//rU s f fn i >< Si/ / . "/ /< >~f XV. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. By A. LAWRENCE LOWELL, PROFESSOR, HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 319 CNRV MORSE THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. By Prof. A. LAWRENCE LOWELL. The extraordinary development and permanence of political parties in every large democratic country has of late years attracted universal attention; and in America the growing sense of the importance of party in public life has been shown not only in the discussions of observers and reformers, but also by the laws now enacted in almost every State in the Union to regulate the party machinery. Political organ iza- ~j tions have emerged from the twilight of private collections of men whose proceedings concern no one else, mto the strong glare that falls on associations of a public character whose action affects the entire community. And yet we are singu larly ignorant of the real influence which party exerts upon i public affairs. > We hear much general denunciation of its action, much talk of party dictation, and recently some polit ical theories have been based upon the assumption that political action in America is almost entirely determined by the party machines. But a careful observation of current politics seems to show that the^eEemence in the outcry against partyjand in the complaint of ifs despotism by no means always corre sponds with the actual extent of its power. It seems useful, therefore, to examine carefully the control of party over the work of legislative bodies; for this is at the same time one of the most vital fields of political activity, and one in which it is difficult to form an accurate estimate of the_ ( extent of party influence without thorough statistics. With that object in view, a study has been made of the English Parliament, the Congress of the United States, and several State legislatures; the number of members of each party who voted for or against every question in the course of a session H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 21 321 511242 322 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. being 1 tabulated wherever the names are recorded; that is, whenever a division, or a vote by yeas and nays, took place. In the ease of Parliament, normal sessions of the House of Commons have been selected at intervals of about ten years since 1836 the year when the division lists were first printed so that the tables show both the amount of party voting 1 at any one moment, and the tendency to change with the course of time. In America, where a general law of change does not appear so clearly, the examination has been less extensive L historically, and is more nearly confined to existing conditions." As the labor required to compile these statistics is very great, it seemed worth while to print, not only a general sum mary of the results, but also the materials on which those results are based, in order that anyone interested in the sub ject may be enabled to use them in connection with an inves tigation of his own. With the exception of a few sessions, therefore, which have been omitted because they do not throw any additional light on the problem, the tables at the end of this paper contain, for each of the sessions examined, a list of all the divisions, or yea-and-nay votes, not unanimous, with a brief statement of the question voted upon and the number of members of each of the principal parties who voted yes and no. In attempting to condense into a single line an abstract of the question at issue it is often impos sible to present its full significance, or to explain the exact state of the parliamentary procedure under which it arose, but it is hoped that enough has been given to make the nature of the subject-matter involved clear, and a marginal reference to the number of the division in England/ or to the page of the legislative journal in America, will make it possi ble to identify readily the vote if necessary. From these lists unanimous votes are omitted, because to insert them seemed unnecessary, and, in fact, they occur only in consequence of a peculiar procedure. No one would, of course, care to insist upon a call of the roll when there was no opposition; and hence the names of the persons voting in such cases would flThe statistics for several sessions of Congress and for the New York legislature were worked out for the writer more fully than they can be presented here, by Mr. J. B. Stud- ley, of the Harvard Law School, whose systematic method of attacking the subject has been an invaluable assistance. ftOnly the members actually voting are counted. Pairs are left out of account, and so, in accordance with the usual Kuglish practice, are the tellers in the House of Commons. The numbers set against the divisions] in the table for 1836 are those of the writer. The oilicial lists of divisions were not numbered at that time. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 323 not be recorded were it not that in a number of States the constitution requires a yea-and-nay vote on the final passage of every bill. Under these circumstances Me quantity ot 1 unanimous votes is sometimes prodigious. In the senate of New York, for example, there were in the session of 1899 1,235 yea-and-nay votes, of which 961 were unanimous, j Except for the provision in the constitution there would have been no roll call on these votes, and to include them in our list would merely swell the tables inordinately, without any corresponding advantage. In the tables some abbreviations have been used, but these, such as "adj." for adjourn, "2 R." and " 3 R." for second and third reading, or "6 mos." for a motion that the bill be read this day six months, will be obvious to anyone familiar with parliamentary procedure. The only symbol that might not be readily understood is that of u (vs)" in the House of Commons. A motion there is often put. not in the form in which it is made, but reversed. Thus, if a motion is made to amend a bill by omitting certain words in order to substitute others, the question is often put in the form 1 1 that the words proposed to be left out stand part of the bill." This putting of a question backward is very common in the case of many kinds of motions, and the (vs) is inserted to show that it has been done. The tables for the different sessions are followed by an ap pendix giving summaries of the results in a comparative form, and in preparing these it has been found convenient to use symbols to denote the extent of party voting. A party vote of any party is arbitrarily defined as one in which more than nine-tenths of those of its members who voted were on the same side of the question; a non-party vote as one in which one-tenth or more of the members are found on each side that is, a vote where at least one-tenth of the voting members of the party split off from the rest. A party vote is indicated in the table by an asterisk, a nonparty vote by a dagger. For every division or vote the attitude of the two leading parties, and only those two, is taken into account, and hence there are for every vote two marks, one for each of the two chief parties. In England the first mark always refers to the vote of the Conservatives, the second mark to that of the Liberals, 01 while for America the first mark indicates the Republican 6 and the second the Democratic vote. Thus, the symbol *f, for a In 1836 I have called the party Reformers. 6 In the Twenty-ninth Congress Whigs. 324 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. example, means that the Republicans cast a party vote on the question at issue and that the Democrats did not. The actions of anv smaller political groups, though included in the tables, are omitted from the summaries because in Anglo-Saxon countries, where there are almost always two main parties, the small groups have little effect upon the question of the con trol of legislation by party, and the attempt to include them in the summary would either produce a false impression or make the symbols extremely complicated. It sometimes happens that both parties vote on the same side. Clearly such a case ought to be distinguished from those where the} vote upon opposite sides, and hence wher ever either party casts a party vote upon the same side of a question as the majority of the other party the two marks are inclosed in brackets. To use the illustration already given, the symbol (*f) shows that the Republicans cast a party vote, while the Democrats did not. but that the majority of both parties voted the same way. In order to bring the results into a tabular form for the purpose of comparison, the h nal summary gives in four col umns, for the several sessions of the bodies examined, the number of occasions (1) where there were party votes of both parties on opposite sides, that is. true party votes, indi cated thus * *; (^) the occasions where one party cast a party vote and the other party did not, but where the majorities of the two parties were opposed, and these include, of course, both *f and f*; (3) the cases where this happened, but the majorities of the two parties were on the same side, that is, (*t) and (f*), and (4) the number of instances, marked thus ft, where neither party cast a party vote. Each of the columns is followed by another giving the percentage, an arrangement which shows at a glance the comparative extent of party vot ing in the different bodies examined. From this h nal summary there have been omitted not only the unanimous votes, but those which were nearly unanimous that is, where more than nine-tenths of both parties voted on the same side. Such votes occur, either where a third party, like the Home Rulers in England, is forcing divisions resisted b\- both of the main sections of the House,* 1 or where, In the sessions of the House of Commons selected, the number of such votes never exceeds seven, except in 1881, when it reaches the enormous figure of 212, these being on questions brought forward by the Home Rulers, and opposed, almost solidly, by r<>ii-TYniivrv Mini i.il>-ral- alike. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 325 as in some of the State legislatures, a yea-and-nay vote is required on the passage of every bill; and in neither case can the number of such votes be fairly taken into account in esti mating the comparative amount of party voting in the body. The results of the summaries are further displayed graph ically in charts, the lengths of whose columns show for every session the percentage of each of the four classes of votes. The proportion of cases where both parties cast party votes is indicated by the black column at one end, the non-party votes by the shaded column at the other, while the mixed votes are shown by the two columns that lie between, the cases where the party vote of one party and the majority of the other were on opposite sides appearing in a column alternately shaded and black, and the cases where they were on the same side being portrayed by narrow black and shaded columns side by side. The columns are so drawn that one per cent of the total number of divisions in the session a is represented by a sixteenth of an inch, the combined length of all four columns being always six and two-thirds inches. By looking, therefore, at the relative amounts of black and shaded surface one can readily compare at sight the proportion of party votes in differ ent legislative bodies, or in the same body at different times. 6 ENGLAND.! ~> In choosing sessions of the English Parliament for examina tion, an effort has been made to avoid, as far as possible, those in which a change of ministry occurred, or which were for any other reason abnormal. The ones selected were 1836, 1850, 1860, 1871, 1881, 1894, and 1899/ ; a Excluding, as already stated, unanimous and nearly unanimous votes. b A careful observer may note slight discrepancies between the charts and the summary. These are due to corrections made in the summary after the charts were photographed. None of the changes, however, were of sufficient size to make it worthwhile to draft the charts afresh. c Years in which a change of ministry or a dissolution took place or a great war was raging have been avoided. For 1836. 1850, 1860, 1871, and 1894, the printed division lists were used, but for the other two years, 1881 and 1899, these were not to be had at the time the tables were made up. For 1881 the figures are taken from the Parliamentary Buff Book, compiled in that year from the division lists by Mr. T. N. Roberts. For 1899 the lists of divisions were taken from Hansard, which has recently begun to print them again. Unfortunately, it has been impossible to procure absolutely complete lists for any of these years except 1881 and 1894. For each of the other years one or more divisions are omitted from the collection of lists, and these are noted in the following tables. But as the number of divisions omitted does not exceed seven in any year, the possible error is very small, so small as to be hardly perceptible in the percentage of results. 32<> AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. It has not always been easy to classify all the members of Parliament under their respective parties, especially on account of the habit that prevailed with a number of public men. during 1 the middle portion of the century, of styling themselves officially Liberal-Conservatives. Of these men, some had really become Liberals and some Conservatives; but the task of classifying them is rendered less difficult by the curious psychological fact that most of them, though disliking to call themselves by a party name, were unusually constant in going into the lobby with the party whip. A more serious difficulty arises in dealing with certain semidetached groups of members. Ought the Radicals or Home Rulers, for example, to be classed at a particular time as Liberals or not? It is evident that this will affect the result materially, for as they did not vote with the Liberal whips as steadily as the other members of the party, to exclude them increases the apparent amount of party voting, and to include them dimin ishes it. In deciding this matter the writer has been guided by the prevailing attitude of the group during the session in question. The Radicals have, in fact, been classed throughout as Liberals, for although they appear in the table of votes for lSf>0 in a distinct column, their votes have been added to those of the Liberals in computing the party votes and in compiling the summary of results. The Home Rulers, on the other hand, have been classed as a separate party in 1850, 18S1, and 181)9, while in IS94 both sections of the Nationalists are treated as members of the Liberal party/ In the other sessions con sidered the Irish members do not appear as a distinct group. On the other side of the House the Peelites are excluded in 1850, but the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists are counted together as one party in 1894 and 1899.* f A glance at the summary of results shows ajgroat change 1 in_the amount of party voting in the House of Commons from 183(> to the end of the century; a change, moreover, that is p r< >gresslve , not spasmodic, and therefore due not to acciden tal but to permanent causes. I_n_1836_the pr ( >l )()r t ()n of diyi- on opposite sides is n It makes, in fact, no difference in the results whether the small Ixnly of 1 arnellites is counted in 1894 with the Liberals or not. &In America the question is less important, because in the sessions selected the third parties have been small. The manner in which they have tie-en treated is noted in the <umiiinrv of n-ult-. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 327 -1 22,65 per cent. This diminishes in 1S50 to L5.cS<) percent, jind in!860 to 6.22 per cent. It then rises, in 1S71, to 35.16 per cent, in ISSl to -Mi. 7:5 p r cent, and in ls ( ,4 reaches 7<J.":> per cent, falling a trifle in 1899, to 68.95 per cent. /> This last fall, by the way, is largely counterbalanced by the great increase in 1899 over 1894 in the divisions where a party vote was cast by one party and the majorities of the two parties were on oppo site sides, and the corresponding decrease in the cases where the majorities of the two parties were on the same side. The column of divisions where neither side of the House cast a party_vote_telj^ the same st(>ry. The proportion of these divisions in ls:-><; was -jr.U7 percent. It increased until IM .O. when it was 50.19 per cent, and then diminished every ten years until in 1894 it was only 4. 13 percent, and finally almost vanished in 1S99, with 2.28 per cent. It would appear, therefore, that the amount of parly voting in t.hp. House of Commons diminished until about the middle of the century, and since that time has increased steadily._j The figures place the lowest point in I860, but it would prob ably be more correct to place it earlier, for this is a case where the attempt to group the members into parties is mis leading. In the table for 1860 all the members of the House are classed as Conservatives or Liberals, whereas in 1850 they are classed as Protectionists, Peelites, Liberals, and Repealers, and in computing the amount of party voting, only the Pro tectionists and Liberals, as the two principal parties, are taken into account. The fact is that in 1850 the House was so broken into independent groups that it is impossible to divide it, as in 1860, into supporters and opponents of the Govern ment. The disintegration of parties was, indeed, greater in the years that followed the repeal of the corn laws, and the fall of Sir Robert Peel, in 1846, than at any other period since the reform bill of 1832, and hence it is at this time that taking, not the two chief parties alone, but the House as a whole, party voting was really at its lowest point. The change in the amount of party voting, indicating as it does the strength of party cohesion, and the extent of control of the leaders over their followers, finds its expression also in the rise and fall of the number of defeats for the Government in the different sessions of Parliament. Such defeats can easily be recognized in the lists of divisions in the tables below, J^ AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. because for each division where the Government whips were tellers, an "aye" or "o v in the first column of the table shows the side on which they acted. It will be observed, therefore, that in 1836 the Government suffered only one defeat, in 1850 they suffered twelve, in 1800 seven, in 1871 nine, in 1881 three, in 1894 one, and in 1899 none. The number of defeats in any particular session is, of course, largely a matter of accident, and is, moreover, liable to be swelled to an inordinate amount when, as in 1868, a ministry is struggling for existence without a majority in the House. Still, in the long run, it varies inversely with the strength of the hold that the treasury bench has over its party, and the last table at the end of this paper, giving the total number of Government defeats in the House of Commons in each session since 1847, certainly shows, though with some fluctuations, that they have tended to diminish steadily from the middle to the end of the century. The jagged line in the chart for the House of Commons, and still better the special chart which follows it, show this result graphically, the line being for each year as many eighths of an inch above the base of the chart as there were defeats for the Government during the session. Another piece of evidence that leads to the same conclusion is to be found in the extent to which the members of the party in power vote against their own ministers. A state ment of the number of times a majority of the party in power went into the lobby against the Government whips is inserted at the end of the table of divisions for each session, and it will be seen that in 1836 this happened four times; in 1850 twelve times; in 1860 three times, while on three more occa sions the party was evenly divided. In 1871 it occurred eight times; in 1881 twice,; in 1894 twice, if the Home Rulers are not counted in the ranks of the Liberals, and five times if they are included, and finally, in 1899, when the Conserva tives were in power, not only did it not happen at all, but never did so much as one-fifth of the Unionists who took part in the division vote against the Government. ^During the middle period of the century it was not uncommon for a cab inet to be saved from defeat at the hands of its own followers by the help of its opponents. Now such occurences bavej^e- n ir rare. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 329 Nor is this due to the fact that cabinets, for fear of defeat, have grown cautious and leave questions open more than formerly. On the contrary, with the decay of legislation by private members- bills, the proportion of divisions in which the Government whips are tellers has increased. In 1836 it was less than one-half, but in the sessions of 1891 and 1899 it was not far from nine-tenths; and that this progress, though somewhat irregular if taken from year to year, has been on the whole continuous is made evident by comparing a series of sessions together. Taking the ten years from 1851 to 1860, inclusive, the Government whips were tellers in 69.91 percent of the divisions, and in the years 1878 to 1887 in 81.81 percent. The tendency toward greater party cohesion in England i not conlined to any one party, for_altbough the Liberals have always been more independent than the Conservatives, and less willing to follow implicitly the guidance of their chiefs, yet the change of which we are speaking has not been less marked in their case. > Their proportion of party votes, while always smaller than that of the Conservatives, has borne to it a ratio not very far from constant. If we take those proportions, calculated for the years under consideration upon the basis already explained, they may be summarized as follows: Year. Num ber of divi sions. Conservatives. Liberals. * 102 145 79 156 142 221 319 $ t * * t t f 1836 181 321 257 256 199 242 351 56 45 31 61 71 91 91 79 176 178 100 57 21 32 44 55 69 39 29 9 9 73 118 65 142 132 195 266 40 37 25 55 66 81 76 108 203 192 114 67 47 85 60 63 75 45 34 19 24 1850 I860 1871 1881 1894 1899 The falling off in the percentage of party votes among the Liberals in 1899 was due, of course, to their being in oppo sition instead of being in power, and the fact that the party votes of the Conservatives did not show a corresponding increase after they took office is no doubt to be accounted for by their enormous majority, which has been a continual stumbling block in the way of party discipline. A political change of so marked a character as this, extending 330 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. over many years, has not boon accidental, and its causes are to be sought, partly in the special conditions of English history during the period, and partly in the normal development of the parliamentary system. The feelings aroused by the agitation for the reform bill of 1832 kept party spirit in a state of activity for some years. Party lines at that time were not, indeed, so clearly drawn, and the members of a party were not so united, as at the present day. ^The Whigs and Radicals were not a homoge neous body, and the Whig ministers were often sustained in resisting the demands of their Radical supporters by the help of Tory votes. Still the reform bill had brought a new mean ing into politics, and the Conservative reaction that followed the first successes of the Liberals seemed destined to result in two fairly well balanced parties confronting each other perma nently and alternating in power. But this condition of things did not last long. Neither parties nor opinions were thor oughly consolidated. Events were moving too fast for that: c5 ^ and the repeal of the corn laws was followed not only by a split in the Conservative ranks which never healed, but also by a general loss of party cohesion. This was the time when Lord Palmers ton, having been forced out of the ministry for expressing, on his own authority, approval of the coup d etat in France, had his "tit for tat with John Russell," as he said, and "turned him out" on the militia bill within two months. For some years Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell, like the leaders in a continental parliamentary government, were alternately turning one another out, and sitting as colleagues in the same cabinet. During the fifties three different minis tries were driven from power by the desertion of a part of their Liberal followers. The parties were, in fact, in a state of confusion. The Liberals depended for a working majority, and hence for their tenure of office, upon the sufferance of the Peelites; but although these two groups long maintained a separate existence they hardly differed in opinions from one another more than they did among themselves; and since they had together an assured majority in Parliament it was possi ble for their members, and especially for the Whigs who stood midway between the Peelites and the Radicals, to indulge in domestic differences without permanent danger to their prin ciples or their supremacy. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 331 As it takes two to make, a quarrel, so no party can be main tained in fighting discipline unless it has another party to fight with, strong enough to be a serious menace to its tenure of power. This the Liberal party did not have for more than u score of years after Peel s downfall in 1846. During the earlier part of that period one-half of the former Conservative party was friendly, while the other half was impotent; and the same conditions that made strongly concerted action unnecessary for the Liberals made it useless for their opponents. In the course of Lord Palmerston s second administration the Peel- ites disappeared as a separate body being absorbed for the most part into the ranks of the Liberals. The death of that statesman in 1865 removed the great obstacle to reform, while the election of 1868 placed so large a majority in Mr. Glad stone s hands that he could afford to neglect small numbers of dissentients in his own party. Then came the golden age of Liberalism, when its principles could be worked out without too much regard to the exigencies of party warfare; and it did not pass away until Disraeli had built up a formidable Tory party a process that was not entirely complete for some years after the reform bill of 1868 had brought a new element into the electorate. Until 1874 the Conservatives never obtained a majority in Parliament. They came into office, indeed, on three occasions, but only as stop gaps while the majority were adjusting their differences and drawing together for a fresh control of the Government. After the) extension of the franchise in 1868, however, the real alterna tion in power of the two great parties began, and except for _the election of 1JJOO, which was held during the stress of war, there has been for the last thirty years a very near approx- imation to a regular swing of the political pendulum at each successive election. Under such conditions the necessity for cohesion has become an ever-present motive for party dis- ^ cipline. That the Liberal split over the first home-rule" bill did not, like the quarrel among the Conservatives after the repeal of the corn *aws, result in a general weakening of party ties may be attributed partly to the fact that the measure having failed, the question remained unsettled; partly to tne demo-( cratic nature of the electorate, which increased the influenced of party as a political force; and partly to a factor which \ 832 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. must now be considered the normal development of the par liamentary system. Government by a responsible ministry, where it has grown up spontaneously as in England, is essentially the product of party rivalry. It was not the inevitable consequence of the long struggle between the I louse of Omniums and the Crown, for some other device might very well have been found for bringing the executive power under the control of Parliament. It was rather the result of the condition of the House itself, for it is not conceivable that this form of government should ha\ < appeared had Parliament never been divided into Whigs and Tories. Each step in the growth of the system has been the result of a strife between the tw r o factions of which the House was at the moment composed, and in fact the whole plan would be meaningless if parties did not exist. The reason for the resignation of a ministry upon the rejection of a measure it has proposed is that the defeat indicates a general loss of confidence in the policy of the party in power and a preference for another body of leaders with a different policy. If this were not so the Swiss system of remaining in office, but iyielding on the point at issue, would be far more reasonable. Tin* parliamentary system js. therefore the natural out- li and~a rational expression of the division of the rulhrg amber into two parties. But, like every rational form of government, it reacts upon and strengthens the conditions of its own existence. It is based upon party, and, from the law of its nature, tends to accentuate party. When men recog nize that the defeat of a government measure means a change of ministry, the pressure is strong to sacrifice personal opin ions on the measure in question to the more important general principles for which the party stands; and the more fully the system develops, the more clear is the incompatibility between voting as the member of Parliament pleases on individual measures and maintaining in power the party he approves. a Moreover, since the ministry may be overturned at any moment, its life depends upon an un intermittent warfare, and it must strive to keep its followers constantly in hand; and since every defeat, however trivial, even if not fatal, is damaging, it must try to prevent any hostile votes, an effort "The English view of this matter is presented with admirable clearness in Mr. Lecky s Map of Life, pp. 120-136. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 333 which explains in part the much larger average attendance at divisions to-day than formerly. It follows that the tend ency of the Parliamentary system in its development is towards more and more strict party voting. _j This tendency has been increased by the wide extension of I the franchise by the reform bills of 18(>8 and 1885. In a small and highly educated electorate, and still more within the walls of a legislative chamber, it is possible to perceive the finer shades of politics, to appreciate the value of com promise, and even to bear with temporary coalitions; and hence party lines may be somewhat vague. But a democ racy understands only broad alternatives, clearly marked issues and the frank opposition of party leaders. It has a better comprehension of the struggle between the two front benches than of the bearing of the measures debated. Unless some matter of local interest is involved and this the English practice, and especially the admirable system of private bill legislation, eliminates almost altogether a democracy is prone to support the party, with comparatively little regard for matters of detail. A high degree of party voting appears, therefore, to be "* a natural consequence of the parliamentaiy system, and may be expected to continue in normal times so long as that sys- ^ tern retains its character.^ If it should ever happen that the authority of the Cabinet on the one side, and of the electorate on the other, became predominant, and Parliament lost much of its importance, a general election might be nearly equiva lent to the periodic choice of a commission of government. If so, the fiction an entire agreement on all public questions might not be necessary, and the leaders of a party might, per haps, be more free to express their individual differences of opinion, but in that case parliamentary government would have lost its character. All this does not mean that the majority can do whatever it pleases without regard to the wishes of the minority. To some extent that is the case; but it would be a great mistake to suppose that the parliamentary system in England was developing into party tyranny. "There is another side to the shield, for the very fact that the Government must avoid defeats often makes it cautious, if not timid. It can not disregard the opinions of the minority, because they are imj 334 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I most cases shared by a part of its own followers, and the vote of a small fraction of its own supporters added to that of the opposition may be enough to involve defeat. The same forces that lead a member of the party to sacrifice his personal opinions to part} necessity lead the cabinet to modify their policy in deference to the protests of a few supporters. If, therefore, the parliamentary system can be said to involve party despotism, it is a despotism tempered by many powerful forces both within and without the dominant party. One cannot leave this subject without attempting to explain the opinion, which is certainly common among members of Parliament, that party lines are not more strictly drawn than they were formerly. It is often said that there is as much independent voting as ever. That such an opinion is errone ous is proved by the figures, but that it should be held is significant. The truth is that the degree to which a man is sensible of party constraint, the extent to which lie com plains of party tyranny, or conversely of laxity of party dis cipline, depends not upon the amount of authority actimllv exerted, but upon the relation which it bears to the amount he thinks ought to be exerted. It is curious that in 1894, when party voting was carried much farther than it had been for merly, the periodicals were full of laments over the breaking up of the House of Commons into groups, and of gloomy fore bodings of a breakdown of parliamentary government on account of the impossibility of maintaining party cohesion. were these views entirely unwarranted. r The parliamen ^ tary system in its present form requires a party discipline far more strict than it did a generation ago, and perhaps more strict than it will always be possible to maintain. A man may be as unconscious of the pressure of party as he is of that of the atmosphere, if it is natural, constant, and evenly distributed, and this is very much the case in England. The belief that private members of Parliament are as independent as ever is no doubt based in part upon the fact that in former times delnite was left mainly to the ministers and a few of their most active opponents, the country squire, who had the privilege of writing M. P. after his name, speaking rarely, and fulfilling his duties b} walking through the lobby on important divi sions. Now most members are anxious to have their con stituents look upon them as active at Westminster, and hence THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 335 the number of men who take part in debate has increased very much, while every man who rises to his feet seeks to make it appear that he is expressing his own personal opinions. The result is one that perplexes the stranger in the gallery. He hears so many men on both sides of the House speak freely of the merits and faults of a measure, urge amendments, and criticise the attitude of the ministry, that he begins to think that the result of the division is really doubtful; but when the tellers bring in their report he finds that the Government has obtained the usual majority/ Curiously enough, the very fact that private members take a larger part in debate has helped, by consuming the time of Parliament, to diminish the oppor tunity of passing private members bills, and, in short, of pass ing any bills without party pressure. It has thus tended to increase the proportion of divisions in which the Government whips are tellers and the votes are cast on part} 7 lines. AMERICA. * The legislative bodies in the United States present a differ- ; out array of figures and a different set of problems. 6 Five Congresses have been selected for examination. First, the Twenty-ninth Congress, elected in 1844, when the Whig and Democratic parties were in full activity. This may be regarded as a normal antebellum Congress. The President (Polk) was a Democrat, and the same party had a good work ing majority in each House. Ten, years later the Whig party had begun to go pieces under the pressure of the slavery question, and hence the next Congress taken is the Thirty- eighth, elected in 1862, during the heat of the war, with a Republican majority in both branches, and Lincoln as Presi dent. The third is the Fiftieth Congress, elected in 1886, with a Democrat in the White House, a slight Republican It may be argued that the amount of party voting appears greater than it really is, because a member who does not like a party measure will often abstain from voting altogether, although he may hesitate to vote against it. But a man who from party motives abstains from the vote he would otherwise cast is yielding a half obedience to his party; so that even in such cases the recorded votes furnish an indication, though not an exact numerical measure, of the control of party over the votes of its members. ft The statistics of votes in America are taken in all cases from the yea and nay votes in the journals. Unanimous votes are omitted, and as has already been observed, these are exceedingly numerous in many of the State legislatures, owing to the common con stitutional provision requiring a yea and nay vote on the passage of every bill. Even when a bill has been opposed at some stage its final passage is often unanimous; but this is, of course, very unlikely to occur where the bill has been opposed on party lines. Votes which are invalid for lack of a quorum that is, votes without a quorum other than on motions to adjourn and for a call of the House are also omitted from the tables. AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. majority in the Senato, and a slight Democratic one in the House. Then the Fifty- fifth, chosen in 18MJ, when the Repub licans controlled the Executive and both Houses; and, finally, the Fifty-sixth, which has been taken because the amount of paily voting varied so widely in the different sessions of the preceding Congress as to make the results appear abnormal. Of these Congresses the detailed list of votes in the Thirtv- eighth. Fiftieth, and Fifty-sixth are alone printed in the tables, but the summaries that follow include the results for all the five Congresses, the percentage of the different classes of votes being given for each session, as well as for the Congress as a whole. A comparison of the figures for these different dates makes lit clear that any general tendency that may exist toward a change in the amount of party voting does not work by any -..means so steadily as in England. ^The amount of part} 7 voting varies very much from one Congress, and even from one ses sion, to another, and does not follow closely any fixed law of il evolution. It is, indeed, much less in the Twenty-ninth Con gress than in the Fifty-sixth, and, no doubt, it tends on the whole to increase; yet with the great fluctuations that have taken place, sometimes between two sessions of the same Congress, one must be cautious in drawing conclusions. It has happened in about half of these Congresses that the pro portion of party votes has been nearly twice as large in one session as in another. Th<* most striking instance occurs in the Fifty-fifth Congress. Here the percentage of cases where both sides cast party votes was in the first session of the House 85.71 per cent, and in the third session only 20.00 per cent; while in the Senate it was 69.47 per cent in the first session and in the third it disappeared altogether. Wherever this happens, and in fact whenever the amount of party vot ing is peculiarly large, it is because of some one particular measure on which the parties are sharply divided. In the Fifty-fifth Congress it was due to the Dingley tariff bill, which the Houses had been called together in a special session to consider. In the same way the (J6.48 per cent of party votes in the Senate in the second session of the Fiftieth Congress was almost entirely due to the Mills tariff bill, or rather to the Senate substitute therefor. In Parliament at the present day contentious legislation is THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 337 in the main conducted by one party and opposed by the other, and hence the amount of party voting is nearly constant. In Congress this is byjncungansso true, and the amount of party voting depends largely upon The accident of some question on which the parties are sharply divided happening to come up for decision. On other matters party lines are less strictly drawn. In short, inEnglaiid ^the__pailiefc ^framjetheissues. *" In Americajhe issues do iit i- iii4d ma k^ -tJiejia^ties, but"" determine the extent of their opposition to each other in i"nalterTof legislation T* In general the result of the statistics for Congress shows that whereas during the middle of the century the amount of party voting there was at least as great as in Parliament, and while in particular sessions the English maximum has been exceeded, yet on the average party lines at the present day are decidedly less strictly drawn than in_the House of Commons^ Of the live State legislatures examined, two (those of Mas sachusetts and Pennsylvania) have large and constant Kepub- lican majorities. The other three (New York, Ohio, and Illi nois) are controlled sometimes by one party and sometimes by the other, although in the recent sessions studied it so happens that the majorities in all of them were Republican. These five States furnish, therefore, examples of the activity of party in legislation, both where one party is certain of its predomi nance, and where the struggle for supremacy is acute; and it may be remarked that in no State in the Union would a larger amount of party voting be expected than in the three selected from the second type. The writer has made no attempt to examine the history of party voting in the State legislatures, and in fact the results seem to show that such an effort would hardly repay the labor involved. It has been enough to discover the existing condi tions, and therefore the statistics relate for the most part to the latest legislative session available at the time they were compiled. In the case of New York, however, where the state of things is exceptional, the year 1894 has been taken as well as the year 1899, and the result seems to indicate that while the conditions differ from those in other States they are nor mal in New York. In Pennsylvania also it was felt that the marked absence of party voting in 181W might be due to the war then waged against Mr. Quay by a large section of the H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 22 338 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Republicans, and hence the year 1895 was examined also. The result showed more party voting in the senate and slightly less in the house. In New York alone among the States considered is the amount of party voting considerable. Here the proportion of party votes is about 25 or 30 per cent in the senate and 45 or 50 per cent in the assembly:" and there is no very great difference in this respect between the sessions of 1894 and 1899. These figures are so much larger than those of any of the other State legislatures examined as to suggest a differ ence in kind rather than in degree, and to place the State in a class by itself. Party politics in New York have always run high, and the people have always been divided evenly enough to keep the strife keen. At the same time great size has made more possible than elsewhere a real party division upon State issues instead of upon national ones alone; while the eternal antagonism between the city and the country falls in readily with the existing party lines and furnishes a never-failing source of party votes at Albany. In the other State legislatures the amount of party voting is much less. In Ohio it is about 15 per cent in the senate and 10 per cent in the house; in Illinois. 5 per cent in the senate and 12 per cent in the house, the larger figure in the latter being no doubt due in part to the fact that the house is chosen by a system of minority representation, a device which tends naturally to increase the influence of party. In the two re maining States the proportion is smaller still. In Pennsyl vania the maximum for either branch of the legislature in the two sessions of 1S95 and 1899 was about f>J per cent and the minimum was nothing, the average for the two sessions being a little over 3 per cent for the senate and a little over 2 per cent for the house. In Massachusetts the proportion for 1899 was about 1 per cent for the senate and (> per cent for the house; but this really means a single party vote in the senate and only 3 in the house. From the point of view, however, of legislation by party even these figures are misleading. Thus, in Ohio, of the 20 party votes in the senate 1 1 were cast in the election of offi cers of the body, most of whom, such as clerks and assistant sergeants-at-arms. had no possible connection with public aThat is the proportion of cases where lx>th of the principal parties cast party votes oil opposite sides. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 339 policy. The same may be said of the 5 party votes in the elec tion of members of State boards, trustees of lunatic hospitals, and other State institutions. The men chosen were no doubt intended to see that the employees under their control were of the right political faith, but they were not expected to apply to the lunatics committed to their care a treatment pe culiarly Republican. The remaining 4 votes were the only ones directly connected with the enactment of laws, so that the proportion of party votes on questions of legislation was about 3 per cent. The same thing is true of the other branch of the Ohio legislature. Here 11 of the 18 party votes con cerned the election of officers of the house, while another was on a resolution of sympathy with the Boers, and thus the pro portion of party votes on legislative measures, including the election of the speaker, who is a real political officer, was only about 3i per cent. A similar remark may be made in the case of Illinois, al though to a much smaller extent; while in Pennsylvania the only party vote in the senate in 1899 was that for the election of a president pro tempo re, and of the 7 party votes in the house 4: related to the election of officers of the body and another to a resolution to invite President McKinley to visit the State. Except in New York, therefore, the amount of party voting on legislation proper in the States examined is very small; and this must be at least equally true of all those States and they form a majority of the whole number- where one of the parties is in a hopeless minority. In making a comparison of the influence of political parties upon legislation in different public bodies, statistics of the proportion of votes on which party lines are drawn furnish an imperfect test, because the forms of procedure may make a material difference. In the House of Commons, for example, a single member can force a~~ctlvision, whereas in Congress, save in exceptional cases, such as the passage of a bill over the President s veto, the yeas and nays can be ordered only on the demand of one-fifth of the members. Now, it may be as sumed that where the parties in Congress are sharply divided on any measure they will call for the yeas and nays in order to place themselves on record; but it is by no means certain that this will be done where the opposition is not on party lines and an oral vote shows a decided majority. It may well happen that non-party votes are found in the division lists 840 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. of Parliament which would not appear as yea-and-nay votes in the Journals of Congress, and such votes may be sufficiently numerous to produce a substantial enVct on the percentage. We should therefore expect, under similar conditions of parties, to find the roll call more nearly confined to party votes at Washington than at Westminster. Another test of the direct effect of party on legislation, and perhaps a fairer one. is the proportion of bills actually enacted on which there has been a party vote at some stage, and for the purpose of comparison it may be useful to consider first public bills only, reserving for a moment the question of private acts. There are in every legislative body a consider able number of measures that go through by common consent, and the proportion of these, as well as of the bills that are fought, but not on party lines, varies very much. Taking the sessions of Parliament from 1S9<> to 1900, we find that the number of public bills enacted in a session (including both Government and private members bills) runs from 53 to 69, while the number of these that had a party vote at some stage of their passage through the House of Commons runs from 11 to 18. a The total number of these public bills enacted during the five years was 31*4, and the number of them that had a party vote was T % 2, or 23.09 per cent. If we turn to the preceding Liberal ministry we reach a period when the politi cal conditions were abnormal. In the year 1894, for example, there was a party vote at some stage in the case of only 4 of the 60 public bills enacted; but it must be remembered that the House of Lords actually rejected one of the Government bills and dropped another. In tact. Lord Rosebery s ministry was not in a position to attempt to carry through contentious legislation. It is impossible, therefore, to obtain statistics on " The figure* for the different sessions lire as follows: Year. ! il, , bills enacted. Party votes. Per cent. 18% 60 18 21.66 1897 69 16 23.19 ]X IX 66 11 16. (if> 1899 53 18 ;,: .,; 1900 64 14 21.88 Total 312 72 23.09 Although party votes in supplv are, of course, frequent, they are not treated in this liil.lr M- \iiti- <>n ilif conaolidated-fund tiilK l.n^l upon them. " The only party vot-> >n the consolidated-fund and finance bills that are taken into account are those cast directly upon iho-f bills. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 341 this point for a normal period in which the Liberal party was in power without going back to a time when the party system was much less developed than it is now. But there is no reason to suppose 4 that the figures given above would not fairly represent the proportion of laws enacted by party votes under a normal ministry of either party at the present day. The proportion of public bills enacted on which there was a party vote at some stage of their passage through the House of Representatives at Washington is very much less. For the Thirty-eighth Congress this was true of 18 out of 232 bills, or 7.76 per cent. In the Fiftieth Congress, where the Presi dent and the House belonged to one party and the Senate to the other, party legislation was obviously difficult to carry through, and only 1 public bill, out of 154 enacted, had a party vote in the House. Again, in the Fifty-fifth Congress the House cast party votes on 14 out of 195 public bills enacted, or 7.18 per cent. The difference between public bills, on the one hand, and private and local bills, on the other, is, of course, marked in Parliament by a difference of procedure. This is not the case in America, and in making up the statistics for Con gress there have been omitted not only all bills that would be treated as private in England, but also all building, bridge, and light-house bills, of which there were a large number, and on which no party votes occurred. So far as these figures may be taken as a guide it would appear that when the executive and both branches of the legis lature are controlled by the same party the proportion of pub lic laws enacted on which there is a party vote at some stage in the House of Commons is about 23 per cent, while in the House of Representatives it is between 7 and 8 per cent; that when the executive and the lower House belong to one party, but the upper House is controlled by the other, and dares to use its power, the proportion in England is about 7 per cent, while under similar conditions in Washington the proportion is less than 1 per cent. The number of sessions examined for this purpose is, of course, far too small to justify any reliance upon the precise figures obtained, but they would seem to make it clear that the proportion of actual public legislation on which there are party votes is much larger in Parliament than in Congress. The suggestion already made that a difficulty in procuring 342 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. a yea-and-nay vote may enhance the proportion of party votes does not apply to the legislature of New York, because such a vote is required on the passage of every bill. Hut an exam ination of the proportion of public bills enacted there which received a party vote at some stage is instructive. In the session of 1894 there were enacted 309 public measures, and of these only 9, or 2.94 per cent, had a party vote in the assembly at any stage. In the general session of 1899 this was true of 10 out of 328 public bills, or 3.05 per cent. So that while in New York the proportion of party votes appears to be large, the actual influence of party on public legislation is small. If this is the case in New Yorkjit is evident that in most of the States the proportion of public laws enacted on which there has been a party vote must be almost imperceptible. More over, it must be remembered that the greater part of the field of legislation the laws that govern the ordinary relations of life fall into the domain of the States, and when this is taken into consideration it is manifest that the total influence of party over legislation in public matters is less by far in America than in England. Hitherto we have been considering in this connection only public laws. Party divisions on private and local bills, although not unknowiTln the House of Commons, are rare. There are, no doubt, a few bills affecting 1 London which for a smaller place would be treated as private, but on account of their importance excite general interest, and on these, whether brought in as public or private, the parties are apt to take , Asides. It may fairly be said, however, that in England the \ activity of party isalmosrentirely confined to public measures. !.. This is by no means so true in the United States/) Purely private bills that is, measures touching an individual or a corporation are not, indeed, the subject of many party votes, but, as we have seen in the case of Ohio, a power of election to public oflice, even where that office involves no real public policy, is freely used in favor of partisans. In regard to local bills the practice varies a great deal. Congress has, of course, little power of this kind, except in the case of local improvements, such as river and harbor bills, and these are not usually fought on party lines, although political influence, an compared with an impartial estimate of public utility, is a THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 343 most important factor in the distribution of the grants. In New York, the only State where the amount of party voting- is considerable, there is quite as much of it on local as on pub lic laws. Of the 338 local bills enacted there in 1894, 10 had party votes in the assembly at some stage, and this was true of 14 out of the 268 enacted in 1899, a proportion somewhat larger, in fact, than in the case of public bills. Of these measures a number relate, of course, to New York City, but there are not a few that deal with other places. In the remaining States party votes on local matters are uncommon. We have seen that the proportion of party votes is dis tinctly less at the present day in Congress than in Parliament, and taking legislation as a whole, State as well as national, the influence ofj)arty on public measuresja far less in^Amer- Enfirland. ica than in England. This is the more remarkable because democracy, which tends to add to the strength of party, has existed much longer here than in Great Britain. It remains for us to consider, as in the case of England, the cause of the phenomenon, and to explain the general impression that party wields a singularly despotic sway in the United States. At the period when the Constitution gave to American in stitutions their definite outward form, the conception of party in its modern shape was unknown. The idea of permanent political organizations struggling for mastery within the state would have shocked the philosophers and statesmen of that day. Like Rousseau, they would have deemed such a state of things incompatible with orderly self-government. They would probably have insisted that one of the parties in a case of that kind must be bent upon revolutionary objects; and in fact the greatest contribution of the nineteenth century to the art of government has been "Her Majesty s Opposition," that is, the existence of a party out of power which is recog nized as perfectly loyal to the institutions of the state, and is ready at any moment to come into office without a shock to the political traditions of the country. The framers of the Constitution did not foresee the role that party was to play in popular government, and they made no provision for it in their plan. The people were to pick out the wisest men they could find, and these in turn were to choose the best man in the nation for President and the next 344 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. host for Vice-President. Congress was also to he composed of men selected for their personal merits, and puhlic questions that arose were to he settled by discussion, mutual concession, and, failing all other means, by majority vote. But no means were provided by which a political party could bring the President and the majorities in the two Houses into accord, and so give effect to its opinions. In England this is simple enough, because the executive and the majority in the House of Commons must always be in harmony, while the House of Lords can not resist anything on which they are seriously intent, unless, perchance, it is convinced that the cabinet has lost the confidence of the public. Mpj^Hwo^^the American system furnished no machinery whereby a party could I onmi- late its policy, select the candidates for high office, and insure that they should be the real leaders of the party and able to control its action; hut in England the party policy is deter mined by the cabinet, and its members are the men who in the constant battles in the Commons have made themselves the leaders of their fellows. Our fathers would probably have felt a strong aversion for these objects had they been suggested, and certainly no attempt was made to attain them; and yet they are absolutely essential to a thorough govern ment by party. But while the framers of the Constitution did not provide an organization appropriate to party government, they estab lished a system in which parties were a necessity. It was from the first inevitable, and soon became evident, that the real selection of the President would not be left to the judg ment of the electoral college a result which was made the more certain, first, by providing that the members should assemble by States, and hence should not meet together as a whole for deliberation; and second, by excluding from the col lege all Congressmen and holders of Federal offices that is. all the leading men in national public life. Washington was designated by the universal sentiment of the nation, but such a piece of fortune could not occur again, and as the selection of his successors would certainly not be left to the individual dis cretion of the electors it behooved like-minded men who did not propose to throw their votes away to agree upon a candi date in advance, and this was equally true whether the choice of electors was made by the legislature of a State or directly THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 845 by its people. As early as the year 1800, at the first election of Jefferson, the electoral college not only failed as a real organ for choosing the President, hut as a piece of mechanism it proved so badly adapted to the party system that it had to be remodeled by the eleventh amendment of the Constitution. During the next score of years the need of some means of concentrating opinion in the selection of Presidential candi dates was concealed by the succession of Virginians nominally recommended by the Congressional caucus but practically determined by the President himself. With the ending of this period, which could under no cir cumstances have continued long, the want of some kind of machinery for selecting Presidential candidates became apparent. In a small country, where the voters were few and near enough together to confer with each other readih r , the need would not have been acute, and an understanding might have been reached informally. But in a nation as large as the United States this was an impossibility, the more so because the habit of direct choice of the electors by the peo ple had now become general, and at the same time the number of voters had been much increased by the extension of the franchise in the several States. It followed that unless the result of an election Avas to be a matter of chance, men who had similar objects in view must be brought to unite upon a candidate by some kind of party organization. After a few experiments in the recommendation of candidates by State legislatures the plan of national party conventions was evolved, and it has remained the regular method of selection. National party organizations were thus a necessary conse quence of the virtual election of the President by a popular vote throughout the nation. In some form they must exist in any country for the nomination of public officers who are chosen by a large electorate; and it may be observed that there has never existed any other single constituency in the world anywhere near so large as that which chooses the Presi dent of the United States. Moreover, this is not the only large electoral body in America. Each of the States, for ex ample, is a single constituency for the choice of the governor by popular vote. It is, indeed, curious that democracy in Europe adheres to the custom of dividing the country for political purposes into comparatively small electorates, while 34(> AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. in the United States it is the habit to make whole communities single constituencies for the choice of their chief officials, a state of things that involves the need of elaborate party machinery for nomination, and hence the creation of huge party organizations on a popular basis. In the English system of parliamentary government, there fore, party works within the regular political institutions, not, indeed, within the legal institutions, because, as writers on the British constitution never weary of telling us, the cabinet and all the conventions of parliamentary government are quite unknown to the law, but within and as a part of the recognized institutions of government. The machinery of the parliamentary system developed out of the party life, and is simply the party machinery acting as an organ of the State. The cabal or group of party leaders, for example, has become the treasury bench. In fact, so faras Parliament is concerned, the machinery of party and of government are not merely consistent; they are one and the same thing." In America, on the other hand, the machinery of party has rce beenTerected outside of the regular organs of gov ernment, and hence it is less effective and more irregular in its action. If in England a member of the majority in the House of Commons refuses to support an important measure upon which the cabinet insists, and if enough of his colleagues share his opinion to turn the scale, the consequence must be a change of ministry or a dissolution; but under similar circum- l__ stances in America no such dire results will follow. The measure will simply he lost, but the member can retain his seat undisturbed till the end of his term, and the administra tion will go on as before. Hence the difficulty in carrying out party platforms, and the discredit into which they have fallen in consequence, j Moreover, a platform, however elabo rate, can not include^more than a small part of the matters that arise in CongressX The general public are interested in few things, and these alone find a place in the platform. For the rest, even the moral compulsion that attaches to a party "The Knglish party organizations outride of Parliament, the National Liberal Federa tion, the National Union of Conservative Associations, and the local organizations, really exist in order to nominate members of Parliament in the constituencies and to carry elec tions by propagating the policy laid down by the leaders in Parliament. They neither select the leaders nor formulate their policy, and the nearest approach to an attempt to do so, in the adoption of the Newcastle programme, proved to be a very serious injury to the Liberal jarty. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 347 declaration of faith is lacking, and hence it is exceedingly difficult to bring about party cohesion in such matters. The system of committees in American legislative bodies terms" also to remove melcsnres from the field of party politics, for the committees to which bills are referred are always com posed of members of both parties, and although it sometimes happens in Congress, in the case of a tariff bill, for example, that the majority and minority of a committee virtually meet sepa rately, so that the bill when reported is really a party measure, this is an exceptional procedure even in Congress, and in many of the State legislatures it is entirely unknown. The work of the committees is usually in the nature of compromise; and if, as is often the case, the report of a committee is unani mous, or the divisions among the members do not run on party lines, it is obviously impossible to treat the bill when reported as a party measure. In Parliament, on the contrary, the great leg islative committee is the cabinet, and every bill it introduces is of necessity a party measure so far as its own side of the House is concerned. If seriously opposed, the resistance is almost certain to come from the other side, so that the fight is likely to be conducted on party lines. With the present tendency to leave the initiative to the Government, this is getting to be \ true of almost all important questions. j> But the conditions in the United States effectually prevent such a result, and party issues can in the nature of things cover only a small part of legislation. r^ All this applies with still greater force to the States. / The parties in America are essentially national parties. They exist primarily to elect the President, and only in a secondary degree to elect State officers! Hence they are divided mainly upon national issues, and it is difficult for them to take sides upon questions of State legislation without drawing lines that cut across the regular party lines, and offend a certain number of their adherents. Thus it happens that the members of most of the State legislatures are elected on party lines that have com paratively little connection with the questions they are called > upon to decide. The same thing is true, and for the same reason, of the English borough councils, which are usually elected on party lines, but not usually divided upon them in their actual work; and it is noteworthy that in a provincial borough council the absence of party from the deliberations 348 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. is referred to with pride. To say that there is polities in a council is a term of reproach, as it is in America, because it usually implies personal -politics rather than a difference of opinion on public policy. It has been argued that party exists in America in order to bring about an accord among public bodies that were made independent by the Constitution; to force into harmonious action the various representatives of the people; but it would seem more correct to say that party exists primarily to select those representatives, j It does no doubt exert an important influence in helping the public bodies to cooperate, but it does not and can not exert the same direct pressure upon its mem bers here that it can in England, and hence it is tempted to i resort to other means of consolidating its authority and main taining party cohesion.* The>_inost obvious means jsjpatron- age, in the form of appointments to public office, and that is one of the reasons why it is more difficult to get rid of the spoils system in America than in England.^ This brings us to the problem already suggested, the attempt to explain the prevalent impression that party is more power ful and despotic in America than in England. But first we must repeat that tlie amount of irritation produced by partisan dictation depends, not upon the extent of that dictation, but upon the question whether it is felt to be justifiable or not. A very strenuous exertion of party pressure for a legitimate purpose will not cause as much complaint as a far smaller pressure for an object felt to be improper. > Few sensible people object to a caucus of members of Congress to deter mine the attitude of a party upon the currency, but everyone resents the appointment of a grossly unfit postmaster because he happens to have a pull on an influential politician: and herein there is a great deal of popular confusion between the party and the machine, because people do not com prehend the relation that the machine hears to the party, or the class of matters with which it deals. The experience of the writer on the Boston school board at a time when an effort was made to get politics out of the schools may serve as an example. There was. unfortunately, a good deal of politics in the board, but this did not mean that the board was "e. K. Henry Jones Ford s Rise and Growth of American Politics, a book full of pene trating suggestions. See also Professor (Joodnow s Politics mid Administration, which develops the same, idea from u ditYerent point of view. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 349 run on party lines, and it was not always easy to make people understand the distinction. As a matter of faet, there were very few, if any, strict party votes during the whole period. Moreover, the party machines were never opposed to each other, although they were sometimes quite ready to act together. Nor did they ever interfere with any question of public policy, but solely in personal matters relating to appoint ments to positions under the board. Now, this is a sample of what commonly happens, and is as commonly misunderstood. It is often stated that in the State legislatures the party boss, or the party caucus, dictates the action of the party on pend ing measures, and then carries it into effect by a party vote, so that legislation is really the work of the machine. a That this is an error is proved by the statistics. If it were true, Pennsylvania, which possesses the most centralized kind of machine a boss ought to have in her legislature a long series of party votes, but in fact she has almost none. It is not true, because, in the first place, the machine rarely con trols more than a part of the members of the party, and in the second place, the machine meddles very little with general ^ legislation. > It knows that to attempt to dictate to its fol lowers on general legislation would only weaken its authority over them, and hence it confines its attention to the distribu tion of spoils, to laws that bear upon electoral machinery, and to such bills as affect directly the persons from whom it draws its revenue. It has, indeed, been pointed out that the very position of the boss depends upon the fact that parties exist_ for public objects, while he exists for private ones^and this is so well recognized that the great corporations which desire to obtain either improper legislation or protection against a Professor Goodnow, in his Politics and Administration (p. 170), quotes with ap proval Mr. Horace E. Deming assaying: " The deliberative functions of the legislature as conceived by the fathers have absolutely ceased to exist for many purposes. It registers automatically the will of a third party, and as little the results of its own delib erations as the electoral college. The form of a legislature survives, but the substance and the spirit have vanished. * * * The legislative power * * * is exercised by one man or a small, self-constituted group, through dummies who are still in name representatives of the people." Another example, from quite a different source, may be found in a recent pamphlet advocating the referendum on behalf of working men, and entitled " Majority Rule." (Amer. Federationist, Vol. IX, No. H.) In it the author, Mr. George H. Shibley, says (p. 3): " From the foregoing it is clear that on all important bills the vote of each legis lator is controlled, not by his own judgment, but by the decision of the party caucus, the control of which is in the machine that selects the nominees." ft See an article on "The American Boss," by Judge Francis C. Lowell, in the Atlantic Monthly for September, 1900. 350 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. unscrupulous attack subscribe impartially to the campaign funds of both political parties. In short, as the ward heeler tersely expresses it, "There is no politics in politics." This is the aspect of public life that provokes an outcry from reformers. It is what Minghetti, writing of Italy, called the undue interference of parties in affairs that ought to lie out side their field. Parties in America are not, as a rule, despotic fon public questions, because they have little cohesion; but their influence, or rather the influence of the machine, or of the individual politician, is freely exerted in things quite apart from those issues of public policy which form the only rational (ground for party activity. Every attentive observer must have remarked the much greater complaint of party politics in the government of our great cities than in the legislatures of most of the States. But that is not surprising when one considers how few ques tions of general public policy come before the city councils. Most questions of municipal policy are, in fact, carefully kept out of their control, and decided by the State legislature itself. On the other hand, the councils have had far greater opportunities than the legislatures for personal politics in the form of patronage and jobbery, and in these the machine has had a baneful sway. It is here that the field for legitimate party action has been least, and for improper influence has been greatest, and hence it is in the cities that indignation at party tyranny has been hottest. A comparison of England and America shows that the influ ence of party upon legislation is on the whole much greater in England than in the United States, but that it is more closely confined to public measures. Each of these conditions has its evils, some upon the surface, others less obvious, though not less potent. But it is no part of the object of this paper to describe them, still less to attempt to weigh them in the balance or suggest remedies for them. The first effort of the student of government to-day must be to discover the facts, in the faith that tiny light thrown upon political conditions can not fail to help toward a wise solution of the problems they involve. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 351 . G ^ *ii *s-sS * % 4s sad s ~- x s ^ * S ^.7"li7c;i!!- cT, 3l? AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. se of nr- is s THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 353 >iH 10 c^ COCOlOlOOrH<N"frHO5!NOSCOC^rHO<N rHCCrHrHaOCMOSl^-^iMtO-f CO <NCOCOrHO 55 rH * 1-- rH rH rH -* rH rH CO lO O4 5O T* 00 ** l lA rH H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 354 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. " T 5 l-H "" THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 355 53^8 rHTf<SJl--r-ICO IN -^ M^J^4OiO>-^ < O^fiira5OiOrH T-HCdC^ LO <M (N O SoW^j 2211 S"<s- ^^3 ?3 OJ r3 * fl . K-^fc? a Lsi--a^il Cx^^aj^-^a;*^^^ ^^sit|||a 356 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i-l K5 *-( T 5 : ? IS ? 1 HI C 8- I -j S 5 - a O V C * S- Nis 111 ! 5 5l r;- in I c r.e o*^ fl ^ ft :fi -Ei =^ ^ n o2| E^ rt i 2-3 c c a o^ - i - , - 1 t2 g 1 t - 1 - :: 3 ^d -r o < eo S 3 ^ * J_ 1 iO . . - N g af2 c ^ 2 $ o C ./" > dc a| ri s ^ | 1 1 ^6 S 3 in s & 1 *>* ^-, o S s ^ *c2 g 6 a * !.-: - c c*> x 2; 1 cJ >. ^ ,-: - o c CLi < .0 S r ^ t<- 5 -4- * _^ S f_ # * & - r . .Sr s > E*i e ; s g- IP s " o ^ o ,5 g o & < X *s^ 2* I fi c - : OJ J3 C 1 1 ii! SI ondeinnin 3 s o "d o > s S o i 1 Z. sT | = c c l- a " 5 fl lit 2 I -r - |4 L j^ ^ x^tS O o s 3 ^|| 1 3 ^5 r r: | E I |p -" .- : g 1 ill : 1 1 |l| \ 1 1 jyj | III .*"< - ^ ^*S if ~ < -. -r THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 357 ,_, . , ^ . -M >O . . Tfi . 00 rH rno-ioooas CO C<l rH -CO t^ CO CO dT* j *> CO ; rH rH J -* CO t~ CT oc rH ? 252 COlM 00 OC : : : ; ; ; ; ; : : : i i* ^ : ; O-TOrH rH^.HCO Tf rH 1C rH CO CT a 1~ C = / .rH ;O^GO^ "t 1 CO C<l 00 CT> COHHCO C~) ~ l rH rH ^1 CO 1"- CC i i f CO iH rtH rH rH : : ; : ; ; : : ::;;;: ;:::;;:;:: i f $.&$ % j ; >, >. C O O O 6 O ; C 03 03 13 ^ 03 ; ^O ; ^. OOO & . ~ 1 i li i !j8 a iiij 03 Oj ! I 05 ited degrees, leave to bring in bil] >ave to bring in bill to repeal pen? hill 9 n fi mn fv ^ n for select com., amend, (to i n to revise Irish church rates bring in bill to abolish for select com. (vs.) >f day to have precedence on Thu t to have precedence, (vs.) t |3 1 ^ "o s ^ ^ . . ^H o : a : ;-5 : -- - -5 .a : 7 Si ^ ,2 R., 6 mos. ( vs.) hat speaker leave chair, ame t. bo E. ft ~ | - 2 ive chair ive chair i Ry. bill, 2 R., 6 mos. (vs.) ave to brine" in bill . . lent, leave to bring in bill . . mend, (only an occupier "t nties). (vs.) k be filled with 8 (instead o rt of bill mit rating requirement, (vs No. 29 for boroughs) i be filled with 8 on for return of the working ng, motion to consider duties ns Cvs 1 .S:S i !1 2 :. & S S x s ! *-* : : a; | !2 S || - !l S II liS lie co o3 oj "^ 1 \i ill -1 : -S -g-2| 5o3 gga c^^ p-^ g jo 858 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 359 >r-!00 COlO 00 rH C4 rH <M t- !O iH O> CO O> O 00 <*< lOlO iH iH 00 iH COiOOJlO flO OS CO <M iH CO <N cooi ooeo TJ< i-i co <*! co H CO <N r-l O iH tOOQCi OOCO CO J 00 OO< <> * & lOtoos^oeoooooso-^ l-l i-l r-( r-l i-H r-l <M 1 1 I C*l O SO Ti r~ lO 1 I SO O OO i-l iH lO lOiHCO CO iH COi-iiO 3 : 8 <S 1 >t >>>> :<< 4 -4 ^ i 8 : i ^ -A ^i $ ? J! t ! i jlrif 152^ :^"s - in So o_ , o-g^ 8 -S :!!! as :S^- 8-3 Ulft " : 5 b e rs) a o 14 c a> II ?l ? !i 15 ^o ^ ! pi i : -- ^ i 8r i 1^ ^ lit s^ g f o 6 ^ iSi & I ^l 1-2 S 1-9 S^g :>U^8S SJ- :-d71:^ *^lS ig-lS S si^^- % > T 2 | > bt be v R, ^g 3 S o -%9 -S- ,- e 2.2 s C* ^2 I -2 S&2S ^ 2 8 f SgS | ^ s |j3|| Is -a 3 ^ PH_,^<U ;H .JS J3 1 2 s|sl ^ - aSS ss^-tf liiifPSII rt ^rs ^ a ^ p be c a* |?lil|I|| !!tl^|l!l,i^ili i^lfl! .s = --BSss2lllbles ".Sss 1 * ss -g: 2 -S 1|2. I| s S|.Sd S .2. I 5 sii si i i I ?!!- s * > C fl r . O a> 3 s > a s s - s s ail II S "-= I=OT *W ! ^H W ^ ^J . <_^ > C C3 ^^3 o> +J ^ Ilia 2l?3 n n ^ - . a ub fl ^-^-s^^w-o^s ao l 3-5-i-i r Oa2C- ( rH r C!f 3 ) C r OS *HOT3 r C! O?f ^O^aj^D ^SKTOS 13 GCS 00o ^CCr^ - -H u o a> X3>>a)a)*jaja;^: . ^ 2 ^ a> SC^ON a s-g S>* a^ a a s^-^s^ a a^ ^-B S^. r-S 33 < Og^ai 1 S53a3^ScJ^ (K3 ScSS-S^g^a -25 >5SS >5^ , a3 *H ^ ** P +J . T3 r^ r" 1 *-< .Jl;l jfel II 111 fills 5 <0 3 01 |1^- S -2S^1 co co Bdo-^O QP-i cc e, s. 8S g g S| 360 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. fl i ^00 1 IIS X l~ i X rH I ;-ce5 IN .-I .-i CO l^ W i- 1 "T C^ eo o> * fri 10 to t^lC THlOeOi-Hi-l i-HOO rtt - " < :?52 - X 2 & I 88 "S^SS" 100 8S3|S^ SFJSS^^gi ) 2 8SS2 !::: i ^ :- o> -"O S i i :S : io : : ;o5 3 . W . .^ . . ~~,-^ g> :> : :& : 1-5, :::.? = /:? THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 361 CM CM IcO I tO 1O CM rH tOCO CM IT V CM rH CO r-l CM 1C CM COrH rHCMCMCO^ rH rH * rHrH rH 1-H rH j & 00 CO jCMt-0> to IN 05 CN i CO t^ 1< CO rH rH rH CM 2!S 3g Z8g "31 8 04 lO CM rH CO O l^ rH tO CO r- CO CM f- OOCO OS CO rH COCM CO <*< O CM TJ< lOlO ^< rH lO I> rH CM rH CM S8SS |6 S8 - - "S - -8- - CM rH CM CM CM CO^CM^ j jjOtO >00 rHOOrHrHCO 00 l~ CO rH JO ^ CC "" ^ * MS8 "" ssris - 3j; sssss - -g i 8- " 9S8!) S- a;ss . 8 , g 3^, , || S 8S CS G " SS! S- O O O >, >>O szj : ait: QJ o3 l& l G^ si a |i S2 51 _ A 2 i ^ SB It bed 2 S 3 n -0.2 S o> r^ O i 03 o f-3 * ^ o ^ p jy ~"- t- 3 t-f 5 SiS 111 3 ^l. tScJ O> O) O> 33 O as.g5 1 1 -2 II galJB"^ i o-r i3 -"3 5 S tf = S "Bl ill o.c S^rrj^S C 0-rj^.S g . 0-- rr O ^rr^ C s as II llisl 5l 362 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 363 I * r* ~ r ^ rH COC^CM rH V . . 05 (Ml-H . " : C^iOCMCM*OCMr-lTf< ~ O CO OG O- c !> a CO THrH 0>t> CO OOr-ti-H o rnco^r- oo >oo t^ ic co T-H CM o o CM I-H \a rH rH rH CM O r- 1-H OJ COC^t>- Tf< 1 rH rH CO 2 S ^ $!S 2 | 8S*- CC LO ;0>0 ; 3 rH^ i C~ rH |?OlC(MO CC G a s s 2 sa sa S sa-sag- s " ? S 8SSSS r* co co coo <c 01 ^IH osicic^ l^- TJ* OO I * 1^- rH rH 03 gS^SSS* ^ SS ?1 CO ""* 00 i- 3 CO 10 -^ OC^ 00<N U^CO lOiOrHrH OO !> rH rH C^rH C^l^ rHlT^ rH | j i it ;| ; : : 2 > z >,>.!> **< "^ < d d . > X fc < ^ 1 g : : > .e y II . . . . ! . ! ! 3j ; s a e 2 -2 o "S. _ . . . aj | i i jfl : 1 "S S CO ** c! 0) "C " G 2 P bo j| chair, amend, to extend sci (vs.) R di nfdphntfi v cl. on buying out owners of fi mns < vs 1 jl i? \ g : "a : ;j!!i g <ri Q M " -a^ ^ ^g te^jfl r 8p7s= ^a^s^^s^ r5.Sa" . W J sJl^J-gofi .s ^ oj 2 1 = -a * If! i" 2S if if -. ~ -: c S p: } 1 $ 1 i E r ill, that speaker leave chair, J.) nend. (to transfer all powers nrs. 1 ) stand nart of bill . . it Episcopal fund be merged bill, that speaker leave chair id. to leave out words " foreig fa. of service")... ) bring in bill to make franc ies. a. on decline of trade ne collection of mails on S . (vs.) *c\ imend. (custody of standard v fva "I c 1 to bring in bill, to abolish. . . amend, to cl. 1 (appt. of cc ^li^Jltaili!! If ISiSsllllIlsl? 31 I Ills ilssl 1 |-sl i fill a s ^S 6fi 5ss ^(2s I 11! ) O rH CM CO f iC I" 00 ICMCN CM CMCS?3?3?4 CM 364 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 365 CM CM rH rHCO 00 CM r-l CO i i 1-1 1-1 -f I rH <M rH CO CO rH CO 10 1C CO rH o c OS rH 00 <* OSrH JCO j j sa-sss-ss CO 98 $ sssg-s- ai -s 3 rH S88S 8|i8S-g8S 8 -a CO 8S sss g g S3 SS ^ :S -28 --* O5 <y> rH rH rH rH CO CO CO oe rHCOrHlOrHOO CM jt- jOCO CO CM COlO rH COCO <M OiO I rH OOXN JOCMOCO^ - r js |*s a S33S fl rHCCCOg CO C^l OJ jrHrHO CO IM rH 04 1 rH CC .CO f rH O> 8 a-sa-s-3 s p 49 ss Tt* CM 00 rH ;S 9-3!MM rH 00 71: r -ft-S * $s .. rH^ SrH C^u3 C-l 00 rH ^H-H-* * :p-4- * ST^P ^ ^Pn^P* * * * * * ^P* * -t- :p* * -t- * * H_ TTT^ . Z d d d CO - o , O f. O O < jiz; j CD <> *i !* d fc 03 ; o ; ; . o : : . B : : : a Small tenements rating bill, 2 R. of cl. (tenant to get benef payment of rates by owner). Mercantile marine (No. 2) bill, motion to recommit Same, new cl. (indemnity to shipowner for desertion of sailc navv) . i Same, amend, (contract need not be made before Gov. ship] officer) to bill. Supply, reduc. of approp. for dissenting Prot. ministers in Irel i Same, original annrnn j Same, approp. for charitable allowances in Ireland ] Charitable trusts bill, 3 R., 3 mos. (vs.) ISame, amend, (to except voluntary schools from act) Small tenements rating bill, to add cl. (see No. 270) Same. adi. of Hnnsp Baron de Rothschild, oath of, adj. of debate to Monday, am< till 5 o clock to-day, (vs.) Same. adi. of debate till Mondav . . ps speaker ask him if willin i Old Testament ; Marlborough house on Pr] pay of naval officers Cvs.t to Ireland) election issue, amend, that with a Lords amend amend to settle Marlborough Hous< House leave chair, adj. of debate . , ad j . of debate (England) Attorneys certificates bill, 3 R., 3 mos. (vs. ) Same, 3 mos., amend. Friday next, (vs.) Medical charities (Ire.) bill, amend, on dispensary di Same, another amend, to same cl., 2d amend, (vs.) . Same, still another amend, same cl. (vs. ) Income tax, motion to abolish duties in Schedule B . Compound householders bill. 2 R., 3 mos. (vs.) Sunday trading bill, 2 R., 3 mos. (vs.) Copyholds enfranchisement bill (in com.), that chai chair. H P lill fills SS1| 2.~ . !! 3 o 2 x-5<2& ^s-SS o5gjsg S-B-J^rf t|O M O^ PhdCr- -l|||a|l|||: Ji, E C3 Q V *g 0,3 Q S 73 ccPQ ccG^ coO-ooOQ Parl. voters (Ire.) bill, agreement Same, disagreement with a Lords Queen s message, 2 R., of motion Prince of Wales. Municipal corps (Ire.) bill, adj. o Sunday trading bill, that speaker Inspection of coal mines bill, 2 R. Supply, approp. for eccles. comrs. ai 366 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 1 : : ; ; : I 1 coot - i~ f <N- 01 ; ^ co -*eo eoi oje* J g 1 - h eo o - :*" \ n I"" I" en 1 1 "9-iC N !C ~ co j eo j * <NO),-ieo CJCN coe< ti 1 SS t" 1 a as i -8 S3 38 3S -SR SS2 - 8 it 1 8S -"3 S SS E g- 83 ss ss S8S2 S5S SSS IS i 1 as 2 1- xn - S2 S" 3 I 3 -; - i aJ (NO i- eo ? 00 OS 1^ !M T-I * W ; " "S "* oc i 1 -8 a ... ._ , - i- a- , | a QO >o i^- co t" & 01 eo v > tc i S3 |; 1 SK S " 3 35 " s 2 " " ^ 8 a "* t- f j ^ .- v~ ^ ^^ ^ _ ^. - *: - i > 3 ^-^ ^-*-^ ~~^ "~^"^ "-" ~- - * " i 1 5 do o >. >. > 5s s5 &$ s& 5SI i iH III > Cy "< c* "d SS :S ^o : :*S . . ,u : : : : t. 5 j p. for secret services muity bill, motion to till blank with 12.0 (Ire.) bill. 2 R., adj. of debate a. l ._ t (Ire.), continuance (No. 2), leave to bri te. xitors in C uffe Savings Bank motion that he is not entitled to sit, amei ice bill to declare the law. (vs.) use will next session consider relief of Je bill, 2 R. of new cl. (affixing stamps af ill, in com., that speaker leave chair innuity bill, amend, to reduce 12,000 ary received to be deducted from annuil t (Ire.), leave to bring in bill, amend, i n. (vs.) . of debate i bill nun in! to cl 10 iiiiiiiliticntiMiisi <.) i (to except infirmaries from act), (vs.) . (to same effect as No. 314) (Ire.) (No. 2) bill, that speaker leave cha t bill, that chairman leave chair may borrow money) stand part of bill. . t (Ire.), continuance (No. 2) bill. 2 R., 3m ew cl. (validating regulations of comrs.) amend. ( pa vments on death), (vs.)... 11 2 R X inns ( v \ (Ire.), continuance (No. 2) bill, that speal ; v.) ._/*-" .^- - 53 a 3 c> *" * i> T. ^ " ^ ^s-sitM^ Is * s lf;5~~ 3 gci - J: J; - t; " _ *** > -J J -* . :"" T^* B 8 9 31 ;;<?& S3B o r^cof iot>- eci O OOO OO * *-H ^- rH ^^ i-H ^. , :o co co eo eo io coco eo co co eoeoeo eoi THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 367 2S5 S S II 1> t-T 1 3 . *.s ^-og "g Sw^S 1 e ? s o aJS G IIP 1 wo a>2 gj |I1| | |||| | iiRi where 10 tellers i of we mb an 5 fl g-S S^i .s k Ig it ^G Si sS sip l|iS !sp |il ill! |S5_ ^as6 C C_ a, S 3 C^rH<MO;O O t-i O O 00 O i-l CO rH rH l>- lOOTfOO-^ O> rH lO CO O CO CN rH j<NTfi-*rH 00 -* 04 r-t rH 01 CO CO OOrHrHlO -O<Nt> 00 rH CC tftl LO <N <N CT> i-l ti CO i-l too i-( i-l iC 35 CO f-l 6^ C^I UD fl-^p , .... 5 , . w . . .jg I i : if Jj I III ! j| i N !^ ! ; s i Mb i il !l? is^ : il ^^ : fi ^ s . al^- SS Ra^ o I" ^J-^5 -IS o^l 5-^1*^9 ff^SsSbS-S ftfl*fl98t!M -flO .5 JhH? R8|f O O S 3 ii||illll|ill igHlssiss.2 8a>~ AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 369 i-H OO -<i<t-l t^ CO >* -^ id iHOO TH r-l H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 24 370 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 37 1 S S3 W ^S;=!S8 38 S32 *HC6O)rHeQOooott^cQ ico o t^- co *< a> -* r-i aco coioco l^ r-< O) O> <? i-l i-l CO r-l C^CO tO *(< rH t> CO rH I-H i-l i-l tj< <O OO <N .< - rH <C rH O 0> t- rH 00 ^ T( I- t- I- CT> 1^ r-H 00 -M * l^ !> I- t CT> O CO i-l i-H i-l rH OJ r-l d <> lO <O !N "** rHr-n-Hi-l -CM lO CO i-H r-l CO TJ< CO Tf Tt< lO rl S | s 1 i I aw i 1 1 i IS ral i||l 872 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. __-_ _ rH^""-V?l ~s ?g| ! : : - : : : : : : : : : ; : : : :. : J o S -3 I c > >. 6 >, 6 d . - >. o ;>.>. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 373 ..... : : : : : >%9 >> ,? : > >> \ ; d > ^ % d ^d o . >, >. >4 >, o ^d d >,o o >> ; ; >. ; ; 0) 0> 0> 0> o >. s> >, > ^ w c -tJ C*S o> tllsllll- 1 i|i!?F "513 0*013 c S-s --UStil 1 ? ^S-tJiN^oSJ^--^ 874 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i -5 Cu. >r i ;g is ;A ~-o: J SLI :Q* *!t Si j --r :5 c t; -^-g "g igfs : ^ - -S5=iS-3g^ =S 7 E: ~ .^S^| 2:3 &ll=|!rl-s^ SS2.S5owr<. , pu ensi or pu ill ( "pu nded (Lor bill, (Lord rk sa ds), t (Lo 10 P. / cent s E m off were 178 Conservatives, 192 L t did not split off, 82 Conservatives, f.8 Liberals 30, 140, 176 and ia=>) ee UmeS (NOS 186 and 249) - S n No - 249 ved I^gf = H-i i ^ > i i ^. Igl^si "tr a-. Ji -o s^l! 5 - 2*t; ;: ? s 5SgeS c r- > ^ ?r Ss^ $ . - :=T.E6 ilil ?Jz! THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 375 ^H 1C O (M 5 r-t i-HC^l COCOCCt^lO CCt^lOg 2 -a in divinity." (v ps and headships. in chief so that se on personal indepe i?i G 9P !t C S) > ti S sl 5^ 2^^ ^^a l-O^Og <U tf3 j fl 3 S| -ssl S|8 ga-s ^rc5 <M a tstoo ^^^2 .2 r-S ^S^SS - s -e^-Sg s^>, ^flO PS? 11= P .gal M -2 *-"., >" S cr . 5*353 s&^fl "" 38S.|?3afiK * ^ao^SS^lS " *&B |83 B g w at eng t com o o o o : II .G * bCX o op5 55 ~Z 32 ^s! 3 c^ Sg III !^ ?l!ll 1 s 5 - a^-g ^S G O 3 5 af^ S S <5B^g ^W) 3 ^ > tH 6tfl -r a 0i 03 g p45q5 C3 a"^: -i-Sif- Ss ^^2 a>l| rf 5g ^r S^^ol^* >^ -d^l^lSftj tfra S^i " l-2lgl5i IS ^^^ iiMSaSd :" 21 wfll 376 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i i i = II ;| 113 S : : :i SS , iiii? i I 1! I _&> t * -i Tf *j THE INFLUENCE OF PABTY UPON LEGISLATION. 377 .O^CO^OCgrH g^ j*-3 l?d SSSS 37s AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 379 S3 3 3% 00 O> 00 5O O &l lOr-H jHlOrHQO TP rH <N (M rH COi-l(MCOCO^CO^ (MCOCO^CO^aOO<N(NCOr-IO I-HlC rHTtlC^ ^3^ tOt^ , ^ , H 1? ^ gga-a ss-ggssss -sg ggissg" as sga s ss s -sa- * - - esss9 ggs"sga-aBgs- -* -t- - c - XX < < fc-3 -^ 1 i 1 &%& iMM 2 $ : 5 E : ; : : QQ "S 5 o* ;;;;;;; ^ fl 5 - -S ! : i I 14 SB * r-H 3 i i i i i i i 1 i i i i II ill ; luntary). | 5 - : : : : :- .SP 1 * " -5 ; ! : ! ; -c OQ j2 !.!!!?|||! ijjg nil nn INI Q. to redistribute seats of Beverly, etc rmation bill, that chairman report progress, chair, amend, (carriages to have access to air, amend, for select com. on ry. communi< Persian Gulf, bill, amend, to omit all those relating to Lo 1, that speaker leave chair, 3 mos. (vs. ) eave chair, 3 mos. , ad j . of House air. 3 mos. (vs.1... . to omit cl. 9 (enlistment in militia to be vo fl.mpnd to omit thp snhpdnlp fvs ^ e g t "^oS C ; ; - s ; $ ! nend, (that as bill will entail large expe (vs.) ct com. on whether treaties with Na^ go into com. to abolish tests in Trinit ) bill, adj. of debate ) bill, 2 R., 3 mos. (vs.) i leave chair for Parl. to be made as heretofore.) (vs . 2R... lit the subsections abolishing public nor >apers must be countersigned by candidt aw attention to illegality of lawyers sitti stitute proposer and seconder for ten sul I .. 2 of polling, apply only in boroughs) 1, that speaker leave chair, adj. of debat to be open from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m. ) ven as heretofore) en from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m.; 2d amend. 6 a tinue the board )y ballot optional with voter), (vs.) >y cards instead of papers) . ( vs. ) that chairman leave chair ballot to have a mark and counterfoil) . uc. in Ireland, that chairman report proj t that names of candidates be in alphabe g8g| |||S S-gg B r ^ | *o8g ^S^r-ra^g .rfdh 3 l^e: I|i1l| 11^31*^2 s a? -S w - 2 ^Sgggo-g 0-03^ bo^ gS JaVj S : S Ks&i! lisjii il r Tn- frt B d T_ J "S i ^ O f*J- * -O^ ^i S C oj . o o r*-IWW 3 ( - J - ^ O C W *" > X r-t O C L! ^ C -^ ^ -CC"^- CGfl2 ( ^ l C!^ ^ dC- > ! S ^ M 7 W M r^ ^ S 9 9 S ^WWMpSoO^Q^^WC^ joSo:Sc/3-< aSSSiSaS^SaaSMigw 380 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. P * ti S? o 5G t ic eOnt-J-C^utirt * ri 71 -t r-^- ate) ng stati rs), (v e s) did polli vot ida y r returning o :| 11 :~ i ill! gft ,, !! li .>SB*i I si i^xi ;fi^ =o ll g8s|i^| .sg l^iiP- 8 !!! i lS|||8Sg,|ft |- l|||&||f|| |g iS.i^^Bll ! a Iij|5j1j ^ II cs.o<232 ) " s x . c c ^^S.5^c c ^ -S ^ ^2 o 8^*2 o S*S <^2 - "^ "7 "7 Z Z j ^ ~ ^ ~ ^ UlllMl?!j# il!!lg!!i!!l! THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 381 O \ft : \K*i*** "-nM^I 2 listll "ISu r, as^ssg* :gS^5^B l sl| < s^l ssp a |> ^- S ^|s^^ a5l^ :ti^s^3^> s a5p ; ? = l.sS^i.sS ^^tiC 1 ^^ ^"C * ^P. ^^aagg^^g.S2 g oS^ o ^ gtc-a - o*2^ v (3 _, C 8 rt OJ p; (^.g c.^ g o g ^a>o3gNo3p,g^o3 i _ 1 >a;t.Xa.e i > -i- o-r-i-^^rg g+^.t^.^ >-<*> c " g M a:> 43fci <E - sg Hi/: 3 dO.2- c c;c -S^j o 2jo g P.CS: 5 " o fe o c. |3a|&|i||ll iliiiiiilrii^!! -Z x -% -x ;S IS 11 SiiillS 382 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. & o gEE= =1=1 Ji|f ^IsJ 1 *f< : III!- THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 383 rH r- 1-1 o r~ * Tt< eo Tf 10 ss: S885 8 Par visi ov m tell , >,>.>.., o- S ||s 4 iSi 0> C *-i 9 . ET u mc%^ 5r ^ t:l "^ u ^ Htj ;3/ -,OCtrO;; 1111*1 1^ w l c o-s g^^-s^iJ I a! li s^ O H53 ^.S_s g cj >-M S ^-. . . .T. _ . . as w 2 n o! c^ _c o ^ 5 o I-H c^ co -* in to i-- oo at 384 \MKRK A\ HI>TORICAL ASSOCIATION. 28 55 SS^I^II 00 ! : :8 8 :g THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 385 0.0 : CO (N CO lO GO CO CO t^- C2 "i t- co co - O> iO rH 01 00 cc i^- i- ^r TJ< co < : : : H : :^~ g : : l& : T3 h bo I j j j : : :S ... 03 i ! iS : : I*C : : : a* . . ."G . . . o . . . J3 * C a fc? : : : 3 3 ; ; : : :- S| . . o --y S 1 :^= X! CJ o ? J : : expire Mar. 31 instead of Sep. 30, 1882). re 1881, instead of 1882). (vs.) part of bill ate of dismissal on liberation) by Govt. officials) eport bill to House... eave the chair bill, amend. "Mondav next." (vs.) .. t to issue only on affidavit) apply to acts committed after Sep. 30 out "treason felony." (vs.) out "treasonable practices." (vs.)... to apply to publications punishable at provided such person is in Ireland of h t to state crime), 2d amend, "with pa ebate. lilting prisoners to associate together . of lenient prison treatment rules to belaid before Parl. within 7, ins I before Parl. to contain place and tim how date of arrest, period of detention amends, be put at 7 o clock this dav. . prisoners to be reconsidered every 1 | s t -= -z - id. (decision to be laid before Parl.) blic meetings free unless previously for lend, (vs.) .. by and with ad vice of the privy council i power to change form of warrants, (v tpplv only to adult men) ?e Sep. 30 to Jan. 1. (See No. 72.) (vs. , that ques. be now put 1 2 be H 0) o O C3 O) s 03 5 45 o^~ > * a$ *~" cy), motion that peace preservation (Ii e.), leave to bring in bill, adj. of debate w put 0> ^aEhiSSe^Hs H. Doc. 70^, pt. i 25 386 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 387 53 S 1 *rH t-OC i-l CO iM CO M J (M <N<MCO-<*a> ""* I- (N 05 l^ fC SS^S : S?8S? ,,&;. 6odo ^fcfcfcfcO <x;z; -KKK : ^ : < s s : iJi ss-ls a^gi ?l?l l~s% x: ^ -c gofffi . "5^"S$^ "oSgobaiafl-s JSS S.g C d 3 co^ BS^IaSS Slg-sllsl, Jfl9jii IcigflS^I be a,5 c x 2 S.fe2|Rfci> 3s5c-g f^s 3 T" g <i . >.,2 y >> y o C ^2 O ,-^J?.32 -s -llg-gss llSillJ^ jj S ^" 1 llllM! -4-> ^ X X^T oH^- 00 > PHill; ^.o 0^,0^3,0 10 -. ioS ;s f^l-B^ i" = ^ g &Qbc g ;^ Stuc.S-Sc :,g SSIg a ii-Ss8|=:St4 r^ X X H S ^.FG ^ ^ r* C.!T! j r- c 5 o 1 1SJ. !i !!i ti il ill l as ; -M bo -c SH XJ ^gp4o r c S 1^ o -S -e . I- "x S S 3-S II < a w . OJ O> 0) 0> 0> O O - sssssss^a sJoSoj^as3sjioc^*j.- AMERICAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Tl Tl r-l 5 "^8 S * C II 1 r-l ,-H s :~ - OJ^JCT. ^ 81 S i o "S : ?: C i II I ! li xi 1 1 S .,; o >,o o c o ai ? 2* is -i =" ^ i- ! w ^.= g >, ca o 2^?, ^i "5 -s 7 ^ > >. : : S5X5SU5 I 8 1 1 |= g" g-g 1-- ? 88 -- ^~ O O : o ;^-, : as . >. ^ : = : c : s 2 1! -3 :? f"3 S " * S ^ ? 77 ; IS THE INFLUENCK OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 389 " coS ** ^ "^ jsj rH t>- ; 5 S 1 "" 1 ^ : :g : :3i OF- C<l <M CO c i-H i-l CO r-l CO !>COOiC 3CJrH iC <M -CO lO (M CO< r-| rH ,-( 1C TTI lO OO CM * i-H ( d ^. d& . d) o o >,o c c ^ odd- c :d g, d &c d g, c - d c d d < 2 -i- < X < ys*<-4fc ttf. ^ KKK t :^, <?: ^ <:x x ^ ^ KK : : B : ! ! ! SH ! A g : i i .0 ; c g g d Mil a : :g : : a 03 3 2: I |: 1 a> pj | O) -t-T il | | 1 1 1 > u -G . 0) : 23 & : :.s <y H c a p : S B : n -7 :*> S o tS : 03 ^ S -a ? oi a. 3 a, 3. 6 :jj S, g 3 fl >> rr is 03 a> ^ a 1 I 2 O g o 1 il oi ^ c : +- o 5 : S X2 <y -j . <3-> I., amend, condemning policy of bil (to discuss arrest of Father Sheehy) ave chair, amend, to restrain liquoi il. 15, amend, to exempt from brewii lat speaker leave chair, adj. of deba mble, that chairman report progress ave chair ill 2. Ascension Dav . . . (facilities for inspection), amend, th ave chair . . postpone cl. 1 till after clauses 31-43. jave chair, amend, that select com. ;ion of whole electoral body, (vs.) visions, etc., for army, that chairma i ave chair ntort rm>err>ss ei :S S 1 1^1 t ! 5 fl! ^ 1 2J S-^2 ? ^ ! set * i -? gSbCo^ g o .fa . q S ^ s f?^"i:^i s . ^ -4-J KA -< D ^ S^c^g- 2 -S-. C ^- 5 2ii^ i^ %2~^ g-ll ^ c ^c^.^ >g -I -II- if 1 -* amend, if landlord refuse consent ve consent. i condemning Gov. for use of its pow ave chair, amend. (No commercial reduces duties) (vs.) for Natural History Museum . for public works in Ireland, etc ... c ~ ; " Shannon, that chairman report pro er be a member of the com es in dept oi foreign affairs , that com. have power to send for p N$~,_^-~ 3~^ ~3~~ 2~ 5 > - ..S B^o ^^^^-^.o -.-" "> ^ i = CO CO Sri|s|-8pig|gnp 8VH) AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 - o .r.r-^^-j ^ x i5 ?5 W K 2 1 X go n r-o 8 .EE ^ ss ss .- a - rsqF-1 23 ! 3 SS g^ iOoriiMg "s e -s = -as s g ! 6 X, 5?^ | jg^ , ar , . - s 1 i i -g|2^ ass -a-ga | s 8- - S 1 ?] r* * * SlSIISSSIggg THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 891 re s 1 - *S 2S : s ft w S5S888 9 3 : -2j 3 s ^5 co re I-H 3 1^88 5 33 : : S S : - J r-l t^ -O -M it -.0 .03- M co oo ooo p > ,_ O ^ C 1 ! ! S3S i : 12 gg * a S8 s i s^sss 9 S" 2" 1^ CO QC CC t^ 1- r-150 M iC i c^icC Tf o^o AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 393 <D COlOCO C< >t- O t^ CM *< rH rH o i SO t ^ 8 co <N r-t r~ <M tO "* li 8S 00 rH Ol CO rH rt< Tf rt< *,> jg OOt^iT 3 ^ $<< g rSS ; o o >>o o o a s* ft es rr o c .Six T3 " "5 3 o S 3 5 II S 1 2 ^ So 5^S.Sx C m *- *J -c i ^ * c 2 o^g.2> S :-S : MS ifis s 1 i s i o& ^00 ^. o II B"l2 g^J^ X C^J x . T. <X> -J S ^ C O C -w C T S -o > o c KM * 2S C C w P5 ii! :g3 ^I7 : >^ PI III o2 1^0 "o/g P.I tip |p|s=| ^-r^ i*t o f >> v z> c llslll- CO J rj. I. I. - -e s l? e8c8*:*oSoJ(sJ! lO ^-^C - > *> < ;^ o> a; a> ^ a " ^ *^o 5 5 y S H5 S o g s g S^d^dT ^0^88 gg c - x CL^, a- ^2 _ . - a)^-,cft t d-d... ^..^ftS-o .^ w fc ,^ ^S ss-^ftgH:!- .- 1& Clio s -s Sfti^^ li^5 fe a- g wg )a S g w-ias^-g-g S|Sll||S|i^f|S3. O rH SS i Hi! 394 AMKRICAX HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. J : I 1-1 W (M L : : -Jli H H 52 X v C ill *< j|L be S > > p 5 5^*2 ac T - ! Hi!- il r 8 gSll^J . s .? ?8S igi I H M i s. is* = .= * .-- - i *!c :d - ~g,e 5 H 1 xS-3-r 3 C H *- I =^ iii =5 s ?^si || E j| | | ?l:i 5 "5 i- s = ii ii iiy _ x ^ c? -7 x THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION, - :? %"~ &~% 33-^33 -^ .0 CO f- rH O l^ "C O <N rH CC CM CO CO in T* co ic ic i* ic ic ic -< r-i T-H QO l> I- O -O o o p i-H t^i-H rH 9C rH 01 ,-H O 1.0 CO -g io s. , in f ce, ( chair plicat Lord s.) " amend th Franc r leave c , on app ded by l. 7. (vs before " restore e as No. 376.) ith Lords am gres air, s -s d, co rd Lie ss , ol leave rcial treaty s), that spe l, Lords am mend, as a amend, " otherw , to wor ct., am end. greem repor ave t ke er rds ill, a rds dd end ubs s am disa rma er le ,3 T 1 ll K-I W es > So, 8a 3| p f;fl liKr .s -t- 1 6 j " Ifsil l-^ S s > 5 g rel Ire Supply, th sent fro Peddlers Land law Same, cl. Same, ano Same, ame Same, ano Same, cl. Same, cl. Same, to i Supplv, th Same, tha c ^ s 53 _, aj ij C_ t- fjiillHi JpSl|Sl!! ?IIa|^i||i3 -&t58SS8B^2 *j aT S, aT a? a.af aT a? aj "3, ; ga&aaaasa.fSa _^iMMF_ s ^iisssss Same, approp. for constabulary in Irelan Same, approp. for Queen s colleges in Ire Univs. of Oxford and Cambridge bill (Lo ^ > i CO E r !i "^ e *< isa C t-"^ o ^ r^ Igg ^2 a s - a "5- ^ 2-E-S, | oj 9* a S** S ipP JJsll 111 III Sfwfi s 1 1 I 1 1 3 * 1 11 41 a3 "S ** ^^S SSoS ssi iiil iKl SOco^ Oo-S* isll le^x ilfl 2^2^ m S gB.a S|3 Ssl^ o c S AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 | V C c sJ >> < i-( if? iC ^ .coc,^ : : : : : r- T- - .: 6 X, 8 i i ~- 5 . rl O -r 1^ - 8- : : <"~ X >. < |S8 9 saa |-6*-s & St =2^ rt ift in ^ V :& A S*S c> I ac""" 1 -O S S *^ 8 n c^ C~ T : 5 2" I 5 3 < <-<X .G CO iT ri js-rf-s -J <M t- h- : * 22 | ~ jl A J~J D 6 X -p *- rHCJ rJ C* |- -8S |a 5 ^ $$. co v 1 C 3 i & < * : : : o -} n i^- ! ^H ! c- Z" : ~ ?3 C as U 0) X j*S S 1 -"S^ " S^2 :| : | SS s v r- ^ fi 25 a tft > 6 s < i.