MOA TEITIFS YOUfii S niSTMl 1 .IS lifED SfAT 1 ^ OFtfljb nfitirai ! EDUCATION DTTPT, MONTEITH S YOUTH S HI S TOE Y OF THE UNITED STATES. YOUTH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. DESIGNED FOE INTERMEDIATE CLASSES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS. BY JAMES MONTEITH, PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL NO. XVII., NEW YORK AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF SCHOOL GEOGRAPHIES. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & BURR, NOS. 51 & 53 JOHK-STREET. * EDUC A _.,:, DEPTi: GEOGRAJPHY A^ISTD HISTORY. NATIONAL SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES, BY JAMES MONTEITH AND FRANCIS MclVALLY. MONTEITH S FIRST LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY, MOMEITH S INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL OF GEOG, MONTEITH S NEW MANUAL OF GEOGRAPHY, McNALLY S COMPLETE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY, Monteith s First Lessons in Geography Introduction to Manual of Geography and New Manual of Geography, are arranged on the catechetical plan, which has proved to be the best and most successful method of teaching this branch of study. The questions and answers are models of brevity and adaptation, and the maps are simple, accurate, and beautiful. McNally s Geography completes the series, and follows the same general plan. The maps are splendidly engraved, beautifully colored, and perfectly accurate ; and a profile of the country, showing the elevations and depressions of land, is given at the bottom of the maps. The order and arrangement of map questions are also peculiarly happy and systematic, and the descriptive matter just what is needed, and nothing more. No series heretofore published has been so extensively introduced in so short L time, or has gained such a wide-spread popularity. 1 THE NATIONAL SERIES OF HISTORIES, MYTHOLOGY, &c. MONTEITH S YOUTH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Designed for Junior Classes in Public and Private Schools : and copiously illustrated with Maps and Engravings. WILLARD S SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. With Maps and Engravings. WILLARD S LARGE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. With Maps and Engravings. WILLARD S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. In Spanish Language. WILLARD S UNIVERSAL HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE. With Maps and Engravings. RICORD S ROMAN HISTORY. With Engravings. D WIGHT S GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. With Illustrations. School Edition. MILLS HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT HEBREWS. Monteith s History of the United States will be found a valuable Introduction to Mrs. WILLARD*S larger work. Willard s Histories are used in a large proportion of the High Schools, Academies, and Female Seminaries throughout the United States, and have been recommended by several State Superintendents. The History of the United States is so highly esteemed, as reliable, accurate, and complete, that it has been translated, and published in the German, Spanish, and French languages. The large work is designed as a Text-book for ACADEMIES and FEMALE SEMINARIES: and also for SCHOOL and FAMILY LIBRARIES. The small work, being an ABRIDGMENT of the same, is designed as a Text-book for COMMON SCHOOLS. The originality of the plan consists in dividing the time into periods, of which the beginnings and terminations are marked by important events; and constructing a series of maps illustrating the progress of the settlement of the country, and the regular advance of civilisation. A full chrono logical table will be found, in which all the events of the History are arranged in the order of time. There is appended to the work the Constitution of the United States, and a series of Questions adapted to each chapter, so that the work may be used in Schools and for private instruction. Dwight s Mythology is peculiarly adapted for use as a Class-book in High Schools, Academies, and Seminaries, and is indis pensable to a thorough acquaintance with ancient history, and to a proper appreciation of the classical allusions constantly occurring in the writings of the best authors. It is also very valuable for private reading and study. Ricord s Roman History is also designed as a Text-book for Schools, and for private reading and reference. It is the most complete and condensed history of the Romans before the public, and will be found exceedingly interesting, and very valuable to all, especially to those wishing to be familiar with the classics. A. S. BARNES <&. BURR, Publishers of the National Series of /Standard /School Books, Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by JAMES MONTEITH, In the Clerk s Office of the kisMct Court of ,$19 United States for the Southern District of New York. PLAN OF THE WORK. THE following are the principal features of this work, viz. : 1st. It is arranged in the catechetical form, and contains all the important facts of American History, systematized in such a manner that the pupil advances with profit and pleasure. 2d. MAPS, with special reference to the matter, are introduced, with geographical exercises, affording the learner a knowledge of the localities of battle-grounds, forts, &c., mentioned in history. 3d. The REVIEW of each year, or period, will be found very serviceable in rendering more impressive the parts over which the learner has just passed. A valuable feature here is, that the questions in the Review are not only varied in form, but the questions and answers of the preceding exercises are reversed in the Review : thus, in the exer cises " In what year was America discovered ? Ans. 1492." The REVIEW QUESTION would be, " For what is the year 1492 memorable ?" 4th. As beginners are so often perplexed and discouraged in their efforts to commit to memory the dates, these are inclosed in parentheses ; so that they may be omitted until the learner has acquired a thorough knowledge of the events. 5th. The book contains Biographical Sketches of all persons who have been promi nently identified with the history of our country. The importance of this addition to a history is very apparent. Throughout the preparation of this work, the most reliable and popular authorities have been consulted. The Author takes this occasion to express his warmest thanks to Mrs. EMMA WILLAKD, the Authoress of many celebrated and popular works, for permitting a number of her valuable maps from her larger School History to appear in this work. CONTENTS. PAGE. EARLY DISCOVERIES 9 VIRGINIA 13 NEW YORK 15 MASSACHUSETTS IT NEW HAMPSHIRE, CONNECTICUT, EHODE ISLAND, AND MARYLAND 18 NEW JERSEY, DELAWARE, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NORTH CAROLINA 19 SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, MAINE, VERMONT, TENNESSEE, AND KENTUCKY 20 OHIO, LOUISIANA, INDIANA, MISSISSIPPI, ILLINOIS, ALABAMA, MISSOURI, ARKANSAS, AND MICHIGAN 21 FLORIDA, TEXAS, IOWA, WISCONSIN, CALIFORNIA, MINNESOTA, OREGON, AND WASHINGTON-. 22 KANSAS, NEBRASKA, DACOTAH, AND ARIZONA 23 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 23 THE REVOLUTION 1775 28 " " 1776 , 32 " " 1777 35 " " 1778 38 " " 1779 40 " " 1780 43 " " 1781 45 " " 1782 AND 1783 47 CONSTITUTION FORMED . . .... 48 CONTEXTS. ^^^x-^^^- ^^-^ -x^-x^-x^-v^s^^x-v^^^ x^^x-N^^x-v^ 1 PAGE. WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN 1812 49 " " u 1813 52 " " " 1814 , 54 " " " 1815 56 WAR WITH ALGIERS 57 THE MEXICAN WAR 1846 58 " " " 1847 60 RECENT EXPEDITIONS 63 MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH 64 THE DECLARATION OF INJ>KI*KNJ>KNOE 65 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 6788 M A. I 3 8. No. I. DISCOVERIES OF EARLY NAVIGATORS n u 2. GRANTS MADE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 12 " 3. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 25 " 4. THE REVOLUTION NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, BOSTON, CHARLESTON, AND LAKE GEORGE 33 41 5. THE REVOLUTION THE SOUTHERN STATES 41 " 6. LAKE ERIE, LAKE ONTARIO, LAKE CHAMPLAIN, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, NIAGARA RIVER, CHESAPEAKE BAY, ALABAMA, AND NEW ORLEANS 50 " 7. THE WAR WITH MEXICO . , .58 HISTORY OF THE LESSON Question. When, and by whom was America discovered ? Answer. In the year 1492, by Christopher Columbus. Q. Where was Columbus born ? A. In Genoa, in the north western part of Italy. Q. From what country did he sail ? A. From Spain. Q. Where did he intend to go ? A. To India, in Asia. Q. In what direction did Europeans go to India? A. East. Q. In what direction did Columbus sail upon this occasion ? A. Westward, on the Atlantic Ocean. Q. Why did Columbus think to arrive at India by a westerly course on the Atlantic ? \ A. He knew the Earth was a globe, and . thought the Atlantic extended from Europe ^ estward to Asia. Q. What land stopped him on his way to Asia ? A. America and its islands. - Q. Where did he suppose he had arrived ? A. lie thought he had reached Asia. Q. How far had he really gone ? A. About one third the distance from Europe westward to Asia. Q. Where did Columbus first land ? A. On one of the Bahamas, named San Salvador, or Guanahani. 10 -HJSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES LESSON II. Q. What did Columbus name the land and the in habitants? A. Thinking he had reached India, he named the land West Indies, and the in habitants Indians. Q. When did he leave Spain ? A. August 3d, 1492*. Q When did he reach San Salvador ? A. October 12th, 1492. Q. How many times did Columbus visit America ? A. Four times. Q. When did he discover the Continent ? A. Iii the year 1498, on his third voy- Q. What part of the Continent was first discov ered by Columbus ? A. At the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South America. Q. Did Columbus ever learn that he had discov ered a new world ? A. He did not. Q. Where and when did Columbus die ? A. In Spain, fourteen years after the discovery of America. Q. Where were his remains finally buried? A. Iii Havana, the capital of Cuba. Q. After whom was America named ? A. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian, who visited America in the year 1499. Q Why was this continent named after Amerigo ? A. His description of the country being the :first published, many believed him to be the first discoverer. LESSON III. Q. Did Columbus ever visit North America ? A. He did not. Q. Who first explored the coast of North America ? A. John Cabot and his son Sebastian, who sailed from England. Q. What part of North America did they explore ? A. The coast of Labrador, [in the year 1497.] Q. What voyage did Sebastian Cabot make in 1498 ? A. He explored the coast from Labra dor to Virginia. Q What did England claim in consequence of the discoveries of the Cabots ? A. The greater part of North America. Q. What discoveries were made in 1506. 1512, and 1513? A. Yucatan was discovered in 1506, Florida in 1512, and the Pacific Ocean in 1513. Q. By whom was Florida discovered ? A. By Ponce de Leon, who went in search of a fountain, said to possess the property of imparting youth to all who drank of its waters. Q. What was the fate of De Leon ? A. He was mortally wounded, on his second voyage, by the Indians. Q. Who first discovered the Pacific Ocean ? A. Nunez de Balboa, from the Andes Mountains, in the Isthmus of Darien. Q. Who explored the coast of Mexico ? A. Cordova, [in 1517.] DISCOVERIES. 11 LESSON IV. Q. Who first conquered Mexico ? A. Cortez, a Spaniard, [in 1521.] Q. Who was first sent to America from France, for the purpose of ex ploring ? A . John Verrazzani, who ex plored the coast from North Carolina to Newfoundland ; [1521.] Q. Who first engaged in the fisheries of Newfoundland ? A. The French, [as early as 1504.] Q. What voyages were made by James Cartier ? A. James Cartier, under the French government, made three voyages to the St. Law rence River, [which he first discovered in 1534.] Q. Were Cartier s efforts to form a colony successful ? A. They were not. Q. How was Cartier treated by the natives ? A. During his first and sec ond visits he was treated very kindly; but on the third, the Indians were hostile. Q. Who attempted to form a colony -ear the St. Lawrence, in 1542. A. Eoberval, a French noble- j whose efforts to form a lorry failed. mgituiie We*t/froni Greenwich. /Ill MAP N? 1. 1578. /Exhibiting the Discoveries I of the / EARLY NAVIGATORS. Huclielcga no\\ Montreal Sebastian .Cabot 1498. T L Mississippi R. discovered >y De Soto 1541. To "be answered from the Map. Where and when was the Continent first discovered? By whom ? What voyage was made in 1492 ? In 1497 ? In 1498 ? In 1512 ?- In 1524 ? In 1534 ? In 1539 ? Where is Guanahani or San Salvador situated ? 12 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON Y. Q. Who invaded Florida in 1 539 ? A. De Soto, a Spanish noble man, who expected to iiiid Flor ida rich with gold. Q. "What large river did lie discover? (See Map No. 1 .) Q. From what did De Soto s troops suffer ? A, Famine, sickness, and at tacks by the natives. Q. What became of De Soto ? A. He died, and was buried in the Mississippi River, by his few surviving companions ; [1542.] Q. Who first established a colony in South Carolina ? A. The Huguenots, or French Protestants, in 1562 ; but it was soon after abandoned. Q. Whera else did the Huguenots at tempt to plant a colony ? A. In Florida ; I ut it was de stroyed by the Spaniards. Q. Where was the first settlement formed in the Western Hemisphere ? A. At Hayti, by the Span iards under Columbus, Q. Where was the first colcny formed on the continent of Amei ica ? A. On the Isthmus of Darien, by the Spaniards, [in 1510.] Longitude West from Gree.nu-ich MAP N92. 1620. Exhibiting the grant made by the Kings of Great Bri--\\ tain and France during the early part of the 17 ih century. Long.Z Rast from 4 Wtt*kk*g- 6 ton To 7>e answered from the Map. What voyage was made in 1607 ? In 1620 ? What discovery was made in 1609 ? What bay was explored in 1608 ? By whom ? What grants were made to the London and Plymouth Companies ? VIRGINIA. 13 Q. What is the oldest city in America ? A. Mexico, taken by the Spaniards, [in 1521.] Q. What is the oldest city in America, north of the Gulf of Mexico ? A. St. Augustine ; founded by the Span iards in 1565. Q. Who first attempted to form English colonies in America ? A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Wal ter Raleigh. Q. How many expeditions did Sir Walter Raleigh send out from England ? A. Three; in 1584, 1585, and 1587. Q. Did these colonies prosper ? A. They did not. Q. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? A. By Bartholomew Gosnold, who was the first Englishman that entered JSTew England; [1602.] R E V I E W LESSON VL For what is the year 1492 memorable ? For what part of the earth did Columbus sail ? Did he expect to find a new world ? Who informed the Europeans of the discovery of a new world ? What length of time was Columbus in coming from Spain to San Salvador ? When was South America first discovered ? What discoveries were made by the Cabots ? | What discovery did De Leon make ? What discovery did Balboa make ? What discovery did Cordova make ? What conquest did Cortez make ? What country sent out the first discoverers ? What country, next after Spain, sent out explorers to the New World ? What government was third in point of time ? Who was the first Spanish discoverer? Who was the first English explorer ? Who was the first French explorer ? What was the extent of the explorations of each of these ? Who first made voyages to the St. Lawrence River ? What French nobleman followed Cartier ? For what purpose did Cartier and Roberval visit America ? Were their efforts successful ? What can you say of De Soto ? In what two States did the Huguenots attempt to colonize ? Were they successful ? For what is Hayti remarkable ? Where was the first colony on the Continent ? Which is the oldest city in America ? Which is the oldest city in the United States ? What can you say of Sir Walter Raleigh Bartholo mew Gosnold ? LESSON VII. VIRGINIA. Where did the English first settle in the United States ? A. At Jamestown, in 160T. Q. By whom were the settlers of Jamestown sent ? A. By the London Company. Q. Of whom was the London Company composed ? A. Of noblemen, gentlemen, and mer chants of London. Q. Who granted to the London Company the right to settle in America ? A. James I., king of England. Q. What territory was granted to the Company ? A. That between Cape Fear and the I southern limit of Maryland. MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CAPTAIN SMITH S LIFE SAVED BY POCAHONTAS. Q. What was the number of the first settlers of Jamestown ? A. One hundred and five ; most of whom were worthless and idle, there being only twelve laborers and but few mechanics. Q. How many vessels conveyed them across the Atlantic ? A. Three ; the largest not exceeding one hundred tons burden. Q. For what place did they sail ? A. Virginia. Q. Who was the commander of the expedition ? A. Captain Christopher Newport. Q. What was the course of his voyage from England ? A. By way of the Canary Islands and the Wst Indies. Q. Where did he enter Virginia ? A. At the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, after a voyage of a -little over four months. Q. What river was then entered ? A. James River, so named in honor ot the King of England. - LESSON VIII. Q. When was the settlement of Jamestown com menced ? A. In May, 1607. Q. Who was the first President of the colony ? A. Edward "Wingfield. Q. When did Newport sail for England ? A. Iii the middle of June ; leaving the | party in a very pitiable condition. Q. What troubles did the settlers experience ? A. The hostility of the natives and sick ness : frequently, three or four died in a night ; and, in a few months, one half of the colony perished. Q. What ended Wing-field s connection with the colony ? A. He was deposed, on account of dis honesty. Q. Who was the second President ? A. HatclifFe ; who was so inefficient that he was soon succeeded by Smith. Q. How did Smith conduct the affairs of the colony ? A. With great energy and success. Q. On what occasion was Smith captured by the Indians ? A. On a voyage np the Chickahominy, a branch of the James River. Q. What sentence did the Indian king, Powhatan, pronounce upon Smith ? A. That he should be put to death. Q. What saved his life ? A. The entreaties of Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan. NEW YORK. 15 Q. Where was Smith soon after permitted to go ? A. To liis companions at Jamestown, whom he found discontented, and anxious to abandon the colony. Q. What effect did Smith s return produce ? A. Order was restored to the colony. Q. How many men did Smith find on his return to Jamestown ? A. Forty; who were soon after joined by new arrivals from England. Q. What accident befell Smith ? A. He was disabled by an explosion of gunpowder, which compelled him to return to England. LESSON IX. Q. What was the condition of the colony soon after Smith s departure ? A. In six months, indolence, vice, and famine reduced its number from four hun dred and ninety to sixty. Q. How was that period designated ? A. As the starving time. Q. Who preserved the colony from ruin at that time ? A. Lord Delaware, Avho fortunately ar rived with emigrants and supplies. Q. In what year was the starving time ? A. 1610, three years after the first set tlement of Jamestown. Q. When and where was the culture of tobacco commenced ? A. At Jamestown, in 1616. Q. When was negro slavery introduced into the United States? A. In the year 1620, by the Dutch. Q. Give an account of the first Indian massacre. A. In 1622, the Indians surprised the colonists, and in one hour massacred three hundred and forty-seven, men, women, and children. Q, When did the second Indian massacre occur ? A. In 1644, when three hundred whites were killed. Q. What did the colonists do in consequence ? A. They reduced the Indians to submis sion. LESSON X. NEW YORK. -What part of New York State was first discovered ? -<d. % Staten Island, by Henry Hudson. Q. By "whom was the Hudson River discovered ? A. By Henry Hudson, [in 1609]. Q. How far up the Hudson did he sail ? A. One hundred and sixteen miles from its mouth ; where the city of Hudson now stands. Q. Why did Hudson enter the river which now bears his name ? A. He thought it would lead him to the Pacific Ocean. Q. When did Hudson discover the strait and bay which bear his name ? A. In 1610, when he was placed in an open boat and cruelly abandoned by his companions. He w r as never heard of after ward. Q. What part of New York was first settled ? A. The southern part of Manhattan Island. Q. What is Manhattan Island now ? A. New York City. Q. Who gave it the name of Manhattan ? A. The Indians. 16 MONTEITII S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. *- LESSOR XL Q. By whom was the first settlement formed on Manhattan Island ? A. By the Dutch, [in 1614.] Q. What induced the Dutch to settle there ? A. Trade with the natives; the Dutch giving European manufactures in exchange for furs. Q. What was the settlement called ? A. New Amsterdam. Q. What did New Netherlands at first comprise ? A. The region extending from Delaware Bay to Cape Cod. Q. Mention the governors of New Netherlands. A. Hinuits, Van T wilier, Kieft, and Stuyvesant. Q. What troubles did the settlers of New Nether lands have ? A. Attacks by the Indians, and disputes concerning boundaries. Q. By what authority did the Dutch occupy New Netherlands ? A. The discovery by Hudson. Q. What other nation claimed that country ? A. The English, from the discovery by Cabot. Q. To whom did the King of England grant the Dutch province ? A. To the Duke of York, who sent out a squadron to take possession of the prov ince. Q. Who was the governor at that time ? A. Peter Stuyvesant. Q. Did the English succeed in taking the province ? A. They did ; the Dutch, after a slight resistance, surrendered to them; [1664.] Q. Who were the first English governors ? A. Nicholls, Lovelace, Andros, and Don gan. Q. What village in New York was attacked i 1G90? A. Schenectady, by the French and In dians, who killed sixty persons. E EW. LESSON XII. When, and by whom, was Jamestown settled ? What land was granted to the London Company ? What was the character of the settlers ? What President preceded Smith ? What was the condition of the colony under each c the Presidents ? Give an account of Smith s capture by the Indians. Why did Smith leave the colony ? What can you say of the starving time ? What assistance did Lord Delaware bring to th colonists ? Describe the two Indian massacres. What can you say of Henry Hudson ? What part of New York was first discovered? What part was first settled ? By whom ? What was the region extending from Delaware Ba; to Cape Cod called ? Were the settlers of New Netherlands annoyed b; the Indians ? By what two governments was New Netherland claimed ? By what authority did each claim it? While the Dutch held the territory, what did th< King of England do to obtain possession ? How long did the Dutch have possession of Nev Netherlands ? Mention the Dutch governors. Mention the English governors. MASSACHUSETTS , ~? < sT?: LANDING OF THE P1LGKIMS. LESSON XIII, MASSACHUSETTS.- By whom settled? A. By Puritans from England, [in 1620.] Q. Why did the Puritans leave their homes and come to America ? A. To enjoy religious freedom. Q. What vessel conveyed them across the Atlantic ? A. The Mayflower, after a voyage of sixty-five days. Q. Where did the Puritans intend to settle ? A. Near the Hudson River. Q. Where did they land ? A. At Plymouth, [December 21, 1620.] Q. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? A. One hundred ; forty-one being men. Q, Who was the first governor ? A. John Carver. Q, From what did those Puritans suffer greatly ? A. Sickness, want, and exposure. Q. How many died during the first four months ? A. Within four months nearly one half of their number died. At one time but seven were able to render assistance. Gov ernor Carver, his wife, and son, were among the dead. Q. How was the colony saved from famishing ? A. By the benevolence of fishermen off the coast. Q. How long did their sufferings continue ? A. Three years. Q. How did they finally provide themselves food ? A. Each family planted for itself ; which plan brought contentment and plenty. Q. What settlements were soon after formed in Massachusetts ? A. Salem and Boston ; most of the set tlers being Puritans. Q. Who was banished from Massachusetts ? A. Roger Williams, on account of his religious opinions. 8 T 16 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XIV. Q. How were the Quakers treated by the Puritans ? A.. Tlie Quakers were banished from the colony; many were imprisoned, and four put to death. Q. Were they finally allowed to remain in the col ony ? A. They were. Q. What war broke out in 1675? A. King Philip s war, between the En glish and Indians. Q. Who was King Philip ? A. The chief of a tribe of Indians. Q. What injuries were done to the English? A. The Indians burned several villages, and killed many of the people. Q. What put an end to the war ? A. Philip was killed, and the Indians completely routed ; [1676.] Q. What European wars disturbed the colonies in America ? A. King "William s, Queen Anne s, and King George s; [1689, 1702, and 1744.] Q. Who were the parties in the European wars ? A. The English against the French. Q. Whom did the Indians assist in America? A. The French. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Where settled? A. At Little Harbor and Dover ; [1623.] Q. What did New Hampshire suffer ? A. Farms were laid waste, and many of the settlers cruelly put to death by the In dians. CONNECTICUT. By whom settled? A. By people from Massachusetts; [1633.] Q. What Indians made war against them ? A. The Pequods, [in 1636.] Q. What was the result of the war ? A. The Pequods were entirely defeated. LESSON XV. n RHODE ISLAND By whom settled? A. By Roger Williams and a few of his followers, [in 1636.] Q. Where was the first settlement formed ? A. At a place which Williams named Providence. Q. By what tribe of Indians was Rhode Island in habited ? A. The Narragansetts. MARYLAND. By whom settled? A. By emigrants from England ; [1631.] Q. Of whom were the settlers of Maryland mostly composed ? A. Roman Catholics, who sought for re ligious freedom. Q. To whom was Maryland granted ? A. To Cecil Calvert, whose title was Lord Baltimore. Q. What was secured to the colonists of Maryland? A. Equality in civil and religious rights. Q. How did these people treat with the Indians ? A. They paid them for the land. Q. From whom did Maryland receive its name ? A. Henrietta Maria, queen of England. NEW JERSEY, DELAWARE, PENNSYLVANIA. 19 PENN S HOUSE, PHILA. WM. PENN AND INDIANS COAL REGIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. LESSON XVI. NEW JERSEY. By whom settled ? A. By the Dutch, at Bergen ; [1620.] Q. To whom was the territory of New Jersey granted ? A. To Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret; [1664.] Q. Why was New Jersey so named ? A. In honor of Carteret, who had been governor of the Isle of Jersey. Q. How was New Jersey afterward divided ? A. Into East Jersey, belonging to Oar- teret ; and "West Jersey, belonging to Wil liam Penn and two other Quakers. Q. To whom was East Jersey sold soon after ? A. To Penn and eleven other Quakers. Q. When was New Jersey united to New York ? - A. In 1702, and continued so 36 years. DELAWARE. By whom settled ? A. By the Swedes and Finns, [in 1638.] Q. To whom was Delaware granted ? A. William Penn, [in 1682.] PENNSYLVANIA. By whom settled ? A. By the Swedes, [in 1613.] Q. By whom was the first English settlement formed ? A. By Quakers, [in 1682.] Q. To whom did the King of England grant the land ? A. William Penn, who paid the Indians for all the land occupied by his people. Q. What did the Indians think of the fair dealing of the Quakers ? A. They held them in great respect for many years after. Q. What does ttie word Pennsylvania mean ? A. Penn s woUls. LESSON XVII. NORTH CAROLINA. By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from Virginia, [about 1650.] 20 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTH CAROLINA. By whom settled? A. By the English, [in 1670.] Q. By whom were the settlers greatly disturbed ? A. By the Indians. Q. When was South Carolina separated from North Carolina ? A. In 1693. GEORGIA. Which of the original thirteen States was the last settled ? A. Georgia. Q. Mention the original thirteen States. A. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Mary land, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Caro lina, and Georgia. Q. By whom was the first settlement formed ? A. By James Oglethorpe, [in 1733.] , Q. When was slavery introduced into Georgia ? A. In 1749. MAINE. By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from New Hampshire, [in 1630.] Q. From what did the settlers of Maine suffer ? A. From the incursions of the French and Indians. Q. When did Maine become a State ? A. In 1820. - 1 VERMONT. By whom settled ? A. By emigrants from Massachusetts, [in 1724.] Q. By what States was Vermont long claimed ? A. New York and New Hampshire. Q. How was the dispute settled ? A. By its admission into the Union as a separate State, [in 1791.] TENNESSEE. By whom settled? A. By emigrants from North Carolina, [in 1757.] Q. When was Tennessee admitted into the Union? A. In 1796. LOTJISVILLE, KY. OHIO RIVER. LESSON XY1II. KENTUCKY. By whom explored ? A. Daniel Boone, a daring hunter, [in 1770.] Q. Of what State did Kentucky form a part, pre vious to its admission into the Union ? A. Virginia. Q. By whom were the settlers of Kentucky greatly annoyed ? A. By the Indians. Q. When was Kentucky admitted into the Union ? A. In 1792. OHIO, LOUISIANA, INDIANA, MISSISSIPPI, <feo. 21 OHIO. By whom settled ? A. By a company from New England, [in 1788.] Q. By whom were the settlers of Ohio annoyed ? A. By the Indians, who defeated Gen erals Harmer and St. Clair with great slaughter. Q. By whom were the Indians afterward subdued ? A. By Gen. Wayne, [in 179dL] Q. When did Ohio become a State ? A. In 1802. LOUISIANA. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1699.] Q. To what government did it belong ? A. To France. Q. How did the United States obtain possession of Louisiana ? A. By purchase, [in 1803.] Q. Into what States and Territories has Lousiana been since divided ? A. Lousiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nebraska, In dian, Washington, and Dacotah. Q. When was the State of Louisiana formed ?. A. In 1812. Q. From whom did it receive its name ? A. Louis XI V., king of France. LESSON XIX. INDIANA. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1690.J Q. Who was sent against the Indians in 1811 ? A. General Harrison, who completely routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe. Q. When did Indiana become a State ? A. In 1816. MISSISSIPPI. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1716.] Q. What Europeans first visited Mississippi ? A. De Soto and his followers, [in 1541.] Q. From what did the settlers suffer greatly ? A. Contests with the savages. Q, When was Mississippi admitted into the Union ? A. In 1817. ILLINOIS. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1683.] Q. When did it become a State ? A. In 1818. ALABAMA. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1702.] Q. When did Alabama become a State ? A. In 1819. MISSOURI By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1755.J Q. When did Missouri become a State ? A. Ill 1821. ARKANSAS. By whom settled? A. By the French, [in 1685.] Q. When did it become a State ? A. In 1836. MICHIGAN. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1670.] Q. When did the English obtain possession of it ? A. In 1763. Q. Who defeated the savages in 1813 ? A. General Harrison. Q. When did Michigan become a State ? A. In 1837. 22 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XX. FLORIDA. By whom settled ? A. By the Spaniards, at St. Augustine, [in 1565J Q. Who visited Florida previous to the settlement at St. Augustine ? A. Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, and De Soto ; all of whom perished in their expe ditions. Q. By whom was Florida purchased ? A. By the United States, from Spain, [in 1820.] Q. When did Florida become a State ? A. In 1845. TEXAS, Of what country did Texas form a part, previous to its independence ? A. Mexico. Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico ? A. In 1836. Q. When was it admitted into the Union ? A. In 1845. Q. What war soon followed its admission ? A. The war between the United States and Mexico. Q. What was the chief cause of the war ? A. The annexation of Texas. Q. What did Mexico recognize as the western boundary of Texas ? A. The Nueces River. Q. What boundary was recognized by the United States ? A. The Rio Grande ; which was finally settled upon. LESSON XXI. IOWA. By whom settled ? A. By people from the United States, [about 1833.] Q. When did Iowa become a State ? A. In 1846. WISCONSIN. By whom settled ? A. By the French, [in 1669.] Q. When did Wisconsin become a State ? A. In 1848. CALIFORNIA By whom settled ? A. By the Spaniards, [in 1768.] Q. Of what country was California a province ? A. Of Mexico. Q. When did it become a part of the United States ? A. In 1848; and became a -State in 1850. MINNESOTA. When was Minnesota first visited by white men ? A. In 1654. Q. When was it organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1849 ; and, as a State, in 1858. OREGON. When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1848; and, as a State, in 1859. WASHINGTON. From what formed ? A. The northern part of Oregon. Q. When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1853. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 23 KANSAS. When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1854. NEBRASKA. When organized ? A. As a Territory, in 1854. D ACOTAH. From what formed ? A. The western part of Minnesota. ARIZONA. From what formed ? A. The southern part of New Mexico. E I E LESSON XXII. When did the Puritans land at Plymouth ? What position did John Carver hold ? Describe the sufferings of the Puritans. What can you say about Pvoger Williams ? When did King Philip s war break out ? What other wars disturbed the colonists in America ? What colony first secured entire equality in civil and religious rights to the people ? What can you say of William Penn ? What three States were owned by Penn and other Quakers ? How many States were settled by the English ? How many by the French ? By the Spaniards ? What great annoyance did nearly all the colonies experience ? What State was last admitted ? THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, LESSON XXIII. 1753. Q- Who were the parties engaged in this war? A. The French and Indians, against the British. Q. What was the cause of the war ? A. Disputed territory. Q. Where had the French built forts? A. Along the Ohio and Mississippi riv ers, and the lakes. Q. Who was sent by the Governor of Virginia to re quest the French to withdraw ? A. Major George "Washington, at the age of 21. Q. Where did Washington then reside ? A. In the eastern part of Virginia. Q. What was the direction of his journey ? A. Northwest, about 400 miles, mostly through the wilderness. Q. What did the French commandant determine to do? , A. To keep possession of the disputed territory. 1754. Q- What was the first action in this \var? A. Washington surprised and defeated a party of French under De Jumonville ; [May 28.] Q. What fort was built on the present site of Pitts- burg ? A. Fort Du Quesne, by the French. Q. What fort was erected by Washington ? A. Fort Necessity, where his- troops, numbering 400, were attacked by 1500 French ; [July 3.] Q. What was the result of the attack ? A. After a battle of ten hours j "Wash ington was forced to surrender, but was allowed to return to Virginia. 24 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. THE ENGLISH ATTACKED BY THE FRENCH AND INDIANS DEFEAT OF BRADDOCK. LESSON XXIV. 1755.$- What British general was sent against Fort Du Quesne in 1755 ? A. General Braddock, at the head of 1200 select troops. Q. What happened to Braddock and his army ? A.. When within ten miles of the fort, they were surprised by a body of French and Indians in ambuscade. Q. What was the result of the attack ? A. Braddock was killed, with nearly all his officers and one half of the troops ; [July 9.] Q. Who was the only officer on horseback saved? A. Washington, under whom two horses were shot ; four bullets having passed through his coat. Q. What did General Johnson achieve at the south ern end of Lake George ? A. He defeated a large body of French and Indians ; [September 8th.] Q. Who was among the slain ? A. Baron Dieskau, the French com- mander-in-chief. LESSON XXV. 1756, Q- Who succeeded Dieskau ? A. General Montcalm. Q. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in America ? A. Lord Loudon, who was soon suc ceeded by General Abercrombie. Q, What town on Lake Ontario was taken by Mont- calm, in 1756? A. Oswego; [August 12th.] 1757, Q- What fort was taken by Montcalm in 1757? A. Fort "William Henry, near the south ern point of Lake George ; [August 9th.] Q. From whom were they taken? A. The British. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 25 Q. What massacre attended the capture of Fort William Henry ? A. Montcalm allowed the British to retire, but many were cruelly slain by the In dians. 1758, # What posts were taken by the British during this year ? A.. Louisburg, Fort Du Quesne, and Fort Frontenac. Q. From whom were these taken ? A. The French. Q. Who failed in the attempt to take Ticonderoga from the French ? A. General Abercrombie, who then lost 2000 men ; [July 8th.] LESSON XXVI. 1759.$. In 1759, who com manded the three divisions of the British army ? A . Generals A m h e r s t , Wolfe, and Prideaux. Q. What capture was made by the division under Prideaux ? A. Niagara ; taken from the French and Indians ; [July 25th.] Q. Who was among the killed ? A. General Prideaux. Q. What forts were taken by Gen eral Amherst ? A. Ticonderoga and Crown Point, without opposition. William! Longitude \V. from Washina,tc Where situated f On or near what water f Quebec ? Crown Point ? Fort Pitt or Du Quesne ? Heights of Abraham ? Ticonderoga ? Oswego ? Isle of Orleans ? . Fort Wm. Henry ? Schenectady ? Montreal ? Fort Edward ? Braddock s Field ? Fort Frontenac ? Fort Niagara ? Fort Stanwix ? 26 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XXVII. 1759.$. What was the most remarkable battle in the French and Indian war ? A. The capture of Quebec, by General "Wolfe ; [Sept. 13th.] Q. What is said of Quebec as regards its means of defense ? A. It is the most strongly fortified city in America. Q. How is Quebec situated ? A. In Canada, on the north side of the St. Lawrence River. Q, What is the elevation of the upper town ? A. Nearly 350 feet above the river. Q. How did Wolfe and his army reach the Heights of Abraham ? A. At night they left their boats, and climbed the precipice to the Heights of Abraham. Q. How many men were engaged in the battle ? A. About 5000 on each side. BATTLE OF QUEBEC DEATH OF WOLFE. Q. By whom were the two armies led ? A. The English, by Wolfe; the French, by Montcalm. Q. Which army was successful ? A. The English. Q. What was the fate of Wolfe ? A. He was wounded three times, the third, mortally. Q. On receiving the last wound, what did Wolfe say to one of his officers ? A. " Support me ; let not my brave fel lows see me fall." Q. While supporting Wolfe, what did the officer exclaim ? A. " They run, they run !" Q. What were the dying words of Wolfe ? A. ""Who run?" he asked. "The French," replied the officer. " Then," ut tered Wolfe, " I die content," and expired on the field. Q. Y, r hat was the fate of Montcalm ? A. He was twice wounded, the second time, mortally. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Q. When told he could live but a few hours, what did Montcalm reply ? A. "So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Q. Where was peace concluded ? A. At Paris ; [1763.] Q. What did France cede to Great Britain ? A. Nearly all the French possessions east of the Mississippi River. EW. LESSON XXVIII. BRITISH VICTORIES. Great Mead- ( Washington over ) { V May | De Jumonville, J ows. Ft. Wm. Henry. ( Johnson over 28. 1754. 8, 1755. Dieskau. Louisburg, Amherst, July 26, 1758. Ft. Frontenac, Bradstreet, Aug. 27, 1758. Du Quesne, Forbes, Nov. 25, 1758. Fort Niagara, Johnson, July 25, 1759. ( Wolfe over Montcalm. Quebec, 1 Sept. 13, > ) 1759. FRENCH VICTORIES. ( De Villiers over ) _ Ft. Necessity, < [ July 3, 1754. ( Washington, $ Near Fort Du ( French & Indians ) Quesne, ( over Braddock, ) , f Dieskau over Wil- > Near Port Ed- \ Hen ( Ward \ drioks, ) _ ( Montcalm over Oswego, ( Mercer, r i Aug. 12, 1756. LESSON XXIX. What was the cause of the French and Indian war ? For what purpose was Washington sent to the French commander ? What can you say of his journey ? What was the determination of the French com mander ? What was the result of the first action ? What was the result of the second action ? What British general was sent against the French ?j Against what fort did he march? What was the fate of Braddock ? What city was built upon the site of Fort Du Quesne ? What can you say of Washington in connection with this attack ? By whom were the French and Indians defeated at Lake George, in 1755 ? What was the fate of Dieskau ? What position did Montcalm hold in the French and Indian war ? Who was commander-in-chief of the British forces ? Who succeeded Loudon ? By whom was Oswego taken, and when? By whom was Fort William Henry taken, in 1757 ? What three victories had the British in 1758 ? What loss did the British meet with in the same year ? What three generals commanded the British, in 1759 ? What was the fate of Prideaux ? By whom were Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken ? Which is the most strongly fortified city in America ? What can you say of the battle of Quebec ? Who commanded the English at this battle ? What was the fate of General Wolfe ? Who commanded the French at Quebec ? What was the fate of Montcalm ? What were the dying words of Wolfe ? What surrender was made in 1760 ? Where was peace concluded ? What French possessions were ceded to Great Britain? 28 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. FANEUIL HALL. TB[E AMERICAN REVOLUTION, LESSON XXX. Q. What can you say of the United States ? A. It is the most populous and powerful country in America. Q. What political division is the United States ? A. A republic. Q. How long has this country been a republic ? A. About eighty years. Q. To what government was it subject before its independence ? A. Great Britain. Q. What was the number of the colonies ? A. Thirteen. Q. What were the chief causes of the American Revolution ? A. The colonists were unjustly taxed, and were denied the privilege of sending representatives to Parliament. BUNKER HILL MONUMENT. Q. For what purpose was this unjust tax laid ? A. To defray the expenses incurred by the British government in the French and Indian war. Q. Upon what article was the tax first imposed ? A. Upon paper used for bonds, deeds, pamphlets, &c. Q. How was such paper to be distinguished from other ? A. It was stamped. Q. How was this law designated ? A. The Stamp Act. Q. When, and by whom, was the Stamp Act passed ? A. In 1T65, by the British parliament, at London. Q. Who was then king of England ? A. George III. Q. How did the Americans receive the passage of the Stamp Act ? A. They were indignant, and refused to submit to it. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 29 LESSON XXXI. Q. Who distinguished himself by his opposition to the Stamp Act, in Virginia ? A. Patrick Henry, with boldness and eloquence. Q. What meeting was called by Massachusetts to consider the affairs of the colonies ? A. The first Congress, composed of dele gates from nearly all the colonies. Q. Where did the first Congress meet ? A. At New York, [October, 1765.] Q. What was done by Congress ? A. Congress agreed on a DECLARATION OF EIGHTS, and sent petitions to the king and parliament. Q. When did the Stamp Act take effect ? A. November, 1765. Q. What was the result of the opposition to the Stamp Act ? A. It was repealed ; [March, 1766.] Q. What was the second attempt to tax America ? A. Duty was laid [in 1767] on all tea, glass, paper, and painters colors, which should be imported into the colonies. Q. Did the Americans submit to this law ? A. They did not, but openly resisted. Q. What change did the opposition effect ? A. The duty was removed, except three pence a pound on tea. Q. Did the Americans pay the duty on tea ? A. They did not ; they either destroyed it, or prevented its sale. Q. What was done with the tea at the port of Boston ? A. Several Americans, disguised as In dians, seized nearly 350 chests of tea, and emptied the contents into the harbor. Q. What was the effect of the opposition of the Americans ? A. British troops were ordered to reduce them to submission. Q. What measures did the Americans adopt for de fense ? A. They raised armies. Q. Did all the Americans favor the Revolution ? A. They did not. Q. What were those Americans called who favored the king, and opposed the patriots ? A. Tories. Q. By what British general was the war com menced ? A. General Gage, in Massachusetts. LESSON XXXII. 1775. Where was the first battle fought ? A. At Lexington, in Massachusetts; [April 19th, 1775.] Q. How many were killed ? A. Eight Americans. Q. Where did the British go, immediately after the battle of Lexington ? A. To Concord and Boston. Q. How were the British annoyed when retreating to Boston ? A. They were pursued, and fired upon by the Americans. Q. What was the loss on both sides ? A. 90 Americans, and 280 British. Q. What two forts were captured by the Ameri cans, in May, 1775 ? A. Ticonderoga and Crown Point, by volunteers under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. 30 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES _F THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. LESSON XXXIII. 1775, Q- What increase was made to the British forces ? A. Generals Howe, Clinton, and Bur- goyne, arrived with reinforcements from England. Q. What great battle was fought near Boston ? A. The battle of Bunker Hill, [June 17th, 1775 ] Q What was the size of each army in that battle ? A The Americans, 1500; the British, 3000 Q What was the loss in killed and wounded ? A The Americans, 450 ; the British, 1000. Q. What American general was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill ? A. General Warren. Q. Who were the commanders in this battle? A. Colonel Prescott of the Americans, ! and General Howe of the British. Q. What town near Boston was burned, by the British ? A. Charlestown. Q, Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the American forces ? A. George Washington; [June ISth.J Q. By whom was he appointed ? A. By the American Congress, assem bled at Philadelphia. Q What other American generals were then ap pointed ? A. Generals Ward, Lee, Sclmyler, Put nam, and Gates. Q. Of what age was Washington when appointed ? A. Forty-three years. Q. Where did Washington take command of the army ? A. At Cambridge, near Boston; [July 3d.] Q. What was the size .of the American army at that time? A. I ourteen thousand men. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 31 LESSON XXXIV. 1775. q. What American general entered Canada ? A. General Montgomery. Q. What towns surrendered to Montgomery ? A. St. John s and Montreal ; [Nov.] Q. What city did Montgomery then attack ? A. Quebec. Q. Who joined Montgomery at Quebec ? A. General Arnold, at the head of an American force, [December 1st.] Q. How many Americans, under Montgomery and Arnold, attempted the capture of Quebec ? A. About 900. Q. By whom was Quebec defended ? A. By 1500 British, under Governor Carleton. Q. What was the fate of Montgomery ? A. He was killed by the discharge of a cannon, while ascending the heights. Q. What happened to Arnold ? A. He received a wound and was re moved from the field. QUEBEC HEIGHTS OF ABRAHAM ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. Q. Were the Americans successful at Quebec ? A. They were not. LESSON XXXV. BATTLES AND CAPTURES IN 1775, AMERICAN VICTORIES. ( Allen and Arnold ) Ticonderoga, \ May 10. ( over De la Place. J Crown Point, Fort Chambly, St. John s, Montreal, Allen and Arnold over De la Place Warner, May 12. Montgomery, Oct. 13. Montgomery over Preston, Montgomery over Carleton, Nov. 3. Nov. 13. B STOX AND ITS VICINITY. Lexington, Bunker Hill, Quebec, BRITISH VICTORIES. April 19. Howe over Prescott, June 17. ( Carleton over Mont- | gomery. Dec. 31. 32 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. OF 1775. LESSON XXXVI. State the cause of the American Revolution ? What articles were first taxed ? What was the " Stamp Act?" Where and hy whom was the Stamp Act passed ? How did the Americans act in relation to the law ? What can you say of Patrick Henry ? What meeting was held in New York in 1765 ? What did Congress agree on ? Did the Stamp Act continue in force ? What unjust law was passed by Great Britain soon after the repeal of the Stamp Act ? How did the Americans act concerning it ? What was the result of their opposition ? Where and when was the first battle fought ? What posts were captured by the Americans, in May, 1775 ? By whom ? What British generals arrived from England ? For what is June 17, 1775, memorable ? What can you say of the battle of Bunker Hill ? Who were the commanders ? What was the fate of General Warren ? ,_ 7 What was done to Charlestown ? When was Washington appointed commander-in- chief ? Where and when did he take command ? Upon what expedition did Gen. Montgomery proceed? What towns in Canada surrendered to Montgomery ? Who attempted the capture of Quebec ? By whom was Montgomery joined at Quebec ? What was the fate of Montgomery ? LESSON XXXVII. 1776. Q- Where was the British army at the com mencement of this year ? A. In Boston and its vicinity. Q. Who succeeded General Gage in the command of the British ? THE AilhKICAN LAGLB. A. General Howe. Q. Who occupied Dorchester Heights, near Boston ? A. The American army, under "Wash ington. Q. What were the British obliged to do in conse quence ? A. They left Boston in possession of the Americans, and sailed for Halifax. Q. Where did Washington and his army then go ? A. To New York. Q. What city in the South was attacked during this year ? A. Charleston ; [June 28th.] Q. Who commanded the British vessels that made the attack ? A. Sir Peter Parker. Q. Who commanded the fort which defended Charleston ? A. Colonel Moultrie. Q. Who were successful ? A. The Americans. Q. What was the loss on both sides ? A. The Americans had 10 killed and 22 wounded ; the British lost 200. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 33 LESSON XXXVIII. Q. When was the Declaration of Independence agreed to ? A, On the 4th of July, 1776, by the American Congress. Q Where was Congress then assem bled? A. At Philadelphia. Q By whom was the Declaration of Independence drawn up ? A. By Thomas Jefferson, who afterward became Presi dent of the United States. Q. What did Congress declare ? A. That the American colo nies were " FKEE AND INDE PENDENT STATES." Q. What did the signers of the Dec laration pledge in its support ? A. " Their lives , their for tunes, and their sacred honor" Where situated f On or near what water f Breed s Hill? Roxbury ? Dorchester ? Dorchester Heights ? Boston ? Charlestown ? Cambridge ? Bunker Hill ? New York ? Brooklyn ? Jamaica ? Gravesend ? New Utrecht ? Westchester ? East Chester ? New Rochelle ? White Plains ? Fort Washington ? Harlem Heights ? Fort Lee ? Paulus Hook ? Newark ? New Brunswick ? Princeton ? Trenton ? Philadelphia ? MAP N? 4. 