre-eminence ; 
 but Hawthorne, as a literary artist, is doubtless decidedly 
 superior. Paulding, Simms, Kennedy, Neal, Brown, and 
 Poe occupy conspicuous places in this field of literary 
 effort. 
 
 24. The effusions of American poets have deservedly 
 obtained very high commendation and favor. These 
 writers are a legion in number ; and in this brief sketch, 
 even a partial enumeration is impossible. The two most 
 prolific branches of American literature are educational 
 works and journalism, in both of which the country has 
 attained a rank which, without doubt, will compare favor 
 ably with that of any other nation. 
 
 23. Of Irving s writings? In relation to history? Fiction ? 
 
 24. Poets and poetry? Educational works and journalism? 
 
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SLAYEKY IK THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. INDIAN SLAVERY. Slavery, in one shape or another, 
 began in America with the first explorations made by 
 the Europeans. The fiist victims were the Indians. 
 Even Columbus made captives of the friendly natives 
 lie found on the islands he had discovered, five hundred 
 of whom he sent to Spain to be sold. His brother, 
 Bartholomew, sent threa hundred. All the early Spanish 
 explorers made slaves of the Indians. On the coast of 
 Carolina, DeAyllon enticed as many as possible on board 
 his two vessels, and with this supply of laborers for the 
 plantations and mines of St. Domingo, treacherously 
 took his departure (1" 10, p. 11). De Soto killed or 
 enslaved the Indians who opposed him, as well as 
 hundreds who did not oppose him. This practice, by 
 no means, was confined to the Spaniards. The English 
 were also guilty of it. Thomas Hunt, commanding 
 one of Smith s vessels that visited the New England 
 coast, kidnaped several Indians and sold them in Eu 
 rope (T 21, p. 23). The Pequod war, as we know, re 
 sulted in the total destruction of the Pequods as a tribe, 
 but the few survivors who were not able to find refuge in 
 other tribes, or were not sent to the West Indies and sold, 
 were held as slaves in their own country, and so kept till 
 death released them (^f 38, p. 30). How sad was the 
 fate of King Philip; but sadder by far was the fate of 
 his son, who was sold as a slave in Bermuda. 
 
 2. SLAVERY IN THE COLONIES. Negro slavery was 
 introduced into the West India islands long before the 
 Dutch ship, in 1619, sailed up the James river, and landed 
 twenty Africans (^ 13, p. 21). The fact should be noted 
 that, two years after this event, cotton-seed was, for the 
 first time, planted at the South, for the growth of slav- 
 
216 SLAVERY US THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ery and the culture of the cotton plant were closely con 
 nected. Tobacco was already (in 1621) very extensively 
 grown, and was then produced entirely by slave labor. 
 For several years, only a few cargoes of negroes were 
 brought to the colonies, and these came in Dutch ships; 
 but, encouraged by the English, companies for carrying 
 on the trade were formed, and even ships built and owned 
 in New England were engaged in the business. In the 
 course of time every one of the thirteen colonies had 
 slaves. Some of the colonies remonstrated against the 
 trade ; but what could this avail so long as the Eng 
 lish government favored the trade, and the king himself 
 profited by the gains? In 1750 there were about two 
 thousand slaves in Massachusetts; in New York city 
 about a sixth of the population were slaves ; in the 
 tobacco-growing colonies, Maryland, Virginia, and North 
 Carolina, a third were slaves ; in South Carolina, where 
 rice was the principal production, there were more slaves 
 than free persons. 
 
 3. The Continental Congress, after the adoption of the 
 Declaration of Independence, resolved that no more slaves 
 should be imported; but the Constitution of the United 
 States, which went into operation thirteen years later, 
 permitted such importation until the year 1808. Thence 
 forth no more slaves could be brought into the country 
 (See the Const., App., p. 22). Previous to the adoption 
 of the Constitution, Congress passed an act which is com 
 monly known as the "Ordinance of 1787." This pro 
 hibited slavery in all the territory north-west of the Ohio 
 river (App., p. 77, topic 212). Massachusetts was the first 
 State to abolish slavery; then the other Northern States, 
 one after another, most of them by a system of gradual 
 emancipation, followed the example. Though no more 
 slaves were brought to the country, slaves continued to 
 be bought and sold at the South as before. 
 
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 217 
 
 4. THE COTTON-GIN. Slave labor at the North was 
 not profitable. The climate was cold, the soil rocky. But 
 in the sunny and luxurious South the African, it may be 
 said, was at home. The culture of rice, tobacco, and cot 
 ton, it was claimed, afforded the very kind of labor he 
 could best perform. Yet the whole business in the inte 
 rior of the Southern States was in a languishing condition, 
 and the discouraged inhabitants were beginning to leave 
 for the promising West. They were cultivating cotton in 
 small quantities, but it was difficult to separate the fibre 
 from its seed. The work was slow, because it was all 
 done by hand. A great change just then was about to 
 take place a wonderful change. Eli Whitney, of Massa 
 chusetts, went to Georgia and invented the cotton-gin. 
 To the planter the invention at once opened the way to 
 employment, wealth, and respectability : it set the whole 
 South in motion. The difficulty of separating the cotton 
 from its seed was removed. Not a pound of cotton had 
 been exported from the United States in 1V92. In 1793 
 the gin was invented. In 1794, one million five hundred 
 thousand pounds of cotton were sent to Europe. Slavery 
 thrived and " cotton was king." 
 
 5. THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE. When Maine applied 
 for admission to the Union the number of States was 
 twenty-two, and as these were equally divided, eleven of 
 them being slave States and eleven free, the southern 
 members of Congress, unwilling that the North should 
 have the control in the Senate, objected to the admission 
 (App., p. 14). Just then the people of Missouri took 
 measures to form a State government, and also applied 
 for admission to the Union ; but, as thoy possessed slaves, 
 they wanted Missouri to be admitted without any con 
 ditions against slavery. After an angry discussion, last 
 ing through months, Maine was admitted (1820). The 
 contest, however, was at once renewed, for the people of 
 
218 SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the North, who were opposed to any increase of the num 
 ber of slave States, were not willing to welcome Mis 
 souri with its Constitution permitting slavery. At length 
 an important measure, known as the "Missouri Compro 
 mise," was adopted. By this it was agreed that, with the 
 exception of Missouri, slavery should never be allowed 
 to exist in any part of the territory of the United States 
 west of the Mississippi, north of latitude 36 30 . Mis 
 souri was then admitted (p. 136). 
 
 6. THE WILMOT PROIVSO. This agreement, the "Mis 
 souri Compromise," was observed for a third of a century; 
 still the slavery question cropped out from time to time, 
 " abolition societies" became numerous, and when Texas, 
 a slave State and former province of Mexico, asked to be 
 admitted to the Union, the application, though stoutly 
 resisted by most of the northern members of Congress, 
 was finally granted (^[ 26, p. 141). The annexation of 
 Texas led to a war with Mexico, and this resulted in the 
 cession to the United States of a large part of the Mexi 
 can territory. As slavery in Mexico had been abolished 
 more than twenty years, the territory thus acquired was 
 "free soil." In anticipation of this acquisition, Mr. Wil- 
 mot, for himself and other members of Congress from 
 the free States, had offered an addition to the Mexican 
 treaty, which soon became known as the " Wilmot Pro 
 viso." The object of this proviso was to preserve forever 
 as free soil the territory to be acquired (App., p. 78). 
 
 7. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850. Though the " Wilmot 
 Proviso "did not meet with complete success in Con 
 gress, it became the foundation-stone of the "Free Sell 
 ers," whose party cry (in 1848), with ex-president Van 
 Buren as their presidential candidate, was " Free Soil, 
 Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men ; " and who, them 
 selves, became the founders of the Republican party, 
 that (in 1856) gave John C. Fremont more than a mill- 
 
SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 219 
 
 ion of votes to make him president (^ 59, p. 152), and, 
 four years later, put Lincoln at the head of the nation. 
 California, a part of the territory acquired from Mexico, 
 soon had a large population, and the people, opposed to 
 slavery, sought admission to the Union. The application 
 being resisted by Calhoun and other champions of the 
 slave cause, a violent controversy followed, which ended 
 in an agreement known as the " Compromise of 1850." 
 This compromise abolished the slave trade in the District 
 of Columbia, enacted the " Fugitive Slave Law," and 
 admitted California as a free State (^[ 55, p. 15 1). Texas 
 had claimed the entire territory west of her present 
 limits, as far as the Rio Grande: by the compromise just 
 adopted this claim was relinquished to the general gov 
 ernment, on the payment to the State of ten millions of 
 dollars (See map facing p. 189). 
 
 8. REPEAL OF THE COMPROMISE OF 1820. The lull 
 was of short duration. Four years later the " Slavery 
 Question " was revived in Congress, by the passage of 
 the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill." This law repealed the 
 "Compromise of 1820," a compact that had been re 
 garded as sacred, and made for all time. Then came a 
 fierce and bloody struggle between the North and the 
 South for the mastery in Kansas, a struggle in which 
 John Brown took an important part, and which resulted 
 in a victory to the North, and ultimately in the ad 
 mission of Kansas as a free State (^[ 57, p. 151, and 
 p. 157). 
 
 9. THE DRED SCOTT CASE. A decision made by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States, in 1856, added fuel 
 to the flame that was burning at the time. This was 
 made public directly after the inauguration of Buchanan 
 (*|[ 2, p. 157). Dred Scott, a negro slave, had been taken 
 by his owner from Missouri, a slave State, to a free State, 
 and thence to the free territory west of the Mississippi. 
 
220 SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Finally, his master returned with him to Missouri. Be 
 lieving that, as he had been taken to the territory, where, 
 under the "Compromise of 1820," it had been declared 
 that slavery should never have any existence had been 
 taken there before the repeal of the compromise, he was 
 thus no longer legally a slave, he brought a suit for his 
 freedom, and obtained a judgment in his favor. A higher 
 court, however, soon reversed the decision, and the case, 
 on appeal, was taken to the Supreme Court of the United 
 States. Again the decision was against Scott. Chief 
 Justice Taney, in behalf of a majority of the court, de 
 clared that for more than a century previous to the 
 adoption of the Constitution of the United States, ne 
 groes, whether slaves or free, had been regarded as " so 
 far inferior to the white race, that they had no rights 
 which the white man was bound to respect." 
 
 10. EMANCIPATION. The election of Lincoln to the 
 presidency, as the struggle in Kansas was drawing to a 
 close, was followed by the secession movement, on the 
 part of South Carolina and other Southern States, and 
 by the Great Civil War (pp. 157-172). In the midst of 
 the war Lincoln put forth his memorable proclamation, 
 declaring the slaves in all the States and districts at war 
 with the national government to be forever free (^[ 54, 
 p. 172). To give perfect validity to this declaration, and 
 to make complete the abolition of slavery in every part of 
 the land, the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution 
 was adopted directly after the close of the war, but not 
 before the death of Lincoln (^ 87, p. 183). Thus, after 
 an existence of nearly two hundred and fifty years com 
 mencing in 1619, when a Dutch ship landed twenty 
 Africans on the banks of the James, and ending when 
 the issues of the Great Civil War set free nearly four 
 millions of negroes was slavery declared to have no 
 longer an existence within the United States. 
 
CHEONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 221 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated president March 4 
 
 1858. Minnesota was admitted into the Union May 11, 
 
 1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14. 
 
 John Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 
 
 1860. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20. 
 
 Anderson withdrew from Ft. Moultrie to Ft. Sumter.Dec. 26. 
 
 1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 
 
 11), Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas 
 (Feb. 1), Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Ten 
 nessee (May 7), and North Carolina (May 20), passed 
 secession ordinances. 
 
 Kansas was admitted into the Union Jan. 29. 
 
 The " Southern Confederacy" was formed Feb. 
 
 Davis became " President of the Confederacy" Feb. 18. 
 
 Lincoln was inaugurated president of the U. States. . .Mar. 4. 
 
 The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 13. 
 
 President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops April 15. 
 
 Davis offered letters of marque and reprisal April 17. 
 
 Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. . .April 19. 
 
 Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. 
 
 England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), 
 and Portugal (July 29), acknowledged the Con 
 federate states as belligerents. 
 
 The Confederates were routed at Philippi June 3 t 
 
 Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. 
 
 The Confederates were routed at Booneville June A 7. 
 
 The United States Congress met in extra session July 4. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Carthage July 5. 
 
 The Confederates were routed at Rich Mountain July 11, 
 
 The Union army was routed at Bull Run July 21. 
 
 The Confederates gained a victory at Wilson s Creek. Aug. 10. 
 
 A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet. .Aug. 29. 
 
 Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates. Sep. 20. 
 
 The Confederates gained a victory at Ball s Bluff Oct. 21. 
 
 A Union force captured forts at Port Royal entrance . Nov. 7. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Belmont. . . . .Nov. 7, 
 
222 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 1861. Mason and Slidell were taken from a Br. steamer Nov. 8. 
 
 1862. The Confederates were defeated at Mill Spring Jan. 19. 
 
 Fort Henry was captured by a fleet of U. S. gunboats . Feb. 6. 
 
 A Union force captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8. 
 
 Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists Feb. 16 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Pea Ridge March 8. 
 
 The Merrimac destroyed two U. S. vessels Mar. 5 
 
 Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac. . .March 9. 
 
 The Unionists captured Newbern March 14. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Winchester March 23. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7. 
 
 Island No. 10 was captured by the Unionists April 7. 
 
 Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11. 
 
 New Orleans w y as captured by the Unionists April 25. 
 
 The Confederates retreated from Williamsburg May 5. 
 
 The battle of Fair Oaks was fought May 31, June 1. 
 
 Memphis surrendered to the Unionists June 6. 
 
 " The Seven days contest before Richmond" . . June 25-July 1. 
 
 The battle of Cedar Mountain was fought Aug. 9. 
 
 Battles between Manassas and Washington . .Aug. 23-30. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Richmond, Ky. Aug. 30. 
 
 The Confederates, under Lee, invaded Maryland Sept. 5. 
 
 Lee s army was defeated at South Mountain Sept. 14. 
 
 Harper s Ferry surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 15. 
 
 Lee s army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17. 
 
 The Unionists were victorious at luka Sept. 19. 
 
 The Confederates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4. 
 
 The Unionists gained the battle of Perry ville Oct. 8. 
 
 The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg . Dec. 13= 
 
 1863. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1. 
 
 The Confederates captured Galveston Jan. 1. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Murfreesboro Jan. 2. 
 
 The Unionists captured Arkansas Post Jan. 11, 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Port Gibson May 1. 
 
 The Unionists were defeated at Chancellorsville May 3. 
 
 West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20. 
 
 Lee made his second invasion of Maryland June 21. 
 
 The Union army was victorious at Gettysburg July 3. 
 
 Vicksburg was surrendered to the Unionists July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists July 8. 
 
 The great riot in New York occurred July 13-16. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 223 
 
 1863. Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio July. 
 
 The Confederates were victorious at Chickamauga. .Sept. 20. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Chattanooga Nov. 25, 
 
 The Confederates were repulsed before Knoxville.. .Nov. 29, 
 
 1864. The Unionists were defeated at Olustee .Feb. 20, 
 
 Grant was appointed Lieutenant- General March 3= 
 
 Grant was appointed to command the U. S. armies. .Mar. 121, 
 
 The Red River Expedition was made March and April 
 
 The Confederates captured Fort Pillow April 12, 
 
 The Army of the Potomac began a forward movement. May 3. 
 
 The battle of the Wilderness was fought May 5, 6. 
 
 Sherman began his march against Atlanta May 7. 
 
 The battles near Spottsylvania were fought .May 9-21. 
 
 The Unionists were routed near New Market May 15. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Piedmont June 5. 
 
 The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alabama June 19. 
 
 The Confederates, under Early, invaded Maryland . . . July 4. 
 The Confederates gained a victory at the Monocacy . . July 9. 
 
 Sherman gained victories before Atlanta July 20, 22, 28. 
 
 Chambersburg was sacked and partly burned July 30. 
 
 The Unionists exploded a mine before Petersburg. . .July 30. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay Aug. 5. 
 
 Sherman captured Atlanta Sept 2. 
 
 The Confederates were defeated at Winchester Sept. 19. 
 
 The Confederates were routed at Fisher s Hill Sept. 22. 
 
 The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 19. 
 
 Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. 
 
 The Confederates were repulsed at Franklin Nov. 30. 
 
 The Unionists gained a victory at Nashville Dec. 16. 
 
 Savannah was occupied by Sherman s army Dec. 21. 
 
 1865. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher Jan. 15. 
 
 Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. 
 
 Charleston was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. 
 
 Wilmington was captured by Union troops. Feb. 22. 
 
 The Freedmen s Bureau Bill became a law March 3. 
 
 The Unionists were victorious at Averysboro March 16. 
 
 The Confederates were routed at Bentonville March 20. 
 
 Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond. . .April 3. 
 
 Lee surrendered to Grant April 9. 
 
 President Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 
 
 Andrew Johnson was inaugurated president April 15. 
 
224 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 18C5. Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman April 20 
 
 Jefferson Davis was captured. May 10. 
 
 Slavery was declared constitutionally abolished Dec. 18. 
 
 1866. Congress passed 2d F s Bureau Bill over veto July 16. 
 
 1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union. .March 1. 
 
 Congress passed Reconstruction Bill over veto. . . .March 2. 
 Congress passed Tenure-of-Office Bill over veto. . . .March 2. 
 Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 
 
 1868. The House of Repre tives impeached Pres t Johnson.Feb. 24. 
 The president s trial was commenced in the Senate..Mar. 30. 
 
 Ho was acquitted on the eleven tli article May 16. 
 
 He was acquitted on two other articles May 26. 
 
 Stanton resigned as secretary of war May 26. 
 
 The 14th Amendment was declared adopted July 28. 
 
 1869. Ulysses S. Grant was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 1870. The 15th Amendment was declared adopted 
 
 1871. The " Alabama Treaty " was concluded May 8. 
 
 The great fire of Chicago occurred Oct. 8, 9, 10. 
 
 1876. The Centennial Anniversary of American Indepen 
 
 dence was celebrated. 
 
 The " World s Fair" in Philadelphia. . .May 10 to Nov. 10. 
 Colorado was admitted into the Union Aug. 1. 
 
 1877. Rutherford B. Hayes was inaugurated president. .March 5. 
 
 1877. A fishery treaty was made with Great Britain Nov. 23. 
 
 1379. The banks and government resumed specie payments. Jan.l. 
 
 1880. A treaty was made with China. 
 
 1881. James A. Garfield was inaugurated president March 4. 
 
 The death of Garfield occurred Sept. 19, 
 
 Chester A. Arthur became president Sept. 20, 
 
BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 225 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. Give the history of the slavery question .... 21, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 
 
 2. Give the account of John Brown s raid 157 
 
 8. State the circumstances attending Lincoln s election 157, 153 
 
 4. Give the facts in relation to the history of Fort Sumter 158-160 
 
 5. How many and what states passed secession ordinances ? 186 
 
 6. Give the history of the formation of the Southern Confederacy 15? 
 
 7. What property did the Confederates take possession of? 159 
 
 8. What is said in connection with Lincoln s inauguration ? 159 
 
 9. What, in connection with his inaugural address ? 159 
 
 10. What three proclamations were issued in April, 1861 ? 160 
 
 11. What occurred during that month in Baltimore ? 160 
 
 12. How did the United States lose Harper s Ferry and Norfolk ? 160, 161 
 
 13. What movement was made by order of General Scott ? 161 
 
 14. Give the particulars in relation to the battle of Bull Run 161, 162 
 
 15. In relation to McClellan s campaign in West Virginia 162 
 
 16. In relation to Lyon s successes, his defeat and death 162, 163 
 
 17. In relation to Mulligan s defence and surrender 163 
 
 18. What followed, connected with Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck ? 163 
 
 J9. Give the particulars of Baker s defeat at Ball s Bluff 163 
 
 20. Of the coast expedition to North Carolina 163 
 
 21. Of the coast expedition to South Carolina 163, 164 
 
 22. Of the capture and release of Mason and Slidell 164 
 
 23. Of the unfriendly action taken by England and France 164 
 
 24. Give the history of the steamer Sumter 164 
 
 25. How was the U. S. Navy increased and employed during 1861 ? 164, 166 
 
 26. What changes in money matters took place in 1861 ? 166 
 
 27. Name the important events of 1861 186, 187 
 
 28. What preparations were made as regards the Mississippi ? 166 
 
 29. Give an account of Thomas s victory at Mill Spring 166 
 
 30. Of Commodore Foote s success against Fort Henry 168 
 
 31. Of Grant s success at Fort Donelson 166, 16? 
 
 32. Of the success of the expedition against Roanoke , 167 
 
 33. Of events in Arkansas during March, 1862 r 167 
 
 34. Of events at and near Hampton Roads, March 8th and 9th , , . .167, 168 
 
 35. What two successes did General Pope gain in the West ? 168 
 
 36. What success did Com. Davis have soon after ? 168 
 
 87. Give a full account of the battle of Shiloh 168, 169 
 
 38. What did General Halleck do after the battle ? 169 
 
 39. To what position was General Halleck then called ? 16$ 
 
 40. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans 169 
 
 41. Of Rosecrans s tw r o victories luka and Corinth 169 
 
 42. Of Bragg s march through Tennessee and Kentucky 169, 170 
 
 43. What new organization of military departments was made ? 170 
 
 44. How did McClellan begin his Peninsular Campaign ? 170 
 
 45. What success did he have at Yorktown and Williamsburg ? 170 
 
 46. Give some account of General Wool 145, 170 
 
 47. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks 170,171 
 
226 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 48. Give an account of Banks s escape from capture ...................... 171 
 
 49. Give an account of the lt Seven Days Battle before Richmond" ........ 171 
 
 50. What change did Lincoln make in army organizations ? ............... 171 
 
 51. Give an account of the contest between Lee and Pope ............ . .171, 173 
 
 52. What movement did Lee then make? .................................. 172 
 
 53. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain . . ................... 178 
 
 54. Of the loss (for the second time) of Harper s Ferry .................... 173 
 
 55. Of the battle of Antietam, and Lee s retreat ........................... 172 
 
 56. Of McClellan s subsequent movements and los of command ......... 172 
 
 57. Of Burnside s attempt to reach Richmond ............................. 172 
 
 58. Name, in order, the important events of 1802 .......................... 187 
 
 59. W T hat important event occurred on the 1st of January, 1863 ? ........... 172 
 
 60. State what took place at Galveston on that day ..... ................... 173 
 
 61. Give an account of Rosecrans s victory at Murfreesboro ................ 173 
 
 62. Of the capture by Union forces of Arkansas Post ...................... 173 
 
 63. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville ...................... 173 
 
 64. What march and pursuit a month afterward took place ? .............. 173 
 
 65. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg ........................... 173 
 
 66. Give an account of Grant s success on the Mississippi ................. 175 
 
 67. Give an account of Banks s success at Port Hudson ................... 175 
 
 68. Of the entire contest for the Mississippi ................... 166, 168, 169, 175 
 
 69. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek .................. 175 
 
 70. Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga ............... , ...... .... 175 
 
 71. Give a sketch of Rosecrans s military career ...................... 169, 170, 175 
 
 72. Give a sketch of Burnside s military career .................. 167, 172, 173, 175 
 
 73. Give an account of Morgan s raid into Indiana and Ohio ............. 175, 176 
 
 74. Give an account, with the cause, of the riot in New York City ........ 176 
 
 75. What service did the navy render during the year 1863 ? ............... - 176 
 
 76. In what case, and why, was not the blockade successful ? ............. 176 
 
 77. Give the early history of the state of West Virginia ................... 176 
 
 78. Name, in order, the important events of 1863 ......................... 187, 188 
 
 79. What disaster befell the Unionists in Florida ? ... .................... 176, 177 
 
 80. Give the full account of the Red River expedition ........ ............. 177 
 
 81. Give the full account of Forrest s raid in the West ..................... 177 
 
 82. What two extensive campaigns were planned ? . . . , ................... 177 
 
 83. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Johnston ...... 177,178 
 
 84. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Hood ........... 178 
 
 85. Of events from the 4th to the 7th of May with the army of the Potomac 178 
 
 86. Of the battles of Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor ........ 178, 179 
 
 87. What movement did Meadc afterward make ? ............ ......... 179 
 
 88. What attempts were made to capture Petersburg ? .................... 179 
 
 89. Give a sketch of Sigel s military career .......................... 162, 167, 179 
 
 90. Give an account of Early s invasion of Maryland ....................... 179 
 
 SI. Give a full account of the contest between Sheridan and Early ........ 180 
 
 02. Give an account of Sherman s march from Atlanta to Savannah ....... 180 
 
 93. Give a full account of the contest between Thomas and Hood ....... 180, 181 
 
 94. Give, in full, the history of the Confederate steamer Alabama. ., 164, 181 
 
 95. What did Admiral Farragtit accomplish during the war ? ............. 169, 181 
 
 96. What was done by General Butler during the war ? ------- 161, 168, 169, 179, 181 
 
 97. Name the important events of 1864 ............................. . ...... 188 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 227 
 
 PAGE 
 
 98. Give an account of the failure and success at Fort Fisher 181 
 
 99. Give an account of Sherman s march from Savannah 181, 182 
 
 100. Of his whole march from Chattanooga 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 
 
 101. Give an account of the closing military events of the war 182 
 
 102. Give an account of the events of April 14th, 15th, and 10th 182, 21 J 
 
 103. Give an account of the other events of that month 182, 183, 207,906 
 
 104. Give an account of the other events of the year 1865 183, 207,206 
 
 105. Give the important military events in Grant s life.. 163, 106, 168, 175, 177-182 
 
 106. Name, in order, the important events of 1865 207,208 
 
 107. State all the facts in connection with the Freedmen s Bureau Bills. . .183, 207 
 
 108. All, in connection with the subject of ll Reconstructing the Union" . 184 
 
 109. All, in relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill 184 
 
 110. What can you state of Nebraska and Alaska? ~". 184 
 
 111. Give the facts relating to Stanton s suspension from office 184, 185 
 
 112. Relate the events which grew out of the suspension 185 
 
 113. Give the facts in relation to Grant s election to the presidency 186 
 
 114. Give the history and import of the 14th Amendment to the Consti 
 
 tution 186, App., p. 39 
 
 115. The history and import -of the 15th Amendment 186, App., p. 41 
 
 116. State what you can in relation to the great Chicago fire 186 
 
 117. Give the history, in full, of the settlement of the Alabama Claims.. 187 
 
 118. Give an account of the Centennial events of 1876 187, 188 
 
 119. Give the facts in relation to the election of Hayes to the presidency. 188 
 
 QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED FROM THE TABLES ON PAGE 212. 
 
 1. How many presidents of the United States have there been ? 2. Give their 
 
 names in the order of their succession. 3. How many and which of them served 
 
 two terms each? 4. Which of them died while in office? (141, 151, 182 )-5 By 
 
 whom were they succeeded in office? -6. How many states belonged to the 
 
 Union when Washington was inaugurated in 1789 ? (Appendix, p. ll.)-7 When 
 
 did North Carolina and Rhode Island adopt the Constitution of the United States ? 
 
 (Ap. p.ll.)-8. Name the thirteen original states In the order of their settlement 
 
 I, Name them in their geographical order, beginning with the one most northl 
 
 asterly.-lO. How many states belonged to the Union at the close of Washing. 
 
 ton s administration ?-ll. Give the names of the three new states, with the dates 
 
 t their admission into the Union. -12. What addition was made to the Union 
 
 during Jefferson s administration ?-13. What, during Madison 1 s admlnistra- 
 
 -14. What, during Monroe s ?_1B. What, during Jackson s ? -16 What 
 
 during Tyler s ?-17. What, during Folk s ?-18. What, during Fillmore s ?- -19 
 
 What, during Buchanan s ?-20. What, during Lincoln s?- 21. What, during 
 
 Johnson s ? 22. Name the administrations during which no states were admitted 
 
 to the Union. 
 
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 
 
 VICE PRESIDENTS. 
 
 George Washington 
 John Adams 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 April 30, 178^ ! John Adams. 
 March 4, 1797 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 3. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1801 { ^org e ciinton * 
 
 4. 
 
 James Madison 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1809 { k^S* 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 James Monroe 
 John Q. Adams 
 
 Virginia 
 Massachusetts 
 
 March 4,1817 
 March 4, 1825 
 
 Daniel 1). Tompkins. 
 John C. Cslhoun 
 
 7. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 March 4, 1829 | 
 
 JohnC. Cftlhoun.t 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mm tin Van Buren. 
 
 8. 
 
 Martin Van Buren 
 
 New York 
 
 March 4,1837.... 
 
 Richard M. Johnson. 
 
 9. 
 
 William H. Hurrison*.. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 4, 1841 
 
 John Tyler. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 
 James K. Polk 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 March 4, 1845 
 
 George M. Pallas 
 
 ML 
 IS. 
 
 Zachary Taylor* < Louisiana 
 Milla-d Fillmore iNew York 
 
 March?, 1849 
 July 10, 18-iO 
 
 Mills rd Fillmore. 
 
 14. 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 
 New Hampshire.... 
 
 March 4, 18 >3 William R. King.* 
 
 15. 
 
 James Buchanan 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 March 4, 1857 John C. Breckinridge. 
 
 16. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln* 
 
 Illinois 
 
 March 4, 1861 . ... j 
 
 Hannibal Hainlin. 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 
 17. 
 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 April 15, 1835 
 
 
 18. 
 
 Ulvsses S. Grant 
 
 Illinois 
 
 March 4, 1860 j Ifil^wSotf^ 
 
 19. 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes.... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 5, 1877 j William A. 5 Wheeler. 
 
 20. 
 
 James A. Garfield .... 
 
 Ohio 
 
 March 4,1881... 
 
 Chester A. Arthur. 
 
 21. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur 
 
 New York 
 
 September ilO, 1831 ... 
 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 
 
 STiTBS. 
 
 SETTLED. 
 
 ADMIT D 
 
 DURING 
 WHOSK AD 
 MINISTRA 
 TION. 
 
 When. 
 
 Where. 
 
 By whom. 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 1607 
 1614 
 1620 
 1623 
 1633 
 1634 
 1636 
 1638 
 1650 
 1664 
 1670 
 1682 
 1733 
 1724 
 1775 
 1757 
 1788 
 1699 
 1730 
 1716 
 1682 
 1711 
 1625 
 1764 
 1685 
 1670 
 1565 
 1692 
 1833 
 1669 
 1769 
 1846 
 1811 
 
 Jamestown 
 New York 
 Plymouth 
 Little Harbor 
 Windsor 
 St. Mary s 
 Providence 
 Wilmington 
 Chowan River . . . 
 Elizabeth 
 Ashley River 
 Philadelphia 
 Savannah 
 Fort Dummer. . . . 
 Boonesboro 
 Fort Loudon 
 Marietta 
 Iberville 
 Vincennes 
 Natchez 
 Kaskaskia 
 Mobile 
 Bristol 
 St. Louis. 
 Arkansas Post . . . 
 Detroit 
 St. Augustine . . . 
 San Antonio 
 Burlington 
 Green Bay 
 San Diego 
 St. Paul 
 Astoria 
 
 English 
 
 w 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 1796 f 
 
 1845 ) 
 1848 J 
 
 1859 / 
 
 
 
 Washington. 
 Jefferson. 
 Madison. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Jackson. 
 Tyler. 
 
 Polk. 
 FiUmore. 
 Buchanan. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Johnson. 
 Grant. 
 
 New York 
 Massacl.,.*fotts 
 New Hanvihire ... 
 Connecticut 
 Maryland 
 Rhode Island 
 Delaware 
 North Carolina .... 
 New Jerse> 
 South Carolina 
 Pennsylvania...... 
 Georgia 
 Vermont 
 
 Dutch 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 Swedes 
 
 English 
 Dutch ~ . . . . 
 English.... .... 
 English 
 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 English 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 
 Kentucky 
 Tennessee 
 Ohio 
 
 Louisiana 
 Indiana 
 Mississippi 
 Illinois 
 
 Alabama 
 Maine 
 Missouri .. . t 
 Arkansas 
 Michigan 
 Florida 
 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 French 
 Spaniards 
 Spaniards 
 English 
 French 
 Spaniards 
 Americans 
 Americans 
 
 Texas 
 
 Iowa 
 Wisconsin 
 California 
 Minnesota 
 Oregon 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 
 English 
 Americans 
 
 
 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 
 
 :::::::::::::::: 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Died in office. 
 
 t Resigned. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A Declaration "by the Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, July 4th, 1776. 
 
 WHEX, in the course of human events, it becomes neces 
 sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
 have connected them with another, and to assume, among 
 the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
 which the laws of nature and of nature s God entitle 
 them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind re 
 quires that they should declare the causes which impel 
 them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
 are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Crea 
 tor with certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are 
 life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to se 
 cure these rights, governments are instituted among men, 
 deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov 
 erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
 destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to 
 alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
 laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
 its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
 to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
 will dictate that governments long established, should not 
 
4 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 he changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord 
 ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more 
 disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right, 
 themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are ac 
 customed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa= 
 ticns, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a de 
 sign to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their 
 right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
 to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
 has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
 is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
 former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
 2nt king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries 
 ind usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish 
 ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove 
 this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome 
 and necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme 
 diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their 
 operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when 
 so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
 them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda 
 tion of large districts of people, unless those people would 
 relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; 
 a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants 
 only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places un 
 usual, uncomfortable, arid distant from the depository of 
 their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them 
 into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for 
 opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights 
 of the people, 
 
DECLAKATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, 
 to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative 
 powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the 
 people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in 
 the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from 
 without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
 states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural 
 ization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage 
 their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
 appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by 
 refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary 
 powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for 
 the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment 
 of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent 
 hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out 
 their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar 
 mies, without the consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, 
 and superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a juris^ 
 diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged 
 by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended 
 legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among 
 us: 
 
 For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, 
 for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit 
 ants of these states : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial 
 by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre 
 tended offences 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a 
 neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary 
 government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren 
 der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro 
 ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val 
 uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of 
 our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring 
 themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all 
 cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
 of his protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt 
 our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
 mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, 
 and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty 
 and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, 
 and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive 
 on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to 
 become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or 
 to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and 
 has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron 
 tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
 warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
 sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
 for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
 
DECLABATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
 prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
 free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
 brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
 attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar* 
 rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
 of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
 here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag 
 nanimity, and we have conjured them, by the tie s of our 
 common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which 
 would inevitably interrupt our connections and corre 
 spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
 justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui 
 esce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
 and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
 in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States 
 of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to 
 the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our 
 intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the 
 good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de 
 clare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought 
 to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved 
 from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po 
 litical connection between them and the state of Great 
 Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, 
 as free and independent states, they have full power to 
 levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
 commerce, and to do all other acts and things which in 
 dependent states may of right do. And, for the support 
 of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
 of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, 
 our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
8 
 
 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, 
 engrossed, and signed by the following members 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 William Whipple, 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Elleiy. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 .Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New York. 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston. 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 John Hart, 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Olymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Caesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M Kean. 
 
 Maryland. 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 Thomas Stone, 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Car- 
 roll ton. 
 
 Virginia. 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, jun., 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 SoutJi Carolina. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward,jun. 
 Thomas Lynch, jun. 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
 NOTE." The fourth of July is the day of national rejoicing, for on that day 
 the Declaration of Independence, that solemn and sublime document, was 
 adopted. Tradition yives a dramatic effect to its announcement. Itwasknowa 
 to be under discussion, but the closed doors of Congress excluded the populace. 
 They awaited, in throngs, an appointed signal. In tho steeple of the state-house 
 (Philadelphia), was a bell imported twenty-three years previously from London 
 by the Provincial Assembly of Pennsylvania. If. bore the portentous text 
 from Scripture : Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto all the inhabi 
 tants thereof? A joyous pt al from that bell gave notice that tho bill had been 
 parsed. It was the knell of British domination. * * * The excitable populace 
 of New York were not content with the ringing of bells to proclaim their joy. 
 There was a leaden statue of George III. in the Bowling Green, in front of the 
 fort. Since kingly rule is at an end, why retain its effigy ? On the same even 
 ing, therefore, the statue was pulled down amid the shouts of the multitude, and 
 broken up to be run into bullets to be used in the cause of independence. " 
 Irving 1 s Life of Washington. 
 
THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OP 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 1. ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. When the Revolu 
 tionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of 
 colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : 
 the provincial or royal, the proprietary, and the charter. 
 The provincial or royal government was under the con 
 trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, adminis 
 tered affairs according to instructions from his royal mas 
 ter. The colonies of this class were New Hampshire, 
 New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 2. The proprietary government was under the control of 
 one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by 
 grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylva 
 nia, Delaware, and Maryland were subject to the proprie 
 tary rule. The charter government secured certain politi 
 cal rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class 
 were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
 
 3. On the llth of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a 
 committee should be appointed to prepare a form of con- 
 
 1. What forms of government existed amonj, the colonies previous to the 
 Revolution? What was the provincial or royal government? Which of the 
 colonies were provincial or royal ? 
 
 2. What was the proprietary frovernment ? Give the names of the colonies 
 tSK T cre * 8ub J ecte d to the proprietary rule ? Wbat was the charter government f 
 Which of the colonies had charters ? 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 federation, to be entered into by the colonies. On the 
 12th of July following, this committee, consisting of one 
 from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Confedera 
 tion. The Report was considered and debated from time 
 to time until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some 
 amendments, it was adopted. 
 
 4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 177.8 
 by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by 
 Delaware in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on 
 the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 
 1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed 
 by the delegates from that state. 
 
 5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
 were not adequate to the wants of the government. They 
 were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
 settling of controversies between the states, the making 
 of treaties with foreign nations, and especially so in not 
 conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liqui 
 date the debts incurred during the war. 
 
 6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
 states, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 
 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confed 
 eration ; but it was thought best by a majority of the 
 delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, 
 instead of making any attempts to amend the defective 
 one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of Sep 
 tember, 1787, after four months deliberation, the present 
 Constitution, except some changes which were made 
 in after years, was adopted by the Convention. 
 
 3. What resolution was first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of con 
 federation ? Give the subsequent history of the measure. 
 
 4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? When did the 
 Articles of Confederation go into effect ? 
 
 5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera 
 tion ? In what respects were they deficient ? 
 
 6. What convention was held in May. 1787 ? What was done by the conven 
 tion? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 
 
 7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, 
 who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, 
 discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness ; the rati 
 fication of nine states being requisite before it could go 
 into effect. It met with considerable opposition ; but 
 after it had been adopted by all the states, except North 
 Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation, March 
 4th, 1789. 
 