<? C4 J- l^ . . r^ 4 5 S S :| : | $S : " i r X c. I *-^ * * -^^ ^ 1 1 * - 1 **t * t - - ^-^^- ^_-- *~~ f 1 & i *" 11 o ! "oJ . . . n> O C O >. C XXX -; V t fl) > . * . Ji 1 >>.C>, C CO X X C ^x^ x xx f, f, y <D t OX >. >. * ^< < * > c : ^ CX X.< 3 S i* ^ : S! : ! : "S t :2 >ti -^ c = House of C [Conservatives, 268; Lib. Unionists, 49; Question Queen s speech, amend, on depressed condition of trade and ag Same, amend, against jwnver of House of Lords to reject bills . Same, amend, (reconsideration of cases of convictions unc treason felony act). Same, amend, condemning admr. of law in Ireland, that ques. now put. S>imi> Mini iicl nut Supplv. suppl. approp. for embassies abroad Same, to omit Becbuanaland grant in aid Same, that speaker leave chair, amend, (accidents caused carrying pistols calls for legislation), (vs.) Same, reduc. of approp. for science and art buildings, So. K< singlon. Same, reduc. of approp. for rent of legation, etc., in China Business of the House, motion for select com. on procedure... Home rule for Scotland, motion in favor of Old age pensions bill, 2 R., adj. of debate East London water bill, 2 R., (5 mos. (vs.) Sittings of the House, that proceedings on appt. of com. on Scot bills be not interrupted. Standing com. ( Scot I imipnd onnosinjritspnMiHnn nrli nfri<hi Same, adi. of House Supply, tnat speaker leave chair, amend. (State should acqu royalty rents and way leaves), (vs.) Business of the House, that " for remainder of the session " G< business have priority on Tuesday, etc., amend, "until \\ \ suntide." (vs.) Same, amend, to strike out that Gov. business have priority, (v San c. main <iue^. nut . . Land tenure (Ire.) bill. 2 R., amend, land legislation in Irela inexpedient pending inquiry, (vs.) Fruit indfiitifirMtioii bill > R Adjournment to discuss relief of agr c. depression Army (ami.) bill, that cl. 3 (prices for billeting) stand part of 1 .. , p - rH<NCO * iC <0t 0> r--i:t-.-. tC t-OO 0> 0- 58 ft *t* C S 3-i THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 397 rHCOOO rH rH rH T-I CO <N <M CM rH r-i 3^ :S : -!f co oo I-H IOD-^ 1 rH CN C^ CO--OCO 38 a ?! T >; n a tH be 2,5 c"S 12 1= S- 3 s C"* S ^ 11 ,85, S "s a:-* si SI* s * o fl - 2 S Nil& cc<S^. mbers) Duke ity oug G c C^ i rigSSS Iffi 1 C-=- s-o S?!-.h ion Day till 2 (jurisdiction ections bill, ., vs.) air, amend, when to be made, (vs. thhold assent from cer toms, post-office, etc pprop dren bi 6, am bil s. ) wit cust e ap ld |gid=3cC tc X (M ^ "S 2 .lllS . JS-IJlallsNlSi . for c same o chil rnents) stand part of , to consider, mos m. to divide the bill an report progress, t port prog duties) be postponed end, to make tax a su hairman report progres til l| ^3 ^s ^y Sq o 5:" JIM P ii ^ gS ^|1|^ ^5^1? a3 -"^^ a5 t^. s-ri,-^^ i|is.S5 *s>l=sa ^: > S o!5 = 5 ^rOO) 02 CO 03 H <5 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. c X. : : : ::; fc c ij^yttSiit cc % : \ 18 * ( C i 1-1 o <N oc ^ ?< oc I -S^i w o> * 22 i 10 ^ ! X T r- 1C C> :$ M e. p gg 3 ss i gr 2 r i s 1 i g r 2S e ^d RR --- i - aa s j j ?J c i o 3 H u p -i "* w * -i-ic^i-i ^ciS c^ec oo 1 s is 6 K3 fiS -| S |- j 8 8S- -| j i i 2 S3 ,3 d o* 3 p | : SS S N :S?g ^ ^3 ^^ 2S -v- ii i d ; i ! 3 i i_ * i P i s Op iJoa-OO - > > : : ; > >> > v s >. > % c ^c f c >. c o 0) d 8 -JZ t :< i o S- 4 5 Finance bill, cl. 1, amend, to omit "principal value " (vs ) Same amend, to grade duty on sixe of legacy instead of size of" estate (vs.) Prevention of cruelty to children bill, amend, to add new subsect Same Amend, (powers of inspector to extend wherever training of a child authorized). Same, amend, (no license required from parent or guardian)... Same, amend, (children not to be employed at entertainments where liquor sold), (vs.) Business ofthe House, that Govt. have priority on Wednesday etc., amend, (not until Govt. programme is known), (vs ) Same, main ques. put Supply, approp. for Uganda Finance bill, cl. l, amend, (act not to include settlement prior thereto;. Same, amend, (duties to be levied at same rates HS existing pro bate duties), (vs.) Same. cl. 2, verbal amend, (vs.) .. sitting of the HoiLse, adj. till Thursday... Finance bill, cl. 2, amend, (act to apply to power of annt bv will only when exercised). Same, amend, (act not to apply to leases for lives) Same, amend, toleaveout paragraph (c),cl.2 (describing certain classes of propert y ) . ( vs. ) Same amend, to exempt certain persons same, amend to exempt property passing between husband and wife, 2d amend, provided shall not exceed one-third whole estate. Same, amend, to add "of which deceased was competent to dis pose." (vs.) f 115 nil iifi hit *=** -;=!= = c 1 i s s^ c i "S o THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 399 S3 : OC O> CO C^ i-HC OC 3^ - : S S3 005 i-l OJ 8 : : : 35 (Hti;tH^- ^* w O 0=35 C F ^ M O OT ^ 7? *3 h ww^w^w^w ** -^ w o llll 1 1 11 |l I i I illl.1 1 1| I If 1*1 |I 1 1 P II 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 8 53 400 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION I & Libera Unionist a flj ... . . . . ?! ^5 ? ! 52 > I 2 355 Party divisions !; 8J8 c 3s I 2 3 s s l! s) stand part o eeds of estate dut local government ot to be only in .) ceed 3 per cent in c ome 01 settled pro er.) (vs.) rijjtion as confusin of property said shall of "6 etc. , tha ! 1 if I j l g g^ 2 *.2<s s> 5sg^=s o> i> a ? 5 E g --2 ~ Hi 2 Sos := h which d." inst from ba part o ijjt of to 3d. fr nd , 111! -lafP?* ^C^^ 3-*-** ) "l ^ ^ - p l^a fllili -f hf,-^ Q w C *O s ^_. ^ -. "C~ ---.. l^it-r mend, (to half rate). aJ O y - i> "=* tn to co: f ~^*ru-H3 SSlaa?-S4|S .^ = 5 =:?"" - = S . T T ~w S 3T3 C S "C = --~-- co cc ce CK co THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 401 g 8 : ;^g i IODOOIM oco w o oj ao c^i oi i^i r-<-J2Sl- t-l(N ^H 1- 10 t- 3000 - a.g s * s s s as a a g.s sS S oiS ^ OS oj CS sS-S OS,-, H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 -26 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. !$s? i i u .: < - 1 t- . . ( l a n* i 33 3S15 s;ss; S : : s I ! iS I :H : Sg <! I o fc E* s* :S ? i- -. !sS .=; .^.i.i - f j^-a ilniil ,:= is ! Jilil i !ili ! i : si|-| i i^-il? 12 ii L-s I :"c :.* 5 il ill I ;c or= -, 11 ili I : i ^ b g fl o a > a i=". S t, s i mm *j28 i . * 2 o* n P o 9! .^i-i-e-^ * ^s = -ccoo S s a s c.o c o> ^ ^ ^ i. .... x -< xxx ^, < xx^ : l 5 ill I s |^1 I 1 :2-o I I J3S| f -g,, i|e | | ||-|c iSil 1 cc s a a w ; r = -T : r - I ji i]j j {gas jj 3 Hi? ai! 11 :----S_: -^I _--p^c* -as os a ss a s ^ <y cT cT o" d o" a a a a a oT ;," cJ i I = s ~ * 5 = 3 s s ~ >.i-c = > - r - - - = o" - o u cT ^ - = = = = M^iiPhp|I||lil cZ ccx-I ^ S c?xxf- SSSSS a 1 2 S*S S S |g THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 403 : : 1 rH CI : I H oo N *< : : : rH IrH rHrH I : : : s? * as r s - 3 81 I * S3 : ja S ** i | S 53 ?! S * a | JR - S : 8 3 3 :a a iC 2 -s *""* 1-1 S il s rHOi S ^ g - : s ec sj o JO -*i CO GO S S S : S 38 3 -S S3 5 w CO rH rH * rHrH 05 o t-- 00 05 05 TC C^J . ^J O4 rH l- | rH rHrH M rH 1 1 fr. . . . 0- 1C rH ^ ! rH iO CO iC iC C^ gs 1 |8 O) C4 i lO t> C4 co co -n* ^S S ^ 1C *" iC O> ** ; r s S : CO CO f. CO C4 ^1 ^P # --* -P ^P * -. ^L* ... 0) d p . 0) o ^d 1 $ & O >. S 1 g j? | I? o ll" I ri 1 iiiant mav be reinstated . (vs.) ave been created at least o/n i<2 Jl ^o i| fl-: "8 H en to 5 ~ x "o 1 s *A a (arbitrators may award ^tate him), ded "further sums, pay- . 1, amend, (rates to be rations instead of in pro- (vs.) terring to Scotch local moval of poor), number of parish coun- il, etc.). vote on the same " quali- *) parish council although tiistrict com. to be chosen S S -g -3 S 5 8 S & s a a, S C I I | J OJ Q ^ *"" *Q 1 1 2 s" 1 1 8 ~2 1 -s ) report to it) unts to be appt. by loc. nstead of "9d."). (vs.).. e dismissed without ap- 1 only against " increase * 1 s O 1 3 -C 3 ^ " 3,^*2 > i &^|I|S|SI 2 ^s ^ 21 a^s S & .22 * S5 _, n -^ O - 1 I ?|-l|p? I s^lagSg -^^; -S>2fi S?2 e 2 sj-i-a i?5S^3Sc S lilllllll B C^ C^l 7-4 C<I (M C<I I 404 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. " S 22 = a= c j=- ^as. * 0--J.2 HWS.fl. ; ioni case wh n < 10 per cent In 31 cases s Liberal rnment ent tell and 37). o ern Nos. number of cases w ent whips were te with Nationalists, without National out of 246 divisio ts) went against llers in 2 division &sf s =.!l|^ Sl % s d s x^ ab se, G ases . 20S elle h N ver L. V JB ^ fli llispi ?l 33 0> X S-^i sRilg-gl -^ * i > -- a P L>iB o d CSH.2C-S.5 w w 19 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 405 g < * M OC t^ O iO r-l O ^^-I^HrH $3 i-l r-l ^iO iO CO Cl O * t cO os tooiioo CO OOOOOO5 oo ococooo M coe^cofo OCT>oot>co co -i- cocO"*icoc<ico co co ^ SIS OS S :-- ^gj OCO- OO O>,OOOOO OOO :- II : |5 - oS oj -be i S.S I S 8w s?*i|! -!.? :. *l iiipii^i g>S||| :* | jl " \ a^ljc e . O "3 oi be is2S Kon^-t. :-s ^^5c53 fill & if ^111111 -^^Is is giSsjgl 5g^g |gifl; fl SS " S W -c^s-os T3 o ^^ a> +j gj o o~ ^ h^iHlfi^^ <DoSbc .^"oSo;^^^^ 408 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Nation iMs. ll S Party d visions. ^J :S5 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 407 CO CO CO QO 8 ^ :g - CO O Ift l^ CO rH O OOGClOa>C7> Q rH i- i^- 1^ 05 rH rH 25 o cc N i-( CO CO T-II^ 50 t-l r-l (N -O 3 rH T I lOr-i ^ ^g^S^ S ^,^, i^.dc ^O ^d C ( C JU 0> CP 0) p Iggl- ^s i ^mi 1 f 7 i ig7 *j I ! j> 2 sg ? 1 c oj s : g : :.S -^ 1 3 33 a . . u ^ c X! K ; ;w ^ g ^ S Mgg 1 Nil 3 * o o S O c 03 tfl A S C ^ 1-8 : S s ^ :? ^ 8 rrj^ O OT , ratable t3 (,. C % T3 a rrj^. 1^ not until royal service, (vs.) . withholding coi iclaring unity of 1 oalaces... 3 I S : ill ^ :W at Deptford il In.w omit officer may manding" instei "2 . cp pi* q O S ^ . S-S 3 a-- hholding consei ater bill have p it it is excessive (VK.\ 3 ~~ \\ c 1 -d -S^ "0 -M r^ c> is .S I - s .^ 7g a> H i la~S I I >. .0 r fi_^ illa?f IS * (-< o -^i3 a 8 S3 i H iS" - ?"*> ? &+l S^-S "^ g ^ S^^ ^ r *5 - a:2 . *~~~ O^C>-~~P J3 S "S D.- | g j|1s^*s*fN s slf igfjll |*gJ i^l s te gfo* (i i T3 * p, *" 1 _ " eL,**" 1 5 S ~ ^^; i"Spi :i1 5 1 "- 1 . o s* s 23 i * " 2 f*c 2 ^* * ^ ^* r o +> ^ "S ~i s ** a. ^ ^ 2 ^ =" I^I IlilIIH^^I l-Slii l*lii fl[ 3 oslio*37rS**sa= ^"S. S^l S^S cs~;^o? !l!l!| li|ii yK-iJ-illll >< " . g . ."o Si- s> 2 ~" ~^ llllillpllsll|oll 00 CC 00 W a3C/3<r4cC-J C/3 C C/3CC so -3 <o --o i^ i~ N i^ i - i-^ i i^ i^ i - X oc OD x x x oc x 53 SlSSSgS $ S 8S 408 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. House of Commons Divisions 1899 Continued. Parnellites. d fc [_!___[]] Mj N & National ists. 6 fc ooc^i >nc coc^ic^c^ ni-ix o r^r-i ic-io ci ^oo 10^-0 ;. c-> ? co ec tc ^H ^-i r-< o ^22 ^ r-l r-l 1C O Liberals. 1 2g SS 0rH SS ^ :: | | : :?Jr g : :R SS2 S <! : wo> SS 8tH S - 383^ S g ^^g 38 Liberal Unionists. ,c " = : 5Tri :* : ^ ! 11 : SSS3 : r: 2 "J? 8 ^ S 2 : :?3S 2 *"~ ; -^ s? ^ "** f ~ Conserva- Party di- tiven. d i : M S* 2?5~^3 : fa ! "" "* . *-^ j 1 " S BS ! IB! ri ;J i- gc o gc I-H o> so ~ i-i c > s i ~S w 2 2^*5? 55 S ! WrH S^ S is Ss 53 2 1 > s IP S 6 s . o .p -o)p_<yii a o ^ * :-< < ^-<-< ^-<-< -< fcfc<2 - 1 1 s?;i |-| I m. il t JN !- S S!S :> * 15 i? :?! gt- :i = ei i^J 1 :ia 5 S 7 :|i s i^fi = g- ^C.yO.a 5-d eg > S si ir?i 7 aS .2 S c: > ^c o . *c.2 - *^ S- Hg.t iJlllW 5!lfli|^ -5-e.s gj^-si 3 i; s- .s = |: ^s ll^Jais! 1 liHtMU S ^5 5 . . . IISz^lllll liHiiilii l s |llii|ll J_^3 "5-7-?^J = = 5? : ^ 2 - *Z :d o> c >5. oj ** 5; w gj o, : S ^tf 31- : 1 I ll :sls s i ^ its: ? ! ii iiii S ^ ^^ ^ o lap ^111 | * 2g i^a-5-e 1 li ?|^ = 5 g> . ~gs|f r *w .5|| * i I II nil -hi!li!i!-i4 oo 0* a -, T - --, - - = C. S.- iS = H- E = = iE ?- L $ $ $$ c^MO a -d S - if i = :* ^2 :| ! 5 |s ill !| JiiiiSl ^J 11 is is* s f ?> S >- "S a .s P "3 S: ~ S.f5 -^ . t i, 53 ^ 3 . ^ S ^ - .J X .2 3 "o X ? . O ^ -y K t-- -CT mMOSfltp M ii.5 g563S3^ lj || ItpIJi 5* alo-s"^* o = - c x p a - ~-z-^ *S B|J ^c*^^a ?c.rf2|tia; lr||||lljli| flaa|s|l1= = I W^ SoS a?wcc-<^^S S 3S 8SS2=:S2i28 SSisi S SS THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 409 co t^ eo iH -COCO i i-H -l>O5COt~ ss? iH i - CO rH OCC <N Oi ^ M C.CO 8$. <J : >o >>o >>> o >> <fc J-fc ^^ fcJ <{< o <P o 2 P SI s fc-BS lllll I M .2 7-2 s -d .2 ^-3 ^2 - ?l ^g SE 2g > o d a 8 If I! h" .11 11 a3 ->_: ^ ptio rish - IIHI z-3 I .o I Nil ^ I - " S 22 >, o 3 S r-i SP, g^^CTgg rt - > |o^|^g- si^lii^ to rt 3 ^ a 3 sfiaMi ft fl S ^ -0.^ OJ^^C eS z. - > 2 ; 3!3^M-g|j 3a S ^ "2 "3 llllil^pliiila-. aS^CCgld^aJO^sJSaJ^g^S 3IBI 1 SS H SS SS S S S i 3SSSS 1 SSiSSSS 410 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 00 Q> f< CO <C <-H <C -J -i c*: ~ -i -C -r -r S5, - = V1 -- : 2 ?! 2 ^ !! = *33 :J s :2 : x S :- 1 ^SS 8 : :Sg< r^ so . 01 I-H ec o eoo -i-i r- ^ ^^ I- 1 ^ : i^ O ,, : u . ."o tBitJ I sis-Si Pjs tJliN! 3 jSllIl 111 l||l dKiui iKifl.-ll: SS??:sgs .^-^5-= = ^ l a .g|gs Sg-tc^ess c . !?>.*** o "H.-" "- - - ii&sgii ISssiii "#gR i*L ^ 2j u ^ -^-JKiiJ- lA/**/^ = i:-7.ES5 = = " y . (-" ^* -* ^ 7~~ cc| UiS=;3-Eci iiiislIi||-E e 5 E 9 illlSl S-^r5*t 5*3 * ftrfo S Ifrlsl-sl ^Ijji THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 411 8 :8 g SSs S ^t^t^-iO 1 " 1 gsa ^2 sgsssa o>,g 03-03 X! - |3 G. a O,* <c~ g| o 33 ^- y-rtJgAS ^ : 5 o? &0-r25c3 2*/5?S g t^ cooi o i-i ^co-^ic^r^ ooo3 o i-t n w c in> ini^co ojp^-ric-r ?! 4lL> AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 X II og 111 o s j^3 "" rH : c& CN I -H-i 2 : : 2 *,?> 8 : : o>a . aj a o 0)0)0) o> >,>. O >, C >.>.>. >>>>>> >, -414) a; ; C >,>. >. >. nil tt if L f= P i! a; 5. 2 >, a) o li p S , , 5 SUS Llrf !i p8^ili^ 5 . st ig-SISI^slI ^^<=*- -^" -^iJ ^>-i) >( jO)0>a)a84 E | = ||| S E -7.-f. -f. 7. THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 413 i rH OJ i-l CO T* CO CO- IXN >O I coioo co os "* gj2~ T< I ~ l ! c > i-H CO 00 CO ^ ^ ^ o^.ro co toco C5 CO r-l <O O> Oi -M C-l 5 |l! l&s W ss i*"aB*Sgt|lI O 55 :o ! i! II +3 " ! S o o OS ;-g - o O : o -s a s PJ M-J c O c u *H n C*? * 2o^fl " l?a^i^ -s ?.^^i.s ! pp re tat ry I 1 f he ap 5P*13 5 olS|a l^bg-oi a as ills I i-o-sf&S g.iB^a lll|||l|i!filil!i CM -^ co -^ o-u -t< S-fl -r- as Cu^g . "g s5 S l 3 2 l 2 < 3 < S o 3 + t 3 S Sflc;^^ ^ "3 -j S2^^5^:f^ ^^^^ S SrS 0*0=5 g^.-s S oo 08 iSS S S S 414 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. s~ gjj > ill SS i 11 8 : s i 1 is 1 g s Ml If I if jl Ip I -si I il THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 415 = 25 N |4rr4^hH ^iy a a | S2S 2 ,s S2s ^= rHrHO Tl- 33C !- : 5? 5S ^ SS S 8 8388SS8 So"^ :25SSSS?SSgSfeS Tf<*g !!33 8 | . 8 a - a a-aaa- sssea | i j i ; ; - i ? S a ^ : : : ::::::: is ig ! i i i : i i i ! i i i i 385 ~1 <O rH ^ .CO W F- Ot-OOOrHrHCTl C^J T< .COe^CO-^^]rHrH(MOrHO4C<ICOIO rH <N . -rH rH rH rH rH rH (N Ol lM rH C^ O4 CC CO CO CO CCIO CC CO CC CC CO CO CC C<5 ~ 28i r Gb Oi TT< lO CC ^ rHlCCOOC^C^CN rH ^OrHOC^COl^-iCl^tC-t < lC MtCrHtCCO 01 o g^^S 0= -2 Ujfsg^fg ^ . 5|i?||2a|ll ^l 1 ^ s^ilSsps^o^i^s Ifcfr^flHIfif u 5S ^.SS S^o CB CO ScO ! O <S^fl fiflHB J!*O S88 i|l|llll|l|!lll^^*5 J g = x"^-? i 5 i- ao O4< co ic cc! AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Ii 3 ~ I- 2 7 o d f2 - - v ill - i ~ i - If 8,ia 2.- ~.~ *1 :*% III! / i - ^. ses ber Cas of t cen inted above, the ere not tellers in ere tellers in 31f> , and the largest IlWIIiili" I - S 2 u u - U. ^3 C in ent ver a r ) le II! :c5 iiiiiiyi g ;s H;^.E C C.HH 1 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 417 z O > 2 S ,0 r-l Tf CN r-i <N -N CO CO rH r-l CO CO CO C^ 11 c S o5 .; i Democrats. % < g ^ wggsH 3 gj *= 5 * >g{S 5S SSS 1 * 1 w . S 3 85 e, ^ S ~8 \ ^| ~ ^ a> 2 0* si -2 ; 1-5 o s e .4- c o JJ 1.1 o3 c^ :|| :| : s a * oS -JjJ of > Q ^ o fi T3 C ; x -S i S ; ^ rH g* g 2- ^* ^ g it the oaths be administered to Willev and Van Winkle, Senators from W. . of H. of R. that when House adjourns on Fridav, Dec. 18, 1863, it be to m 1864. . that adj. be until Jan. 5, 1864, to postpone further consideration h, new rule requiring Senators to take the oath set forth in act of July 2, 1 > refer to Com. on Judiciary, ciencv approp., amend, no bounties to soldiers except those now provided for enrolling national forces, amend, exempting all clergymen r>f 14 of R that rH ht> to Tan ?> to prevent Army and Navy from interfering in elections, motion to refer idiciary. Dther bill for enrolling national forces, amend, persons drafted who furr ites or sum required to be discharged. Qe, amend, reported by Com. on Mil. Aff. to abolish discharge of persons di ayment of $300. ic, amend, to raise commutation for a drafted person from $300 to $500, 2d a K> motion to kjtriko nut. thp nrnvisinn for f>nmrrmt*itinn ne, amend, commutation moneys to form a fund to be distributed among ot len. ne, amend, to prescribe services to which ministers and others opposed to be lall be assigned; 2d amend, to strike out words " ministers of the gospel." m> this urnpnrl HM suncndcfl ne, amend, classification of forces bv ages, etc ae, amend.no person drafted shall again be liable until present enrollmen ne, amend, assessing on drafted persons incapable of service a sum gradi icome. ne, amend, to strike out section regulating fees of attorneys and physician ne, amend, repealing so much of act of Mar. 3, 1863, as allowed money co 3r draft, ne, amend, assessing graduated sums on drafted men not serving ne, amend, raising commutation from $300 to $500; 2d amend. $400 ne. orier. amend . . ; H^ 5**ftSS < VJ 0:0202 OQ K CK t W OQ M < i .3, S8 SS S S SSS 8 S3S8 SS KSC H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 41S AMKRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i-H r- I r-l 11 ^ i ! = : : 11 .j ~ - : j~s >. i IM -r ? . . -H ^ ^- > ?i e- 1 i-H iO -C^^ - ; r> iC T rf -r r ri ic t to - < -O tO c : =r S ~ - >c M - - < >rt |iO iO o i-. ^- M sr ir . f "" < : : r v """^J ~?5? if 5 :x-, ?j ^X^^M.^ .V^o ?5 , r * s* S52S5 " > -" ^ X -^_ * * r 53 - -+- -t- T3 . . . g "f^ * *" 3 S ^ ~ ~ * ^^ a gj i 1 ; 5t x"s c 5 i 5 "s w . ; ; ^ w ^ H! "^ ~ C ^ : .s ~ F 1 c : : : : = -J 5 3 " JS ,5 3 i - \~ z s B 5 S | "^ . 5 ^ u 2 c.~ s c c M* 5 jj O -/ t ^ - %> 7. ^ w uf II 1 S ! .41 1 ! ? Thirty-eight/i Cui FIRST S P B eg ssi ^; ci-c- SC j(*s i^ !! S? s c - - 5 1 i = s S g V C C * " 3 i-i C ^ i| lift Hi 1 1 . |1 : : ^ 1 Kl il * 2 5.- -/ s _ li be |! !I!|1 s| i il S ? llx : I! !p Il ion of in. roin 8150 t inisters ol 1! Biil If J 1 "S ||| 3 Mi x rs^x= r S = H-c st- - c a^ - c a* 1*. ? Ii"i i| jjj s s - S 1 ^ ^i .-7-~ ~>"i u- VaoWfie^S ""s r ijl III g<5cS s s 4? 5 V/i THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 419 CNrH CM CO rH CO rH r-, CM CM (N CO (N... rH CM rH rH CM . rH rH ICO CO CN J rH CM .rHIM-r-rH COrHCOCOCMCMrHrHrH rH CM rH ^ I ! ,_, CO r-^Tf ; iO O CO iO to a - sa * a "" c 01 ^ ^ 3 ? ss 00 8-SS 5 2 5 1-1 rH COCMOrH O5 S 332^3 ^?38 -? "- 1 - 1 Ti l^ OS IN . r <S3 : - nsss C?5 00 -4* -4* H 1 -K* -| H -* H-* -t H- w ^ ~V-* H- H. i i -) 4-* * * 4T ^"^ 1 1 1 * "*~ t N 1 1 li ll : P S o S _0 X T^ - c 5 -r = 33 *"s j| f| j i . a) ! ; . fl C s "5 1 ! ! I : Ig : O S 1 s 3 s T3 ;_0rr1 eg ! "^ : .2 >>S :. : : : 2 fl* 0) : : : : : o =s ;::::& : " Hi Ml il . x : : .. :_j : .: w : :- s uring pleasu :| ! r*> ;3 r-J ! *-M . o 4) 2 a over 20 cts. "H. TJ i i a on Public L irs in cotton rs for slaves sconsin to a c. of Treas. ralue as com 0) :a jo : be g jS im in attemptin i excluding J a I :|| :^ ^^ !8 iS id 1 fi 6 io| jo ^ :- - : o . I S is? ; i ii isgg ^ 5 & 1 I.P ^ *$ ^ ^ E S I 1 I :|& , it IS :S !|?S I | C :^?.2- o c S-^ 3 " c2^3 c "" (U O-S i) N c g<~= o^: 5g^2&3 iHSJ* aTqf^^arS S3 -== S^eqpqSn D ^ ^ x ffi SI S ill QSCiiM!3fi5s4 if^Hpl ||S8|tf3a riss !ss 420 AMERICAN HISTORICAL A--< ci ATloN. Conditional Unionists. d i Democrats. d -.-.-. ?in - n 71 - CS : : : : : : . . : : < Republicans. d a- assssss ;S2228 s ssa-asss ?i ^ >t rl Vl S I " "" Jic^^r-i^^^H Sle^c 1 ; 1 rt ~ * 3 rH 2 S Partv divisions. --# -4- H 1- -- * -4* * -K ~ z ! iiiij! ijn I : : |g| : : o I -f I 1 i i i i ! If IS I i j i * "o 2J2 : 1 : : : IS : : : - M.J a * : \jsss i S j||u-j fer bill to Com. on Judiciary., ma, consideration tion to proceed to exec, busine pt. to take possession of any tion to take up naval approp. U. S. or eligible to any civil or unless the owner paid his vah es. and V. Pres. at 6 years, etc ay remove certain exec, office hall relate to one .subject only ippropriation for certain navy 1 Academy at Annapolis ssels in cod fisheries : on Foreign Relations on Fren< mt made in Com. of Whole of Navy to inquire into best p : ? : S** :^ : : 61 ** : ?i i- 2 * :S : |}f Pi ill i^ :g| :< :| s.=l 11 til C * C i fi 5 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 421 tH <N r-tr-ti-t i-t C^ CM CO rH ? <M.-ICOri-(CM COT-H^HCNCOCO :::::: : n -CO <M C^ Cl i-H CO i-H CO CO C^l <M CM C^J CM CO r-l <M CO CM i-H N CM r-l CO <M CN i-H | OOODOOCT> COCO ^,0 3 0> -H^^^ OOrHO ,-JrH 00 ^ jH O j C. CO <O CO g| O mMI;it. ~^a|aaas|S; ssi ms s I^COOO O5O5QOO j_i aSca- ::5 ^e 2 a "> e-s 2 a s ; c ISoS^fl^is! i ^t 9* 3} 4JT & oT 5 o *S.^G f- oJ cJ oJ oJ" ^aaaaaa^g cg,aaaa ^Illll^l_il5l t-! O 01 S,aa. 6 8 liilHi||iS ^ ST2-S ^ ^ *X ^>rH OJ Q-4 " ^ 0"- S oJ*2 *2 af S <aT2 cJ*^ *2 ^ aiglissislsisss SSaa (!.!(* 422 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. "S"c s. 1 ill : 1 =3.5 is . j j * e^ i ; Wr ^^^^ ;:::, ^ 1 6 1 X so ec ^ * ^ - ">* - cc M c^ n co coooo >-i;Ncc- < --c CJ -* ^- C^l ^H i t i . C 5 C ~5 ."Bi S i; : :" : I 1 I : 1 p t: 11 -S B i 1 : ^t IS ? -2 :2 ^ 11:1 ; a i IN ||1| I-jIli - : cSf^:- s^s : J III 1!! ^^ r -5 "S 11 H:*- | ill I? = =.5J: = = rE = c = = =: = " s E = E = -. = d = = * *. *.*.** *1 _^^ ^*~ /- ] C^*l CC ^, ^^^i,^--^,^^, 1 x-7<5 /.7.-7.7.z. .7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7. " 7 7.-J. .S 3 g .|*.. ==37-fl ==111 lonl^l THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 423 I i MINI rH <N (N CO <M -i -H iC ^ CO <M ^ ** <O CO ^ J> 5010 w - |i ^ rt< ^ ^^^^ * i-ICOi-H-lrHi-Ht^rHl^Oa>iC rHQO<MQO O^iOC^OCC^Tf r-i^COCO^O-HOi-HCOr^ C^ r-Hi-H iH rH C^J I r I i-H C*4 r I r- ( r-t i I C^ r * CSr-H ?-H CS C^ i-H f * i-H CS i! K,9 S * i svo +- ^ s ~ s s oil 5 2*l -B ijj < O ly S . 9J . a8 ^ _: S &s : si ?l i| I lll^ fflllll g , .is ^ .g ^ c y: o -g-SJ ox ;6-5^X20-M ^iflUffllli S^"8 r Jfc > C-SSOa8 ^ -r^ ^ sj 53 s s * o ^ri* 3 r<_3 .*:*: .*.^s.. C C C S d S O^R O aJ O CS^^G.2C.^C>G ouo- jo-Siip^ajua! SSSSgog^g^g Ji3Ja SaiCo3 u ,=33333 ; o a; QJ" aT of aT2 i) <u B ~~ S 2 S ieococo-^<t>aDoooo 424 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ll 11 c c Ci-i C* rl M .-H M .-1 M N <N co I-H r-i co d cc i-i I-H e* eo c^ c eo -*f co ic C< W COift t~ cc o OJ o a* r r- r-> co cu > r I J8 : ill a3 . . 2 :3 : 1 111 S:S l!lt fl! g - : S i - . -i ! : C C C C ; \i s* Z G3 5=3 .inx T S 82 -? -i ;j2 c S egg l^ l 5|f. ScS = r 3 Eli ^^Hl^K^ S||||Ic^||afle =I=EE=I=E=EJ: - - - -- = --- = - ,<--- i. -i. -i. -i. i. i i a -j. x x & PQ * !g3^!i = u. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 425 <Or-IOl0^rH50<NCO.-llOlO<M t^acoocc-*^^ co ^ * c^ <* 1-1 >oo :$ : : : : : p : : s. : : : : : : : : : :g : : : ; : ... -^2 ... j I ii ;^ i i is : : :^ :::::::: S "s : : : ; ; 8 ; : . \ is ill Hill s :i ill int of cole ; * ? \~ \ o> ; o o G . 0,0, . a o refer to . oj T3 :::::: ijji i j i efinitely I Ml Mi; iMi MM o ; II! |8 i :. : : ; 1 ou ii i i i i ftg : : : : :^2 : Ilii !i ) postpone ind * : iSs i : I jj38 : I i 0^25,2 oias* company . > exclusiol :I|I1 i ;!; \2 o : : gunboats, ^ 00 # rC ! G : :*o : 5 Bill on direct tax in D. of C., consideration Bill for relief of contractors for machinery of certain of Claims. Bill to repeal fugitive slave laws, motion to adj Same, consideration . . e, amend, duties on iron, etc to confirm certain entries of land in Mo., ame ff bill, amend, placing a duty on philosophica e amend, (of Com. of Whole), taxes on tea. . . e amend, (of Com. of Whole), duties on iron, amend, (of Com. of Whole), duties on silks, amend, on refunding certain duties amend, duties on paints e to reconsider vote taxing philosophical inst amend, taxes on raw cotton n,ssfl trp s. to extend contract with Overland Mail Co., t< hiiitip nwhlp hill pnnsidprn.tion e, amend, to strike out contract with Compan e, amend. U. S. war vessels to carry only cabl on land claims in Cal., to reconsider vote to p to abolish commutation for draft, amend, t fiend, power to enlist peaceful Indians to fight e, amend . as amended e, amend, on furnishing substitutes e, amend, to strike out section on substitutes . p to lav bill on t>ihlp z i 1 I ^ i 2 1 .-- e, motion to postpone to Dec e, amend, to strike out section on contracts wi for rpnpjil of fnent.ivp sluvp. H.ots pon si dp. ration lil ill ~ y-" 4 ^ *Z -511 = 1 DH C ec ^ g c <z c |sl II E "SBC -c -c -SS ill 2 o c Same, passage Bill on Indians in Oregon, consideration Bill to repeal fugitive slave laws, consideration. . . Bill on interference of Army in elections, amend, except to repel armed enemies; 2d amend, "or t Same, passage Bill to establish a navy-yard, at Cairo, 111., amer sites. Same, amend, location at other site if more suitab Sftmc ri sxji &< S EESS-SSB^ ~ S~- 5 3 c E " ll-?5 !iaslsiiJ!<giS3!