1776. German town ? Eed Bank, or Ft. Mercer ? Fort Mifflin ? Valley Forge ? Monmouth ? Morristown ? Charleston ? Crown Point? Ticonderoga ? Fort Moultrie ? Fort Johnson ? Fort Edward ? Saratoga ? Stillwater ? MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XXXIX. Q. In July, 1776, where were the two armies, chiefly ? A. The Americans occupied New York and Brooklyn ; the British, Staten Island. Q. By whom was General Howe joined at Staten Island ? A. By his brother, Lord Howe. Q. What was the size of the armies ? A. The Americans, 17,000 ; the British, 35,000. Q. Who commanded the Americans at Brooklyn ? A. General Putnam. Q. When were the Americans attacked at Brooklyn ? A. August 27th, by the British, who crossed over from Staten Island. Q. What British generals were engaged in this battle ? A. Clinton, Percy, Cornwallis, Grant, and De Heister. Q. What was the loss on each side ? A. The Americans lost over 1000 ; the British, 400. Q. How were the other Americans at Brooklyn saved ? A. They were withdrawn to New York during the night, by Washington. Q. What was Washington then obliged to do ? A. To retreat ; being closely pursued by the British, under Howe. Q. In what direction did Washington go ? A. North, by way of Harlem, White Plains, and North Castle ; then southwest, through New Jersey to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River. Q. What battle was fought during this retreat ? A. The battle of White Plains, [Octo ber 28th.] Q. What two forts on the Hudson were taken by the British. A. Forts Washington and Lee. Q. Which fort was bravely defended by the Ameri cans ? A. Fort Washington, where over 1000 British were killed ; [November 16th.] Q. By whom was Fort Washington defended ? A. Colonel Magaw, at the head of 2700 Americans, who, after a severe engage ment, were forced to surrender to General Howe. Q. What capture was made by Washington, at Trenton ? A. He surprised and made prisoners 1000 Hessians, [December 26th.] LESSON XL. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1776, AMERICAN VICTORIES. Boston, Fort Moultrie, Trenton, ( Washington over ) , I Mar. I/. ( Howe, ) j Moultrie over 1 Parker, j Washington over \ Rahl June 28. Dec. 26. BRITISH VICTORIES. Long Island, Howe over Putnam, Aug. 27. White Plains, } Howe over ) ^ ( Washington, ) Fort Washington, Howe over Magaw, Nov. 16. Fort Lee, Cornwallis, Nov. 18. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 35 REVIEW OF 1 1776. LESSON XLI. Who occupied Boston in the beginning of 1776 ? Who took command of the British ? Where were the Americans at that time ? Did the British maintain possession of Boston ? Where did the British go after leaving Boston ? Where did Washington then go ? What attack was made in the South ? Who were the commanders ? What was the result of the attack on Fort Moultrie ? Why is the Fourth of July celebrated by the Ameri cans ? What can you say of Thomas Jefferson ? Where were the two armies in July of this year ? What was the size of each army ? What and when was the second battle in 1776 ? Who were successful ? State the loss on each side. Where did the Americans go after the battle of Long Island ? What occurred at White Plains ? At Fort Washing ton ? What important success had Washington in Decem ber? LESSON XLII. 1777. Q- What victory soon followed that at Trenton ? A. The battle of Princeton; [January 3d.] Q. Who commanded the Americans at Princeton ? A. Washington. Q. What American general was among the killed ? A. General Mercer. Q. By whom was Washington pursued, after the battle of Princeton ? A. By Cornwallis, who obliged him to retreat. Q. Where did Washington pass the winter, in the beginning of 1777 ? A. At Morristown, New Jersey. Q, Where were the winter quarters of the British ? A. At New York. Q Where was the battle of Brandy wine fought ? A. At Chad s Ford, on Brandywine Creek, in the southeastern part of Penn sylvania ; [September llth.] Q. Who were the commanders in this battle ? A. Washington and Howe. Q. Who were successful ? A. The British, Q. What was the loss on each side ? A. The Americans lost 1300; the Brit ish, 500. Q. What two distinguished foreigners assisted the Americans in the battle of Brandywine ? A. Lafayette, of France ; and Pulaski, of Poland. Q. To what city did Washington retreat, after the battle of Brandywine ? A. Philadelphia. Q. Did Washington hold Philadelphia ? A. He relinquished the city to General Howe, who entered it, [September 26th.] Q. To what city had Congress adjourned ? A. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Q. Where did Washington attack the British, soon after his retreat from Philadelphia ? A. At Germantown, now a part of Phil adelphia ; [October 4th. J Q. What was the result of the attack at German- town ? A. The Americans were defeated, hav ing lost 1200 ; the British, 500. 36 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES THE BRITISH ENCAMPMENT. LESSON XLII1. Q. What two forts on the Delaware were held by the Americans ? A. Forts Mercer and Mifflin. Q. What was the result of the attack on Fort Mer cer ? A. The Hessians, under Colonel Donop, were repulsed with a loss of 400 men ; the Americans lost about 30 ; [October 22d.] Q. Did the British finally capture these two forts ? A. They did. Q, Where did the Americans pass the winter, at the close of 1777 ? A. At Yalley Forge, twenty miles west of Philadelphia, where they suffered great ly from cold, hunger, and sickness. Q. What can you say of the British army ? A. It consisted of regularly trained sol diers, whose wants were well provided for. THE AMERICANS AT VAT.LEY FORGE. Q. Of whom was the American army mostly com posed ? A. Of men who went from their farms and workshops, never having been trained as soldiers. Q. Were the Americans as Veil supplied with clothes, ammunition, &c., as the British ? A. They were not ; many in mid- winter marched through deep snow, without coats, shoes, or stockings. Q. Who invaded the United States from Canada ? A. General Burgoyne, at the head of 10,000 British and Indians. Q. What was the route of Burgoyne ? A. By way of Lake Champlairi and the Hudson River ? Q. What fort on Lake Champlain did Burgoyne take? A. Ticonderoga, which was suddenly abandoned by General St. Clair and 3000 Americans. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Q. Did the British pursue the Americana A. They did, and the Americans lost 1000 men. LESSON XLIY. Q. What did Colonel Banm attempt ? A. He was sent by Burgoyne to seize the American stores at Bennington, Vermont. Q. What was the result of his attempt ? A. He was met by General Stark and a body of militia ; Colonel Banm was killed and his party defeated ; [August 16th.] Q. What other action occurred on the same day, and at the same place ? A. A British reinforcement, under Col onel Breyman, was defeated by Colonel Warner and the Green Mountain Boys. Q. What was the loss in the two engagements ? A. The British, TOO; the Americans, 100. Q. Who commanded the northern division of the American army ? A. General Gates, who succeeded Gen eral Schuyler. Q. Who commanded the northern division of the British army ? A. General Burgoyne. Q. What two battles were fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? A. The battles of Stillwater, 22 miles north of Albany, [September 19th and October Tth.] Q. Who were successful ? A. The Americans. Q. What was the loss on both sides ? A. The British, 900 ; the Americans, 400. LESSON XLV. Q. What was Burgoyne obliged to do at Saratoga ? A. Burgoyne, with nearly 6000 British, surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga ; [October 17th.] Q. What agreement was made ? A. That the British, under Burgoyne, should give up their arms and ammunition to the Americans, return to England, and engage no more in the war. Q. What Polish hero served as chief engineer in the army of Gates ? A. Kosciusko. Q. Who had started from New York to assist Bur goyne ? A. General Clinton, with 3000 men. Q. How far had Clinton proceeded when Burgoyne surrendered ? A. Up the Hudson, as far as the village of Esopus, now Kingston, which he burned ; [October 15th.] Q. What forts on the Hudson did he capture from the Americans ? A. Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; [October 6th.] Q. Where did Clinton go, upon hearing of Bur goyne s defeat? A. He returned to New York. Q. Did the British retain possession of Ticonderoga, after the surrender of Burgoyne ? A. They did not, but returned to Can ada. 38 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON XLVI. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1777. AMERICAN VICTORIES. Princeton, Bennington, Bennington, Stillwater, StiUwater, Fort Mercer, Brandywine, Germantown, Port MiflQin, Fort Mercer, j Washington over ) ^ | Aug. 16. ( Mawhood, Stark over Baum, Aug. 16. j Warner over ( Breyman, Gates over Burgoyne, Sept. 19. Gates over Burgoyne, Oct. 7. Greene over Donop, Oct. 22. BRITISH VICTORIES. ( Howe over ) ( Washington, ) < Howe over ) \ Washington, J ( Abandoned by the ) Nov. 16. | Americans, ^ Nov. 18. REVIEW OF 1777. LESSON XLVII. When was the battle of Princeton fought ? What important capture was made, just before the battle of Princeton ? Who were successful at Princeton ? Why did Washington retreat after the battle ? Where did the two armies pass the winter of 1777 ? When was the battle of Brandywine fought ? Who were the commanders at that battle ? State the result of the battle of Brandywine. What battle was fought soon after that of Brandy- wine ? By whom was the attack made ? Who were successful at Germantown ? What forts on the Delaware were taken by the British ? For what is Valley Forge noted ? From what direction did Burgoyne enter the United States ? What losses were sustained by the Americans ? Describe the battle of Bennington ? Who succeeded Schuyler in command of the northern army of the Americans ? Where and when were battles fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? What successes attended the Americans ? What were the terms of Burgoyne s surrender ? To whom did he surrender ? What station did Kosciusko fill in the army of Gates ? For what purpose did Clinton leave New York, just before Burgoyne s defeat ? What direction did Clinton take ? What did he accomplish at that time ? LESSON XLVIII. 1778. Q. What government assisted the Americans in the Revolution ? A. France. Q. Where was the treaty of alliance formed ? A. At Paris, [February 6th, 1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 Q. By whom was the treaty signed, on behalf of the Americans ? A. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. Q. When was the treaty ratified by Congress ? A. May 4th, 1778. Q. What attempt to effect a settlement was made by the British government ? A. England sent commissioners to Amer ica for that purpose Q. Were their offers received by Congress ? A. They were promptly rejected. Q. What assistance was sent by France ? A. A French fleet, under Count D Es- taing. Q. Who succeeded General Howe in command of the British ? A. General Clinton. Q. Where did Clinton concentrate his forces, in June, 1778 ? A. At New York. Q. When did the British evacuate Philadelphia ? A. June 18th, 1778 ; having held it for about nine months. Q. Where did Congress meet while the British held Philadelphia ? A. At Lancaster and York, Pennsylvania. Q. What was the first battle in 1778 ? A. Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, [June 28th.] Q. Describe the battle of Monmouth. A. The battle was commenced by Gen eral Lee, who was soon forced to retreat ; but Washington and the main body of his army coining up, the British left the field. LESSON XLIX. Q. After the battle of Monmouth, where did the two armies go ? A. The Americans, to "White Plains ; the British, to ISTew York. Q. What victory was gained in PJiode Island, by the Americans ? A. The victory of General Sullivan over General Pigot, [August 29th.] Q. What massacre occurred in July, 1778 ? A. The massacre of "Wyoming, in*Penn- sylvania, by 1600 Tories and Indians led by Colonel John Butler, who was noted for his cruelty ; [July 3d.] Q. What cruelties were perpetrated at Wyoming ? .fi. The patriots houses were burned, and their families barbarously murdered. Q. Where were similar cruelties committed in No vember ? A. At Cherry Valley, New York Q. What city in Georgia was taken by the British ? A. Savannah, by 2000 British under Colonel Campbell ; [December 29th.] Q. By what American officer was Savannah defended ? A. General Robert Howe. Q. Who preceded Clinton in command of the Brit ish ? A. General Sir "William Howe. Q, Who commanded the British squadron off the American coast? A. Lord Howe, brother of General Sir "William Howe. Q. Where did Washington retire to winter quarters, in the autumn of 1778 ? A. To Middlebrook, New Jersey. 40 MONTEITII S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON L. BATTLES DURING 1778, AMERICAN VICTORIES. Monmouth, ^ ~", } June 28. j Washington over ( Clinton, Rhode Island, Wyoming, Savannah, Sullivan over Pigot, Aug. 29. BRITISH VICTOIIIES. (John Butler over > \ Zebulon Butler, \ l Campbell over Howe, Dec. 29. OF 1778. LESSON LI. What treaty was formed in February, 1778 ? What step did England take to put an end to the war ? Who took command of the British ? Who preceded Clinton ? What forces were concentrated at New York in June of this year ? What city did the British then evacuate ? When was the battle of Monmouth fought ? Describe the battle of Monmouth. What victory was won by the Americans, August 29th ? When and by whom was the massacre of Wyoming committed ? By whom was Savannah taken ? What city did General Robert Howe defend, in the Revolution ? What command had General Sir William Howe ? What command had Lord Howe ? In what year did Washington pass the winter at Middlebrook ? LESSON LI I. 1779. Q- Who took command of the troops in the South ? A. General Lincoln of the Americans, and General Prevost of the British. Q. Where were Washington and Clinton ? A. In the Northern States ? Q. What success did the Americans meet with in February ? A. Colonel Pickens, at the head of a party of South Carolina militia, totally de feated a band of tories under Colonel Boyd, near Augusta ; [February 14th.] Q. Whom did General Lincoln send to take a posi tion on Brier Creek, in Georgia ? A. General Ash, with 2000 Americans. Q. What was the fate of the Americans under Ash ? A. They were surprised and defeated by the British, under General Prevost, [March 3d.] The Americans lost 1600. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 41 Q. Against what city did Prcvost march, after the battle of Brier Creek ? A. Charleston ; but, as lie was preparing an attack, Lin coln appeared, and the British withdrew; [May llth.] Q. What battle was fought near Charleston ? A. The battle of Stono Fer ry, in which the Americans, under Lincoln, were defeated ; [June 20th.] Q. What cruelties were perpetrated by Governor Try on ? A. Governor Try on, with a body of British, plundered and burned the villages of East Haven, Fairfield, and Nor- walk, in Connecticut ; [July.] Q. What two posts on the Hudson were surrendered by the Americans, during 1779 ? A. Stony Point and Yer- planck s Point, to Clinton; [June.] Q. By whom was Stony Point re gained for the Americans ? A. By General Wayne, after a severe contest at midnight ; [July 15th.] Q. What success did the Americans meet with at Paulus Hook ? A. Major Lee captured the British garrison, taking 160 prisoners; [July 19th.] Guilford ? Cow pens ? Wilmington ? Fort Granby ? Monk s Corner ? Where situated ? Hillsborough ? Waxhaw Creek ? Camden ? Augusta ? Charleston ? King s Mountain ? Hanging Hock ? Ninety-six ? Eutaw Springs ? Savannah ? 42 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LIII. Q. Who was sent to check the incursions of the Tories arid Indians ? A. General Sullivan, with 4600 Ameri cans. Q. What was the result of Sullivan s expedition ? A. He defeated the enemy at the battle of Cheimmg, destroyed 40 Indian villages, and completely routed the Indians. Q. What attempt was made to recover Savannah from the British ? A. It was besieged by 1000 Americans under Lincoln, and 3000 French under Count d Estaing ; [September.] Q. What was the result of the attack ? A. The Americans and French assaulted Savannah; but, after a desperate battle, were repulsed with a loss of over 1100 men ; [October 9th.] Q. What Polish nobleman was mortally wounded during the assault ? A. Count Pulaski, who zealously de fended the cause of the Americans. Q. What celebrated naval battle was fought in 1779? A. Paul Jones, commander of a flotilla of French and American vessels, captured two English vessels of war, off the coast of Scotland ; [September 23d.] Q. Between what two vessels was the battle chiefly fought ? A. The Bon Homme Richard, and the English vessel Serapis. Q. What was the result of the battle ? A. After a very severe engagement, Jones defeated the British and captured their vessels. Q. How many men did Jones lose in the battle ? A. Out of 375, there were 300 killed. Q. Where did the Americans retire to winter quar ters, at the close of 1779 ? A. One division, with Washington, to Morristown, ISTew Jersey ; another, to West Point; and the third, with Lincoln, to Sheldon. LESSON LIY. BATTLES DURING 1779. AMERICAN VICTORIES. Near Augusta, Pickens over Boyd, Feb. 14. Stony Point, Wayne over Vaughan, July 15. Paulus Hook, Lee, July 19. ( Sullivan over ) Chemung, [ Aug. 29. ( Johnson, J Near Scotland, Jones over Pearson, Sept. 23. BRITISH VICTORIES. Brier Creek,, . Prevost over Ash, March 3. Stono Ferry, Prevost over Lincoln, June 20. Savannah, Prevost over Lincoln, Oct. 9. REVIEW OE 1779. LESSON LV. Who commanded the armies in 1779 ? What victory was won by Colonel Pickens ? Was Pickens in the British or American army ? Describe the defeat of General Ash. What attempt was made by the British against Charleston ? What was the result of the battle of Stono Ferry ? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 43 "What villages were burned in Connecticut, during 1779 y By whom ? What was done at Stony Point and Verplanck s Point, in June ? What victory was won by General Wayne, July 15th ? What victory was won by Major Lee, July 19th ? What success did General Sullivan meet with in Au gust ? In which army were Wayne, Lee, and Sullivan ? Describe the siege of Savannah. Who defended the city ? What victory was won by Paul Jones for the Ameri cans ? Give an account of the battle. Where were the winter quarters of the Americans ? LESSON LVI. 1780. Q- Where were the military operations mostly carried on during 1780 ? A. In South Carolina. Q. What city was besieged ? A. Charleston, by Clinton, [April 1st.] Q. By whom was the city defended ? A. By General Lincoln. Q. What was the result of the siege ? A. Lincoln, being surrounded by the British, was forced to surrender his troops, 2000 in number, prisoners of war ; [May 12th.] Q. What occurred at Monk s Corner, dming the siege of Charleston ? A. A party of British, under Colonels Tarleton, Webster, and Ferguson, surprised and defeated a detachment of Americans under General Huger. Q. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the troops at the South ? A. General Gates. Q. Who took command of the British in the South ? A. Lord Cornwallis. Q. What massacre occurred in May of 1780 ? A. Colonel Tarleton, and a body of Brit ish, surprised 400 Americans, under Colonel Buford, at "Waxhaw Creek, and massacred them after they had surrendered; [May 29th.] Q. What success attended the Americans, in Au gust ? A. Colonel Sumpter attacked and de stroyed a regiment of British and Tories, at Hanging Rock ; [August 6th.] Q. Where was the first battle fought by Gates in the South ? A. On Sanders Creek, near Camden, South Carolina ; [August 16th.] Q. Who were victorious at the battle of Camden ? A. The British, under Cornwallis. Q. What loss did the Americans sustain in this battle ? A. About 2000 men. Q. What German officer, assisting the Americans, was mortally wounded ? A. Baron de Kalb. Q. To what place did Gates retreat, after the battle of Camden ? A. To Hillsboro, North Carolina. Q. What defeat followed, two days afterward ? A. Colonel Sumpter and 300 Americans were surprised by Tarleton ; Sumpter and a few of his men only escaped ; [August 18th.] 44 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LYII. Q. What victory was gained by the Americans in October ? A. Colonel Campbell defeated the Brit ish and Tories under Colonel Ferguson, at King s Mountain, [October 7th.] Q. State the loss on both sides. A. Ferguson was slain, and 300 British and Tories were killed and wounded ; the Americans lost but 20. Q. Had General Gates been successful in the South ? A. He had not; and, in consequence, was superseded by General Greene; [De cember 2d.] Q. What fleet and troops came to the Americans assistance in July ? A . A fleet under De Ternay, and 6000 troops under Count de Rochambeau, from France, arrived at Rhode Island ; [July 10.] Q. What general became traitor to the Americans ? A. Benedict Arnold, who had secretly agreed to betray West Point into the hands of the British. Q. Who was sent by Clinton to negotiate with Ar nold? A. Major Andre. Q. How was the plot discovered ? A. Major Andre, having secretly com pleted the arrangements with Arnold, was returning to the British ; when he was sur prised, near Tarrytown, by three of the American militia, and made prisoner ; [September 23d.] THE CAPTURE OF MAJOR ANDR. Q. What were the nan>es of these captors ? A. John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Yan AYert. Q. What became of Andre* and Arnold ? A. Arnold escaped to the British, [Sep tember 24th ;] and Andre was hanged as a spy ; [October 2d.] LESSON LYIII. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1780. AMERICAN VICTORIES. Hanging Rock, Sumpter, Aug. 6. _.. Bang s Mountam, Campbell over ) J Ferguson, BRITISH VICTORIES. Monk s Corner, Tarleton over Hnger, Apr 14. Charleston, Clinton over Lincoln, May 12. Waxhaw, Tarleton over Buford, May 29. Camden, ( Cornwall!* over ) Jf . Orates, ) _ ( Tarleton over ) On the Wateree, < [ Aug. 18. ( Sumpter, ) THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. REVIEW OF 178O. LESSON LIX. What three generals successively commanded the Americans in the South ? Who commanded the British in the South ? What occurred at Charleston on the first of April ? What American general defended Charleston ? By whom was the siege conducted ? When, and by whom, was General Hnger defeated ? What occurred at Y^axhaw Creek, May 29th ? What did Colonel Sunipter achieve on the 6th of August ? What battle was fought August 16th ? Who commanded the Americans at the battle of Camden ? Who commanded the British ? What is said of Baron De Kalb ? Who retreated to Hillsboro, North Carolina ? What loss did Sumpter meet with in August ? Who were victorious at the battle of King s Moun tain ? Who succeeded Gates ? Why ? What treachery was discovered in 1780 ? What British officers were concerned in this plot ? What connection had Major Andre with the plot ? Did it succeed ? Why not ? What was the fate of Andre ? Where did Arnold go ? Mention the American victories in 1780. Mention the British victories. LESSON LX. 1781. Q- What was the first battle in 1781 ? A. The battle of the Cowpens, [January ttth.] Q. Who were victorious in the battle of the Cow- pens ? fcCUKENOHK OF COKNWALU8, AT VORKTOWN. A. The Americans, binder General Mor gan, defeated the British under Colonel Tarleton. Q. State the loss at the battle of the Cowpens. A. The British lost 800, in killed, wound ed, and prisoners ; the Americans, 80. Q. What were the Americans obliged to do, after the battle of the Cowpens ? A. The Americans, under Greene and Morgan, being pursued by Cornwallis, were obliged to retreat. Q. What was the second battle in 1781 ? A. The battle of Guilford Court-House, [March 15th.] Q. Who gained the battle of Guilford Court-House ? A. Cornwallis defeated General Greene, after a severe engagement. Q. State the loss at the battle of Guilford Court- House ? A. The Americans, 400 killed and wounded ; the British, 500. 46 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, LESSON LXI. Q. Where was the third battle in 1781 fought ? A. At Hobkirk s Hill, near Camden, where General Greene was attacked and defeated by Lord Rawdoii ; [April 25th.] Q. What success had the Americans in September ? A. The battle of Eutaw Springs, where General Greene attacked and defeated the main body of the British, under Colonel Stewart ; [September 8th.] Q. What town in Connecticut was burned by the British under Arnold ? A. New London. Q. What battle brought the war to a close ? A. The battle of Yorktown, where Corn- wallis surrendered his army to Washington. Q. Where is Yorktown situated ? A. In Virginia, on York .River. Q. What was the position of each army in this battle ? A. The British were posted in York- town, and were surrounded by the Ameri cans and French, who besieged the town for several days. Q. What fleet greatly assisted the Americans, in the battle of Yorktown ? A. A French fleet under Count de Grasse. Q. What was the result of the battle of Yorktown ? A. Cornwallis surrendered to Washing ton his army of more than 7000 soldiers, besides artillery, arms, &c. ; and the Brit ish vessels in the harbor to the French ; [October 19th.] LESSON LXII. BATTLES DURING 1781. AMERICAN VICTORIES. ( Morgan over ) Cowpens, V Jan. 17. ( Tarleton, ) Eutaw Springs, Greene over Stewart, Sept. 8. ( Washington over ) Yorktown, I Oct. 19. Corn Avail is, ) BRITISH VICTORIES. G-uilford Court- ( Cornwallis over _ House, ( Greene, Hobkirk s Hill, Rawdon over Greene, Apr. 25. Mar. 15. REVIEW OF 1781. LESSON LXII I. When and by whom was the battle of the Cowpens fought ? State the result and loss. Why was Morgan obliged to retreat, after his victory ? What engagement followed the battle of the Cow- pens? Who were the commanders at the battle of Guilford ? State the result and loss ? Who commanded at the battle of Hobkirk s Hill? Who gained the victory ? What victoiy was gained by General Greene, Sep tember 8th. By whom was New London burned in this year ? What event terminated the war in favor of the Americans ? Give an account of the battle of Yorktown. In what battle was General Greene victorious, during 1781? In what battles was he defeated ? Who assisted the Americans in the battle of York town ? During 1781, what victories had the Americans ? What victories had the British ? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Q. Wheii was peace proclaimed to the American army ? A. April 19tli, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington, the com mencement of the Revolution. Q. What was Great Britain s loss in the war of the Revolution ? WASHINGTON S FAREWELL TO HIS OFFICERS. LESSON LXIV. 1782, Q- Who succeeded Clinton in command of the British ? A. Sir Guy Carleton. Q. When did hostilities mostly cease ? A. In the spring ot 1782. Q. Where and when were preliminary articles of peace signed If A. In Paris, November 30th, 1782. Q. What cities in the South were evacuated by the British during this year ? A. Savannah, [July llth,] and Charles ton, [December 14th.] 1783. Q- When was the definitive treaty signed ? A. September 3d, 1783, in Paris. Q. Who were the American commissioners by whom the treaty was signed ? A. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. A. Great Britain lost 100,000,000, and 50,000 soldiers. Q. When did the British evacuate New York ? A. November 25th, 1783 ; and General Washington entered the city in triumph. Q. Where did Washington bid farewell to his offi cers? A. At New York, [December 4th, 1783.] Q. When did he resign his military commission ? A. He resigned his commission before Congress, which was assembled at Anna polis, December 23d, 1783, and retired to his home at Mount Yernon, in Virginia. REVIEW OF 1782-83. LESSON LXV. Were any battles fought in 1782 or 1783 ? What position did Sir Guy Carleton hold in the war ? After the battle of Yorktown, what forces assembled at New York ? For what was the spring of 1782 memorable ? Where and when was peace concluded ? What occurred on the 25th of November, 1783 ? What did Washington do after peace was con cluded ? Where was Congress in session at the conclusion of peace ? 48 MONTEITII S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LXVI. Q. By whom was the Constitution formed ? A. By delegates from tlie States, assem bled at Philadelphia. Q. When was the Constitution formed, and when adopted ? A. The Constitution was formed by the Convention, in 1787, and adopted by the States shortly afterward. Q. Who was President of the Convention ? A. George Washington. Q. Of what three departments is this government composed ? A. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. Q. Who possesses the executive power ? A. The President. Q. Who possesses the legislative power ? A. Congress ; which is composed of sen ators and representatives. Q. Who have the judicial power? A. The judges. Q. Where did Congress first meet, after the adop tion of the Constitution ? A. At New York ; [April, 1789.] Q. Who was elected the first President of the United States ? A. George Washington, who was inau gurated at New York, April 30th, 1789. Q. What hattles were fought with the Indians in 1790 and 1791 ? A. The Indians defeated Generals Har- mer and St. Clair, but were subdued by General Wayne, in 1794:. DEATH OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. LESSON LXVII. Q. How long was Washington President of the United States ? A. He served two terms, or eight years, when he declined a re-election. Q. Where did Washington die ? A. At Mount Vernon, in the 68th year of his age ; [December 14th, 1799.] Q. When did the city of Washington become the capital of the United States ? A. In the year 1800. Q. What city had previously been the seat of gov ernment ? A. Philadelphia, for ten years. Q. What piracies were committed upon American vessels in the Mediterranean ? A. Piracies of the Barbary States Mo rocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. WAR WITH GREAT BKIT AI N 1 8 1 2. 49 Q. What distinguished man was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr, in 1804 ? A. Alexander Hamilton, who had been the constant friend of Washington. Q. For what was Burr tried, in 1807 ? A. For treason. Q. What battle was fought with the Indians, No vember 7th, 181 1-? A. Tippecanoe, by General William Henry Harrison, when the Indians were defeated, PEESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. NAMES. Ina lira- I Years Fated i served. GrEQKGE WASIIIXGTOV . 1789 8 JOHX ADAMS ^ 1797 4 THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801 8 JAMES MADISOX 1809 8 1817 8 Joiix QUIXCY ADAMS. 1825 4. 1829 8 MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837 4 WILLIAM II. HARRISON 1841 i 1841 1 2 31 1 JAMES K. POLK 1845 1 2 4 ZA CHARY TAYLOR 1849 1 MlLLAIJD FlLLMORE 1850 A 3 2 2 FEANKLIN PIERCE 1853 Z 3 4 JAMES I3ucHA"VA.N .... .. 1857 n E v-i E w FROM THE REVOLUTION TO THE WAK OF 1812. LESSON LXVIII. With what battle did the war of the Revolution commence ? When was the battle of Lexington fought ? How long did the war last ? When was peace proclaimed to the American army ? Where, and by whom, was the Constitution formed ? When was the Constitution adopted ? Was Washington in the Convention ? In whom is the Executive power placed ? the Legis lative ? the Judicial.? Where and when did the first Congress meet ? Where and when was Washington inaugurated ? Was Washington re-elected ? Where did he die ? What two generals were defeated by the Indians in 1790 and 1791 ? By whom were the Indians subdued, in 1794 ? How long had Philadelphia been the capital of the United States ? When, and to wliat city, was the capital removed ? What was the fate of Alex ander Hamilton ? When, and by whom, was the battle of Tippecanoe LESSON LXIX. 1812. Q- How long were the United States and Great Britain at peace with each other, after the Eevo- lution ? A. Twenty-nine years, when the second war broke out Q. When did Congress declare -war against Great Britain ? A. June 18th, 1812. Q. What was the chief cause of the second war ? A. The British had committed outrages o upon American seamen. Q. Who was President during the second war ? A. James Madison. Q. Who was appointed commander-in-cliief of the American army ? A. Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts. Q. Where were the first actions of this war f A. In Michigan. Q. What American post was surrendered in July ? A. Fort Mackinaw ; [July 17th.] 50 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LXX. Q. Where were the first two battles fought ? A. Near Brownstown, in the southeastern part of Michigan. Q. What was the result of the first battle of Brownstown ? A. Major Yan Home was defeated by a force of British and Indians ; [August 5th.] Q. State the result of the second battle of Brownstown. A. Colonel Miller, at the head of a detachment of Amer icans, defeated the British and Indians ; [August 9th.] Q. What American general invaded Canada ? A. General Hull, who sur rendered in a cowardly man ner to the British, at Detroit ; [August 16th.] Q. Who made the second attempt to invade Canada ? A. General Yan Rensselaer, who was defeated by the ene my at Queenstown, where the British commander, General Brock, was killed ; [October 13th.] Where situated ? Principal Seats of the War of 1812, 13, 14. Hampton s Field ? Chambly ? Detroit ? Brownstown ? Frenchtown ? On or near what water ? Plattsburg? Baltimore? Havre de Grace ? Annapolis? Washington ? Alexandria ? Ft. McHeiiry ? Ft. Maiden? Yorktown ? Norfolk? Ft. Niagara? Ft. George? Lewiston? Queenstown? Lundy sLane? Chippewa? Ft. Erie ? Buffalo? Fort Armstrong ? New Orleans ? Fort Minis ? Pensacola ? Fort Stoddart ? Mobile ? WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN 1 812. 51 THE GUERRIERE. LESSON LXXI. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1812, AMERICAN VICTORY. Second battle of (Miller over THE CONSTITUTION. Brownstown, ( British and Indians, ) American Ships. British Ships. Constitution i<*&* ( the ( captured I the "Wasp Aug. 19. Oct. 18. United States j ^^ j Macedonian, Oct. 25. Constitution In these four naval battles the British lost over 450 men ; the Americans but 70. On the ocean, the Amer icans took 3000 prisoners during 1812. BRITISH VICTORIES. j Surrendered by ( the Americans First battle of ( British and Indians Brownstown, ( over Van Home, j Hull surrendered ) ( to Brock, ) ( Brock over ) Queenstown, f. ( \ an Rensselaer, ) Fort Mackinavr, Detroit, | July 17. Aug. 5. Aug. 10. Oct. 13. OF 1812. LESSON LXXI I. What declaration of war was made in 1812 ? State the chief cause of the war. Who was President during the second war with Great Britain ? What position did Henry Dearborn hold in the American army ? What was the first surrender in 1812 ? Where were the first two battles fought ? Who were successful at the first battle of Browns- town ? At the second battle of Brownstown ? What can you say of General Hull ? What invasion was attempted by Van Rensselaer ? What action took place in October ? Who commanded the British ? What was the fate of General Brock ? Who were most successful on land ? What victories had the British ? What victory had the Americans on land ? Who were successful on the ocean ? In what naval battles were the Americans successful ? What losses did the British sustain in the naval bat tles this year? What American vessel gained two battles this year ? MONTEITITS HISTORY. OF THE UNITED STATES. NIAGARA RIVER, LOOKING TOWARD LAKE ONTARIO GENERAL BROCK S MONUMENT LESSON LXXIII. 1313. Q- How was the American army divided in 1813? A. Into tlireo divisions, the Western, under General Harrison ; the Central, un der General Dearborn ; the Northern, un der General Hampton. Q. Where were these armies located ? A. Harrison, on the west shore of Lake Erie ; Dearborn, between Lakes Erie and Ontario ; Hampton, on the shore of Lake Champlam. Q. What was the first engagement in 1813 ? A. General "Winchester and a body of Americans were surprised at Frenchtown, by the British and Indians under General Proctor ; [January 22d.] Q. What was the result of the engagement ? A. The Americans surrendered ; but many were murdered by the Indians. Q. What city in Canada was taken by the Ameri cans ? A. York, now Toronto, after a severe engagement, was taken by General Pike ; [April 27th.] Pike was mortally wounded. Q. What fort was besieged by Proctor on the first of May ? A. Eort Meigs, held by General Harri son, who was aided by General Clay and a body of Kentuckians. Q. Who were successful at Fort Meigs ? A. The Americans. Q. What fort in Canada was taken by the Ameri cans ? A. Fort George, by General Dearborn ; [May 27th. J Q. By whom was Sackett s Harbor attacked in May ? A. By the British, under Prevost, but they were repulsed by the Americans un der General Brown ; [May 29th.] WAR WITH OR EAT BRIT A I X 1 8 1 3. 53 LESSON LXXIV. Q. What assault was made by Proctor, in August ? A. Proctor, with 1000 British and In dians, attacked the fort at Lower Sandusky, but was repulsed by Major Croghan, at the head of 150 men ; [August 2ct.] Q. What was the loss in this attack ? A. The British lost 150 ; the Americans but 1 killed, and 7 wounded. Q. Who commanded the Indians that assisted Proctor ? A. The Indian chief, Tecumseh. Q. Where, and by whom, were Proctor and Tecum seh defeated ? A. At the battle of the Thames, by the Americans under General Harrison ; Proc tor fled, and Tecumseh was slain, [October 5th.] Q, Who succeeded General Dearborn in command ? A. General Wilkinson. Q. What defeat did the Americans sustain at Wil- liamsburg, Canada ? A. General Boyd, with a body of Amer icans, was defeated at Williamsburg by the British ; [November llth.] Q. What Indian troubles broke out in Alabama, in 1813? A. The war with the Creek Indians, who massacred nearly 300 men, women, and children, assembled at Fort Mims. Q. Who were sent against them ? A. The Americans under Generals Jack son, Coffee, and Floyd ; who, after severe conflicts, completely defeated the Indians. DEATH OF TECFMSEH. Q. Where was Commodore Perry s victory gained ? A. On Lake Erie, off Fort Maiden ; [September 10th.] Q. Of what did the squadrons consist ? A. The Americans had 9 vessels, cany- ing 54 guns ; the British 6 vessels, with 63 guns. Q. What notice of the victory did Perry send to General Harrison ? A. " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Q. What American commanded the Hornet, at the capture of the Peacock A. Captain Lawrence, who afterward took command of the American frigate Chesapeake. Q. By what vessel was the Chesapeake captured ? A. By the British ship Shannon. Q. What was the fate of Captain Lawrence ? A. He fell, during the action, mortally wounded. 54 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LXXY. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1813, AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. Siege of York, Pike over Sheaffe, Apr. 27. ( Harrison and Clay ) ., Fort Meigs, J- May 5. ( over Proctor, ) ( Dearborn over ) . Fort George, j Yincent j May 2,. Sackett s Harbor, Brown over Prevost, May 29. Lower Saiidusky, Croghan over Proctor, Aug. 2. ( Harrison over ) , The Thames, < _ . . _ , > Oct. 5. ( Proctor & Tecumseh, NAVAL VICTORIES. American Vessels. British Vessels. ( captured ) Hornet > Peacock, Feb. 24. ( the ) Enterprise | ^^ | Boxer, Sept. 5. Perry s fleet captured Barclay s, Sept. 10. Frenchtown, Williamsburg, BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. Proctor over Winchester, Morrison over Boyd, Nov. 11. Jan. 22. NAVAL VICTORIES. British Vessels. American Vessels. ( captured ) _ Shannon ( > Chesapeake. June 1. ( the ) Aug. 14. Pelican REVIEW OF 1813. LESSON LXXVI. Who were the commanders of the three divisions of the American army ? Who succeeded General Dearborn ? What was the first engagement in 1813 ? What was the result ? Where was the first battle fought by General Harri- ; son this year ? Who assisted Harrison at Fort Meigs? What was the result of the battle ? Who commanded the British in this siege ? By whom was York taken ? What fort in Canada was taken by General Dear born ? Who were the commanders at the attack on Sackett s Harbor ? What was the result of the attack ? Describe the attack on Lower Sandusky. Describe the battle of the Thames. Where did the war break out with the Creek Indians ? By whom were the Creeks defeated ? How many naval victories had the Americans during . 1813 ? The British ? How many victories on land had the Americans ? The British ? What victory was gained by Captain Lawrence ? In what engagement was he mortally wounded ? LESSON L XX VI I. 1814. Q- What fort in Canada was surrendered by the British ? A. Fort Erie was surrendered to Gen erals Scott and Ripley, [July 3d.] Q. What was the first battle in 1814 ? A. The battle of Chippewa, in which the British were defeated with a loss of 500 men. The Americans lost 330 ; [July 5th.] Q. Who were the commanders ? A. General Riall of the British, and General Brown of the Americans. Q. By whom was General Brown assisted ? A. Generals Scott and Ripley. Q. What battle followed the victory at Chippewa ? A. The battle of Lundy s Lane, the severest contest during the year ; [July 25th.] WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN 1 8 1 4. 55 Q. Who were the commanders at the battle of Lundy s Lane ? A. General Brown of the Americans, and General Dnunmond of the British. Q. What was the result of the battle of Lundy s Lane ? A. The Americans were victorious. The loss on each side was over 800. Q. What American generals were wounded ? A. Brown and Scott. Q. Where did the Americans retire after the battle ? A. To Fort Erie, where they were for seven weeks besieged by the British under Drummond. The British were finally re pulsed with a loss of 1000 men ; [Septem ber 17th.] Q. Who successively commanded the Americans during the siege of Fort Erie ? A. Generals Ripley, Gaines, and Brown. LESSON LXXVIII. Q. What town on Lake Cham plain was attacked by the British ? A. Plattsburg, held by the Americans under General Macomb ; [September llth.] Q, What was the plan of attack ? A. The British, under General Prevost, attacked Plattsburg, while the British fleet, under Commodore Downie, engaged the American fleet, under Commodore McDonough, in the harbor. Q. Who were successful at Plattsburg ? A. The Americans were successful ; Prevost being repulsed, and Downie en tirely defeated. Q. By whom was the city of Washington taken ? A. By a British force under General Ross ; [August 24th.] Q. What damage was done to the city by the Brit ish ? A. They burned the Capitol, the Presi dent s house, and many other buildings ; immediately after which they retreated to their fleet. Q. At what place were the British opposed before entering the city ? A. At Bladensburg ; but the Americans were defeated ; [August 24th.] Q. What city near Washington was also taken by the enemy ? A. Alexandria ; [August 29th.] Q. What city did the British next attempt to enter ? A. Baltimore. Q. What battle was fought on their approach to Baltimore ? A. At North Point, where they were opposed by General Strieker. The Amer icans were forced to retreat, [September 12th.] Ross, the British officer, was killed. Q. What fort commanded the entrance to Balti more ? A. Fort Mc- Henry, which was bombarded by the British, [Septemberl3,] but being un successful, they withdrew on the following day. 56 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. LESSON LXXIX. 1815. #. What was the last land battle of the war ? A. The battle of New Orleans, [January 8th, 1815.] Q. Who were the commanders in the battle of New- Orleans ? A. General Jackson of the Americans, and General Packenham of the British. Q. How large was each army in this battle ? A. The Americans 6000; the British 12,000. Q. What was the result of the battle of New Or leans ? A. The British were defeated, with the loss of about 2600 in killed, wounded, and prisoners ; the Americans lost but 7 killed and 7 wounded. Packenham was among the killed. Q. What treaty terminated the war ? A. The treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24-th, 1814. Q. When was it ratified by the President of the United States ? A. February 17th, 1815. Q. How long had the war continued ? A. Two years and eight months. LESSON LXIX. BATTLES AND CAPTURES DURING 1814. AMERICAN VICTORIES ON LAND. ( surrendered to ) _ . < > July 3. ( Scott and Ripley, ) Brown over Riall, July 5. ( Brown over ) T . _ e , > July 25. ( Drummond, ) Port Brie, Chippewa, Lundy s Lane Fort Erie, Plattsburg, Fort McHenry, (Brown over \ Drummond Maeomb over Prevost, Sept. 11. C Armfetead over I Cochrane, i Sept. 17. efc, I Sept. 14. WAR WITH GREAT BRIT AIN 1 8 1 5. NAVAL VICTORIES. American Ships. British Sldps. captured the Peacock Wasp Epervier. Apr. 29. | Cai ^ e red | Reindeer, June 28. Macdoiiough s ) , (Dowiiie s ) ! aptUred I fleet, fleet BRITISH VICTORIES ON LAND. Bladensburg, Ross over Winder, Aug. 24. North Point, Brooke over Strieker, Sept. 12. British Ships. Phebe and ( captured ) Cherub I the f Orpheus merican Ships. Mar 28 BATTLES DURING 1815, AMERICAN VICTORIES. New Orleans, Jackson over Packenham Jan. 8. American Ships. British Ships. (captured) Cyane and) ^ Constitution -J J- Feb. 20. ( the } Levant, ) \ Penguin, Mar. 23. Hornet REVIEW OF 1814-15. LESSON LXXXI. What was the first capture in 1814 ? What two battles occurred in July, 1814 ? Who were the commanders ? What siege followed the battle of Lundy s Lane ? Describe the siege of Fort Erie. By whom was Plattsburg attacked in September, 1814? Who commanded the Americans in the town ? Who commanded the American squadron in the harbor ? Describe the battle of Plattsburg. What was done by the British in Washington, Au gust 24th, 1814 ? What success had the British at Alexandria ? At Baltimore ? At Fort McHenry ? When and where was the treaty of peace signed ? Who were the commanders iir the battle of New Orleans ? Describe the battle. What two naval battles were fought after the battle of New Orleans ? How many land victories had the British during 1814 and 1815? How many land victories had the Americans ? How many naval victories had the British ? How many naval .victories had the Americans ? LESSON LXXXII. Q. How many years elapsed between the close of the second war with England and the Mexican war ? A. Thirty-one years. Q. During this period, in what wars was this coun try engaged ? A. War with Algiers in 1815 ; the Sern- inole war in 1817 ; and the Florida war in 1835. Q. What was the cause of the war with Algiers ? A. Piracies were committed by that gov ernment upon American vessels. Q. Who was sent from the United States against Algiers ? A. Commodore Decatnr, who forced Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, to terms of peace. Q. Who was sent against the Seminoles in 1817.? A. General Jackson, who defeated the Indians, and hung two men for inciting the Indians against the Americans. 8 58 MONTEITII S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON LXXIIII. THE MEXICAN WAR, Q. When did Texas become free from Mexico ? A. Iii 1836. Q. What form of government did Texas adopt ? A. Texas became a re public. Q. When was Texas annexed to the United States ? A. In 1845. Q. What caused the Mexican war ? A. The annexation of Texas, and the claim of a certain tract of land by both the United States and Mexico. Q. Where is that tract of land situated ? A. In Texas, between the deuces River and the Rio Grande. Q. Who was President of the United States during the Mexican war ? A. James K. Polk. 1846. Who was sent by the President to the Rio Grande ? A. General Zachaiy Tay lor, who erected Ft. Brown opposite Matamoras. Q. Who took command of the Mexican forces ? A. General Arista. Where situated f On or near what water * Corpus Christi ? Matamoras ? San Luis Potosi ? Jalapa ? Point Isabel ? Camargo ? Tampico ? Perote ? Palo Alto ? Monterey ? Tera Cruz ? La Puebla ? Resaca de la Palma ? Buena Yista ? Cerro Gordo ? Mexico ? AVAR WITH MEXICO. 59 A 97EW OF THE CITT OF MEXICO. LESSON L XX XIV. Q. What was the commencement of hostilities ? A. Captain Thornton s party was at tacked on the east bank of the Rio Grande by a superior body of Mexicans, and sev eral Americans were killed ; [April 24th.] Q. What was the first battle in the Mexican war ? A. The battle of Palo Alto, in which General Taylor, with 2300 Americans, de feated 6000 Mexicans under General Arista ; [May 8th.] Q. What was the loss on both sides ? A. The Mexicans lost about 400 killed and wonnded ; the Americans but 40. Among the killed was Major Ringgold. Q. What battle was fought by the same armies, the following day ? A. The battle of Resaca de la Palina, when the Mexicans were defeated, and fled to Matamoras ; [May 9th.] Q. What was the loss in this battle ? A. The Mexicans 500 ; the Americans 50. Q. What American colonel distinguished himself in this battle ? A. Colonel May ; who took General La Vega prisoner as he was applying the match to one of his own guns. Q. After the battle of Kesaca de la Palma, where did General Taylor go ? A. To Fort Brown, thence across the Rio Grande to Matamoras, of which he took possession, [May 18th.] Q. By whom was California taken ? A. By Captain Fremont, and Commo dores Sloat and Stockton. 60 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES A VIEW OF MONTERKy. LESSON LXXXY. Q. What city did Taylor attack after taking pos session of Matamoras ? A. Monterey, which he captured after a severe engagement of three days ; [Sep tember 24th.] Q. Who were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? A. General Taylor of the Americans, and General Arapudia of the Mexicans. Q. What was the size of the armies at the battle of Monterey ? A. Ten thousand Mexicans, and 6000 Americans. Q. Who were sent against Santa Fe and Chihua hua ? A. General Kearney, who took New- Mexico, and Colonel Doniphan, who took possession of Chihuahua, after two success ful battles during his march. Q. What battles were won by Colonel Doniphan ? A. The battle of Bracito, on the east bank of the Rio Grande, [December 22d, 1846,] and of Sacramento, near the Rio Grande, [February 28th, 1847.] 1847.$- Who took command of the Mexican forces in 1847 ? A. General Santa Anna, the President of Mexico. Q. Where did Taylor meet Santa Anna ? A. At Buena Yista, where Taylor, with 5000 Americans, defeated Santa Anna at the head of 20,000 Mexicans ; [Feb. 23d.] Q. What was the loss in the battle of Buena Vista? A. The Americans lost TOO ; the Mexi cans 2000. WAR WITH MEXICO. 61 BOMBARDMENT OF VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE. LESSON LXXXVI. Q. Who took command of the American army in 1847? A. General Winfield Scott. Q. What city did Scott first attack ? A. Yera Cruz, which was defended by the castle of San Juan d Ulloa. Q. How long did the siege continue ? A. Fifteen days, when the city and cas tle surrendered to General Scott ; [March 27th.] Q. After the capture of Vera Cruz, what city did Scott march against ? A. Mexico, the capital. Q. At what places were the Americans opposed ? A. Cerro Gordo, [April 18th;] Contre- ras and Cherubusco, [August 20th ;] Mo- lino del Key and Casa Mata, [September 8th ;] Chapultepec, [September 13th.] Q. Who were victorious in these battles ? A. The Americans gained every battle. Q. Which army was the larger in "all of these battles ? A. The Mexican army. Q. When did General Scott and his army enter the city of Mexico ? A. September 14th, 1847. Q. When was peace concluded ? A. February 2d, 1848. 