 NOTE. Congress ought to have met 011 the 4th of March, 1789, "but in conse 
 quence of delay in the arrival of members, the most of whom had to make their 
 way to New York on horseback or by sta, there being no railroads in those 
 day:?, a quorum was not secured before the 30th. " Washington received sixty- 
 nine votes, that being the whole number of electors voting. John Adams re 
 ceived thirty-four votes in all, not a majority ; but sufficient, as the Constitution 
 then stood, being the second highest number, to make him vice-president." 
 The sixty-nine votes received by Washington were from ten states only. New 
 York did not vote because of a disagreement between the two houses of her 
 legislature ; and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not adopted the Consti 
 tution. " The inauguration was delayed for several days by a question which, 
 had arisen as to the form or title by which the President elect was to be ad 
 dressed; and this had been deliberated in a committee of both Houses. The 
 question had been mooted without Washington s privity, and contrary to his 
 desire, as he feared that any title mi<rht awaken the sensitive jealousy of Repub 
 licans at a moment when it was all important to conciliate public good will to 
 the new form of government. It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was 
 finally resolved that the address should be simply the President of the United 
 States, without any addition of title ; a judicious form, which, has remained ta 
 the present day." Irving s Life of Washington. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION WAS ADOPTED AS FOLLOWS : 
 
 By Delaware, on the 7th of December 1787 
 
 Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December 1787 
 
 New Jersey, on the 18th of December .... 1787 
 
 Georgia, on the 2d of January , 1788 
 
 Connecticut, on the 9th of January 1788 
 
 Massachusetts, on the 6th of February. 1788 
 
 Maryland, on the 28th of April 1788 
 
 South Carolina, on the 23d of May 1788 
 
 New Hampshire, on the 21st of June 1788 
 
 Virginia, on the 26th of June 1788 
 
 New York, OB the 26th of July 1788 
 
 North Carolina, on the 21st of November 1789 
 
 Rhode Island, on the 29th of May 1790 
 
THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 WE, the people of the United States, in order to form & 
 more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
 tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote 
 the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
 to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish 
 this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in 
 a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a 
 Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com 
 posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- 
 
 PREAMBLE. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What 
 Is the object of the preamble ? Ans. To state the purposes of the Constitution 
 How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? By whom was the 
 Constitution ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and 
 what departments of government are established under the Constitution ? Ans 
 
 hree : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. What is the legislative 
 department? Ans. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive de 
 partment ? Ay. The power that enforces the laws. What is the judicial depart 
 ment ? Ans. The power that interprets the laws. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Sec. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In 
 whom is the legislative power vested? Of how many and what branches does 
 Congress consist? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 pie of the several states, and the electors in each state 
 shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
 most numerous branch of the state legislature. 
 
 2d Clause, No person shall be a representative who 
 shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, 
 and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state 
 in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap 
 portioned among the several states which may be included 
 within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
 of free persons, including those bound to service for a 
 term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall 
 be made within three years after the first meeting of the 
 Congress of the United States, and within every subse 
 quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by 
 law direct. The number of representatives shall not ex 
 ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall 
 have at least one representative ; and until such enumera 
 tion shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall 
 be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode 
 Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. Ky wftom are the representatives chosen? How often 
 are they chosen ? What qualifications are requisite for electors of representa 
 tives ? What is an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an 
 officer. 
 
 2d Clause. How old must a person be before he can be a representative? 
 How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the 
 requisite in regard to his habitation? Now name the three qualifications 
 requisite for a representative. 
 
 3d Clause. How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
 states ? How were the respective numbers of the representative population of 
 the several states to he determined ? What provision is made in regard to In 
 dians ? What was meant by " all other persons ? " Ans. Slaves. When was the 
 first census or enumeration to be made ? How often thereafter is the census to 
 be made ? How many inhabitants at least are required for one representative ? 
 If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? Was the first represent 
 ation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several states ? Which 
 state at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? Which two stntes 
 sent the smallest number ? Of how many members did the first House of Rep 
 resentatives consist ? Of how many does the present House consist ? (292.) 
 
 * See Article XIV. of the Amendments. 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Del 
 aware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina 
 five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representa 
 tion from any state, the executive authority thereof shall 
 issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5th Caused The House of Representatives shall choose 
 their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
 power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be 
 composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the 
 legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall 
 have one vote. 
 
 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled 
 in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided 
 as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
 senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira 
 tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira 
 tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex 
 piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen 
 every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 
 
 4t/i Clause. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled? 
 
 5th Clause. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives 
 chosen? By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? What sole 
 power has the House? What is meant by impeachment? Ans. An accusation 
 against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his 
 official duties. 
 
 SEC. III. 1st Clause. Of whom is the Senate composed? .By whom are the 
 senators chosen ? For how long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode 
 of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. A senator of the 
 United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen 
 by the people. How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen 
 for six years; a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator 
 entitled to ? Have the large states any more senators than the small ones? 
 
 2rf Clause. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? In 
 what order were their seats of office vacated ? What proportion of the Senate 
 is elected every second year ? How often is one-third elected ? When may the 
 
 executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate ? For how long a time does a 
 tenator so appointed hold his office ? How is the vacancy then filled ? Now 
 tate how vacancies in the Senate are filled. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 
 
 tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of 
 any state, the executive thereof may make temporary 
 appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, 
 which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
 have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine 
 years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States 
 shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, 
 unless they be equally divided. 
 
 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
 and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the 
 vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 Qlh Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to 
 try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, 
 they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the presi 
 dent of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall 
 preside : and no person shall be convicted without the 
 concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 *th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
 not extend further than to removal from office, and dis 
 qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, 
 
 3d Clause. How old must a person he before he can be a senator? How long 
 must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required of him in 
 regard to residence? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do 
 they differ from those of a representative ? (See page 13.) 
 
 4th Clause. Who is president of the Senate / When only is he entitled to 
 vote? 
 
 5th Clause. What officers are chosen by the Senate ? What is meant by a 
 " president pro tempore? 1 Ans. One chosen only for the time being. When 
 does the Senate choose a "president pro tempore ?" 
 
 6//i Clause. What sole power has the Senate? What sole power has the 
 House? (See pa?e 14.) Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial 
 of impeachments? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? Who 
 presides when the president of the United States is tried? What proportion of 
 the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 
 
 1th Clause. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment? To 
 tvhat is the convicted party further liable ? 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted 
 shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
 trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding 
 elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre 
 scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the 
 Congress may at any time by law make or alter such reg 
 ulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
 in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon 
 day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif 
 ferent day. 
 
 SECTION v. 
 
 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- 
 tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a 
 majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; 
 but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and 
 may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent 
 members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
 each house may provide. 
 
 Id Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its 
 proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, 
 and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro- 
 
 SEC. IV. 1st Clause. What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard 
 to elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over 
 such regulations ? 
 
 2cl Clause. How often does Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed 
 that the meeting shall take place ? May a different day be appointed ? How ? 
 
 SEC. V. 1st Clause. Of what is each house constituted the judo-e? What 
 proportion constitutes a quorum ? What is meant by a quorum ? Ans. A suffi 
 cient number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as re 
 gards adjourning ? What else may they do as regards absentees ? 
 
 M Clause. What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings ? 
 What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 
 
 3d Clause. What is required of each house, ic respect to keeping a journal? 
 How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? What part of its jour, 
 nal may either house withhold from publication ? 
 
 When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal f 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1? 
 
 ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, except 
 ing such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; 
 and the yeas and nays of the members of either house 
 on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
 present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Con 
 gress shall, without the consent of the other adjourn for 
 more than three days, nor to any other place than that 
 in which the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 \st Clause. The senators and representatives shall re 
 ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained 
 by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. 
 They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
 of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at 
 tendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
 going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
 or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in 
 any other place. 
 
 2c? Clause. No senator or representative shall, during 
 the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
 civil office under the authority of the United States, which 
 shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
 have been increased during such time ; and no person 
 
 th Clause. For what length of time may either house adjourn without the 
 consent of the other ? How is each house restricted as regards the place to 
 which it may adjourn ? 
 
 SEC. VI. 1st Clause. Are members of Congress compensated for their ser 
 vices ? How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid 
 by their states respectively, or by the general government ? Am. They are 
 compensated by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 
 What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? What are the 
 three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Con 
 gressmen ? In what does treason consist ? (See p. 32.) What is felony ? Ans. 
 A crime punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the prace ? 
 Ans. A violation of the public order. For what are members of Congress not 
 to be questioned ? 
 
 2$ Clause. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? Sup* 
 pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? 
 
18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
 member of either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate- 
 in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro 
 pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
 of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
 a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
 if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
 it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
 originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such re- 
 consideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass 
 the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to 
 the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid 
 ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall 
 become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both 
 houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
 names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
 be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If 
 any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten 
 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented 
 to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
 
 SEC. 7. 1st Clause. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
 revenue originate ? What power has the Senate over such bills ? 
 
 2d Clause. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be 
 done with it ? What must the president do with the bill? What is the presi 
 dent s act of objecting to a bill called ? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power 
 given to the president ? Ans. To enable him to protect the executive depart 
 ment of the government against the encroachments of the legislature : also with 
 a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. When the 
 president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When 
 is the bill sent to the other house? What accompanies the bill to the other 
 house? Then what does that other house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ap 
 prove of the bill, what then ? Now state how a bill may become a law, notwith 
 standing the veto of the president ? When the two houses reconsider a vetoed 
 bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record of names is imperative ? 
 State how a bilf may become law, even though the president has neither signed 
 nor veto ed it. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has 
 passed both, houses of Congress, and is not vStoed ? 
 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 
 
 had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
 prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which 
 the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa 
 tives may be necessary (except on a question oi adjourn 
 ment) shall be presented to the president of the United 
 States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap 
 proved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be 
 repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep 
 resentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre 
 scribed in the case of a bill 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power 
 
 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
 and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com 
 mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but 
 all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through 
 out the United States ; 
 
 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
 States ; 
 
 3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
 and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 Sd Clause. What is necessary to be clone with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
 requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? What is 
 the object of the provision? Ans. If it were not for the provision, Congress 
 might pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the presi 
 dent s veto. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what 
 course does it take ? In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both 
 houses, has the president no veto power ? 
 
 SEC. VIII. Is/! Clause. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
 imposts, and excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted 
 by government from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes 
 are there ? Ans. Two ; direct and indirect. What are direct taxes ? Ans. 
 Taxes laid directly on the person or property of individuals. What are indirect 
 taxes? Ans. Taxes laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of 
 goods. What are duties ? Ans. Taxes on the importation or exportation of 
 goods. What are imposts? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. "What are ex 
 cises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 
 
 2d Clause. What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money ? 
 
 3d Clause. What in regard to regulating commerce ? 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza 
 tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies 
 throughout the United States ; 
 
 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
 and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
 measures ; 
 
 6th Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter 
 feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 1th Clause. To establish post-ofiices and post-roads ; 
 
 8th Clause. To promote the progress of science and 
 useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and 
 inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
 and discoveries ; 
 
 9th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su 
 preme court ; 
 
 Wth Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high seas, and offences against the law 
 of nations ; 
 
 llth Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque 
 
 4th Clause. What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by 
 naturalization ? Ans. The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the 
 United States. How long must a person reside in the United States before he 
 can be naturalized ? Ans. Five years. W T hat power has Congress in regard to 
 bankruptcies ? What is meant by bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt 
 when he is unable to pay his just debts. 
 
 5th Clause. What power has Congress in regard to coining money ? What, 
 in regard to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? What, in 
 regard to weights and measures. 
 
 6th Clause. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 
 
 IthClause. What power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 
 
 8th Clause. In what way may Congress promote the progress of science and 
 arts? For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive 
 right of publishing it? Ans. Twenty-eight years? What is the right called ? 
 Ans % A copyright. Maya copyright be renewed? Ans. At the expiration of 
 the twenty-eight years, it may be renewed for the further period of fourt een years. 
 For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right 
 of manufacturing it? Ans. Fourteen years. What is the right called? A 
 patent right. Can a patent right be extended? Ans. The commissioner oi 
 patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the right for 
 the further period of seven years. 
 
 Qth Clause. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 
 
 Wth Clause. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy ? 
 Ans. Robbery on the high seas? W T hat is meant by the term "high seas?" 
 Ans. All the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. 
 
 llth Clause. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? What, 
 ID regard to " letters of marque and reprisal ?" What are letters of marque and 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 
 
 and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land 
 and water ; 
 
 llth Clause. To raise and support armies; but no ap 
 propriation of money to that use shall be for a longer 
 term than two years ; 
 
 \3th Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 14A Clause. To make rules for the government and 
 regulation of the land and naval forces: 
 
 15tk Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
 execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
 repel invasions ; 
 
 \Qth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
 disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of 
 them as may be employed in the service of the United 
 States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint 
 ment of the officers, and the authority of training the 
 militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con 
 gress ; 
 
 \1th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all 
 cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten 
 miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and 
 the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the gov- 
 
 reprisal ? Ans. Commissions granted by the government to individuals, author 
 izing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power haa 
 Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? 
 
 12A Glame. What power has Congress in regard to armies. In what way 
 is such power restricted ? 
 
 VMh Clause. What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? 
 
 Itth Clause. What power in regard to the government of the land and navai 
 forces ? 
 
 15th Clause. What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? 
 
 Hilh Clause. What power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining 
 the militia i What, in regard to governing the militia ? What reservations are 
 secured to the respective states ? 
 
 Yith Clause. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government 
 and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? What is the district 
 occupied as the seat of government called? Ans. The District of Columbia. 
 How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. Ten miles square. 
 From what states had it been derived ? Ans. By cession from the states of 
 Maryland and Virginia? Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles 
 square ? Ans. The portion derived from Virginia having been ceded back to 
 that state, in 1846, the District is now confined to the Maryland side of the Po 
 tomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property 
 In a Btate for the erection of forte, magazines, etc, 
 
22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ernment of the United States ; and to exercise like author 
 ity over all places purchased by the consent of the legis 
 lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the 
 erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and 
 other needful buildings ; and 
 
 18A Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
 and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing 
 powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution 
 in the government of the United States, or in any depart 
 ment or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such per 
 sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper 
 to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
 to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
 tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex 
 ceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
 shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion 
 or invasion the public safety may require it. 
 
 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law 
 shall be passed. 
 
 18th Clause. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to 
 making laws ? 
 
 SEC. IX. 1st Clause. What restriction was imposed upon Congress in re 
 gard to the migration or importation of certain persons ? Who were meant by 
 ^such persons ? Ans. Slaves. What was the great object of the clause ? Am. 
 To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United 
 States, after the year 1808. In what way was Congress left to restrain the im 
 portation without actually forbidding it? When was the importation actually 
 prohibited ? Ans. On the 1st of January, 1808. 
 
 2d Clause. What is said of the writ of habeas corpus? What is a writ of 
 habeas corpus? Ans. A written command from a judge or other magistrate, 
 directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. What 
 is the object of the writ? Ans. To provide a means of redress for all manner 
 of illegal imprisonment. Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas 
 corpus. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus 
 pended? 
 
 3d Clause. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What 
 is a bill of attainder? Ans. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment 
 of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 
 What is an ex post facto law ? Ans. A law which renders an act punishablo 
 tvhich was not punishable at the time of ite commission. 
 
CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 23 
 
 4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
 laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration 
 herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 oth Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
 exported from any state. 
 
 Qth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regu 
 lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state 
 over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or 
 from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties 
 in another. 
 
 1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treas 
 ury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; 
 and a regular statement and account of the receipts and 
 expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
 time to time. 
 
 8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
 United States : and no person holding any office of profit 
 or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the 
 Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
 of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
 state. 
 
 SECTION x. 
 
 1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
 or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; 
 coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but 
 
 4th Clause. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? 
 What is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. A direct tax upon individuals. How 
 is the census to be taken ? (See p. 13.) 
 
 5tk Clause What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles 
 exported from any state ? 
 
 Mh Clause. What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of com 
 merce or revenue? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state 
 to another ? 
 
 1th Clause. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the 
 national treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and 
 expenditures of all public money? 
 
 8th Clause. What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility? What 
 is said of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances 
 may an officeholder accept a present ? Repeat the clause relating to titles and 
 presents. 
 
 SBC, X, 1st Clause. What prohibition is placed upon the several state* 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass 
 any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
 the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of tht 
 Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
 except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
 its inspection laws . and the net produce of all duties an<? 
 imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be 
 for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all 
 such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of 
 the Congress. 
 
 3d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con 
 gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of 
 war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com 
 pact with another state, or with a foreign power, or en 
 gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 
 danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters ol 
 marque and reprisal ? What, as regards the coining pi money ? What, as re 
 gards bills of credit? What is meant by bills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, 
 within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money 
 among the people. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 
 What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of attain 
 der? What, in regard to an ex post facto law? What, in regard to a law im 
 pairing the obligation of contracts? What, iu regard to a title of nobility ? Re 
 cite the clause just considered. 
 
 2rf Clause. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts 
 or duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? What are 
 inspection laws ? Ans. Laws requiring certain articles of commerce to be ex 
 amined by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the 
 net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspec 
 tion laws of individual states us regards imports or exports subject to? 
 
 3d Clause. What prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of 
 a duty of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A tax laid on vessels at 
 a certain rate per ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the 
 keeping of troops? What, as to the keeping of ships of war? What, as to an 
 agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? What, as 
 >to engaging in war ? Under what circumstances then may a state engage in 
 war ? 
 
 NOTE. Under the original clause of the Constitution providing for the elec 
 tion of president and vice-president, the electors voted for two persons, without 
 naming their choice for the higher position, " the person having the greatest 
 number of votes " being declared president, and the next, vice-president. 
 Washington, John Adams, and Jefferson (for the first term), were so elected. 
 For the present method, see the 12th Amendment, on the next page. (For a 
 history of political parties, see topic 224, Ap., p. 81.) 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1st Clause. The exec alive power shall be vested in a 
 president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
 his office during- the term of four years, and, together with 
 the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
 as follows. 
 
 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
 the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 
 equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
 to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but 
 no senator or representative, or person holding an office 
 of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap 
 pointed an elector. 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
 states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president^ 
 one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same state with themselves ; they shall name in their bal 
 
 ARTICLE II. SEC. I. 1st Clause. Of what does Article II. of the Constittv 
 tion treat? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested! 
 What is the president s term of office ? How often may a president be re. 
 elected ? Ans. The Constitution docs not limit the number of terms for which 
 a president may be re-elected. Who was the first president of the United States ? 
 (See table, p. 212.) For how many terms did Washington serve? Why was not 
 Washington elected for a third term? Ans. At the close of his second term of 
 office, he declined to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the effect 
 of his declination? Ans. Washington s example in declining to be elected for 
 a third term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been, 
 guided. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See 
 table, p. 212.) Which has the longest term of office the president, a senator, or 
 a representative? W T hat term has each? What is (he vice-president s term of 
 office? Who was the first vice-president of the United States ? (See table, p. 
 212.) By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The presi- 
 dent and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 
 
 2d Clause. In what manner does each state appoint electors ? What, number 
 of electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors 1 
 
 The Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution. What has been done with the 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 lots the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal 
 lots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall 
 make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, 
 and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the 
 number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
 certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government 
 of the United States, directed to the president of the Sen 
 ate; the president of the Senate shall, in presence of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the 
 person having the greatest number of votes for president, 
 shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of electors appointed; and if no person 
 have such majority, then from the persons having the 
 highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those 
 voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall 
 choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in 
 choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
 the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
 members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of 
 all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
 House of Representatives shall not choose a president 
 whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
 before the fourth day of March next following, then the 
 vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the 
 death or other constitutional disability of the president. 
 
 original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken 
 to elect a president and vice-president ? Ans. The original clause of the 
 Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president 
 were to be elected has been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth 
 amendment to the Constitution. What is the history of the twelfth amend> 
 ment? Ans. It was proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. Where 
 do the electors for president and vice-president meet ? In what way do they 
 vote? What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom they shall 
 not vote ? How is it required that their ballots shall be made out ? After voting, 
 what lists are they required to prepare? What provision must be complied 
 with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists are signed, 
 certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed? To what place are they 
 then transmitted ? What does the president of the Senate do with the certifr 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 
 
 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
 votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from 
 the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
 choose the vice-president : a quorum for the purpose shall 
 consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, 
 and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary 
 to a choice. 
 
 3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
 the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
 president of the United States. 
 
 4th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
 choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall 
 give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout 
 the United States. 
 
 bth Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or 
 
 cates? How is it determined who is elected president? Now describe the 
 manner in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no choice 
 being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen ? From how 
 many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi 
 dent? In what way must the choice be made? How are the votes taken in 
 choosing the president? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How many 
 is each entitled to, when voting by electors? In choosing the president by the 
 House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how 
 many states are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a 
 president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the 
 right be exercised ? Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre 
 sentatives choose a president ? In the event of both the electors and House of 
 Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 
 
 -Zd Clause. \Vho shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no person kav- 
 ing a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? When 
 choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? How 
 many are necessary to a choice ? 
 
 3rf Clause. Who are ineligible to the office of vice-president? 
 
 4th CTawf. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the elect 
 ors ? What as to the day on which the electors shall vote ? In the event of 
 Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what 
 sameness is prescribed ? When are the electors chosen ? Ans. On the Tues 
 day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 
 Where do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. In their respective states, 
 at a place appointed by the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do 
 the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. On the first Wednesday in the last 
 December of each presidential term. 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption 
 of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi 
 dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
 who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, 
 and been fourteen years a resident within the United 
 States. 
 
 6th Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
 office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall 
 devolve on the vice-president ; and the Congress may by 
 law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
 or inability, both of the president and vice-president, de 
 claring what officer shall then act as president, and such 
 officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re 
 moved, or a president shall be elected. 
 
 *Jth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
 for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in 
 creased nor diminished during the period for which he 
 shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within 
 that period any other emolument from the United States, 
 or any of them. 
 
 8th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his 
 office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 5th Clause. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible to 
 the offici: of president ? How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? 
 How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with 
 in the United States ? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Re 
 cite the clause relating to the qualifications. 
 
 Mh Clause. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
 vice-president? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of 
 removal or death, etc., of the president? What provision is made by the Con 
 stitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of both president and vice presi 
 dent? In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what 
 officer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? Am. The president of the 
 Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. What is to be done, in case there 
 is no president of the Senate? Am. The speaker of the House of Representa 
 tives shall act as president. How long shall such officer continue to act ? 
 
 1th Clause. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensa> 
 tion to be allowed to the president? What restriction is imposed, in regard to 
 any other emolument ? Fecite the clause relating to the president s compensa 
 tion. What is the salary of the president ? Am. $50,000 a year, together witti 
 the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary o/ 
 the vice-president ? Am, $10,000 a year. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
 execute the office of president of the United States, and 
 will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and de^ 
 feud the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 SECTION n. 
 
 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
 of the army and navy of the United States, and of the 
 militia of the several states, when called into the actual 
 service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
 m writing, of the principal officer in each of the execu 
 tive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties 
 of their respective offices, and he shall have power to 
 grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United 
 States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
 thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nomi 
 nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con 
 suls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of 
 the United States, whose appointments are not herein 
 otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by 
 law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 
 
 8th Clause. What does the president do, just before entering on the ex ,cu 
 tion of his office ? Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. In what relation does the president stand toward the 
 army and navy ? When only can he command the militia? Whose opinions 
 may he require in writing? Upon what subjects may he require the opinions? 
 Is he bound to be guided by such opinions? Ana. lie is not. What executive 
 departments have been established by Congress ? Ans. Six, namely : Of State, of 
 the Navy, of War, of the Treasury, Post-office Department, and of the Interior. For 
 what purpose were they established ? An.f. To aid the president in the execu 
 tive and administrative business of the government. How are the heads of the 
 departments appointed? Ans. By the president, with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. In like manner 
 as the heads of the departments. Of whom does the president s cabinet 
 consist? Ans. Of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general. 
 What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons ? What is 
 a reprieve ? Ans. A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence 
 In a criminal case. With what exception is the president vested with the powe* 
 to grant reprieves and pardons ? 
 
30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the pres 
 ident alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of de- 
 partments. 
 
 3d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
 vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
 by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end 
 of their next session. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor 
 mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
 consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary 
 and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con 
 vene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disa 
 greement between them, with respect to the time of ad 
 journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
 think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub 
 lic ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith 
 fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 
 United States. 
 
 SECTION rv. 
 
 The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeach 
 ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high 
 crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 %d Clause. What power has the president relative to treaties ? In whom is 
 the appointing power vested ? What is the first step in making an appoint 
 ment ? What offices are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make 
 appointments ? What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infe 
 rior officers ? 
 
 3d Clause. What vacancies can the president fill? When does such appoint 
 ment expire ? 
 
 SEC. III. What information is the president required to give to Congress} 
 What recommendations is he required to make? In what way are the recom 
 niendations made ? Am. By means of written messages. Was the reading ol 
 written messages always the practice? Ans. The first two presidents. Wash, 
 ington and Adams, used to meet Congress, and make their recommendation! 
 by addresses, which they read. Is Contrress obliged to adopt the president s 
 recommendations? Ans. It is not. When may the president convene both 
 houses ? May he convene only one house ? When ? When may the president 
 adjourn Congress? What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, 
 etc.? What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws? What is his 
 duty respecting the granting of commissions ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested 
 in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the 
 Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. 
 The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall 
 hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a compensation, which 
 shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
 in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws 
 of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall 
 be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting am 
 bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases 
 of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies 
 to which the United States shall be a party ; to contro 
 versies between two or more states ; between a state and 
 citizens of another state ; between citizens of different 
 
 SEC. IV For what crimes may government officers be removed from office? 
 How may the removal be effected ? 
 
 ARTICLE III. SEC. I. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 
 In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? How long do the 
 judges hold their offices? What is established as to the compensation of the 
 Judges ? How can the judges be removed from office ? (See page 15.) How is 
 the supreme court of the United States organized ? Ans. It is composed of one 
 chief-justice, and eight associate justice s, any five of whom constitute a quo 
 mm. What is the salary of the chief-justice ? Ans. $10,500 a year. What is the 
 salary of each associate justice ? Ans. $10,000 a year. 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. Name the first of the* nine subjects in which the United 
 States courts have jurisdiction. Name the second, concernine ambassadors, 
 etc. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. The fourth, concerning 
 controversies with the United States. The fifth, concerning controversies be 
 tween states. The sixth, concerning controversies between a state and citizens. 
 The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. The eighth, concern 
 ing controversies between citizens claiming lands. What is the last of the nine 
 
82 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands 
 under grants of different states, and between a state, or 
 the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or .sub 
 jects. 
 
 2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state 
 shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original 
 jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
 supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
 law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regu 
 lations as the Congreso shall make. 
 
 3d Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im 
 peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held 
 in the state where the said crimes shall have been com 
 mitted ; but when not committed within any state, the 
 trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may 
 by law have directed. 
 
 SECTION in. 
 
 1st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con 
 sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to 
 their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person 
 shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
 open court. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare 
 the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason 
 
 M Clause. In what cases ha? the supreme court original jurisdiction ? What 
 is meant bv original jurisdiction ? An?. That in which a suit originates or com 
 mences. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. That in which the 
 decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. 
 
 M C&W*. Before whom must the "trial of all crimes 11 be held ? What 
 cases are exceptions to the law ? By whom are impeachments tnecl i (feee 
 page 15.) Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held 
 Where, when not committed within a state ? Repeat the entire clause just con- 
 Sec TIL \st, Clause. In how many things does treason against tht United 
 States consist? What are the two things ? What is necessary to a conviction 
 of treason ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 
 
 shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during 
 the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
 public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every 
 other state. And the Congress may by general laws pre 
 scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro 
 ceedings shall be proved, arid the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled 
 to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several 
 states. 
 
 2cl Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be 
 found in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
 authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, 
 to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the 
 crime. 
 
 3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
 state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
 in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
 
 3d Clause What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason? 
 How docs the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder ? What is meant 
 by attainder? Am. Attainder means a stah.inp, corruption, or rendering im 
 pure. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Am. By " corruption of blood" 
 a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain 
 those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 
 
 ARTICLE IV.-SEC. T.-Of what does Article IV. treat ? How are the public 
 be roved ? 8everal states, to be treated in each state ? How are they to 
 
 SEC II._l.<rf ClauM. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of 
 each state entitled to? 
 
 ? WaW * e ~ What i8 Sald f persons cnar g ed with crime, fleeing into another 
 Clause. What is said of persons escaping from service or labor ? What 
 persons were referred to in the third clause ? Ans. Fugitive slaves and per 
 sons bound by indentures of apprenticeship, (See Art. xni. of Amendments.) 
 
 
34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 charged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
 up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor 
 may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Con 
 gress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed 
 or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor 
 any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, 
 or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures 
 of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
 of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting 
 the territory or other property belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con 
 strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
 of any particular state. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall pro 
 tect each of them against invasion ; and on application of 
 the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature 
 cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
 deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Con 
 stitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two- 
 
 SEC. III. 1st Clause. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union? 
 What is said of the formation of new states ? How many states belonged to 
 the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See pages 13-14.) How many 
 belong to the Union now ? (See table.) 
 
 M Clause. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
 erty belonging to the United States ? What construction as to claims is not 
 to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 
 
 SEC. IV. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several states 
 in respect to their form of government ? In what two events are the United 
 States bound to protect individual states ? 
 
 ARTICLE V. Of what does Article V. treat ? In what two ways may amend 
 ments to th-e Constitution be proposed ? What two ways are provided for rati- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 
 
 thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for 
 proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be 
 valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu 
 tion, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of 
 the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths 
 thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
 be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amend 
 ment which may be made prior to the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
 first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
 article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be 
 deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements en 
 tered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall 
 be as valid against the United States under this Consti 
 tution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
 of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 
 anu the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
 thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the con 
 trary notwithstanding. 
 
 3d Clause. The senators and representatives before 
 mentioned, and the members of the several state legis 
 latures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the 
 
 tying amendments ? What three restrictions upon the power of making amend 
 ments were originally imposed by the Constitution ? Why have two of the 
 restrictions lost their force? What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred 
 to. declare? What permanent restriction upon the power of making amend 
 ments still exists in full force ? 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 1st Clause. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
 recognize ? 
 
 2<Z Clause. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land? By what 
 are the judges in every state bound? 
 
36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 United States and of the several states, shall be bound by 
 oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no 
 religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
 any office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall 
 be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution 
 between the states so ratifying the same. 
 
 AMENDMENTS, 
 
 PROPOSED BT CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OP THE SEV 
 ERAL STATES, 1 URSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTI 
 TUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establish 
 ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; 
 or abridging the freedom of spoech, or of the press ; or 
 the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to pe 
 tition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 Kd Clause Who, besides the judges, are bound to support the Constitution ? 
 In what wa y shall they be bound ? What prohibition is made in regard to reli- 
 
 . How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in 
 order to its establishment ? 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 Why were the first ten articles of amendments made ? Ans. Because it was 
 eeneraily felt that the Constitution did not sufficiently protect the right? of the 
 people How may they, then, be regarded ? Ans. As a declaration securing to 
 the people aud states certain rights beyond the possibility of being encroached 
 upon by Congress. When were they proposed ? Ans. In 178fl, during the first 
 session of the first Congress under the Constitution. When were they adopted ? 
 Ans. Haying been ratified by three-fourths of the states, they were declared 
 
 1 \sf Article . What declaration does the first amendment make, respecting re 
 ligion ? What, respecting the freedom of speech ? What, respecting the free 
 dom of the press ? What, respecting the right of petition ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the secu 
 rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and 
 bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any 
 house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of 
 war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
 houses, papers, and eiFects, against unreasonable searches 
 and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall 
 issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
 affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
 searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth 
 erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict 
 ment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land 
 or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service 
 in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be 
 subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy 
 of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal 
 
 2tf Article. What is the declaration respecting the right of the people to 
 keep and bear arms ? 
 
 3<2 Article. What is said of quartering soldiers ? 
 
 \Lh Article. What is said of searches and seizures ? What is said of the 
 Issuing of warrants ? 
 
 5th Article. What is said of holding persons to answer for crimes? What 
 is said of a second trial for the same oftence ? What is the meaning of the clause 
 that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Am. It means that no 
 person shall be a second time tried for an offence of which he has been legally 
 acquitted or convicted. When shall not a person be compelled to witness 
 against himself? What guarantee of protection to life, liberty, and property is 
 given ? When only can private property be taken for public use ? 
 
38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
 life, liberty, or property without due process of law ; nor 
 shall private property be taken for public use without 
 just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the 
 Tight to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of 
 the state and district wherein the crime shall have been 
 committed, which district shall have been previously as 
 certained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
 cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit 
 nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for ob 
 taining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance 
 of counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury 
 shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be 
 otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States 
 than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights 
 Bhall not be construed to deny or disparage others re 
 tained by the people. 
 
 6th Article. What right shall a person accused of crime have ? What right, 
 as to the witnesses against him ? What right, as to the witnesses in his favor? 
 What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 
 
 1th Article. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? In 
 What way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 
 
 Wt Article. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are re 
 served to the states respectively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XL 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be 
 construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, com 
 menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
 citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any 
 foreign state. 
 
 ARTICLE XIIL* 
 
 SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
 have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
 States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 SEC. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the 
 United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
 citizens of the United States and of the state wherein 
 they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law 
 which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citi- 
 
 9/A Article.- -What is said of rights retained by the people ? 
 
 IQfh Artide.Whut is said of me powers reserved to the states ? 
 
 \\th Article. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power ? What 
 is the history of the eleventh amendment ? Arts. It was proposed by Congress 
 in 1794, and declared adopted in 1798. 
 
 13/A Arlic e. SECTION I. What is said of slavery and involuntary servitude ? 
 
 SEC. II. What power has Congress with reference to this subject ? What is 
 the history of the thirteenth amendment? Ai>s. It was proposed In 1865, and 
 declared adopted in December of the same year. (See Const., Art. IV., Sec. II.) 
 
 AIITICLB XIV. When was the 14th Article adopted ? As. Having been 
 ratified by three-fourths of the states it was declared adopted on the 28th, ol 
 July, 1868. 
 
 * For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 
 
4:0 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 gens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive 
 any person of life, liberty, or property, without due pro 
 cess of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction 
 the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 SEC. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among 
 the several states according to their respective numbers, 
 counting the whole number of persons in each state, ex 
 cluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
 at any election for the choice of electors for president and 
 vice-president of the United States, representatives in 
 Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a statej 
 or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to 
 any of the male inhabitants of such state, being 21 years 
 of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way 
 abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other 
 crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced 
 in the proportion which the number of such male citizens 
 shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
 one years of age in such state. 
 
 SEC. III. No person shall be a senator or represent 
 ative in Congress, cr elector of president and vice- 
 president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the 
 United States, or under any state, who, having previously 
 taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer 
 of the United States, or as a member of any state Legis 
 lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, 
 
 Section 1. Who are declared to be citizens of the United States ? What re 
 striction is imposed upon the states with regard to the privileges or immunities 
 of citizens? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons? 
 Wh-it, with regard to the protection or the law given to persons { 
 
 Sec. 2. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the 
 states ? How does this provision <)f the Constitution differ from the one form 
 erly in force ? (See Const., Art. I.. Sec. II., 3d Clause.) When shall a reduction 
 be made in the basis of representation to which a state may be entitled ? 
 
 Sec. 3. What class of persons, in consequ* nee of their rebellious acrs, are de 
 prived of certain exalted privileges? Name the privileges which are wit liheld 
 from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that class to have th<a 
 privileges accorded to him ? How ? (See Const., Art. I., Sec. III., 3d Clause.^ 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to support the Constitution of the United States, shall 
 have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
 Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each house, 
 remove such disability. 
 
 SEC. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United 
 States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for 
 payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup 
 pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
 But neither the United States nor any state shall assume 
 or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrec 
 tion or rebellion against the United States, or any claim 
 for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such 
 debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and 
 void. 
 
 SEC. Y. The Congress shall have power to enforce, 
 by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 SEC. I. The right of citizens of the United States to 
 vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United 
 States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or pre 
 vious condition of servitude. 
 
 SEC. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce 
 this article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 Sec. 4. What phal l not oe questioned a* regards the debts of the United 
 States? What debts, obligations, nnd claims, are declnred illeesil and void? 
 What restriction is imposed upon the General Government and individual states, 
 with respect to such debts, oblijjntions. and claims ! 
 
 Sec. 5. What legislation may Congress enact in regard to the provisions of 
 Article XIV. 9 
 
THE 
 
 FAEEWELL ADDEESS 
 
 OF 
 
 GEOEGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 FIEST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ON HIS DECLINING A SECOND RE-ELECTION. 
 
 FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS 
 
 The period for a new election of a citizen to admin 
 ister the executive government of the United States be 
 ing not far distant, and the time actually arrived when 
 your thoughts must be employed in designating the person 
 who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears 
 to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more dis 
 tinct expression of the public voice, that I should now 
 apprize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline 
 being considered among the number of those out of whom 
 a choice is to be made. 
 
 I beg you at the same time to do me the justice to be 
 assured that this resolution has not been taken without a 
 strict regard to all the considerations appertaining to the 
 relation which binds a dutiful citizen to his country; and 
 that in withdrawing the tender of service which silence 
 in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
 diminution of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency 
 of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am sup 
 ported by a full conviction that the step is compatible 
 with both. 
 
 The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office 
 to which your suffrages have twice called me, have been 
 a uniform sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 43 
 
 and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. 
 I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
 in my power, consistently with motives which I w T as not 
 at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from 
 which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my 
 inclination to do this previous to the last election, had 
 even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to 
 you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and 
 critical posture of our aifairs with foreign nations, and 
 the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confi 
 dence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 
 
 I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as 
 well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclina 
 tion incompatible with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; 
 and am persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained 
 for my services, that in the present circumstances of our 
 country, you will not disapprove of my determination to 
 retire. 
 
 The impressions with which I first undertook the ardu 
 ous trust were explained on the proper occasion. In the 
 discharge of this trust, I will only say, that I have with 
 good intentions contributed toward the organization and 
 administration of the government the best exertions of 
 which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not uncon 
 scious, in the outset, of the inferiority of my qualifica 
 tions, experience in my own eyes, perhaps still more in 
 the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffi 
 dence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of 
 years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of 
 retirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. 
 Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar 
 value to my services, they were temporary, I have the 
 consolation to believe, that while choice and prudence in 
 vite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
 forbid it. 
 
44 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 In looking forward to the moment which is intended 
 to terminate the career of my public life, my feelings do 
 not permit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of 
 that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved coun 
 try, for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still 
 more for the steadfast confidence with which it has sup^ 
 ported me ; and for the opportunities I have thence ei> 
 joyed of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by ser 
 vices faithful and persevering, though in usefulness une 
 qual to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our coun 
 try from these services, let it always be remembered to 
 your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals, 
 that under circumstances in which the passions, agitated 
 in every direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appear 
 ances sometimes dubious vicissitudes of fortune often 
 discouraging in situations in which not unfrequently 
 want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism 
 the constancy of your support was the essential prop of 
 the eiforts, and a guaranty of the plans by which they 
 were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I 
 shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
 to unceasing wishes that Heaven may continue to you the 
 choicest tokens of its beneficence: that your union and 
 brotherly affection may be perpetual that the free con 
 stitution which is the work of your hands may be sacredly 
 maintained that its administration in every department 
 may be stamped with wisdom and virtue that, in fine, the 
 happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices 
 of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a preser 
 vation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will ac 
 quire to them the glory of recommending it to the ap 
 plause, the affection, and adoption of every nation which 
 is yet a stranger to it. 
 
 Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for 
 your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 45 
 
 apprehension of danger, natural to that solicitude, urge 
 me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to your sol 
 emn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent 
 review, some sentiments, which are the result of much 
 reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which 
 appear to me all-important to the permanency of your 
 felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with 
 the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin 
 terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly 
 have no personal motive to bias his counsel. Nor can I 
 forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent recep 
 tion of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar 
 occasion. 
 
 Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every liga 
 ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is neces 
 sary to fortify or confirm the attachment. 
 