<s8s %%*% S-7-f AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. S3 a a i i | IS k o $ * O H ~ I "Bi * V B .sSlj*;i; / w- -- *^ o C**SDO^ THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 427 : : : : : : : <M C^l <N CO lO lO <M >T rH 1C CO >C r-llO ~ <oc^io TJI ! iCi~< i^ -H 5 LO (N O O SO rH iO O OC i-H iO O O l^-,,-^^-,^-, (^ C^i I C^i IrH - O O lO GC i-Hr~t i-HC^ T li I C S at* p 1 1 o : : 1 ~ g a 8g _- aj 3<*- a? S SSJ JRSSoQ w _4 i O-t^ y - : ^,_- &16.!*!S s s " ^ D ^ "O - 2 81 i ^ 2 .S ^-, = 1 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Thirtij-eiyhth Congress Senate Continued. FIRST SESSION Continued. ll 1 j SECOND SESSION. | 1 p $ ! ! M N ** <-4 if S 4> * * IH 1-1 r*- oc r Democrat*. Aye. 1 No. i-tCt-.^H^r-UOOTflO^t- t- a ^ 1 " - -**> ^8 --- i - A | | 8 ssas;^ 00 ^ S 8 o <3J-*-*QOoo fHt^oe^eoac Ij 1 5 * .4- * * & I 2 h 0> H 2 oT s . ... . ... ... . -+-++-+ "*~i"* * I i -i i-c i-l f-( fi ?^ t-H ,-1 rH i-c i-l Party divisions lHij|jj||y||. ndehni tely .... LMisation a -2 j MMNlMlIi! ::::::: u ::: a :: iiijjIiSlilti i i : ; : i ; . ; ; o : ; | Res. calling for report of commission to investigate conduct of Gen. Pi Affaire. Bill to authorize Pres. to transfer a gunboat to Liberia, passage Bill to remove disqualification of color in carrying mails, passage Bill to amend internal-revenue act of June 30, 64. passage Res. on requiring oath of allegiance from all residents ofD. of C... O*th Of OfflC lull. i.a<nirt . Res. to encourage enlistments, to refer to Com. on Judiciary Bill to drop from rolls of Army unemployed general officers, to postpone i Kes t<> eiicoiiraue enlistments, amend, no slave to be freed without comp Same, amend, act to nnnlv only to future enlistments. . . : : : : : : i : ;"o : : ; M i i ; ; is ion to consider exec, business nd July 5 instead of June 30 ion to adj Mid. July 4 instead of June 30 .ion to adj ption of res sing special income tax sions of U. S. courts in N. Y., raoti ind. on salary of a judge in Conn. ?nd. on salary of a judge in N. H.. Mid. on salary of a judge in N. Y . . inting debates of Congress, motion (Hire n that Senate consider exec, business. ailSl < s|*iilS i S|||||j|||li|i | 8RR8gg,4Hl:?:=gSg I a SS3S5SXSB THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 429 101 >rHO 2 O CO O> ^ -a-sasssBaasaj: ,s a 8 .-g ~ T ? O ?J <O O O> t^ TJ <N C4 {N iH S3 a ilsl i^l " 1-^5 31 1 2 gag r2 a o c o ^ o c.o*- 1 ^ 5^ ^^^,5 IsS-ls 3 . o o a; - -rW^S 1 *! liiliils itri nStiK fi-s3*v- 11-s OJ OJ 53 -2 a l!l Vdi8 Sd c O S CBftS rd d d d e d 2 w-o -dw oJ-e S n S-*-"cc kJ ~ ^ r "CC < ccC -cc^ -c isS-g l Sfi < J1 s5SSS2 SS%gw 08 S"2 2 tf | B-E e-c^ f B S S S B S^ B SosSxSjigoSOaJci^feflJajasicSoiSJ-SsisSgs 01 o cJ aT cJ o ^ c7 cT o cJ Ci aT aT a> aT aT oJ*j |w o o C "a aJ 430 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - X! fr4 >0 (N ; --i o :o o -"*(> eo <o it ii BI i THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 431 j i <M i CO (M 1-^ iO CO O4 <M COTt<(3Jr-(O> ^<COO33C^Oi-ieOi-c<*<lMiMincOOO5OOa>^HOOXti<Nl C^ 1-HrHi-HrH i I rHC^ rH i-Hr-trHr (T t<Ni-HT (rHr-HC^l i-H rH i ) C^l r I * I -H r-Hr-H ijljj 321 i ig tuo : t*> : : ill! td tuo : x c 1 U B !sl i i * _j *+3 a . . , a : i ; S ight to build 1 tingent fund c aims, on hold State-bank iss d amend, redu , 2d amend, r ion of petrole )f savings ban o take effect., issues es of merchan allowances to roops naster Gen . . . j : 3 ;2 ; : iil . . 30 : 3 ^ ) M 5 i 5 sider internal-revenue bill . . . 1 (to amend act of June 30, 186- pting magazines ill to paint picture of Capitol, mpetition among artists e i painting by Carpenter >s lend, to strike out transfer of r arop. bill, to add $43,000 to con i bill, amend, to pay certain c - expense of treaty 1, amend, to strike out tax on ? gross sales of merchandise, 2 g i| il 1 : 5 :|l ^ O tn S 03 O ! >. O O^2 r S ; -g * 1 " g .1 7 -/ a c Pc SlS " fllglS yiis tlciisi f! o c^x: | t$^**" o go c^.| a -2 a a w t liill! al|aas| PH "c "c jga igg- i ; d c 1 it 1, motion to adj ces on savings banks, f tax on bullion ke out tax on State-ba 111 -I 1 j sli SiililSi(iiiii9iiiii5liisiiiii^siiilllilllIj - ^fl-rt il;1) * oiC . wf J!fl!lk B O T3 -O "O -O C T3 T3 TJ O O CCSCGGGCCC^ aja)0)a)<i/a><Da)ajoo asassssssss ^cScicScsc^c3cici s^^tr MOgcE**n^q)gg25WKwaj+H^ Ea<a>ooa>oa>aja>a>a>?n - ^aaasg^s^aass^asaaao ^a^saaa^assasssesssasl S!J5^"Bi^HsJiii5i8^flJ5i9CBB*aJiBfl<alHrJdo3a3a:^33oja3a;cSaaS. 432 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 5^ 7 -7 -7 7: 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 2 -7 - 2 7 x -r 7 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 433 - i-H i-l 1-ieOrH 5 25 "" ; . :"* g * $ 1 co co eo eo I-H T< 1 9 r ^C fea; - 2* fl * o. j : ^ ^ o i CO CM 3> l^ 35 CO a ro^ : : : : : ^,50 g * 05 O S 25 j j j : : I 3 Cu ^ < T CC lO CO M o 1 - g Z Q < ss ^^ ^3 : o. o> S o %g ::::::: :g^ I| as oj 5^ CJ 5 :::::: cj 3 D > * : j : : : : r s 1 1 1 I 1 - S-. & Party divisions. - * * * * * * -- * * * t "* : : : : S CO OJ : : ::::::: -.5 . ::;::::: c ; o ; : : to fe] r* CO ^ cs . :::;;::: o i ! j 1 j i j j if ~ ; ! M N M 11 c o 1 c c : : : : a | : : : : : : : : c 1 o . "< g a; Q 1 0* If ."S 41 Q g* : : : : : : : 3 <> co o : : S -w f 0) 1 x-S : : : : : :s Q o ; o 1 i O" -a r : : : : : fl J* i i ! Q^ 03> -X! ciS : : : : ifj : . l| : 2 si ! i ! i il i 55 E "S ol j g 0*0 a a? ? as : : : : : Sg ... : . -o a | 353 Res. to reprint me 354 Res. to pay mileag 355 To adj. sine die.. 355 To adj. sine die.. 355 To ad i 356 ; To adj. sine die .. 1 S 2~ 1 3 a a I , || y : : id : : oo t^ 00 Oi ri CM H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 484 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I * i ii I : $ : : : : : : : i 1 8 1 !? s I !^ * i t- g i . . . Oi 5 : : : :.., : : : ifl ! ! | IBS 1 ; ; ; ; o . . . . v. : : : :"cl >. ! ....*- . . . : o : : : :-S ^ i 1 MI III i|il| i aj ; ; ; ;o : : i :|=^ Hii] : : : :||^|1 t-at-Arms: Bter: xehange of i >f res.. . ijljl^lj MJ , -.. _ j . fe fe o 1 6 \ \ : !2g at > E^ ^?J zr ( H ( g THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 435 <*< * >-i 10 10 >M t^ ;> -N CO I-H <N t- c<i o O C^l -t^ i I O> OO CO O i ( O CO CO O I * iO 1C (N BfliO&SO o-ccococo :g5 MC^COO -i-iOTriio^icoi^os oor^<or-O5r~ CCiCrHift C2CTiS2iMI>GOl^ iCi-IC^iCOl^ s a"^g - > S Ill ! - 436 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. is r this on .0 m nd. to allow 81, M J8S . . ; ! . a. imjs * o a y ill I : ||| IMJli | : >- c ; ^ *! " ^ r* _ : z - .2* : ~S^ Pilf I g 8 5 o 3 G^ S c II c " II e - ir airs submitted oirrection, to In reconsider a v< eld (unseated c ed by late Libr = T - = c ~* , ! 4> 8 O^H c C ^.5^ : :S - -j ^X S| ^. * : ^ 1*1111 > " ^ 5 ti i| - c ~ ~ ~S i i . * V < .* Se --_- !lir.5 ; s^lii : .. c ir fc^a. 1 3 i 1 ing draft -il^r fllli-I II of IVv grade of I reconime eS 8,35- 1|11 SflaS S L 2 > , - ~ :: - - ^ ~ - . -- : = -" ^ k f .-. ||| S c bt s = = THE INFLUENCE OF PARTI UPON LEGISLATION. 437 ; 1< T CO lO -* i-H i-H lO in *< -^ <N 10 10 CO 10 r-l CO i-H Ml> -LOUT) i-H . .-CN.-ICOr-l-rTfr-KM.C-l 2^3^; :?3g3 SS5S23 iS 10 :^ 1 0> 00 ,-! r-< S^MOO CO :{^^:? 558*53 SSS iSK^^^Soo^S 2*2^*S.s^2^-3 " S"s lf|llllllll 5 IlSS^liiaSaSiJIl Stfegflo! > r I ^^ r r-t T I rH C^l C*l C-l C^l M C^ f AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I I 1 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 439 TfOJ :- :: :: j V rH ; c-- CO rH rH ** 5 ss 8- HH Tf CO y * s 3 S 5 r 3 , r . 5 85 " ? r B - B j 8 *" 8 " LOO5OrH-tli-HrHCOt^ US CO rH lOlO 33~$?.?,S -8-8-8 ss- r a jii -M :g^ i^^S^grH^cS 1 "^^ - -R-B-B8B*- - ,,gc,. ,- gs Is in debate . . i * lillll \& llll \\.\\g 1 1 1 1 iy : : : : : : "C persons in prison for political reasons, to lay on table cal eovt. in Mexico Bf grant of use of Hall of House to member of Parl ost roads, to lay on table )f soldiers pav, to refer to Com. on Mil. Affairs v bill, amend, to allow 1, 2, and 3 dollar bills ces on banks or treasonable won iuthern independe on appeal Chair su able , prev. quest, on pc ot go to Com. of W engrossment roduce 3nt with Sen. amen roduce ite banks may become nat. banks ..... rates of int. nat. banks may charge . . . wer of States to tax nat. banks jill... - :. = I 5 G. Harris, D., of Indiana, from House f irris before House, motion to adj . . ible . . di . I on purposes of the war, to lay on table ng, D., for favoring recognition of S< an unworthy member, ruled in order; . on jtmend is amended on table rmrt of res ible the part on reading res. to Long . . f nrearnble. v. for Montana, to lay conf. report on t conf. report disagreement with Sen. amends Tiship service to Brazil, to lay on table to certain States repub. form of gov. j till Tuesday it on slavery, to postpone one week ency bill, to sustain ruling that need n mother rn line- power of States to tax nat. banks ^sues should be taxed out of existence, v bill, to lay on table reconsideration o m table... ustoms duties, to suspend rules and int vt. for Montana, to insist 011 disagreem ustoms duties, to suspend rules and int idj . . . 440 AMKRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I il ; ; ;CO . !N ?l ~ W ;W . CM .eOMCO^f. COW ; -COCO . . .<N .CN : : : : : : : : : : : : :::: j^^co -:::: : : * * ... ;:. :;: ! ! ! : :8S i 1 If C 1 ^ 1 *t w * eo ic . . irf 3 i 1 | ?S^S p-^< RSS |s8 SM a *! Ij -* i_ i * + * # * * :::::::: . e. . . . :::::::::::::: : :2 . . .S oJ :::::::::; :!:;:::: : : : 1 1 jijiiiiMiN : -J c : Nil g :* :::::::::: o ^ 11 ! "3 ~ \ ; ; ; o> ^ :*o i aj ::::::: : "table! !!!."! motion to n amend, n ts rights un S : :| :J : : : : : i IJllljIMMi ! *^T ! C ""*" * >^* * * g THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 441 \ * CO iO r-i -* -* r-i CO CO i-t O^-COGOrHOCOOC^iOiC *t I-P TH TJ T i co r-< CN HiMaHM : :? ::::: ^ : :-a i i 5 ! : i g. P-n, : ! o : : : : : : : 1:6:1 Z -3 1. excepting certi beliious district? table t.) transport troo .02 L pay of colored 1 England, substi : ; .,0 suspension of ru ion of reference a : :- : 1 fl : : : : : :g : : : C C2 :::;?: lil case, Bruce, D., v. Loan, R., motion to adj *. declaring Loan not entitled to seat -op from army mils unemployed gen. officers, ai lonrl in nn.turp of substitute ssage ant to soldiers homesteads on confiscated land tablish certain post roads, to lay on table RMLffA elief of Mercantile Insurance Co., passage ight of States to regulate local institutions, to la ting land to People s Pacific R. R. Co., amend, t Hsae e a . a; -J bC cS_G C 2 +J ^ * "w O III ill >a! HI . > - ~ i ^ C I ovide govt. for Montana, to agree to conf. repor elief of widow of Gen. Stevens, passage elief of Josiah O. Armes, passage n ndi ay mileage, etc., to claimants of seats from Va. suring suppression of certain newspapers in N. \ ve, etc., approp. bill, Sen. amend, on salary of T rencv b 11, to lay on table n. amend, on amount of currency to be issued, n. amend, on rate of int. nat. banks may chargt hi v hill on t.H.blft li || ||| itWl c 1 - ment to Mondav elief of W. Brindle, passage not f Might to destroy State institutions, to lay c refer to (Join, on Rebel States . . peed 7 punishment of guerrillas, to introduce un , Yen main, of Kv., entitled to seat mend charter of D. of C., to lay on table reconsu reconsider the reference . . . o n ~3 If i? s o;2 oTorSS 5 & a - g = o o ^ ^.,-^^a a ^^0 g5 ^ I a^ s s^ =: = s glMs^a^ i g^ i 1 1 II s a a aaags | 3 ^g s a OO^ O OO^ MiCi ;sss: L^- r* t> t^- i 44*2 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. | C, I < * co n so 5S I 1 ?J C M ? 21 I! ;;;| ii m m n : : : : : "> lay on table. . . ty, to refer to Co onsider vote reft - e i < i Z . . . SS B i " House . _ 3 :iout trea Lion to re I $ ~ lands to a Pacific R. R., passage inent on slavery, to reject m system of bankruptcy, to postpone of Birch v. King, motion to adj n table irp. neither elected ileage, etc., to some unsuccessful cont n table reconsideration of last vote., certain sales of gold, motion for call o end. admitting machinery free 3 r O -. i - a lition of Spanish subjects by Pres. wit fugitive slave laws, to lay oil table mo uncut to Wednesdnv I I -: rt of Com. < on table., er last vote - amend, on o postpone g rules to introduce repo O. certain sales of gold, to la> in table motion to reeonsu vhole matter on table e veto power in Wash. Tei ill. to lav on tnble charter of street R. R. oo., :" 1 - i - :: -: \ *} t |l K^^S^i^ia 2 im^ll^l^l! THE INFLUENCE OF PAETY UPON LEGISLATION. 443 : : : : : : : : 5 30 --o eo F- TH t- S^SS^S^g 05 ^ S? P 1- -r -f CO id OJ <NOf- Tf CO ON r-l Sg ! Tj< Tfl rH lO i-H ^ Tf * l I? > SS^ 00 ^ 05 ^^ 01 c>-coo5OT|; -<9< r* o> 10 co TJ< ic CN <N <M CO 16 CO M r-l -t lO CD CO : : ; :::::;::; o ::;::: 3 : : : : : : : : :3 : : : : : 1 : JH ! jji> ! ! ! : ! = g i i i : : :s :o : : ; ; : M||5 I; i : : ijj 8 : : : 2 : : : !a 1 "3 X V 6C t3 sries, passage, vote to post- Res. paying mileage, etc., to some unsuccessful contestants for seats, to lay Ssitnp iirlnntinn nf res . . . a? : : : s :p . . o . > . 1 =1 : : : *t : i gjg : ! o : o3 erty by U. S. tro( tionment of dist to strike out cl. forbi Duilding floating batt ble reconsideration of lay on table * :5 a Mill :| : o hi 1 :g Same, to lay on table motion to reconsider last vote . . Election case, Javne v. Todd (Dakota) , to seat neither Snnio tn Inv nn t hlp -z f ^ c . c c E i a / T c _: : H " i \ i c 1 cut = 7 55 Jl I-J Army approp. bill, to agree to conf. report Res. States in rebellion not entitled to choose electors Bill to repeal fugitive slave laws, passage Bill to forbid certain sales of gold, to lay on table moti table. Sundry civil approp. bill, to strike out enacting clause Same, "to lay on table motion to reconsider this vote . . Const, amendment on slavery, adoption (two-thirds in Internal-revenue bill, amend, on salary of assessors. . . Same motion to adi . t- i ;s,s ; a, , O-J C | C o % : :|.^ S Its if! 5 ^.S ** s ^^Sg- > S -M 0> y, . ^5 > O !!! 1 i!51!! I ^"l^S S .sya&sS s^s-sll i 53JSCQ53aS So. 1^1 111 -si glllglf ll ^gagg3c aT co u, o> aJ 1 *^ *" 3 ^ - ausaa wg^ai SSSasSS 35 Same, amend, method of proving claims Samp tnlnvhill mi tahlp Same, motion to adj Same, to dispense with further action under a call of ] Bill to incorporate Metrop. Ry. Co. in D. of C., amend, sion on ground of color. Sfl.m p nnsfl e-e Res. to authorize amending contract with Ericsson for Bill for navy-yard at New London, Conn., to lay on ta pone. Res. to revoke permits to trade in rebellious States, to Sundry civil approp. bill, amend, pay of clerk of com. Bill for relief of H. S. Brinton, to postpone Bill on enrolling nat. forces, etc. to reiect. . . *. r. ~. """*- ~- T~- 5v o O O O O O r T i > ^-i ^i ^l N c"i CC "? "* *~ "t ^ -r 1 t 1 ^ -^ -^r iC ic iC "^ t^t^r-t^-l^t^l^CCOC^C X OOQOQOQOCOQOQOOOOOOOGOOO OOCCGCOOOOGOQOGO 300OOD 00 55 00 444 AMKRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I i I I 5, = f= l : i i IT s. * i ; ; ; : : : : : : : a o i i *?! s :~gJS N $! :2gJ :S3$ : pSMVSSS- SZS 1 I $33% S8322S2SS3S j p |S< s j | pa |R -R- s s 1 * 2SS8 SSSS^SSSSSSSSS -KS " *Ot > *C Jl>-OCi N ^ t ^j c^^^rr -H*T?I coiSS JcS 3 0) > s-aa 2222s |8-a jsessis" >S S f3S SS; - SS55 00 5 t:tt r^rr:rtrrttt::: * * * ^-<-* H^-4-* * ^~^- i ; if i i : i i i i i i i i i i i : i : i i : i \ i i i- 5 i i : : i : i i : : : :> c : : i i i i : is i : Ml! 1 N M ! M H ^^ M Ml ill! i i i i5 8 i j ! ! ! M Ms i il^ : : i :2 : i :g j j |2 * : : : : : : : : : d" : : o 5 : i : :| : : :^ iii ||j|jS|HH!jjja1 i| !. |i^ ! S 1|S :- := :a -2 -B : :3 i = :5 :| ? :J Isiil^iilSi iii? si IB !Ii;;;l;;i:| i|ii Iiif ilUiif Mils * a * ir 2 oo 9 *ifl5d 25, ; . 5s!7 :^= - -:a} 0ii .;Ji lS o ||Mfr|||i i ti I ii s ::::=::: o ; ; ; ;i ; ; ; o y i i : i| : ^ : - = : i yi ;l i^ I : : :|1 :| : | THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 445 TO CO COCO CO r-( M CM (N C^ rH rH rH < CO i-H lO O OO 1-1 3i t-i O CO O CO TJ< . CO 5O CO T-H-N^T If PI! ifi sill -1 I I o s 1^ o ^ 5-^0^ c c^ 5 I 2 . * * c S ? .2 2 S S ". S . *- 2 1-g g oajtutuii^iiCQjvi ^ooo^cjo 1 -^ sccac ssa^vfsceesfla;.,.: /: ci i as O O : ut O I^ X O ^< J) < FH r-l r-f i-H i-H rH rH ! o *< eo t CO i-l CM co IH TJI o o 10 co ti, CO lO r- r-l FF lO T-I M lO t- 00 >) 00 C<l iO 1-1 CM 1-1 CO t- Ii g 8 e.2* o 58 S3 52 O rH o II is t: B g 44() AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 447 352, Sl2i*8 Sl sgs||sl-a^gg *sKKg<*d2o*;-=3:3 SSS-SSsS^Slgi guujiftft*hSl S S^rlSSSSS.SsIsca S s sssseBss~" ^oSsiojsj^oi^oiist- cT o < e 5 lag >- ^s ^SaJo5a3:3ti.^S:;2::-^:a;c;c;-z:--7:gc:=ot;>S ^ pq cc c cd x i K x -JK $ s. sc CQ 2: as a; w ^ ffi .x <: K ^ tn & pq 7o --...-o --co <D-uo>a>c;oa>ai-t2aia>^" = ssssssses"; ISSSSSSSSSSSSSSs! i-- " i^T >t t iC tO SO CO "M Tl 7J 71 71 74 71 448 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. * t ^1^ .illElHi^- 8S,rSKSStf3S? .^ - _^ - * w ti *C C C _ ~ C ^ C " ^^tT C ^bCJ *^ >. x - T- T z: z ^ -^ *r c c c ^ -T .- c = - 25 >, c > -/ i>ge5a)a>a?sSCg^S4>f-ff* IllifillllilllllMilll^I - - - O G O --- 3 O--- - O----C*--- a>i> "*ii>i is!-Sciiroi r . tocr^iCfco) = 5= /=S 5 = = = = = = = u- = E5Hz:=Sa wccccccccr;ccK THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 449 sag; $3? r-ll-^i-iai O *< 30 OS ri i-i r- <MO:OOCOi-iX)aCr^i-i coco !> 01 T-H .^H^rtM^o <S P- 1 ao f CO CO CO CO ^^^^3xSsSS^SSSoo2^ : H. Doc. 702, pt. 1- "M ^J ^ c^ TO cc ^ 450 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. M jp ic i- TI x i- - x / : x = 2 U J 2 U . ^-i 30 S> C-l * c -w* C E3 5 igations. . X i statis : I .0 o i_ a .0 i> | > 8 per cent o involve U.S. in pecun innocent users of patented articles, to refer to Com. on ratents. ^ -a S. - - ^ 3? j| 8 j ( : ns who paid the _ a 2 _ j s z i 3 "* 57! ^ bc U s s j i | > p : ^ : : to Mondav to States direct tax of 1801, amend, sums to gate intimidation of colored voters direct tax of 18(51, motion to take up exec. I to take up exec, business to add tax on raw cotton sums to be refunded by U. S. direct to perse to Mondav Us. aided by Govt., to refer to special com. . . >rop. bill, amend, on rate of int. on judgmel ,; j! i - ;- ; i - j - - *- - \, ~ ~ imon schools, motion to take up exec, busin to change distribution among States to strike out provision that before getting r to strike out no 2d grant to State not accou orate a Wash. Elect. Ry. Co., consideration . . rails to be of Amer. manufacture . tax of 10 per cent (instead of 4 per cent) on . to leave out tracks on certain streets imuit Kill . franchise to be granted to highest bidders. tax to increase graduaiiy from 4 per cent t( orate Nicaragua Canal Co., amend, act not t H3^3 tt^^- illilUfp lifp^lil 3S||SSS,-.-rf rH<^x^H />:;: 7.<^.^<". ~.<^-^- "> - 1- ^.- a8oDoo5!oo ll^iiiiilll IPllllIl!!! iEE=E-===5 Sr* 3 2 3 3S 1 3 3 ^So^ooo^oJijB = = = = = = EHEEz: THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 451 >O O (M t-l C- aass sss- saaas S c 5i rH 5328 - i jss s ii><Nt<;H :rH03 S c >00 Oi OiCO O tC V SSJ^S M : : __ _ __ __ _ -> -H H- S :J? ; O . O : : :| j 0) . , . . . ~TT adequate" rj r. o ::::::::::: :g : i; iiiiiiiil o 03 cc nditions".. e citizens . . 1 cS o be settled by existing law 7 , 1 ob . . ! .-g . . : M Ns Nil IN MM ge ease co >rs to b 1 w o g - . o :E : tf >> :^H O T3 lasers und a : : i ~ ill * 3 o a as Same, amend, capital not to be diverted Same, amend, stock to be subscribed and work begun within fixed Same, amend, all laborers to be citizens of U. S Same, amend, act not to involve U. S. in pecuniary obligations Same, nassa^e . . General pension bill for soldiers totally incapacitated, amend. wh< support. Same, amend, to strike out " totallv" fi 3 5 1 J !|M : Bill to provide for purchase of U. S. bonds, etc., amend, when bank silver. Pension bill for Mrs. Painter, amend. increa,sinr tho. nonsion Bill to create Bureau of Animal Industry, amend, its power to exte Bill to allow sale of mining lands to aliens, amend, maj. of partner Same, passage... Adiournment to Mondav .. Bill for admission of So. Dakota, amend, to admit Dak. undivided Same, nsissaire Bill to forfeit lands granted to R. Rs., amend, saving rights of pure Same, amend. Ont. and Brule Riv. R. R. not to be excepted Same, amend, confirming title to lands sold; 2d amend, these titles 1 amend, on table. Same, to lav orig. amend, on table Same, amend, to strike out " in the degree herein specified " Urgent deficiency approp. bill, amend to strike out that Publ Same, amend, to add $60,000 for asst. custodians Same, same amend . . . Adjournment to Mondav General pension bill, amend, incapacity may be from old agt Same, amend, to extend to veterans of Mexican, etc., wars.. Same, amend, (made in Com. of Whole/to strike out "totall Same, oassaee . . Res. for select com. to examine into civil service Bill for classification, etc., of imports, amend, to strike out c< Bill for monument to negro soldiers, passage Bill on grade of commander in Navv, consideration Same, nassae^e . Bill to provide for purchase of U. S. bonds bv Sec. of Treas., notes to be issued, to lay on table. Same, same amend, save that new notes legal tender only to Same, adootion of last amend Bill for relief of Admiral Carter, passage Bill allowing bridge at Memphis, amend, to increase width o Same, amend, bridge may be used for wagons at option of co Bill to provide for purchase of U. S. bonds, etc., to recommit Bill to grant to R. R. right of way in Ind. Ter., consideration Same, nassaee... -^ /. 452 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i! v I I- l.~ <0 50 O -H -. / : _ - i - . > - _- r- ; ~, - , THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 453 COCOrHOSO^HOlOCOf SS^S co os o> C^l 1-H r- 1 I -t lO C^ ^ CO 1^ i-l ( DO*-* r-co r t-<000<0<0^<NOO J>~1 S3 aa-asa- O5 1^ OC <O I~ ^ Ill 2 t, o feof ocg-52 cc ^liff r " . . t-i -* ^ t> J,g. "II passa eration or school, am heries treaty conf. report es in Dist. of Col d voters, motion Sen. recede fro hina, to refer to ^ S 5 " 5 00 o S oc 111 ! II I 81 s ^bc 1 II s J ^ " ^Sa - o-S-2 tS %~ I ^ cS x ill ^,2 2 "bib-^ o A 83 g|- p23 I si H^,l > 50 g-j 5 a! 60 S| si So STl ( |l its; U ** aS^-e-SJ lisll -5 -oo c Ig.!l "5 Sj W O N w O C X S ^.S 00)^ S 13 -C T3 -C fi C C c a- o> o> o> o c s a s s S as as as si a: oT oT oT oT asass ^ 5 t 02 02 CO CO CO 00 CO 454 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION SECOND SESSION Continued. Democrats. Aye. No. :::::::: :* : : : ^.* jjjjjjjjjjjjjjj H i ^ M 8 885 SJS o W ri Vi ri r ri r"i ~i N *5e3 5 oJ S Vl ?1 ?i rl ~ ~~t ?5 ?i ~! ?J ?j ?3 ~"i c ec i P.y ^ divisions. . A . :: 2 :::::: : : : 5 j i !!! ! ! * ! !! 1 : : : : : : :8 :::::: 1 j | i i j i** | 1 ; : * ^ : : ; : : | | : : : : : : : : : : S : : : 5 : : : : nil Mill Mi ; : : :* : : = H : Z "a - : : : : : * ...^ ...,g... :| ,: c : I 2^ : : : : : | : : :5 : : :5 : : : : o admit needles free, o reduce duty on qtii o duty on \vo<xl screw educing duty on typt tobacco schedule... 1 15J.J.J.JJ" l^^lllllllll 8 f^iH~ 7^ 7. 7 7.~7. 77.=" i S^gggggggg5^i glSgfifiseesesj^ = = 5;~ = = =333 = = jj il^ci-j-jll-j-jci : II :=llfl = =lf1 1 a^xsTjs^JSjs .iT-f-f-c 7 TJEr 7 7 7 7~= 7.7. f ^ = = =-H = = = = ~~~. 5 5 5.j,^ = cc^ -HEEcS^^cc tS ~-| 3355*8323 - : == B"C"SESSSSSS22 sn^--^ 5 "*--* 211 r -r - -"r ^ "? ~z ~ - ~ ~ rf -r = -c ^ *c *c -c "C -r bii!siilSl||||| -=r- = = = -;--ss5adoiiss5j 11= Hllll = = l = l =^-= = = = = == ^ = = = = iii = = = i^sij ! 5! 5 S3S SSSS33KSSS3 S 5!e?SRfiSS8BSSSSS THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 455 OSO5O55O3O3CXl -O3ii^tr^C>S53535vrXXOsXX;i-i 1^ i-t Jl O JO p O i O OC iC -* O5 lO CO 5O 00 oooooGo^-o/owoo^o" alai avails la aaaa8 ci3ioia3aJc3o3^^cS^^3i3i33cS^ ^- ^ * ^^^ -- 1 ^ ^ ^ OOOOOOfDOC;: S = SSSS5-E5SS5SEHaaESEa o a> oT oT oT ) O2 O3 * |aaaaaaaag=aaaaaaaaaa -= ss ojcjo3cSSr:^T:7:,-i^7;--T:^T:i^ri^x^ : ^^ --------- cccoa>S5toacaoocc5i^scxcx:^cci~i~i^:r^~ioiccco-><-rici^ocacco>( ; GO GO OO OO O O O O O i-t i-H r- -- ^i CI C) "I -M ~l rt tC TC 7C C-t TC CC 7C TC TC ?C K CC : 450 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 457 I- lO t~- OOO5-O lO <-H tO <M T-H ~4 ,_, ^ ,-1 rH i-l r-l O4 <M C* r-l CO O OC i-H l^ 1 SS>i3 i 00 ^ ^ r- SS5 8 .-. ~ loicoo^-jgjcoor-ioco^rccot^ CO 05 CO --O (N O> :?j~5 rH 7. ?3?j2 71 71 rH^rHrSrH 10 ^ 2rH C* CS <N iSS^^SS^S^SS^JSrSlSSSrH nks than in barrels. . e) to consider port . j> . o ; S : : : :^J ansider h secrecy removed. i | | 1 : "S : \l is seat . il 4 Const, amendment on manufacture of alcoholic liquors, to c Votes in, executive session from whii B7 Extradition treaty with England, to consider in open sessior ^7 Sflmp flmpnd to fldionrn 1 | C E " i \ a a r 1 ,| C c a 92 Same, amend, to add injuries by explosives or to railroads. . 92 Same, amend, to omit "malicious injuries to property," etc = g "8 3 i e ^ o i\ |i = - IE && Diplomatic, etc., approp. bill, amend, to create ambas Same, to agree in Sen. to this amend, (made in Com. c Bill to organize Terr, of Oklahoma, to refer to Com. 01 Legislative, etc., approp. bill, motion to adj Res. for com. to revise laws on election of members of Bill to refund direct taxes, to reconsider adoption of c Sundry civil approp. bill, motion to take up exec, bus Same, amend, for payment to widow of Chief Justice Motion to adj Sundry civil approp. bill, motion to take up exec, bus Res. to inquire into nat. elections in 1888, to consider Same, motion to take up exec, business Samp motion to ndi ""- T z : 1 a 1 S 4 2 | I I I = q \ } ; C >- 1 \ j J !.