62 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. REVIEW OF THE MEXICAN WAR. VICINITY OF SAN FRANCISCO. LESSONJ^IXXVII. BATTLES WRIXG 1846. AMERICAN VICTORIES. Palo Alto, Taylor over Arista, Resaca de la ) - -, f Taylor over Arista, Palma, $ Monterey, Taylor over Ampudia, Bracito, Doniphan, May 8. May 9. Sept. 24. Dec. 22. Buena Vista, Sacramento, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo Contreras, Cherubusco, BATTLES WRING 1847. ( Taylor over ( Santa Anna ( Doniphan over ) ( Hereedia, ) Scott over Landero, ( Scott over ) ( Santa Anna, ) Scott over Valencia, ( Scott over ) i Santa Anna, f Molino del Rey ( Scott over and Casa Mata, f Santa Anna, _,, ,^ ( Scott over ) Chapultepec, ( Santa Anna, ) Feb. 23. Feb. 28. Mar. 27. April 18. Aug. 20. Aug. 20. Sept. 8. Sept. 13. LESSON LXXXVIII. State the cause of the war. When was Texas annexed to the United States ? During whose administration was this war carried on? Who commanded the two armies at the commence ment of the war ? What action commenced the war ? What the first battle? Who were the commanders in the battle of Palo Alto ? What was the size of each army ? What was the loss in this battle ? What was the fate of Major Punggold ? Give an account of the second battle ? When did the first two battles take place ? What can you say of Colonel May ? When did General Taylor enter Matamoras ? What conquest was made by Fremont, Sloat, and Stockton ? What battle followed that of Resaca de la Palma ? Who were the commanders in the battle of Monterey ? State the size of the armies in this battle ? How long did the engagement last ? Who took possession of New Mexico ? What two battles were won by Colonel Doniphan ? What battle was fought in February, 1847 ? Who were the commanders at Buena Vista ? What was the size of the armies ? Who were successful in this battle? State the loss on each side. Who took command of the Americans in 1847 ? What city did Scott first besiege ? What was the result of the siege ? What battles followed the surrender of Vera Cruz ? Which two wero fought August 20th ? Which two were fought September 8th ? When were the battles of Cerro Gordo and Chapul tepec fought ? What occurred on the 14th of September, 1847 ? What occurred on the 2d of February, 1848 ? IMPORTANT EXPEDITIONS. 63 DR. KANE IN WINTER QUARTERS. ARCTIC FOXES AND OWLS. WHITE BEARS. LESSON LXXXIX. Q. What exploring expedition left Great Britain in 1845? A. Sir John Franklin, with two vessels and about two hundred and forty men, in search of a northwest passage to the Indies. Q. Did Franklin or his party ever return ? A. They did not. Q. What American sent vessels in search of Franklin ? A. Henry Grinnell, who sent two ves sels, in 1850, under Lieutenant De Haven, accompanied by Dr. Kane. The vessels returned the following year without tidings of the missing party. Q. What other expedition was sent from the United States in search of them ? A. Henry Grinnell, in conjunction with the U. S. government, sent out the ship Advance, commanded by Dr. Kane, 1853. Q. What was accomplished by Dr. Kane ? A. He reached a point on the coast of Greenland further north than any heretofore seen, passed two winters in the Arctic Re gions, and returned, unsuccessful, in 1855. Q. Where and when did Dr. Kane die ? A. In Havana, 1857. Q. By whom was Cuba invaded in 1850? A. By General Lopez, who sailed from New Orleans with about 600 men, to assist in a Revolution in the island. Q. When did Lopez make the second attempt ? A. Lopez and about 500 men made a similar attempt the following year. He and many of his followers were captured and put to death. Q. Who invaded Nicaragua in 1855 ? A. General William Walker, from Cal ifornia ; and, after several battles, took possession of the country. Q. How long did he hold Nicaragua ? A. Nearly two years, when the Nicar- aguans were joined by troops from the adjoining State, Costa Rica, and Walker was compelled to leave the country. Q. In what two Territories of the United States did civil war threaten ? A. In Kansas and Utah, in consequence of which, U. S. troops were sent there. 64 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. CALIFOBNIA. LESSON XC. Q. From what experiments did the idea of estab lishing the telegraph originate ? A. Franklin s experiments with an elec tric wire across the Sclmylkill River, in 1748. Q. By whom was the magnetic telegraph invented ? A. By Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, in 1832. Q. Where did he construct the first telegraph ? A. Between Baltimore and Washington. Q. When was the Atlantic cable laid ? A. In August of 1858. Q. Who superintended the laying of the cable ? A. Cyrus TV. Field, to whose noble ef forts the success of the enterprise is chiefly due. Q. In what part of the ocean was the cable first laid ? A. In mid-ocean, when the British ship Agamemnon sailed east to Ireland, and the American ship Niagara west to Newfound land, laying the cable as they sailed. Q. Where is the cable attached to the land-lines? A. The west end is attached at Trinity Bay, on the southeast coast of Newfound land ; the east end, at Yalentia Bay, on the southwest coast of Ireland. OVERLAND TELEGRAPHS OF THE WORLD. COUNTRIES. MILES OF LINES. United States 20.000 5,000 2,000 11,000 9,800 G,700 0.000 5.000 British Provinces Other parts of America Central and Northern Europe . Great Britain and Ireland. . . . France Russia . India Southern Europe 3,700 Belgium and Holland 950 Australia 700 Africa . . 350 CAPITAL INVESTED. $8,000.000 1,500.000 400.000 7,000.000 8,500,000 6,000.000 3,000.000 2.500.000 2,000.000 250.000 400.000 100.000 Total, 77,200 $39,650,000 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHS OF THE WORLD. COUNTRIES CONNECTED. America and Europe, Balaclava and Varna, Malta and Corfu, Varna and Constan ple, England and Holland, Sardinia and Africa, Spczzia and Corsica, C. Bret.Isl.&Newfdl d, England and Belgium, England and Ireland, Denmark and Sweden, Ireland and Scotland, England and France, Holland, across the Pr.Edw d sIs.&N.Br., Corsica and Sardinia, WATERS UNDERLAID. Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea, Mediterranean, Black Sea, North Sea, Mediterranean, Mediterranean, Gf.ofSt.Lawr ce, North Sea, Irish Sea, Belts and Sound, North Channel, English Channel, Zuyder Zee, Gf.ofSt.Lawr ce, Mediterranean, Milts Cable. 1900, 340, 320, 150, 135, 130, 80, 78, 70, 62, 54, 26, 25, 20, 12, 9, When 1858 1855 1858 1855 1854 1857 1854 1856 1853 1852 1853 1853 1851 1854 185G 1854 Total River and Bay crossings 200 Total . , . 3611 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, IN CONGRKSS, July 4, 1776. The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America. WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as sume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of Nature and of Nature s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident ; that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain imalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I That to secure these rights, governments are instituted I among men, deriving their just powers from the con sent of the governed ; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all ex perience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right them selves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpa tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such govern ment, and to provide new guards for their future se curity. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which con strains them to alter their former systems of govern ment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of im mediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation, till his assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and for midable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the reposi tory of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such disso lutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have re turned to the people at large, for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for nat uralization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the con ditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 66 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a juris diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punish ment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pre tended offenses : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to ren der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us iu all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desola tion, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have peti tioned for redress in the most humble terms : our re peated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our Brit ish brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our migration and settle ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpa tions, which would inevitably interrupt our connec tions and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war, in peace friends. WE, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general congress assembled, ap pealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united colonies are. and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit ish crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is. and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy Avar, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the support of this declara tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. OREGON. MINNESOTA. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF PERSONS PROMINENTLY CONNECTED WITH AMERICAN HISTORY. ADAMS, SAMUEL, one of the earliest and most distinguished of American patriots, was born at Boston, Mass., in 1722. He was among the fore most to resist the oppression of Great Britain, and was proscribed by that government for the promi nent part which lie took in opposing its measures. He was chosen a member of the first Congress, un der the confederation, in 1774; signed the Declara- ration of Independence in 1776 ; and Avas elected governor of Massachusetts in 1794. He died Octo ber 3, 1803, universally esteemed as having, by his powerful efforts in behalf of liberty, been one of those to Avhom AVC OAve its possession. ADAMS, Jonx, the second President of the Uni ted States, Avas born at Braintree, Mass., in 1735. He studied law, at the same time teaching Latin and Greek to enable him to prosecute his studies. He took a prominent part against the British encroach ments ; Avas elected to the first Congress, and, in 1770, Avas appointed to the committee Avhich report ed the Declaration. He Avas chosen Commissioner to the Court of Versailles in 1777, and, after his return, Avas sent to Great Britain for the purpose of nego tiating a peace and treaty of commerce. He Avas the first minister to England in 1785. He was chosen Vice-president under Washington, and continued in that office during eight years, Avhen he Avas elected President, lie died July 4th, 1820. ADAMS, Jonx QUINCY, son of John, and sixth President of the United States, AA T as born at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1707. He was appointed by Washington minister to the Netherlands, and after ward to Holland, England, and Prussia. He Avas a Senator in Congress, and afterward minister to Russia under Madison. He Avas one of the Com missioners to Ghent, in 1814, to negotiate a peace Avith Great Britain, and, after the signing of that treaty, Avas sent to the Court of St. James to nego tiate a commercial treaty with that government. In 1817 he Avas made Secretary of State by Presi dent Monroe, and continued in office until 1825, when he Avas chosen President. He held that office 68 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. for one term, was afterward elected to Congress, and died in Washington in 1848. He left a number of State papers and unpublished works. ALLEN, ETHAN, a brigadier-general in the Rev olutionary army, was born at Salisbury, Conn., in 1743, but was educated in Vermont. He was rioted for his early and active efforts in behalf of liberty; and in 1775, soon after the battle of Lexington, succeeded in capturing the fortresses of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. During that year he was taken captive, in an attempt to conquer Montreal, sent to England, and there imprisoned. In 1778 he was exchanged for Colonel Campbell, and, shortly after ward, was appointed to the command of the State militia of Vermont. He died in 1789. AMES, FISTIER, one of the most eminent Ameri can statesmen, was born at Dedhani, Mass., in 1758. He was chiefly noted for his writings, mostly on political subjects relating to the Revolution. He was a member of Congress during the whole of "Washington s administration, distinguishing himself by his patriotism and eloquence. In 1804 he was chosen president of Harvard College, but declined the honor. He died July 4th, 1808. AMHERST, JEFFREY, Lord, an English general of celebrity, was born in 1727. He served in the English army on the Continent, and afterward ob tained renown at the siege of Louisburg, in 1758. He was made governor of Virginia, and command- er-in-chief of the forces in America. Niagara, Ticonderoga, Montreal, and Quebec were taken by him, and he finally obtained the submission of all Canada. His great services were rewarded by England as they deserved, and he was at length raised to the rank of field-marshal. He died in 1797. ANDR6, JOHN, a major in the British army, was intrusted with the negotiation of the delivery of West Point into the hands of the English, through the treachery of Benedict Arnold. After arranging the whole plan he was seized, on his return, by three American militia-men, who searched him, and found his papers relating to the plot concealed in his boot. He was conducted before General Washington, tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and condemned to be executed as a spy. He was hung, notwithstanding his entreaties to be shot, on the 2d October, 1780, at the age of 29. His early and unfortunate death was deeply regretted by all who knew him, on both sides, for his accomplish ments, amiability, youth, and earnest devotion to his country, made him beloved by all. ANDROS, EDMUND, a governor of the province of New York in 1674, and subsequently of New England. He was notorious for tyranny arid big otry, and his arbitrary conduct finally induced the people to take up arms against him. He was im prisoned and sent to England for trial, but was dismissed without a final decision. In 1692 he was made governor of Virginia, where he acted with more prudence. He died in London, in 1714. ARCHDALE, JOHN, governor of North Caro lina, where he arrived in 1695, and ruled so judi ciously that the colony became remarkably prosper ous. He introduced the culture of rice, which has since become so valuable. After five or six years of wise administration, he returned to London, and did not again visit this country. ARGALL, SAMUEL, a deputy-governor of Vir ginia in 1609. His government was odious to the people. In 1612 he carried off Pocahontas to Jamestown. His conduct fomented a war between the French and English colonists. He was finally recalled for his maladministration, and returned to England in 1619. He was afterward knighted by King James. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, an American general, dis tinguished in the Indian wars. He defended Fort Moultrie, and was at the battle of Germantown. lie died in 1795. ARMSTRONG, JOHN, son of the preceding, was also an American general. He is known as the author of the "Newburg Letters," written after the close of the Revolution, for the purpose of obtain ing a recompense for the officers of the army. They had a great effect upon the country, which might have led to unfortunate results, had it not been for the wisdom and prudence of General Yv ashington. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 69 He was Secretary of War at the time of the sacking of Washington in 1814, and fled from the city ; an act which greatly detracted from his reputation. A strong feeling of indignation arising against him, he resigned his office, and from that time lived in retirement. He died in 1843. BACON", NATHANIEL, celebrated as the leader of " Bacon s Rebellion," was a member of the council of Virginia. The incursions of the savages devas tated the frontier, but Governor Berkeley provided no efficient measures for the relief of the colony. Bacon then assumed the command of the people, and was denounced as a rebel. His bravery re stored quiet and confidence to the colonists, but the governor still condemned him. After putting an end to the Indian war, he was about to besiege Governor Berkeley, at Accomac, when he suddenly died, in 1676. He was a man of noble impulses, powerful mind, and invincible courage. BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ DE, a Castilian, famous for his enterprise and misfortunes, was one of the first who visited the West Indies. His earnest efforts in the pursuit of fame gained him the envy and dislike of the Spanish governor of Darien, who saw with a jealous eye the colony which he had established on the Isthmus of Panama, and accused him of disloyalty, and a design to revolt. His cruelty was successful, and the unfortunate Balboa was executed in 1517. BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM, a commodore of the United States navy, was born at Princeton, N. J., in 1774. He acquired his fame during the war with Algiers, and was a captive in Barbary for nineteen months. In 1812, while in command of the frigate Constitution, he captured the British frigate Java. At his death, in 1833, he was the third in rank in the American navy, having ac quired a universal reputation and popularity. BALTIMORE, LORD. See CALVERT. BERKELEY, WILLIAM, governor of Virginia, was noted only for obstinacy, faithlessness, and revengeful spirit; the combination of which evils caused "Bacon s Rebellion." After a course of maladministration, which even the Assembly de nounced, he was induced to return to England, where he died in " 677. BOONE, DANIEL, one of the earliest settlers of Kentucky, was born in Virginia, and, in 1773, at tempted to cross to Kentucky, with a party of others w r ho placed themselves under his guidance. After various interruptions from the Indians, he was finally taken prisoner by them, but escaped by means of stratagem. After a few more ineffectual attempts upon the whites, the Indians were at length routed, and made no further attack upon Boonesborough. The Spanish authorities having presented him with 2000 acres of land, and his children and followers with 800 each, he removed to upper Louisiana, and settled at Charette, on the Missouri, where he followed his usual course of life until his death, in September, 1822. It is said that he died in the very act of aiming at some object, and was found on his knees, with his gun resting on the trunk of a tree. BRADDOCK, EDWARD, major-general and com- mander-in-chief of the British forces in America, conducted an expedition against the French, at Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, in 1755. When in the neighborhood of the fort he was advised to take precautions against the Indians, who, it was feared, might be lying in ambush. Disregarding the caution, the army was surprised by the savages, and a terrible defeat and slaughter ensued. All his mounted officers, with the exception of Colonel Washington, his aid-de-camp, were killed, and Gen eral Braddock himself mortally wounded. The army retreated precipitately to General Dunbar s camp, where General Braddock expired. BRADFORD, WILLIAM, second governor of Plymouth colony, and one of the first settlers of New England, was born in England in 1588, and joined with zeal in the project of emigrating to America. He sailed in the Mayflower, but, just before the place of settlement was fixed upon, his wife fell into the sea and was drowned. He was appointed governor in 1621, upon the death of Governor Carver, and immediately secured the friendship of the Indian sachem, Massasoit. In the 70 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. beginning of the next year, while the colony was suffering severely from famine, Canonicus, chief of the Narragansetts, sent them a bundle of arrows, bound with a serpent s skin. The governor prompt ly returned the skin, stuffed with powder and ball, which completely intimidated the savages. The friendly Massasoit, in return for favors during his illness, informed Bradford of an Indian conspiracy to extirpate the English, and the chief conspirators were immediately seized and executed. A compre hensive patent had been obtained for New England, from the council, in the name of William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assignees, and in 1640 the general court requested Bradford to resign it to them. This he did cheerfully, when it was imme diately returned to him. After being annually chosen governor as long as he lived, with the ex ception of several years when he declined the office, he died in 1657. BRANDT, JOSEPH, an Indian chief of the Mo hawk tribe, was born on the banks of the Mohawk, about 1742. He was thought to be a half-breed. Sir "William Johnston took a great interest in him, and, through his kindness, Brandt obtained a toler able education. He visited England in 1775, and, being greatly noticed there, he of course imbibed prejudices against the Americans, in addition to his natural enmity to them. On his return he was employed by the British to conduct the attacks of the Indians upon the colonists ; and, associated with Colonel Butler, he commenced a series of hor rible massacres, the most terrible of which was that of Wyoming, at which, however, Brandt him self was not present. Brandt, however, seeing that civilization was making slow, but sure progress, wisely determined to pursue a more pacific policy, for his own future benefit, and tried to prevail upon the Indians to accept terms of peace. Hav ing received from King George a tract of land upon Lake Ontario, he retired thither and spent the re mainder of his life in quiet. He died in 1807. BREWSTER, WILLIAM, one of the first settlers of Plymouth colony, was born in England in 1560. He discovered much corruption in the forms and usages of the Established Church, and separated from it, forming, with a few others, a separate society. They were at length compelled to seek refuge in a new country, but, being opposed by the government, he was seized and imprisoned. Final ly, having obtained his release, he assisted the poor of the society to embark for Holland, and immedi ately followed them thither. His means being ex hausted, he opened a school for teaching the English language, by means of a grammar of his own con struction. He was chosen a ruling elder in the church at Leyden, and came, with its members, to New England in 1620. He frequently officiated there as minister, and died, at an advanced age, in 1644. BROCK, ISAAC, major-general in the British army. lie captured General Hull and his whole army at Detroit, in 1812, and afterward proceeded to the Niagara frontier, where he was killed at the battle of Qneeristown, October 13th of the same year. During his funeral the guns of the American fort were fired, as a token of respect for his bravery and generosity. BROWN, JACOB, major-general in the American army, was a member of the sect of Quakers. In 1799 he went to the frontiers, and began to fell the forest w r ith his own hand; and, having thus made the beginning of a settlement, he purchased more land, and was made agent for a wealthy Frenchman who owned a large tract in that region. He was successful in obtaining settlers; and, having obtain ed a sufficient number, organized a body of militia, of which, notwithstanding his Quaker prejudices, he took command. He soon found his numbers increased to a regiment ; and, at the commence ment of the war in 1812, was made major-general of militia. He soon after accepted a proffer from government of a high command in the army, and, at the close of the war, found himself at its head, having moved on, from one position to another, until he reached the highest. He died at Wash ington in 1828. BURGOYNE, JOHN, an officer in the English army, was chiefly noted for the capture of Ticonderoga, during the American war, but finally surrendered to General Gates, at Saratoga. He was elected to Parliament in England, and, refusing to return to BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 71 America, was dismissed the service. He published some pamphlets in defense of his conduct, besides several dramas, and died in 1792. BURR, AAROX, third Vice-president of the Uni ted States, was born at Newark, N. J., in 1756. He joined the American army in 1775, under Wash ington, at Cambridge, went with Arnold, as a pri vate soldier, on his expedition to Quebec, and, after arriving there, was aid-de-camp to General Mont gomery. On his return, General Washington in vited him to join his family at head-quarters, but some unexplained circumstance soon transpired by which Burr lost the confidence of Washington; and from that time his hostility to the commander- in-chief was strong and open. After distinguishing himself in the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he was obliged to retire from military life, on account of his ill health. He then devoted himself to the study of law, was appointed attorney -general of the State of New York in 1789, was afterward a sen ator in Congress, and was prominent as a leader of the republican party. At the election of President for the fourth presidential term, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr had each 73 votes, and, on the 3Gth ballot, Congress decided in favor of Jefferson for President, and Burr for Vice-president. In July, 1804, occurred the duel between Burr and Alexan der Hamilton, his political opponent and rival, m which Hamilton was mortally wounded. Soon after, Burr conceived his wild project of invading Mexico, and establishing a separate government in the Southwestern States. He was apprehended, and brought to Richmond in 1807, on a charge of treason, of which, after a long trial, he was acquit ted. He returned to New York, and passed the remainder of his life in comparative obscurity. He died on Staten Island, in 1836. BUTLER, Jonx, Colonel, was born in Connecti cut, but removed to the valley of Wyoming. Dur ing the Revolution, he was the leader of a band of Tories who co-operated with a party of Indians under their chieftain, Brandt. It was by his insti gation that the horrid cruelties of the massacre of Wyoming, in 1778, were enacted by some 1600 Tories and Indians. In conjunction with Brandt, he committed similar atrocities in the valley of the Mohawk. Treating alike the defenseless and the strong, without regard to age or sex, he and his Tories perpetrated deeds of inhumanity and horror which even the savage Indian shuddered to wit ness. During the same year he sent his son, Walter Butler, with a party of Tories, to join Brandt and his Indians, who, together, fell suddenly upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, murdering many of the inhabitants, and carrying off others into cap tivity. After the war, Butler settled in Canada, where he Avas granted 5000 acres of land, and an annual income of 500, by the British government. BUTLER, ZEBULOX, Colonel, was a native of Con necticut, but removed to Wyoming, where, in 1778, at the head of a small party of patriots, he attempted the defense of the place, but was overpowered by su perior numbers, Tories and Indians, under Colonel John Butler. Zebulon Butler was one of the few who, by flight, escaped sharing the fate of the un fortunate victims of the massacre of Wyoming. CABOT, SEBASTIAX, son of John Cabot, a Vene tian pilot, was born at Bristol, England, in 1467. He studied mathematics and cosmography, and became skilled in navigation at an early age. In 1497 he, together with his father, was engaged by Henry VII. to discover a northwest passage to India ; and, on one of their voyages discovered Newfoundland, and, on another, saw the mainland of America, being the first Europeans who had done so. He was employed by the King of Spain to sail to the Moluccas, by way of the Straits of Magellan, but the mutinous spirit of his crew pre vented the accomplishment of his object, and he landed at Paraguay, where he remained five years. Returning to Spain, he exhibited proofs of the great resources of the countries he had visited, but was treated coldly, as he failed to realize the ava ricious hopes of the Spaniards. He then returned to England, where his merits and nautical skill gained him the notice of Edward VI., who settled a handsome pension on him. In 1552 he planned an exploring voyage to the northern regions of the world ; and to him England owes her first mercan tile connection with Russia, by the establishment of the Russia Company, of which Cabot was ap pointed governor. He published a map of the 72 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. world, and an account of his southern voyages. He died in 1557. CALVERT, GEORGE, first Lord Baltimore, was an English statesman, and Secretary of State to James I., but was obliged to resign his office. He still remained in favor with the king, and, having been constituted proprietor of part t>f Newfound land, while Secretary of State, he visited it twice, and spent a large sum upon it. He was so annoyed by the French, however, that he at length relin quished the idea of a settlement there, and finally settled on the territory northward of the Potomac. Returning to England, he obtained a grant of it from Charles I., but, before the patent was com pleted, he died, in 1632. After his death, the patent was obtained in the name of his son Cecil. The country was called Maryland, in honor of Hen rietta Maria, the queen-consort of Charles the First. CALYERT, LEONARD, first governor of Maryland, was the brother of Cecil Calvert, the proprietor, who sent him to America, as the head of the colony, in 1633. He arrived at Point Comfort, in Virginia, in 1634. He afterward sailed up the Chesapeake, and entered the Potomac, up which he sailed until he reached an island, which he named St. Clement s. Here he formally took possession of the country ; and, having obtained an audience of the prince, he con vinced the natives that his designs were honorable ; and then, wishing a more suitable station for his settlement, he visited an Indian village, about four leagues from the mouth of the Potomac. Here, by means of presents to the prince and his chiefs, he succeeded in conciliating them, and obtained per mission to reside in one part of the town until the next harvest, when it was stipulated that the In dians should leave the place entirely. Having thus acquired peaceable possession of Maryland, he named the town St. Mary s, and the creek on which it was situated, St. George. The principles of the colony were religious toleration and security of property, and thus the Roman Catholic colony became a refuge for those who fled from the intol erance of the Puritans. Leonard Calvert acted as governor until the civil war in England, when Parliament appointed a new governor until the Restoration, at which time Cecil Calvert recovered his right. Leonard died in 1676. CALHOUN, JOHN C., one of the most eminent of American statesmen, was born in South Carolina in 1782. In 1811 he was elected to Congress, where he soon distinguished himself as an orator and debater. In 1817 he was made Secretary of War, under President Monroe ; in 1825 he .was elected Vice-president; and in 1831, a senator. In 1843 he was made Secretary of State, and again became senator in 1845. He died March 31st, 1850, having remained at Washington nearly the whole time since 1821 His speeches gained him an undying reputation for eloquence. His charac ter was noted for its nobleness and integrity. CARLETON, GUY, Lord Dorchester, a distin guished British officer, signalized himself at the siege of Quebec, in 1758. In 1772 he was made gov ernor of Quebec, and appointed major-general ; and, by his great exertions, saved Canada when its capi tal was besieged by Generals Arnold and Mont gomery. For this lie was knighted, and made lieu tenant-general. He next succeeded General Clinton as commander-in-chief in America, and, at the end of the war, was created a peer, and made governor of Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. He died in 1808. CARROLL, CHARLES, of Carrollton, was born in 1737, was of Irish descent, and inherited a large estate in Maryland. He was known as a strong advocate for liberty, and able political writer. In 1776 he was a delegate to Congress, and subscribed his name to the Declaration, of which he was the last surviving signer. After devoting himself to the councils of his native State, and serving as sen ator in Congress, he retired to private life in 1810, and passed his remaining days in illustrious repose. He died in 1832. C ARTIER, JAMES, a French navigator, who made important discoveries in Canada. Francis I., of France, sent Cartier out in 1534, to establish a col ony in Newfoundland. In this voyage he visited the greater part of the coast around the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and took possession of the country in BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 73 the name of the king. The next year he was again sent out; and, proceeding up the St. Lawrence, formed a settlement upon an island which he called Mont Real, now Montreal. Here, by means of the two natives whom Cartier, on his first visit, had induced to accompany him, he established friendly feelings with the Indian chiefs. Cartier and his followers were entertained with hospitality and kindness ; in return for which the chief was kid napped and taken to France, where he died. Then commenced, and justly so, the hostilities of the natives. Consequently, Cartier, on his return in 1541, was opposed by force on the part of the in dignant and outraged natives, and compelled to built a fort for his defense near the present site of Quebec. Determining to return home, he stopped on his way at St. John s, in Newfoundland, where he was ordered to return to Canada; but, not choosing to obey, he sailed away at night. He published mem oirs of Canada on his return from his second voyage. CARVER, Jornsr, first governor of Plymouth col ony, was a native of England, and one of Mr. Rob inson s congregation in Leyden. He came to Amer ica in the Mayflower, in 1620; was elected the first governor of the colony, in which capacity he acted with great prudence and satisfaction. He died suddenly-, April, 1621. In six weeks his wife fol lowed him in death. CLAY, HENRY, was born in Virginia, in 1777. His father dying when Henry was very young, left his family in poverty. His mother, a woman of high-toned morals and excellent judgment, always pointed her young family to the paths of honesty and virtue; but, from her straitened circumstances, was able to afford the youth no education except that of a log-cabin school-house; he, meanwhile, engaged in the toils of a plow-boy, shoeless and coatless, until he reached the age of fourteen, when he was placed in a store in Richmond, and in a year exchanged his situation for one in the office of the clerk of the High Court of Chancery. He soon commenced the study of law, and, almost immediately upon entering his profession, he acquired friends, and speedily rose to distinction. After serving as senator for a short time, he became Speaker of the lower House, and, in the winter of 181314, when Congress sent min isters to Ghent to treat with Great Britain, Mr. Clay was one of the number. On his return, he was elected to Congress, and served as Speaker for many years. In 1825 he was Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams. In 1832 he was a can didate for the Presidency, in opposition to General Jackson, but was defeated. In 1842 he resigned his seat in tlie Senate, and retired to private life. In 1844 he was the whig candidate for the Presi dency, in opposition to James K. Polk, the demo cratic nominee, by whom he was defeated. In 1848 he was again a candidate for the Presidential nomination, but General Taylor was the choice of the whigs, and was elected. In 1849 Mr. Clay was sent for the last time to the Senate, and lii.s public duties occupied him until his death, in 1852. He was noted for his zeal and eloquence, and great talents as a lawyer and statesman. CLINTON", HENEY, a general in the American war. He distinguished himself at Bunker Hill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took Charles ton in 1780, for which he was thanked by the House of Commons. He was made governor of Gibraltar in 1795, afterward member of Parliament, and died soon after. CLINTON, DE WITT, governor of New York, was born in 1769. He was elected to the Sen ate of New York in 1799; in 1802 was made a L 7 nited States Senator; in 1803 was chosen Mayor of the city of New York, and re-elected for several years. Under his auspices the City Hall and Or phan Asylum were founded, and the city fortified. He was afterward elected governor, and did much for education and internal improvement. In 1824 the Legislature, without any assigned reason, re moved him from his office as president of the Board of Canal Commissioners, which act of injustice aroused the indignation of the people, who elected him governor by an overwhelming majority. Dur ing his administration the Erie Canal, which we owe to his perseverance, was finished, and its com pletion celebrated throughout the State. He died at Albany in 1828. CODDINGTON, WILLIAM, one of the founders 10 74 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. of Rhode Island, was a native of England, and came to America in 1630. In 1638 lie removed to Rhode Island, and, by his influence, something like a regu lar plan of government was adopted, and he was chosen governor until the charter was obtained, and the island incorporated with the Providence plantations. In 1647 he assisted in forming the code of laws which has been the basis of the gov ernment of Rhode Island ever since, "tie declined the office of governor in 1648, but afterward ac cepted it in 1674 and 1675. Pie died in 1678. COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, the discoverer of the New World, was born in Genoa about 1435. He soon gave evidence of great talents for geogra phy, together with a strong inclination for the sea. He studied all the maps and charts he could pro cure, and made occasional voyages. His own re flections, together with facts which he learned from navigators, convinced him of the existence of un known lands, separated from Europe by the At lantic. He sought aid in vain from Genoa, Portu gal, and England ; and finally, through the instru mentality of Isabella, queen of Spain, he obtained three vessels for a voyage of discovery. He sailed from Palos, August 3d, 1492, bent on reaching India by a westerly course. He voyaged for two months without result, and his crew becoming mutinous and alarmed, in consequence of the varia tion of the needle, he promised that if three days brought no further signs of land, they would com mence their homeward voyage. On the third day they came in sight of the Bahamas, and afterward explored some other of the West India islands. He built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of his men there, and returned home, where he was warmly received. In his third voyage, in 1498, he saw the mainland of America, at the mouth of the Orinoco, for the first time. Having assumed the command of His paniola, complaints were made against him, and h was sent home in irons, an indignity which the great man bore with noble fortitude. Having ob tained an audience of his sovereign, he was partial ly reinstated, but soon found that full justice would never be awarded him. Notwithstanding this un worthy treatment, he made another voyage, which was attended with great disaster from storms and shipwreck, and two years after his return, he sunk under the burden of oppression and injustice. He died at Valladolid, in 1506. His body was con veyed to St. Domingo, and afterward to Havana. CORTEZ, FERNANDO, the conqueror of Mexico, was born in 1485. The conquest of Mexico being decided upon, Cortez obtained command of the ex pedition, and set sail in 1518 with ten vessels and 700 men. He was peaceably received in Mexico, but, having seized upon Montezuma, the native emperor, and treated the people with great inso lence, they resisted his encroachments. He be sieged the capital, and a dreadful slaughter was the result. Having reduced the city, he next conquered the whole territory, committing the most terrible atrocities. Spain rewarded him with wealth and rank, but the court of Madrid, jealous of his power, treated him with cold neglect. He died in 1554. CORNWALLIS, LORD CHARLES, was born in 1738, and entered the army at an early age. He was conspicuous in the American war, distinguish ing himself at the battle of Brandywine, at the siege of Charleston, and at Camden and Guilford. He was finally compelled to surrender to Washing ton at Yorktown, in Virginia, which put an end to the Revolution. He afterward served in India with great renown ; was afterward lord-lieutenant of Ireland and governor-general of India. He died in 1805. COTTON, JOHN, who has been called the patri arch of New England, was one of the most dis tinguished of the early ministers of the colony. During the government of Bishop Laud over the English Church, Cotton was cited before the High Commission Court for nonconformity, and, being obliged to flee, came to New England for a refuge. He remained in Boston, connected with the church there, for nineteen years, and died in 1652. DAVENPORT, JOHN, first minister of New Ha ven. He came to America in consequence of the persecution which he suffered as a Nonconformist. After his arrival, he, with a company of followers, left Boston to found a new colony, which they did at New Haven, where he was minister nearly thirty years. He died in 1670. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 75 DEARBORN, HENRY, a distinguished general in the Revolution, who arrived at Cambridge, the day after the battle of Lexington, with sixty volunteers. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill; accompanied Arnold to Quebec ; was major in the arm} 1 under Gates at Burgoyne s defeat; distinguished himself for his bravery at Monmouth; and was present at Yorktown, at the surrender of Oornwallis. In 1801 he was appointed Secretary of War; in 1812 re ceived a commission as senior major-general ; and in 1813 captured York in Upper Canada, and Fort George at the mouth of the Niagara. He was min ister to Portugal in 1822, but was recalled at his own request. He died in 1829. DECATUR, STEPHEN, Commodore, was born in Maryland, in 1779. He entered the American navy at the age of nineteen, sailed three times to the Med iterranean, under Commodores Dale, Morris, and Preble, and arrived there the third time soon after the frigate Philadelphia had fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans. He formed the daring idea of recap turing or destroying her, and succeeded in boarding her, overpowering her crew and setting tire to her, when he returned to his vessel, and, favored by the wind, was soon out of reach of the enemy s guns. For this exploit he was made post-captain. In another attack on Tripoli, he, by his invincible bravery, captured two of the enemy s gun- boats, and carried them off as prizes. On his return to the United States, he was ordered to supersede Commodore Barren in command of the Chesapeake. Afterward, with the frigate United States, he cap tured the British ship Macedonian, one of the finest frigates in the British navy, after an action of an hour and a half. Being appointed to the frigate President, lie attempted to get to sea, but his vessel was captured by three others. After the conclusion of the war with England, lie was again sent to the Mediterranean, and at length compelled the Al- gerine government to sign a treaty most humiliating to themselves, and honorable to the United States. He also obtained redress from Tunis and Tripoli. He was killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, March 22<1, 1820. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, an eminent philosopher, politician, and statesman, was born at Boston, in 1706. His father was a tallow-chandler, and Ben jamin was apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer and publisher of a Boston newspaper. Here his natural love for reading was indulged, and the newspaper afforded an opportunity for the gratifi cation of his literary inclinations. His brother be ing imprisoned, and the paper stopped on account of some offensive political articles, young Benjamin was made the ostensible editor, and his indentures canceled ; and, after the release of his brother, he took advantage of this act to escape from what he considered too rigorous treatment, lie therefore embarked secretly for New York, and, finding no employment there, proceeded to Philadelphia, where he arrived on foot, with a penn3 r roll in his hand and one dollar in his purse. Here he became a compositor, and, having attracted the notice of Sir William Keith, governor of Pennsylvania, he was induced by him to visit England, for the purpose of purchasing types to establish himself in business. Upon his arrival in London, he found himself de ceived in his promised letters of recommendation from Governor Keith, and was again obliged to go to work as a compositor. Here he became a convert to deistical opinions. In 1726 he returned to Phil adelphia, where he soon commenced business as a printer. In 1728 he established a newspaper, and in 1732 published "Poor Richard s Almanac," rioted for its wise maxims of industry and economy. He was afterward made postmaster of Philadelphia. Some time afterward he commenced his electrical experiments, and discovered the identity of the electric fire and lightning, and applied his knowl edge to the invention of iron conductors, to protect buildings from its evil effects. In 1747 he was chosen a member of the General Assembly, and, through his influence, a militia bill was passed, and Franklin was appointed colonel of the Philadelphia regiment. In 1757 he was sent to England as agent for Pennsylvania, and was honored by being chosen Fellow of the Royal Society, and by the de gree of LL. D. from the universities of St. An drew s, Edinburgh, and Oxford. He returned to America, and, two years later, again visited Eng land in the same capacity of agent, and was there examined by the House of Commons concerning the Stamp Act, In 1775 he returned home, and was chosen a delegate to Congress. He took a promi- MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. nent part in the Revolution, and was sent to France to negotiate a treaty, which caused a war between that country and England. In 1783 lie signed the treaty of peace, returned to America in 1785, was chosen president of the Supreme Council of Penn sylvania, and, in 1787, was a delegate to the conven tion which formed the Constitution of the United States. He died in 1790, leaving numerous scien tific, philosophical, and political works. FULTON, ROBERT, a celebrated American engi neer, and a native of Pennsylvania, lie went to England, and studied painting under his distin guished countryman, West, and made painting his chief employment for some time. He afterward adopted the profession of a civil engineer. In 1796 he published a treatise on "Inland Navigation," went to Paris in 1797, and remained there for seven years, closely applying himself to study. There, in 1800, he projected the first panorama ever ex hibited, and matured the plan for his submarine boat, or torpedo. Returning to America in 1806, he in 1807, in conjunction with Mr. Livingston, built the first steamboat, which navigated the Hud son at the rate of five miles an hour. He after ward built two steam ferry-boats for crossing the Hudson, and obtained a patent for a submarine battery. In 1814 the United States government appropriated $320,000 for constructing a steam ves sel of war, and appointed him the engineer. In about four months it was launched, and christened "Fulton the First." He was employed in improv ing his submarine boat, when he died suddenly in 1815. He was the first who applied water-wheels to the purpose of steam navigation ; but, though he claimed the invention, he certainly was not the real inventor, that credit being due to John Fitch. GAGE, THOMAS, the last governor of Massachu setts appointed by England, first came to America as a lieutenant under Braddock, and was present when that general received his mortal wound. He was governor of Montreal in 1760, and in 1763 suc ceeded General Amherst as commander-in-chief of the British forces in America. In 1774 he became governor of Massachusetts, and soon commenced that series of oppressive and unjust acts which hastened the Revolution. It was by his order that the detachment was sent to Concord, for the pur pose of seizing the military stores, which encoun tered the Americans at Lexington, and thus com menced the Revolutionary war. In 1775 the pro vincial Congress declared him an enemy to the colony, and, returning to England soon after, he died there in 1787. GAINES, EDMUND P., a general of the American army, was born in Virginia in 1777, joined the army in 1799, and for twelve years was engaged in frontier duty ; and, in the performance of his func tions, was instrumental in the arrest of Colonel Burr. lie was active in the war of 1812, and was promoted from one degree to another until he reached the rank of major-general. The govern ment honored him with a vote of thanks, and authorized the President to present him with a gold medal, while the States of New York, Vir ginia, and Tennessee each awarded him resolutions of thanks, together with a gold-hilted sword. He was afterward engaged in the Creek war, under Jackson, and for a time in the Seminole war. At the commencement of the Mexican war he called out a large number of the southern militia, without awaiting orders from Washington, for which he was tried by a court-martial, but not censured. He died in New Orleans, June G, 1849. GATES, HORATIO, a major-general during the Revolution, was born in England, served in the British army during the old French war, and at its conclusion purchased an estate in Virginia, where he resided until the commencement of the Revolu tion, when Congress appointed him adjutant-gen eral. He captured Burgoyne at Saratoga, for which signal service he was tendered a vote of thanks, besides receiving a gold medal from the President. He was, however, unfortunate in his southern cam paign, being defeated by Cornwallis at Camden. He was superseded by General Greene, but was afterward restored to his command. He died in 1806. GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY, an able navigator, was a native of England ; followed the military profes sion, and was knighted for his services. He took possession of Newfoundland, in the name of Queen BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 77 Elizabeth, but was unable to form a colony. On his return from Newfoundland, in 1584, his ship foundered, and every soul on board perished. GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW, a daring English mariner, sailed