 The unity of government which constitutes you one 
 people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so; for it is 
 a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the 
 support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad ; 
 of your safety ; of your prosperity ; of that very liberty 
 which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee 
 that from different causes and from different quarters, 
 much pains will be taken, man), artifices employed, to 
 weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as 
 this is the point in your political fortress against which 
 the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most 
 constantly and actively (though often covertly and insid 
 iously) directed, it is of infinite moment that you should 
 properly estimate the immense value of your national 
 Union, to your collective and individual happiness ; that 
 you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
 attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and 
 speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety 
 and prosperity ; watching for its preservation with jeal- 
 
16 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 ous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may suggest 
 even a suspicion that it can in any event be aban 
 doned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning 
 of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country 
 from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link 
 together the various parts. 
 
 For this you have Qvery inducement of sympathy and 
 interest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common coun 
 try, that country has a right to concentrate your affec 
 tions. The name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in 
 your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride 
 of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from 
 local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, 
 you have the same religion, manners, habits, and politi 
 cal principles. You have in a common cause fought and 
 triumphed together ; the Independence and Liberty you 
 possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts, 
 of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 
 
 But these considerations, however powerfully they ad 
 dress themselves to your sensibility, are greatly out 
 weighed by those which apply more immediately to your 
 interest. Here every portion of our country finds the 
 most commanding motives for carefully guarding and pre 
 serving the union of the whole. 
 
 The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the 
 South, protected by the equal laws of a common govern 
 ment, finds in the productions of the latter, great addi 
 tional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise 
 and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
 South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency 
 of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its commerce 
 expand. Turning partly into its own channels the sea 
 men of the North, it finds its particular navigation invig 
 orated; and while it contributes, in different ways, to 
 nourish and increase the general mass of the national 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 47 
 
 navigation, it looks forward to the protection of a mari 
 time strength, to which itself is unequally adapted. The 
 East, in a like intercourse with the West, already finds, 
 and in the progressive improvement of interior communi 
 cations, by land and water, will more and more find a 
 valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from 
 abroad or manufactures at home. The West derives from 
 the East supplies requisite to its growth and comfort, 
 and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must 
 of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable 
 outlets for its own productions to the weight, influence, 
 and the future maritime strength of the Atlantic side of 
 the Union, directed by an indissoluble community of in 
 terest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
 West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived 
 from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and 
 unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be 
 intrinsically precarious. 
 
 While then every part of our country thus feels the 
 immediate and particular interest in Union, all the parts 
 combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means 
 and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- 
 ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent 
 interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what 
 is of inestimable value, they must derive from Union an 
 exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, 
 which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not 
 tied together by the same government ; which their own 
 rivalship alone would be sufficient to produce, but which 
 opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues 
 would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise they will 
 avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establish- 
 ments, which under any form of government are inauspi 
 cious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particu 
 larly hostile to Republican Liberty. In this sense it is, 
 
48 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 that your Union ought to be considered as the main prop 
 of your liberty, and that- the love of the one ought to 
 endear to you the preservation of the other. 
 
 These considerations speak a persuasive language to 
 every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con 
 tinuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic; 
 desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government 
 , can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
 To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. 
 We are authorized to hope that a proper organization of 
 the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for 
 the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to 
 the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experi 
 ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
 affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall 
 not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will 
 always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who 
 in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. 
 
 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our 
 Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any 
 ground should have been furnished for characterizing 
 parties by geographical discriminations Northern and 
 Southern Atlantic and "Western; whence designing men 
 may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif 
 ference of local interests and views. One of the expedi 
 ents of party to acquire influence, within particular dis 
 tricts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other 
 districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against 
 the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these 
 misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each 
 other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal 
 affection. The inhabitants of our western country have 
 lately had a useful lesson on this head : they have seen, in 
 the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous rat 
 ification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and the 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 49 
 
 universal satisfaction at the event throughout the United 
 States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspi 
 cions propagated among them of a policy in the general 
 government, and in he Atlantic States, unfriendly to 
 their interests in regard to the MISSISSIPPI : they have 
 been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with 
 Great Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them 
 every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign 
 relations, toward confirming their prosperity. "Will it 
 not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these 
 advantages on the UNION by which they were procured ? 
 Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
 there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and 
 connect them w r ith aliens ? 
 
 To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Gov 
 ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, 
 however strict, between the parts can be an adequate sub 
 stitute ; they must inevitably experience the infractions 
 and interruptions which all alliances in all times have ex 
 perienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have 
 improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Con 
 stitution of Government better calculated than you?* for 
 mer for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious man 
 agement of your common concerns. This Government, 
 the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, 
 adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, 
 completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its 
 powers, uniting security with energy, and containing 
 within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just 
 claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for 
 its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its 
 measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims 
 of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the 
 right of the people to make, and to alter their Constitu 
 tions of Government But the Constitution which at 
 
60 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 any time exists, until changed by an explicit and authen 
 tic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon 
 all. The very idea of the power and the right of the peo 
 ple to establish Government, presupposes the duty of 
 every individual to obey the established Government. 
 
 All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com 
 binations and associations, under whatever plausible char^ 
 acter, with the real design to direct, control, counteract 
 or awe the regular deliberation and action of the consti 
 tuted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental 
 principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize 
 faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force 
 to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, 
 the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterpris 
 ing minority of the community ; and, according to the 
 alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public 
 administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incon 
 gruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con 
 sistent and wholesome plans digested by common coun 
 cils and modified by mutual interests. 
 
 However combinations or associations of the above 
 description may now and then answer popular ends, they 
 are likely, in the course of time and things, to become 
 potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprin 
 cipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the 
 people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of govern 
 ment : destroying afterward the very engines which have 
 lifted them to unjust dominion. 
 
 Toward the preservation of your government, and the 
 permanency of your present happy state, it is requisite, 
 not only that you steadily discountenance irregular op 
 positions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you 
 resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its princi 
 ples, however specious the pretexts. One method of 
 assault may be to effect in the form of the constitution 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 51 
 
 alterations which will impair the energy of the system, 
 and thus to undermine what cannot be directly over 
 thrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, 
 remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to 
 fix the true character of governments, as of other human 
 institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by 
 which to test the real tendency of the existing constitu 
 tion of a country that facility in changes upon the credit 
 of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual 
 change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opin 
 ion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient man 
 agement of your common interests, in a country so ex 
 tensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is 
 consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispen 
 sable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with 
 powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guar 
 dian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov 
 ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fac 
 tion, to confine each member of the society within the 
 limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the 
 secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and 
 property. 
 
 I have already intimated to you the danger of parties 
 in the state, with particular reference to the founding of 
 them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take 
 a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most 
 solemn manner against the baneful effects of the spirit of 
 party, generally. 
 
 This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na 
 ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the 
 human mind. It exists under different shapes in all gov 
 ernments, more or less stifled, controlled, or repressed ; 
 but in those of the popular form, it is seen in greatest 
 rankness, and it is truly their worst enemy. 
 
 The alternate domination of one faction over another, 
 
52 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dis* 
 sension, which in different ages and countries has perpe 
 trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des- 
 ,potism. But this leads at length to a more formal and 
 permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries whicr. 
 result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek secu 
 rity and repose in the absolute power of an individual: 
 and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, 
 more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns 
 this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on 
 the ruins of public liberty. 
 
 Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind 
 (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), 
 the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party 
 are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise 
 people to discourage and restrain it. 
 
 It serves always. to distract the public councils, and 
 enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com 
 munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms : kin 
 dles the animosity of one part against another, foments 
 occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to 
 foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated 
 access to the government itself through the channels of 
 party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one 
 country are subjected to the policy and will of another, 
 There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use 
 ful checks upon the administration of government, and 
 serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within cer 
 tain limits is probably true : and in governments of a 
 monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, 
 if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
 of the popular character, in governments purely elective, 
 it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural 
 tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that 
 spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being con- 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 63 
 
 stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of 
 public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to 
 be quenched, it demands uniform vigilance to prevent 
 its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should 
 
 o 
 consume. 
 
 It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in 
 a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted 
 with its administration, to confine themselves within their 
 respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer 
 cise of the powers of one department to encroach upon 
 another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate 
 the powers of all departments in one, and thus to create, 
 whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A 
 just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to 
 abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is suffi 
 cient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The ne 
 cessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political 
 power, by dividing and distributing it into different de 
 positories, and constituting each the guardian of the pub 
 lic weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced 
 by experiments ancient and modern : some of them in our 
 country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
 be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion 
 of the people, the distribution or modification of the con 
 stitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be 
 corrected by an amendment in the way which the consti 
 tution designates. But let there be no change by usur 
 pation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the 
 instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by 
 which free governments are destroyed. The precedent 
 must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any 
 partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time 
 yield. 
 
 Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to politi 
 cal prosperity, RELIGION and MORALITY are indis- 
 
64 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 pensable supports. In vain would that man claim the 
 tributes of PATRIOTISM, who should labor to subvert 
 these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props 
 of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, 
 equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cher 
 ish them. A volume could not trace all their connections 
 with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, 
 where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, 
 if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths 
 
 O O 
 
 which are the instruments of investigation in courts 
 of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the sup 
 position, that morality can be maintained without re 
 ligion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence 
 of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, 
 reason and experience both forbid us to expect that 
 national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious 
 principle. 
 
 It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a ne 
 cessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed 
 extends with more or less force to every species of free 
 government. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look 
 with indifference upon attempts to shake the foundation 
 of the fabric ? 
 
 Promote then, as an object of primary importance, insti 
 tutions for the general diffusion of knowledge. In pro 
 portion as the structure of a government gives force to 
 public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should 
 be enlightened. 
 
 As a very important source of strength and security, 
 cherish public credit. One method of preserving it, is to 
 use it as sparingly as possible avoiding occasions of ex 
 pense by cultivating peace ; but remember also that timely 
 disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent 
 much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding likewise 
 
/ 
 WASHINGTON S FAKEWELL ADDRESS. 55 
 
 the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions 
 of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to 
 discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have oc 
 casioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the 
 burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execu 
 tion of these maxims belongs to your Representatives, 
 but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. 
 To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is 
 essential that you should practically bear in mind, that 
 toward the payment of debts there must be revenue ; 
 that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes 
 can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient 
 and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa 
 rable from the selection of the proper objects (which is 
 always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive mo 
 tive for a candid construction of the conduct of the gov 
 ernment in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in 
 the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exi 
 gencies may at any time dictate. 
 
 Observe good faith and justice toward all nations, 
 cultivate peace and harmony with all : religion and mo 
 rality enjoin this condact ; and can it be that good policy 
 does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, 
 enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to 
 give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example 
 of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be 
 nevolence. Who can doubt but in the course of time and 
 things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any 
 temporary advantage which might be lost by a steady 
 adherence to it ? Can it be, that Providence has not con 
 nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? 
 The experiment, at least, is recommended by every senti 
 ment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered 
 impossible by its vices ? 
 
66 WASHINTGON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essen 
 tial than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against 
 particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, 
 Fhould be excluded ; and that in place of them just and 
 amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The 
 nation which indulges toward another an habitual ha 
 tred or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. 
 It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of 
 which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its 
 interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, dis 
 poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay 
 hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and 
 intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dis 
 pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven 
 omed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by 
 ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels* to war the gov 
 ernment, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The 
 government sometimes participates in the national pro 
 pensity, and adopts through passion what reason would 
 reject ; at other times, it makes the animosity of the na^ 
 tion subservient to projects of hostility instigated by 
 pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
 The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of na- 
 tions has been the victim. 
 
 So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for 
 another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the 
 favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary 
 common interest in cases where no real common interest 
 exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, 
 betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and 
 wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justi 
 fication. It leads also to concessions to the favorite 
 nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly 
 to injure the nation making the concessions, by unneces 
 sarily parting with what ought to have been retained; 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 57 
 
 and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to 
 retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are 
 withheld : And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de 
 luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite 
 nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their 
 own country, without odium, sometimes even with popu 
 larity : gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense 
 of obligation a commendable deference for public opinion, 
 or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish 
 compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. 
 
 As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, 
 such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly 
 enlightened and independent patriot. How many oppor 
 tunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions ; 
 to practise the arts of sedition, to mislead public opinion, 
 to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attach 
 ment of a small or weak, toward a great and powerful 
 nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. 
 Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con 
 jure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a 
 free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history 
 and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the 
 most baneful foes of Republican Government. But that 
 jealousy to be useful must be impartial ; else it becomes 
 the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead 
 of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one for 
 eign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those 
 whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and 
 serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the 
 other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the 
 favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; 
 while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi 
 dence of the people, to surrender their interest. 
 
 The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign 
 nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 
 
58 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 with them as little political connection as possible. So 
 far as we have already formed engagements, let them be 
 fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 
 
 Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have 
 none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be en 
 gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are 
 essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it 
 must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial 
 ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the 
 ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or 
 enmities. 
 
 Our detached and distant situation invites and enables 
 us to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, 
 under an efficient government, the period is not far off 
 when we may defy material injury from external annoy 
 ance ; when we may take such an attitude as w r ill cause 
 the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be 
 scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under 
 the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not 
 lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may 
 choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, 
 shall counsel. 
 
 Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? 
 Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, 
 by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Eu 
 rope, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of 
 European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? 
 
 It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli 
 ances w r ith any portion of the foreign world : so far, I 
 mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for let me not 
 be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to ex 
 isting engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable 
 to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always 
 the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engage 
 ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend 
 them. 
 
 Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab 
 lishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may 
 safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emer 
 gencies. 
 
 Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are 
 recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. 
 
 But even our commercial policy should hold an equal 
 and impartial hand ; neither seeking nor granting exclu 
 sive favors or preferences ; consulting the natural course 
 of things ; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the 
 streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, 
 with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable 
 course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to ena 
 ble the government to support them, conventional rules 
 of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and 
 mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to 
 be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience 
 and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in 
 view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested 
 favors from another: that it must pay with a portion of 
 its independence for whatever it may accept under that 
 character; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in 
 the condition of having given equivalents for nominal 
 favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for 
 not giving more. There can be no greater error than to 
 expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to na 
 tion. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which 
 a just pride ought to discard. 
 
 In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of 
 an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will 
 make the strong and lasting impression I could wish 
 that they will control the usual current of the passions, 
 or prevent our nation from running the course which has 
 
60 WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 
 
 hitherto marked the destiny of nations : But if I may 
 even flatter myself that they may be productive of some 
 partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now 
 and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to 
 warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard 
 against the impostures of pretended patriotism; this hope 
 will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your wel 
 fare by which they have been dictated. 
 
 How far in the discharge of my official duties I have 
 been guided by the principles which have been delineated, 
 the public records and other evidences of my conduct 
 must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the 
 assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
 believed myself to be guided by them. 
 
 In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my 
 proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to 
 my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by 
 that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, 
 the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, 
 uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. 
 
 After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best 
 lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun 
 try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right 
 to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a 
 neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far 
 as should depend upon me, to maintain it w ith modera 
 tion, perseverance, and firmness. 
 
 The considerations w r hich respect the right to hold this 
 conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I 
 will only observe, that according to my understanding 
 of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any 
 of the Belligerent Powers, has been virtually admitted 
 by all. 
 
 The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, 
 without any thing more, from the obligation which jus 
 
WASHINGTON S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 61 
 
 tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in 
 which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations 
 of peace and amity toward other nations. 
 
 The inducements of interest for observing that conduct 
 will best be referred to your own reflections and experi 
 ence. With me, a predominant motive has been to en 
 deavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature 
 its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without inter 
 ruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which 
 is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command 
 of its own fortunes. 
 
 Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra 
 tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am never 
 theless too sensible of my own defects, not to think it 
 probable that I may have committed many errors. What 
 ever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to 
 avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I 
 shall also carry with me the hope that my country will 
 never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after 
 forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with 
 an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will 
 be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the 
 mansions of rest. 
 
 Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and 
 actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so nat 
 ural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself 
 and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate 
 with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise 
 myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of 
 partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign 
 influence of good laws under a free government the 
 ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, 
 as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. 
 
 G. WASHINGTON. 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 17th September, 1796, 
 
QUESTIONS 
 
 FOR TOPICAL STUDY AND HECITATION. 
 
 THE pupils should gather the required information from the pages referred to, 
 as well as from the statements found in connection with these topical headings ; 
 and, after arranging the facts in chronological order, should give connected Ac 
 counts, in writing or otherwise, as directed by the teacher. 
 
 The numbers following the questions refer to the pages of the History ; the Ap., 
 with tJie numbers in connection therewith, to the pages of the Appendix. 
 
 1. Give a sketch of the life of John Adams 98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 137, Ap. 8 
 
 Was born at Qiiincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. 
 
 2. Give an account of Samuel Adams 69, 70, Ap. 8 
 
 Was born at Boston, in 1722, where he died in 1803. 
 
 3. Give an account of John Quincy Adams 137, 138, note 2, p. 155 a. 
 
 Son of John Adams, 2d president of the U. S., was born near Boston, in 
 1767. While at Washington, in February, 1848, occupying his seat as a mem 
 ber of the House of Representatives, he had a shock of paralysis, of which 
 he died a few hours after. 
 
 4. Give an account of Ethan Allen 69 
 
 Born in Connecticut in 1737 ; died in Vermont in 1789. In the dispute grow 
 ing out of the claim made by New York to Vermont (p. 107), Allen took a 
 conspicuous part, being commander of a military force for the latter. In the 
 expedition conducted by Montgomery against Canada (p. 72) he was captured ; 
 and being sent to England in irons, was held a captive two years. 
 
 5. Give an account of Major John Andre 93, 94, note 9, p. 104 d. 
 
 Born in London in 1751. His body was buried at Tappan, but, in 1821, it was 
 disinterred and removed to England, where it was placed in Westminster Ab 
 bey beneath a costly monument. 
 
 6. Give an account of Sir Edmund Andros 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 
 
 Andres was born in England in 1637, and died there in 1714. In 1674 he was 
 appointed governor of New York, and received its surrender by the Dutch 
 after their fifteen months repossession of it. In 1680 he seized the govern 
 ment of East Jersey, depriving the governor, Ptiilip Carteret, brother of the 
 proprietor, of his office. In 1681 he was recalled to England. New England 
 having been consolidated, he was appointed its governor in 1686. In 1688, 
 New York and New Jersey were added to his jurisdiction. (Brodhead s 
 History of New York, and Palfrey s of New England, treat the story of the 
 rescue of the Connecticut Charter and its concealment in the hollow of a 
 tree (p. 30) a- a " tradition." Palfrey says : " No writing of the period alludes 
 to this remarkable occurrence.") After the trial of Andros on the charges 
 preferred by the people of Massachusetts (p. 34), which ended without any 
 judicial decision, he was made governor of Virginia, in which position he 
 acted with moderation. 
 
 7. Give an account of John Armstrong 58 
 
 Was a native of Pennsyl vania, and, as a general in the American army dur 
 ing the Revolution, rendered good service in the defence of Ft. Moultrie 
 (p. 74) and at the battles of Brandy wine and Germantown. 
 
 8. Give an account of John Armstrong, Jr 88, 126 
 
 Son of the preceding, was also in the Revolution. He was the author of the 
 " Newbur.gr Addresses, 1 written at the close of the war to quicken Congress 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 63 
 
 to do justice to the soldiers. They produced discontent among the officers, 
 and had it not been for the wisdom of Washington (p. 98 , might have led to 
 unfortunate results. He was secretary of war in 1814, when the British cap 
 tured the city of Washington, and was unjustly censured for the disaster. 
 
 9. Give an. account of Benedict Arnold 69, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 94, 97 
 
 Born in Norwich, Conn., in 1740 ; died in London in 1801. Alter his treason, 
 at the head of an expedition against Virginia, he set fire to Richmond (1781). 
 Lafayette was sent to capture the traitor, but, owing to the inferiority of hia 
 force, did not succeed. To one of the prisoners captured by the British, 
 Arnold put the question : "If the Americans should catch me, what would 
 they do with me?" The prompt reply was: "They w ; ould cut off your 
 log that was wounded at Saratoga and bury it with the honors of war, but 
 the rest of you they would hang." After the war Arnold made several at 
 tempts to engage in business in British America and the West Indies. Finally 
 he went to England, where he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him. 
 
 10. What account can you give of Gen. Robert Anderson ? 158, 159, 160 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1805 ; took an active part in the war against the Semi- 
 nolrs (p. 139 ; was with Scott in Mexico (p. 147) ; in 1861 was appointed a 
 general in the U. S. army, but, in consequence of failing health, was not able 
 to participate in active military service. He died in France in 1871. 
 
 11 . Give an account of Nathaniel Bacon -23 
 
 Bacon and his party entered Jamestown, but fearing they could not hold it, 
 and being unwilling that it should be used by Berkeley s party, they burned 
 it. Only some slight ruins of the town remain. (See note, p. 23.) 
 
 12. Give an account of Col. E. D. Baker 163 
 
 Born in England in 1811, resigned his position as a member of Congress 
 when the Mexican war broke out, and joined Scott (p. 147), At the time of 
 his death he was a United States senator from Oregon. 
 
 13. Give an account of Gen. Nathaniel P. Batiks 170, 171, 175, 177 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1816, was a representative in Congress several 
 years ; was elected speaker of the House in 1854, after an exciting contest 
 of two months ; was governor of Massachusetts ; and again in Congress. 
 
 14. Give an account of Commodore Wm. Bainbridge 110, 11? 
 
 Born in New Jersey in 1774 ; died in Philadelphia in 1833. Was in command 
 of the frigate Philadelphia when she struck on a rock and was captured (p. 
 110^, and he was held in c-iptivity nineteen months. 
 
 15. Give an account of Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard 160, 161, 162, 169 
 
 Born in Louisiana, received a military education at West Point, and was a 
 lieutenant in Scott s army in Mexico (p. 147). 
 
 16. Give an account of the Committees of Correspondence. 
 
 The system adopted by the patriots of the Revolution, in 1772, of holding 
 correspondence among the colonies, was the invention of Samuel Adams. 
 By means of it, the different colonies were informed of the intentions, plans, 
 and doings of each other : and thus unity of action was attained. 
 
 17. History of Slavery 21, 39, 136, 141, 150. 151, 152, 157, 158, 183, 186 ; Ap. 22 
 
 It is computed that 300.000 slaves were imported into the thirteen colonies 
 up to the time of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Slavery existed in 
 all of the states until 1780. The northern states then, one after another, most 
 of them by a system of gradual emancipation, began to abolish slavery. 
 
 18. The wars of European origin before the French and Indian, and the caiises 
 
 of each 34, 35, 36 
 
 19. By what treaties, and when, were they terminated f 34, 35, 36, 37 
 
 20. When, did theBritish evacuate the different ports after the Revolution f ...98, 101 
 
64: QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. * 
 
 21. Give an account of General Braxton Bragg 169, 170, 173, 175 
 
 Born in North Carolina about 1815, received a military education at West 
 Point, and held a command, first as lieutenant and afterward as captain, in 
 Taylor s army during the Mexican war. Died in Texas, in 1876. 
 
 22. Give an account of Gen. Edward Braddock 57, 59 
 
 Born in Scotland. Before he came to America he had been forty years in the 
 British army, servingin the wars against Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 
 
 23. Give an account of Gen. Jacob Brown 121, 123, 124, 125 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1775. In early life he was a Quaker and a school 
 teacher. At his death, which occurred at Washington in 1828, he held the 
 supreme command in the United States army. 
 
 24. Give an account of James Buchanan 152, 157, 158, 159 
 
 Born in Pennsylvania in 1791 ; died there in 1868. He was a representative 
 in Congress, envoy extraordinary to St. Petersburg, United States senator, 
 secretary of state, and minister to England. 
 
 25. Give an account of Don Carlos Buell 1G6, 168, 169, 170 
 
 Bora in Ohio, received a military education at West Point, and distinguished 
 himself in the two Mexican campaigns conducted by Taylor and Scott. 
 
 26. Give an account of Gen. John Burgoyne 69, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 
 
 Born in England. After his surrender to Gates he returned to England, 
 where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was a mem 
 ber. He wrote several dramas, and died in London in 1792. 
 
 27. Give an account of Gen. A. E. Burnside 167, 172, 173, 175 
 
 Born in Indiana in 1824, received a military education at West Point, and, 
 after the Great Civil War, was governor of Rhode Island. 
 
 28. Give an account of Aaron Burr 71, 72, 86, 109, 111 
 
 Born in New Jersey in 1756. He graduated at the College of New Jersey 
 (Princeton), accompanied Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), 
 and distinguished himself in the battles of Quebec (p. 72) and Monmouth 
 (p. 86). His death occurred on Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 
 
 29. Give an account of Gen. B. F. Butler 161, 163, 169, 175, 179, 181 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1818, graduated at college, and acquired a high 
 reputation as a lawyer. After the Great Civil War he was a member of the 
 U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and was one of the seven 
 manngers by whom President Johnson s impeachment was conducted before 
 the Senate (p. 185). 
 
 30. Give an account of John and Sebastian Cabot 10, 54 
 
 It is not known when and where these navigators were born, nor at what 
 time and place they died, though it is supposed they were natives of Italy. 
 
 81. Give an account of John C. CaJhoun 138, 139 
 
 Born in South Carolina in 1782, graduated at Yale College, was admitted to 
 the bar, was a representative in both Houses of Congress, and was secretary 
 of war in Monroe s cabinet, and secretary of state in Tyler s. His death 
 occurred at Washington in 1850. 
 
 82. Gire an account of Henry Clay 139. 151 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1777, was admitted to the bar, and was elected to Con 
 gress from Kentucky, where he was many years speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, and afterward a senator. He was one of the commissioners 
 that signed the treaty at Ghent in 1814 (p. 129). His death occurred at 
 Washington in 1852. (He was often called by his political friends "the 
 Mill-Boy of the Slashes," in allusion to the fact that, when a boy, he was 
 often sent on errands to a place near his home called "the Slashes," where 
 there was a mill.) 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 33. Give an account of Sir Henry Clinton 69, 73, 75, 84, 91, 93, 97 
 
 After the Revolution he was appointed governor of Gibraltar. He died, in 1795. 
 
 34. Give an account of Christopher Columbus 5, 9, 10 
 
 The most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters 
 of the Mediterranean and off the west coast of Africa. He made a voyage 
 toward Greenland, passing beyond Iceland. Having, in 1498, reached Amer 
 ica the third time, he began to govern a colony which he had previously es 
 tablished at Hispanipla ; but his efforts were misrepresented, charges were 
 made against him, and he was sent to Spain in chains. This outrage pro 
 duced great indignation throughout Spain, and the king consequently dis 
 claimed having authorized it. (Read Note 1, end of Sec. I.) 
 
 35. Give an account of Lord Charles Cornwallis 76, 77, 78, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97 
 
 After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command in India, 
 where he inaugurated a series of victories by which the British authority 
 there was finally established. He died in India in 1805. 
 
 36. Give an account of Fernando Cortez 11, 12. Topic 51, Appendix, p. 66. 
 
 Born in Spain in 1485. and died there neglected and in solitude in the 63d 
 year of his age. In 1535-6, he explored part of the western coast of Mexico. 
 
 37. Give an account of Col. George Croghan 114, 118, 119 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
 Meigs (May 5), an 1 served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at 
 New Orleans in 1849. 
 
 38. Give an account of Gen. S. R. Curtis 143, 167 
 
 Born in Ohio in 1807 ; received a military education at West Point, served 
 under Taylor in Mexico, and was a representative in Congress from Iowa. 
 
 39. What can you state of Kosciusko ? 81 ; Note 6, p. 104 b. 
 
 Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was with Gates in the two battles of 
 Stillwater, and afterward distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washing 
 ton. He died in Switzerland in 1817, ids death being caused by a fall from 
 his hor.-e over a precipice. His remains were removed by the Emperor Alex 
 ander of Russia, to the cathedral church of Cracow, Poland, where they re 
 pose by the side of other Polish heroes 
 
 40. Owe, the early history of the city of Boston 26, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73 
 
 41. Give an account of the Rev. John Davenport 30 
 
 Born in England ; was the minister of a church at New Haven for thirty 
 years, and afterward of another church at Boston, where he died. 
 
 42. Give an account of Jefferxon Davis 159, 160, 182, 183 
 
 Born in Kentucky in 1808 ; received a military education at West Point, 
 served with credit in the Black Hawk fp. 138) and Mexican wars, was a 
 representative in Congress and a U. S. senator from Mississippi, and secre 
 tary of war in President Pierce s cabinet. 
 
 43. Give an account of General Dearborn ... 121 
 
 Henry Dearborn was born in New Hampshire in 1751 ; was in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill (p. 70), was with Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), 
 and was taken prisoner at the attack upon Quebec. Being exchanged, he 
 served under Gates in the Northern campaign (p. 84), and did good service 
 in the battle of MonmouMi (p. 86), in Sullivan s expedition against the In 
 dians (p. 90), and in the operations before Yorktown (p. 97). He died in 1829. 
 
 44. What, can you state of Silas Deaiie? 78 
 
 Born in Connecticut, and was a member of the first Continental Congress. 
 In consequence of the extravagant contracts he made in France, he was 
 recalled, and John Adams was appointed commissioner in his place. Ha 
 died in England in poverty. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 45. Give an account of Commodore Stephen Decatyr, Jr 110, 117, 130 
 
 Born in Maryland in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and the 
 Leopard in 1807 (p. Ill), in the opinion of Decatur, was disgraceful, and he 
 did not hesitate to speak in severe te.-ms of the conduct of Commodore Bar- 
 ron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence 
 was a duel with Barron, thirieen years after, in which Decatur was killed. 
 
 46. What can you state of the Baron Dieskau ? 57, 58 
 
 Was a German general, and served in France and Germany. After being 
 wounded ;p. 58,, tie returned to Europe, and died at Paris in 1767. 
 
 47. Give a sketch of D Estaitufs life 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 
 
 Born in France in 1729 ; was a member of the Assembly of Notables in the 
 French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was 
 guillotined in 1794. 
 
 *8. Give the history of Delaware 44, 45, 46, 160 ; Ap. 11, 14 
 
 Delaware Bay and River were so named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of 
 the early governors of Virginia : whence the name of the State. 
 
 49. Give a. sketch of the life of Baron De Kalb ..92 
 
 Born in 1732, iu a German province then held by France; was an officer in 
 the French army just previous to the time he came to America with L;ifay- 
 ette in 1777, was second in command under Gates, and died thrse days after 
 the battle of Sanders Creek. 
 
 50. What can you state of the " Jersey Prison-Ship ?" 
 
 During the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships 
 for the imprisonment of captives. One of these, the Jersey Prison-Ship, 
 which was anchored near Brooklyn, N. Y., is noted for the inhuman treat 
 ment which its prisoners received, hundreds of whom died in consequence. 
 
 51. Give the history of California.. . . Note 11, p. 17 f., 150, 151 ; Note 6, p. 155 b. 
 "A romance was published in Spain in 1510, in which the word California, 
 applied to an imaginary island, for the first time occurred. Cortez had read 
 the book, it is supposed ; and when he sailed along the west coast of Mex 
 ico, in 1535, supposing he was in the region of the island, he called the 
 country California." 
 
 53. Give the history of Connecticut 28, 29, 30, 32, 51, 68, 78, 89, 126 ; Ap. 11, 13 
 
 63. Give a sketch of Dr. Franklin s life 78, 98 ; Note 15, p. 104 f. Ap. 8 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, a philosopher and statesman, was born at Boston in 
 1706. He learned the printing business in Boston, followed it in Philadel 
 phia, and, after a trip to England, became postmaster of Philadelphia. 
 About the year 1746 he began to mnke experiments in electricity, applying 
 his discoveries to the invention of lightning-rods for the protection of build 
 ings. The people of Pennsylvania and other Colonies becoming dissatisfied 
 with the rnle which the colonial proprietors exercised. Franklin was sent 
 to England to gain redress; find in this he was successful. He again went 
 to Europe, both before and after the Revolution ; was a member of the 
 committee to draft the Declaration of Independence ; and signed, in France, 
 the treaty of alliance between that country and the United States (p. 85;. 
 He died in Philadelphia, in the 85th year of his age. 
 
 54. Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, note p. 17, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 
 
 153. 154, 158, 159, 177; Table of States. 
 
 55. Give a sketch of the life of John. C. Fremont 146, 147, 152, 163, 171 
 
 56. What can yon state of Millard Fillmore f 151. 152 
 
 Born in New York in 1800. Before his election to the vice-presidency 
 he held several public positions in the state of New York, and served four 
 terms as a representative in Congress. His death occurred at Buffalo, in 
 1874. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 67 
 
 57. What account can you give of Admiral Farragut f 169,, 181 
 
 David G. Farnigut was born in Tennessee in 1801. At the early age of eleven 
 he became a midshipman, which position he held on board the Essex when 
 that vessel captured the Alert (p. 117). After the Great Civil War, he crossed 
 the Atlantic in. a government vessel, and visited the principal seaports of 
 Europe. He died in 1870. 
 
 58. Give a sketch of Admiral Footers life 166,168 
 
 Andrew H. Foote was born in Connecticut in 1806. He spent the mos i of 
 his life in the naval service of his country, and was an active friend of reli 
 gious and philanthropic enterprises. His death occurred at New York in 
 18(53, as he was preparing to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. 
 
 59. State what you can of General Gage .. 67, 68, 69 
 
 <0. Give a sketch of the life of General Gates 84, 92^ 95 
 
 Horatio Gates was born in England in 1728. He was an officer in Brad doc k s 
 expedition, in 1755, and was severely wounded in ihe battle of the Mononga- 
 hela. After the Revolutionary War, he resided in Virginia, and subsequently 
 removed to New York, where he died in 1806. 
 
 61. Give the history of Georgia 48, 68, 87, 88, 90, 91, 135, 158, 175, 180, 183 ; 
 
 Ap. 11, 14 ; Table of State*. 
 
 62. What can you state of Bartholomeiv Gosnold ? 15, 18 
 
 63. Give a sketch of Gen. Grant s life.. 163, 166, 168, 169, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 186 
 Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 1823 ; received a military education at 
 West Point, participated in the battles of Palo Alto (p. 144), Resaca de la 
 Palma, Monterey, and in every one of Scott s battles in Mexico. At the 
 commencement of the Great Civil War, he was engaged in commercial busi 
 ness at Galena, Illinois, and was among the first to offer his services to the 
 government. 
 
 64. Give a sketch of General Greene s life , 95, 96 
 
 Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, in Rhode Island, in 1742. 
 He aided, at the beginning of the Revolution, in driving the British from 
 Boston (pp. 72, 73), and took a prominent part in the battles of Trenton, 
 Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He died of "sunstroke," in 
 Georgia, in 1786. 
 
 65. Give a sketch of Alexander Hamilton s life Note 16, p. 104 f., 106, 111 
 
 Hamilton was born in one of the West India Islands in 1757. At the age of 
 thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. At the beginning of the 
 Revolution he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the patriots, 
 performing a creditable part as captain of an artillery company in the battle 
 of Long Island. By his activity and intelligence he attracted the attention 
 of Washington, and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in both of 
 which he was engaged, he accepted an invitation from Washington to take 
 a place on his staff, as aide-de-camp. He participated in the battles of 
 Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. (See Note 6, p. 113 b.) 
 
 66. Give a sketch of the life of Nathan Hale 75 
 
 He was born in Connecticut in 1755 ; graduated at Yale College, and became 
 a teacher. Directly after the battle of Lexington he entered the army as 
 lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. 
 After the battle of Long Island p. 75) and the retreat of the American army, 
 Washington desired to gain a knowledge of the condition of the enemy 
 on Long Island, and Hale volunteered for the service : but, as he was return 
 ing with the information, he was arrested by the enemy, and, on the follow 
 ing morning (Sep. 22, 1776), was hung as a spy, saying, with his last breath : 
 "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." 
 
QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 67. In what respects do the cases of Hale and Arnold differ ? 93, 94 
 
 68. Give a sketch of John Hancock s life _. 69 ; Ap. 6 
 
 He was born in Massachusetts, in 1737, and dic>d there in 1793. He was the 
 president of the second Continental Congress (p. 71). After the Revolution 
 he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and, with the exception of an 
 interval of two years, was annually re-elected till his death. 
 
 69. Give a sketch of Gsneral Harrison s life 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 
 
 He was born in Virginia in 1773. His father s name was Benjamin (Ap. 8). 
 At the age of eighteen he joined the army, served under St. Clair (p. 107) 
 and Wayne, and was governor of Indiana Territory (p. 136). 
 
 70. Give a sketch of Patrick Henry s life 66, 71. Topic 233, Ap. p. 84. 
 
 Bom in Virginia in 1736 ; died there in 1799. Was admitted to the bar 
 was a member of "The First Continental Congress" (p. 68}, and governor 
 of Virginia. He opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitution (p. 99). 
 Without doubt he was the most gifted orator in America during bis time. 
 
 71. What can you state of General Joseph Hooker ? 173, 175 
 
 Was born in Massachusetts in 1815 ; received a military education at West 
 Point, distinguished himself in the Mexican War, and in McClellan s Penin 
 sula (p. 170) and Antietam battles. 
 
 72. Give a sketch of Henry Hudson s life 37 
 
 Hudson made four voyages for the purpose of finding a shorter passage to 
 the Pacific than the one around Cape Horn. While in the large bay which 
 now bears his name, during his fourth voyage, in 1610, a mutiny occurre 1 
 among his men, and he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put 
 into an open boat, and abandoned. No tidings were ever afterward heard 
 of him. 
 
 73. State what you can of General Hull Note 2, p. 134 a. 115, 116 
 
 William Hull was born in Connecticut in 1753. He fought with courage in 
 the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, 
 Monmouth, and Stony Point. After his surrender of Detroit he was tried 
 by a court-martial, pronounced guilty of cowardice in making the surrender, 
 and sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age and revolutionary 
 services, President Madison remitted the sentence. He died in 1825. 
 
 74. What can you ttate of Captain Hull? 117 
 
 Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was a nephew of General Hull. 
 During the war with the Bnrbary States, from 1803 to 1805, he served with 
 distinction. He was born in Connecticut in 1775 ; died in Philadelphia in 1843. 
 
 75. Give the History of Harper s Ferry 156, 157, 160, 161 , 172 
 
 During the Civil War the Confederates had possession of the place threa 
 times. It contains a United States arsenal. 
 
 76. Give the history of Illinois 98, 136 ; Ta ble of the States. 
 
 "Illinois was so named from its principal river. The word, an Indian one, 
 is said to signify the river of men 1 or " a perfect and accomplished man/ 
 
 77. Give the history of Indiana. . . . 190, 98, 107, 130, 134, 136, and Table of States. 
 
 78. Give the history of Iowa 1 10, and Table of the States. 
 
 " Iowa is an Indian name, meaning Here is the place." 1 " 
 
 79. Give a sketch of Andrew Jackson s life 121, 128, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140 
 
 He was born in North Carolina in 1767 ; died in Tennessee in 1845. Though 
 but a boy during the Revolution, he took an active part in behalf of the 
 patriots. He became a lawyer, a representative, and U.S. senator from 
 Tennessee, and governor of Florida. (See Note 3, p. 134 a., Note 8, p. 134 c., 
 Note 1, p. 155 a ; and Topic 222, Ap. p. 80.) 
 
 80. Name in order the important events in Jackson s administration ,153 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 81. What can you state of "Stonewall " Jackson ? 171 
 
 Born iii Virginia in 1824 ; was a graduate ol West Point, and served in the 
 Mexican war. It was remarked by one of hi* officers, that in the battle of 
 Bull Run he " stood like a stone wall ; " hence he was afterward popularly 
 known as " Stonewall Jackson." He was accidentally wounded by his own 
 men at the battle of Chaucellorsville, May 2d, 1863, and died in consequence, 
 eight days after. 
 