^ < E -, i ! "Z ) 9 |5 g 1 \ oca > fl ! t-t 4> . aj, "*! gW o IP 111 ag IB iW S-o.S c m t- c3- rt Private pension bill, passage Motion to proceed to exec, business (over pension bil Deficiency approp. bill, limit of time for filing claims Same, amend, to pay Cong, employees for extra servic Same, amend, to reimburse P. S. Post for defending h Same, amend, to pay Kansas claims for lands Same, amend, to pay Col. claims for lands Same, amend, to pay claims of steamship cos Same, amend, to pav Neb. claims for lands Indian approp. bill, amend, to strike out about sale o Bill to refund direct, taxes to nnss over veto . ClC>lQOOSOt^SOOOi-l5t^ -- -! (- x x Q a ; Jo cc co 458 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. J a 5 ^S" ~~ 2 < 22282 * 288?$* c 1 X< 00 I| --* * -4- . . . . ; j Continued. TJ 00 5 1 < C srcrm/ r 8* || o <: ^, > c 1 f! ic 0? i 1 " 8 S "*"5 . If i s f in executii life * C . *C s3 -| : i 5 ~. ^, ^j 3j ^ ^ bC 1*3 <2 c ^*c-2 ilsi! Iffll 1 i - -~ ; 5. icc icift iB o * /. aJ ! < s = o r 1 I V i I Congre S , 169; I RST SI s -^ 5 ! < a = 5 c . "s 5 t ! l _--r 5ll ^ ^ -: E c 2 r _ - x - e *- o S*i > 2 S 6 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 459 C^J lO >O CC ^N iO GO GO O OC i I C<l .TfCC-Tl-CO TTICOC I -M CO CO GO -* CO ^ T I Ol ^D ^ O ^OCi^H^^GO O C^ ^COO OOCXN <> T-H ) Q iO <N OiCO ( ) O I-H ^H O ( %% M q aS II U o g, documents Com. on Accounts C p s c r- ^! CTT^^ t.U_ Q^SwH .^ o-^_o. -- II 8 : S ?C "S gjfg 111? -^ il^l^lfell^o lands in Kansas, end, settlers to pa wners of steamship to Court of Claim a BSSS^?85 J^? J| &i!i!fll"s^pi so IK g S S 2 ^c-So^O^p^^O).^^^ . o - - - -o.2 - -o -o <~ a)-i2a->a>oai* J >2*jaia><*-a>-iC !5assaa|^3Siisas8 12% : \ : 2 fi :E : S j i , g a :s a &iS 6 iil IgW^lo* liga^s Sef g-i2-Q -S|5goi5 158^^88^ o b c >* gr >>2 c PJS8! IllS^pfl isile:^ ^0 oS^S^Ojg g S c S o ^ Q ^ 3^ c .u ScS^^^-g tf |6|fi^|l ^ Mais g i x 3 , 4C>0 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ~r* *-" J. "S 3 *s THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY" UPON LEGISLATION. 461 o . >::::: v :g : "S : a : . CO 03 "C amend. 4 amend. 3 :g : : : i : :g i : jl j j H J3 M a er call of House. er call of House. : : 2 : ?ia ! ^ ! o ;f : 3 :a s a 1 o : i >> : ! o jl - use (no quo >.>S .03 "O ~ ,5 x : ^- : fi 222 !| !| e to Monda ess till 5, ai ess, 2d ame jess till 5; a ; g OWM i ^1^ ij" ith further = H | "& a O C P ; Q) 49 v 0*0 r- ~ be r C r C ^ ^T C - s " C f w r C ^ IT ^^^^ ^ 2s^a ;: a (S 22.5 si 2 l3:S ^ aSa3 ^ a3aS = ! ^ a3 aj*^ -"S^S^Sr-^^-go^CO^OO^^OOgC^OCO .C S SS.O 03 03 03 O s o 2^5f .2.2 "..2 t-S.2 -*- 1 ^ XXX ^ r ^Viix-^SS r ^^c3cJaJ22 E2 C !i> 2 c;JaJ la|aaa||aliiaalaaia|aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa a2a2aas i i-i "1 77 - --C X y -y. x /: x f- CO -O M CC -f CO -f --O 1^ O 1- I-H I-H 5} eO iC "C >O "T iT C "C i^ iT I 1^ W> O 1-1 CO -f iC O 1 re -c i- i^ i^ i^ i>- 1^ 462 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. tiv ed. f R ION rX *"" - \ S-L-r THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 463 (M C-l i-H C : : : : : :o * :::::::::: t* _o _o o a o 00 o 2 . : c c : ~- "H o Is tariff bill, amend, to increase free list (cotton ties) . . np r>ns.qno f p g : be Ms 1 1 9 3 s a : : 5 "g ? o |"S 5 ! Z ~ \ 2 :-. : for building at Omaha, to agree to conf. h rvn tnnrli fnnnnornml arop. bills, to go into Com. of Whole :ion to revoke leaves of absence to membe ne to IHV on table orop. bills, to go into Com. of Whole, moti > quorum ) o into Com. of Whole . securities in highest style orum, motion to dispense v 3p. bill, to consider report < er tishing vessels, passage > auorum) .. to adjust accounts of workmen, etc. flj. ) quorum) . . House . . . glggg c o o o c cr a cro c t-2 c 5 ^ ~" c ^,2*S * o. E ^3,-^ c goccoccoc Soooooooc SllSSlSl-tlS ^^ 5 " =-5553^^555S * -r_ 404 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ta ON 5 7. >. o II ord a || A m .-, =*_ Wh ng r no l ca . du cu t o to ( or bil S. to per c 7. 7-75x^^x^5-;! -7 + ?^-?y- /-/ tCi.Cjjji Mr^o>--e2 aCO^ M-rtCsc -" t^OiJJOi-r-r-r it i- -c -i i- i- i- i - i- i - / f " i" ~ i." cJ-r -"~ - ." i -i ~i r< THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 465 CO 1^ 1-1 iC , L~. r-l -S. 35 1^ OC rH o^ o i H pQ I X 1 35 ^ l ^ T ^CO ^ - I^aO^l ^C^iC)OCOOClI" > ~C^OT--< t v JOOOC^>OiOOi r- 1^ x x x x ^ a>o>oo55g^ r^c>oog c c ^ T ~ *J ^ " ; H. Doc. 702, pt. 1- -30 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. A*\s\ 6 ! S r i r i r. ? i i - .illg - : s *& ;~2s.3fa2 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 4()7 Fifty-sixth Congress Senate. FIRST SESSION. M >> S "c 3 o 1 C V -c r t oc 1 ib~ .{f 1 I 0> 55 ZO <N i a <v a 2 on o I Populists. c> CM CO i CO CM rH CO CO CO \ \ 5 10 CO OJ CM rH CM CO rH CO CM rH CM CO rH Silverites. (N r-l r-l CO CO rH CO CO -CO CO rH ~^~ CO CO CO CO CO CO t-H rH Democrats. I 6 aj CT>00 eo aa- e *^z 1-1 : p S3 0, j S33SS rH ^ rHrH rH rnrHrH Republicans. i & a- s $ i jssss^s \ jsss % ssss CJ * rH *"" cc 1-1 ss aaj j - Party divisions. -t * * -t- H * J ********* H^;* * -J-* * * * * * * * * 1 & Res. asking for communications with Aguinaldo, amend, to add com munications with comrs. on treaty with Spain. Bill for Twelfth Census, to agree with House amend, for statistics on f and blind. , to agree with House amend, for statistics on mines y with Samoa, res. for information, to refer to Com. on For. Rela- birnet. : ^ : 2 : : : > ity with Spain. , to agree to conf. report govt. for Alaska, amend. Sec. of Int. to make rules for mining, etc. . . of Porto Rico bill, amend, for free coinage of silver i, amend, to omit provision for duty of 5 cts. per Ib. on coffee im- ted into Porto Rico. ;, to omit provision for 15 per cent of U. S. duty between U. S. and rto Rico. ?, amend, (peso to be redeemed at 93J- instead of 00 cents) 2, amend. Const, and laws of U. S. to extend to Porto Rico. }, amend, assem. to have no power to enact law in conflict with S. Const. . 2 > ; : or from Pennsylvania, to consider res. on election of Mr. Quay, f of Porto Rico bill, amend. Const, was extended over island ncy bill, amend, authorizing appt. of comrs. to any internat ference. amend, people of U. S. favor bimet amend, act not intended to place obstacles to internationa amend, on standard value of gold coin, to lay on table . . . amend, gold and silver dollars to be legal tender at nomim amend, act not to affect legal tender of silver amend, to repeal tax on State-bank circulation amend, for paying off nat. debt in gold and silver amend, for free coinage of silver s Il s l lllIIIIlIIrlIII I s III G f i- CO CO 8| S COCOCO^^^-f^^C^CO S 8 SIS ^^^.H^^rHrHrHrHC, 4<>8 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Fifty-sixth Congress Senate Continued. FIRST SESSION Continued. 1 * ._-._; ,- , ^ ; ; -_ : : : I t coco 1 * c CO CO i-l -I r-l co co co * .-i .-i :s r*?< > ~r<- ; 1 * OQ ^ COCNC1 ^ -X CO COCO.. T ; CO : Democrats. Aye. No. -s* -. s . c^co m wi- "" ~1 2 5-1 x 2 ^ 2 S 2 2 22 *" t ^* a > Jj S3 22 ^J^ 1 | SS-33 s msss s jSR S S" S Mfl- a g^ ^^cSSlS 1 ^ ^oco^ co 15 <co* 12"*?} * icioc^t^ic Party divisions. * * * -4- -K --- 4- # --* * * - * * * * +- - 2. ... 4^-t- ^- H K ^- * * * -* -*-* * -4-H K -1- > 1 > : :i 2 : : c : : : : - T - C - * ^ * *-* H 1 y 5 Same, amend, int. rev. laws extended over Porto Rico Same, amend, free trade between I". S. and Porto Rico Same, passage Govt. of Philippines bill, to consider, motion toadj Same, motion to >idi . lii lian approp. bill, amend. Sec. of Int. may contract with "conl chools. Pacific cable bill, amend, to omit that materials be of Amer. mfg. . . Nicaragua!! Canal bill, to consider Alaska code bill, to consider Same, amend, claims to land to originate only after this act Senator from Pa., res. of com. Mr. Quay not entitled to seat, amen strike out " not." -,,,,,. iiilnntiiiii nf row seating Mr. Scott athy ssary Dept. to give preference to ; out that Commander of Army 1 rps shall consist of, etc rom each State " laval cadet has finished four vea ted. >r plate can not be purchased i rmor plate from 8-H"> to 8300 per to i Miiii4>, M j.) per ton Same, amend, on armor and arnuunent as amended Hill on appointments in dependencies, to postpone indetinitely Post-Office approp. bill, amend, pneumatic-tube service only in di tion of Postm. Gen., to lay on table. ""T^c ^ " - .-r-^-- fn-tc t "~~~ =! 2 ~ = :e ~ ^< ---- = ~-~-~^ i ="= - - -- s . c = S = = - r = - = = = ! i 5^1 ^ 555 Ml ssilsa Sill i 8S5 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 469 3* ->tl -^ rH CN rH CO CN CN CM CN CO CO CO CO CN CN CN CM CN CN CN CN T-H T-H rH rH CM CN CN CO ; CO CM CO CO l~- lO ~* f l^ CO O rH CO """ "" " f "" ~~ co co r~- a- O CN O CO iC O O CM Tf TH rH T-HGO 00 rH 3^0} SJ^2^ 0005LC CM CN rH CO CO rH CO - \S S :S $$KS SSS * * -BSS ~ -888-SS 6581 *" " ^ "^ """ ^-. -* * * ,-, -- o 00 S * *^-t~ * * * -t- ~ i~~ Privilege of the floor, to lay on table motion to grant it to Boer peace comrs. Post-Office approp. bill, amend, to approp. for pneumatic tubes, no new contracts to be made. Same, amend, by Mr. Pettigrew, to reduce payment to railroads for mails. Nipnrntrmi Pnna l hill to ponsidpr Naval approp. bill, agreement to conf. report So. African Republic, res. of sympathy, to refer to Com. on For. Relations. Sundry civil approp. bill, amend, to increase an approp. from 1100,000 to $250,000. Sioux City and P. R.R. Co. bill (to appoint com. on debt to U.S.), amend, com. not to accept less than full sum due. Same, amend, report to be made to Congress Extradition to Cuba, amend, judge to be satisfied of security for fair trial. . Bill for relief of J. L. Smithmever, etc., passage Anfi-trnst bill. rpf. to Com. on .Indiciarv Emergency river and harbor bill, to agree to conf. report Naval approp. bill, amend, on purchase and manuf. of armor plate Eight-hour bill, res. to discharge com., to lav on table SECOND SI Ship-subsidy bill, to consider Army reorg. bill, amend, on Vet. Corps Same, amend, to substitute "distilled spirits" for "beer," etc., in sect. 40, to lay on table. Same, a brig. gen. in Spanish war to be maj. gen Same, amend, one-third of vacancies created to be filled from officers of volunteers. Same, amend, no further force to be used in the Philippines until after amnesty, to lay on table. Same, amend, on grade of cantain .. Same, amend, to strike out provisions on number of men in company, etc. Same, amend, to strike out that Pres. may keep Army at maximum strength during present exigencies. Samp flmpnd net tr> p-vnirp .Till v 1 1903 : S Same, amend. President to disclaim sovereignty over Philippines, etc Same, amend, to strike out sect, on enlisting Philippinos Same, amend.no liquor licenses in Philippines and no liquor to imported. Same, amend, no liquor to be imported into Philippines Same, amend, no liquor licenses in Philippines Same, amend, organization of Pav Dept... 1 1 IP S S c3?3? sss 335 SS GO C7> C7> Oi 0* CTi ooocao ooSoco 470 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. . 3 II 1 - I I *^ " 3 ^ g- II s- > -3 ^ : =3 1 ; Ss n= = - -. * feg : : :5 111 mi c "E a a I Sr : ^ ? s- = -oi: *= C^ -I^^M^^^LC II Illifi T T I E I i ; g THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 471 CM rH COCO CO rH CO rH ,_, ,_, ,-H rH rH CO CM CM CM CO C^ CM rH CO CM CO CO <M rH CO CO CO CM CM CM <?^ CM CM OJ <M CM CN CO i O COCO CM O O> O> rH O) CO rH rH I CM >C -^ -^ * rf O :^^^g? S*^^^^^ 05 ^^ 1 th so ?l Philippinos share te a bill of rights eg., exec., and ju s modified ns under right of U. ds to Philippines ppines without co rom c d. in rst ir ua Canal ame usiness opS^ S 1 3^ DQ CM M .2 . S8i s 30^-5 f Claims rom amend. secrecy rem id a r t e ic ds, bill to consi ate recede from , bill, to consider to refer to Co at Senate rec a g^-a : o 73 ss ^ : - igl : K S I : tJ ^^ s- S -SgoD-g S &S2I ^ ^EC^ a Se-S-2 s !Pt *-< c c -rH JSMriV R ? C * ^ i :-.s?co^5|:~ -i "- sS^^Sg-gg^a c ced ire session from wh reaty, amend, treaty not protect canal. strike out sec. 7, Art. II (f aty not to prevent U. S e right to discriminate S. may secure defense treatv as amended oi ?5 ?5 ?5 ?^ ?^ T I c-i y> ~"i TI ~i ?! 71 ?! ri ~~i ~~> TI ~> l ~] Vi Vl 472 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 473 5 CO -f iO CO CO CO CO >O -f iO id iO CO CO iO CO >C i-H CO CO CO iC. i i i i CO- CO- iC COiCr-tco id CO CO f if^O^^J*^J* CO lOCO lOiC LJ i L : : : . ... . ;;;;;;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;g-s SK | S -as3 e a-- j SS j rs-ssss* p |s j- js- -| jg j ss ;3e s ; s S3 s3?2s;g|i ->B* 39 ^COg.M COt-XX^HCSCOrH j GC j CO -CO rH .00 -00 CO =nii 3 mz$ jsKss j " as i 3s*-*sss"srs * ,-s _,-,__,_, ^ _ _ ^ ^ ^ : c i 1 1 M ii ii i il i! U > go -.- : : : 3- O : 22 : i i i i i i ! i II i i il ?| i iff i :: ii : i ^ :: gO"g : T~ c o X o3 : c^ : : S s : c?^ o * HI : ii^ ?- O-03 1 1) t,"o o rC^ > |l = 1 o a s U6S i|5i ill jS^s g II III? ; o J s H a oo3^ F^gfi-o,: ""C ^ C o> 1.K^E r^ll-ps llll 1 ! !o * ^ & C r\rQ^ 23(D : *f - : : ? - 35 ill f liliHji . -MO .M o o S *> : s 5s ! *-^ 1 : o & en - : : 1 1 i i 1 5 i ^ =S = : c o : S : s g; : ^^ : : -3 * i 5 ;o ; c c . ^o :+j ; g g ; Mill ! Ii S3 d ; > ; g c : 2 *S d. ^ 15 :S.il IS gg-dd" :co^ o_^ o.s cu;2 :_-JD 73 ^sgSo- ;g^ It o^^l :g, -S3 ^ . << I .rj ^, ^2 |||| i3^ || |g|o||5 |g JltSg^jBl H^^||i -S^S^2o^c2W Iliillllil SSlllSfl II i|< 5! IS 5i1 II | :| ^ais :8 a, 5 12 .!*f fe|^o| || ^ 2 -f a I gss^s^ S| .g-gji ^5g 2g^^5a.H -^ %%v* li^^llisii^ii f i^a l^g||l|5S fillip -j.s- r 5Hii^!l^l s Fl |s.^ flis illsill^ll?^ 8=g-^ 5*583S|a58jg5a 2 i-ei-g "SaJogoJaJcJoflOQPXCLi^ >K ^ S? "S a ^ajcuMoa) ^^gT-^^ -"g Sg^g-g 5S2^ H 5 1 S ^ g-x S >^<u-2 c. 2csSS9 : ^ i ^^ : ^ y - c x!5-" 2^^ /iOccOcccoccao&HCHWWCiHr H S OccOn cc p : r II il i il ! i! ^3 5 ; CG S^ ;5 o 32 : *: fi.S :^Sc o oe ai If : 8 -M. 3 --5^2 -- ss =s^^s ^s o-B |g-l|ll *ij5!S! -d* G c S.2 c lllr&ll -<^!OQMa 111 llSillllllHiIl S SSI SSSSsSllSiiills s 474 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. S - & o *<s I I ! i. . : : : l*>* - - r r Silver! tes. 6 1 i : : :~ :- : " j" : : : 1 Cl ^<Nri 7i Ti7! 71 :_ :_ : : ! I ! , , Democrats. 6 fc S2 2S - I || psg - SS5S S 1 88 -as S S33g-SS -KSS Republicans. 6 =g SS $ "-SB*IS "i 5 " 3 5 - S s 1 i i " r *ga- sgs si If -3 **-# * * # _ _ ^ t * Question. >r armor tostrike out enacting cl... special order cl. more drastic ticle artificially raised to her State to file accounts, ne, passage isionsof widows, res. for information, to discharge com. from consid. of. idry civil approp. bill, to concur in Sen. amend. (No. 134) ne, to concur in Sen. amend. (No. 183) iska code bill, to reconsider agreement to conf. report val approp. bill, to instr. conferees not to agree to amend. 18 ne, to recede from disagreement on Sen. amend. No. 58 (contracts ir armor). prop, for Mil. Academv, to agree to conf. report -in.-*of House, that House take recess till 9 to-morrow (instead of 8).. val approp. bill, Sen. amend. No. 58 with an amend ne, Sen. amend. No. 9 (surveys of Cuban and Phil, waters) with an mend. journment of Congress, Sen. amends, on dav and hour val approp. bill, Sen. amend, on contracts f 1 for commission on commerce with China, nst. amend, (election of Senators), to make ae, ] ii>--:iL. r c ti-trust bill, amend, to make antimonopoly ne, amend, when Prest. satisfied price of ai iivp.-nd duties upon it. ne, amend, anycorp. controlling corp. in ot tc., with r. S. Sec. of State, lie, amend, act not to apply to trade unions CI 5S5 3J t^ a A at x x w u . I ~ re i - : fj! S3-3! aa&a m Illl cc n rf c^ THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 475 i-H i-H <M Ol C* i-l iH f-l r-( CO (M (M CO iM C<1 C- Ir-(COI^ CN CO C 3C l^ 88 S^SS^S ^ ,rerMCO 000 r^COC g . C . . - . " 7a)Oo;a)ajaJU V aT o cu" aJ a" aT o> C aT oT ^ cT o oT g g o" aJ 2 c oT Kc - - -^ iga i 9 ISsJil < jli iij|i||E 1| e?a ^^t-M^^.^r _"V ^L <" W :.s fe?2 c ~.s cC S-g & gifa ^ J ^, r. t..-t-> m <u S i e 93 ^ Sf r- "^1 LT- O ^O ^ 1^- O xooooooooo^CiCO i iCC MCOCC 47() AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Fifty-sijcth Congress House Continued. SECOND SESSION Continued. Silverites. Populists. 6 MiiMnchuKett* Senate, 1899. [Republicans, 33: Democrats, 7; total, 40 governor, Roger Wolcott, R.] i o a3 6 f ~r ~ cs " -HCO OJ l-CSf 1-1 M i-i i-i c* ?< c^ c>i es M Republicans. S2 ; & "*% Republicans. Democrats. & -ssssszsss? * }^ 2S Party divisions. H 1- K < o c f ^ x cc I-H S :SS?1SS - - ^ : Question. 56 Election of U. S. Senator: |,IM|LT Bill to license gas titters in Brookline, to substitute general bill to license them Bill for public school teachers retirement fund. 3 R .. divisions. ::rrrt|::::f rrr <y c c ; : 1 : >ill to convey land to heirs of, to take recess till 1 2 o clock, sular Affairs, authoritv to visit Porto Rico ::::-::::: O -A . . . .** . . g . . M 111 M- i ! !> n ! ! o ds, second dem i r res. ordering speech prii use 11, Sen. amend. No. 89 service bill, to go into Co . on motion to limit debat Com. of Whole ion bill, Sen. amend 1, prev. quest, on motion m table able appeal from ruling, ds o ? x 3 1 1 1 , - r "Z ^ 2*2 2*8 ^S-9 ^5 -- z.^-" o" iT"5 Z sJ o 9 * iT o* sJ 7" - "5 - Hi 1 |3jj5 I 8S THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 477 ; ........ .......... ... MCKOOOCOCOCOCOO>OOa>iHU3^ ^ O iO 00 CT> CO rH ^ s B w 3 Q.SP >-- 3 s . s> sr~ ~= V5?^| ( 3 5 s-s m : es-ps erft^a ..O ai.S si CO S 83 _ 478 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. = *= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = j S K A co 5 5 is 5 15 = = EEHH / = = = = = ?: = = = 7. 5. 7. -7. -7. x / ^ - - - THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 479 ^H co o co o im- t-i -.> 0> % o o 1 t* o> 35 t: CO If ^ 1 tTC 03 ^ ^^ ^ ?" . , O V .S c c 5 8,5 CO CO c !C^ I li 1 - . - :- o E5f & = !1? aallajfe 1 . o o ,c . - 5 2 -5 ^r^^r^ c3 Br^i^ o pq oq 02 PQ aj 1 I ?M(NCOt^r-li-(OiCOGOl^-t^G<Oi-l COC^Ji-l ar ........ against ____ ross ....... , to reject. pass over reject ____ reject ____ pend rules gross ...... to engross . liquor lic n, to rej ct -M# V 5co o ^S r a oS ^S-^aseSS -BBQ^go . ^l^lilP?!!^-* Sc5 a^5 &>* S<2 i 2> S c:^-^ S 480 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. C$88 1 >-i lO-ff 8833 ?;?5=5 ffS Par visi i .c : 2 < g ^ -r ~ i 1! s*=l ill! gSS g* ?1* si "I !^-s! e ll c ?> . M sS *= =-. ZMfl ^^2= -sl *.= *! r^l ?| I& ll^? 1 - ifir C 5 .- C ~ -r. w ^. .i r - :^ H~ = 2 5 81 Oft lA tC t l^ t>- Si I-* ^10*^3 ^^O ^IO [i gg ill s gt -;. " *f T 1^- O l THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 481 New York State Senate, 1899. [Republicans, 27; Democrats, 23 Governor, Theodore Roosevelt, R.] ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND SESSION. Democrats. * Maaaaas , a H - | HH 1 <Sl <M C$rHrH rH <N OJ iM iH rH rH T-I ON i r>- to Oi <or^r- r-i T-H in o co * .-H I-H ocococ^oco C^C^I rH rH rHr-l s ! rHrH rH i , - a ... OT>a aaaiaw-i-amis- fl ^ ^ ^^^^ _ ^^ ^-^^ B || iHMMmtmmMNmii * 1 ! . . Question. recommit for amend , to lay this on table erce holding town meetings, pi cials ept art, etc mayor s veto er mayor s veto restrict to deleterious subs sign, passage amend, to strike out enac Res. that Whipple be clerk, to substitute Douglass Res. that Ellsworth be temp, prest., to substitute Gradv Vote for U. S. Senator: n^now T* Murphy, D Bill to enlarge powers of Pan-American Exposition Company, to Bill on rights of way of R. Rs. in cities, to refer to com. on R. Rs Same, to refer to com. on R. Rs. (instead of cities) Bill to reduce certain rates of ferriage, to refer to com. on comm Res. in favor of treaty with Spain Bill to revise charter of Auburn, passage Bill on time of holding annual elections of Dunkirk, passage... Bill legalizing action by boards of supervisors changing time of Bill to amend executive law about notarial clerks, passage Bill on minimum capital stock of insurance cos., passage Bill on Pan-Amer. Exposition, amend, to provide for women off Same, amend, exposition not to be open Sunday, 2d amend, exc Same, amend, as amended Bill to authorize Syracuse to levy a tax for bridge, passage over Bill on time of holding annual elections of Dunkirk, passage ov Bill to regulate telephone charges, to recommit Bill to compensate certain owners of cattle, passage Bill to regulate druggists, etc., passage Bill on contracts for electric lighting in towns, passage Same, to lay reconsideration on table Bill to prevent use of any substitute for hops in beer, amend, to Bill to exempt from taxation real estate of Natl. Academy of De Bill to amend Greater N. Y. act in regard to salaries of teachers Same, passage. . . 1 -s s &3*s333gg|i;iSS3$333113 H. Doc. 702, pt. 1 31 482 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. New York State Senate, 1899 Continued. ONK HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND SESSION Continued. Democrats. 6 K y < ^ 82 : 8-2*" S 2 55 i " 5^2 522 :"j ac ~ H ;2J22 c l } a* s jaaan- -a ?! s 3S~-s- 03 2 2 :,:,--_ _____ _ ? , .. .__ ; OJ >, < -8SJJ8S88-- l-3Mafll S3 3S82 5 -5J"S5S-3 Party Idivisions. ^ . ^^-.^. ^- ....:: c ! : : : : : : : : :::::::: i : : : Z : : : : : : : :g :::::::: :::; ; j ! i i i I i i 8 ! 1 !! j i 1 ; ! ^ 5 y Bill to amend tax law on mortgages of real estate, to disagree with adverse report of com Same, to airree to com. report... o ::::: c ::::::: : with amends. < i ;a|a 15 aiJililliji 5 !!! : - il Mi -s^s ? v 2 : : : : 2 : Sc : : : :.- : 55 . 3 \\\ Iff j i! n HI i o : ft nil 2* : : :> : 8 J | \y. : : : . ? ^ 1 on street surface R. Rs. on Amsterdam avenue, N. \ < 1 to entitle K. B. Seribner to examination for admissic 1 to change time of holding town meetings, passage . 1 to prevent mistakes in handling IKHSOU, passage 1 to provide for local option, etc., passage 1 on opening a certain avenue in city of N. Y., passag 1 on powers of county boards of supervisors over tires me, to recommit in order to amend Ql , ! !"aue . . 1 to inror|M>ratc Improved Order of Red Men, to reror ne. luissaire. . . 1 to amend Code of Civil Procedure on attachment in 116. I :t--aLfe . . 1 to prevent monopolies in articles of common use, pa 1 relating to certain highway corporations, passage.. 1 on distribution of tax paid by foreign insurance cor 1 on agric. corns., call of senate ... tion to suspend rule on printing journal 1 on use of surface R. R. tracks on Amsterdam ave vnole. 1 on assocs. to improve horses, passage 1 to amend executive law on atty. gen., passage aie, to reconsider . . ne. call of senate ... -i z B ^ S I - r 1 authorixing practice of medicine bv certain persons 1 to release to (). W. Robbins certain real estate, passii 1 to regulate telephone charges in State, to disagree w oilier bill to regulate telephone charges, to disable. \ 1 to amend (Jn-ater New York charter bv excluding c 1 on investments of savings banks, to recommit i-t. amend, on biennial elections, etc., motion to ami uling sustained. BSiSiScPcS l^sggg ^ x r: < r ~ -_ 1 KBBSSIISSIS THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. CO SoO^i-l^f-IONOOlCr^j-jOrHrH s : : : : jport of com River, to disagree with r< etc., passage tal, to recommit ominit t in city court of N. Y., pt s pupils, passage assage o protect water supply in St. Lawrence County, passage n charter of citv of Oswotro Tmssnffe . ) legalize acts of fire commissioner of Brooklyn, passage n dept, of street cleaning in Greater N. Y., amend, to strike out enacting cl npi ssfl 0-f authorize Rochester to raise money for school purposes, passage n civil service of State," cities, etc., passage )r a State electric plant, to suspend rules and take up elating to an avenue in Brooklyn, passage . o extend time for building a canal, passage o i mend election law on use of voting machines, passage o $ mend act relating to St. Saviour s Sanitarium, passage n ssessment for grading an avenue in City of N. Y., passage n dulteration of foods, passage >r i transfer tax clerk in surrogate s court of Ulster, passage or i certain transfer tax clerk, passage id. to const, (on court of appeals), passage >p. for more land in Adirondack Park, passage or relief of Young Women s Settlement in N. Y. Citv, passage o amend acts relating to size of apple barrels, etc., passage o amend acts on village of Seneca Falls, passage ai ~ r ~_ 7 ^ C motion for recess till 4 o clock, amend. ^ MIII end H art := \ z s ~ cc 1 3 permit Astoria Co. to carry gas and elect, across East i fe I I 1 , to reconsider agreement to report D amend Penal Code to prohibit use of trading stamps o amend law of detective agencies, passage o amend banking law in regard to impairment of capi r>n<5Sflfp id. to const, biennial sessions, to take from table n surface tracks on Amsterdam avenue in N. Y., to re< : | / - : -- j : j ii > amend Code of Civil Proc. on warrants of attachmen t) allow Nat. Conservatory of Music to charge fees to it o amend acts on transportation cos. exceptingR. Rs., p o amend State charities law, passage 4*4 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. . O t^ e^i co i-t M i- :~~S :S8S2 rH ^ P3 !< i-i <C O IM r-i O O -t t-i O 1-1 OHO 5O t>- 00 CO rH < "TtO O ^H M ^H^^H^H?!^, .-cvl,-,.-,,-, r-l^-trH rl c : : :.2 03 ... o 8 i : :| E i : :* i i o : : : i ; : * : : : ; : Iliiiiiiiiiill il : : : : : : :J : isS ill iiiiiifiil! :r = :=r:= = :r = :r^ =5 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 485 ?i ?! ! S r ~ l i 1 " 1 ^ : : :"* --? CO lO 00 rH 00 rH C- sss? <N IN C^l IN rH ; : : : : 00 IN IN OrHlC O 00 OS Oi OlC rH rH rH rH rH rH r-l rH IN rH se ^SrH^S -!- aa-s-aa-aa - as (NCCCOCC rHINiO jINrHCO <o H-- "1 ^S (N j^rH^rHcJ ^ "** ^ asassaa&ssssasss as SS8-8SS , S8SS IN C^4 ""* C^ (N rHCSrH rH rH C^ S :^rS o \X& S)^H, ig :^S ItiiM s l^s^ s5*B :3 : >e^ - X!