from Falmouth for America in 1602. He was the first Englishman who came directly across the ocean, without taking the West Indies in his course. He discovered a cape, which, from the great number of cod he caught there, he named Cape Cod. He soon afterward saw and named the island called Martha s Vineyard, now supposed to be the smaller island called No Man s Land. He resided three weeks on the most western of the Elizabeth islands, where he built a fort and store house. His provisions not being sufficient, he aban doned the idea of making a settlement, and re turned home. The cellar of his storehouse was discovered by Dr. Belknap, in 1797, After his return to England, he embarked for Virginia, where lie was a member of the council, and died in 1607. GR ASSE, FRANCOIS JOSEPH: PAUL, COUNT DE, was born in 1723, and, in the war between England and America, was the ally of the Americans. His great abilities and zeal in our behalf gained him universal confidence, and the co-operative measures concerted between Generals Washington, Rocham- beau, and himself, resulted in the defeat of Corn- wallis, and virtually concluded the war. Congress rendered him a vote of thanks for his great services, and also presented him with four pieces of cannon, taken from the British at Yorktown, u in testimony of the inestimable services rendered by him on that day. 71 He died in 1788. GREENE, NATHANIEL, a major-general during the Revolution, llis parents were Quakers, and he obeyed the tenets of their religion until the battle of Lexington, when he joined the army, with the title of brigadier-general. He was appointed major- general in 1776, and obtained great distinction at Trenton and Princeton, In 1780 he was appointed to the command of the southern department, where, although he won the battle of Cowpens, he met with a succession of misfortunes. After several defeats, he was obliged to retreat to the extremity of the State, but he was still firmly resolved to recover South Carolina; and, waiting his opportu nity, finally won the highest distinction at the bat tle of Eutaw Springs; for which service he was presented with a gold medal, and a British stand ard. He struggled with great difficulties, on ac count of the want of supplies for his troops, and his firmness and decision alone prevented a mutiny among them. He died in 1786. HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, was born in 1757. He entered the American army at an early age, and, by the time he was twenty, Washington had made him his aid-de-camp, with the rank of lieu tenant-colonel. From this time lie was the insepa rable companion of Washington, and was always consulted by him on important matters. After the war he became a lawyer, was elected to Congress, and in 1789 was appointed Secretary of the Treas ury ; and, during his continuance in office, raised the public credit from the lowest depths of depres sion to an unprecedented height. On the death of Washington he succeeded to the chief command of the army, and, when it was disbanded, returned to the study of law, continually increasing in reputa tion, until 1804, when he was challenged by Colonel Burr, and fell mortally wounded at the first fire. His name has always been held in the greatest esteem, while that of Burr is justly execrated. HANCOCK, JOHN, was born in 1737, and was distinguished for his zeal in the cause of America. In 1774 he was president of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, and took so prominent a part against the injustice of Great Britain that General Gage, in his proclamation offering pardon to all rebels who would return to their allegiance, except- ed John Hancock and Samuel Adams ; considering their oftences so great as to merit capital punish ment. He was then president of the Continental Congress, and, in that capacity, was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. He was afterward governor of Massachusetts, and died in 1793, noted, not only for his inflexible patriotism, but for his generous munificence and hospitality. HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY, the ninth Presi- MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. dent of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 1773, and abandoned the medical profession to join the army in its contests with the Indians on the northwestern frontier. In 1811 he gained the celebrated victory of Tippecanoe ; and, during the war with Great Britain, was appointed commander of the northwestern army of the United States. He was afterward a member of Congress, and min ister to the republic of Columbia. On his return, he quietly retired to his residence near Cincinnati, where he lived until 1840, when he was elected President. 115s death occurred but one month after his inauguration, and caused a profound sensation of regret throughout the country. HARVARD, JOHN, was a Nonconformist divine, who came from England to America, and died at Charleston in 1638, soon after his arrival. He is deserving of commemoration as the founder of Harvard College. HENRY, PATRICK, governor of Virginia, was born in 1736, and took a most decided stand against the tyranny of Great Britain. When a member of the Assembly of Virginia, he was the first to commence an opposition to the measures of the English gov ernment. He distinguished himself, when a dele gate to the Congress of 1774, by his boldness and eloquence. In 1776 he was appointed first governor of Virginia; and in 1778, while a member of the convention which met in Virginia to consider the Constitution of the United States, he strenuously ) opposed its adoption. He afterward declined the ) office of Secretary of State, and died in 1799. His ^ name will always be esteemed as that of one of the ( greatest orators and most distinguished patriots of our country. HOWE, LOED RICHARD, a celebrated English admiral, born in 1725. During the Revolutionary war he had the command of vessels on the Ameri can coast, and acted in opposition to the French admiral D Estning. In 1782 he effected the relief of Gibraltar, in spite of the combined fleets of France and Spain. He was afterward made first lord of the admiralty, and, in 1794, obtained a most decisive and important victory over the French fleet. He died in 1799. HOWE, SIR WILLIAM, General, brother of the preceding, and the successor of General Gage in command of the British forces in America, arrived in 1775, accompanied by Burgoyne. He command ed at Bunker Hill, evacuated Boston in the follow ing spring, and took possession of New York in September, 1776, having defeated the Americans on Long Island, lie entered Philadelphia in 1777, and defeated the Americans at Germantown soon afterward. In 1778 he was succeeded by Clinton, and died in 1814. HOWE, ROBERT, major-general in the American Revolutionary war, was born in North Carolina about 1732. Although connectetl with the noble family of Howe in England, whom he visited in early life, his attachment to his country was una bated, and, at the commencement of the Revolution, he joined the Americans with great zeal. He was commander of the southern department, bnt labored under many and severe disadvantages, which ren dered nearly all his ei?orts unsuccessful. He was succeeded in command by General Lincoln, bat was afterward intrusted by Washington with various important offices, and won distinction in several actions. He died in 1785. HUDSON, HENRY, an eminent navigator, who, after making three voyages to find a northeast or northwest passage to China, in the second of which he discovered the noble river Hudson, sailed again for the fourth time, and, proceeding westward, reached the strait called after him, through which he advanced until it led him to the vast bay which also bears his name. Here, the simply of pro visions having failed, his sailors became mutinous, and set him adrift, together with his son and seven infirm sailors, in 1610. The little company was never again heard of. HULL, WILLIAM, General, was an officer in the American Revolution. At the commencement of the war of 1812, he was appointed to the command of the northwestern army, and surrendered at De troit to the British general, Brock. A court-martial was ordered to try him on several charges, and, in 1814, he was sentenced to be shot; but, on account of his Revolutionary services and his age, he was BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. recommended to mercy, and the President remitted the execution of his sentence. It is but justice to add, that he was blamed far more than he deserved, and that he was more unfortunate than guilty. He died in 1825. HUTCHINSON, ANN, a woman who caused much trouble during the early settlement of New England, by pretending to enjoy immediate revela tions, and thereby arousing a strong, but pernicious, religious enthusiasm. She caused great dissensions among the churches, and, in 1637, her errors were condemned by an ecclesiastical synod. She was soon after banished from the colony, and, in 1G43, she and the most of her family, were captured and killed by the Indians. JACKSON, AXDIIEW, the seventh President of the United States, was born in South Carolina, in 1707. At an early age he took part in the struggle for liberty, after which he studied law, and was subsequently appointed to some high legal offices in Tennessee. At the commencement of the war of 1812, he entered vigorously into measures of resist ance and defense; in 1814 he was appointed major- general; and in 1815, at New Orleans, achieved that signal victory over the British forces which raised him to the very highest point of popularity, and which has ever since been annually commemo rated. He was successful in prosecuting the Semi- nole war, and gained, by his bravery and eminent services, such golden opinions with his countrymen that he was twice elected President. lie was noted for his great firmness and decision of character, which enabled him to fully carry out his principles, notwithstanding the violent opposition which he encountered, especially in financial matters. He died in 1845. JEFFERSON, THOMAS, third President of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 1743. He was a member of Congress in 1775, and took a very decided part againct British oppression. The Dec laration of Independence was drawn up by him exclusively, although alterations and amendments were afterward made by others. He was governor of Virginia, minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice-president under John Adams, and finally Pres ident for eight years. He then retired to private life, and died July 4th, 182G. He was an acute politician, remarkable for his eloquence and great persuasive powers. JONES, JOHN PAUL, a Scotchman, born in 1736. He settled in America, and, in 1775 obtained the command of a ship, under Commodore Hopkins, and distinguished himself in several engagements, for which he received his commission as captain of the marine. Being ordered to France, he conceived the design of effecting a descent on the northern coast of Great Britain, which he did at Whitehaven and on the estate of the Earl of Selkirk, in Scot land. He next took the Drake, sloop-of-war, with which he sailed to Brest. In 1779, in a desperate engagement off Flamborough Head, he captured the British ship-of-war Serapis, of far superior force. The King of France presented him with a gold- hilted sword, and, on his return home, Congress voted him a gold medal. After the conclusion of the war, he was invited to join the Russian service, with the rank of rear-admiral; but, after serving a short time in the Black Sea, he became dissatisfied, was calumniated at court, and received permission from the Empress to retire. He returned to Paris, where he died in poverty, in 1792. KOSCIUSKO, TITADDKUS, a Polish general and patriot, was a native of Lithuania. When the American colonies commenced the struggle for lib erty he entered the army, and was made a colonel of engineers and aid-de-camp to Washington. lie fortified the camp of General Gates, in the cam paign against Burgoyne, and afterward erected the works at West Point. He was highly esteemed by both American and French officers, and received the thanks of Congress for his services. At the close of the Revolution, he returned to Poland, and took a prominent part in the struggles of 1792 and 1794. He was wounded and taken prisoner by the Russians, and kept in confinement until the death of the Empress Catharine, when he was liberated by the Emperor Paul, and loaded with honors. He revisited America in 1797, and died in Switzer land, in 1817. The cadets at AVest Point raised an elegant monument to his memory, within the works which he erected. 80 MONTEITII S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. LAFAYETTE, GILBERT MOTTIER, MARQUIS DE, was born in France, in 1757. Although he was wealthy, of high rank, and had powerful connections at court, he came, in 1777, to join the American army, and, soon after his arrival, was appointed major-general. He raised and equipped a body of men at his own expense; fought as a volunteer at the battle of Brandy wine; and, subsequently, at that of Monmouth ; and commanded Washington s vanguard at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. At the restoration of peace he returned to France, and assisted in the revolution in that country, in the vain hope of obtaining liberty for his fellow-coun trymen, without plunging them into anarchy. Al though he was, at first, very popular, yet such was the fickleness and ingratitude of the multitude that he was afterward burnt in effigy, and accused of treason against the State; and, notwithstanding his devotion to the cause of liberty, he was obliged to become an exile, in order to preserve his life. lie thus fell into the hands of the Austrians, who im prisoned him at Olmutz, for five years, where he would undoubtedly have died, had it not been for the triumphs of Napoleon in Italy ; when, at the special demand of the great conqueror, he was re leased. The rest of his life was by no* means ex empt from disappointment, and but very few of his enthusiastic hopes for the good of his beloved country were ever realized, lie visited America in 1824, and was received with a perfect ovation from the whole country. He retired to domestic life, and died in 1834, universally regretted as one of the founders of our liberty. LAWRENCE, JAMES, a distinguished naval com mander, was a native of New Jersey. He accom panied Decatur, in the Tripolitan war, in the dan gerous exploit of destroying the frigate Philadelphia, and remained several years in the Mediterranean. In 1813, while cruising off the capes of the Dela ware in the Hornet, he encountered the British brig Peacock, and captured it in fifteen minutes, lie was afterward raised to the rank of post-cap tain, and intrusted with the command of the frigate Chesapeake. While in Boston Roads, nearly ready for sea, the British frigate Shannon appeared off the harbor, making signals expressive of a chal lenge. Captain Lawrence accepted it, and put to sea, the Shannon bearing away until the Chesapeake hauled up and fired a gun. Soon after the action commenced Captain Lawrence was wounded in the leg, and soon received a mortal wound. Being carried below, he cried out to his men, "Don t give up the ship." After an action of eleven minutes, the Chesapeake was captured. Captain Law r reiice died shortly of his wounds, and was honorably buried at Halifax. The result of the action was what might have been anticipated, for the crew of the Chesapeake were almost in a state of mutiny, and Captain Lawrence took counsel of his courage, rather than his prudence. LEE, CHARLES, a major-general in the American Revolutionary army, was a native of England, and entered the military profession at an early age. In 1775 he received a commission from Congress, with the rank of major-general, and in 1776 received the command of New York, and afterw r ard that of the southern department, w^here he obtained merited distinction. In December, 1776, he was taken prisoner by the British, and retained until the sur render of Burgoyne. The battle of Monmouth ter minated his military career, having acted during the engagement in a very disobedient and disre spectful manner toward the commander-in-chief, for which Washington reprimanded him severely. Enraged at the indignity which he imagined himself to have received, he wrote to Washington, chal lenging him to a duel. For this, as well as disobe dience to orders, and misbehavior before the enemy, he was cited before a court-martial, and suspended from holding any commission in the United States army for the space of one year. He retired to a hovel in Virginia, where he lived in entire seclu sion, surrounded by his books and dogs. He died at Philadelphia, in 1782. LEE, HEXRY, governor of Virginia, and a distin guished officer in the Revolution, was born in 1756. At the battle of Germantown, Lee, with his com pany, formed Washington s body-guard. He was afterward sent to the South, where he remained, under General Greene, until the close of the war, distinguishing himself at the battles of Guilford and Eutaw Springs. lie was afterward a member of Congress, and governor of Virginia, lledied in 1818. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 81 LEE, RICHARD HEXRY, an eminent American patriot, was born in 1732. He had the honor of originating the first resistance to British oppres sion, at the enaction of the Stamp Act, in 1765 ; was a member of the first Congress, in 1774; and in June, 1776, he introduced the resolution declar ing the colonies free and independent States, and supported it by a most brilliant speech. The second eloquent address to the people of Great Britain was drawn up by him as chairman of the committee. He was afterward president of Congress, a member of the Virginia Assembly, and of the convention which adopted the present Constitution ; and one of the first senators under it. He retired to private life, and died in 1794. LINCOLN, BENJAMIN, an eminent American Revolutionary general, was born in Massachusetts, and in 1775 was made lieutenant-colonel of militia. At General Washington s recommendation, he was appointed major-general in the continental army. In 1777 Lincoln was dispatched to the northern army, under Gates, to assist in opposing Burgoyne. Having been seriously wounded in the leg, he was conveyed to his residence at Hingham, but soon after was appointed by Congress to conduct the war in the South. The British general, Prevost, having fortified himself in Savannah, an expedition was planned against that city, in conjunction with the fleet under Count D Estaing. The attack was bold but unfortunate, and General Lincoln returned to Charleston, where he importuned Congress in vain for proper means of defense ; and was obliged, after enduring a constant cannonade of a month, to capitulate to Sir Henry Clinton, whose forces were far superior to his own. This unfortunate affair did not, however, affect his reputation among his countrymen. In 1781, Lincoln performed a very efficient part at Yorktown, and to him was allotted the duty of receiving the submission, and directing the distribution of the conquered troops. He was afterward made Secretary of War, Lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, and collector of the port of Boston. He died in 1810. LIVINGSTON", PHILIP, a signer of the Declara tion, and eminent patriot. He was eminent among the merchants of New York, and, by his superior abilities and education, was soon at their head. In the Legislature, at Albany, he directed attention to the great interests of commerce, New York then being behind Philadelphia in her exports and im ports. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and not only signed, but strenuously advocated the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the Senate of New York, and was elected to Congress under the new State constitution. He died in 1778. LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R., chancellor of the State of New York, studied law, and was appointed recorder of the city, which office he resigned at the commencement of the Revolution. He was a member of Congress in 1776, and was on the com mittee to draw up the Declaration. He was ap pointed Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1781, and matters at home were also partly submitted to him. On his resignation, in 1783, he received the thanks of Congress. He was afterward minister-plenipo tentiary to France, and, assisted by Mr. Monroe, purchased Louisiana for $15,000,000. He resigned his office, and traveled through Europe, returning to America in 1805. He was instrumental in the introduction of steam-navigation into the United States, through his intimacy with Robert Fulton, whom he assisted by his advice and money. He also introduced the merino sheep, and the use of gypsum. He died in 1813. LIVINGSTON, EDWARD, a most eminent lawyer, born in 1764. He removed to Louisiana, shortly after the purchase of that State, and was there ap pointed to revise the whole system of jurisprudence. This he did in such a manner as gained him an exalted reputation, not only in America, but in Europe. He was afterward Secretary of State and minister to France. He died in 1836. MACDONOUGH, THOMAS, Commodore, was a native of Delaware, and served as a midshipman in the American fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In 1814 he obtained a splendid victory over the British, on Lake Champlain, for which service the State of New York gave him 1000 acres of land on the bay in which the battle was fought. He died in 1825. 11 82 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. MACOMB, ALEXANDER, a major-general in the United States arm} 7 , was born in 1782. During the war of 1812 he was appointed colonel, and distin guished himself at Niagara and Fort George. He was made brigadier-general in 1814, and command ed at the battle of Plattsburg, where he obtained a signal victory, in connection with Macdonough. This great service won him the title of major- general, and the universal applause of the country. In 1835 he succeeded to the office of commander- in-cliief of the army, which he retained until his death, in 1841. MADISON, JAMES, fourth President of the Uni ted States, was born in Virginia, in 1751, and studied law in his native State. In 1776 he was a member of the convention which framed the con stitution of Virginia; was a delegate to the Con tinental Congress in 1780; and afterward to the convention which formed the Constitution of the United States, in which he took an important part. He remained in Congress until the close of Wash ington s administration, and, on Jefferson s acces sion to the Presidency, was appointed Secretary of State, which office he held eight years, when he was elected President. The declaration of war against Great Britain, in 1812, was the most im portant measure of his administration. After serv ing two terms, he retired to his residence at Mont- pelier, and died in 1836. MARION, FRANCIS, a distinguished officer in the Revolutionary war, was a native of South Carolina. At the commencement of the war between the colonies and England, he commanded a company in his native State. In 1776 he co-operated bravely at the siege of Fort Moultrie, and acted as lieuten ant-colonel commandant of a regiment at the siege of Charleston. He was afterward brigadier-general of the militia of South Carolina, and was an inde fatigable partisan. Many characteristic anecdotes are related of his exploits in this capacity ; and, be- sides his distinction in partisan warfare, he acquired great reputation in besieging the captured posts held by the enemy. At Georgetown, Fort Watson, Fort Mosto, Granby, Parker s Ferry, and Eutaw, he highly distinguished himself. He died in 1795, leaving a high personal, as well as military character. MERCER, HUGH, Brigadier-general, was a native of Scotland, emigrated to America, and settled in Virginia. He served with Washington in the war against the French and Indians, and was held by him in high esteem. He was with Braddock in 1755, was wounded in the action at Fort Du Quesne, and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner by the Indians. He then traveled alone through a wilder ness one hundred miles in extent, when he arrived at Fort Cumberland. At the commencement of the Revolution he abandoned his extensive medical practice, and entered the army. He was distin guished at the battle of Trenton, and at Princeton commanded the van of the Americans. While exerting himself to the utmost, his horse was killed under him, and some British soldiers instantly surrounded him, refusing him quarter, stabbing him with their bayonets, and beating his head with the but-end of their muskets, until they left him for dead. He lingered, however, about a fortnight, and died January 19th, 1777. MIFFLIN, THOMAS, a Revolutionary patriot, was born in 1744. He was a member of the first Con gress, and, when the news of the battle of Lexing ton arrived, he roused his fellow-citizens to take up arms, and repaired to Boston, with the rank of major, where he was distinguished for his coolness and bravery. He was afterward appointed quarter master-general, subsequently brigadier-general, and major-general. In 1783 he was elected to Con gress, and presided over that body ; in 1788, suc ceeded Franklin as president of the Supreme Exec utive Council of Pennsylvania ; and was afterward governor of the State. He commanded the troops during the Whisky Insurrection, and died January 21st, 1800. MONROE, JA&ES, fifth President of the United States, was born in Virginia, in 1759, entered the Revolutionary army in 1776, was at the battles of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Trenton; at Brandy wine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as aid to Lord Stirling. After being a member of the Assembly of Virginia, he was elected to Congress in 1783; in 1790, was chosen senator; in 1794, went as minister -plenipotentiary to France; and in 1799 was appointed governor of Virginia. In 1803 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 83 he was appointed minister-extraordinary to France, in the same year minister to London, and, in the next, minister to Spain. In 1811 he was made Secretary of State, and continued in that office until 1817, when he was elected President; and in 1821 was re-elected almost unanimously. He died July 4th, 1831. MONTGOMERY, RICHAKD, a native of Ireland, who settled in the State of New York previous to the Revolution. He had served under Wolfe at the taking of Quebec, and had earned a deservedly high military reputation. Taking a decided part with the colonies against the mother-country, he was, in 1775, appointed to the command of the northern department of the continental army, in conjunction with General Schuyler, who was com pelled by sickness to remain inactive, so that the whole command devolved upon Montgomery. He captured Fort Charnbly, St. John s, and Mon treal, and proceeded to besiege Quebec. The siege commenced in December, and, on the last day of the month, he attempted to carry the place by storm, but, in the attempt, he and two of his aids were killed, and the enterprize, of course, aban doned. A monument was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul s Church, New York ; and in 1818 his remains were brought from Canada and deposited there, with the highest honors. MORGAN, DANIEL, a distinguished officer in the American Revolution, was a native of New Jersey. He was a private soldier in Braddock s expedition, and, at the commencement of the Revolution, was appointed to the command of a troop of horse, and joined the army under Washington. He distin guished himself greatly in the expedition against Quebec, was taken captive, and retained until the exchange of prisoners. He was afterward sent to assist Gates in the capture of Burgoyne, and de feated Tarleton at the battle of Cowpens. He commanded the militia of Virginia in the suppres sion of the Pennsylvania Whisky Insurrection; was elected to Congress, and died in 1802. MORRIS, ROBEKT, a celebrated financier, was a native of England, came to America at an early age, and subsequently established himself as a mer chant, in Philadelphia. In 1775 he was a delegate to Congress, and signed the Declaration in 1776. In 1781 he obtained the control of the public finances, and rendered incalculable service by de voting his entire wealth to his country s service, at a time when its fortunes were at the lowest ebb. He was afterward a senator in Congress. In his old age he lost his large fortune by unfortunate speculations ; and, to the lasting shame of the coun try who owed its liberty in part to his exertions, he was permitted to spend his last years in impris onment for debt. He died in 1806. MOULTRIE, WILLIAM, a major-general in the Revolutionary army, was born in England, but emigrated to South Carolina at an early age. He served with distinction in the Cherokee war, and, at the beginning of the Revolution, was a member of the Provincial Congress, and colonel of a regi ment. For his brave defense of Sullivan s Island he received the thanks of Congress, and the fort was afterward called by his name. In 1779 he defeated the British at Beaufort; was afterward appointed major-general, and was second in com mand to General Lincoln at the siege of Charleston. After the close of the war he was repeatedly chosen governor of South Carolina. He died in 1805. OGLETHORPE, JAMES, an Englishman, who was appointed trustee of the colony of Georgia in 1732. He founded the town of Savannah, negotiated treaties with the Indians, and in 1742 successfully defended the infant colony from a powerful force sent against it by Spain. He died in 1785. PENN, WILLIAM, the founder and legislator of Pennsylvania, was born in London, in 1644. Hav ing imbibed the principles of Quakerism, he began to preach in public, and to write in defense of the doctrines which he had embraced. For this he was thrice imprisoned, and once brought to trial. In 1677 he visited Holland and Germany to propa gate Quakerism. Soon after his return to England, Charles II. granted him that territory now called Pennsylvania, in consideration of the services of his father, Admiral Penn, and for a debt due to him from the crown. In 1682 he embarked for America, and, during the next year founded Phila- 84 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. delphia. His principles were those of religious toleration, justice, and kindness, especially toward the Indians, who regarded him with reverent affec tion. He returned to England in 1684, but visited his province again in 1699, remaining there until 1701. He died in 1718. His character was most exemplary ; and he was regarded, both by the col onists and natives, in the light of a kind and judi cious parent. PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD, an eminent American naval officer, was born in Rhode Island, in 1785. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, and served in the Mediterranean during the war with Tripoli ; and was only prevented by his extreme youth from even then acquiring renown. In the war of 1812 he achieved a splendid victory over a superior British force on Lake Erie, which exploit has secured his name a permanent place in the history of his country. For this great service he was raised to the rank of captain. He commanded the Java in the expedition to the Mediterranean, under Commodore Decatur. He afterward sailed to the West Indies, where he died of yellow fever, in 1820. PHILIP, the sachem of Pokanoket, known as King Philip, conceived a terrible plan for the utter extermination of the whites in 1675. The Indians throughout the whole colonies were prepared to take sudden and complete vengeance on the usurp ers of their rights, but the whites fortunately re ceived intimation of the intended attack. The war, however, began, and the colonists suffered much from the ferocity of the savages until 1676, when Philip was killed by a party commanded by Cap tain Church. PITT, WILLIAM, Earl of Chatham, a celebrated English statesman, whose fame is unsurpassed in the annals of eloquence. He strenuously opposed the oppressive measures of Great Britain toward her American colonies, and some of his finest speeches were made in our behalf. On one of these occasions, after the Duke of Richmond had replied to his arguments in favor of conciliation, he rose to answer his opponent, but his strength was inad equate to the attempt, and he fell in a fit, in the arms of those around him. He died shortly after ward, in May, 1778. PIZARRO, FRANCIS, the conqueror of Peru, was born at Truxillo, in 1475. In 1524, in conjunction with Almagro, he discovered Peru, and obtained the government of the new country from Charles V. He achieved the conquest of Peru by force and fraud, using means, and perpetrating atrocities, worse than barbarous. A contest having arisen between Pizarro arid Almagro, the latter was de feated and executed ; but his death was revenged by his son and friends, who assassinated Pizarro in his palace at Lima, in 1541. POCAHONTAS, daughter of the Indian chief, Powhatan. She is greatly celebrated in the early history of Virginia as having saved the life of Cap tain John Smith, when about to be put to death, at the risk of her own. She rendered the whites great service, by disclosing the plots of the savages, and protecting them from the effects of her father s animosity. She afterward married John Rolfe, an Englishman, who took her with him to England, where her society was sought after by those of the highest rank. She died at Gravesend, when about to return to Virginia, at the early age of 22, leav ing one son, many of whose descendants still reside in Virginia. POLK, JAMES KNOX, eleventh President of the United States, was born in North Carolina, in 1795. He was a member of the bar in Tennessee, and soon took a high rank among his colleagues. In 1825 he was chosen to Congress; was afterward governor of Tennessee; and in 1844 was elected President. During his administration Texas was annexed, and the war with Mexico successfully terminated. He died soon after the close of the Presidential term, in 1849. POWHATAN", a famous Indian sachem of Vir ginia, noted for his artful policy. He was averse to the English until the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe, after which he remained faithful to them. He died in 1618. PREBLE, EDWARD, a distinguished American BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 85 naval officer, was born in 1761, and entered the navy as midshipman in 1779. During the Revo lution he captured a British vessel at Penobscot. In 1803 he commanded a fleet sent against the Barbary powers, and settled the difficulties with them on the most favorable terms. He died in 1807. PULASKI, COUNT, a celebrated soldier, was a native of Poland, and made brave, though fruitless, efforts to restore his country to independence. He came to the United States during the Revolution, was appointed brigadier-general, and was mortally wounded at the attack on Savannah, in 1779. Con gress voted to erect a monument to his memory. PUTNAM, ISRAEL, an officer in the American Revolution, was born in Massachusetts, in 1718. He was a farmer in Connecticut, and afterward engaged in the French war, in which he was taken prisoner, and suffered terrible tortures. At the commencement of the Revolution he joined the army, was appointed major-general, and distin guished himself at Bunker Hill. He held an im portant command during the whole war, and was noted for his great firmness and indomitable will. His last military service was that of superintending the erection of the works at West Point, by the direction of Washington. He was afflicted with a paralytic stroke in 1779, which destroyed his activ ity, and compelled him to pass the remainder of his life in retirement. He died in 1790. RALEIGH, SIR WALTER, an illustrious English navigator and historian, was born in Devonshire, in 1552. He discovered Virginia, which he named for his virgin queen, Elizabeth. He defeated the Spanish Armada, and lived in prosperity until the death of the queen, when he was cruelly treated by King James, unjustly accused of high treason, tried, and condemned to die. Being reprieved, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, and, during a long term of years, solaced himself by writing ; and, among other works, composed his " History of the World." He afterward received a commis sion from the king to explore the gold mines in Guiana, but the expedition was a failure, being defeated by the Spaniards. Raleigh returned to England, was received coldly, and, as no blame could be attached to his conduct in Guiana, he was arrested, and his execution ordered, on his former attainder; and he was finally beheaded in 1618. His whole life was one of service to his country, and his treatment by the king was most grossly unjust and cruel. ROCHAMBEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE DONATIEN DE VIMEUE, COUNT DE, marshal of France, was born at Vendome, in 1725, and entered the army in 1741. In 1780 he was sent, with 6000 men, to the assist ance of the Americans. Having disembarked in Rhode Island, he acted in concert with Washing ton, first against Clinton in New York, and then against Cornwallis, rendering important services at Yorktown, which were rewarded by his promotion to the rank of marshal. During Robespierre s reign of terror, he was arrested, and narrowly escaped death. He was afterward presented to Bonaparte, who granted him a pension and the cross of grand officer of the Legion of Honor. He died in 1807. SCHUYLER, PHILIP, major-general in the Amer ican army, was appointed to that office in 1775, and sent to the fortifications in northern New York to prepare for the invasion of Canada. He afterward fell under some unjust suspicion, and was super seded in the chief command by General Gates. He was a member of Congress, and afterward twice a senator. He died in 1804. SHERMAN", ROGER, a signer of the Declaration, was born in Massachusetts in 1721, received a com mon-school education, and was apprenticed to a shoemaker. His love for learning would not allow him to rest content with his lowly station, and he applied himself to the study of law. He became Judge of the Superior Court, which office he held for twenty-three years. He was a member of the Congress of 1774, and remained in that body for nineteen years. He was a member of the conven tion which formed the Constitution of the United States, and was elected senator in 1791. He died in 1793. SMITH, JOHN, one of the early settlers of Vir- MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. ginia, was born in Lincolnshire, in 1579. After passing through a variety of wonderful adventures, he resolved to visit North America, and came to Virginia in 1607. Here his life was saved by Po- cahontas, and he afterward contributed greatly to the prosperity of the colony. He died in 1631 STAKDISH, MILES, the first military command er at Plymouth, New England, accompanied Mr. Robinson s congregation to Plymouth in 1620. He was there chosen captain, and rendered most im portant services in the conflicts with the Indians. His exploits were noted for their daring, and his escapes were frequently almost miraculous. He died in 1656. STARK, JOHN, a general in the American Revo lution, was born in New Hampshire in 1728. He fought in the French war, and, immediately on the outbreak of the Revolution, joined the army at Cambridge. He was at the battles of Bunker Hill and Trenton, and achieved a splendid victory at Bennington. He rose to the rank of brigadier- gen eral, and was distinguished for his enterprise and courage. He died in 1822. SULLIVAN, JOHN, an officer in the American Revolution, was born in Maine. In 1775 he was made brigadier-general. The next year he was sent to Canada, and, on the death of General Thomas, the command of the army devolved on him. He was promoted to the rank of major- genera], and was soon after captured by the British, in the battle on Long Island. He commanded a division of the army at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown ; and was the sole commander of an expedition to the island of New port, which failed from want of co-operation from the French fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expe dition against the Indians; was afterward a mem ber of Congress, and for three years President of New Hampshire. At his death, in 1795, he was Judge of the District Court. TAYLOR, ZACHAET, twelfth President of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1784. He served in the war of 1812, and, for his bravery, was raised to the rank of major. He was after ward engaged in the Indian war, both in Florida and Arkansas, and rose to the rank of general. During the war with Mexico he was distinguished for his valor, as well as his ability, and gained the brilliant victories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena Vista. After the war he re turned to his residence at Baton Rouge ; was elect ed President in 1848, and died suddenly, of cholera, in 1850. TECUMSEH, a renowned Indian warrior, born in Ohio about 1770. He was hostile to the whites, and, in 1806, matured a project of a confederacy of all the western Indians against the whites. The battle of Tippecanoe, in which General Harrison defeated the brother of Tecumseh, completely crushed the hopes of the brothers. During the last war with England, Tecumseh was an ally of the king, and held the rank of brigadier-general, com manding about 2000 Indians. He was present at several engagements, and was eventually killed by Colonel Johnson, at the battle of Moravian Towns, October 5th, 1813. WARREN, JOSEPH, a major-general in the Amer ican Revolution, was born in Roxbury, in 1740, and pursued the study of medicine. His ardent love of his country would not allow him to remain quiet while Great Britain was daily becoming more and more tyrannical, and he exerted himself greatly in the cause of liberty. He was made innjor-gen- eral four days before the battle of Bunker Hill, and was killed just, at the commencement of the retreat. The glory of Bunker Hill is closely connected with the name of General Warren. WASHINGTON, GEOKGE, the founder of Amer ican independence, was born in Virginia, where his father was possessed of great landed property, in 1732. Great attention was paid to his education, especially in the studies of mathematics and engi neering. He was first employed by Governor Din- widdie, in 1753, to remonstrate with the French commander on the Ohio, for the infraction of the treaty between the two nations. He subsequently received the thanks of the British government for his honorable services in negotiating a treaty of amity with the Indians in the back settlements. In BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. the unfortunate expedition under General Brad- dock, he served as aid-de-camp; and, after the defeat of the army, showed great military talent in conducting its retreat. He retired from the service with the rank of colonel, and, while engaged in the peaceful pursuits of his home at Mount Yernon, was elected senator in the national council for Frederick county, and afterward for Fairfax. At the commencement of the Revolution, he was selected to take the chief command of the provin cial troops ; and, from the moment of entering upon this important office, he directed his whole energies to the accomplishment of one object, the independence of his country. The record of his services is the history of the whole war. He joined the army at Cambridge, in July, 1775. On the evacuation of Boston, in March, 1776, he proceeded to New York. The battle of Long Island was fought August 27th, and that of White Plains, Oc tober 28th. He crossed the Delaware December 25th, and soon gained the victories of Trenton and Princeton. The battles of Brandywine, German- town, and Monmouth, followed in 1777 and 1778 ; and in 1779 and 1780 he continued in the vicinity of New York, and closed the military operations of the war by the capture of Corn wall is, at York- town, in 1781. When the treaty of peace was signed, Washington resigned his office, and retired into private life, followed by the unbounded ap plause of his country. His high character and services naturally entitled him to the noblest gift in the bestowal of the people ; and, on the organiza tion of the government, he was chosen the first President of the country, which owed its liberty to his exertions. It was a period of great difficulty and danger. The French envoy, Genet, had, by his intrigues, incited a spirit of rebellion among the factious, who were eager to join the French in their revolutionary struggles. Washington, by his pru dence and firmness, subdued insurrection, and si lenced discontent, until those who had been most eager in their wild enthusiasm, were convinced of their own imprudence, and their President s wis dom. In 1795, Washington completed the business of his office by signing a commercial treaty with Great Britain, and then voluntarily resigned his office, at a moment when the whole country was united to again bestow the supreme executive power upon him. He again devoted himself to agricultu ral pursuits, at his beloved Mount Vernon ; and, though he accepted the command of the army, in 1798, it w r as merely to unite the affections of his fellow-citizens to the general good, and was one more sacrifice to his high sense of duty. He died, after a short illness, December 14th, 1799, and was followed to his grave by the filial sorrow and ven eration of his country. History has no parallel to the character of Washington. Every virtue seemed to unite in forming his character, and never were patience, forbearance, and firmness, more called into exercise, or more gloriously displayed. He ex hibits a rare example of a politician whose motives were always sincere, always what they seemed. Never has the world seen one whose merits were so unanimously acknowledged by his countrymen, or who so united the power of governing with mingled firmness and affection. His name stands alone, among all the great men of his age, hallowed by the well-earned title of the Father of his Coun try. WAYNE, ANTHONY, was born in Pennsylvania, in 1746. He entered the army as colonel in 1775, served under Gates at Ticonderoga, and was pro moted to the rank of brigadier-general. He .was engaged in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, and in 1779 captured the fortress at Stony Point. In 1781 he was ordered to join Lafayette in Virginia, with the Pennsylvania forces ; and, having received information that Cornwallis had crossed the James River, with the main body of his army, he pressed forward with 800 men to attack his rear-guard, but, to his great astonishment, found the enemy, to the amount of 4000, drawn up to meet him. A retreat was impossible, and he resolved to make a violent attack, and, by some coup de main, extricate himself from his perilous situation. The ruse succeeded, and Cornwallis, supposing that Wayne s subsequent retreat was in tended to draw him into an ambuscade formed by Lafayette, did not follow in pursuit. He was after ward very successful in the Southern States. In 1792 he succeeded St. Clair in command of the western army, and gained a complete victory over the Indians, at the Miamies, in 1794. He died in 1796. 88 MONTEITH S HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. WEBSTER, DANIEL, LL. D., one of the eminent statesmen of his time, was born in New Hampshire in 1782. He received a classical education at Dart mouth College, and taught school during the inter vals of study, to defray his college expenses. He afterward commenced the study of law, and was ad mitted to the bar in 1805. In 1812 he was elected to Congress, and soon displayed those remarkable powers as an orator and statesman for which he became so distinguished. After being frequently re-elected to Congress, and gaining a world-wide fame by his speeches and talents as a lawyer, he was appointed Secretafy of State under General Harrison, in 1840. He negotiated the Ashburton treaty in 1842, which settled the question of the northeastern boundary, and put an end to a long and threatening dispute with Great Britain. He soon after resigned his office, and was appointed senator from Massachusetts. On the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the Presidency, he was again made Secretary of State, and retained that office until his death. His orations are among the very brightest gems of modern eloquence, and his talents as a law yer were second to none. He died at his residence at Marshfield, in 1852. WILLIAMS, ROGER, the founder of the Provi dence Plantations, was born in Wales, in 1599. Being a dissenter, he came to America, hoping to enjoy religious freedom, in 1631, and preached un til 1636 at Salem and Plymouth. At that time he was banished, on account of his religious opinions, and removed, with several others, to Rhode Island, where he laid the foundation of Providence, after honestly purchasing the ground from the Indians, whom he always treated with the greatest kindness. There he established the first society which enjoyed perfect liberty of conscience. For several years he was president of the colony. lie died in 1683. WOLFE, JAMES, an English general, born in Westerham, Kent, in the year 1726, was a son of General Edward Wolfe. He was highly eminent for his bravery, coolness, and judgment, as well as for his success in disciplining his men, who reposed unbounded confidence in their able commander. In conjunction with General Amherst, he distin guished himself in the siege and capture of Louis- burg, in 1758. In 1759, Pitt conferred upon him the command of the expedition to attack Quebec. Wolfe reached the Isle of Orleans, in the St. Law rence, on the 26th of June, with a force of 8000 troops, and a fleet of twenty-two ships of the line, under Admiral Saunders. Early on the morning of September 13th, Wolfe, with 5000 troops, ascended the heights, and was met by Montcalm, on the field of battle, just before noon. The battle was severe ; Wolfe was wounded in the Avrist, soon after was struck by a second ball, and while still leading on his troops was struck by a third ball, in the breast, when he was carried to the rear of his army, and expired on the field. WORTH, WILLIAM J., a major-general in the American army, was born in 1794. He served in the last war with Great Britain, and was in the battles of Chippewa and Lundy s Lane. After the peace, he was for some time superintendent of the academy at West Point. He subsequently served in the Florida war, and afterward obtained great distinction in the war with Mexico. He fought at Monterey, Molino del Rey, Cerro Gordo, Cherubus- co, and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. In courage he had no superior, and was, next to Scott and Taylor, the most popular general in the war. He died in Texas, in 1849. A splendid monument has been erected to his memory in the city of New York. YALE, ELinu, a native of New Haven, who ac quired a large fortune in the East Indies, and made such munificent donations to uie college of his na tive town, as entitled him to the honor of having it called Yale College. He died in 1721. t) 1 1 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION - PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 7 DAY USE DURING SUMMER SESSIONS FEB 1 J967 MAR b ISb/ MAR 5 REC D -2 PM AU G 5 1367 AHA 9 1PR8 PtJu v I3UO JUL 3 1 REC D -4 Pf ^D^lifSrtvT U-SggSgnd. YD 12326 M193178 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY MCATElTirS YOUTH S HISTORY OF Tito fKSTKD STATES. ^