 82. John, Jay 98, 108, 109, Note 16, p. 104 f ., Note 2, p. 113 a. 
 
 Bom in New York city in 1745 ; died iu 18*9. Was a member of k The First 
 Continental Congress" (p. 68), rendered important aid in favor of the adop 
 tion of the Constitution (p. 99;, and was the first chief- justice of the United 
 States. 
 
 83. Give an account of Sir }Vill\am Johnson 57, 58, 61 
 
 Born in Ireland in 1715 ; died at his residence about fifty miles from Albany, 
 N. Y., in 1774. For his services, in 1755 he was made a baronet. 
 
 84. Sketch Jefferson s life.. . 74, Note 16, p. 104 f., 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 ; Ap. 8 
 Born in Virginia iu 1743, and died there. Though Jefferson was one of the 
 ableet statesmen and one of the most forcible writers the country has pro 
 duced, he never made a formal public speech. During the debate on the 
 adoption of the Declaration of Independence, he was silent. 
 
 85. Name the important events of Jefferson s administration, 112, 113; Introduction 
 
 86. What can you state of Paul Jones ? 90 
 
 Born in Scotland in 1747. After the Revolution he entered the Russian naval 
 service, and died at Paris, in poverty, in 1792. 
 
 87. What can you state of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston f 171, 178, 182 
 
 88. Give a sketch of Andrew Johnson s life 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1808. Served nine years at the business of a tailor, 
 was several times elected a representative in Congress, twice governor of 
 Tennessee, a U. S. senator, and was appointed governor of Tennessee in the 
 beginning of the Great Civil War. (See, also, Topic 221, Ap. p. 80.) 
 
 89. Name in chronological order the important events of his administration . . 189 
 
 90. Give a sketch of the history of Kentucky. ... 98, 107, 113, 166, 168, 169, 170, 177 
 The first permanent settlement was made by Daniel Boone. (See Topic 211, 
 Ap. p. 77 ; olso Table of States.) 
 
 91. Give a sketch of the history of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 ; T;ible of States. 
 
 The name Kansas, said to signify smoky water, was that of a tribe of In 
 dians. (See Introduction.) 
 
 92. What can you state of Gen. Lymanf 57,58 
 
 Phineas Lyman was born in Connecticut in 1716 ; died in Florida in 1775. 
 
 93. What account can you give of Gen. Lincoln ?...-. 88, 90, 91, 103 
 
 Gen. Lincoln, of the Revolution, was born in Massachusetts in 1733; died 
 there in 1810. Was a farmer until he was 40 years old ; was in the battles of 
 White Plains (p. 75), and Bemis Heights (p. 84), and commanded the forces " 
 which quelled Shays s Rebellion (p. 99). He was a favorite of Washington. 
 
 94. Give a sketch of the life of President Lincoln 158-182 
 
 Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. His early life was passed 
 at hard labor on his father s farm in Indiana. At the age of 19 he made a 
 trip to New Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat, and afterward removed to 
 Illinois ; served as captain in the "Black Hawk War" (p. 138) ; was elected 
 to the Illinois Legislature, and was a representative in Congress. 
 
 95. How many and what persons by the name of Lee took prominent parts in th 
 
 Revolutionary War? 73, 74, 78, 90 ; Ap. 8 
 
 96. What account can you give of Gen. Charles Lee? 73, 75, 76, 79, 86 
 
70 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 Born in England in 1731 ; was with Braddock in the battle of the Mononga- 
 hela (p. 57), with Abercromby in the assault on Ticonderoga (p. 59), and after 
 ward served in the Russian army. Died at Philadelphia in 1782. 
 
 97. What can you state of Gen. Eoberl, E. Lee 171, 172 , 173, 178, 179, 182 
 
 Was born in Virginia; graduated at West Point, and served in the Mexican 
 War. In 1865 he was elected President of Washington College, Va., which, 
 after his death, occurring in October, 1870, was named the Washington and 
 Lee University. 
 
 98. Give a sketch of Gen. Lafayette s life 78, 80, 96, 137. Note 3, p. 155 a. 
 
 The Marquis de Lafayetce was born in France in 1757. Was in the battles 
 of Monmouth (p. 86) and Yorktown (p. 97), and was a member of the court 
 that tried Andre (p. 94). Died at Paris in 1834. (Give a further account.) 
 
 99. Give a sketch of the life of La Salle 6, Note 16, p. 52 f . 
 
 A celebrated French navigator, born about 1635, died in 1687. Made four 
 visits to America : in the first, while endeavoring to find a passage by water 
 to China, he explored Lake Ontario ; in the third he descended the Missis 
 sippi ; in the fourth, which was undertaken to settle LouMana, he sailed 
 from France, but instead of landing at the mouth of the Mississippi, pro 
 ceeded by mistake to Texas, where he was shot by one of Ids men. 
 
 100. What account can you give of Marquette f 6, Note 6, p. 17 d. 
 
 Born in France in 1637. He died in Michigan in 1675, near a small river, 
 which still bears his name. 
 
 101. Give the history of Louisiana.. .Note 157, 110, 120, 133, 158, 164, 169, 177, 191 
 "In 1682 La Salle descended the Mississippi, and taking possession for 
 France of the whole country watered by the river, named it Louisiana, in 
 honor of Louis XIV. of France." The French held the whole domain known 
 by the name of Louisiana till 1762, when they ceded it to Spain. In 1800 it 
 was retroceded to France. In 1804 it was divided into two governments^: 
 that of the " Territory of Orleans," including the present State of Louisi 
 ana, and that of the District of Louisiana." (See Notes 4 and 5, p. 113 b.) 
 
 102. Give a sketch of the life of General Montgomery 59, 71, 72 
 
 Richard Mont-ornery was born in Ireland in 1736. He settled in New York 
 State, and in 1775 was a member of the Provincial Congress. A monument 
 was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul s church, New York city, 
 beneath which his remains were placed in 1818. 
 
 103. Give a sketch of the life of General Marion 91 , Note 8, p. 104 c. 
 
 Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 1732. The amount of aid 
 which he rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be 
 estimated. All attempts of the enemy to baffle him were entirely^ futile. 
 He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 1795. 
 
 104. Give the history of Massachusetts, 23-27, 3v>-37, 51, 66-73, 99, 129, 136 ; Ap. 11, 13 
 
 105. Give the history of Maine 16, 27, 33, 136 ; Table of States, 190 
 
 Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name of tliia 
 State. The prevailing opinion is, that Maine was so called in compliment 
 to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, it was supposed, 
 owned the province of Maine, in France. 
 
 106. What can you state of Robert Morris f 
 
 Born in England in 1734 ; came to America when thirteen year? old ; was 
 educated at Philadelphia. After the Revolution, he lost by land speculation 
 an immense fortune gained in the China trade, and was confined a long time 
 in prison for debt. He died at Philadelphia in 1806. 
 
 107. Give the history of Fort Ticonderoga 59, 60, 62, 69, 71, 81, 85 
 
 It was commenced by the French in 1755, and by them called Carillon (chime of 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 71 
 
 bells), in allusion to the music of the waterfalls at the outlet of Lake George, 
 near it. In 1759, on the approach of the English, under Amherst, the French 
 retreated, leaving the fort in flames ; Amluret rebuilt it. A large part of its 
 walls L< still standing. 
 
 108. Give the history of Alabama 120. 121, 127, 135, 136, 153, 159, 169, 181, 190 
 
 The territory now comprising the States of Mississippi and Alabama, ex 
 cept the coast-strip between Florida and Louisiana (see Introduction), was 
 o iginallya part of Georgia, but in 1798 was organized as the Mississippi 
 Territorj . The word Alabama is of Indi.ui origin, signifying here we rest. 
 (Table of States.) 
 
 109. Give the history of Mississippi, 135, 136, 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177, 186, 190 
 The word Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, according to some 
 writers, the Great River ; according to others, the Great Father of Waters. 
 (See above, under the history of Alabama ; also, Table of States.) 
 
 110. Give a sketch of General Daniel Morgan s life .95 
 
 Born in New Jersey in 1736 ; died in Virginia in 1802. Was wiih Brad- 
 dock in 1755 (p. 57), performing the duties of teamster ; joined Washington 
 at Cambridge, with a rifle corps (p. 72) ; accompanied Arnold across the 
 wilderness to Quebec, participating in the attempt to capture that city 
 (p. 72) ; and took a distinguished part in the battle of Bemis Heights (p. 84j. 
 He was a member of Congress from 1795 to 1793. 
 
 111. Give the history of Maryland. .41,42, 43, 68, 74, 76, 99, 127, 160, 172, 173, 179 ; 
 
 Ap. 8, 11,14 
 
 112. Give a sketch of the life of James Madison 114-130 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1751 ; died there in 1836. Was a member of the con 
 vention which prepared the Constitution of the United States (p. 99) ; united 
 with Jay and Hamilton in advocating its adoption (Note 16, p. 104 f.) ; op 
 posed Hamilton s financial measures (p. 106) ; and was secretary of state in 
 Jefferson s cabinet. 
 
 1 13. Name, in order, the events of Madison s administration 130, 131, 132 
 
 114. Give a sketch of the life ofJamei Monroe 125, 126, 127, 128, 137 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1758 ; died in New York city, July 4th, 1831. Entered the 
 army in 1776 ; was at the battle of White Plains (p. 75), Trenton, in which 
 he was wounded (p. 76), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown (p. 80\ and Mon- 
 mouth (p. 86) ; was a member of Congress when Washington resigned his 
 commission (p. 99) ; governor of Virginia ; and minister to France, to En 
 gland, and to Holland. 
 
 115. What can, you state of General Meade f 173, 178, 179 
 
 116. Give the history of Missouri 110, 136, 162, 163, 168 ; Table of States, 191 
 
 The name Missouri, an Indian one, signifying Mud Elver, was first applied 
 to the river of that name. 
 
 117. Give the history of Michigan 63. 98, 115, 118, 119 ; Table of Stages 190 
 
 The name Michigan, supposed to be formed from two Indian words, signi 
 fying Great Lake, was first applied to the lake. 
 
 118. Give the history of Arkansas 110, 159, 160 ; Table of States, 191 
 
 " The State takes its namr> from a tribe of Indians now extinct." 
 
 119. Givethehistory of Minnesota 98,110,157; Table of States, 191 
 
 The name Minnesota was first applied to the river. It is compounded of 
 two Indian words, signifying sky-colored water. 
 
 120. The military events in General McClelland life 16">, 164, 170, 171, 172. 
 
 121. Give the history of New York State .. 37-39, 51, 65, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81-85, 
 
 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 116, 121-125 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 ; Table of States. 
 
 122. Give the histoi-y of New York City. . .37-49, 68, 67, 73, 74, 75, 98, 106, 158, 170 
 
72 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 123. Give the history of New Hampshire 27, 28, 33, 34, 51, 68 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 15 
 
 124. Of New Jersey 37, 40, 41, 51, 68, 76--81, 86, 90, 94 ; Ap. 8, 9-, 11, 14 
 
 1-25. Of North Carolina. . 13, 47, 68, 95, 96, 160, 163, 167, 181, 182 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 
 
 126. Give the history of South Carolina.. 13, 47, 68, 7-i, 74, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 1:38, 
 
 139, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 182; Ap. 8, 11, 14 
 
 127. Give the events of Charleston 47, 67, 73, 74, 91, 101, 139, 158, 160, 182 
 
 128. Give the history of the Northwest Territory 110, 136, 190 
 
 Ihe territory north of the Ohio, which was surrendered to the United 
 States at the close of the Revolution, was claimed by individual States. In 
 1787 it was organized into the Northwest Ttrritory, though, in consequence 
 of delay on the part of the Slates to cede their claims to the General Govern 
 ment, the latter did not acquire complete jurisdiction over it before 1800. 
 (See Topics 233, 23T ; Ap. pp. 84, 85.) 
 
 129. Give the history of Ohio 107, 110, 113, 118, 119, 176, 190 
 
 " The first explorations in the territory were made by the French, the discov 
 eries of LaSalle in this region dating from about 1680." (See also Table of 
 States, and preceding paragraph in relation to the Northwest Territory ; also 
 Topics 212, 214, 215 ; App. pp. r ,7, 78.) 
 
 130. Give the history of Oregon 7, 157 ; Note 157, 192 ; Table of States. 
 
 A writer of note states that the name Oregon was probably invented by 
 Captain Carver, who made an early exploration of the region. Another 
 writer gives it as his opinion that the name was derived from the Spanish 
 oregano, wild sago, which grows in great abundance on the Pacific coast. 
 
 131. Give the history of Nevada 7, 150 ; Table of States. 193 
 
 The State derived its name from the mountain range on the west of it. The 
 two words sierra and nevada, are Spanish, meaning mountains snow-covered 
 
 132. Give an account of William Penn 40, 43, 44, 46 
 
 Was born in London in 1644. Though reared in the principles of the Church 
 of England, he became a convert t<> Quakerism. He was several times ar 
 rested and imprisoned for attending Quaker meetings and for preaching. 
 
 133. Give the history of Pennsylvania. 43, 44, 52,. 55, 53, 57, 60, 6S. 79, 80, 81, 87, 
 
 108, 179, 180 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 
 
 134. Give the Msfory of Philadelphia 44, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 99, 108 
 
 135. What can you state of William Pitt ? 59, 60 
 
 Was born in England in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolu 
 tion he favored the Americans. At the close of a speech made in Parlia 
 ment in 1778, against the motion to acknowledge the independence of the 
 United States, he fell to the floor in a fit and died a few weeks after. 
 
 186. What account can yon gire of General Putnam f 75 
 
 Israel Putnam, familiarly known as " Old Put." was born in Massachusetts 
 in 1718, died in Connecticut in 1700. In the lattv State he made himself 
 famous by his daring encounters with wolves and Indians. Was in the ex 
 pedition against Ticonderoga (p. 59). during which he was captured by In 
 dians, tied to a tree to be burned, bnt was saved by a French officer ; served 
 in the Pontiac War (p. 63) ; was in the battle of Bunker Hill ; and in 1779 
 opposed Tryon s expedition (p. 89). 
 
 137. What can you state of Count PulasIA 80, 91 
 
 138. Name as many early navigators as you can 9-37 
 
 139. Give an account of James K. Polk 143-150 
 
 Born in North Carolina in 1795 ; died in Tennessee in 1849. Was a repre 
 sentative in Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was speaker 
 of the House three terms. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 73 
 
 140. Give an account of Franklin Pierced 151, 152 
 
 Born in New Hampshire in 1834; was a representative in Congress, a United 
 States senator, and served in ihe Mexican War. Died in 1869. 
 
 141. State ivhat you can of General Pope 168, 171, 172 
 
 142. State what you can of Admiral Porter 169, 173, 181 
 
 143. In how many and what wars have the United States been engaaed? 65. 90, 
 
 107, 110, 114, 115, 1-20, 130, 135, 138, 1S9, 143 
 
 144. In ivhatwars, when they were Colonies? 21, 22, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 48 
 
 145. What rebellions have there been in the United States ? 99, 108, 138, 157 
 
 146. Give the hi&tory of Rhode Island 31, 51, 68, 79, 86, 87, 141 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 13 
 
 147. What can you state of Sir Walter Raleigh f 14, 15 ; Note 10, p. 17 
 
 Born in England in 1552. The death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, proved 
 {atal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of treason, convicted, 
 and, after a period of fifteen years, during which time he suffered imprison- 
 meut, and afterward commanded an unsuccessful expedition to the coast of 
 South America, he was beheaded in London in 1618. He never visited any 
 part of the new world now belonging to the United States. During his long 
 imprisonment he wrote a "History of the World," which has been pro 
 nounced as 1 greatly superior both in style and matter to the English histori 
 cal compositions which had preceded it." 
 
 148. What can you state of General Rosecrans ? 169, 17 0, 173, 175 
 
 149. State what yon can of Captain John Smith 18, 19, 20, 23 
 
 Born in England in 1579 ; died there in 1631. His life was an eventful one. 
 The narrative of the part he took in wars against the Turks, of his captiv 
 ity by them, and of his escape, seems more like a romance than a reality. 
 
 150. Give the history of Savannah 48, 87, 88, 90, 91, 180, 181, 182 
 
 151. What can you state of Gen. Philip Sclunjlerf 71,- 72, 82, a3, 84 
 
 Born at Albany, N. Y., in 1733 ; died there in 1804. Was in Johnson s 
 expedition in 1755 (p. 57), and was a member of Congress prior to the presi 
 dency of Washington, and afterward a United States senator from New 
 York. One of his (laughters married Alexander Hamilton in 1780. 
 
 152. What can you state of General John Sullivan? 76, 86, 87, 90 
 
 Born in Maine in 1740 ; died in New Hampshire in 1795. Was in the bat 
 tles of Trenton (p. 76), Princeton (p. 78), B> andywine (p. 79), Germantown 
 (p. 80). At the time of his death he was a Federal judge. 
 
 153. Give an account of General Arthur St. Clair 81, 82, 107 
 
 Born in Scotland in 1735; died in Pennsylvania in 1818. Was with Wolfe 
 in 1759 (p 62), with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
 and siege of Yorkrown, was president of Congress in 1787, and governor of 
 the Northwest Territory from its organization in 1789 to 1802. 
 
 154. What can you state of General Thomas Sumler f 91, 102 
 
 Born in South Carolina in 1734; died there in 1832. After the Revolution 
 ary War he was a representative and United States senator from South 
 Carolina. Fort Sumter (p. 158) was so named in honor of him. 
 
 155. Give the early history of St. Augustine 13, 14 
 
 156. Give an account of Gen. Winjield Scott... .124, 139, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161, 164 
 Born in Virginia in 1786 ; died at West Point, N. Y., in 1866. In the battle 
 of Queenstown (p. 116) he wa^ taken prisoner, but was soon exchanged. 
 
 157. What can you xtate of Gin. WMiim T. Sherman f... 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 
 Born in Ohio in 1820 ; graduated at West Point, an ! served in Floi ida. Gen. 
 Grant, on the very day of his inauguration, nominated Sherman for the 
 position of general of the army, and the nomination was at once confirmed 
 by the United States Senate. 
 
74 QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 158. What can you state of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan? 180,182 
 
 Born in Ohio of Irish parents in 1831 ; graduated at West Point, and served 
 against the Indians. After the Great Civil War he was placed in military com 
 mand at New Orleans, but his rigorous course toward the late Confederates 
 did not meet the approbation of President Johnson, and he was transferred 
 to a field of operations against the hostile Indians of the far West. Gen. 
 Grant, almost immediately after he became president, nominated Sheridan 
 for the position of lieutenant-general, in place of Gen. Sherma, promoted, 
 and the nomination was at once confirmed by the United States Senate. 
 
 159. What can you state of certain organizations known as Commissions that ex 
 
 isted during the Great Civil War? 
 
 There were several or them, and they did incalculable service in relieving 
 the sick and wounded soldiers, not only in the hospitals but on the battle 
 fields. The two known as the United States Sanitary Commission and the 
 Christian Commission were the largest. Of the former, the Rev. Henry W. 
 Bellows, D.D., of New York, was the president. 
 
 160. Give the history of Tennessee . . 107, 160, 168, 169, 173, 175, 180 ; Table of States. 
 " The name is derived from Tannassee (signifying river of the big bend), the 
 Indian name applied to the little Tennessee River." North Carolina ceded 
 the territory to the General Government in 1789. Two years after, it was 
 organized, with Kentucky, as the " Territory of the United States south of 
 the Ohio." 
 
 161. Give the history of Texas 141, 143, 144, 158, 173 ; Table of States, 192 
 
 Las Tekas, from which the name Texas is derived, is supposed to have been 
 the name of a petty tribe of Indians in Texas. The State ceded to the 
 General Government her claim to lands west of the 27th meridian, now in 
 Colorado and New Mexico. 
 
 162. Give an account of John Tyler 141, 143 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1790 ; died there in 1862. 
 
 163. Give an account of Gen. Zachary Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1784 ; was in the War of 1812 (p. 114), and in the Black 
 Hawk War (p. 138). 
 
 164. Give an account of Washington .12th Question, p. 113 
 
 165. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren 71. Note 2, p. 104 a. 
 
 Born in Massachusetts in 1741 ; graduated at Harvard College, studied medi 
 cine, became a physician in Boston, and was one of the most earnest and 
 eloquent leaders in resisting the unjust measures of the British Govern 
 ment. His loss was sincerely lamented by his countrymen. 
 
 163. Give an account of Gen. James Wilkinson 121, 122, 123, 124 
 
 Was born in Maryland in 1757; studied medicine, was a physician, nn of 
 ficer in the American army during the Revolution, was in the ba tle of the 
 Maumee (p. 107), governor of the Louisiana Territory in 1805-6, aided 
 in breaking up the plans of Aaron Burr in 1806 (p. 111). Died in 1S25. 
 
 167. Give the history of Washington City 106, 109, 126, 160 
 
 168. Give the history of the District of Columbia 106, 109 
 
 In 1788 Maryland ceded 60 square miles of land, and next year Virginia 
 ceded 40 square miles, to the United States as a site for the national capi 
 tal. This made a square of 10 miles, or 100 square miles, 60 square miles 
 being on the east side of the Potomac and 40 on the west, which was named 
 the District of Columbia, in honor of Christopher Columbus. The tract on 
 the Virginia side of the river was retrocedud to that State in 1846, conse 
 quently the District now consists of the territory ceded by Marylar.i in 
 1788. It contains the two cities of Washington and Georgetown, and is 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 75 
 
 subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress. The population in 1870 
 was 131,700, one-third ol whom were colored persons. 
 
 169. Give the history of West Point 93, Note 6, p. 104 b. 
 
 As early as 1776 the Americans erected a fort there. Next year a chain was 
 stretched across the river to prevent the passage of the enemy s ships. A 
 U. S. military academy was established there in 1802. 
 
 170. Give the history of Wisconsin 8, 98, 110, 150; Table of States, 190 
 
 "This State takes its name from a large tributary of the Mississippi, dis 
 covered by Marquette in 1673, and called by him Masconsin (wild rushing 
 channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin,. and finally to Wis 
 consin. 1 Detroit and its dependencies, including Wisconsin, remained in 
 the possession of the Englisii until after Jay s Treaty (1794). 
 
 171. Give the history of West Virginia 176 
 
 172. Give a sketch of t/ie life of Martin Van Buren Table, end of History, 140 
 
 Born at Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1782 ; died there in 1862. Was a United States 
 senator, governor ol the State of New York, and vice-president of the United 
 States during President Jackson s second term. 
 
 173. Give the history of Vermont 82, S3, 106, 107, 113 ; Table of States, 189 
 
 174. How many and ichat States were admitted to the Union during Washington s 
 
 administration ? (T;ible of States, end of History.) 
 
 175. Give the names of those admitted during each administration. (Same Table.) 
 
 176. Give the history of Virginia 14, 18-23 ; 66, 68, 71, 96, 97, 157, 160, 161, 102, 
 
 167, 170, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182 ; Ap. 11, 14 
 
 177. Give a sketch of the life of Daniel Webster 
 
 Bora in New Hampshire in 1782 ; died in Massachusetts in 1852. A large 
 part of his life was spent at Washington, either as a member of Congress 
 or in the President s cabinet. In 1842 : while secretary of state, he nego 
 tiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty, settling the differences between the 
 United States and Great Britain in relation to the Northeastern boundary, 
 which had disturbed the relations of the two countries many years. 
 
 178. Hoiv and when were the Northioestern differences fettled f Introduction. 
 
 179. Give the history of Nebraska 110, and Table of States, 191 
 
 The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Ne, water, and braska, 
 wide or shallow ; and being applied to the Plattc River, which runs through 
 the State, was afterward used to name the Territory. 
 
 180. Name, in order of succession, the Presidents of the United States Table. 
 
 181. Name those who served two terms, or eight years each Table. 
 
 182. Name those who served one term, or four years each Table. 
 
 183. Name tho*e who served leas than four years each Table. 
 
 184. Nam.e tho*e who died in office 141, 151, 182 
 
 185. State how each President was elected to his position . . 106-186 
 
 188. Name, in their order of settlement, the thirteen original States Table. 
 
 187. Name, in their order of admission to the Union, the other States Table. 
 
 188. What territory has be a n added to (he United States since 1782 ? 6, 7 
 
 189. State how and when each portion was added 6, 7 
 
 190. Give the story of Jane McCrea .....82, 83 
 
 The Indians asserted that they did not kill her, and the evidence afterward 
 collected went to sustain the assertion, and also to show that she was killed 
 by a shot intended for her captors, which was flred from Ft. Edward by one 
 of the patriots, a number of whom still lingered though the place had been 
 evacuated by Schuyler. "The story has been related in various ways, and 
 under the hands of successive narrators has been expanded into a pathetic 
 love romance." 
 
 191. Give the history of the Declaration of Independence 74 ; App. p. 8. 
 
76 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 192. Give the history of the Articles of Confederation 85, 99 ; Ap. 9, 10 
 
 193. Give the history of the Federal Constitution 99, 183, 186 ; Ap. 9, 10, 11, 36 
 
 191. Give the history of the United States Jlaj. Ans. At the beginning of 
 
 the Revolution, and for some months after, no distinctive flag was adopted 
 by the Americans. In 1176 the British Union flag was used, the only change 
 being that the field was composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
 white, to denote the union of the thirteen colonies. The American flag, 
 "Stars and Stripes," was adopted by Congress on the 14th of June, 1777. 
 
 195. Give the history of the Plymouth Colony 24, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35 
 
 It has been stated that Plymouth was not so called in memory of the 
 hospitalities bestowed upon the Pilgrims at Plymouth, England ; but the 
 weight of authority does not favor the statement. Baylies, however, in 
 his "Historical Memoirs of the Colony," says: "They (the Pilgrims) 
 named their settlement Plymouth, because this place had been so called by 
 Capt. Smith, who had previously surveyed the harbor, and they remem 
 bered the kindness which they had experienced from the people of Ply 
 mouth in England." Smith, when he examined the New England coast, 
 in 1614, made a map of the region, which was published in 1616. On this 
 map was the name, Plymouth ; but there is no evidence whatever that the 
 Pilgrims ever saw the map, they " having selected for their settlement the 
 country near the Hudson." 
 
 196. What was the length of each of the following wars f The French and In 
 dian f The Revolution? T he second with England ? The war with Mexi 
 co? The Great Civil War f 
 
 197. State the causes of each of the five wars 54, 65, 66. 114, 143, 157, 158 
 
 198. Give an account of Washington s military movements during the Revolu 
 
 tion 71-97 
 
 199. How many years hare the United States been involved in war? 74-182 
 
 200. Name the commanders who were compelled to surrender 56-190 
 
 201. Give the names of the ctlebrated foreigners who fought for the United 
 
 States 76, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 92, 97 ; Ap. G6-73 
 
 202. State the object of establishing each of the eight colonies that were in New 
 
 England 18-31 
 
 203. The object in establishing each of the o her colonies 37-48 
 
 204. Name the States that have been formed from territory acquired in conse 
 
 quence of war 187,188,189 
 
 205. From territory acquired by purchase, without war 187, 188, 189 
 
 206. What other States are there th it were formed from territory otherwise ac 
 
 quired? 187, 188, 189 
 
 207. How was such territory acquired / 187, 188, 189 
 
 203. What can you state a< regards the naming of this continent, America ? .... 10 
 
 " The name America was first applied to the New World in a work written 
 in Latin by Martin Waldseemuller, under an assumed name, and printed in 
 Lorraine, in 1507." A copy of this work is among the " Literary Curiosi 
 ties," under a glass ca.^e, in the British Museum, and is described as "A 
 book which has become famous, because in it is to be found for the first 
 time the proposition to bestow on the New World the name America, in 
 hono of Amerigo Vespucci." A second copy of the book was 1 procured by 
 the late Hon. Charles Sumner during his last visit to Europe. It is not 
 known that there is a third copy in existence. Humboldt acquits Amerigo 
 Vespucci of any design to have the country named after himseJf. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 77 
 
 809. Early Occupation of the Mi$sis$ipj>i Valley 6, 12, 191 
 
 "The oldest permanent European settlement in the Valley of the Missis 
 sippi, is Kaskaskia, 111., the seat of a Jesuit mission, which gradually be 
 came a central point of French colonization (about 1673)." In 1699, Le- 
 moine D Iberville, with about two hundred French colonists, made a settle 
 ment at Biloxi, the first in the present State of Mississippi. Three years 
 later, he began the settlement of Mobile. "In 1702, a party of French 
 Canadians, descending the Wabash, established Vincennes and other posts 
 on its banks." (Bancroft.) In 1712, Louis XIV. of France, claiming the en 
 tire Valley of the Mississippi as Louisiana, leased it to Anthony Crozat, 
 under whose direciion Fort Rosalie (the beginning of Natchez) was built in 
 1716 ; but, next year, Crozat gave up his lease. Next, for a period of fifteen 
 years, the Mississippi Company had controlof the region (See topic 210, Ap., 
 p. 77) ; and, under the direction of Governor Bienville, began the settle 
 ment of New Orleans (1718). St. Genevicve (Mo.) was founded in 1755. 
 " In 1775, St. Louis, originally a depot for the fur trade, contained 800 iu- 
 habit-mts." 
 
 210. The Mississippi (or Law s) Bubble Topic 209, App., p. 77 
 
 "A name given to a delusive speculation projected by John Law. In 1716, 
 be established a bank" in France, by royal authority, which became the 
 office for all public receipts, and there was annexed to it a Mississippi 
 Company, which had grants of land in Louisiana, and was expected to 
 realize immense sums by planting and commerce. In 1718, it was declared 
 a royal bank, and its shares rose to twenty times their original value, eo 
 that, in 1719, they were worth more than eighty times the amount of all the 
 current specie in France. In 1720, the shares sunk as rapidly as they had 
 risen, nearly overthrowing the French government, and occasioning great 
 and wide-spread financial distress and bankruptcy." 
 
 211. Daniel Boone 107; topic 90, App., p. 69 
 
 Daniel Boone, the pioneer in the settlement of Kentucky, was born in 
 Pennsylvania in 1735, and died in Missouri in 1820. At the age of eighteen, 
 he went with his father s family to North Carolina, where, a few years later, 
 he was married. After making several hunting excursions, he set out, in 
 1769, with five companions, to explore the Kentucky country. During the 
 next twenty-fi 76 years his life, as an explorer, pioneer, hunter, guide, and 
 settler, was the most prominent one in the history of that region. lie had 
 many encounters with the Indians, and was three times captured, but in 
 each case effected his escape. In 1775, he built a fort on the Kentucky 
 River, around which grew up the settlement and village of Boonsboro . 
 After Kentucky was admitted into the Union, Boone removed to Missouri. 
 
 2J2. Slavery not permitted north of the Ohio 99; 190 ; topic 17, App., p. 63 
 
 In 1787, Congress, then assembled in New York City, by a unanimous vote, 
 passed an act for the government of "the territory north-west of the Ohio 
 River," which is known as the ORDINANCE or 1787. The act concludes 
 with six articles, the last of which, the famous anti-slavery proviso, declares 
 that " there shall be neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude in the said 
 territory, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall 
 have been duly convicted." 
 
 218. Mason and Dixorfs Lins Topic 17, App., p. 63 
 
 41 A name given to the southern boundary line separating the free State of 
 Pennsylvania from the former slave states of Maryland and Virginia. It 
 
78 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 lies in latitude 39 43 20.3", and was run, with the exception of about 
 twenty-two miles, by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English 
 mathematicians and surveyors, between November 15, 1763, and December 
 26, 1767. During the excited debate in Congress in 1820, on the question of 
 excluding slavery from Missouri (seep. 136, *[6), the eccentric John Ran* 
 dolph, of Roanoke, Va., made great use of this phrase, which was caught 
 up and re-echoed by every newspaper in the laud, and thus gained a pro 
 verbial celebrity which it still retains." 
 
 814. The Western Reserve 190 
 
 "A name given to a region of country reserved by the States of Virginia 
 and Connecticut at the time of the cession of the North-west Territory to the 
 general government. Disputes arose, after the war of the Revolution, be 
 tween several of the States, respecting the right of soil in this territory, 
 which were only allayed by the cession of the whole to the general govern, 
 ment, Virginia reserving 3,709.848 acres near the rapids of the Ohio, for ht r 
 State troops, and Connecticut a tract of 3,666,921 acres near Lake Erie (in 
 the north-eastern corner of the present State of Ohio, and thence known as 
 the Connecticut Reserve ) In 1800, jurisdiction over these two tracts 
 was relinquished to the federal government, the (two) States reserving the 
 right to the soil, and disposing of it in small lots to settlers (from which 
 sales Connecticut, obtained her magnificent school fund), while the Indian 
 titles to the rest of the soil were bought up by the general government." 
 
 215. The Connecticut Reserve (See preceding topic, No. 214.) 
 
 B16. The Wilmot Proviso ir>0, 151 
 
 " A name popularly given to an amendment to a bill placing $2,000,000 at 
 the disposition of President Polk, to negotiate a peace with Mexico. It 
 was introduced in the national House of Representatives (Aug. 8, 1846) by 
 the lion. David Wilmot, a Democratic Representative from Pennsylvania, 
 and was in these words: Provided that, as an express and fundamental 
 condition to the acquisition of any territory from the Republic of Mexico 
 by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated be 
 tween them, and to the use, by the Executive, of the moneys herein appro 
 priated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any 
 part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly 
 convicted. The bill, with this amendment, was passed in the House, but 
 was not reached in the Senate. At the next session of Congress, another 
 bill, with a similar proviso, was passed by the Senate, but was rejected by 
 the House." 
 
 J17. The Dred Scott Case 157, and topic 17, App., p. 63. 
 
 Dred Scott, a negro slave, had been taken by a former master. Dr. Emerson, 
 from Missouri (then a slave State) to Illinois (a free State), and there held as 
 a slave about two years, and thence removed to Port Snelling,- now in Min 
 nesota. While here, he was married to a female slave of the same master. 
 In 1838, Dr. Emerson removed Scott, his wife, and child, to Missouri, where 
 he sold them. Scott now sued for his freedom and that of his wife and 
 child, in the Circuit Court, and obtained a judgment in his favor. The 
 Supreme Court of the State reversed the judgment. By writ of error, the 
 case was brought before the Supreme Court of the United States, where, on 
 the Gth of March, 1857, the judgment of the Circuit Court was reversed, it 
 being held that whatever claim Scott had to freedom, he lost by his return 
 to Missouri. Chief Justice Taney, in behalf of the majority of the Court, 
 
QUESTION S FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 79 
 
 expressed the opinion that " free negroes, whose ancestors were slaves, can 
 not become citizens." 
 
 13. Capture and destruction of the schooner Gaspee 31, 67 
 
 "In the year 1772, the British government stationed at Newport, R. I., a 
 sloop-of-war, with her tender, the schooner Gaspee, for the purpose of pre 
 venting the clandestine landing of articles subject to the payment of duty." 
 One day in June (8th), Capt. Lindscy, commanding the packet Hannah, ar 
 rived at Newport from New York, and thence, without stopping to have 
 his vessel examined, proceeded up the bay for Providence. "The Gaspee, 
 as usual, gave chuse, but ran aground on Namquit (now Gaspee) Point, 
 while the Hannah escaped, arriving at Providence about sunset (June 9)." 
 The situation of the hated " enemy was soon proclaimed at Providence by 
 beat of drum, calling upon those who desired to go and destroy her, to 
 meet that evening. * * Eight long-boats were provided, and soon after 
 10 o clock the party embarked. It was past midnight when they approached 
 the Gaspee, where they were joined by another boat from Bristol." The 
 attacking party boarded the schooner, and, after a brief struggle, the crew 
 surrendered and were put on shore, their vessel being set fire to and com 
 pletely destroyed (June 10). The British government offered a large reward 
 for information against the offenders, but without success. "The affair of 
 the Gaspee is deserving of commendation, as it was the first blow, in all 
 the colonies, for freedom." 
 
 319. The first colleges in the country 27 
 
 " The oldest and the most amply endowed institution of learning in the 
 United States is Harvard College," situated at Cambridge, Mass. In 1636, 
 " the Massachusetts Court agreed to give 400 towards a school or college, 
 but the project lay in abeyance until 1638, when, by the will of the Rev. 
 John Harvard, about 700 were secured, and the first class was foimed." 
 In 1700, ten Connecticut clergymen came together, and each one laying 
 some books on a table, paid, " I give these books for the founding of a col 
 lege in this colony." It was afterward called Yale College, in honor of 
 Elihu Yale, of England, who gave it a large sum of money. The College of 
 New Jersey (at Princeton) was organized in 1746; Columbia College (es 
 tablished by royal authority as King s College, and so known till 1784) was 
 organized in New York City, in 1754; and five other colleges, all of them 
 still in existence, were successively established before the Revolution. 
 
 220. The successive capitals of the United States 74, 99, 106, 109 
 
 Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States, Congress being in 
 session in that city when the Independence of the States was declared (p. 
 74). A little more than five months after that event, while the British forces 
 were advancing through New Jersey towards the Delaware River (p. 76), 
 Congress adjourned to Baltimore (Dec., 1776), but returned to Philadelphia 
 less than three months later (March, 1777). On the approach, by Chesapeake 
 bay, of the British army under Howe (p. 80), Congress adjourned at first 
 to Lancaster, Pa. (Sept. 27th to 30th, 1777), and then to York, Pa. (Sept. 
 80th), but after the British evacuated Philadelphia (p. 86), Congress returned 
 to that city (July, 1778), which city continued to be the capital till June, 
 1783, when Congress adjourned to Princeton, N. J. (June 30), and, in No 
 vember of the same year, to Annapolis, Md. (p. 99). The next session was 
 opened at Trenton, N. J- (Nov. 30, 1784), but in January, 1785, Congress 
 adjourned to New York (p. 106). In 1790, the seat of government was re- 
 
80 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 moved to Philadelphia (p. 106), and in 1800, to Washington City (p. 109). (See 
 also information respecting the District of Columbia, at the bottom of p. 21, 
 of the Appendix.) 
 
 221. Which of the ex-presidents, after their presidential terms, became Members 
 
 of Congress ? 109, 185. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, two years after his presidential term, was elected to 
 represent his district in the House of Representatives ; and he continued, 
 by successive elections, to occupy the seat in Congress till his death. In 
 1875, Andrew Johnson was elected by the Legislature of Tennessee to 
 represent that State in the United States Senate for a period of six years ; 
 but he died on the last day of July of the same year. 
 
 222. Old Hickory 138 
 
 The name of Old Hickory (conferred upon General A.ndrew Jackson in 
 1813, by the soldiers under his command) was not an instantaneous inspi 
 ration, but a growth. First of all, the remark was made by gome soldier 
 who was struck with his commander s pedestrian powers, that the general 
 was tough. Next, it was observed that he was as tough as hickory. 
 Then he was called Hickory. Lastly, the afiectiouaie adjective old was 
 prefixed, and the general thenceforth rejoiced in the completed nickname, 
 usually the first- won honor of a great commander." Parton. "Accord 
 ing to another account, the name sprung from his having, on one occasion, 
 set his men an example of endurance by feeding on hickory-nuts, when 
 destitute of supplies." 
 
 223. The Mormons or Latter Day Saints 141 
 
 These are the followers of a religioa founded by Joseph Smith, who was 
 born in Vermont in 1805. According to Smith s own account, "an angel 
 appeared to him and informed him that God had a work for him to do. and 
 that a record, written upon gold plates, and giving an account of the ancient 
 inhabitants of America, and the dealings of God with them, was deposited 
 in a particular place in the earth." The record from these plates, translated 
 by Smith, is the "Book of Mormon," which was first published in 1830. 
 The Mormons accept the Holy Bible, but regard their book as an additional 
 revelation. Their first church was organized at Manchester, N. Y., in 1830, 
 whence, next year, they removed to Kirtland, Ohio. During the next 
 eight year?, large numbers of Mormons collected in Missouri, principally in 
 and about Independence, but becoming involved in disputes with the 
 people, they crossed the Mississippi to Illinois, and there, by authority of a 
 charter granted by the Illinois legislature, built a city, wliich they called 
 Nauvoo (1840-45). Quarrels with the surrounding people occurring, Joseph 
 Smith and his brother Hyrum, being charged with violating the laws of the 
 State, surrendered themselves to the authorities at Carthage, 111., where a 
 mob, chiefly Missourians, attacked the jail in which they were confined, 
 and killed the two men (1844). Brigham Young was chosen president as 
 Smith s successor. The charter which had been granted to Nauvoo having 
 been repealed by the legislature (in 1845). the Mormons began to remove to 
 the Rocky Mountain region. Those who lingered in Nauvoo were attacked 
 and driven out of the city. Most of the Mormons gathered at Council 
 Bluffs, Iowa, whence, in the course of two or three years, they crossed the 
 plains to Salt Lake Valley. Salt Lake City was founded by them in 1847. 
 Thousands of converts, many from Europe, having since joined them, they 
 have " subdued the soil, reclaimed the wilderness, and clothed the Great 
 Valley with towns and cities, and covered it with farms." 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 81 
 
 124. Political Parties 99, 108, 109, 135, 137, 138, 141, 151, 152 
 
 *When, after the Revolution, the Constitution was presented to the States 
 for adoption (Sept. 1787), it met with decided opposition from a large part 
 of the people "who were opposed to conferring so much power upon the 
 general government ; " and, " in the differences in opinion between its 
 friends and opponents originated the two great political parties into which 
 the people were divided during a period of about thirty years." The friends 
 of the Constitution, "regarding its adoption indispensable to the Union, 
 took the name of Federalists, and bestowed upon the other party that of 
 Anti-Federalists, intimating that to oppose the adoption of the Constitu 
 tion, was to oppose any union of the States." The Federal party embraced 
 a large number of the ablest statesmen of that period, including Washing 
 ton, Hamilton, Adams, Jay, and Marshall ; while in the opposite ranks 
 were those known as Anti-Federalists, or Republicans, and subsequently 
 as Democrats, under the leadership of Jefferson, George Clinton, Burr, and 
 others. " In the contests of the French Revolution (p. 107, t 7), the Feder 
 alists leaned to the side of England, the Republicans to that of France. 
 The opposition of the Federalists to the war of 1812, the favor they ex 
 tended to the Hartford Convention (p. 129), and other causes, contributed 
 to their destruction, and in 1820 the party was disbanded. The two elec 
 tions of Jefierson and the two of Madison were triumphs of the Repub 
 licans. The two of Monroe may also be regarded as triumphs of the same 
 party, though party lines were almost obliterated, the first years of Mon 
 roe s administration being known as " the era of good feeling. 11 The 
 nomination of John Quincy Adams was supported by a union of Republicans 
 with most of the old Federalist? (p. 137). The presidential contest of 1828, 
 " the most bitter in American history," was largely oi a personal character. 
 The candidates were Adams and Jackson, the latter succeeding. "The 
 Jackson party being, in most part, the old Republican party, took the name 
 of Democrats, while their opponents assumed the name of Whigs." The 
 former, during Jackson s first term, took ground against the re-chartering 
 of the United States Bank, and afterward against a high, or "protective 
 tariff." The Whigs favored these measures. " The election of Van Bnren 
 was a continuation of Jackson s policy ; " that of Harrison was a triumph 
 of the Whigs. In the presidential contest of 1844, the Democratic party 
 favored "the annexation of Texas," as also "the claim to Oregon ns far 
 north as 54 degrees 40 minutes. Their rallying cry was 54, 40, or fight." 
 They elected James K. Polk over Henry Clay, the candidate of the Whig?. 
 In the contest of 184S, a third party, composed mostly of northern men 
 who were "opposed to the extension of slavery into the territory of the 
 United States," and known as the Free Soil Party, nominated Martin Van 
 Bnren. Gen. Tavlor, the Whig candidate, was elected (p. 150). In the 
 contest of 1852, the candidate of the Democrats was Franklin Pierce; that 
 of the Whig? was Gen. Winfteld Scott (D. 151). Before the next, the eight 
 eenth contest took place, the Whi? party ceased to exist, and two new 
 parties came into bcin<r, the Republican and the American; the latter 
 favoring native-born citizens for political offices, and also favoring a longer 
 residence in the United States on the part of persons of foreign birth, as a 
 requisite of citizenship. Then there were three parties (p. 152). (For the 
 19th contest see p. 158.) Gen. Grant s competitor, in the 20th contest, 
 was Horace Greeley, the distinguished journalist. The latter had been 
 
82 QUESTION S FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 nominated by a small portion of the Republican party, knowu as Liberal 
 Republicans t and afterward by the Democrats (p. 18(5). 
 
 225. General John Stark 83 
 
 Was bora in New Hampshire in 1728 ; died there in 1822. In 1752 he waa 
 captured by Indians, and was their prisoner several weeks until ransomed. 
 In the French and Indian War he distinguished himself by his bravery in 
 several engagements. During the Revolution he took a prominent part, 
 doing good service as Colonel in the Battle of Bunker Hill, in the expedition 
 against Canada, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He was a 
 member o( the court-martial that tried and condemned Andre. On the eve 
 of the Battle of Bennington he " promised his men the plunder oi the 
 British camp. The homely speech made by him when in sight of the 
 enemy, has often been cited: Now, my men 1 There are the red-coats 1 
 Before night they must be ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow. " He 
 v/as made a brigadier-general by Congress lor his gallantry at Bennington. 
 
 226. How many inhabitants must a Territory have before it can be admitted as a 
 State? 
 
 " No exact number of inhabitants as a condition of the admission of a 
 Territory into the Union as a State, is required eiiher by law or usage. 
 The number of inhabitants possessed by a Territory is merely one of the 
 circumstances going to show how much of the elements of statehood the 
 applicant possesses." 
 
 227. The Speedwell and the Mayflower. 25 
 
 The Speedwell was a small vessel of only about sixty tons. She was bought 
 in Holland by the Pilgrims, and was intended to be taken to America and 
 kept there for fishing and other purposes. She sailed to England with not 
 less than one hundred persons crowded on board. The Mayflower had 
 been hired in London by agents of the Pilgrims sent from Holland, and 
 she sailed for Southampton with less than twenty passengers. When, after 
 the two vessels had put back a second time and had entered the port of Ply 
 mouth, it was determined to leave the Speedwell in England, all the pas 
 sengers, of both vessels, to the number of one hundred and two, that could 
 find accommodation in the Mayflower, were put on board that vessel. The 
 term Pilgrims was first applied to them by Bradford in his history of the 
 colony. They are now affectionately known as the Pilgrim Fathers. 
 
 228. Leisler and Milborne 39 
 
 In consequence of the arbitrary conduct of James II., a revolution took place, 
 the king fled to France, and the English crown was bestowed upon William 
 and Mary (1688-9). The news of these proceedings was received in New 
 York with demonstrations of satisfaction. Jacob Leisler, aided by several 
 hundred armed men, and with the general approbation of the citizens, took 
 possession of the fort there in the name of the new sovereigns. He continued 
 at tke head of affairs, managing with prudence and energy, for more than two 
 years, his son-in-law, Milborne, acting as his deputy. On the arrival of Governor 
 Sloughter, bearing a commission direct from William and Mary, Leisler sur 
 rendered all authority. This would not satisfy his enemies; they were bent 
 upon his destruction. So he and Milborne were arrested, tried on a charge of 
 treason, and condemned to death. Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed 
 the death-warrant, and both men were executed. 
 
 229. Captain Kidd 39 
 
 In 1698 the Earl of Bellamont became Governor of the colony of New York. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 83 
 
 As commerce was greatly disturbed by pirates, he sent out a bold captain, 
 named William Kidd, to capture their vessels. But Kidd was a bad man, 
 and, knowing that there were many Spanish ships carrying gold, silver, and 
 other treasures across the ocean from America, he turned pirate himself, and 
 soon became the terror of the seas. He obtained immense quantities of gold 
 and other rich treasures, some of which he is reported to have buried in 
 various parts of America. At length, appearing in the streets of Boston, he 
 was seized and sent to England, where he suffered death for his crimes (May, 
 1701). His buried treasures have been sought for in vain. 
 
 230. John Locke and his Grand Modtl of Government 47 
 
 The grant of Carolina in 1663 was made by Charles II. to a company of eight 
 English courtiers, Sir Ashley Cooper, afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, being 
 of ihe number. "They begged the country under the pretence of a pious 
 zeal for the propagation of the Gospel, and their sole object was the increase 
 of their wealth and dignity." A new charter, granted to these same eight 
 persons, in 1665, extended the limits of their possessions so as to include all 
 the region from Virginia to about the middle of Florida (as both States now 
 are), from the Atlantic to the Pacific. To Sir Ashley was assigned the task 
 of drawing up a form of government for the new province, and he induced 
 John Locke, the most eminent philosopher of his time, to aid him in its prep 
 aration. Ad the proprietors believed that Carolina, in the course of time, 
 would become a great and populous empire, a constitution, known as the 
 Great Mndei, was prepared and adopted in keeping with the grandeur of 
 their expectations. The provisions of this instrument, if carried into effect, 
 would have m^de a government of lords and noblemen. " As far as depend 
 ed on the proprietors, the government was organized," but, not being suited 
 to the circumstances of the people, it never went into effect, and within a 
 quarter of a centmy (1693) the constitution was abandoned by the proprietors 
 themselves. 
 
 231. Burning of Charkstown 71 
 
 "Two days after the massacre of Lexington, Gage had threatened that, if the 
 Americans should occupy Charlestown heights, the town should be burned. 
 ltd inhabitants, however, had always been willing that the threat should be 
 disregarded. The tiue (during the battle of Bunker Hill) for the holocaust 
 was now to come. Pretending that his flanking parties were annoyed from 
 houses in the village, Howe sent a boat over (to Boston) with a request to 
 Clinton and Burgoyne to burn it. The order was immediately obeyed by a 
 discharge of shells from Copp s Hill (Boston). The inflammable buildings 
 caught in an instant, and a party of men landed and spread the fire." 
 
 ^32. England s Foes and Friend* during the Revolution 74, 81, 85, 87 
 
 The treaty of amity and commerce and the defensive treaty of alliance con 
 cluded between France and the United States (Feb., 1778) made Frauce an 
 enemy of England till the close of the war. In 1779, Spain, influenced largely 
 bythedeske to recover Florida and Gibraltar, but with no wish to aid the 
 Americans, joined France and declared war against England. In consequence 
 of the refusal of Holland to loan troops to England, and also, at a later 
 period, because of the sympathy otherwise shown by Holland to the Ameri 
 can cause, England made war upon that, power (Dec., 1780), and captured a 
 number of the Dutch possessions in the Indies. The forces of the English 
 king in America were recruited from Germany to the number of 30,000 troops, 
 and from emigrants driven by want from Ireland and Scotland. Recruits 
 
84: QUESTIONS FOH TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 were also secured in Canada, and large bodies of Indians joined the royal 
 forces. On the very day of the treaty of peace between Great Britain and 
 the United States (Sept. 3, 1783), a treaty was signed at Versailles, Frnnce, be 
 tween Great Britain, France, and Spain, but the war with Holland continued 
 till June, 1784. 
 
 233. General George Rogers Clark 90 
 
 Born in Virginia in 1752; died in Kentucky in 1818. Directly after the 
 colonies had declared themselves independent of Great Britain, Clark formed 
 a plan for securing to them, more especially to Virginia, the territory north 
 west of the Ohio river, which was then in the possession of the British. 
 Aided by Patrick Henry, the Governor of Virginia, and by Jefferson and 
 other distinguished men of that State, and commissioned as a colonel in the 
 service of Virginia, he conducted an enterprise "which, for the valor of the 
 actors, their fidelity to one another, the seeming feebleness of their means, 
 and the great result of their hardihood, remains forever memorable in the 
 history of the world." His first success was at Kaskaskia. This place he 
 surprised and captured without a struggle (July 4, 17<"8). There he found a 
 French Catholic priest, who dissuaded him from proceeding against Vin- 
 cennes, but who repaired thither as a mediator and induced its inhabitants to 
 espouse the -cause of the United States. To dispossess the Americans, 
 Hamilton, the British commander at Detroit, with a small force of soldiers 
 and three hundred and fifty warriors, arrived at Vincennes and took posses 
 sion of its fort and town without opposition (Dec.). In the early part of 
 February (1779), learning that Hamilton had sent his warriors away for the 
 winter, Clark left Kaskaskia, with one hundred and thirty men, to go against 
 Vincennes, 280 miles away. During this wonderful march of sixteen days 
 the Americans suffered terribly. The season was inclement, and they 
 crossed the drowned lands of the Wabash river, often up to their breasts in 
 water. Vincennes surrendered, and then, after a brief siege, Hamilton and 
 his garrison also surrendered (Feb. 24). "By these events was the north 
 western boundary of the new American Union removed from the Ohio to the 
 Great Lakes, and, except for George Rogers Clark and his victories, the 
 North- West would have been to-day a British Canadian colony." 
 
 234. Execution of Colonel Isaac Hayne 91 
 
 When, in 1781, the fortunes of the British at the South began to decline, 
 their commander, Rawdon, called upon all persons who had given in their 
 adhesion to the royal cause to repair at once to his standard. Among the 
 persons so called was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a distinguished patriot of South 
 Carolina, who had been assured, when he took the oath of adherence at the 
 fall of Charleston (May 12, 1780), that he would never be required to take up 
 arms against his countrymen. Believing this call to be in violation of the 
 agreement, and being thus compelled to assume the sword either for or 
 against the patriots, he did not hesitate to choose the former. At the head 
 of a troop of horse he gained some advantages, but, being surprised and cap 
 tured, he was taken to Charleston, briefly examined, and sentenced to be 
 hung; and, though the citizens petitioned for his pardon, the sentence was 
 duly executed (Aug. 4, 1781). 
 
 235. The Alien and Sedition Lnws 109 
 
 These were two Acts passed by Congress in 1798, during the administration 
 of John Adams. They were intended to counteract the schemes of the 
 French Directory, whose emissaries in this country abused the freedom of 
 
QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 85 
 
 the press by defaming the administration and exciting the opposition of tho 
 people to the government. The Alien law, to be in force two years, author 
 ized the President to banish from the country all foreigners whom he should 
 consider dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States. The 
 Sedition law, to continue in force till March 3, 1801, provided for the punish 
 ment of all persons found guilty of abusing the freedom of speech or of the 
 press. Both laws were denounced by the enemies of the administration, as 
 in the highest degree tyrannical, and their unpopularity, it was generally 
 believed, contributed more than any other cause to the overthrow of the 
 Federal party. Both expired by their own limitations. 
 
 236. Organization of the President s Cabinets 138 
 
 The first cabinet consisted of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs (afterwards 
 called the Secretary of State), the Secret iry of the Treasury, the Secretary of 
 War, and the Attorney General. Though the Post Office Department was 
 organized at that time, the office of Postmaster General did not confer a seat 
 in the cabinet till Jackson (in IS ^J) made that officer a member of his cabinet. 
 On the establishment of the Navy Department (in 1798) the Secretary of the 
 Navy became a member of the President s (John Adams) cabinet. The De 
 partment of the Interior having been established, President Taylor, at the 
 beginning of his administration (1849), appointed Thomas Evving, of Ohio, 
 its first secretary. This increased the number of the President s^cabinet to 
 seven persons, the present number. 
 
 237. Cessions of Territory by the Staffs to the General Government. r 190 
 
 Previous to the year 1781, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware were the only States that had ex 
 actly defined boundaries. In 1781, New York ceded her claims to all lands 
 west of the present limits of the State. The cession of Virginia was in 1784, 
 and included Kentucky and the parts of Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana south of 
 the 41st parallel. From this Virginia reserved for military bounty lands tho 
 entire territory between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers. Massachusetts 
 ceded her claims in 1785 ; Connecticut in 1786. (See Topic 214, Ap., p. 78.) In 
 1787, South Carolina ceded her claim, the territory given up being a strip of 
 land about twelve miles wide, extending along the entire southern boundaries 
 of North Carolina and Tennessee. In 1790, North Carolina ceded Tennessee. 
 In 1802, Georgia, receiving that part of the cession of South Carolina lying 
 within her present limits, ceded all west of her present western boundary ex 
 tending to the Mississippi. In 1850, Texas ceded all her claims to lands 
 west of her present limits. 
 
 238. Fulton and his First Steamboat 197 
 
 Robert Fulton was born in Pennsylvania in 1765 ; he died* in New York in 
 
 1815. He was the author of several useful inventions, but his steamboat, 
 named the Clermont, constructed in 1807, is regarded as the most important. 
 Boats, propelled by steam, had been built by John Fitch and James Rumsey, 
 both Americans, more than twenty years before, but the voyage from New 
 York City to Albany, made by Fulton in the Clermont in 1807, gave an im. 
 pulse to steamboat enterprise which soon created a revolution in navigation. 
 
 239. Colorado . < 188 191 
 
 This word is Spanish, meaning red or ruddy . " The fiVst weli-authenticated 
 account of the discovery of what is now the State of Colorado, is the record 
 of Coronado (see note, page next after 17). Before the commencement of 
 the present century there is no record of nny inhabitants there, except ia 
 the south portion, where a few Mexicans and Spaniards were settled." 
 
86 QUESTIONS FOK TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 NOTABLE HISTORICAL SAYINGS. 
 
 "Don t fae till you see the whites of their eyes." The patriots at the battle of 
 Bunker Hill had but a scanty supply of powder. To avoid wasting it by in 
 effectual shots, Colonel Prescott, as the British advanced to the attack, en 
 joined his men as above. 
 
 " Don t give vp the skip." (See the History, p. 123.) 
 
 "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. 11 These 
 words occur in the resolutions prepared by Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 
 death of Washington, and passed by the House of Representatives (Dec., 1799). 
 
 " Give them a little more grape, Captain Bragg." In the last desperate en 
 counter of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb., 1847), Bragg s battery, as soon as it 
 came into action, caused the Mexicans to waver. Perceiving this, General 
 Taylor exclaimed as above. The order was promptly obeyed, the enemy 
 were repulsed, and a great victory was won. 
 
 " I am not worth purchasing, but, such as 1 am, the Icing of Great Britain is not 
 rich enough to do it." After the evacuation of Philadelphia by the British 
 (June, 1778), General Joseph Reed, then a member of Congress, was ap 
 proached there by a lady acting under the direction of a British agent named 
 Johnstone, and offered 10,000 and any colonial office in his Majesty s gift, 
 if he would exert his influence to restore a union of the two countries. 
 Pilled with indignation, Reed replied as above. 
 
 " If any one attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." 
 This was the closing part of a telegram sent from Washington to New 
 Orleans (December, 1860), by General John A. Dix, Secretary of the Treasury. 
 Mr. Dix had ordered two revenue cutters to be taken to New York, New 
 Orleans being at the time in virtual possession of the secessionists ; but the 
 captain of one of the cutters refusing to obey, he sent a telegram to the lieu 
 tenant, ordering the arrest of the captain and closing with the above words. 
 
 " r!l try, sir." (See the History, p. 124.) 
 
 " rd rather be right than be President of the United States." This was said by 
 Henry Clay after a presidential contest, in which he had been one of the can 
 didates. 
 
 " In the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress. 1 Ethan Allen, 
 in command of the expedition against Ticonderoga, arrived at the fort at early 
 dawn, May 10, 1775, and demanded its surrender. Its commander, Captain 
 Delaplace, hastily arising from his bed, and appearing at the door of his 
 room, inquired: " By what authority do you act ? " Allen, raising his sword, 
 replied as above, and Delaplace was compelled 10 yield. 
 
 " I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." This was part of a 
 dispatch sent by General Grant to the Honorable Edwin M. Stanton, Secre 
 tary of War, ou the 8th of May, 1864, the day after the battle of Spottsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." From a speech 
 delivered in Congress by Daniel Webster. 
 
 * Millions for defense, but, not a cent for tribute." President John Adams 
 
QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 87 
 
 appointed Charles C. Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall as envoys 
 to France, for the purpose of making an amicable adjustment of the difficul 
 ties with that country (See the History, p. 109). The envoys were insultingly 
 met by the French Directory, and finally informed that nothing would be 
 accomplished until a present of money was made. It being intimated to the 
 envoys that the penalty of refusal would be a war, Pinckney replied: " War 
 be it then I Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute." 
 
 1 Molly Stark will be a widow. (See Topic 225, App. , p. 82.) 
 Our Country! In her intercourse with foreign nations may she always be In 
 (he right ; but our country, right or wrong." This was a toast given by Com 
 modore Stephen Decatur at a dinner in Norfolk, Va., in 1816. 
 
 I 8ink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, 1 give my hand and my heart to this 
 vote." This occurs in a supposed speech made in Congress by John Adams 
 (in 1776), previous to his voting for the Declaration of Independence. It 
 forms part of Daniel Webster s great oration in eulogy of Adams and Jeffer 
 son, pronounced on the 2d of August, 1826. 
 
 1 The Americans must light the lamps of industry and economy. 1 When the 
 Stamp Act was passed (1765), Dr. Franklin was in London, as the agent of 
 Pennsylvania. On the very night of its passage, after its passage, ho wrote 
 a letter to Charles Thomson, " who was Secretary of Congress for fifteen con 
 secutive years," in which occurs the above sentence. 
 
 We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (Sec the History, p. HG.) 
 
 Westward the course of empire takes it way" This occurs in Bishop Berkeley s 
 six verses " On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America." In 
 1729, Berkeley came to this country, intending to establish a college for the 
 training of pastors for the churches in the colonies, and of missionaries for 
 the Indians. The poem was written in anticipation of the happy results of the 
 scheme. After residing less than three years near Newport, R. I., he returned 
 to England. A very large painting, representing Berkeley s thought, as given 
 in the poem, is in the National Capitol, Washington. 
 
 With malice toward none, with charity for all." This occurs in President 
 Lincoln s second inaugural address, March 4, 1865. 
 
 POPULAR NAMES GIVEtf TO THE STATES. 
 
 Arkansas is called the Bear State, because of the number of bears that infested 
 its forests. 
 
 California io known as the Golden State, it being the most important gold-pro 
 ducing region in the world. 
 
 Connecticut, the Land of Steady Habits, in allusion to the staid deportment of its 
 inhabitants. Also, the Nutmeg State, " the inhabitants of which have such a 
 reputation for shrewdness that they have been jocosely accused of palming 
 off wooden nutmegs on unsuspecting purchasers, instead of the genuine 
 article." 
 
 Delaware is sometimes called the Diamond Slate, from its small size and great 
 importance. Also, the Blue JTfn, Captain Caldwell, of the First Delaware 
 Regiment, having asserted that no fighting cock could be truly game whoso 
 mother was not a blue hen. 
 
88 QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 Florida, the Peninsular Slate, from its shape. 
 
 Illinois, the Prairie State, in allusion to the wide-spread and beautiful prairies in 
 
 the State. 
 Indiana. This State is known as the Hoosier State, and the inhabitants. Hoosiers. 
 
 " The word is said to be a corruption of husher, formerly a common term for 
 
 a bully throughout the West." 
 Iowa, the Hawkeye State, after an Indian Chief. 
 Kansas. The name, Garden of the West, is often given to this State, but it is 
 
 also given to Illinois and other Western States that are noted for their 
 
 prodactiveness. 
 
 Kentucky is called the Corn- Cracker State, and its inhabitants, Corn- Crackers. 
 Louisla-ii is called the Creole State, the descendants of the original French and 
 
 Spanish settlers being a large part of the inhabitants. 
 Maineis, the Lumber State, "the inhabitants being largely engaged in cutting and 
 
 raftinglnmber." 
 Massachusetts, the Say State, or the 0-d Bay State, its name before the Revolution 
 
 having been the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
 Michigan is known as the Lake State, it bordering on four great lakes. Also, as 
 
 the Wolverine Stale, because of the great number of wolverines formerly 
 
 abounding there. The inhabitants ;ire sometimes designated as Wolverines. 
 Mississippi, the Bayou State, because of the numerous bayous or creeks there. 
 New Hampshire is known as the Granite State, the mountainous portions being 
 
 largely composed of granite. 
 New York, the Empire State, the most populous and the wealthiest State in the 
 
 Union. Also known as the Excelsior State, the motto, Excelsior, being on its 
 
 coat of arms. 
 North Carolina, the Old North State. Also as the Turpentine State, immense 
 
 quantities of turpentine being produced here. 
 Ohio is called the Buckeye Stale, from the buckeye tree which abounds there. 
 
 The inhabitants are often called Buckeyes, 
 Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State, " from its having been the central 
 
 State of the Union at the time of the formation of the Constitution. If the 
 
 names of the thirteen original States are arranged in the form of an arch, 
 
 Pennsylvania will occupy the place of the keystone. 1 
 Rhode Island is called Little Rhody, it being the smallest of the States. 
 South Carolina, called the Palmetto State, "from the arms of the State, which 
 
 contain a picture of a palmetto tree. 1 
 Texas, called the Lone Star State, the Texas flag, before the admission of the 
 
 State into the Union, having a single star. The coat of arms of the State has 
 
 a "lone star. " 
 Vermont is called the Green Mountain State, the Green Mountains being the 
 
 principal range in the state. The male inhabitants are frequently called 
 
 the Green Mountain Boys. 
 Virginia. The popular name for this State is the Old Dominion, but the origin 
 
 of the term has not been satisfactorily determined. It is also called the 
 
 Mother of States, because, from its extensive original domain a number of 
 
 States have been formed, in whole or in part. The name Mother of Presi 
 dents is likewise given to it, because six of the Presidents of the United States 
 
 were born in the state. 
 Wisconsin is called the Badger State, from the great number of badgers formerly 
 
 abounding in the State. The State s coat of arras has a picture of a badger- 
 
QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 89 
 
 FAMILIAE NAMES 
 
 APPLIED TO PERSONS AND THINGS IN THE HISTORY OP THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 American Fabius. This name was applied to Washington, because his cautious 
 generalship resembled that of the Roman General Fabius. 
 
 Apostle of Hie Indians. By this designation was the Rev. John Eliot known. He 
 was a successful missionary among the Indians of Massachusetts in the 
 early history of the colony, over whom he had an influence almost unbounded. 
 He wrote several books, but his greatest works were an Indian Grammar and a 
 translation of the Bible into the Indian tongue. He died in 1690, at the age 
 of 86. 
 
 Barnburners. This nickname was given to the more radical and progressive 
 section of the Democratic party, who aimed at correcting the abuses in con 
 nection with banks and other corporations, in allusion to the story of an old 
 Dutchman who relieved himself of rats, by burning his barn, which they 
 infested. (Van Buren s Administration.) 
 
 Black, Republicans. This name was applied to the members of the Republican 
 party by their opponents. (See His., p. 158.) 
 
 Boston, Tea Party. (See the History, p. 67.) 
 
 Brother Jonathan. This is a sportive name applied to the people of the United 
 States. Several accounts have been given as to its origin, but this remains in 
 doubt. 
 
 Cradle of Liberty. During the Revolution, Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was the 
 usual place of meeting of the patriots, hence its name as above. 
 
 Dixie. "An imaginary place somewhere in the Southern States of America. 
 The term is also used as a collective designation of the Southern States." 
 
 Expounder of the Constitution. Daniel Webster was so called, because of his 
 elaborate expositions of the Constitutions. (See App., p. 75, topic 177.) 
 
 Father of his Country. A title conferred upon Washington. 
 
 Little Giant. This name was popularly given to Stephen A. Douglas, a dis 
 tinguished statesman, his small stature procuring him the title. 
 
 Little Magician. Martin Van BTiren was BO called, because of his political 
 sagacity and talents. 
 
 Loco-Focos. " A nickname formerly given to adherents of the Democratic party 
 It originated in 1834, from an incident that occurred at a meeting in Tam 
 many Hall, New York. There being a great diversity of sentiment among 
 those who were present, a scene of confusion and tumult took place, during 
 which the chairman left his seat, and the gas-lights were extinguished with a 
 view to break up the meeting. But the opposite faction produced loco-foco 
 matches and candles, relighted the Hall, continued the meeting, and accom 
 plished their object." 
 
 Mad Anthony. " General Wayne, though by his impetuous bravery he gained 
 the sobriquet of Mad Anthony, was discreet and cautious, fruitful in 
 expedients, quick in decision, and prompt in execution." (See the His., pp. 
 
90 QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 
 
 MUl-Boy of the Slashes. (See Topic 32, App., p. 64.) 
 
 Old Bullion. When the charter of the United States Bank expired, Colonel 
 Thomas II. Bcnton, a distinguished statesman representing Missouri in 
 Congress, urged the adoption of a gold and silver currency as the true remedy 
 for the financial embarrassments of the times ; hence he obtained the sobriquet 
 of " Old Bullion." (See the History, p. 138.) 
 
 Old Hickory. (See Topic 222, App. , p. 80.) 
 
 Old Hunkers. "A nickname applied to the ultra-conservative portion of the 
 Democratic party, especially to that portion in the State of New York. It is 
 said to have been intended to indicate that those to whom it was given had 
 an appetite for a large hunk of the spoils." (Van Buren s Administration.) 
 
 Old Ironsides. By this name the frigate Constitution is familiarly known. (Sec 
 His., p. 117,) The vessel is still in good condition. She was moored in the 
 Schuylkill river, and there visited during the Centennial Exhibition (1876). 
 
 Old Public Functionary. President Buchanan first applied this expression to 
 himself in his annual message to Congress in 1859. During his life it was 
 humorously abbreviated O. P. F. 
 
 Old Put. (See Topic 136, App., p. 72.) 
 
 Hail Splitter. This designation was applied to Abraham Lincoln, in allusion to 
 his having one winter, in early life, split rails for fencing. He was also 
 called Honest Abe. 
 
 Hough and Ready. This sobriquet was given to General Taylor by his soldiers 
 in the Mexican War. 
 
 Sage of Monticello. This title President Jefferson won because of his learning. 
 Monticello, Va., was his residence during the long period of retirement 
 which extended from the termination of his presidency to his death, and 
 there he extended a generous hospitality to visitors from Europe as well 
 as from his own country. 
 
 South Carolina Game Cock. " The valorous achievements of General Sumter, 
 during the campaign 1780, acquired for him this title." 
 
 Stonewall Jackson. (See Topic 81, App., p. 69.) 
 
 Swamp Fox. This title was given to General Marion, hia retreat from pursuit 
 being in the swamps of the Carolinas. 
 
 Uncle Sam. " A jocular or vulgar name of the United States Government." 
 
 Wagon Boy. This name was applied to Thomas Corwin, a prominent states 
 man, who, when a boy, during the war of 1812, drove a wagon with supplies 
 for Harrison 1 s army. 
 
 White House. (See Note 3, end of Section V.) 
 
IKDEX. 
 
 OR 
 
 LIST OF TOPICS 
 
 TO BE FOUND ON THE PAGES DHIECTLT PRECEDING THIS. 
 
 (The numbers refer to the numbers of the topics.) 
 
 Adams, John 1 
 
 Adams, John Q, 3 
 
 Adams, Samuel 2 
 
 Alabama 108 
 
 Allen, Ethan 4 
 
 Anderson, Gen 10 
 
 Andre, Major 5 
 
 Andros, Edmund 6 
 
 Armstrong, John 7 
 
 Armstrong, John, Jim 8 
 
 Arkansas 118 
 
 Arnold, Benedict 9 
 
 Articles of Confederation 192 
 
 Bacon, Nathaniel 11 
 
 Bainbridge, Com It 
 
 Baker, Gen. E. D 12 
 
 Banks, N. P 13 
 
 Beaurcgard, Gen 15 
 
 Boone, Daniel 211 
 
 Boston 40 
 
 Braddock, Gen 22 
 
 Bragg, Braxton 21 
 
 Brown, Gen. Jacob 23 
 
 Buchanan, James 24 
 
 Buell, Gen 25 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen 26 
 
 Btiruside, Gen 27 
 
 Burr, Aaron 28 
 
 Butler, B. F 29 
 
 Cabot, John and Sebastian 30 
 
 Calhptin, John C 31 
 
 California 51 
 
 Capitals ofthe United States 220 
 
 Causes of U. S. Wars 197 
 
 Charleston 127 
 
 Clay, Henry 32 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry 33 
 
 Colleges, Early 219 
 
 Colorado 239 
 
 Columbus, Christopher 34 
 
 Committee of Correspondence 16 
 
 Connecticut 52 
 
 Connecticut Reserve 215 
 
 Constitution, Federal 193 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord 35 
 
 Cortez, Fernando 36 
 
 Croghan, Major 37 
 
 Curtis, Gen. S. R 38 
 
 Davenport, John 41 
 
 Davis, Jefferson 42 
 
 Deane, Silas 44 
 
 Dearborn, Gen 43 
 
 Decatur, Com 45 
 
 Declaration of Independence 191 
 
 De Kalb, Baron 49 
 
 Delaware 48 
 
 D Estaing 47 
 
 Dieskau, Baron 46 
 
 District of Columbia 168 
 
 Dred Scott Case 217 
 
 Early Navigators 138 
 
 European Wars in the Colonies 18 
 
 Ex-Presidents in Congn 83 221 
 
 Farragut, Admiral . 57 
 
 Fillmore, Millard 56 
 
 Florida 54 
 
 Foote, Admiral 58 
 
 Foreign Officers in Am. Army 199 
 
 Franklin, Dr 53 
 
 Fremont, John C 55 
 
 Gage, Gen 59 
 
 Gaspee, Destruction of the 218 
 
 Gates, Gen (iO 
 
 Georgia 61 
 
 Gosnold. Bartholomew 62 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S G3 
 
 Greene, Gen 64 
 
 Hale. Nathan 66 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander 65 
 
 Hancock, John 68 
 
 Harper s Ferry 75 
 
 Harrison, Wm. H 69 
 
 Henry, Patrick 70 
 
 Hooker, Gen 71 
 
 Hudson, Henry 72 
 
 Hull, Capt 74 
 
 Hull, Gen 73 
 
 Illinois 76 
 
 Indiana 77 
 
 Inhabitants required for State org. 226 
 
 Iowa 78 
 
 Jackson, Andrew 79 
 
 Jackson, Gen. T. J 81 
 
 Jay, John 82 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas 84 
 
 Jersey Prison Ship 50 
 
 Johnson, Andrew 88 
 
 Johnson, Sir Wm , 83 
 
 Johnston, Gen. Jos. E 87 
 
 Jones, Paul 86 
 
 Kansas 91 
 
 Kentucky 90 
 
 Kosciusko 39 
 
 Lafayette 98 
 
 LaSalle 99 
 
 Law s Bubble 21C 
 
 Lee, Gen. Charles 96 
 
 Lee, Gen. Robert E 97 
 
 Length of U. S. Wars 196 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham 94 
 
 Lincoln, Gen 93 
 
 Louisiana 101 
 
LIST OF TOPICS. 
 
 Lyman, Gen. P 92 
 
 Madison, James 112 
 
 M aine 105 
 
 Marlon, Gen 103 
 
 Marquette 100 
 
 Maryland Ill 
 
 Mason and Dixon s Line 213 
 
 Massachusetts. 104 
 
 McClellan, Gen 120 
 
 McCrea, Jane 190 
 
 Meade, Gen 115 
 
 Michigan 117 
 
 Minnesota 119 
 
 Mississippi 109 
 
 Mississippi Valley Settlements. . . . 209 
 
 Mississippi Bubble 210 
 
 Missouri 116 
 
 Monroe, James 114 
 
 Montgomery, Gen 102 
 
 Morgan, Gen 110 
 
 Mormons, The .. 223 
 
 Morris, Robert 106 
 
 Nebraska 179 
 
 New Hampshire 123 
 
 New Jersey 124 
 
 New York City 122 
 
 NewYorkState 121 
 
 Nevada 131 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 North Carolina 125 
 
 " Northwestern Difficulties " 178 
 
 Northwest Territory 128 
 
 Object of New England Colonies. .. 202 
 
 Object of other Colonies 203 
 
 Ohio 129 
 
 OldHickory 222 
 
 Ordinance of 1787 212 
 
 Oregon 130 
 
 Penn,Wm 132 
 
 Pennsylvania 133 
 
 Philadelphia 134 
 
 Pierce, Franklin 140 
 
 Pitt, Win 135 
 
 Plymouth Colony 195 
 
 Political Parties 224 
 
 Polk, James K 139 
 
 Pope, Gen 141 
 
 Porter, Admiral 142 
 
 Presidents of the United States.. .. 180 
 Pulaski, Count 137 
 
 Putnam, Gen 138 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter 147 
 
 Rebellions in United States 145 
 
 Rhode Island 146 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen 148 
 
 Sanitary Commissions 159 
 
 Savannah 150 
 
 Schuyler, Gen 151 
 
 Scott, Gen 156 
 
 Sheridan, Gen 153 
 
 Sherman, Gen 157 
 
 Slavery 17 
 
 Smith, John 149 
 
 South Carolina 126 
 
 States from conquered territory 204 
 
 States from purchased territory 205 
 
 States from other territory 206 
 
 Stark, Gen 225 
 
 St. Augustine 155 
 
 St. Clair, Gen 153 
 
 Succession of States 187 
 
 Sullivan, Gen 152 
 
 Sumter, Gen 154 
 
 Surrendered Commanders 200 
 
 Taylor, Zachary 163 
 
 Tennessee 160 
 
 Territory acquired 188 
 
 Territory, how acquired 207 
 
 Texas 161 
 
 Ticonderoga, Ft 107 
 
 Treaties 19 
 
 Tyler, John 162 
 
 United States Flag 194 
 
 Van Buren, Martin 172 
 
 Vermont . 173 
 
 Virginia 176 
 
 Warren, Gen 165 
 
 Wars during the Colonial Period.. 144 
 
 Wars with the U. S 143 
 
 Washington City 167 
 
 Washington, George 164 
 
 Washington s military movements. 198 
 
 Webster, Daniel 177 
 
 Western Reserve 214 
 
 West Point \ 169 
 
 West Virginia 171 
 
 Wilkinson, Gen 166 
 
 Wilmot Provisio 216 
 
 Wisconsin ..170 
 
 ADDITIONAL INDEX. 
 
 Speedwell and the Mayflower 227 
 
 Leisler and Milborne 2:38 
 
 Kidd, Captain William 229 
 
 Locke and his Grand Model 230 
 
 Burning of Charlestown 231 
 
 England s Foes and Friends of the 232 
 Revolution . . 
 
 Clark, Gen. George Rogers. 
 
 . 233 
 
 Hayne, Isaac His Execution..... 234 
 
 Alien and Sedition Laws 235 
 
 Presidents 1 Cabinets 236 
 
 Cessions by the State to the General 
 
 Government 237 
 
 Fulton and his first steamboat 238 
 
 Notable Historical Sayings App., p. 86 
 
 Popular Names given to the States " 87 
 
 Familiar Names applied to persons and things in the History of the 
 
 United States... " " 88 
 
 Total number of pages, 848, besides Maps and Illustrations. 
 
VEEMONT. 
 
 1. AN especial interest attaches to Vermont, as being 
 the first of the " new States," or the States admitted after 
 the formation of the government in 1"89 (page 107, ^[3). 
 It is supposed that Samuel Champlain, who discovered the 
 lake which now bears his name, was the first white man 
 to visit (1609) any portion of fche country included within 
 the limits of this State.* On his return from the expedi 
 tion, he prepared and published a map of the lake. 
 
 2t During the wars between the French and the Eng 
 lish, hostile parties passed up and down the lake ; but no 
 portion of the country bordering on its eastern shore was 
 occupied by Europeans until 1890, when an expedition 
 was sent by the governor of New York to the mouth of 
 Otter Creek, and a small stone fort was built at Chimney 
 Point, f in the present county of Addison, in order to 
 aid in the operations against the Indians during that 
 dreadful period. This position was afterward aban 
 doned ; but a French settlement was subsequently made 
 there. 
 
 NOTE." It is now agreed that at the time of the first knowledge of New Eng 
 land by white men the territory now called Vermont had no permanent Indian 
 inhabitants ; that it was disputed territory over which the Iroquois and the Huron 
 roamed and hunted, and fought wherever they met." Charles Heed, Librarian 
 of the Vermont Historical Society, in his report for 1872. 
 
 * It is not certain that the French explorer, in this memorable expedition, 
 actually landed on the eastern shore, but it is to be presumed that he did. since 
 he explored it, and made a map of the lake. 
 
 t Chimney Point : is in Addison township, on the shore of Lake Champlain, fifrv 
 imles b W. from Montpelier. Previous to the erection of this fort, a fort had 
 been built on Isle La Motte, and called St. Anne. From this post the French 
 sent an important expedition against the Mohawks, in October of 1666. 
 
 1. Why does an especial interest attach to Vermont? Who is supposed to 
 have been the first white man to visit this region ? What did Champlain do on 
 nis return ? 
 
 TTT. was the eastern shore of the lake first occupied by Europeans? 
 
 tain d f t0 ^ ? ** fort was erected ? For what purpose ? Was it main- 
 
82 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 3, During Queen Anne s War (1702-1713, page 35), the 
 country was repeatedly traversed by war parties ; but no 
 permanent settlement was made in it until 1724, when a 
 fort was built on the present site of Brattleboro,*, called 
 Fort Dummer,f and a settlement was commenced on the 
 " Dummer Meadows/ in the immediate vicinity of the 
 fort. This fort was soon afterward attacked by the In 
 dians, and many of the settlers were killed or carried into 
 captivity. Several other attempts at settlement in this 
 region were made, during the next thirty years ; J but 
 owing to the wars between the French and English, and 
 their Indian allies, they were unsuccessful. 
 
 4. After these troubles were ended, by the conquest of 
 Canada, in 1760 (page 62), people nocked into this region, 
 and many thriving settlements were formed. In that 
 year Guilford was settled, which, in a short time, became 
 the most populous town in the State. Previous to this, 
 however (1749), Governor Benning Went worth, of New 
 Hampshire, began to issue grants of land west of the 
 Connecticut River; and among the first of the townships 
 thus founded was Bennington, so called in allusion to his 
 
 * " Among those born at Brattleboro were Wilbur Fisk, the Methodist divine 
 who twice refused a bishopric, and was President of Wesleyan University, Ct., 
 1830-39; R. M. Hunt, the architect; W. M. Hunt, the painter of genre pictures ; 
 and Larkin G. Mead, the sculptor, who, while yet a mere lad, worked one long 
 winter night on a snow figure, at the head of Main street, and next morning 
 (New Year s) the citizens were startled to see there a statue of the Recording 
 Angel modeled in purest snow."0sgood s New England Hand-Book. 
 
 t This fort was constructed to protect the towns in the valley of the Connec 
 ticut River against the attacks of the Indians, which extended along the whole 
 northern frontier of Massachusetts. It was named after William Dummer, then 
 acting governor of that province. The settlement was commenced by John, 
 Thomas, and David Sargeart, Nathan Willard, John Alexander, Fairbank Moore 
 and son, John Ames, and Samuel Wells. John Sargeant was the first white per 
 son born in Vermont. 
 
 % One of those was at Putney, in 1742; but it was soon abandoned. Bridg- 
 man s fort and Sartwell s fort were built in Vernon within the next three or four 
 years. These two forts were captured by the Indians in 1747. A settlement 
 was begun at Rockingham in 1753 ; and in 1754 a settlement was again made at 
 Putney. 
 
 3. When and where was the first settlement ? What was the fort called ? Its 
 history ? What other attemps at settlement were made ? With what result? 
 
 4. What took place after the conquest of Canada ? What is said of Guilford ? 
 What grants were issued? What township was formed? What stopped the 
 settlements ? 
 
HISTOKY OF VEKMONT. 83 
 
 own Christian name. These grants were rapidly taken 
 by people from Connecticut and Massachusetts ; but emi 
 gration was soon stopped by the breaking out of the 
 French and Indian War (page 54). 
 
 5. After the termination of hostilities in 1760, emi 
 grants rapidly settled along both sides of the Upper Con 
 necticut, under grants from Wentworth, some of these 
 settlements being west of the Green Mountains, toward 
 the shore of Lake Champlain. This granting of lands 
 west of the Connecticut River led to a violent controversy 
 between Wentworth and Golden, lieutenant-governor of 
 New York, who claimed the river as the eastern boundary 
 of that colony ; and in 1764 a royal order was issued, 
 confirming the claim. The settlers, however, who held 
 their lands under Wentworth s grants, contended that the 
 order did not affect the validity of their titles ; and a 
 royal order, issued in 1767, forbade that lands previously 
 granted by New Hampshire, should be again granted by 
 New York. The territory was for many years afterward 
 known as the " New Hampshire Grants." 
 
 6. After the royal orders above referred to, the south 
 western townships of the newly-settled region were an 
 nexed to the County of Albany, and the others formed 
 into two additional counties of the Colony of New York. 
 The demand that the proprietors, who had already paid 
 for their lands, should take out new patents from the Gov 
 ernor of New York, at an exorbitant price, met with violent 
 resistance, in which the chief leaders were Ethan Allen* 
 
 * Ethan Allen was born in Connecticut on the 10th of January, 1737. He emi 
 grated at an early age to Vermont. After the difficulties referred to in the text, 
 he took a prominent part in the commencement of the Revolutionary struggle. 
 Through his skill and daring Fort Ticonderoga was captured by the American 
 patriots May 10, 1775; after which he made a bold attack upon Montreal, but 
 was defeated ; and being taken prisoner, was sent to England in irons (Septem- 
 
 5 . When was emigration renewed ? How far did the settlements extend ? 
 What controversy ensued ? What led to it ? What royal orders were issued in 
 17&4 and 1767 ? What position was taken by the settlers ? What was the terri 
 tory called ? 
 
 6. What was done with the southwestern townships ? What met with violent 
 resistance ? Who were the chief leaders in this ? 
 
84 BEIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 and Seth Warner,* afterward so celebrated for their 
 patriotic zeal and courage during the revolutionary 
 struggle.f 
 
 7. Through the influence of their appeals, the people 
 were greatly excited, and at meetings held in several of 
 the towns, appointed " Committees of Safety," to provide 
 for the common defense ; and very severe measures were 
 taken against any of the settlers who yielded to the aggres 
 sive claims of the people and governor of New York. 
 Military companies of the settlers were also formed, which 
 received the name of " Green Mountain Boys." After the 
 government of New York was assumed by Tryon, he en 
 deavored to arrange matters with the people, but failed 
 of success.J 
 
 8i At the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, the 
 men of this district took a prominent part in organizing 
 resistance to the unjust claims of Great Britain, and 
 operations were commenced against the British posts on 
 the shores of Lake Champlain. In these measures Ethan 
 Allen took a distinguished part (See page 69, Tf 17, and 
 
 ber 25, 1775). After suffering a captivity of more than two years in England. 
 Halifax, and one of the prison-ships of New York, he was released by exchange. 
 He never afterwards actively engaged in military service, but died at Burlington 
 in 1789. A heroic statue of Allen was inaugurated at Burlington, July 4th, 1873. 
 when ten thousand persons were present, and the Hon. L. E. Chittenden, a great 
 grand&on of the first governor of the State, delivered the oration. A heroic sta 
 tue previously made of the same hero, stands in the capitol of the State. 
 
 * Seth Warner was born in Connecticut in 1743. He took part in the capture 
 of Ticonderoga and captured Crown Point in 1775; was at the battles of Hub- 
 bardton, Benuiugton. and Bernis Heights, and served, as related in the text, with 
 Montgomery in Canada. He died in Connecticut in December, 1784. 
 
 t " The maps of the period, published under the eye of the British Court, and 
 circulated through all the colonies, extended from New Hampshire to Lake 
 Champlain. Never doubting the authority of the agent (Gov. Wentworth) to 
 give them a perfect title, they had paid for these lands in hard-earned money, 
 had entered upon them, felled the forests, planted the crops, and established 
 their homes. " Z/. E. Chittenden 1 s Oration, July A, 1873. 
 
 % " In the early contest with New York, Remember Baker was the associate 
 and worthy peer of Allen and Warner. He was killed in the early part of the 
 Revolutionary War, at the head of a scouting party sent out by Montgomery 
 when he first entered Canada."^. R. C. Benton. 
 
 7. What was done by the people ? What were the military companies called ? 
 What was done by Governor Tryon ? 
 
 8. What was done by the men of the district on the breaking out of the Revo 
 lution ? What operations were undertaken ? Who took a prominent part in 
 these? 
 
HISTORY OF YEEMOKT. 85 
 
 note on this page) ; * as also did Col. Seth Warner (See 
 note), by whom Crown Point was captured in 1775. 
 
 9 In capturing the remaining posts, as well as in the 
 invasion of Canada, which soon after occurred, the in 
 habitants of the New Hampshire Grants also took an 
 active part, and were greatly distinguished for their mili 
 tary daring and skill. After Montgomery s death (See 
 page 72, ^f 25), Col. Warner, who had joined the army 
 before the attack on Quebec, rendered gallant service 
 during the retreat in bringing up the rear. 
 
 10* In consideration of the important service thus ren 
 dered, Congress authorized a new regiment of Continental 
 Regulars to be raised, and selected the officers from 
 among the Green Mountain boys who had served in 
 
 * CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA. " Just then (May 8, 1775) Benedict Arnold ar 
 rived at Castleton, Vt., with only one attendant. He brought a commission from 
 the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, which was disregarded ; the men had 
 unanimously elected Eihan Allen their chief. On the !Hh, the party began the 
 march ; late on the 9th, they arrived at Shoreham, opposite Ticonderoga, in Ver 
 mont. With the utmost difficulty a few boats were got together, and eighty- 
 three men crossing the lake with Allen, landed near the garrison. The boats 
 were sent back for Seth Warner and the rear guard ; but if they were to be 
 waited for, there could be no surprise. The men were, therefore, at once drawn 
 up in three ranks, and as the first beams of morning (May 10) broke upon the 
 mountain peaks, Allen addressed them : Friends and fellow soldiers : We must 
 this morning quit our pretensions to valor, or possess ourselves of this fortress ; 
 and inasmuch as it is a desperate attempt, I do not urge it on contrary to your 
 will. You that will undertake voluntarily, poise your firelocks. At the word 
 every firelock was poised. Face to the right, cried Allen ; and placing himself 
 at the head of the centre file, Arnold keeping emulously at his side, he marched 
 to the gate. It was shut, but the wicket was open. The sentry snapped a fuzee 
 at him. The Americans rushed into the fort, darted upon the guards, and rais 
 ing the Indian war-whoop, such as had not been heard there since the days of 
 Montcalm, formed on the parade in hollow square, to face each of the barracks. 
 One of the sentries, after wounding an officer and being wounded himself, 
 cried out for quarter and showed the way to the apartment of the commanding 
 officer. Come forth instantly, or I will sacrifice the whole garrison, cried Allen, 
 as he reached the door. At this, Delaplace, the commanaer, came out undressed, 
 with his breeches in his hand. Deliver to me the fort instantly. said Allen. 
 By what authority ? asked Delaplace. In the name of the great Jehovah and 
 the Continental Congress ! answered Allen. Delaplace began to speak again, 
 but was peremptorily interrupted, and at sight of Allen s drawn sword near his 
 head, he gave up the garrison, ordering his men to be paraded without arms." 
 Bancroft s Hist. 77. S. 
 
 " Colonel Seth Warner, who had brought over the residue of the party, was 
 now sent with a detachment against Crown Point, which surrendered on the 
 llth, without firing a gun." Irving s Life of Washington. 
 
 9 . What else was done by the people of the New Hampshire Grants ? What 
 is said of the New Hampshire Grants ? What is said of Colonel Warner ? 
 
 10. What did Congress authorize on that account? What is said of the 
 regiment ? 
 
86 BKIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 Canada, Warner being appointed lieutenant-colonel. This 
 was the regiment which afterward gained so much renown 
 at Hubbardton and Bennington (App., p. 91, If 26). 
 
 11. Meanwhile, New York continued her claims to the 
 control of the New Hampshire Grants, but the people in 
 habiting that region were determined not to yield submis 
 sion to it. They were, consequently, very greatly embar 
 rassed by the want of established laws, and civil officers 
 of acknowledged authority. Accordingly, on the 16th of 
 January, 1776, a convention met at Dorset, and drew up 
 a petition to Congress, which they styled " The humble 
 petition, address, and remonstrance of that part of Amer 
 ica, being situate south of Canada line, west of Connecticut 
 river, commonly called and known by the name of the 
 New Hampshire Grants. 5: 
 
 12. In this petition, they avowed their readiness to bear 
 their full part in the war with Great Britain, and to com 
 ply with all the demands of Congress, but declared their 
 unwillingness to act under the provincial government of 
 New York. They therefore asked that whenever Congress 
 should find it necessary to call upon them for any aid or 
 service, they should be recognized as inhabitants of the 
 New Hampshire Grants, not as subject to the government 
 of New York. 
 
 13. The committee of Congress to whom this petition 
 was referred, reported : " That it be recommended to the 
 petitioners to submit for the present to the government 
 of New York, and to assist their countrymen in their con 
 test with Great Britain ; but that such submission ought 
 not to prejudice their right to any lands in controversy, or 
 be construed to affirm or admit the jurisdiction of New 
 York over the country, after the present troubles have 
 
 11. What claim continued to be made by New York ? What was the reeult of 
 this ? What convention met ? What did they style their memorial ? 
 
 12. What did they avow in this ? What did they ask ? 
 
 13. What report did the committee of Congress make ? What was done with 
 the petition ? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 87 
 
 ceased." To avoid any decision at that time, the petition 
 was withdrawn. 
 
 14. The Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776) left 
 the people of the New Hampshire Grants in a still more 
 embarrassing condition. New Hampshire had renounced 
 all political connection with them ; and the controversy 
 with New York was resumed. The convention of the lat 
 ter State had unanimously voted, August 2d, 1776, " That 
 all quit-rents formerly due to the King of Great Britain 
 are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future 
 government as shall hereafter be established in this State." 
 
 15. To submit to the claims of New York was to give 
 up the whole of their property and to reduce themselves 
 to a state of dependence and beggary. To oppose her 
 claims and authority would unavoidably bring on a con 
 test, not only with New York, but with Congress also ; 
 and to continue without some form of government was 
 impossible. 
 
 16. In this situation, some were disposed to renew their 
 allegiance to New Hampshire, while others saw no way of 
 avoiding a submission to New York ; but the more cour 
 ageous and spirited of the people were in favor of assum 
 ing the powers of an independent State or Government, 
 and hazarding all the consequences of such a measure. 
 To determine the prevailing opinion, therefore, it was 
 found necessary to call a convention. 
 
 17. This convention, called by circular letters from in 
 fluential persons, consisted of fifty-one members, repre 
 senting thirty-two towns. It met at Dorset, July 24th, 
 1776. The result of its * deliberations was an agreement 
 that no association should be entered into with either of 
 
 14. How did the Declaration of Independence leave the people? What had 
 the New York Convention voted ? 
 
 15. In what embarrassing position did the people find themselves ? 
 
 16. What sentiments were held by different parties? What was done to de 
 termine the prevailing opinion ? 
 
 IT. Of whom did this Convention consist? Where and when did it meet? 
 What was the result of its deliberations ? 
 
88 BRIEE SKETCH OF THE 
 
 the counties formed within their territory by New York, 
 or submission made to its government ; and that any of 
 the people of the New Hampshire Grants who should act 
 in opposition to this agreement should be deemed enemies 
 to the common cause. 
 
 18. At a subsequent meeting of the Convention (Septem 
 ber 25th) a resolution was unanimously adopted, " To take 
 suitable measures, as soon as may be, to declare the New 
 Hampshire Grants a free and separate district ; " also that 
 " no laws or directions from the State of New York should 
 be accepted." The Convention met again at Westminster 
 October 30th, but adjourned. January 15th, 1777, it met 
 once more at Westminster, and after a very serious debate 
 resolved to form a new State. 
 
 19. They (Jan. 16th) made and published the following 
 declaration : " This Convention, whose members are duly 
 chosen by the free voice of their constituents in the several 
 towns of the New Hampshire Grants, in public meeting 
 assembled, in our own names, and in behalf of our con 
 stituents, do hereby proclaim, and publicly declare, that 
 the district of territory comprehending, and usually known 
 by the name and description of the New Hampshire 
 Grants, of right ought to be, and is hereby declared for 
 ever to be considered as a free and independent jurisdic 
 tion, or State, to be forever hereafter called, known and 
 distinguished by the name of New Connecticut [afterwards 
 called Vermont] . 
 
 20. " And that the inhabitants that at present are, or 
 that may hereafter become, resident within said territory, 
 shall be entitled to the same privileges, immunities, and 
 enfranchisements which are, or that may at any time here 
 after be, allowed to the inhabitants of any of the free and 
 independent States of America. And that such privileges 
 
 18. What was done at a subsequent meeting? What resolution was finally 
 adopted ? 
 
 19, 30. What declaration did the Convention make and publish? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 80 
 
 and immunities shall be regulated in a bill of rights, and 
 by a form of government, to be established at the next 
 session of this Convention." 
 
 21. In a declaration and petition to Congress, they an 
 nounced to that body the step which they had taken ; 
 with a renewal of the assurance, previously given, that 
 " they were at all times ready, in conjunction with their 
 brethren in the United States, to contribute their full pro 
 portion towards maintaining the present just war against 
 the fleets and armies of Great Britain." They also peti 
 tioned that Vermont might be ranked among the free and 
 independent American States. 
 
 22. This measure on the part of the people of Vermont, 
 in declaring their independence, was variously viewed by 
 the adjacent States. New Hampshire was disposed to 
 favor it ; and in Massachusetts and Connecticut it was 
 rather applauded than condemned. New York, however, 
 looked on it in no other light than a revival of the rebel 
 lion with which her lawful authority had been opposed by 
 the people of the New Hampshire Grants. 
 
 23. The Committee of Safety of New York, therefore, 
 took up the matter at once ; and, by their direction, the 
 president of the New York convention sent information 
 to Congress of the "revolt of a part of the State- against 
 its lawful authority," and asked that the commissions 
 issued to Col. Warner and others should be revoked. A 
 second application of the same nature was made in the 
 following March. 
 
 24. For some time, Congress seemed quite unwilling to 
 take any action in regard to the subject : but a letter 
 signed by Thomas Young, of Philadelphia, and addressed 
 
 3 1 . What announcement did they make to Congress ? What did they petition ? 
 
 32. How was this measure viewed in New Hampshire? In Massachusetts 
 and Connecticut ? In New York ? 
 
 33. What was clone by the Committee of Safety of New York ? What further 
 application was made ? 
 
 34. What induced Congress to act? What resolutions were adopted by itf 
 What effect did this have on the people of Vermont ? 
 
90 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 to the people of Vermont,* called upon them to send dele 
 gates to Congress, and assured them of a favorable recep- 
 tion.f This induced Congress to act, and resolutions 
 were adopted condemning the action of Vermont, and re 
 fusing to give any sanction to it, as being opposed to the 
 interests of the States represented in their body. The 
 people of Vermont, however, determined to stand by their 
 action, and to maintain their independence. 
 
 25. The Convention, which declared the independence 
 of Vermont, in January, had adjourned to meet again in 
 June, at Windsor. They (in June) appointed a committee 
 to draft a constitution for the new State, and also recom 
 mended the election of delegates to meet in the following 
 July, to consider and adopt the constitution to be sub 
 mitted to them at that time. 
 
 26, The session of the subsequent convention at Wind- 
 
 * THE NAME, VERMONT. " This name (Vermont) was given to the district of 
 the New Hampshire Grants, as an emblematical one, from the French of Verd- 
 mont, green mountains, intended to perpetuate the name of the Green Mountain 
 Boys. Ira Allen s Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont. 
 
 "The first appearance of the name in print was, without doubt, in the letter of 
 Dr. Thomas Young, of Philadelphia, dated the llth of April, 1777, addressed to 
 the inhabitants of Vermont, a free and independent State. At the date of the 
 letter, the agents (of Vermont) appointed to present the declaration and petition 
 for a new State to Congress Jonas Fay, Thomas Chitteuden, Heman Allen, and 
 Reuben Jones were in Philadelphia, where they doubtless learned what had been 
 unknown to them in January, that there was already a New Connecticut on the 
 Susquehanna river, and that it would therefore be necessary to find another name 
 for the State. That of Vermont being proposed by Dr. Young, was, no doubt, 
 approved by those gentlemen, and was thus announced in his letter under the ex 
 pectation that it would be adopted by the Convention that was to assemble (at 
 Windsor) in June following, as was then actually done by a unanimous vote (June 
 4th, 1777)." (See above 1 25.)Hiland Hall s History of Vermont. 
 
 t YOUNG S ADDRESS. This address contained a resolution of Congress, passed 
 the previous year, which recommended to any people, where no government 
 suited to their condition had been formed, to constitute such a government as the 
 safety of the people required. The people of Vermont were assured by the writer 
 that they had nothing to do but regularly to choose delegates to meet in conven 
 tion, with the view to appoint delegates to Congress, and to form a Constitution. 
 It closed with the following words: "I tell you to organize fairly, make the ex 
 periment, and I will insure you success, at the risk of my reputation as a man of 
 honor or common sense. You have as good a right to choose how you will be gov 
 erned, and by whom, as they [Congress] had." This paper not only excited the 
 people of New York, but, when laid before Congress by one of its members, in 
 duced that body immediately to give attention to the dispute. 
 
 25. What is said of the Convention that declared the independence of Ver 
 mont? 
 
 36. How was the session of the Convention at Windsor interrupted? What 
 information did they receive ? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 91 
 
 sor was interrupted by the alarming intelligence of the 
 successful invasion of Burgoyne [See page 81], who, it 
 was stated, at the head of ten thousand men, had occu 
 pied a position on Mount Defiance (See map, page 82),* 
 and compelled the abandonment of the Americans posi 
 tion at Ticonderoga ; also that the rear guard of the 
 retreating army, under Col. Warner, had been overtaken 
 at Hubbardton, and overpowered by numbers, Colonel 
 Francis being slain. 
 
 27. The people in most of the towns on the west side 
 of the Green Mountains were obliged to abandon their 
 habitations ; but through the efforts of the Committee of 
 Safety, appointed at Windsor, aid was promptly obtained 
 from New Hampshire. The assembly of that State put 
 a large body of militia under the command of General 
 Stark, and gave him orders to repair to Charlestown, on 
 the Connecticut river, there to consult with a committee of 
 the New Hampshire Grants, respecting his future opera 
 tions, and the supply of his men with provisions. Mr. 
 Weare, Governor of New Hampshire, also wrote to the 
 
 * Mount Defiance, a rocky eminence near the fort, and so situated a? to com 
 mand it. General St. Clair. who commanded the garrison, on finding that the 
 British had gained this position, made a. speedy retreat (July 5, 1777). "On the 
 retreat, Colonel Bale s battalion \vas ordered to cover the rear of the invalids, by 
 which means he was seven miles behind the main body." The rear guard con 
 sisted of three regiments under the command of Colonels Warner, Francis, and 
 Hale. These were surprised at sunrise (July 7) by the advanced gmird of the 
 enemy under General Fraser, at Hubbardton. There is ample evidence that the 
 three regiments were all engaged in the conflict, and no evidence worthy of the 
 name that any one of them was wanting in its duty. The testimony of Earl 
 Balearras. who commanded the Light Infantry of Burgoyne s army and led the 
 assault at Hubbardton, given before the Parliamentary Committee of investiga 
 tion on Burgoyne s campaign, is conclusive as to the good conduct of all the 
 American forces in that battle. As stated, Francis was killed. Hale, with some 
 300 officers and men, was taken prisoner. Warner, with the larger part of the de 
 tachment, escaped, and joined St. Clair at Rutland. Floating rumors imputing 
 cowardice to Hale coming to the ears of that officer, they were indignantly re 
 pelled by him. He demanded a court-martial, but before one could be held or 
 himself exchanged, he died a prisoner on Long Island. Colonel Hale s memory 
 has been repeatedly vindicated from this charge notably in an article by Hon. 
 Winslow C. Watson in Lossing s "Amer. Historical Record" (Philadelphia) for 
 Oct. 1873. Vol. 2, p. 455. 
 
 27. How did this affect the people on the west side of the Green Mountains? 
 How was aid furnished i What was done by the Assembly of New Hampshire "i 
 What orders were given to General Stark ? What was done by Governor 
 Weare f ( 
 
93 BKIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 Secretary of the State of Vermont, announcing the assist 
 ance sent, in terms which were a virtual recognition of the 
 independence of the new State. 
 
 28. The New Hampshire Assembly, on the urgent ap 
 peal of the Council of Safety which had been appointed 
 at Windsor, ordered into service a brigade of militia. 
 These troops, under General Stark, were mustered at 
 Charlestown, N. H., and soon joined those of Col. Warner, 
 at Manchester, whither he had proceeded a short time 
 after the defeat at Hubbardton. From that place Stark 
 marched to Bennington, accompanied by Warner, whose 
 regiment was left at Manchester, under Lieutenant-Col. 
 Safford. 
 
 29. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, having reached Fort Edward, 
 N. Y., after a wearisome march, found himself greatly in 
 need of provisions, and therefore resolved to send a de 
 tachment of his troops to Bennington, to seize the stores, 
 which he heard the Americans had collected there. The 
 expedition was entrusted to the command of Col. Baum, 
 a veteran German officer ; and the force consisted of 
 about five hundred men, together with one hundred 
 Indians. 
 
 30. On approaching within a few miles of Bennington, 
 he discovered that the position was held by a much larger 
 force than had been supposed ; and having therefore 
 halted, and thrown up entrenchments, he sent to notify 
 Burgoyne of his position (Aug. 14, 1777). A storm on 
 the following day gave him an opportunity of strengthen 
 ing his works ; but on the next day (Aug. 16), he was 
 assailed at all points by General Stark. The Indians fled, 
 but the other troops defended themselves bravely; they 
 
 28. Where were Stark 1 s troops mustered? By whom was he joined? Whither 
 did Stark march ? With whom ? 
 
 29. What is said of Burgoyne ? Who led the expedition to Bennington ? Of 
 what did the force consist f 
 
 30. What did Baum find on approaching Bennington? What course did he 
 adopt ? Give an account of the assault by Stark, and its result ? 
 
HISTOKY OF VERMONT. 93 
 
 were, however, unable to withstand the onset of the 
 Americans, and were nearly all killed or taken prisoners. 
 Col. Bauin was mortally wounded. 
 
 31. In the meantime, another detachment had been 
 sent by Burgoyne to reinforce Baum. This consisted of 
 five or six hundred British German regulars, with two 
 pieces of artillery, commanded by Colonel Breyman; and 
 scarcely had the battle with Baum s troops ended, when 
 the second detachment made its appearance. 
 
 32. At this juncture, Colonel Warner s regiment ar 
 rived from Bennington, and the battle w r hich ensued 
 lasted till sunset, resulting in another decisive victory for 
 the Americans, the British only saving themselves from 
 capture by the darkness of the night. In these battles, 
 the British lost four brass field-pieces, several hundred 
 stand of arms, two hundred and seven men left dead on 
 the field, and about seven hundred wounded and pri 
 soners. The loss of the Americans was thirty killed and 
 forty wounded. Two of the captured cannon are still 
 preserved in the State House at Montpelier, with the 
 inscription " Taken from the Germans at Bennington, 
 August 16, 1777." 
 
 33. Colonel Warner, who was Stark s chief counsellor, 
 and who kept by his side during the action, is justly 
 entitled to a share of the glory of these victories. Col. 
 Samuel Herrick, who led the Vermont militia in the 
 attack upon the rear of Baum s entrenchments, and other 
 Vermonters, greatly distinguished themselves on the 
 occasion. Burgoyne, in a letter written a few days after 
 the battle, indirectly paid a very high compliment to the 
 bravery and patriotism of the Vermont troops. After 
 
 31. What other detachment was sent by Burgoyne ? 
 
 32. What regiment arrived from Bennington ? Give an account of the battle 
 that ensued. What was the British loss in these battles ? The American loss ? 
 What relics are preserved at Montpelier ? 
 
 33. What is said of Colonel Warner? Of Colonel Herrick? What compli 
 ment did General Burgoyne pay to the people of the New Hampshire Grants ? 
 
94 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 speaking of the general hostility of the people, he re 
 marks : " The New Hampshire Grants, in particular, a 
 country unpeopled, and almost unknown in the last war, 
 now abounds with the most active and .most rebellious 
 race of the continent, and hangs like a gathering storm 
 on my left." * 
 
 34. The loss of the battle of Bennington was a serious 
 blow to Burgoyne, particularly in the moral effect of the 
 defeat. It was the first check he had received in his 
 triumphant march from Canada, and dispirited his troops, 
 
 * BATTLE OF BENNINGTON." At the first pound of fire-arms, Stark, who had 
 remained with the main body in camp, mounted his horse and gave the word, 
 Forward ! He had promised his men the plunder of the British camp. The 
 homely speech made by him, when in sight of the enemy, has often been cited : 
 4 Now, my men ! There are the red-coats I Before night they must be ours, or 
 Molly Stark will be a widow ! Baum soon found himself assailed on every 
 side, but he defended his works bravely. His two pieces of artillery, advanta 
 geously planted, were very effective ; and his troops, if slow in march, were 
 steady in action. For two hours the discharge of fire-arms was said to have been 
 like the constant rattling of the drum. Stark, in his despatches, compared it to 
 a continued clap of thunder ! It was the hottest fight he had ever seen. He 
 inspired his men with the same impetuosity. They drove the royalist ti-oops 
 upon the Hessians, and pressing after them, stormed the works with irresistible 
 fury. A Hessian eye-witness declares, that this time the rebels fought with des 
 peration, pressing within eight paces of the loaded cannon, to take surer aim at 
 the artillerists. The latter were slain and the cannon captured. The royalists 
 and Canadians took to flight, and escaped to the woods. The Germans still kept 
 their ground, and fought bravely, until there was not a cartridge left. Baum 
 and his dragoons then took to their broadswords, and the infantry to their 
 bayonets, and endeavored to cut their way to a road in the woods, but in vain ; 
 many were killed, more wounded, Baum among the number, and all who sur 
 vived were taken prisoners. The victors now dispersed, some to collect booty, 
 some to attend to the wounded, some to guard the prisoners, and some to seek 
 refreshment, being exhausted by hunger and fatigue. At this critical juncture, 
 Breyman s tardy reinforcement came, making its way heavily and slowly to the 
 scene of action, joined by many of the enemy who had fled. Attempts were 
 made to rally the militia, but they were in complete confusion. Nothing would 
 have saved them from defeat, had not Colonel Seth Warner s corps fortunately 
 arrived from Bennington, fresli from repose, and advanced to meet the enemy, 
 while the others regained their ranks. It was four o clock in the afternoon 
 when this second action commenced. It was fought from wood to wood and hill 
 to hill for several miles, until sunset. The last stand of the enemy was at Van 
 Schaick s mill, where, having expended all their ammunition, of which each man 
 had forty rounds, they gave way, and retreated under favor of the night, leaving 
 two field-pieces and all their baggage in the hands of the Americans. Stark 
 ceased to pursue them, lest in the darkness his men should fire upon each other. 
 Another hour of daylight, said he. in his report, and I should have captured 
 the whole body. The veteran had had a horse shot under him. but escaped 
 without wound or bruise. The number of slain was very considerable, hut 
 could not be ascertained, many having fallen in the woods. The brave but un 
 fortunate Baum did not long survive." Irviny s Life of Washington. 
 
 34:. How was Burgoyne affected by his defeat at Bennington? What effect 
 did the victory have on the patriots ? What was the end of Burgoyne s expedi 
 tion? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 95 
 
 situated as they were in the enemies country, in propor 
 tion as it raised the courage of the patriots. The latter 
 afterwards proved invincible ; and Burgoyne was com 
 pelled to surrender his entire army to General Gates. 
 (See page 84, ^f 66.) This event led to the alliance with 
 France, and secured the independence of the United 
 States. 
 
 35. The Council of Safety again called the convention 
 together in December, to complete the work interrupted 
 in July. Having revised the Constitution, they decided 
 to organize the State government without waiting to sub 
 mit the Constitution to the people, appointing as the time 
 for the organization, the second Thursday of March, 1778.* 
 
 36. New difficulties now occurred with New Hampshire. 
 Sixteen towns on the Connecticut river, and situated 
 within that State, applied for permission to unite them 
 selves with Vermont. This application led to a violent con 
 troversy in the Assembly of Vermont, at the close of which 
 it was decided by vote to receive the towns, the delegates 
 from which accordingly took their seats in the Assembly. 
 
 37. The President of the New Hampshire Council of 
 State, Mesheck Weare, at once wrote to Governor C bitten - 
 den, of Vermont (the first governor of the State), claim 
 ing, in the name of the Assembly, the sixteen towns as a 
 part of the State of New Hampshire. He also gave infor- 
 
 * EMINENT MEN. Of the men who participated in the formation of the State 
 government, THOMAS CHITTENDEN, the first governor ; JONAS FAT, the author 
 of the " State Declaration of Independence " ; and IRA ALLEN, brother of Ethan 
 Allen, are deserving of particular mention. JACOB BAYLEY, of Newbury, held a 
 responsible position during the Revolutionary War, " in which he performed 
 valuable service with purse, pen, and sword." STEPHEN R. BRADLEY, of West 
 minster, a man of eminent abilities, was one of the great lights of the new State. 
 NATHANIEL CHIPMAN, of Tinmouth, was also one of the great men. u The peo 
 ple of the State probably owe to him. more than to any other man, whatever credit 
 is due for the wisdom of their early judicial and constitutional proceedings." 
 
 35. When was the convention again called ? What was done by it ? 
 
 36. What new difficulties occurred? To what did this lead ? What was de 
 cided ? 
 
 37. What was done by Gov. Weare? What information did he give ? What 
 did he urge ? 
 
96 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 mation that the minority in those towns had claimed pro 
 tection from that State, which the latter was bound to 
 afford ; and urged that so irregular and dangerous a con 
 nection should be at once dissolved. The interposition 
 of Congress was also solicited, through the delegates of 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 38 In October (1778), the Assembly of Vermont met 
 at Windsor, representatives from ten of the sixteen towns 
 being present. This body refused to erect a county out of 
 the towns east of the Connecticut river, and the delegates 
 from those towns, with some others, accordingly with 
 drew. These towns subsequently called a convention, to 
 consider the expediency of forming a government, the seat 
 of which should be upon the river. The convention met 
 in December, and resolved to urge the formation of such 
 a State, or to endeavor to unite the whole of Vermont 
 with New Hampshire. 
 
 39. To free themselves from a connection by which they 
 had been involved in so much trouble, the Assembly of 
 Vermont, February 12, 1779, voted to dissolve the union 
 w T ith the towns in New Hampshire, and notified the 
 authorities of that State of the fact. 
 
 40* New Hampshire then renewed her claim to the 
 whole territory comprised in Vermont ; and New York 
 again set up her counter claim, both appealing to Congress 
 to settle the controversy. Massachusetts, about the same 
 time, laid claim to a portion of the same territory. The 
 dispute with New York became so violent, that civil war 
 seemed to be imminent, particularly as a considerable 
 part of the inhabitants in the southeastern portion of the 
 State desired to submit to New York, and sent to that 
 
 38. When did the Vermont Assembly meet ? Who were present ? What did 
 it refuse ? What course did the towns adopt ? When did the convention meet, 
 and what resolve ? 
 
 39. What did the Assembly of Vermont vote February 12, 1779? 
 
 4:0. What was done by New Hampshire? New York? Massachusetts? 
 Civil war ? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 97 
 
 State a requisition for militia to be sent from Albany to 
 defend them. 
 
 41* Colonel Ethan Allen was therefore ordered to call 
 out a part of the Yermont militia to protect the govern 
 ment in that part of the State. This he did, and several 
 of the most active in their opposition were arrested and 
 confined in prison, among them a colonel and militia 
 officers who were acting under the authority of New York. 
 Complaint was thereupon made to Governor Clinton, of 
 New York, with an earnest appeal for assistance. Infor 
 mation of the proceedings were forwarded by Clinton to 
 Congress. 
 
 42. In June, commissioners appointed by Congress 
 repaired to Bennington, with the view to accomplish a 
 reconciliation of the parties ; but in this they were unsuc 
 cessful. It was now obvious to Congress that it would be 
 necessary to interpose its authority to settle the conflict 
 ing claims to the territory in question. Accordingly, on 
 the 24th of September, 1779, resolutions were adopted by 
 that body, recommending to the States of Massachusetts, 
 New Hampshire, and New York formally to submit their 
 claims to the decision of Congress, and in the mean time 
 to abstain from the exercise of any jurisdiction over the 
 lands in dispute. It was also recommended to the people 
 of Vermont not to attempt to exercise any government 
 over any persons who professed allegiance to other 
 States. 
 
 43. The object of Congress in this measure was to pacify 
 the contending parties, and to maintain quiet while the 
 struggle with Great Britain remained undecided. This 
 object was effected in respect to all the parties except Ver 
 mont. New York and New Hampshire submitted their 
 claims to the decision of Congress. Massachusetts did 
 
 4 1 . What order was given to Colonel Ethan Allen ? What followed ? 
 
 42. Attempt at reconciliation? Result? Resolutions in Congress ? 
 *3. What was the object of Congress in this measure ? Was it effected ? 
 
BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 not, as it feared that Vermont would become the prey of 
 one or both of the other claimants. 
 
 44. As for Vermont, it positively refused to be guided 
 by the resolves of Congress, contending that, as it was 
 without representation in that body, no act of Congress 
 was binding upon the State, and that it was impossible 
 that four different governments should exercise jurisdic 
 tion in the same town or country. It had declared its 
 independence, and it was resolved at all hazards to stand 
 by the declaration. Nor would it, while bearing its full 
 proportion of the burden and expense of the war with 
 Great Britain, give up everything worth fighting for the 
 right on the part of the people to choose their own gov 
 ernment and make their own laws. 
 
 45. It was not until the 2d of Jane, 1780, that Congress 
 resumed the consideration of this subject ; and it then 
 resolved that " the proceedings of the people of the New 
 Hampshire Grants were highly unwarrantable, and sub 
 versive of the power and welfare of the United States, and 
 that they be strictly required to forbear from any acts of 
 authority, civil or military, over those people who pro 
 fessed allegiance to other States." The farther considera 
 tion of the matter was postponed till September following. 
 
 46. On the receipt of these resolves, the Governor of 
 Vermont, by the advice of his council, sent to Congress a 
 spirited reply, in which he urged again the right of the 
 district to be treated as an independent State, intimating 
 also, if representation in Congress was refused it, the pos 
 sibility that it might treat with Great Britain for a cessa 
 tion of hostilities, since it was not for the interest of the 
 people of Vermont to protect so important a frontier, 
 merely to be enslaved by one or the other of the neighbor- 
 
 4:&. What position was taken by Vermont ? For what did it contend ? 
 
 4:5. When did Congress resume the consideration of the subject ? What reeo. 
 lutions did it adopt? 
 
 4r6. What reply was sent by the Governor of Vermont? What was again 
 solicited ? 
 
HISTOKY OF VERMOKT. 99 
 
 ing States. Union with the thirteen States was once more 
 solicited in this communication. 
 
 47. In September, the matter was again taken up by 
 Congress, and the agents of New York and New Hamp 
 shire were heard in relation to their respective claims ; 
 but the agents of Vermont retired, protesting against the 
 action of Congress, and the subject was again postponed. 
 Meanwhile, the cause of Vermont was growing in favor 
 with the people of the United States, arid her power was 
 steadily increasing. The spirit sho had manifested showed 
 clearly that she would never submit to New York or New 
 Hampshire ; and to decide in favor of the claims of either 
 of these States might endanger the Union. 
 
 48. A number of towns in New Hampshire applied to 
 be united with Vermont, as did also the northeastern part 
 of New York ; and the requests were granted. Thus Ver 
 mont retorted on her opponents by claiming portions of 
 their territory, and admitting the representatives of thirty- 
 five towns in New Hampshire and twelve districts in New 
 York to seats in its Legislature.* 
 
 49. The British generals took the occasion offered 
 by these disputes, to endeavor to persuade the people 
 of Vermont to submit to Great Britain ; and letters 
 inviting to this course were sent by them to Colonel 
 Ethan Allen. To these, however, he made no reply, but 
 forwarded them to Congress, with the assurance that he 
 wished for the independence of the United States, as his 
 previous services amply testified. 
 
 50. Further efforts to make Vermont a British prov 
 ince, or to annex it to Canada, were made in 1780, during 
 negotiations for an exchange of prisoners ; but by the 
 
 * "In October, 1781, there were 60 representatives from 45 New Hampshire 
 towns in the Vermont Assembly." 
 
 4:7. What was done in Congress in September? How was the cane of Ver 
 mont affected by the delay ? What did the spirit she manifested show ? 
 
 48 . What application was made to Vermont ? What course did the State adopt ? 
 
 *^ S w c l ld the British tj T to P rofit ty these disputes ? Allen s course ? 
 
 oil. What further efforts were made to make Vermont a British province * 
 W hat use was made of these by Allen ? What was the ret-ult ? 
 
100 BKIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 address of Governor Chittenden and his council, these 
 overtures were evaded, while the British were induced, 
 by the expectation of success, to favor the interests of 
 Vermont. On this account, during 1780 and the follow 
 ing year, the British refrained from hostilities against the 
 State ; and the people were thus saved from the ravages 
 from which they would otherwise have seriously suffered. 
 
 51. These negotiations were continued until the formal 
 close of the war with Great Britain in 1783 ; and various 
 tempting offers were made by the British agents to gain 
 over the State, all which were met with the most consum 
 mate address, while they were steadily and patriotically 
 resisted. By this means many lives and much property 
 were saved, and the State was preserved from the ruin 
 w T hich would have inevitably followed the unchecked 
 devastations of the British forces. 
 
 52. The close of the war left the question of the inde 
 pendence of Vermont still to be settled ; and a civil war, 
 attended with considerable bloodshed, seemed to be 
 imminent on several occasions, between 1783 and 1787. 
 New York manifested a determination to exercise author 
 ity over the district which she claimed, and Vermont was 
 equally resolved to protect those who acknowledged her 
 government. Congress, fearful of the consequences of a 
 longer refusal, began to show a willingness to recognize 
 the independence of the Green Mountain State. 
 
 53. After the close of the war, however, the people, 
 feeling fully able to protect their independence, manifested 
 little anxiety for union with the Confederacy. This hav 
 ing been previously refused, they were freed from all 
 obligation to aid in paying the debts incurred by the 
 
 51. How long were these negotiations continued? How were lives and 
 property saved in Vermont ? 
 
 53. How did the close of the war leave the question of independence in Ver 
 mont ? What did New York manifest ? How was this spirit met by Vermont ? 
 What did Congress begin to show ? 
 
 53. What were the feelings of the people in this regard? What was the 
 condition of the State ? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 101 
 
 war ; and emigrants nocking into the State, new settle 
 ments were rapidly formed, and everything promised 
 increased influence and prosperity. 
 
 54. At the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 
 the United States, and the election of Washington as 
 President, New York had abandoned all hope of subduing 
 Vermont, and it had become the general wish of the 
 other New England States that she should be admitted 
 into the Union. An agreement was accordingly entered 
 into with New York that she should relinquish all her 
 claims to lands in the State for the sum of thirty thous 
 and dollars, which Vermont engaged to pay.* 
 
 55. Early in the year 1791, a convention was, there 
 fore, called by the Assembly of Vermont, to consider the 
 expediency of that State s joining the American Union. 
 This convention met at Bennington ; and at first the 
 proposition met with considerable opposition. After a 
 debate of three days, however, it was adopted by a vote 
 of 105 to 2. Commissioners were appointed to present 
 the application to Congress, and on the 18th of February, 
 1791, the admission of Vermont was completed. 
 
 56. The constitution of the State, which was formed in 
 1777, was amended in 1786, and again in 1793, 1828, 1836, 
 and 1850. The last revision took place in 1870, when 
 several important amendments were made. This instru 
 ment, as it now stands, fully secures the liberty of the 
 citizens, while it distributes the powers of the govern 
 ment, so as to insure effective control, and a careful obe- 
 
 * " The (New York) Commissioners made their final report (April 23, 1799), 
 dividing the thirty thousand dollars among seventy-six claimants, assigning to 
 them proportionate shares according to the number of acres to which they had 
 respectively shown themselves entitled." Hiland Hairs Hist, of Vt. 
 
 54. What induced New York to relinquish her claims ? What sum was 
 agreed upon ? 
 
 55. What convention was called in 1791? What proposition was adopted? 
 When and how was the admission of Vermont into the Union completed ? 
 
 56. What is said of the State constitution ? 
 
102 BRIEF SKETCH OE THE 
 
 dience to law, on the part of all who owe allegiance to 
 the State. 
 
 57. During the conflicts of parties, as narrated in con 
 nection with the history of the United States, Vermont, 
 like its sister States, suffered considerable agitation. In 
 the several wars in which the Union has been involved; 
 this State has borne a distinguished part. Her citizens 
 have ever been characterized by patriotic devotion to the 
 cause of the State, as well as the nation ; and none have 
 won a more brilliant renown for military skill and valor. 
 
 58. When the great rebellion of the Southern States 
 broke out in 1861, Vermont was among the first to 
 respond to the call of the national government for troops 
 to subdue it. During this struggle she furnished 34,655 
 soldiers, exceeding by 679 the number which she was re 
 quired to furnish. Of these, 5,128 were killed in battle, 
 or died of wounds or disease. The expenses incurred 
 by Vermont in support of the war amounted to more 
 than three and a half millions of dollars. The bravery 
 of the Vermont regiments was conspicuous in all the 
 great engagements of the war. At Gettysburg, her 
 soldiers had the honor of turning the scale of victory 
 at a most critical moment ; and they thus took an active 
 and important part in the battle which fully broke the 
 power of the rebellion. [See page 173, ^ 57.] 
 
 59. The "St. Albans raid," in 1864, caused great 
 excitement in the State. On the 19th of October in 
 that year, a party of armed men, professing to be Con 
 federate soldiers, twenty-two in number, suddenly made 
 their appearance in St. Albans, and commenced firing 
 upon the people, two of whom were wounded. Some of 
 
 57. What part has Vermont taken in the general affaire of the Union ? How 
 have her citizens been characterized ? 
 
 58. What did she do on the breaking out of the rebellion in 18fil f What did 
 she furnish ? How many of these perished ? What further is said of the Ver 
 mont regiments ? 
 
 59. What caused great excitement in 1864? Describe it. Was there any 
 further invasion ? 
 
HISTORY OP VERMONT. 103 
 
 them entered the banks, and plundered them of more 
 than two hundred thousand dollars,* and, after seizing a 
 number of horses, escaped into Canada. Numerous com 
 panies of infantry and cavalry were at once organized to 
 protect the frontier, and no further invasion of the State 
 was attempted. 
 
 60. During the summer of 1870, considerable excite 
 ment was produced throughout the country by the move 
 ments of bodies of men from the northern frontiers of 
 New York and Vermont against Canada, their base of 
 operations being St. Albans. These men, called Fenians, 
 were mostly Irish residents of the United States. Their 
 object was the independence of Ireland, which they hoped 
 to secure by seizing Canada, and thus, while the British 
 were engaged in recovering their lost province, giving 
 their countrymen in Ireland " a chance to strike a blow 
 for freedom." But President Grant issued a proclama 
 tion against the invaders, and United States troops cap 
 tured a number that had been in Canada, as well as some 
 that did not get beyond St. Albans ; and all were per 
 mitted to leave, or were sent home under promise that 
 they would not renew the attempt. And thus the scheme 
 " to liberate Ireland " failed. 
 
 61 Government of the State. The peculiar circumstances 
 under which this State was organized, and the difficulties 
 which its people encountered in achieving their indepen 
 dence, and establishing their right to control their own af 
 fairs, naturally insured it a republican form of government. 
 
 * "Eighty thousand dollars of which were afterward returned to the banks by 
 the British government." Osgood s Hand-Book. 
 
 NOTE. "The most destructive freshet, or, as it might more properly be styled, 
 deluge, ever known in Vermont, occurred in October, 1869. A heavy rain pre 
 ceded the flood, swelling the mountain-streams to a frightful extent. Bridges, 
 fences, and even houses were swept away, producing scenes the most desolating, 
 and, in a few instances, loss of life." 
 
 60. Give an account of the "Fenian Raid." 
 
 61. What insured a republican form of government to this State? What is 
 said of the bill of rights ? Of the Constitution ? What provisions are men 
 tioned ? 
 
104 BRIEF SKETCH OF THE 
 
 A bill of rights, which was early adopted, gave the largest 
 liberty to the inhabitants. It declares that all men have 
 a right to life, liberty, and property, as well as to worship 
 God according to the dictates of their own conscience. 
 The Constitution which was at first adopted, and which 
 remained without essential alteration for more than half 
 a century, provided for the election of a governor, lieu 
 tenant-governor, twelve councillors to advise the governor, 
 and a Legislature, to consist of one member from each 
 town. 
 
 62. The Legislature proposed laws, to be laid before the 
 governor and council for their concurrence, if approved 
 of, and if not, for proposals of amendment ; and if the 
 Assembly did not agree to these proposals, the passage of 
 the bill was postponed till the next session. The Consti 
 tution also provided for the appointment, once in seven 
 years, of a Council of Censors, whose duty it should be to 
 examine the acts of the Legislature, and, if they shouid be 
 found unconstitutional, to recommend their repeal. This 
 council was also authorized to propose amendments to the 
 Constitution, and to call a convention to consider the 
 same. 
 
 63. By subsequent amendment, a Senate was substituted 
 for the advisory council ; with the provision that all laws 
 should have the assent of both branches of the Legislature 
 before being submitted to the governor for his approval. 
 The Senate is composed of thirty members chosen in the 
 counties, and apportioned among the same according to 
 their respective population. Thus, some counties have 
 only one Senator, others two or more. The House of 
 Eepresentatives consists of one member from each town. 
 The term of office of senators and members of the House, 
 
 62. How were laws passed according to this instrument? Describe the 
 Council of Censors. 
 
 63. What amendment was made to the Constitution ? Of whom is the Senate 
 composed ? The General Assembly ? What is the term of office of Senators and 
 Representatives ? How often does the Legislature meet ? 
 
HISTORY OF VERMONT. 105 
 
 as well as of " State officers," is, by the amendments of 
 1870, two years ; and the sessions are biennial, the Coun 
 cil of Censors being abolished. Both branches form the 
 General Assembly. 
 
 64. Education. From the earliest history of the State, 
 great attention was paid to education, common schools 
 being established in every town, and several academies 
 and two colleges incorporated. During many years, the 
 want of efficient supervision prevented the progress of 
 public education ; but this has been supplied by judicious 
 legislation. A State Board of Education was provided for 
 in 1856. The Secretary of the Board was the principal 
 educational officer of the State. In 1874 this Board was 
 abolished and a State Superintendent of Education elected. 
 The Superintendent s chief duties are to lecture upon the 
 subject of education to the people, visit schools, hold 
 teachers institutes, and report to the Legislature. 
 
 65. In 1866, a law was passed authorizing the establish 
 ment of three normal schools, for the education and train 
 ing of teachers ; and, in pursuance of the law, such schools 
 were established at Kandolph, Johnson, and Castleton. 
 Middlebury College, the University of Vermont and Agri 
 cultural College at Burlington, and the Norwich Univer 
 sity* afford education of an advanced grade to their stu 
 dents. A medical college exists at Burlington, and yearly 
 educates a large number of physicians. 
 
 66. The future character of the people of the State 
 depends very much on the efficiency of the means pro 
 vided for public education. Make the common schools as 
 useful as they can be, and Vermont will continue to hold 
 
 * A large military school, established at Norwich in 1834. In 1866 its buildings 
 were burned when the school was removed to Northfleld. 
 
 64. What is said of education? What were established? What prevented 
 progress for some time ? What was provided by the Legislature of 1856 ? 
 
 65. What law was passed in 1866? What schools were established? What 
 higher institutions of learning exist ? What other educational institutions ? 
 
 66. What is remarked of the influence of educational institutions ? 
 
106 BRIEF SKETCH OF HISTORY OF VERMONT. 
 
 its present elevated position among her sister States, and 
 the people will retain their present characteristics of 
 morality, intelligence, enterprise, and patriotism. 
 
 67. Population. The aggregate population of this State, 
 according to the census of 1870, was 330,551, of which 
 329,613 were whites, 924 colored, and 14 Indians. In 
 I860, the aggregate population was 315,098, showing that 
 the rate of increase in the population during the ten years 
 was about 5 per cent., which is much larger than it had 
 been for several preceding decades. The effective opera 
 tion of the common school system is shown in the fact 
 that out of the whole native population of twenty years of 
 age and upward, only 933 were unable to read and write. 
 
 67. What was the population of Vermont according to census of 1870? 
 Whites ? Colored ? What in 1860 ? Rate of increase ? How is the benefit of the 
 *ommou school system shown ? 
 
GOVERNORS OF VERMONT. 
 
 107 
 
 GOVERNORS OF VERMONT 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 WHERE BORN AND WHEN. 
 
 DIED. 
 
 TIME IN 
 OFFICE. 
 
 Thomas Chittenden 
 
 E. Guilford, Ct... 
 Hard wick. Ms 
 (See above) 
 
 1730 
 1741 
 1730 
 1745 
 1754 
 1759 
 1754 
 1753 
 1769 
 1753 
 1778 
 1782 
 1763 
 1768 
 1781 
 
 1791 
 
 1799 
 
 1777 
 1786 
 1804 
 1792 
 1782 
 1792 
 1804 
 1787 
 1799 
 1795 
 1792 
 1813 
 1818 
 1799 
 1826 
 1814 
 1832 
 1825 
 1799 
 1803 
 1820 
 1831 
 1827 
 
 1797 
 1813 
 1797 
 1824 
 1838 
 1810 
 1&38 
 1834 
 1841 
 1834 
 18.33 
 1852 
 1838 
 1853 
 1860 
 
 1849 
 
 1853 
 1847 
 1859 
 1855 
 1866 
 1853 
 1864 
 1860 
 1868 
 
 l864 
 
 1778 to 1789 
 1789 1790 
 1790 1797 
 1797 
 1797 1807 
 1807 1808 
 1808 1809 
 1809 1813 
 1813 1815 
 1815 1820 
 1820 1823 
 1823 1826 
 1826 1828 
 1828 1831 
 1831 1835 
 ( 1835 1836 
 1 1836 1841 
 1841 1843 
 1843 1844 
 1844 1846 
 1846 1848 
 1848 1850 
 1850 1852 
 1852 1853 
 1853 1854 
 1854 1856 
 1856 1858 
 1858 1860 
 1860 1861 
 1861 1863 
 1863 1865 i 
 1865 1867 
 1867 1869 
 1869 1870 
 1870 
 1870 1872 
 1872 1874 
 1874 1876 
 1876 1878 
 187 8 1880 
 1880 
 
 Moses Robinson 
 
 Paul Brigham (Lt.-Gov. Act.)- 
 Isa;ic Tichenor 
 
 Coventry. Ct 
 Newark, N. J 
 Suffleld, Ct 
 (See above) 
 Norwich, Ct 
 Salisbury Ct 
 
 
 Isaac Tichenor 
 Jonas Galusha 
 Martin Chittenden 
 
 Joua^ Galusha 
 
 (See above) 
 Litchfield, Ct 
 Kinderhook, N. Y. 
 Lancaster, Ms 
 Woodstock, Ct..., 
 Hebron, Ct 
 
 Richard Skinner 
 
 Cornelius P. Van Ness 
 Ezra Butler 
 
 Samuel C. Crafts 
 William A Palmer.... 
 
 S. H. Jenison (Lt.-Gov. Act.) 
 Silas H. Jenison 
 Charles Paine 
 
 j-Shoreham, Vt.... 
 
 Williamstown, Vt. 
 Hartford, Ct 
 Cornwall, Vt 
 Barnard Vt 
 
 
 William Slade 
 
 Horace Eaton 
 Carlos Coolid^e 
 
 Windsor, Vt 
 Cambridge, Ms 
 Brimfiela, Ms 
 Bennington, Vt 
 Tin mouth, Vt 
 Cavendish, Vt 
 Bennington, Vt. . . . 
 (See above) 
 E. Windsor, Ct.... 
 St. Albans, Vt 
 Shutesbury, Ms. . . . 
 Rutland Vt 
 Lynn, Ms 
 Stowe, Vt 
 Middlebury, Vt.... 
 Stafford, Ct 
 Royalston, Ms 
 Barnet, Vt 
 Cavendish, Vt 
 
 Charles K. Williams 
 Erastus Fairbanks 
 
 John S Robinson 
 
 Stephen Royce 
 
 Ryland Fletcher 
 
 Hiland Hall . 
 
 Erastus Fairbanks 
 Frederick Holbrook 
 J. Gregory Smith 
 Paul Dillingham 
 John B Pa^e 
 
 
 1870 
 
 1879 
 
 Peter T. Washburn 
 G. W. Hendee (Lt.-Gov. Act.) 
 John W Stewart 
 
 Julius Converse 
 
 Asahel Peck 
 
 Honice Fairbanks 
 
 Redfield Proctor. 
 
 Roswell Farnham 
 
 Boston, Mass 
 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE GOVERNORS. 
 
 1. Who was the first governor of Vermont ? 2. The second ? 3. The third? 
 
 I. When did Thomas Chittenden begin his first term ? 5. For how many periods 
 was he governor? 6. What was the length of the first period? 7. Of the 
 second? 8. How many years in all was he governor ? 9. How many times had 
 he been elected ? Ans. 19. 10. Why was he not elected again ? Ans. " He re 
 signed his office in the summer of 1797, and died in August of the same year. 1 
 
 II. Who is the governor of the State now? 12. Who was the governor last 
 year ? 13. How many governors has the State had in all ? 14. Which of them 
 served more than one term ? 15. Which of them served the longest ? 16. Which 
 one died in office ? Ans. Gov. Washburn. 17. Which one had a son who after 
 ward became governor ? 18. Who was in office during our second *war with 
 England? 19. Who, during our war with Mexico? 20. Who, during the great 
 civil war ? 
 
VERMONT. 
 
 The principal range of 
 tains in this State, are the Green 
 Mountains. Vermont was so call- 
 ed from this range, verd or vert, 
 in French, signifying green, and 
 mont, mountain. " The State Seal 
 given above. The motto of 
 Vermont is, Liberty and Inde- 
 f>cnlen e. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 
 PREAMBLE* 
 
 TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF VERMONT, AS 
 ESTABLISHED BY CONVENTION, JULY 2, 1777. 
 
 Whereas, all government ought to be instituted and supported, for the security 
 and protection of the community, as such, and to enable the individuals who 
 compose it, to enjoy their natural rights, and the other blessings which the 
 Author of existence has bestowed upon man ; and whenever those great ends of 
 government are not obtained, the people have a right, by common consent, to 
 change it, and to take such measures as to them may appear necessary to pro 
 mote their safety and happiness. 
 
 And whereas, the inhabitants of this State have (in consideration of protection 
 only) heretofore acknowledged allegiance to the King of Great Britain, and the 
 said King has not only withdrawn that protection, but commenced, and still 
 continues to carry on, with unabated vengeance, a most cruel and unjust war 
 against them ; employing therein, not only the troops of Great Britain, but 
 foreign mercenaries, savages and slaves, for the avowed purpose of reducing 
 thenTto a total and abject submission to the despotic domination of the British 
 parliament, with many other acts of tyranny (more fully set forth in the declara 
 tion of Congress), whereby all allegiance and fealty to the said King and his 
 successors , are dissolved and at an end ; and all power and authority derived 
 from him, ceased in the American Colonies. 
 
 And whereas, the territory which now comprehends the State of Vermont, did 
 antecedently, of right, belong to the government of New Hampshire ; and the 
 former Governor thereof, viz. his Excellency Benning Went worth, Esq., granted 
 many charters of lands and corporations, within this State, to the present inhab 
 itants and others. And whereas, the late Lieutenant-Governor Colden, of New 
 York, with others, did, in violation of the tenth command, covet those very 
 lands ; and by a false representation made to the court of Great Britain (in the 
 
 * This Preamble appeared in the statute books of Vermont until and including 
 the Revised Statutes of 1787 ; but in Haswell s Compilation, in 1791, of acts from 
 1787 to 1791, it was omitted of course without any legal authority, as the original 
 Constitution was unchanged by any competent authority from 1777 to 1793. The 
 officers of the Constitutional Convention of 1793, instead of simply certifying 
 the amendments to the Constitution that were then adopted, engrossed the 
 whole Constitution, omitting the parts superseded by the amendments of that 
 year, and also omitted the original Preamble ; but there is no record that this 
 was authorized by the Convention ; and indeed the Convention had no authority 
 to omit the Preamble, since the Council of Censors had not recommended either 
 its abrogation or omission. The Preamble seems, therefore, still to stand by 
 virtue or its original adoption, and certainly its preservation in the records of 
 the State is due to the truth of history. 
 
110 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 year 1764, that for the convenience of trade and administration of justice, the 
 inhabitants were desirous of being annexed to that government), obtained juris 
 diction of those very identical lands, ex-parte ; which ever was, and is, disagree 
 able to the inhabitants. And whereas, the legislature of New York, ever have, 
 and still continue to disown the good people of this State, in their landed prop 
 erty, which will appear in the complaints hereafter inserted, and in the 36th 
 section of their present constitution, in which is established the grants of land 
 made by that government. 
 
 They have refused to make re-grants of our lands to the original proprietors 
 and occupants, unless at the exorbitant rate of 2300 dollars fees for each town 
 ship ; and did enhance the quit-rent, three-fold, and demanded an immediate 
 delivery of the title derived before, from New Hampshire. 
 
 The judges of their supreme court have made a solemn declaration, that the 
 charters, conveyances, &c., of the lands included in the before described prem 
 ises, were utterly null and void, on which said title was founded : in consequence 
 of which declaration writs of possession have been by them issued, and the 
 sheriff of the county of Albany sent, at the head of six or seven hundred men, 
 to enforce the execution thereof. 
 
 They have passed an act, annexing a penalty thereto, of thirty pounds fine 
 and six months imprisonment, on any person who should refuse assisting the 
 sheriff , after being requested, for the purpose of executing writs of possession. 
 
 The Governors, Dunrnore, Tryon and Golden, have made re-grants of several 
 tracts of land, included in the premises, to certain favorite land-jobbers in the 
 government of New York, in direct violation of his Britannic majesty s express 
 prohibition, in the year 1767. 
 
 They have issued proclamations, wherein they have offered large sums of 
 money, for the purpose of apprehending those very persons who have dared 
 boldly, and publicly, to appear in defence of their just rights. 
 
 They did pass twelve acts of outlawry, on the 9th day of March, A.D. 1774, 
 empowering the respective judges of their supreme court, to award execution 
 of death against those inhabitants in said district, that they should judge to be 
 offenders, without trial. 
 
 They have, and still continue, an unjust claim to those lands, which greatly 
 retards emigration into, and the settlement of, this State. 
 
 They have hired foreign troops, emigrants from Scotland, at two different 
 times, and armed them, to drive us out of possession. 
 
 They have sent the savages on our frontiers, to distress us. 
 
 They have proceeded to erect the counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, and 
 establish courts of justice there, after they were discountenanced by the author 
 ity of Great Britain. 
 
 The free Convention of the State of New York, at Harlem, in the year 1776, 
 unanimously voted, " That all quit-rents, formerly due to the King of Great 
 Britain, are now due and owing to this Convention, or such future government as 
 shall be hereafter established in this State." 
 
 In the several stages of the aforesaid oppressions, we have petitioned his 
 Britannic majesty, in the most humble manner, for redress, and have, at very 
 great expense, received several reports in our favor ; and, in other instances, 
 wherein we have petitioned the late legislative authority of New York, those 
 petitions have been treated with neglect. 
 
 And whereas, the local situation of this State, from New York, at the extreme 
 part, is Tipward of four hundred and fifty miles from the seat of that govern 
 ment, which renders it extremely difficult to continue under the jurisdiction of 
 said State : 
 
 Therefore it is absolutely necessary, for the welfare and safety of the inhabit- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. Ill 
 
 ante of this State, that it should be, henceforth, a free and independent State-, 
 and that a just, permanent and proper form of government, should exist in it, 
 derived from, and founded on, the authority of the people only, agreeable to the 
 direction of the honorable American Congress. 
 
 We the representatives of the freemen of Vermont, in General Convention 
 met, for the express purpose of forming tuch a government, confessing the 
 goodness of the Great Governor of the universe (who alone, knows to what 
 degree of earthly happiness, mankind may attain, by perfecting the arts of gov 
 ernment), in permitting the people of this State, by common consent, and with 
 out violence, deliberately to form for themselves, such just rules as they shall 
 think best for governing their future society ; and being fully convinced that it 
 is our indispensable duty, to establish such original principles of government, as 
 will best promote the happiness of the people of this State, and their posterity, 
 and provide for future improvements, without partiality for, or prejudice against, 
 any particular class, sect, or denomination of men whatever, do, by virtue of 
 authority vested in us, by our constituents, ordain, declare, and establish, the 
 following declaration of rights, and frame of government, to be the CONSTITU 
 TION of this COMMONWEALTH, and to remain in force therein, forever, unaltered, 
 except in such articles, as shall, hereafter, on experience, be found to require 
 improvement, and which shall, by the same authority of the people, fairly dele 
 gated, as this frame of government directs, be amended or improved, for the 
 more effectual obtaining and securing the great end and design of all govern 
 ment, herein before mentioned. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. A DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OP THE INHABITANTS 
 
 OF THE STATE OF VERMONT. 
 AKTICLE 
 
 1. Equality and natural rights of all men. 
 
 2. Private property subservient to public use. Equivalent to be paid. 
 
 3. Religious freedom. 
 
 4. Every person to find remedy at law. 
 
 5. Internal police to be regulated by the people. 
 
 6. Officers of government, trustees of the people. 
 
 7. Government for the benefit and under the control of the people. 
 
 8. Freedom of elections. 
 
 9. Rights and duties of citizens in government. Exemption from bearing 
 *ns. Taxation. 
 
 10. Rights of persons prosecuted for crime. 
 
 11. Regulation of search and seizure. 
 
 12. Trial by jury. 
 
 13. Fr/edom of speech and of the press. 
 
 14. Freedom of legislative debate. 
 
 15. Legislature only to suspend laws. 
 
 16. Right of bearing arms Military subordinate to civil power. 
 
 17. Restriction of law martial. 
 
 18. Recurrence to principles and adherence to justice, &c., requisite to pre 
 serve liberty, &c. 
 
 19. Right of emigration. 
 
 20. Right of instruction. Popular assemblies, &c. 
 
 21. Transportation for trial forbidden. 
 
112 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. FRAME OP GOVERNMENT. 
 SECTION 
 
 1. Organs of government. 
 
 2. Legislative power. 
 
 3. Executive power. 
 
 4. Courts of justice in each county. 
 
 5. Court of chancery may be constituted. 
 
 6. Legislative, executive, and judiciary departments to be separate. 
 
 7. Representation of towns regulated. 
 
 8. Choice and qualification of representatives. 
 
 9. General assembly. Time of meeting. Powers plenary, but not to infringe 
 this constitution. 
 
 10. Executive council. Manner of election of governor, lieutenant-governor, 
 treasurer, and councillor?. 
 
 11. Powers of governor and council : to commission officers ; appoint officers ; 
 fill vacancies ; correspond with other states ; prepare business for general 
 assembly ; try impeachments ; grant pardons and remit fines ; take care that 
 laws be executed ; draw on the treasury ; lay embargo for thirty days ; grant 
 licenses, convoke the general assembly. Governor to be captain-general. 
 Lieutenant-governor to be lieutenant-general. Meetings of the council. Casting 
 vote of presiding officer. Councillors justices. Secretary of governor and council. 
 
 12. Oath to be taken and subscribed by representatives. 
 
 13. Doors of general assembly to be open, except In certain cases. 
 
 14. Journals, with yeas and nays, to be printed. 
 
 15. Style of laws. 
 
 16. Bills to be laid before governor and council. Power of governor and coun 
 cil to suspend bills. 
 
 17. Drafts on treasury. Restriction. 
 
 18. Residence of representatives. 
 
 19. Members of council and house prohibited from acting as counsel. 
 
 20. Legislature restricted. 
 
 21. Qualification of freemen. Oath. 
 
 22. People to be armed and trained. Militia officers, how chosen. 
 
 23. Formality of commissions. State seal kept by governor. 
 
 24. Impeachments, how tried. No bar to prosecution at law. 
 
 25. Compensation of public officers. In what cases to be reduced. Receiving 
 illegal fees, disqualification. 
 
 26. Offices incompatible. Office under United States and this State incom 
 patible. 
 
 27. Sureties required of treasurer and sheriffs. 
 
 28. Treasurer s account to be audited. 
 
 29. Officers to take and subscribe oaths. Oath of fealty. Oath of office. 
 
 30. Eligibility to office of governor and lieutenant-governor. 
 
 31. Trials by jury. 
 
 32. Style of prosecution and indictment. Fines. 
 
 33. Relief of imprisoned debtors. 
 
 34. Elections to be voluntary. Penalty for corruption. 
 
 35. Record of deeds. 
 
 36. Regulation of entails. 
 
 37. State prison to be provided. 
 
 38. Estate of suicide not forfeited. No deodand. 
 
 39. Citizenship, how acquired. 
 
 40. Liberty of hunting, &c. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 113 
 
 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and the prevention of vice, to be 
 kept in force. Schools to be supported. 
 
 42. Declaration of rights part of the constitution. 
 
 43. Council of censors constituted. Their duties and powers. 
 
 AETICLES OF AMENDMENT. 
 
 1. Foreigners to be naturalized before admitted to the privileges of freemen, 
 
 2. House of representatives. 
 
 3. General assembly composed of senate and house of representatives. Their 
 powers. Revenue bills to originate in the house. Adjournment. 
 
 4. Qualification and apportionment of senators. 
 
 5. Election of senators. Return and canvass of votes. Duties of county- 
 clerks. General assembly may regulate mode of election. 
 
 6. Powers incident to the senate. Lieutenant-governor to be president.- 
 President to have a casting vote. 
 
 7. Senate to try impeachments. Extent of judgment in impeachments. 
 
 8. Governor supreme executive. General powers. May appoint secretary 
 of civil and military affairs. 
 
 9. Votes for governor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer to be canvassed by 
 general assembly. Proceedings in case of no election by the people. 
 
 10. Joint assembly to elect officers. President of the senate to preside in 
 joint assembly. 
 
 11. Bills, having passed both houses, to be sent to governor and signed by 
 him, if approved. If not approved, to be returned. If repassed, to become 
 laws. Bills not returned in five days to become laws. 
 
 12. Writ of habeas corpus not to be suspended. 
 
 13. Parts of the constitution, superseded by the above articles of amendment, 
 to cease to have effect. 
 
 14. Judges of county court to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 15. Sheriffs and high bailiffs to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 16. State s attorneys to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 17. Judges of probate to be elected by the freemen. 
 
 18. Justices of the peace to be elected by the freemen. Number which each 
 town may elect. 
 
 19. Above officers to be annually elected by ballot. Term of office. 
 
 20. Time and manner of electing above officers. Votes for, by whom taken, 
 certified and canvassed. Officers to be commissioned by the governor. If two 
 or more have equal number of votes, general assembly to elect. 
 
 21. Term of office of governor, lieutenant-governor, and treasurer. Legisla 
 ture to provide for vacancy in office of both governor and lieutenant-governor. 
 Governor may appoint treasurer in case of a vacancy. 
 
 22. Securities required of treasurer, sheriffs, and high bailiffs. 
 
 23. Number and qualifications of the senators. How elected. Their appor 
 tionment to the several counties. New apportionment, when to be made. 
 
 24. General assembly to meet on 1st Wednesday in October biennially. State 
 and county officers, senators and representatives to be elected biennially. Term 
 of State officers. Term of senators and representatives. Term of county 
 officers. 
 
 25. Judges of supreme court to be* elected biennially, and their term of office. 
 
 26. Amendments to the constitution, how to be proposed and decided. The 
 general assembly to direct the manner of voting on proposed amendments by 
 the people. House of representatives may order impeachments. Council of 
 censors and constitutional convention abrogated. 
 
114 CONSTITUTION OF VEKMONT. 
 
 PART THE FIRST. 
 
 A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of 
 Vermont. 
 
 AKTICLE I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have cer 
 tain natural, inherent, and inalienable rights, among which are the enjoying and 
 defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and 
 pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety ; therefore no male person, born 
 in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holclen by law, to serve 
 any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of 
 twenty-one years, nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of 
 eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent after they arrive to 
 such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or 
 the like. 
 
 ART. II. That private property ought to be subservient to public uses, when 
 necessity requires it ; nevertheless, whenever any person s property is taken for 
 the use of the public, the owner ought to receive an equivalent in money. 
 
 ABT. III. That all men have a natural and inalienable right to worship AL 
 MIGHTY GOD, according to the dictates of their own consciences and understand 
 ings, as in their opinion shall be regulated by the word of GOD ; and that no man 
 ought to, or of right can be compelled to attend any religious worship, or erect 
 or support any place of worship, or maintain any minister, contrary to the dic 
 tates of his conscience ; nor can any man be justly deprived or abridged of any 
 civil right, as a citizen, on account of his religious sentiments, or peculiar mode 
 of religious worship ; and that no authority can or ought to be vested in, or 
 assumed by, any power whatever, that shall in any case interfere with, or in any 
 manner control the rights of conscience, in the free exercise of religious wor 
 ship ; nevertheless, every sect or denomination of Christians ought to observe 
 the Sabbath or Lord s day, and keep up some sort of religious worship, which to 
 them shall seem most agreeable to the revealed will of GOD. 
 
 ART. IV. Every person within this State ought to find a certain remedy, by 
 having recourse to the laws, for injuries or wrongs, which he may receive in his 
 person, property or character ; he ought to obtain right and justice freely, and 
 without being obliged to purchase it; completely, and without any denial; 
 promptly, and without delay, conformably to the laws. 
 
 ART. V. That the people of this State, by their legal representatives, have the 
 sole, inherent and exclusive right of governing and regulating the internal police 
 of the same. 
 
 ART. VI. That all power being originally inherent in, and consequently de 
 rived from, the people ; therefore, all officers of Government, whether legislative 
 or executive, are their trustees and servants, and at all times, in a legal way, 
 accountable to them. 
 
 ART. VII. That Government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common 
 benefit, protection and security of the people, nation, or community, .and not for 
 the particular emolument or advantage of any single man. family, or set of men. 
 who are a part only of that community, and that the community hath an indubit 
 able, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform or alter government in such 
 manner as shall be, by that community, judged most conducive to the public 
 weal. 
 
 ART. VEI. That all elections ought to be free, and without corruption, and 
 that all freemen, having a sufficient evident common interest with and attach 
 ment to, the community, have a right to elect and be elected into office, agree 
 ably to the regulations made in this constitution. 
 
CONSTITUTION" OF VERMONT. 115 
 
 ART. IX. That every member of society hath a right to be protected in the 
 enjoyment of life, liberty, and property, and therefore is bound to contribute his 
 proportion toward the expense of that protection, and yield his personal service 
 when necessary, or an equivalent thereto ; but no part of any person s .property 
 can be justly taken from him, or applied to public uses, without his own con 
 sent, or that of the representative body of the freemen ; nor can any man, who is 
 conscientiously scrupulous of bearing arms, be justly compelled thereto, if he 
 will pay such equivalent ; nor are the people bound by any law but such as they 
 have in like manner assented to, for their common good. And, previous to any 
 law being made to raise a tax, the purpose for which it is to be raised ought to 
 appear evident to the legislature to be of more service to the community than 
 the money would be if not collected. 
 
 ART. X. That in all presecutions for criminal offences, a person hath a right 
 to be heard, by himself and his counsel ; to demand the cause and nature of his 
 accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses; to call for evidence in his 
 favor, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the country, without the 
 unanimous consent of which jury, he cannot be found guilty ; nor can he be com 
 pelled to give evidence against himself; nor can any person be justly deprived 
 of his liberty, except by the laws of the land, or the judgment of his peers. 
 
 ART. XI. That the people have a right to hold themselves, their houses, 
 papers, and possessions, free from search or seizure, and therefore warrants 
 without oath or affirmation first made, affording sufficient foundation for them, 
 and whereby any officer or messenger may be commanded or required to search 
 suspected places, or to seize any person or persons, his, her, or their property, 
 not particularly described, are contrary to that right, and ought not to be granted. 
 
 ART. XII. That when any issue in fact, proper for the cognizance of a jury, 
 is joined in a court of law, the parties have a right to trial by jury, which ought 
 to be held sacred. 
 
 ART. XITI. That the people have a right to freedom of speech, and of writing 
 and publishing their sentiments concerning the transactions of government, and 
 therefore the freedom of the press ought not to be restrained. 
 
 ART. XIV. The freedom of deliberation, speech, and debate, in the legis 
 lature, is so essential to the rights of the people, that it cannot be the foundation 
 of any accusation or prosecution, action or complaint, in any other court, or 
 place whatsoever. 
 
 ART. XV. The power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, ought 
 never to be exercised but by the legislature, or by authority derived from it, to 
 be exercised in such particular cases as this constitution, or the legislature, shall 
 provide for. 
 
 ART. XVI. That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of them 
 selves and the State ; and as standing armies, in times of peace, are dangerous 
 to liberty, they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept 
 under strict subordination to, and be governed by, the civil power. 
 
 ART. XVII. That no person in this State can in any case be subject to law- 
 martial, or to any penalties or pains by virtue of that law, except those employed 
 in the army, and the militia in actual service. 
 
 ART. XVIII. That frequent recurrence to fundamental principles, and a firm 
 adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality are abso 
 lutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty, and keep government free ; 
 the people ought, therefore, to pay particular attention to these points in the 
 choice of officers and representatives, and have a right, in a legal way, to exact 
 a due and constant regard to them from their legislators and magistrates, in 
 making and executing such laws as are necessary for the good government of 
 the State. 
 
116 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 ART. XIX. That all people have a natural aiid inherent right to emigrate from 
 one State to another that will receive them. 
 
 ART. XX. That the people have a right to assemble together to consult for 
 their common good ; to instruct their representatives ; and to apply to the legis 
 lature for redress of grievances, by address, petition, or remonstrance. 
 
 ART. XXI. That no person shall be liable to be transported out of this State 
 for trial, for any offence committed within the same. 
 
 PART THE SECOND. 
 
 Frame of Government. 
 
 SEC. 1. [The commonwealth or State of Vermont, shall be governed hereafter 
 by a governor (or lieutenant governor), council, and an assembly of the represen 
 tatives of the freemen of the same, in manner and form following.] (See the 
 third and eighth Articles of amendments.) 
 
 SEC. 2. [The supreme legislative power shall be vested in a house of represen 
 tatives of the freemen of the commonwealth or State of Vermont.] (See the third 
 Article of amendment.) 
 
 SEC. 3. [The supreme executive power shall be vested in a governor, or, in his 
 absence, a lieutenant governor, and council.] (See tlie eighth Article of amendment.} 
 
 SEC. 4. Courts of justice shall be maintained in every county in this State, 
 and also in new counties when formed, which courts shall be open for the trial 
 of all causes proper for their cognizance, and justice shall be therein impartially 
 administered without corruption or unnecessary delay. The judges of the 
 supreme court shall be justices of the peace throughout the State, and the several 
 judges of the county courts in their respective counties, by virtue of their office, 
 except in the trial of such causes as may be appealed to the county court, 
 
 SEC. 5. A future legislature may, when they shall conceive the same to be 
 expedient and necessary, erect a court of chancery, with such powers as are 
 usually exercised by that court, or as shall appear for the interest of the com 
 monwealth : provided, they do not constitute themselves the judges of said court. 
 
 SEC. 6. The legislative, executive, and judiciary departments shall be separate 
 and distinct, so that neither exercise the powers properly belonging to the other. 
 
 SEC. 7. In order that the freemen of this State might enjoy the benefit of elec 
 tion as equally as may be, each town within this State, that consists or may con 
 sist of eighty taxable inhabitants, within one septenary or seven years next after 
 the establishing of this constitution, may hold elections therein, and choose, 
 each, two representatives ; and each other inhabited town in this State, may, in 
 like manner, choose one representative to represent them in general assembly, 
 during the septenary or seven years. And after that, each inhabited town may. 
 in like manner, hold such election, and choose one representative, forever 
 Thereafter. 
 
 SEC. 8. The house of representatives of the freemen of this State shall consist 
 of persons most noted for wisdom and virtue, to be chosen by ballot by the free 
 men of every town in this State, respectively, on the first Tuesday of September, 
 annually, forever. 
 
 SEC. 9. The representatives so chosen (a majority of whom shall constitute 
 a quorum for transacting any other business than raising a State tax, for which 
 two thirds of the members elected shall be present) shall meet on the [second 
 Thursday of the succeeding October,] [and shall be styled, The General Assem 
 bly of the State of Vermont :] (See Recond and twenty-fourth Articles of amend 
 ment^ They shall have power to choose their speaker, [secretary of State,] (see 
 tenth Article of amendment,) their clerk and other necessary officers of the house ; 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VEKMONT. 117 
 
 eit on their own adjournments ; prepare bills and enact them into laws ; judge 
 of the elections and qualifications of their own members ; they may expel mem 
 bers, but not for causes known to their constituents antecedent to their election ; 
 they may administer oaths and affirmations in matters depending before them ; 
 redress grievances ; impeach State criminals ; grant charters of incorporation : 
 constitute towns, boroughs, cities and counties ; they may, annually, on their 
 first session after their election [in conjunction with the council] (or oftener if 
 need be) elect judges of the supreme [and several county and probate] courts, 
 [sheriffs and justices of the peace] (See Articles of amendment from the four 
 teenth to the twenty-fifth, both inclusive) and also [with the council] may elect 
 major generals and brigadier generals, from time to time as often as there shall 
 be occasion : and they shall have all other powers necessary for the legislature 
 of a free and sovereign State. But they shall have no power to add to, alter, 
 abolish, or infringe any part of this constitution. (See the Articles of amend 
 ment which require the concurrent action of a senate for the effectual exercise of 
 most of the above mentioned powers?) 
 
 SEC. 10. [The supreme executive council of this State shall consist of a gov 
 ernor, lieutenant governor, and twelve persons chosen in the following manner, 
 to wit:] the freemen of each town shall, on the day of election for choosing 
 representatives to attend the general assembly, bring in their votes for governor, 
 with his name fairly written, to the constable, who >?hall seal them up, and write 
 on them, " Votes for Governor" and deliver them to the representative chosen 
 to attend the general assembly. And at the opening of the general assembly 
 there shall be a committee appointed out of the [council and] assembly, who, 
 after being duly sworn to the faithful discharge of their trust, shall proceed to 
 receive, sort and count the votes for the governor, and declare the person who 
 has the major part of the votes, to be governor for the year ensuing. [And if 
 there be no choice made, then the council and general assembly, by their joint 
 ballots, shall make choice of a governor.] The lieutenant governor and treasurer 
 ^hall be chosen in the manner above directed. [And each freeman shall give in 
 twelve votes for twelve councillors, in the same manner, and the twelve highest 
 in nomination shall serve for the ensuing year as councillors.] (See the eighth 
 and ninth articles of amendment.) 
 
 SEC. 11. The governor, and in his absence, the lieutenant governor, [with the 
 council (the major part of whom, including the governor or lieutenant governor, 
 shall be a quorum to transact business,)] shall have power to commission all 
 officers, and also to appoint officers, except where provision is or shall be other 
 wise made by law, or this frame of government ; and shall supply every vacancy 
 in any office, occasioned by death or otherwise, until the office can be filled in 
 the manner directed by law, or this constitution. 
 
 They are to correspond with other States ; transact business with officers of 
 government, civil and military, and to prepare such business as may appear to 
 them necessary to lay before the general assembly; [they shall sit as judges to 
 hear and determine on impeachments, taking to their assistance, for advice only, 
 the judges of the supreme court ;] and shall have power to grant pardons and 
 remit fines, in all cases whatsoever, except in treason and murder, in which they 
 shall have power to grant reprieves, but not to pardon until after the end of the 
 next session of assembly ; and except in cases of impeachment, in which there 
 shall be no remission or mitigation of punishment, but by act of legislation ; 
 they are to take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; they are to expedite 
 the execution of such measures as may be resolved upon by the general assem 
 bly ; and they may draw upon the treasury for such sums as may be appropriated 
 by the house of representatives ; they may lay embargoes, or prohibit the expor 
 tation of any commodity for any time not exceeding thirty days, in the recess of 
 
118 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 the house only. They may grant such licenses as shall be directed by law ; and 
 shall have power to call together the general assembly, when necessary, before 
 the day to which they .shall stand adjourned. The governor shall be captain- 
 general and Commander-in-chief of the forces of the State ; but shall not com 
 mand in person, [except advised thereto by the council, and then only so long as 
 they shall approve thereof.] And the lieutenant governor shall, by virtue of his 
 office, be lieutenant-general of all the forces of the State. The governor or lieu 
 tenant governor [and the council] shall meet at the time and place with the 
 general assembly ; [the lieutenant governor shall, during the presence of the 
 commander-in-chief, vote and act as one of the council ; and the governor, and 
 in his absence the lieutenant governor, shall, by virtue of their offices, preside in 
 council, and have a casting but no other vote. Every member of the council 
 shall be a justice of the peace for the whole State, by virtue of his office. The 
 governor and council shall have a secretary, and keep fair books of their pro 
 ceedings, wherein any councillor may enter his dissent, with his reasons to sup 
 port it. And the governor may appoint a secretary for himself and his council.] 
 (See the articles of amendment.} 
 
 SEC. 12. The representatives having met and chosen their speaker and clerk, 
 shall, each of them, before they proceed to business, take and subscribe, as well 
 the oath or affirmation of allegiance hereinafter directed (except where they 
 shall produce certificates of their having heretofore taken and subscribed the 
 same) as the following oath or affirmation, viz. : 
 
 " You do solemnly swear (or affirm) that as a member of this 
 
 assembly you will not propose or assent to any bill, vote, or resolution, which 
 shall appear tp you injurious to the people, nor do or consent to any act or thing 
 whatever, that shall have a tendency to lessen or abridge their rights and privi 
 leges, as declared by the constitution of this State ; but will in all things conduct 
 yourself as a faithful, honest representative and guardian of the people, according 
 to the best of your judgment and abilities. (In case of an oath) So help you 
 God, (and in case of an affirmation) under the pains and penalties of perjury." 
 
 SEC. 13. The doors of the house in which the general assembly of this com- 
 monwealth shall sit, shall be open, for the admission of all persons who behave 
 decently, except only when the welfare of the State may require them to be shut. 
 
 SEC. 14. The votes and proceedings of the general assembly shall be printed 
 (when one-third of the members think it necessary) as soon as convenient after 
 the end of each session, with the yeas and nays on any question, when required 
 by any member (except where the vote shall be taken by ballot), in which case 
 every member shall have a right to insert the reasons of his vote upon the minutes. 
 
 SEC. 15. The style of the laws of this State, in future to be passed, shall be, 
 It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Vermont. 
 
 SEC. 16. [To the end that laws, before they are enacted, may be more maturely 
 considered, and the inconvenience of hasty determinations as much as possible 
 prevented, all bills, which originate in the assembly, shall be laid before the gov 
 ernor and council, for their revision and concurrence, or proposals of amend 
 ment, who shall return the same to the assembly, with their proposals of amend 
 ment, if any, in writing ; and if the same are not agreed to by the assembly, it 
 shall be in the power of the governor and council to suspend the passing of such 
 bills until the next session of the legislature. Provided, that if the governor 
 and council shall neglect or refuse to return any such bill to the assembly, with 
 written proposals of amendment, within five days, or before the rising of the 
 legislature, the same shall become a law.] (See llth article of amendment.) 
 
 SEC. 17. No money shall be drawn out of the treasury, unless first appro> 
 priated by act of legislation. 
 
 SEC. 18. No person shall be elected a representative until he has resided 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 119 
 
 two years in this. State, the last of which, shall be in the town for which he is 
 elected. 
 
 SEC. 19. No member of the [council] (senate) or house of representatives, 
 shall directly or indirectly receive any fee or reward to bring forward or advo 
 cate any bill, petition, or other business to be transacted in the legislature, or 
 advocate any eause as counsel in either house of legislation, except when em 
 ployed in behalf of the State. 
 
 SEC. 20. No person ought, in any case, or in any time, to be declared guilty 
 of treason, or felony, by the legislature. 
 
 SEC. 21. Every man of the full age of twenty-one years, having resided in this 
 State for the space of one whole year, next before the election of representatives, 
 and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior, and will take the following oath or 
 affirmation, shall be entitled to all the privileges of a freeman of this State : 
 
 " You solemnly swear (or affirm) that whenever you give your vote or suf 
 frage, touching any matter that concerns the State of Vermont, you will do it so 
 as in your conscience you shall judge will most conduce to the best good of the 
 same, as established by the constitution, without fear or favor of any man." 
 (See the first article of amendment.) 
 
 SEC. 22. The inhabitants of this State shall be trained and armed for its de 
 fence, under such regulations, restrictions and exceptions, as Congress, agree 
 ably to the constitution of the United States, and the legislature of this State, 
 shall direct. The several companies of militia shall, as often as vacancies hap 
 pen, elect their captain and other officers, and the captains and subalterns shall 
 nominate and recommend the field officers of their respective regiments, who 
 shall appoint their staff officers. 
 
 SEC. 23. All commissions shall be in the name of the freemen of the State of 
 Vermont, sealed with the State seal, signed by the governor, and in his absence, 
 the lieutenant governor, and attested by the secretary ; which seal shall be kept 
 by the governor. 
 
 SEC. 24. Every officer of state, whether judicial or executive, shall be liable 
 to be impeached by the general assembly, either when in office, or after his 
 resignation, or removal for inal-admiuistration. [All impeachments shall be 
 before the governor and council, who shall hear and determine the same, and 
 may award costs ; and no trial or impeachment shall be a bar to a prosecution at 
 law.] (See the seventh article of amendment) 
 
 SEC. 25. As every freeman, to preserve his independence (if without a suffi 
 cient estate), ought to have some profession, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he 
 may honestly subsist, there can be no necessity for, nor use in, establishing 
 offices of profit, the usual effects of which are dependence and servility, unbe 
 coming freemen, in the possessors or expectants, and faction, contention and 
 discord among the people. But if any man is called into public service to the 
 prejudice of his private affairs, he has a right to a reasonable compensation; and 
 whenever an office, through increase of fees, or otherwise, becomes so profitable 
 as to occasion many to apply for it, the profits ought to be lessened by the legis 
 lature. And if any officer shall wittingly and wilfully take greater fees than the 
 law allows him, it shall ever after disqualify him for holding any office in this 
 State, until he shall be restored by act of legislation. 
 
 SEC. 26. No person in this State shall be capable of holding or exercising 
 more than one of the following offices at the same time, viz. : governor, lieu 
 tenant governor, judge of the supreme court, treasurer of the State, member of 
 the council, member of the general assembly, surveyor general or sheriff. Nor 
 shall any person holding any office of profit or trust uder the authority of 
 Congress, be eligible to any appointment in the legislature, or of holding any 
 executive or judiciary office under this State. 
 
120 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 SEC. 27. [The treasurer of the State shall, before the governor and council, 
 give sufficient security to the secretary of state, in behalf of the general assem 
 bly, and each high sheriff, before the first judge of the county court, to the 
 treasurer of their respective counties, previous to their respectively entering 
 upon the execution of their offices, in such manner and in such sums as shall be 
 directed by the legislature.] (See the twenty-second article of amendment.) 
 
 SEC. 28. The Treasurer s account shall be annually audited, and a fair 
 statement thereof be laid before the general assembly, at their session in October. 
 
 SEC. 29. Every officer, whether judicial, executive, or military, in authority 
 under this State, before he enters upon the execution of his office, shall take 
 and subscribe the following oath, or affirmation, of allegiance to this State (un 
 less he shall produce evidence that he has before taken the same) ; and also the 
 following oath or affirmation of office, except military officers, and such as shall 
 be exempted by the legislature : 
 
 THE OATH, OB AFFIRMATION, OF ALLEGIANCE. 
 
 "You do solemnly swear (or affirm), that you will be true 
 
 and faithful to the State of Vermont, and that you will not, directly or in 
 directly, do any act or thing injurious to the constitution or government thereof, 
 as established by convention. (If an oath) So help you God, (if an affirmation) 
 under the pains and penalties of perjury." 
 
 THE OATH, OB AFFIRMATION, OF OFFICE. 
 
 "You do solemnly swear (or affirm), that you will faithfully 
 
 execute the office of for the of and will therein 
 
 do equal right and justice to all men, to the best of your judgment and abilities, 
 according to law. (If an oath) So help you God, (if an affirmation) under the 
 pains and penalties of perjury." 
 
 SEC. 30. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant 
 governor, until he shall have resided in this State four years next preceding the 
 day of his election. 
 
 SEC. 31. Trials of issues proper for the cognizance of a jury, in the supreme 
 and county courts, shall be by jury, except where parties otherwise agree ; and 
 great care ought to be taken to prevent conniption, or partiality, in the choice 
 and return, or appointment of juries. 
 
 SEC. 32. All prosecutions shall commence, By the authority of the State of 
 Vermont ; all indictments shall conclude with these words : against the peace 
 and dignity of the State; and all fines shall be proportioned to the offences. 
 
 SEC. 33. The person of a debtor, where there is not strong presumption of 
 fraud, shall not be continued in prison after delivering up and assigning over. 
 bonafide, all his estate, real and personal, in possession, reversion, or remainder, 
 for the use of his creditors, in such manner as shall be hereafter regulated by 
 law. And all prisoners, unless in execution, or committed for capital offences, 
 when the proof is evident or presumption great, shall be bailable, by sufficient 
 sureties ; nor shall excessive bail be exacted for bailable offences. 
 
 SEC. 34. All elections, whether by the people, or the legislature, shall be free 
 and voluntary ; and any elector, who shall receive any gift, or reward, for his 
 vote, in meat, drink, moneys, or otherwise, shall forfeit his right to elect at that 
 time, and suffer such other penalty as the law shall direct ; and any person who 
 shall directly or indirectly give, promise, or bestow, any such rewards to be 
 elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable to serve for the ensuing year, and 
 be subject to such further punishment as a future legislature shall direct. 
 
 SEC. 35. All deeds and conveyances of land shall be recorded in the town 
 clerk s office, in their respective towns, and for want thereof, in the county 
 clerk s office of the same county. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 121 
 
 SEC. 36. The legislature shall regulate entails, in such manner as to prevent 
 perpetuities. 
 
 SEC. 37. To deter more effectually from the commission of crimes, by con 
 tinued visible punishments of long duration, and to make sanguinary punish 
 ments less necessary, means ought to be provided for punishing by hard labor. 
 those who shall be convicted of crimes not capital, whereby the criminal shall 
 be employed for the benefit of the public, or for the reparation of injuries done 
 to private persons ; and all persons, at proper times, ought to be permitted to 
 see them at their labor. 
 
 SEC. 38. The estates of such persons as may destroy their own lives, shall not, 
 for that offence, be forfeited ; but descend, or ascend, in the same manner as if 
 such persons had died in a natural way. Nor shall any articles, which shall acci 
 dentally occasion the death of any person, be henceforth deemed a deodand, or in 
 any wise forfeited on account of such misfortune. 
 
 SEC. 39. Every person of good character, who comes to settle in this State, 
 having first taken an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the same, may purchase, 
 or by other just means acquire, hold and transfer laud, or other real estate, and 
 after one year s residence shall be deemed a free denison thereof, and entitled to 
 all rights of a natural born subject of this State ; except that he shall not be 
 capable of being elected governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, councillor, or 
 representative in assembly, until after two years residence. 
 
 SEC. 40. The inhabitants of this State shall have liberty, in seasonable times, 
 to hunt and fowl, on the lands they hold, and on other lands not enclosed, and 
 in like manner to fish in ball oatable and other waters (not private property), un 
 der proper regulations to be hereafter made and provided by the general assembly. 
 
 SEC. 41. Laws for the encouragement of virtue and prevention of vice and im 
 morality ought to be constantly kept in force, and duly executed ; and a compe 
 tent number of schools ought to be maintained in each town, for the convenient 
 instruction of youth, and one or more grammar schools be incorporated and 
 properly supported, in ea*;h county in this State. And all religious societies or 
 bodies of men that may be hereafter united or incorporated for the advance 
 ment of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable purposes, shall 
 be encouraged and protected in the enjoyment of the privileges, immunities, 
 and estates, which they in justice ought to enjoy, under such regulations as the 
 general assembly of this State shall direct. 
 
 SEC. 42. The declaration of the political rights and privileges of the inhabi 
 tants of this State, is hereby declared to be a part of the constitution of this com 
 monwealth, and ought not to be violated on any pretence whatsoever. 
 
 [SEC. 43. In order that the freedom of this commonwealth may be preserved 
 inviolate forever, there shall be chosen by ballot, by the freemen of this State, 
 on the last Wednesday in March, in the year one thousand seven hundred and 
 ninety-nine, and on the last Wednesday in March in every seven years thereafter, 
 thirteen persons, who shall be chosen in the same manner the council is chosen, 
 except they shall not be out of the council or general assembly, to be called the 
 council of censors, who shall meet together on the first Wednesday in June next 
 ensuing their election, the majority of whom shall be a quorum in every case, 
 except as to calling a convention, in which two-thirds of the whole number 
 elected shall agree : and whose duty it shall be to inquire whether the constitu 
 tion has been preserved inviolate in every part during the last septenary (includ 
 ing the year of their service,) and whether the legislative and executive branches 
 of government have performed their duty as guardians of the people, or assumed 
 to themselves, or exercised other or greater powers than they are entitled to by 
 the constitution. They are also to inquire whether the public taxes have been 
 justly laid and collected in all parts of this commonwealth ; in what manner th 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 public moneys have been disposed of, and whether the laws have been duly exe 
 cuted. For these purposes they shall have power to send for persons, papers, 
 and records ; they shall have authority to pass public censures, to order impeach 
 ments, and to recommend to the legislature the repealing such laws as shall 
 appear to them to have been passed contrary to the principles of the constitu 
 tion : these powers they shall continue to have for and during the space of one 
 year from the day of their election, and no longer. The said council of censors 
 shall also have power to call a convention, to meet within two years after their 
 Bitting, if there appears to them an absolute necessity of amending any article of 
 this constitution which may be defective, explaining such as may be thought not 
 clearly expressed, and of adding such as are necessary, for the preservation of 
 the rights and happiness of the people. But the articles to be amended, and the 
 amendments proposed, and such articles as are proposed to be added or abol 
 ished, shall be promulgated at least six months before the day appointed for the 
 election of such convention, for the previous consideration of the people, that 
 they may have an opportunity of instructing their delegates on the subject.] (See 
 the twenty-sixth Article of amendment. 
 
 ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT. 
 
 ARTICLE 1. No person, who is not already a freeman of this State, shall be 
 entitled to exercise the privileges of a freeman, unless he be a natural born citi 
 zen of this, or some one of the United States, or until he shall have been natural 
 ized, agreeably to the acts of Congress. 
 
 ART. 2. The most numerous branch of the legislature of this State shall here 
 after be styled " The House of Representatives." 
 
 ART. 3. The supreme legislative power of this State shall hereafter be exer 
 cised by a Senate and the House of Representatives ; which shall be styled "The 
 General Assembly of the State of Vermont." Each shall have and exercise the 
 like powers in all acts of legislation ; and no bill, resolution, or other thing, 
 which shall have been passed by the one, shall have the effect of or declared to 
 "be, a law, without the concurrence of the other. Provided that all revenue bills 
 shall originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or 
 concur with amendments, as on other bills. Neither house, during the session 
 of the general assembly, shall, without the consent of the other, adjoum for 
 more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses 
 shall be sitting, and in case of disagreement between the two houses with 
 respect to adjournment, the governor may adjourn them to such time as he shall 
 think proper. 
 
 ART. 4. [The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the free 
 men of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who are thirty years 
 of age or upwards, and to be annually elected by the freemen of each county 
 respectively. Each county shall be entitled to one senator, at least, and the 
 remainder of the senators shall be apportioned to the several counties according 
 to their population, as the same was ascertained by the last census, taken under 
 the authority of the United States regard being always had, in such apportion 
 ment, to the counties having the greatest fraction. But the several counties 
 shall, until after the next census of the United States, be entitled to elect, and 
 have their senators, in the following proportion, to wit : 
 
 Benniugton county, two ; Windham county, three ; Rutland county, three ; 
 Windsor county, four ; Addison county, three ; Orange county, three ; Washing 
 ton county, two; Chittenden county, two; Caledonia county, two; Franklin 
 county three ; Orleans county, one ; Essex county, one ; Grand Isle coiinty, one. 
 
 The legislature shall make a new apportionment of senators, to the several 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 counties, after the taking of each census of the United Slates, or census taken 
 for the purpose of such apportionment, by order of the government of this State, 
 always regarding the above provisions in this article.] (See the twenty-third 
 Article of amendment.) 
 
 ART. 5. The freemen of the several towns in each county shall [annually] 
 give their votes for the senators, apportioned to such county, at the same time 
 and under the same regulations, as are now provided for the election of council 
 lors.* And the person or persons, equal in number to the number of senators 
 apportioned to such county, having the greatest number of legal votes in such 
 county respectively, shall be the senator or senators of such county. At every 
 election of senators, after the votes shall have been taken, the constable or pre 
 siding officer, assisted by the selectmen and civil authority present, shall sort 
 and count the said votes, and make two lists of the names of each person, with 
 the number of votes given for each, annexed to his name, a record of which shall 
 be made in the town clerk s office, and shall seal up said lists, separately, and 
 write, on each, the name of the town, and these words, "Votes for Senator, 1 
 or " Votes for Senators," as the case may be, one of which lists shall be deliv 
 ered by the presiding officer to the representative of said town (if any), and if 
 none be chosen, to the representative of an adjoining town, to be transmitted to 
 the president of the Senate ; the other list, the said presiding officer shall, with 
 in ten days, deliver to the clerk of the county court for the same county, and 
 the clerk of each county court respectively, or in case of his absence or disabil 
 ity the sheriff of such county, or in case of the absence or disability of both, the 
 high bailiff of such county, on the tenth day after such election, shall publicly 
 open, sort and count said votes, and make a record of the same, in the office of 
 the clerk of such county court, a copy of which he shall transmit to the senate ; 
 and shall also, within ten days thereafter, transmit to the person or persons 
 elected, a certificate of his or their election. Provided, however, that the gen 
 eral assembly shall have power to regulate by law the mode of balloting for 
 senators, within the several counties, and to prescribe the means, and the man 
 ner by which the result of the balloting shall be ascertained, and through which 
 the senators chosen shall be certified of their election, and for filling all vacan 
 cies in the senate, which shall happen by death, resignation or otherwise. But 
 they shall not have power to apportion the senators to the several counties other 
 wise than according to the population thereof, agreeably to the provisions herein 
 before ordained. 
 
 ART. 6. The senate shall have the like powers to decide on the election and 
 qualifications of, and to expel any of its members, make its own rules, and ap 
 point its own officers, as are incident to, or are possessed by, the house of rep 
 resentatives. A majority shall constitute a quorum. The lieutenant governor 
 shall be president of the senate, except when he shall exercise the office of gov 
 ernor, or when his office shall be vacant, or in his absence ; in which cases, the 
 senate shall appoint one of its own members to be president of the senate, pro 
 tempore. And the president of the senate shall have a casting vote, but no other. 
 
 ART. 7. The senate shall have the sole power of trying and deciding upon all 
 impeachments ; when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirma 
 tion, and no person shall be convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of 
 the members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend 
 farther, than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold or enjoy any 
 office of honor, or profit, or trust, under this State. But the party convicted 
 shall, nevertheless, be liable, and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and 
 punishment, according to law. 
 
 ART. 8. The supreme executive power of the state shall be exercised by the 
 
 * Section 10 of Part II. 
 
124 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 governor, or in case of his absence or disability, by the lieutenant governor : 
 who shall have all the powers and perform all the duties vested in and enjoined 
 iipon the governor and council, by the eleventh and twenty-seventh sections of 
 the second chapter of the constitution, as at present established, excepting that 
 he shall not ait as a judge, in case of impeachment, nor grant reprieve, or par 
 don, in any such case: nor shall he command the forces of the State in person, 
 in time of war or insurrection, unless by the advice and consent of the senate ; 
 and no longer than they shall approve thereof. The governor may have a secre 
 tary of civil and military affairs, to be by him appointed during pleasure, whos<> 
 cervices he may at all times command ; and for whose compensation, provision 
 shall be made by law. 
 
 ART. 9. The votes for governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer of the 
 State, shall be sorted and counted, and the result declared by a committee, ap 
 pointed by the senate and house of representatives. If, at any time, there shall 
 be no election by the freemen, of governor, lieutenant governor and treasurer 
 of the State, the senate and house of representatives shall, by a joint ballot, elect 
 to fill the office, not filled by the freemen as aforesaid, one of the three candidates 
 for such office (if there be so many) for whom the greatest number of votes shall 
 have been returned. 
 
 ABT. 10. The secretary of state, and all officers, whose elections are not 
 otherwise provided for, and who, under the existing provisions of the constitu 
 tion, are elected by the council and house of representatives, shall, hereafter, bo 
 elected by the senate and house of representatives, in joint assembly, at which 
 the presiding officer of the senate shall preside ; and such presiding officer, in 
 such joint assembly, shall have a casting vote, and no other. 
 
 ART. 11. Every bill, which shall have passed the senate and house of repre 
 sentatives, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the governor; if he 
 approve, he shall sign it ; if not, he shall return it, with his objections in writ 
 ing, to the house in which it shall have originated ; which shall proceed to 
 reconsider it. If, upon such reconsideration, a majority of the house shall pass 
 the bill, it shall, together with the objections, be sent to the other house, by 
 which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of that 
 house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses 
 shall be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or 
 against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respectively. If 
 any bill shall not be returned by the governor, as aforesaid, within five days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall 
 become a law, in like manner as if he had signed it; unless the two houses, by 
 their adjournment, within three days after the presentment of such bill, shall 
 prevent its return ; in which case it shall not become a law. 
 
 ART. 12. The writ of habeas corpus shall, in no case, be suspended. It shall 
 be a writ, issuable of right ; and the general assembly shall make provision to 
 render it a speedy and effectual remedy in all cases therefor. 
 
 ART. 13. Such parts and provisions, only, of the constitution of this State, 
 established by convention, on the ninth day of July, one thousand seven hun 
 dred and ninety-three, as are altered or superseded by any of the foregoing 
 amendments, or are repugnant thereto, shall hereafter cease to have effect. 
 
 ART. 14. The assistant judges of the county court shall be elected by the 
 freemen of their respective counties. 
 
 ART. 15. Sheriffs and high bailiffs shall be elected by the freemen of their 
 respective counties. 
 
 ART. 16. State s attorneys shall be elected by the freemen of their respective 
 counties. 
 
 ART. 17. Judges of probate shall be elected by the freemen of their respective 
 districts. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VEKMONT. 
 
 ART. 18. Justices of the peace shall be elected by the freemen of their respec 
 tive towns ; and towns having less than one thousand inhabitants may elect any 
 number of justices of the peace not exceeding Jive ; towns having one thousand, 
 and less than two thousand inhabitants, may elect seven ; towns having two 
 thousand, and less than three thousand inhabitants, may elect ten ; towns having 
 three thousand, and less than five thousand inhabitants, may elect twelve; and 
 towns having five thousand, or more, inhabitants, may elect fifteen justices of 
 the peace. 
 
 ART. 19. All the officers named in the preceding articles of amendment (Ar 
 ticles Ik to 18) shall be [annually] elected by ballot, [and shall hold their offices 
 for one year, said year commencing on the first day of December next after their 
 election.] (See the twenty-fourth Article of amendments.^ 
 
 ART. 20. The election of the several officers mentioned in the preceding 
 articles (Articles Ik to IS), excepting town representatives, shall be made at the 
 times and in the manner now directed in the constitution for the choice of sen 
 ators. And the presiding officer of each freemen s meeting, after the votes shall 
 have been taken, sorted, and counted, shall, in open meeting, make a certificate 
 of the names of each person voted for, with the number of votes given for each, 
 annexed to his name and designating the office for which the votes were given, 
 a record of which shall be made in the town clerk s office, and he shall seal up 
 said certificate, and shall write thereon the name of the town and the words, 
 Certificate of votes for -- , and add thereto, in writing, the title of the office 
 voted for, as the case may be, and shall deliver such certificate to some represen 
 tative chosen as a member of the general assembly, whose duty it shall be to 
 cause such certificate of votes to be delivered to the committee of the general 
 assembly appointed to canvass the same. And at the sitting of the general 
 assembly, next after such balloting for the officers aforesaid, there shall be a 
 committee appointed of and by the general assembly, who shall be sworn to the 
 faithful discharge of their duty, and whose duty it shall be to examine such cer 
 tificates and ascertain the number of votes given for each candidate, and the per 
 sons receiving the largest number of votes for the respective offices shall be 
 declared duly elected, and by such committee be reported to the general assem 
 bly, and the officers so elected shall be commissioned by the governor. And if 
 two or more persons designated for any one of said offices shall have received 
 an equal number of votes, the general assembly shall elect one of such persons 
 to such office. 
 
 ART. 21. The term of office of the governor, lieutenant governor, and treas 
 urer of the state, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and 
 qualified, and shall continue for the term of [one year] (two years), or until their 
 successors shall be chosen and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of 
 the legislature, at which, by the constitution and laws, their successors are 
 required to be chosen, and not after such adjournment. And the legislature 
 shall provide, by general law, declaring what officer shall act as governor when 
 ever there shall be a vacancy in both the offices of governor and lieutenant gov 
 ernor, occasioned by a failure to elect, or by the removal from office, or by the 
 death, resignation, or inability of both governor and lieutenant governor, to 
 exercise the powers and discharge the duties of the office of governor ; and such 
 officer, so designated, shall exercise the powers and discharge the duties apper 
 taining to the office of governor accordingly, until the disability shall be 
 removed, or a governor shall be elected. And in case there shall be a vacancy 
 in the office of treasurer, by reason of any of the causes enumerated, the gover 
 nor shall appoint a treasurer for the time being, who shall act as treasurer until 
 the disability shall be removed, or a new election shall be made. 
 
 ART. 22. The treasurer of the state shall, before entering upon the duties of 
 
12G CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 his office, give sufficient security to the secretary of state, in behalf of the state 
 of Vermont, before the governor of the state, or one of the judges of the supreme 
 court. And sheriffs and high bailiffs, before entering upon the duties of their 
 respective offices, shall give sufficient security to the treasurer of their respective 
 counties, before one of the judges of the supreme court, or the two assistant 
 judges of the county court of their respective counties, in such manner and in 
 such sums as shall be directed by the legislature. 
 
 ART. 23. The senate shall be composed of thirty senators, to be of the free 
 men of the county for which they are elected, respectively, who shall have at 
 tained the age of thirty years, and they shall be elected [annually] (biennially) by 
 the freemen of each county respectively. 
 
 The senators shall be apportioned to the several counties, according to the 
 population, as ascertained by the census taken under the authority of Congress 
 in the year 1840, regard being always had, in such apportionment, to the counties 
 having the largest fraction, and giving to each county at least one senator. 
 
 The legislature shall make a new apportionment of the senators to the several 
 counties, after the taking of each census of the United States, or after a census 
 taken for the purpose of such apportionment, under the authority of this State, 
 always regarding the above provisions of this article. 
 
 ART. 24. The General Assembly shall meet on the first Wednesday of October, 
 biennially; the first election shall be on the first Tuesday of September, A.D. 
 1870; the first session of the General Assembly on the first Wednesday of 
 October, A.D. 1870. 
 
 The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer of the State, senators, town 
 representatives, assistant judges of the county court, sheriffs, high bailiffs, 
 State s attorneys, judges of probate, and justices of the peace, shall be elected 
 biennially on the first Tuesday of September, in the manner prescribed by the 
 Constitution of the State. 
 
 The term of office of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Treasurer of the 
 State, respectively, shall commence when they shall be chosen and qualified, and 
 shall continue for the term of two years, or until their successors shall be chosen 
 and qualified, or to the adjournment of the session of the Legislature at which, 
 by the Constitution and laws, their successors are required to be chosen, and not 
 after such adjournment. 
 
 The term of office of senators and town- representatives shall be two years, 
 commencing on the first Wednesday of October following their election. 
 
 The term of office of the assistant judges of the county court, sheriffs, high 
 bailiffs, State s attorneys, judges of probate and justices of the peace, shall be 
 two years, and shall commence on the first day of December next after their 
 election. 
 
 ART. 25. The judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected biennially, and 
 their term of office shall be two years. 
 
 ART. 26. At the session of the General Assembly of this State, A.D. 1880, and 
 at the session thereof every tenth year thereafter, the Senate may, by a vote of 
 two-thirds of its members, make proposals of amendment to the Constitution 
 of the State, which proposals of amendment, if concurred in by a majority of 
 the members of the House of Representatives, shall be entered on the journals 
 of the two Houses, and referred to the General Assembly then next to be chosen, 
 and be published in the principal newspapers of the State ; and if a majority of 
 the members of the Senate and of the House of Representatives of the next 
 following General Assembly shall respectively concur in the same proposals of 
 amendment, or any of them, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to 
 submit the proposals of amendment so concurred in to a direct vote of the free 
 men of the State ; and such of said proposals of amendment as shall receive a 
 
CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 127 
 
 majority of the votes of the freemen voting thereon, shall become a part of the 
 Constitution of this State. 
 
 The General Assembly shall direct the manner of voting by the people upon 
 the proposed amendments, and enact all such laws as shall be necessary to pro 
 cure a free and fair vote upon each amendment proposed, and to carry into efiect 
 all the provisions of the preceding section. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall have all the powers now possessed by 
 the Council of Censors to order impeachments, which shall in all cases be by a 
 vote of two-thirds of its members. 
 
 The forty-third section of the second part of the Constitution of this State is 
 hereby abrogated. 
 
 NOTE. The first constitution of Vermont was adopted by a convention of 
 delegates which met at Windsor, on the second day of July, A.D. 1777, and wa& 
 revised by the same convention at a subsequent meeting at Windsor, on the 24th 
 day of December of the same year. 
 
 To this constitution amendments were made by a convention, holclen at Man 
 chester, on the last Thursday of June, A.D. 1786. Further amendments were 
 made by a convention which met at Windsor, on the third * day of July, A.D. 
 1793, and the constitution as thus amended consisted of those of the foregoing 
 articles and sections which precede those designated as u articles of amend 
 ment." [Not including the preamble.] 
 
 The first of the above designated articles of amendment was adopted by a 
 convention, holden at Montpelier on the 26th day of June, A.D. 1828; those 
 numbered from two to thirteen inclusive, were adopted by a convention, held at 
 Montpelier on the sixth day of January, A.D. 1836 ; those numbered from four 
 teen to twenty-three inclusive, were adopted by a convention, held at Montpelier 
 on the second day of January, A.D. 1850; and those numbered from twenty-four 
 to twenty-six inclusive, were adopted by a convention, held at Montpelier on the 
 eighth day of June, A.D. 1870. 
 
 The convention of 1793, instead of promulgating only the amendments which 
 they had adopted, as has been the practice since, engrossed and set forth the 
 whole constitution without making any distinction between the articles pre 
 viously in force and those then adopted ; this engrossment, which was signed by 
 the officers of that convention, and deposited in the secretary of state s office, is 
 styled, in a title-page prefixed to it, " The Constitution of Vermont, as adopted 
 by the convention, holden at Windsor, July fourth,* one thousand seven hundred 
 and ninety-three," and in consequence of this error, those articles which had 
 been previously established by the conventions of 1786 and 1777 have, in con 
 nection with the amendments adopted in 1793, been uniformly alluded to and 
 designated as the constitution " established " or "adopted" by the convention 
 of 1793. 
 
 It is obvious from a comparison, that a majority of the articles and sections 
 in this constitution had their origin and adoption in the conventions of 1786 and 
 1777, and that it is as incorrect to speak of the whole constitution as being 
 
 * The convention of 1793 met on the third instead of the fourth day of July, as 
 stated in the title-page to the constitution which (hey set forth. They were called 
 by the council of censors to convene on " the first Wednesday" which was the third 
 day of July and in the extracts from their journals which were furnished by 
 their secretary, and published in the Vermont Journal of July 2M, 1793, there are 
 accounts of the proceedings of the convention on both the third and fourth, as well 
 as subsequent days of July. 
 
128 CONSTITUTION OF VERMONT. 
 
 adopted or established in 1793, as it would be to say of the whole of our present 
 constitution, that it was adopted by the convention of 1850. 
 
 The convention of 1793 was called by the council of censors " for the purpose 
 of considering and adopting the amendments of the constitution, as proposed 
 by this council ;" in the newspapers of those days it was spoken of as " the 
 convention for ratifying or rejecting the amendments to the constitution of this 
 state as proposed by the council of censors." That it was the understanding of 
 the convention that they were merely amending an already established and exist 
 ing constitution, is apparent from the only account of their proceedings which 
 the compiler has been able to find ; and that such was the understanding of its 
 members, and the construction given both by them and by the legislature of the 
 state at its session in October, 1793, is evident from the questions which then 
 arose, and the decisions which were made respecting the right of several towns 
 to have two representatives at that session, under the provisions of the seventh 
 section of the second chapter of the constitution as then promulgated. 
 
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