-^ C t4 _ O) -*j C ~ o o^lx li: ;p2 ^ctg :^ :o^| as S ts *s pi S^ 03 ^oz;^ ;^ : S 5^ llflt^lllilll^^ * ^_ nj i_, " r >^ -i-> - O S ^* )r Ot < _, ^ H.rtrvj agoq5| ^ a in c -^"S r ~ i SM p yw ^ AOc 3 z -^ ^ -pSS|iia^g|||ia||i.s- ^illsl s^fi& s^ ihtlil 5 c <D to <^ =s o||- ^11 o;52^2S ill a-ss o |g||loo| |Kjj ^ixrtSoc J C! -Oll^ sssas.2"ss = a;a-g a $ & .^o^S^i cs5; 3 3 2oS.3a5iS<l 2 rS -rPQ .r.r.rPSo-e C^= 0)^^ O-^-^ W*S*S 0)0 9)iS*S 9)9} a>*5*5*3*S O a . -;r5 s-- a-r a-i-i a a -- > ?-- Mpq r ~ ^ ^ ?j ~j -_i ~^i -r ^t< <? < 4S(> AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I S I * 3 o i ? rtr-t _ JS ,_ ^ _ ^ JJ * r-t i ,-, ^ " - * :j2?cSrtl2 C 2 C J?i o ! "M " II = .5 >--- _ if x x x x ~: -7 ~ : =_ S 2 x 5 iE < " E /! i- ^- >D t^i^ t o r< n t^ t~ ic o ~r y> o>c c .-.- i- . :.-.-.- -^ \i -^ i - i - i - i - i-i~i-i~t~i-t- i- i- i- r- i- i- i- THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON* LEGISLATION. 487 OS 0> <N CO <N to to O i-l i 00 CO 1C IOCS 010 COST i-n>toco-^T}<astotocoio^-^oc^i-i lojOiH^jHtO^^C^.O^Oi^rH^^ 1 <^SS3 S8 CN i-H tO i-H CO * CO J | |00 | <NC^ S- I SSSS IH S 050C S CO ?1S l**^ * * * * --* * HSU I H IB IIiPlSiii3P^SS?llllllllftl5f^l32la5| I i25 S 3 3333533 3S5335333S2 33 5 rr3qr CK S pq S S S 5 S S S 3 S 5 m S 5 S S S S S S S . S S & & S 02 c c-i oo o s o o r-i r-i 01 t* - >. x 2 2 s ~~S ~r. xxxcoooaooooooOoc x or x a. x oo oO oo oo co no oo QO AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 489 I 5 I ;- S - j r ss ^ "^^ ss ^" 2 S99955 00 t^ r-f O Oi O SC SSiHiO iO -^io T ggg * S SSSSSSSSS-SS J98SS *~* -"8 ss 1-1 S : |SS- : : : |S SSS ; :S j : : : : : : : : : ^O S^ rt a rSQj w w S"S as^SSfl o fe tafeSS ^ St2-M 55 ; O O 5 ^rrj g tg SflSftSlfi^Illlftrf^ ^ 1 ^l|^||| o|| g|| -O - >0* ftg S -* g^ S.20 3 5.Se.= s S-0^ -C o c g,-o S O d s-c 2 S o 0,^3 ^-g^-*-. or c Mt* i o i o as o> ^"gs d s-^ a tT.2^ o ^ s ,^ G !SS c ci |c3 r g-^3 S j S 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 r3 3 3*8 3 5 3 S 3 5 3 3 5 ^ < "3 3 ^ ^ 3 3 3 o 3 3 3 5 5 3 o 5 2 ( _ H) |(M _, r _ (( _ |r ^ r _ H) _ ) Cn^_(^^^^ | _ )r _, r _,^_, | __, p ,, \ . < , , , ( ^^ ( I | I ^M ,-H C2 JH ( < I l^^^-( (I << < 1 < , l< (^^^-(^-. 1 , , I r -H pp PQ pQ pQ *pQ pC CC PC x W P5 CQ PQ pQ pQ pQ "pQ p^cQP^P^PHpQHQp^PQP^ XNOOCO I O OiH AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. sieaas^gES BSESs sis EaAaaa^o-af 88 s=.c- s - l THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 491 : :8SS ^ 3 i^g 10 ^ g- ^SJSSS S 18 Tt< .SOCOOSO 06 -OOOCOCOO 0> ; ; "O : :ll ::::::::::::::::: :S :::::::: : :g ::::::::::::::::: :g :::::::: ! 1 -.:::: : : : :So i i 1 1 i i I i i I i 1 i 13 ::::::!: 492 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 3 8SS = = = = = = = = = == = = = S= = = = = = 5 = == = = JE 2 S 5 be x -E E. :. s: -r 5 E r -A S -A S x =: 7 S - - - ! - THE INFLUENCE OF PAETY UPON LEGISLATION. 493 i ! r M n ^* C^ "^t 4 T 1 iO tO rH rH CO iC ^ T} ;SS^^BSSJgS :^>S 0> ; H 5;8!b$3SS co ^ S$$Z-3$3!S |8 Z9 3 gg S^S^S^ 10 ^ : rt rH C^ i^ iH iC CO ^f T-lT-H r-(^CO iH oo-t | coio-^ OJ O4 IM -- ir. -^ i\ CO f iC J OJ CJ CM : AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. :V C-I 1C I- CC C X r c ?! = = t~-e I "?> *aj.| g X _ : i r i - r. -~ ~ \ >~ 5 - ii =: 2- 1- i- ^- jE. |j; THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 495 CO r-UC <M Tf rHlOCOr- < I i IC^lC^C^i-HC^i I ^ Tt* iO iO CO OO GC -^COlCCOT-ICOO TJ -r -* -M io c-i i> oo i- i^ i^ IH - s f rt gj 2 ^v~E; C^-IS M i^Ilf flip go& ~-e * s"S r B|II! 5"S J8 t,fe m C*>^ S <^ "^ 2* c C c ^5^0x^3 ^ > s 1 ll|?l ) -pl iiiKIil^ilil, 3 s 5 a _:tS s r 5 0* 2c25ogogo*:^ Ilflil^.^ i^2l8Balaii srafis!* -038 i a **3j< O J3 "5j hrC- C 5 " P fi >* fl S a? ,? .Steo, 33 os^ o^^KOn OC3P..S Igo S^o 2l % r ^ B <voS> i ^s^aJr a; . x-> = =3^ ;;^^ gf K oT-T C C g 2^-0 fe-e ,g"g a C-e a-5 ?"0~ ,-S x ssgggl^Sg^g^l^lggl^lgsss^s- jliiillsiillpiliiiligssui iTaj25 c3 c222 or2 o23352o2 .23225 -" -/" XXX ;->"Xi;^ ^ X^^^^^KKPC O -5 1~ O O O O 1-* Ol 6) C 1 *! "Ti 7 1 ft 7? C7 -* -T T "T f5 O l^- O O I I rH r-H T-H rH 7J Ol "^ O *C ^ S SS SS SS w SS S M eo S 490 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 C 55 ^3 O 5 & <^ x< IS * I P G .- x < - EC rHtO Ifti l^f^iiig lilllliKsllI 5 ~ f o.= - c ~ - o^i-2 r 7_| O J-t-OOfJI THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 497 4S S I i I 1 fl floo>t& 3S S-i Os*-2-o- < sl C <J >-, ;-; /./ ^-i FM ;/; W^H ^ W _,^ *^ O S5 1J O ._ fl 9 fill III! ill! Isilpltl .-S-Ss so-gsga p tc * x I~^.Q fc. o s so W a a) o a S 0.0 <D bc E n S * > ^!S SS-P fl U1 5-38 1| llf 53 ^ s-S &, a^a ^S gfl a55tHSsS,53a .rPQSQQQQfl 0-OQQOQQ002 S S I o a? ar33 o2223.S2 23232255 i a igsssgasag g^s=s^=^=:s SiZSS333pQ35Sm<S33553335 M: , H. Doc. 702, pt. i 498 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. --./-,/- -- , -: i - r - - -- f i* < & a- a aaaas X 33?!RS8as2282 Sa < s-sff g-o 2 -? .. - . 2 Sc 2.scu~ - i ?== =? ffH 5S5^3ia X S 2C X Z. S THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 499 CO r-l CO r-l i-l iH iH C^ iH r-l O iHl-llO CO 05 1C C-l : :- -T--0 " : : ii|iP^!i|!!ii|i|ilfriliiiifiii|ii|ifiiii|jii 500 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. <0 CC .H lO M .-1 OOOOOlNrH^C^ ,H core MCO 89^ otal, 2 of Represe rats, 71; Fusi ia Ho 27; De Pen blica 2 : J^=r: : * THcSc. _= : i THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 501 . :::::::: : : . M III : : ^ I i-H rH UO O O sc to-* I C3 CO CO t^ I I TP rH 1C : : : :* G c ::::::::::: ilili 11 jjmjjNj! :::: 2 % ::::::::::: .... ,H ...... i j j j | j j j I j j a> , . . . o >> ;:;;::;::: 1 ;! 1 g HjHiiMM ^ be :;:;: c ^:::: : : : : : : : : ; o a. . . 3 gj v . : . g?J ^ ^ ; ; i : 5- 1 i ! : : So :?, P d ; :&P*H a> : eclaring certain persons employees of house iviting Pres. McKinley to come to Penn fix fees of constables, amend, (no quorum) r masters in divorce proceedings, passage fix fees of constables, amend, to insert "defend amend, strike out in another place "a vagrant amend, on mileage; and other costs motion to iioM r approp. by cities for National Guard, passage . > abolish bounties for foxes, to agree to sec. 1 > fix fees of constables, to refer to com. of whole. n powers of dist. atty. in empaneling juries, moti n that next adj. be till 11 a. m. to-morrow (no qu n to nrH n to adj >er stated judicial com. improperly sitting while se adj . rotesting against seating of Roberts, of Utah, in anel oreler. a pay school directors for attending conventio sage. >r claims for funds in sheriff s hands, passage . .. i forbid sales in secondhand bottles, passage ranting power to reeleem city, etc., bonds, passaj ) enable Pa. Canal Co. to abandon part of canal, n intermediate court of appeal, to refer to cejm. r amenel. when 2 judges to be chosen ve>ter to vot xempting soldiers from taxation on $500, to agree n challenging jurors, to postpone n intermediate court e>f appeal, passage 3 extend minimum school term te> 7 months, pas xtending time for collecting taxes, passage amend, mileage 8 cents a mile to agree to the section, prev. quest to agree to the section motion to sirli hi a : ex i g ^ o ft -=- MtteSSfi jdao8o8 IS MWfflSSSS ^ i 1 tC 1^ (M CO 502 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I > | I CO iC ,-KN CC .S O i-H fH rl 1C JN 1 w T 15 N - 1 w < ? 2 Party division =:=; x~s:=;3; |c|li S| US) THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 503 C^rHCO co,. : : : : r-l r-4 C^ CO lO * CO lO ?-l C^l C^ CO CO rH M^^C, H rH <MCO COiH - CO CO -* CO 1C r-t r-l co^ S8S rH S*S5!8838SS5 (NrH !3! CO ^^rH^OO TH LlSS^;"5g5irSS^3SSllllS^S5lTi P3g t g 5 -~ ~ ^ / / ~ S^^:^~^; r ~ < ~ ^^:~"~"~"~ ^z^ H ^ H s^~^^ S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ " r- IC^lCMOi IC v JCOtCiCl^-C5OC^CO"t H i (C^l - r- r. ~i TI - i 1 1 :: : : :o :c rf rf -r --r CT> Oi ^ -^ iC lit ib iC i". . T iC 1C . T iC i^ i^ I T "C 1C 504 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. = = = = = =:= = := = = = = 553-<553 - 2 x ^ THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 505 ,<M ,r-t -COO* iH CO ^ j^ssss OOlOr-lt~T-IOOTHT-li-l<N-<tiOTt< rHi-liJJOS co (Ni-li-ICOOOOOOCOi-lTHi-lfOGO cc i * co 10 *?< :? siSaSaJ^S = s.S Bf9 832 s &= s s s^5 &u ^ x a5 S| a^.a s^ i s - S-B g gJ ^fs S i ? -^ g| ^^ liillliSllllf^ :s^-o ili ^Ss 1 rSSSSSc^S22S22S2S52ffix-<S2225SSSS2S2S22552w I^ O CO t^ OO O < - o o G^O^ -H iO l> QC GO O T-H " O O T "- y AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I . x x x x x =: x x x " M rt o 5^ <c i~ x r i ^ i~ 2? ^~ lC .-.-- / f f ~ ~ ^,^-^-^ . -- --- ~i ~i ~i fi TI ?i TI i ri ri ri ri ri ri ri n ?< ?< TI ^~ lC t 1 "~ ~ i * - THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 507 C )i-lut)CC-*5CiiCiMCO^IiO *5 OJCOiC iO i-liOCOeOCOCO- *<iOiO-<< i>co<NT^i-ic>iooocci-ii^ic I _ I T ~ IC<I I _ ( ^ ^ ,_, M 5*5 ,_, I ~ l r ~ ; -i ^ gS * x" -4 * * * 2L/ 1 ~!L2t 1LtL* ^LtL* 1 ~^L^?L" K i^ :: i ::::::: : S? : i : S . S B.S . : : : R 3 v w : : : ^J ::::::::::::::::::: : 5? 1 ill I J| jjj:::i::i ::::::::::: = B : : :^-2 g^ ....^ ^-T ^ : : : : : :1 : : ; ;,,;.r5.. . o 9- -r : . ..ac c y. : i 5 ifs ifj I i-j u i|:i = ii E Sa s : : :S S eg* ^ : : | fi :g : : ; ^ B : =. -.: i 1 ! |!l!5 i 1 I! l^.l = S: ^ ai s 1 ||I i^L ;|5 sip:! gi ig : rS-^^dS 1 * :^ 2* :*s- _; fe re -.s SB a ^ e si MlllNilsjfil rf|-g j| 1 l*l-s js| $i .i| y-S Sg^al A l||-2| ||| || ||| ||| I 0-3*. I grg ^fe g Effl SS E I (si ^ 2,3.55 3 p,.S ^ g.S g)o6? .0)5 S-T^.B S^ o llfl^B Sl-S g8 2 s: o^o 5-5.^^ s ^ss^spgs^oo-g^ss s-sj5 &s c w-r s^ s-s^ a B3^^|2| illsl -Sb s ^^-^S glsia-sl ^agrs^r /^ . ^^ r ) Tl r-J ^ 533 ||||33 S3 ^ d||f 55 ^33352 g-S-S |2|||5SSS3 J " ^* ^ " "^* " "^* -* "-^ " -* " ^ *< -^ JQ (^ fC illllll SS85233 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. - - " i Js * 7 g :a.S.S THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 509 r-lrHCO 10 eo 1-1 IH CN eo i-H rH TH 00 IH ^ CO ,+j C O W2 0,0) X! a lls! 1 ft d l-l iH T-( CO 00 lOTi-l CO i ^ i-l i i-lr-l i-l O5 COO5Ot>OCO i-HOt>OO"<J iH I-l i-l rl iH <l>000005r- Republicans. o fc i-H iH i-Hi- Hi-HlO r-^rH,-, 1 O5 i-H O 00 GOCOt^OOCOCO O r* CO <> CO <> t~ OO CC Party divisions. . .^-.^ ^.-^^ ^ N S~*^^ ^^.^v^-^^ * * * * # * * -t X- H H^* .* * -(X- * * 4- a .2 1 O" z r - | jjjjjji; M ! e with const - ~ ill: * a ; c ted as follows (in each case): te officers), motion to dispens e3R. now - g a - !^ i Q 7. ~ p : motion to dis ssue bonds, m rs only on req of bills be by ae indefinitely e with const, i ike 3 R. now . -a "3 c 9 1284 (salaries of S i const, rule and t Res. on printing copies of bill No. 26 Bill to authorize cities of 2d class to issue bonds Res to employ Stivers as addl. page in Sen Bill to authorize cities of 1st class, 3d grade, to 3 R. now. Res to elect addl. clerk. . . Res on addl. senate officers, amend, addl. porte Same, adoption of res . . Const, rule, motion to dispense with, so that 2 R Res to elect addl. porter.. Res. for appt. of Noble as addl. porter, to postpo Bill to create a school district, motion to dispens Same, motion to dispense with const, rule and ti Same, passage Res. to allow stenographer in smoking room ... a O) ft fi O) 1 P.-O eg II f H "^ 0) L 1 S i ll 11 r s 2 3 E "i. ^ ^2 03 0) M & 11 !,II P o i SqSc 1* is a HI -T TI -^ iciocoTt<05O -fooooi-Hi-iioiniCto 510 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. >o -r x ~ i.~ ..r K :c TS i^ r -- o ^ ^ _ jt cc -H o J jo 01 CM r e^j cc THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 511 l> C^C^l CO r-ieo ** ;C^ . , ,_ ,_| Oi O> i-H i- 0> ;^ ; .J<uO .c^I O 1 iH i-HlH -f - ooeor-o- OS C<SU3 o> oocoo 3io ; ; i*" 1 : OS .0 <OI^ t^ lO ^ ^ T-l O 2S OS 0- OJl^ _g- s 8lt^2g lipl^iijii g ro p,:=: o> r-g .- dsl fl^l i g! 0*213 > *^S 5 > ^ > *^ .j88&!ifa!a3 ifS^iflmloi ijGC^JS O^ ^osajSa/ Co 1 11 1* Sfi i 1 i s O Co g Hgl 22^8 -c -c -c -c C C G C a> a^ a> a> "W *-* LJ fc-t *- l + J i - J O **S r- r* *^-*-* Ceo*-- asccco g X rpn S f. v rQ .wo . .a i*j 3 "O |liliiiflglg|i|i .S8 |5i 2 u c 6 "$ SS|i a> os g-cu ^"S ^ o x as 512 \MKKir\N HISTORICAL r. - i- i-i-i- -^ o-^oo j OCftl-OrHt-l^ 00,-H ;0 I-QCW ;^ MKII Hi 7.Sig"! a.^S iggsig; -s.i-2 THK INFLUENCE OF I ARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 518 -. 00 .-H CO CC I- r-i jrHIO CCX wt.% of Representatives, 1900. ans, C5; Democrats, 45; total, 110.] Democrats. 1 - T | ?4 *J< CO !C <M OS 3C 00 !O O tf ^ M M M ; 1 .-- 5 O5COCO CJCOO^COi-Hi-ITfrH Republicans. c X 5 Tt< <N aoco S <N CT> 01 Tt< -N t^ (M OC i- 4o 1 i -v- __ j^p^ y. ,J ;.! C i ^ , ^--- /- ^^ ~-^ ^_ 5 1 Election of sjeaker: Rpvnnlris Swain Election of sj)eaker pro tern.: Snvder. . . ; ; ; ; ; ; ; I- ill ^5^ > ~ i Election of journal clerk: Thormis I - \ Election of message clerk: Dutton Rent/ . .. | i i 1 C 11 i i 11 1 ; =l| . . . 43 . s : : : s : si * Deficiency upprop. bill, to go into com. of whole Adjournment till Monday Bill on boards of review in cities, to reconsider passage Bill to amend act to abandon Hocking Canal, passage Res. to aunoint centennial commission... = : *? ; : .c 3 ||| : t 8 I ieve eoi ;| .0 c ^ s^< II illll Illlf 355 o c 52 = 5 |? Res. to publish Manual of Leg. 1 ractice Bill to authorize board of health to regulate Bill to create board of claims, passage 33?S f3SSfeSg^ 1 ^ m X fsil iC CC I- oo OO H. Dor. 702, pt. 1 33 514 AMI KICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 515 : ~ I 2 3 X30:0 ^gS ?! Oi-iNMifl >c -> t^ oc o o f-i c^i TC cc cc i-HrHi-i !}!^** -f -* -r IT ii it it i.t --o i^ AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ^ - - --^-^- s = g * rt :2 2 V. J .- i * * * * - : THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 517 S :;2 ?5 3 i 1 "" ?! :^ i d5 rH 5j N ~ j5 cc: S^g^ :c N - | j - 0i JM.H to^S ^Sri ^ ^-N^rt " 105 ^ i???! 70 ^?! i^ ^^^^S^S i 07 ? ! 00 ^ ""^ I ^ r -"- |i:0 ^; jj is c . c u c rf S i5?S*S2g E 518 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 5 Mi t 3S388HBiSIIBBi8l5SS6S86ll r x x s: =; SSr.r.?iM - r^ t^ t- 1~ i- 1- 1- THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 519 :3?J Tl ?1 r- l r5 r-1 iH 3-CO ^ .3,H,Og3Set*r4C.H MQOrH.NrH^O /-s Qj rr" tU . "7 T^ M-f--i , ^ u^ h . S^oSf - ?^^ ^^ :v!.^s : Oil-i^C^^-f-iE-i ^ t^ tn ^^ .-J J -WM t ^;M^v-J 8 _ t wr p^*- 3223,2<2-ar-S2c ~33 o^oo o 00,0^ o _oo o o o S^o^o^ooc oo_o ^o ^SSS (3 SSSS S S S S 5 3 S S w S S S S S c^ S 520 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. I . ..,^ M _ : :5 :x :::::::: 1 i :|: : :::::: il : :!;*!! ::::::; u ; : : : 5" : : ::::::: !:: :::::::-:; :::?:: . . :*c ; : : ::!>:: :::::: :| :: : :l : : C ; ; ; i ; ~ : : : : : : NjlljiiM ; ; j i :*c : : : : : :^f : : i. : : : : : :* : := : : : IS i * . **-i . ;- THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 5 1 2 -1 CO O (M i , SSSSSSSSSSr^ -RS???; 353*8"" ^ N 00 CO -f H-H-* 4-* * * -4-* * * I i ; r. tc : : 5 jlffiipffl | g 8| a 1 c|| &5 1 5e : ~*\%i s"l*P ^7-""^ oo e ~ - C ^ssii!^N^|^ II us >>>>s>>>>i>5S^ g^g; S ^ 2 > > g > ^_c c^ c3 eS raJ o3 s si S.sj ^ ^ sS cj pqfqpqDqfqwcqwwwssKKWcqcp p3p5mo;a: >o --o o co * * * * * = g ^S o ?l S C S jD 2 T 5^0- *, i i < 3 c-S s o.S o ^ >- 3||^|1|| I t !^2^ s ^S | " sslss -*" -t 1 05 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. ts No. Cl t-i Ol -f <M i-H ? ^JJ^COOtOrHOO-^CKN CC r-i O ~J -! O i ^Xl-OSr- TrHiCC-ICO^^r-^HOXOC I ^ r-l f-l O 1C r-t Party divisions. ^?i?r^?;2^^2^K^C; ;$ : i^BHSl!; r = ~ i / = >..s - P^i^tjr _c = ?S-il-t| 60 i> &.*? $ 2 AS 6*2 .o= o>^ a S r ~ c 7 -- . r 1 S ^ IP S* S 8 S"-"^ ;y: 8{i*iiillU!timilHig!lililii8Wl S-sss-S^SESS^sisssaHS^i^iSiSc sssss^i 3^>^c c ~< -ic^c^^c~ ~c ;^^c ^wii^oO = %~ ^:==:- S3 = = : E :::::::::=: E :i:: z : S = i : E : z : E ::::::: = : = : r : E : E : =EEEEE a cn5-<aa<MeQatfcoaaeQttttttS rj o r< T; ^ r J c-i tc re ri -c n if: i.t s K - -c -r ? i ? i -.; - r- r5 ic -r T * SssSsssSsSsssaasssssssRRRs;? -:??== THE INFLUENCE OF PAKTY UPON LEGISLATION. 523 553 : : : ^ : : : : : j IrH :3S?]?r s rt : a. , c c.ac. <" < $ % 524 AMKRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. n ~i c- X 34 ^ 3i lO-r Ti30s " x 2 y< i : ! _ -, . C-l . .- 5 - ~ S ~ - ~ - ~ ~3 = ^.r5 = =-r-s_^ i: -, 2. & c.r-- H-E = :: r^: = : -c :: ~ 5 ; / ? r ^rxxxxrxrxxx-rxrrr-t THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 525 . c-c;--^-. c-^ c.^ =: Sz:^^: z^s^:^:^: "" < 3 5 < w 5 x SSSiBSSiSSSS i~~i~ r~ 7 f /: 5 ~, i-!s ^ T " i~ T ic i^ it if: .-7 IT o 06 ^ U Vi ^ict :?..-7 -^ r-i-r-Ui~ r-" - --Z -~ -^ -~ i- i~ i- i^ i^ i~ i- i^ t~t^ r^ t^i^ i> AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. !|| g c r i -. \ - -c. --. CJ :" " 2 8 S > = : fif! : S ^^ ^ -x X * * * -*-* * * i ::::&: ;^= ;; i i : 18 : i^i i i j j if j i? j i S- : : : : tc ; Illl! III! i lj||il|ll| .1 i tiss 2 ! ?!* - 2,-s * s a ^ss- ^ ,-32i3 ^ ^ "c- 2 * o aj to <-< 1-1 >5 * THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 527 IN rH r^ ccnoos icr-oi <M <M (N * <<! ^H T}< C^ rN ?C >:? OC CC l~ ~-l C?2 1C ~ r-i O> r-l lC OC ^ Ol Tf< CO TT ?H ~l CO -T CM Ol TT Tf. (N r-! ,C CC in TT iC r-t iC O <g O CO g emergency cl. 2 ::::::::: :B :::::: g i ijMMMMi MM |MI i : : : : : : : , reconsidered and 7 r "econsidered and em ike out enacting cla j i j j j j j j| j i.j oj . Mi ;ii ; ; ; ; ; be ; ; a) III : : : : : S, : : : : : , passage i table amend, to st g , passage Vil lard, passage is of officials, passage ort, etc., of volunteers, passage Anr 14 n in procuring State employees R R istricts, etc., passage )f two-thirds of members elect sn rrnws T>SI ssn ert> ocieties, to strike out enacting ( :>! San Jose scale, passage f two-thirds of members elect., ic., to lay on table motion to sti ; oj o :"s : :-3 rf 2 Sc ilSl|||i o*l ;Sc s -ga^S^ K -2^ ?es of a yacht club ucts of State at Ohio Exposition RR es in elect, offices, etc., to lay 01 out cl. I, to lay this on table. . . pe> of San Jose scale, to agree to co n>issfle r f> es under township organization ree schools, nassae-e . . . bers of ass., passage and armory in Chicago, passag State Hort. Soc., passage ^HLOCO^ r-lCO( lO >C t" O i-H rH < ct :T :t -r -i 528 AMKHICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. , | 2* ::::::: :g : : : : : : : S | 1 1 : : -| I : : I : I :1 |i |4j : ; j : i j ! : : ] /i \ i\ \\ -6 : -IT 2. :|~ : H. :||t = .l? :|| : : : a : :.s*= 5 : : i : : 8 : : : ? * 5 = -. fe - THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. tit! == ^ < - ::: r< 5 ^ <5 }. ^S cH < " c^ -r i- 5 ? 7 II. Doc. TOL>. ]>t, 1 I! i 530 \MKKK.\N HISTMKh AI. ASSOCIATION. |j| I : i c I 53 I ^ 3 2 a 5t Zo - :< _ :i ======= Si= 5 =:xxra:2:2:A - T. -^^^^^x^rrr=:rrx- x THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. ^H t-i ec ec i^ d - : : :S : : = S MS J||^ , - Q cC J#_ w i sii^i .t*E .r-tss ssage wnsh i as ; i ^< , * P< - ! bib - uiNny^JTi & 15 illlPPIslia ^^isliiiiibl agSkSffi-sSia? llgl^lll^ltl C C -C C C O.* ^ C ^ ?* r- C = c c gop2go|o b;:C;:Cx::: > S j:: !^*j;: 5Shr?*-5^ =SHSqS Illllliiiiisifi 22232 oor.2 2 225 a s^ss==S = s=ss= 2 aagsf 5fs-2f.sggs 35oSoi^C;oJ.Sg-a.aJ s C^O^COCOjS^OCG ^^^.o^^^o^- .^-.^ 582 AMKRICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. * X; 2 - ~ oc c: * i i 5 i i s 2 8 ? > 5 I i ^ 1 i e = t If . 1 i i H>rals(wit Ix ralp (Iri 8 1 I "8 "8 a ... -5 5 * - 1 tj w h h b V "" " I j 1 1 1 i 1 ] I intp ted rs A . - = c 2 8 S E ^ I THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 538 -t rH ^ o: 2 "** i t M 1 | s i = I 11 ? fi 1 | s I . |s .1 s - I i i | 1|,|| f||| | | CC r ^^ 1 "^^"^ ^ PH T ~* ,r-*f-C ! Is-lf! i ;: . 1 l-plll 1 lilt* 1 !- i II! ill louse of Representatives: First session (Whigs and Democrats) (Native Ameri cans not counted) M "> 179 20 1 14 Second session (the same) 31 H 49 16 \ 14 11 i CO a .1 1 t the heads of the tables of votes, are inserted merely to give course, accurate throughout the session or period covered, ives 260, Reformers 395; 1850, Protectionists 217, Peelites 104, L es 263, Liberals 385; 1881, Conservatives 242, Liberals 337, Home nellite" 9; 1899, Conservatives 337, Liberal Unionists 66, Libera , James K. Polk, D. Senate, Whigs25, Democrats 29. House, \\ , Abraham Lincoln, R. Senate, Republicans 36, Democrats ver Cleveland, D. Senate. Republicans 39, Democrats 37. H William McKinley, R. Senate, Republicans 47, Democrats a rts 13, Fusionists 15, Silverites 2. Villiam McKinley, R. Senate, Republicans 52, Democrats 2( oger Wolcott, R. Senate, Republicans 33, Democrats 7. Ho ;11 P. Flower, D. Senate, Republicans 18, Democrats 14. Asser ore Roosevelt, R. Senate, Republicans 27, Democrats 23. Ass H. Hastings, R. Senate, Republicans 43, Democrats 7. Hous< lliam A. Stone, R. Senate, Republicans 37, Democrats 13. H( lash, R. Senate, Republicans 20, Democrats 11 . House, Repu fanner, R. Senate, Republicans 34. Democrats 16, Populist 1. jjgJllSfi | la"||| S"S"|||-S a ^S.i|Sl & ~ 35 , ! I I , o~ ^l|||||fl sals* 11*1 1 fill ** 1 w 1 2 I 1 I 1 1 534 AMKK1CAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. i i i g 3 1 1 5^ l^ H - 1 l _t 2 I SD g co -t C <>) 1 QC 2 8 c: -t , , -t QC 3 * ^ i * 1 05 C ^ gp cc Ol "f * -< 1-1 :: * ^ ^ S 00 C * "8 ~ c 5^ 0^ ^ 2 CO e * $ N ~" I t^ >C s T w ^ O * r-i > 1 i I (- X 1 ! 7 1 o ^ w 3 ? I 1 ^ - s 1 ^ 2 1 "8 5 1^1 1 s = K T2 "* ^ ~ 3 ^ x 5 i ts s 02 ^ -^ x ^~ 111 .. | 1 f J 1 5 s s s i % z - s rill a Ifl If OD !! ^ O .2 >- a i 1 i .S 5 * 5 ^ .3 I 1 8-1 fl . 1 3 8 8 8 < 3 S 1 | s THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY IT PON LEGISLATION. 58f> o CO GO O rH rH (N rH rH CO. co co co GO O ^^ Ol rH !o X 10 S CO rH Ol rH " ... rH IM rH 1 ^ i g <M HH -t 01 O CO r-^ CO 01 CO rH 1^ OO 10 O CO rH 6 10 10 S CO lO 1 .i S 00 10 GO K CO 10 QO T rH CO rH t^- O-l 1 o - = ~ CO < 10 r GO -t 1 K CO <M 1 S ^ " d i-H CH i JH O - o r ^ PL, 1^3 ^ ^- O) " 1 t 8 1 1 O ^ *j *^ *~" g o o o g p ^ Q 1 fn ^P 0) H "2 c ^ T5 ^ ^ g : 02 0^ 33 -^ -v i "o ^ fl T2 ^~ ce c 45 / fl ^~^ I .y " 3 Cp) /2 J3 Q^ * 3 ii j! 5! S j - J || a | 1 1 s | f C^ P^H ^- * S s ^ 5 5 (2 1 =- 5 ^ j S i : ! | j|| ("* ~ .2 OD 1 1 i 1 X ~ f^ m .2 02 1 1 1 1 1 Z4 r! T-S I sessions. OQ S s |l 3 * I a g i cc H 8 S ^ H 530, AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. : i , - : i OO Q D 1 S 2 1 i <N CO | - ^ c h >< : * a: - S 3 3 f _ -4 M C 4 -f <n co 8S a CO h l ^ 11 . 1 -f -1 - / rc - | ^ ^ II * - ?! ^ 1 - * ^1 -1 7 - ^ 2 - a "1 -^ * co 1 3 8 i * ? QC ^ . X ^ i| : - CO 10 s- 1 i 1 1 73 a s 0- 00 ^ ^ C X "^ r ou 1 3 C 2 0) c S o S Q x_x 00 Fifty-sixth < <> (/rex ( Republicans and De and Independent no on (the same) . . X entatives. ( Republicans and De ists not counted) >n (the same).. w c .vowacnuwiw, /w ans and Democrats), ans and Democrats) not counted) ^fw J one, Y#i/^. ans and Democrats) . blicans and Democrat III 1 - "5 f 5 = 5 ! r- i 2. -5 J <8 1 ] ~ 1 | 1 Ij ** &U % ,i C -x S3 cs S C r = i -J. W 7 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 537 CN CO 5 i o Z co !>. Y^ 00 O5 3 88 >C -f -f v 2 s a 71 c to cp iC -f ] 13 o . -- ^^ 7^ ^ ~S "^ t^- CO CO " S 2 X CO 1 o 1 i A >. c u 53 "2 ^ 1 x 3 i ll 11^1 -s" ^ I 1 ^ ^ " "-H c ^ c ^ ^ * 5S sg . ^ ^ S 3 C^ S 3> G u C g a s s Soap S " ,3 " ct S AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. X 71 iC iC GK> *f 1C re co co - <M cc Ss $ 2 S5 S 2 S 35 2 J3 ~ 1C CC -t C 35 i-^ CC CO CO CO CO i ^^^ 1^ iC CO O X 35 CC :c o 2 S S g X H 5; ac" fL C d SO t*- QO O C oc i^ -f -r x cc < a ^. CD CO O QO Q O5 00 -f X iC r- cc t- cr. c-i -^ cc cc ic X <M i I- O Oi ts 5n f* i^*S _ ^ , ^ QQ ^ r- C-) * i; 2 ?/ ^ / / / / s i g I . I 1 II 1 ill THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 5JW t^ oo CO S 3 1 SI rH !>. rH S S Ij 1 CO -f N M 71 3 88 ^ * - 1 S3 g 3 ?3 8 S O CO 5 II 00 HH 10 1 s rH O (M CO I? ^ >6 TI i CO rH CO <o oo 06 i>- B CO CO rH rH r". _. C^ T 1 8 8 8 11 I CO CO 58 8 10 O CO rH 10 "t 1 1 oo 00 s CO iO ..i qi o> I? CO r-- 1 ?! CO II 1? CO i us S i S ?S3 <M rH 00 IO CO S $ X rH 00 ^ ^ CO rH" 10 rH rH CO O 1 Tf <* O CO CO c-i cd 1 ri n & 10 CO o ^ S CO rH rH CO rH rH 00 Th s - CO i 5s 5 i S P XI , QD ~* c : -5 i 2 ! Z 32 .2 1 1 1 * B 1 1 .2 S .2 11 o i CD 1 -s I * 1 .. I 1 I 3 .. I S no CO ^ ^ s I I "3 ~ i I <i .. S S -"-I 540 AMKRTCAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 1 6 B ! ^r 3 | * +- ; c r, 5 :" J 1 I i^- 10 r^ ic ac 10 S !J g CC CO O5 -^ CC C<l Si S 6-889 8 * ? T x H .2 * -2 5 8 5 THE INFLUENCE OF PARTY UPON LEGISLATION. 541 Si 89 r-H X CO r-> 7-1 t^ Id Oi CO X Oi ^ C<1 <M O CO -t (M co oi C^ t X Oi --I l- CO Oi O X M 7-1 8 2 s Cv| *iZ) it*) 5N i 2 26 ^S 5 i 55 3y 2^ S = IS 1^ 1^ ^^ ate use * w f>4 % 2 AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. yuintMrujdirixioHK in which the Government whips were defeated in different *e*ttioti# of Parliament, 183G-1901. Qovernment defeats. Session. Government defeats. 1836 1 1871 1S47-4S X 1872 1 l 1849 " 1873 i; 1850 12 1874 > 1851 13 1875 1852: 1876 1 Before Lord I>erbv 1877 1 came in 1 1878 After Lord Derbv 1878-79 4 came in 2 1880: 1852-53: First session Before Lord Al>er- Second session > deen came in 1 1881 ;; After Lord Aber 1882 3 deen came in 1") 1883 1K54 15 1884. .. . 5 1854-55 12 iss.V 1856 15 Before Lord Salis 1857: First session 1 bury came in After Lord Salis 5 Second session 7 bury came in 1 1857-58: Before Lord Derbv 1886: First session 7 came in 1 Second session After Lord Derbv 1887 1 came in 5 1888 > 1859: 1889 1 First session 4 1 890 I Second session... 2 1891 3 I860 7 1892 1861-62 10 1893 3 1862-63.. .. 13 1894 1 1863 13 1895 > 1864-65 12 1896 1 1865 10 1897 > 1866 3 1898 () 1867 9 1899 () 1868 . . 18 1900 o 1869. 2 1901 1 1870.. 6 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. JUN 10 "64 A t& M FtB 1 a I.It Jl A-40m-ll, 63 (E1002slO)476B General Library UnJvenirr of California Berkeley YC 08935 511242 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY "f