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 1 
 
 
 THE ROBERT E. COWAN C TON 
 
 PRESENTED 1 THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 C. P. HUNTINGTON 
 
 cJUNE. 18Q7. 
 
 Accession No J 00 $9 
 
 
 
 
 
CONTAINING AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT OF ALL THE BATTLES 
 
 FOUGHT IN THAT REPUBLIC UP TO THE CAPTURE 
 
 OF THE CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 toitlj a £ist of tije Kilkb anb tootmbri*. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 MARTIN & ELY, 162 NASSAU STREET. 
 
 1848. 
 
tf 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO: 
 
 H 
 
 CONTAINING AN AUTHENTIC ACCOUNT. 
 
 OF 
 
 ALL THE BATTLES FOUGHT 
 
 IN THAT REPUBLIC 
 
 FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WAR 
 
 UNTIL THE 
 
 CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO : 
 
 WITH A LIST OF THE KILLED AND WOUNDED. 
 
 NEW-YORK: 
 PUBLISHED AT 162 NASSAU-STREET. 
 
 1847. 
 

 \ 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1847, 
 By E. HUTCHINSON 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the.Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
The following pages are designed to record, in 
 a brief manner, those facts in reference to the 
 war in Mexico, worthy of preservation. It com- 
 prehends the substance ot larger works, and is more 
 convenient for reference. Lists of killed and 
 wounded are given as fully and accurately as the 
 official and authoritive reports would admit. 
 
 It is painful to contemplate, and especially des- 
 cribe the scenes of the battle field — the streams of 
 blood — the groans of the wounded and dying — the 
 hundreds or thousands slain — the gasp of death — the 
 crushed hopes — undying spirits thus ushered sudden- 
 ly and awfully into the presence of their Judge, per- 
 haps unprepared — it is apalling ! and we would turn 
 away and weep for poor, depraved humanity. Still 
 it is desirable that the facts should be laid before the 
 public. How many wives, at the commencement 
 of the war, parted with their companions never to 
 meet again in this world, and are now eager to 
 know all the circumstances connected with the 
 war ! How many parents, bereft of dear children, 
 how many brothers and sisters, deprived of those 
 whom they loved, are intensely anxious to hear all 
 the particulars of each battle! 
 
 We present these pages to the public hoping the 
 tragical scenes here described may deter others from 
 imbibing a war spirit. We exhort them not to be 
 influenced by the martial array, the din of battle 
 and* the clash of arms, and all the exciting para- 
 pharnaliaof war. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO, 
 
 Various circumstances contributed to produce this war. 
 In the first place the government of the U. S. had cer- 
 tain claims against Mexico, acknowledged by the latter, 
 but not cancelled. Next, the people of Texas, having 
 formed themselves into an independent government main- 
 tained that independence eight years, were desirous of 
 being annexed to the United States. In order to accom- 
 plish this object, as Mexico was opposed to it, it was 
 agreed between our government and that of Texas, that 
 the former should send upon the borders of Texas, an 
 armed force sufficient to put down any opposition from 
 Mexico. Accordingly Zachary Taylor, Col. of the 6th 
 Regiment of Infantry, was appointed to take command of 
 these forces. He repaired to Fort Jessup, Louisana, and 
 found that post garrisoned by seven companies of the 
 2d regiment of Dragoons, under the command of Col. D. E. 
 Twiggs. May 10th, 1844, eight companies of the 3d Regi- 
 ment of Infantry, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri-, 
 repaired to the same place, commanded by Lieutenant 
 Col. E. A. Hitchcock. Their encampment was called 
 Camp Wilkins. Eight companies of the 4th Regiment 
 from Jefferson Barracks, went, May 13, to Grand Ecore 
 on the Red River, under the command of Colonel Vose. 
 Z. Taylor, with the title of Brevet Brigadier General, 
 
b BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 arrived at Fort Jessup about the middle of June. April, 
 1845 two companies arrived from Fort Leavenworth, 
 making 25 companies in all of what was called the " army 
 of observation." It having been voted by Congress 
 (Feb. 1845), to annex Texas to the United States, and 
 as the people of that Slate in convention, would meet, and 
 probably accept the proposition of annexation in July, it 
 was thought best for the army of observation to be pre- 
 pared to move to the western frontier of Texas if neces- 
 sary. Accordingly it proceeded to New Orleans in 
 July 1845, ready to embark to any requisite point. 
 
 While at that city Col. J. H. Vose of the 4th Infantry 
 died in a fit, which cast a gloom over his associates in 
 arms. July 23d a part of the force set sail for Corpus 
 Christi, (generally called Kinney's Ranch," situated on 
 the western shore of Corpus Christi Bay) and arrived 
 July 31. Many interesting incidents and some spirited 
 battles have occurred at this military post, between the 
 Mexicans and Texans, in which Santa Anna acted a 
 prominent part ; but we must not tarry to describe them 
 here. The army now was no longer called " army 
 of observation;" but the " army of occupation." In 
 August the aspect of affairs began to be menacing, 
 and it was expected that Mexico would soon declare 
 war. General Arista, was at Monterey with a considera- 
 ble Mexican force, and there was another at Matamoras. 
 In the mean time new companies from the United States 
 occasionally arrived. 
 
 Sept. 12th, the steamer Dayton, having on board seve- 
 ral officers and soldiers, burst her boilers, on her way to St. 
 Joseph's Island, and eight lost their lives in a most distres- 
 sing manner. In September General Worth with six com- 
 panies, and Major Ringgold with his company of horse 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 7 
 
 and others, arrived at the camp. By the middle of Octo- 
 ber 1845 the army of occupation consisted of 251 offi- 
 cers 3671 privates, total 3922. These were on the coast, 
 and there were about 150 in the interior. 
 r Texas claimed the land to the River Rio Grande, and 
 General Taylor was ordered, in Feb. 1846, to move the 
 army to some point on that river. In March it accordingly 
 started, having been at Corpus Christi seven months and 
 eleven days. March 16th Col. Twiggs met the advanced 
 guard of the enemy and was ordered to advance no fur- 
 ther. He returned to the army and reported. Nothing 
 however, was seen of the enemy again until our forces 
 reached the banks of the Colorado, the passage of which 
 was strongly disputed. The Mexican forces were drawn 
 up on the opposite bank, and declared that they would 
 fire upon our forces if they attempted to cross. General 
 Taylor told them, that as soon as the bank was cut down 
 for the train to pass, the first Mexican that he saw after 
 our men entered the river would be shot. At this they 
 fled. The Adjutant general, Gen. Mejia, the command- 
 ing officer at Matamoras, handed a paper to General Tay- 
 lor informing him, that if he crossed they would have 
 a fight ; but no opposition appeared. The order of 
 march as our army drew nearer Point Isabel was in four 
 columns, the Dragoons on the right and the 3d Brigade 
 on the left. Before arriving, however, it was ascertained 
 that the place was deserted by the enemy and that all the 
 buildings but one were burned. Our army were then 
 ordered to direct their march towards Matamoras and 
 General Worth encamped 12 miles from that place. 
 General Taylor proceeded to point Isabel and the stea- 
 mers and provisions arrived at the same time. While 
 a deputation of fifty armed citizens of Matamoras, protesting 
 
8 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 there against our occupying the country. The general told 
 them that he would answer them at Matamoras. Defences 
 were ordered to be constructed at the Point and Major Mon- 
 roe appointed Commander of the port. March 25th, General 
 Worth proceeded three miles farther, to Palo Alto and wait- 
 ed for General Taylor. March 28th, the army moved to- 
 wards Matamoras, which is on the Rio Grande, arriving op- 
 posite the city about 11 A. M. Two of our advanced 
 guard were taken prisoners by the Mexicans, and the horse 
 of a boy who was a bugler ; which excited our men con- 
 siderably. About two hundred Mexicans were to be seen 
 and their colours flying in various places. General Worth 
 was ordered to answer the deputation which visited Gen. 
 Taylor at Point Isabel. The Mexicans for some time 
 would not send a boat across the river : but at last one came 
 with an officer. General Worth sent him back saying that 
 he wished to see the commanding officer. Gen. Mejia 
 said that he would neither receive General Worth or Gen. 
 eral Taylor's communication. Mejia sent General La Vega 
 and Worth crossed the river and the interview took place 
 on the Mexican side. La Vega said that the Mexicans 
 considered us as invaders. Nothing of importance was ac- 
 complished by the interview. A flag was soon raised by 
 our army on the banks of the Rio Grande. It was thought 
 that the Mexican force, at this post was fifteen hundred. 
 March 26th it was feared that our forces would be attack- 
 ed at night and they were ordered to sleep upon their 
 arms. Capt. May with a squadron of the 2nd Dragoons 
 marched to Point Isabel (27 miles) in four hours to reinforce 
 the garrison. On the first of April Gen. Taylor demanded 
 the release of the captured Dragoons and they were return- 
 ed with their equipments. It is surprising that several of 
 our men deserted and went over to the enemy. Some ox 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO 
 
 them were snot, who attempted to swim the river. News 
 arrived, April 9th that Mr. Slidell, United States minister 
 to Mexico having given up all hope of opening negotia- 
 tions had left the city and returned to the U. S. 
 
 BATTLE OF MATAMORAS. 
 
 General Ampudia, who had superseded Arista, arrived 
 from the South the 11th of April and ordered General 
 Taylor to leave in 24 hours or he should consider us as 
 having declared war against Mexico. Taylor answered 
 that he did not wish for 24 hours but would return an an- 
 swer at 10 o'clock the next day. He told Ampudia that 
 he was sent there by his government in a peaceful atti- 
 tude and he intended to remain, and warned Ampudia 
 against firing the first gun. Lieutenant Porter, while out 
 in pursuit of Col. Cross, who was supposed to be killed 
 was attacked by some Mexicans and slain. Col. Cross 
 was afterwards found murdered. April 26th an ambush 
 was laid for a company of our men and 2 sergeants and 
 8 privates were killed in an engagement with the enemy. 
 
 There was every appearance of a general and speedy at- 
 tack. General Taylor sent a requisition on the governors 
 of Louisiana and Texas for 5000 men. April 25th Gen- 
 eral Arista arrived at the scene of action. April 28th 
 Capt. Walker's camp was attacked by Generals Torrejon 
 and Canales, being stationed midway between Point Isa- 
 bel and Matamoras. 5 of his men were killed and 4 miss- 
 ing, he having gone out with some of his force on a scout. 
 April 29th it was thought that the Point was attacked as 
 cannon was heard in that direction, and a portion of the 
 
10 3ATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 army marched immediately in that direction. The report 
 was false as there had been no attack. 
 
 May 3rd the batteries from Matamoras opened upon our 
 camp at day-break with great energy. The battle was 
 fierce for a while and in 30 minutes all the heavy gun 
 batteries of the enemy were silenced by our artillery. 
 The enemy threw many shells ; but without effect . 
 
 BATTLE OF PALO ALTO. 
 
 Most of our forces were at Point Isabel and in that vi- 
 cinity though some were opposite Matamoras . General 
 Taylor , May 7th directed the army to march in the direc- 
 tion of Matamoras . It started at 3, P. M . having a val- 
 uable train of provisions and munitions of war. Six 
 twelve-pounders were in the wagons and a battery of 
 two eighteen pounders was drawn by oxen. The forces 
 were under the command of Lieut. Churchill. On the 
 morning of the 8th the enemy were observed less than 
 a mile distant, occupying a front of about a mile and a 
 half. The general formed his men in column of attack 
 and permitted them to go half at a time and get water 
 to fill their canteens, as they had marched twelve 
 miles that day and suffered from heat and thirst. Our 
 army moved on with firmness to meet the enemy, and 
 when within 700 yards the enemy opened their fire from 
 a battery on the right. The right wing of our army 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 11 
 
 was composed of the fifth Infantry on the right, Ring- 
 gold's Artillery, the 3rd Infantry, Churchill's eighteen 
 pound battery and 4th Infantry and commanded by Col. 
 Twiggs. The left wing composed of Duncan's Artil- 
 lery and the 8th Infantry was commanded Brevet Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Belknap. Ringgold's and Duncan's batteries 
 advanced and commenced firing. The enemy fired con- 
 tinually but not with much precision. Their cavalry 
 move on the left and then three batteries placed in a line 
 at a considerable distance from each other and bodies of 
 infantry between, making a long line of battle. Ring- 
 golds battery made dreadful havoc, cutting down almost 
 whole platoons at once. The two eighteen pounders 
 roared tremendously and the cavalry of the enemy soon 
 began to retire, at first in a trot and then in a gallop. 
 A movement of the enemy's flank, composed of Cavalry 
 one thousand strong, endangered our train and was 
 promptly met by a section of Ringgold's battery under 
 Lieut. Ridge w T ay and the fifth and third Infantry. They 
 were received by 5th in a square and twenty of them 
 were killed from the fire of an angle. When the enemy 
 saw the 3rd Infantry advancing in column by division, 
 they fled with rapidity. On the left Duncan cut them 
 down in great numbers and the shout of our men could be 
 heard above the cannon's roar. Our left wing, particularly 
 the 8th Infantry, suffered from the fire of the enemy, being 
 in a column instead of being deployed in a line. In the 
 midst of the battle the prairie took fire and enveloped the 
 armies in smoke. The firing commenced at 3 P. M. 
 and ceased for a time at 4 P. M. Then Ringgold's bat- 
 tery and the eighteen pounders w ere pushed round to the 
 left flank of the enemy and the 4th Infantry and 1st Brig- 
 ade moved up to their aid. the firing soon commenced 
 
 <* THE 
 
 f or THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
12 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 again and the enemy were obliged tc change their line 01 
 battle. At this moment Duncan poired a tremendous 
 fire into their right flank and threw it into the greatest 
 confusion. As night approached the firing gradually cea- 
 sed on both sides. The enemy had been driven from his 
 position and forced to retire, and our army were left vic- 
 tors upon the battle ground. We had only nine killed, 
 forty-four wounded and two missing. Major Ringgold, 
 Captain Page, Lieutenants Luther, 2nd Artillery and 
 Wallen, 4th Infantry were wounded. Major Ringgold 
 received a shot while sitting on his horse, which carried 
 away the flesh on his legs from his knees up and passed 
 through the withers of his horse. The lower jaw of Capt. 
 Page, was shot off. Lieut. Wallen received a slight 
 wound in the arm and Lieut. Luther in the calf of the leg. 
 The Assistant Adjutant General, Capt. Bliss and Lieut. 
 Daniels had their horses shot under them. Our wounded 
 suffered much during the night. General Arista com- 
 manded the enemy having 6000 men and our force consist- 
 ed of 2211. Thus ended the famous battle of Palo Alto. 
 May 9th the enemy, at day break, moved along the bor- 
 ders of the chaparral and it was supposed that they intend- 
 to occupy the road and prevent our farther progress. It 
 was decided that we should attack them, and after the train 
 was suitably guarded, our army moved forward soon after 
 sunrise. It was found that the enemy were rapidly retreat- 
 ing. In going over the battle field the scene was awful. 
 There were at least five hundred of the enemy killed and 
 wounded. It would seem that enough had already been 
 done to settle the difficulty between the two nations but a 
 nation's pride is not easily satisfied. This was but the 
 commencement of bloody scenes. Gen. Taylor ordered 
 our men to take care of the wounded among the enemy 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 13 
 
 wherever found, as carefully as our own wounded. At 
 1 P.M. our army moved on. 
 
 BATTLE OF RESACA DE LA PALMA. 
 
 Capt. G. A. McCall was sent forward with one hun- 
 dred picked men to reconoitre. He found that the enemy 
 had selected a favorable postion and were waiting for our 
 advance. McCall had a slight brush with them and re- 
 turned. Our forces were deployed to the right and left of 
 the road as skirmishers. Capt. Mc Call's command were 
 ordered to advance and draw the fire of the enemy. The 
 latter were on the opposite bank of a ravine concave to- 
 wards us and their batteries were so arranged as to sweep 
 the road and every approach through the chaparral. Mc 
 Call received the fire of the enemy and Lieut. Ridgely, 
 successor to Ringgold, was ordered forward with his bat- 
 tery. The battle commenced with fury. Frequently 
 were bayonets crossed, they were in such close proximity, 
 The enemy gave way slowly, but fought like tigers, for 
 every inch of ground. The chaparral was so thick that 
 our regiments were mixed ; but fought not the less bravely. 
 Ridgely at one time, had a body of lancers come done 
 upon him, with tremendous force, when he had but one 
 piece unlimbered. Sergeant Kearnes put a load of can- 
 nister on the top of a shell and fired which scattered all 
 but four. Then Ridgely charged them in person and 
 drove them back, exhibiting the greatest bravery. 
 
 Capt. May rode back and asked the general if he should 
 charge the enemy on the opposite side of the ravine. 
 
14 BATTLES OF MEXICO 
 
 The answer was " Charge, Captain, nolens, volens !'» 
 As May dashed on by Ridgely, the latter cried" hold 
 on Charley till I draw their firel" Down the ravine 
 they went. Lieut. Inge soon fell and many others ; 
 but the rest drove furiously on, crossed the ravine 
 and captured the battery. Capt. Graham's company 
 was with May's in this charge. General La Vega 
 stood by his battery to the last and was taken pris- 
 oner by Capt. May. The 3rd were deployed on the 
 right of the road ; but met no enemy and not being able to 
 get through the thick, dense chaparral, were obliged to 
 return to get into the action and arrived after the enemy 
 were completely routed. Duncan then took the advance 
 with his battery, the Dragoons, 3rd Infantry and Smith's 
 command being ordered to support the artillery. We 
 dashed on after the enemy who were in full retreat, pour- 
 ing upon them a very destructive fire. Our men soon 
 came nip with the enemy's camp and found it deserted 
 and captured by the brave Barbour, who with his company 
 of the third Infantry had resisted a formidable charge of 
 cavalry. Mules, packs, provisions, and other trophies 
 were left by the enemy. Our men pursued the enemy, 
 shouting as they went, to the river. Many of the enemy 
 were drowned endeavoring to swim across, and were scat- 
 tered in every direction. The rout was general and com- 
 plete, though our force consisted of 1700 men, the others 
 being required to guard the train. 2000 of the best of 
 Mexico's troops came over to join in this battle of the 9th, 
 called "Resaca de la Palma." Our loss was three officers 
 and thirty-six men killed, twelve officers and fifty-nine 
 men wounded. The officers killed were Lieut. Z. Inge, 
 2nd Dragoons ; Lieut. R. E. Cochrane, 4th Infantry ; and 
 Lieut. T. L. Chadbourne, 8th Infantry. The wounded 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 15 
 
 officers were Colonel M. M. Payne, 4th Artillery, acting 
 Inspector-General ; Col. J. S. Mc'Intosh, 5th Infantry ; 
 Capt. A. Hooe, 5th Infantry ; Lieut. S. H. Fowler, 5th 
 Infantry ; Capt. W. R. Montgomery, Lieut. J. Selden, 
 R. P. Maclay, C. F. Morris, C. R. Gates, J. G. Burbank 
 and C. D. Jordan, 8th Infantry ; and Lieut. S. D. Dob- 
 bins, 3rd Infantry. We captured eight pieces of artillery, 
 2000 stand of arms, 200 mules, one hundred and fifty 
 thousand rounds of musket cartridges, and all the baggage 
 and camp equipage of the army. Arista's private papers 
 and baggage fell into our hands. One General, one Colo- 
 nel, one Lieut, Colonel, four Captains and five Lieuten- 
 ants, were taken prisoners. Three Captains and four 
 Lieutenants of the enemy were buried on the field, and 
 forty-eight officers besides were acknowledged by the 
 Mexicans to be missing. The killed, wounHed, and mis- 
 ing of the enemy could not have been less than 2000. 
 
 Gen Taylor was sitting upon his horse in the hottest of 
 the battle, and the balls were rattling all around him. 
 An officer remarkedto him that he was exposing ^himself 
 too much, and proposed that he should retired ' The Gen- 
 eral said, " Let. us ride a little nearer^ the balls will fall 
 behind us." * - 
 
 During the bombardment of Fort Brown (opposite Mat- 
 amoras), Major Brown the commanding officer was wound- 
 ed by a shell May 6th and died on the 9th much lamented. 
 The enemy fired 2700 shells at this fort killing one officer, 
 one sergeant, and wounding thirteen privates. They were 
 repeatedly ordered by the, enemy to surrender; but would 
 not. Major Ringgold died at Point Isabel May 11th 
 and was buried with funeral honors on the 12th. May 
 17th our army were ordered to cross the Rio Grande and 
 take possession of Matamoras. General Arista sent over 
 
16 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 and wished for an armistice until he could hear from tr 
 Capital, but Old Rough and Ready said, " No !" Taylo. 
 was asked if he intended to take the city, "Yes," was the 
 reply, "if he had to batter it down. Tell' General Arista, 
 said he, " that the city must capitulate, all public proper- 
 ty, amunition, provisions &c. must be given up, and then 
 the army may march out and- retire. Arista was ordered 
 to give an answer by 3 P. M. In the mean time our 
 army marched three miles up the river, where there was a 
 suitable place for crossing. No deputation came from 
 Arista and we crossed May 18th. By a sad accident 
 Lieut. Stephens was drowned. It was found that the Mex- 
 ican army precipitately left the city and the authorities 
 invited General Taylor to take possession. The battle- 
 field of Resaca de la Palma presented a sad spectacle — 
 such vast numbers of the slain and now the hospitals 
 were filled with the wounded ! Near one poor wounded 
 man, sat a beautiful girl of seventeen keeping off the flies. 
 She was his wife. There the mother and her children were 
 seated by the wounded father. Colonel Twiggs was ap- 
 pointed to the chief command of the city. 
 
 Colonel Garland was sent out with two companies on 
 the 19th to follow the enemy. After he had gone 27 miles 
 he came up with them, had a skirmish, and returned the 
 22d. Two of his men were wounded. He killed two, 
 wounded two of the enemy and captured twenty men with 
 their baggage. Barita, a small town near by, was taken 
 May 17, by Colonel Wilson. When the Congress of the 
 U. S. heard of the capture of Capt. Thornton and his com- 
 mand, that body made declaration of war May 13th, and 
 voted to raise fifty thousand volunteers and to appropriate 
 ten milions of dollars for the expense of the war. War 
 was declared by Mexico, April 23rd» Our Congress ap- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 17 
 
 pointed General Taylor Brevet Major General, after the 
 battles of Palo Alto and Resca de la Palma. 
 
 Numerous reinforcements soon came in and the army 
 moved forward. Monterey, Reynosa, Camargo, Mier and 
 other towns were soon taken without resistance. When 
 our army left Matamoras, Lieutenant Colonel Clark was 
 appoined to the command of the city. Poor Page after 
 suffering intensely, died July 12th. 
 
 The U. S. army proceeded up the Rio Grande as far as 
 Mier and then left that noble river and turned to the south 
 towards Monterey. 
 
 Sept. 14th, Capt. McCullough, with thirty-five men, had 
 a brush with two hundred Mexicans, near Ramos. Two 
 of the enemy were wounded, and the Capt. lost one horse. 
 Reports seemed to be confirmed that the enemy were pre 
 paring for a hard battle at Monterey. It was expected that 
 we should have a fight at Marin, where the enemy under 
 General Torrejon were seen, just before our army entered 
 the town. When we arrived the enemy had left. At this 
 place the mountains at the foot of which Monterey stands, 
 were distinctly visible, about twenty-five miles distant. 
 
 Sept. 17th General Taylor was addressed by the Spanish 
 Consul at Monterey inquiring whether the property of for- 
 eigners would be respected. Taylor replied that he could 
 not be responsible for anything if the city was taken by 
 assault. 
 
 Sept. 19th at 9 P. M. the advance of our forces arrived 
 within three miles of Monterey. Some heavy cannon were 
 heard and our men pushed forward : but before they came 
 within reach of the guns General Taylor ordered them to 
 halt. It seems that some lancers came out of the city 
 and endeavored to draw our men within reach of the shot. 
 When our advance halted the enemy opened upon us in 
 
IS BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 earnest. The third shot went directly over General Taylor's 
 staff, coming very near him. Our troops encamped three 
 miles from the city. The city seemed to be well fortified 
 and it was feared that our small guns would not be effectual 
 against the large ones of the enemy. It was concluded 
 that our men must take the big guns of the enemy and 
 turn them against themselves. The town was thoroughly 
 reconnoitered on all sides and our men were frequently 
 fired upon. General Taylor decided to send General 
 Worth to take possession of the road to Saltillo, and storm 
 the heights at the west part of the city. This division, in- 
 cluding Colonel Hay's regiment, and Captains McCul- 
 lough's and Gillepie's rangers, moved off according to order. 
 
 BATTLE OF MONTEREY. 
 
 Sept.20th, (1846), about noon. The works commanding 
 the approaches to the city, are the Bishop's Palace and a 
 fort on a height commanding it on the west; the citadel 
 on the north and several detached redoubts on the east. 
 The streets w r ere barricaded. In the afternoon a battery 
 was commenced for the mortar, and during the night the 
 mortar and two twenty-four pound howitzers were estab- 
 lished. An express from General Worth arrived the same 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 21 
 
 night, stating that he had arrived at his position, and would 
 storm two heights southwest of the castle before storming 
 the heights directly west of it. 
 
 Sept. 21st at 7 A. M., the first and volunteer divisions 
 were ordered to advance towards the city. Our mortar and 
 howitzer batteries opened ; but did not have much effect. 
 Taylor directed the first division to move to the east of the 
 city to support Major Mansfield in reconnoitering the ene- 
 mies' works. The division was under the command of 
 Colonel Garland, 4th Infantry, and went into action with 
 the 3rd Infantry under Major Lear, 4th Brigade under Col- 
 onel Wilson consisting of the 1st Infantry under Major 
 Abercrombie and the Baltimore division under Colonel Wat- 
 son, and Bragg's and Ridgeley's batteries. Major Mansfield 
 was the first to commence the action. Company C, 3rd 
 Infantry, under Lieutenant Hazlitt, was reinforced by com- 
 pany H., 3d Infantry, under Capt. Field. The division 
 was formed in line of battle out of reach of the guns of 
 the enemy, and was then ordered to advance by Lieuten- 
 ant Pope and Colonel Kinney, and go into the city and 
 storm battery No. 1, at the eastern end. The battery opened 
 upon the division and the first shot struck in front of our 
 line and ricoched over us. We were fired upon from the 
 citadel. Our men in the midst of these shots, pushed rap- 
 idly onward five hundred yards and rushed into the streets. 
 Not turning soon enough to the left an unperceived battery 
 opened upon us a deadly fire and balls flew from housetops, 
 yards, and from every direction upon us. Many of our 
 men were cut clown. Major Barbour was the first officer 
 who fell. An escopet ball passed through his heart. Our 
 men retired into another street, under cover of some walls 
 and houses. Lieutenant Bragg's battery now arrived and 
 came into the street but could not effect much. Finally we 
 
22 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 were directed to retire in order and make an attack from 
 some other point. Capt. Backus of the 1st Infantry, succeeded, 
 with fifty men, in stationing himself in a tan yard about a 
 hundred and thirty yards in the rear of the battery No. 1, 
 and nearer the town. There was a shed with a wall which 
 served as a breast work for our men. Twenty yards 
 south west of the battery was a distillery with thick walls, 
 on the top of which were sand hag embrasures. Capt. 
 Backus drove the enemy from this. Two companies of 
 the 4th Infantry (90 strong) moved forward under a ter- 
 rible fire, and determined to storm a work defended by five 
 hundred men. 
 
 Now the Mississippi and Tennessee regiments, under 
 General Quitman, advanced and finally took possession of 
 the battery, after great loss. This was severe fighting. 
 Major Lear was severely wounded, Lieut. D. S.Irwin killed, 
 Capt. G. P. Field killed by lancers, Lieutenants Iioskins 
 and Woods were killed and Lieutenant Graham mortally 
 wounded. Major Abercrombie and Capt. La Motte were 
 slightly wounded. Lieut. Dillworth lost a leg and Lieut. 
 Ferret was taken prisoner. 
 
 The division was ordered to the captured battery to sup- 
 port Ridgely's battery, about to advance into the city. Our 
 men had the mortar and three twenty-four-pound howit- 
 zers playing upon the city and one of them having been 
 taken to the captured work was firing upon Fort Diablo. A 
 body of men, from the 3rd and 4th Infantry, of one hundred 
 and fifty, were now ordered to enter the city and take pos- 
 session of a work of the enemy, apparently a few streets 
 distant. They were exposed to a most destructive fire; but 
 moved on, taking advantage of every shelter in their way. 
 Capt. L. N. Morris, 3rd Infantry was commander. Our 
 men crossed one street and were fully exposed to the guns 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 23 
 
 mounted in barette of a "tete depont," commanding the 
 passage of Ei Puente Purissima. We passed through sev- 
 eral gardens and streets and finally reached a slight shelter. 
 There was a stream before us and the enemy in force with 
 three pieces of artillery on the opposite bank, so that we 
 could not go any farther. All the streets seemed to be 
 blockaded and every house fortified. Gapt. Morris received 
 a mortal wound at the bridge and Capt. W. S. Henry took 
 the command. Lieutenant Hazlitt soon fell. At last, our 
 cartridges being nearly exhausted, we were commanded to 
 retire, in order, to our captured works. At one time, after 
 day-light, we were obliged to lay flat nearly an hour, the 
 balls came so thick. Lieutenant Ridgely, with a section of 
 his battery, advanced to the street leading to the "tete de 
 pont," but finding his fire entirely ineffectual, retired. Lieut. 
 Bragg put to flight, with his battery, a show of a charge of 
 lancers. Our men had not been able to take any dinner or 
 supper and the night was cold and rainy. We had mounted 
 on Lottery No. 1, one twelve pounder, one nine, two sixes? 
 and one howitzer, in all, five pieces. 
 
 While these scenes w r ere transpiring under the eye of Gen- 
 eral Taylor, Gen. Worth was moving towards the Saltillo 
 road. A large body of cavalry and Infantry opposed him, 
 and charged upon our men. They were met by the bat- 
 talion of light troops under Gapt C. T. Smith and Capt. 
 McCulloughs company of Rangers. The first squadron of 
 the enemy were mixed in with our advance when the sec- 
 ond came furiously rushing on. Lieut. Hays, of Duncan's 
 battery, poured in among them round ^hot, which passed 
 over the heads of our men, and the enemy were dispersed 
 with a loss of about one hundred, and among them, one 
 Colonel. Our men marched round nearly two miles to the 
 west end of the town, under a heavy fire from " Indepen- 
 
24 BATTLES OF MEXICO 
 
 dence Hill," situated west of the palace and from "Federa- 
 cion Hill," between which heights, the Saltillo road runs. 
 Now General Worth determined to storm Federacion Hill, 
 and Capt C. F. Smith, 2d Artillery with three hundred 
 men, half regulars and the rest Texans, under Major Che- 
 valier, undertook the dangerous enterprise. Capt. Miles 
 with the 7th Infantry marched soon after to his support. 
 As Capt. Miles' command advanced, it was not observed by 
 the enemy until it had reached the small stream (Arroyo 
 Topa) south of the city, along the base of the hill on which 
 the battery is situated. As soon as discovered, they were 
 continually fired upon by the enemy, but without much 
 effect. Our men crossed the river and formed on a point of 
 rock out of reach of the enemy. Detachments were 
 then sent forward under Lieutenants Grant, Little, and 
 Gardner to divert the enemy from Capt. Smiths' command. 
 Colonel Smith of the 2d brigade, came up with the 5th 
 infantry and ordered Capt. Miles with the 7th to assist him 
 in an attack on Fort Soldado, a temporary breastwork a 
 little south east of Federacion Hill. They moved on and 
 feund that Capt. Smith had already got possession of it. The 
 2d Brigade formed and advanced amid a shower of balls, 
 and when within a hundred yards, made a charge at double 
 quick step. The enemy fled in all directions. The left 
 wing of the 7th entered the redoubt with that of the 5th. 
 Many of the Louisiana volunteers under Capt. Blanchard, 
 and the Texan Rangers were up with the advance, all fear- 
 lessly striving to be the first to meet the enemy. Colonel 
 Smith appointed Capt. Smith to retain possession of the first 
 height stormed, and Capt Miles with the 7th, the last. Capt. 
 Scott with the 5th Infantry, was to move on the same 
 ridge farther east. The second Brigade held their position 
 during the afternoon and night of the 21st. The 7th In- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 25 
 
 fantry were exposed to the fire from the Bishop's Palace 
 several hours ; but Lieut. Dana of the 7th infantry, with 
 his captured gun, returned the fire with some effect. 
 
 Those who occupied battery No. 1, at the eastern ex- 
 tremity of the city, at day-break, (Sept. 22d,) were obliged 
 to lie flat in the mud to shield themselves from the sharp 
 firing from Fort Diablo. Shells, fired from the citadel, 
 fell all around our men, though none burst in the work. Lieut. 
 Scarrett was laboring to put the battery and distillery in 
 a better state of defence. Capt. Bainbridge had command 
 of the 3rd Infantry in the morning. A portion of Colonel 
 Davis's regiment, under General Quitman, relieved the 
 1st, 3rd and 4th Infantry, and the Kentucky regiment. 
 In returning to camp, our men received a destructive fire 
 from the batteries of the enemy, crosswise. One poor fel- 
 low, a corporal in the 4th Infantry, was cut in two. Gen. 
 Worth's attack upon the height, commanding the, Bishop's 
 Palace, at day-break, (Sept. 22d.) was fierce and successful. 
 The force consisted of artillery and infantry under Colonel 
 Childs and some Texans under Colonel Hays. The party 
 moved up the hill and at the same time Capt. Miles, with a 
 small force, descended towards the palace and gave three 
 cheers to divert the enemy. In return they received a 
 shower of grape. The enemy, at the castle, being checked 
 so that they could not aid their flying forces, the height 
 was carried with little loss. Capt. Gillespie first entered 
 the breastwork and fell mortally wounded. General Worth 
 soon sent the 5th Infantry, Capt. Smith's command and 
 Capt. Blanchard's Louisiana volunteers, to reinforce Colo- 
 nel Childs. Lieut. Roland soon placed a howitzer in po- 
 sition and blazed away at the castle with much effect. A 
 light corps of artillery, under Capt. Vinton, Blanchard's 
 company and some Texans were on the left of the hill, 
 
26 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 and fired continually. The fire was briskly returned by 
 the enemy. 
 
 About noon, the Mexican cavalry deployed before the 
 palace and endeavored to charge upon our skirmishers. 
 Our men pursued them, under Vinton, with terrible effect. 
 Many of the enemy were kept from entering the castle 
 again, as our men rushed in through every opening, and 
 drove the enemy before them. Lieutenant Ayers was the 
 first to enter, pull down the Mexican flag, and raise the star 
 spangled banner. 
 
 After the castle was taken, General Worth moved down 
 his forces from the hill and the amunition train the 
 ranch of the Saltillo road and remained in the castle dur- 
 ing the night of Sept. 22nd. He, however, ordered the 
 5th Infantry and Blanchard's company to return to the 
 redoubt on the hill where were stationed the 7th Infantry. 
 
 Sept. 23d, at 7 o'clock in the morning General Worth 
 opened upon the town, from the castle, with the enemy's 
 own guns, as he intended to do when he first approached 
 the city. A report was raised that the enemy were endeav- 
 oring to escape and the whole command were out imme- 
 diately marching towards them. 
 
 It was now expected every moment, that the city would 
 capitulate ; but they held out and fought like tigers. At 
 the east end of the city the firing commenced briskly, the 
 same morning at day-break. The Texan cavalry under 
 Colonel Woods, had dismounted, and with the Mississip- 
 pians, under Colonel Davis, w^ere engaged with the enemy. 
 The Mississippians very early took possession of Fort 
 Diablo, without any opposition, as the enemy had aban- 
 doned it the preceding evening. This was the place 
 from which, on the 21st and 22d, our men had received 
 such a destructive fire. This force under General Quit- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 27 
 
 man, drove the enemy before them from house to house, 
 shooting them wherever they saw one of their heads pro- 
 jecting. 
 
 Bragg's battery was now ordered into the city and the 
 3rd Infantry ordered to support it. They moved forward, 
 and when they came within range of the enemy's guns 
 of the citadel, they crossed the field of fire at full gallop 
 and were unharmed. The 3d went under cover, in a cir- 
 cuitous route. On their arrival in the city they found it 
 cleared of the enemy on a line with the cathedral, and 
 within two squares of it. This edifice was in the main 
 plaza, where the enemy had been concentrated. Much 
 bravery was manifested by General's Quitman, Hender- 
 son, Lamar, and Colonels Wood and Davis. Several 
 were wounded and a few killed. Bragg's battery was 
 in action with them during the remainder of the day. 
 The fighting w T as not so severe as it was on the 21st, ex- 
 cept in the street running directly from the cathedral. It 
 could not be crossed without passing through a shower of 
 bullets. One of Bragg's pieces had little effect in this street 
 as the weight of metal was too light. Bragg's first ser- 
 geant by the name of Weightman, w T as shot while 
 pointing the gun. Our men could only cross, without 
 great danger of being shot, excepting when our piece 
 was pointed at the enemy. Then the Mexicans would fall 
 behind their barricade and our men would cross in squads. 
 As soon as our piece was fired the balls of the enemy 
 came down the street like a shower af hickory nuts. 
 
 General Taylor was in town entirely regardless of his 
 person in the midst of danger. This was very imprudent 
 and wrong. He even crossed the street where so many 
 balls were continually passing, and crossed in a walk. 
 A commanding: officer ousrht to look out for himself and 
 
28 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 army better than that. Taylor was brave to the back 
 bone, but imprudent. Capt Henry reminded him that he 
 ought to retire to a safer position ; but he said "Take 
 that axe and knock in that noon." Our men commenced 
 on the door and the occupant unlocked and opened it, and 
 behold it was an extensive apothecary shop. The doctor 
 (San Juan) treated his visitors to ripe limes and cool water. 
 He said that Ampudia was in the Plaza with four thousand 
 men, and that two thousand were in the citadel. One door 
 was burst open and we saw five genteel looking women who 
 were on their knees with crucifixes pleading for mercy. 
 They were very grateful when they found that their throats 
 were not to be cut. General Taylor expected that Gene- 
 ral Worth would commence throwing shells into the city, 
 in the afternoon, and perceiving that the field pieces were 
 of little use, ordered these forces to retire to camp. During 
 the day (23rd) the enemy sent in a flag of truce, requesting 
 a cessation of hostilities, that the women and children 
 might be removed. Old Rough and Ready said, " No, it 
 was too late." It was reported that some of the enemy 
 were leaving on pack mules, and undoubtedly many others 
 would have left, had not General Worth taken possession of 
 the Saltillo Road. General Worth on the west side of the 
 city, ordered a heavy gun under Capt. Chapman's company 
 to open on the city. This firing drove the enemy from 
 their lines bordering on the river.. About 10 A. M. the 7th 
 Infantry left the redoubt and joined Gen. Worth, at the 
 palace, for the purpose of entering the city. The enemy 
 did not make so great a resistance at the west part of the 
 town as at the east where they were in a larger body, and 
 our men did not suffer so much in the former as in the latter 
 position. There was some loss, however. Capt. M. Kavett, 
 of the 8th Infantry, while marching around the base of the 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. ' 29 
 
 hill, on the morning of the 21st, was killed. Lieut. Potter 7th 
 Infantry, while storming the redoubt, was wounded. Lieut. 
 Rossell was wounded in the attack upon the palace. Major 
 Brown's company of artillery, Capt. Blanchard's company and 
 some Texan Rangers, with a piece from McKall's battery, 
 were ordered to march under Brown and take possession of a 
 mill on the road to Saltillo, in order to cut off retreat. The 
 city had been reconnoitered by Lieutenant, Meade and Capt. 
 McCullough. They found that the city had been cleared 
 of the enemy as far as the Plaza in which was the ceme- 
 tery. Capt. Miles, with three companies was ordered to 
 take possession of the street nearest the river. Col- 
 onel Stanniford was to take posession of the next street 
 north. Both parties, the first under the direction of Capt. 
 Holmes, and the second, under Capt. Scriven, moved on 
 and took possession of the cemetery, without a shot from 
 the enemy. Loop holes had been made in the walls and 
 they had been prepared for defence. A piece of artillery fol- 
 lowed each of these commands. Then came Colonel Childs 
 with the Artillery Battalion and Capt. Miles with the remain- 
 der of the 7th and a company of the 8th Infantry. The last 
 was designed to protect the amunition train sent round byGen. 
 Taylor. Major Monroe and Lieut. Lovell soon placed the 
 mortar in position. Captains Holmes and Scriven, with 
 their forces marched through the same streets to a square 
 in advance of the cemetery and soon commenced with the 
 enemy. Colonel Childs followed the street upon which Capt. 
 Miles was a large Plaza Capt. Gatlin of the 7th 
 
 was now wounded. Our troops were soon under cover of 
 walls and were reinforced by two companies of the 5th 
 under Capt Merrill, and finally by three more under Major 
 Scott. The column in the next street under Colonel Smith 
 were now shortly engaged with the enemy. Capt. Holmes 
 
30 BATTLES OF MEXICO 
 
 was aided by Texans under Walker, and found his way 
 through gardens and houses until he came very near the 
 enemy in Cathedral Plaza. Lieut. Colonel Duncan was 
 sweeping the street with his battery. Major Brown was 
 ordered to join the Texans in the Plaza and aid Col. Childs. 
 They worked their way towards the enemy with pickaxes, 
 and soon came up with them, and cracked away. Night 
 came on and our men kept possession of the houses taken, 
 excepting Capt. Holmes who thought best to go back a little 
 as he was far in advance and had many wounded. Our 
 troops in the Plaza took possession of the houses on both 
 sides and rested till morning. Lieutenant Lovell threw shells 
 into the city during the night with great effect, and the 
 enemy returned the compliment from their howitzers. 
 Lieutenant Gardner of the 7th, manifested much bravery 
 in leading the advance with ladders and pickaxes. At 
 one time nearly all of his men were killed or wounded. 
 
 After reveille, on the morning of Sept. 24th, General 
 Ampudia sent Colonel Murino into our camp with a flag of 
 truce, and an offer to surrender the city, if General Taylor 
 would allow him to march out with his troops and all the 
 public property. Of course when the city w*as nearly in 
 our hands, such an offer was declined- But General Tay- 
 lor sent back his terms, saying that an answer would be 
 received at General Worth's headquarters at 12 M. Mu- 
 rino said that he had been informed that commissioners 
 had been appointed to negotiate for peace and that no rein- 
 forcements would be sent them, and that it would cost us 
 two thirds of our command to take the city, if we could do 
 it at all. The action was to commence again if terms were 
 not agreed upon. 
 
 The commissioners on our side w r ere Generals Worth and 
 Henderson and Colonel Davis. On the other side they 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 31 
 
 were, Manuel M. Llano, T. Requena, and Ortega. The 
 following are the terms : 
 
 Terms of the Capitulation of the City of Monterey, the 
 Capital of Nutva Leon, agreed upon by the under signed 
 Commissioners, to-wit: General Worth, of the United, 
 States army ; General Henderson, of the Texan Vol- 
 unteers ; and Colonel Davis of the Mississippi Riflemen, 
 oil the part of Major-general Taylor, commanding in chief 
 of the United States forces ; and General Requena and 
 General Ortega, of the anny of Mexico, and Senor 
 Manuel M. Llano, Governor of NucvaLeon t on the part 
 of Senor General Don Pedro Ampudia, comma?iding in 
 chief of the army of North Mexico. 
 Article 1. As the legitimate result of the operations 
 before this place, and the present position of the contending 
 armies, it is agreed that the city, the fortifications, cannon, 
 the munitions of war, and all other public property, with 
 the undermentioned exceptions, be surrendered to the com- 
 manding general of the United States forces now at 
 Monterey. 
 
 Article 2. That the Mexican forces be allowed the fol 
 lowing arms, to-wit : The commissioned officers, their side 
 arms ; the Infantry, their arms and accoutrements ; the 
 cavalry, their artillery, one field battery, not to exceed six 
 pieces, with twenty-one rounds of amunition. 
 
 Article 3. That the Mexican armed forces retire within 
 seven days from date, beyond the line formed by the pass 
 of the Rinconada, the city of Linares, and San Fernado de 
 Pusos. 
 
 Article 4. That the citadel of Monterey be evacuated 
 by the Mexican and occupied by the American forces to- 
 morrow at 10 o'clock. 
 
32 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Article 5. To avoid collisions, and for mutual conveni- 
 ence, that the troops of the United States will not occupy 
 the city until the Mexican forces have withdrawn, except 
 for hospital and storage purposes. 
 
 Article 6. That the force of the United States will not 
 advance beyond the line specified in the third article before 
 the expiration of eight week, or until the orders of the res- 
 pective governments can be received. 
 
 Article 7. That the public property to be delivered shall 
 be turned over and received by the commanding generals 
 of the two armies. 
 
 Article 8. That all doubts as to the meaning of any of 
 the preceding t articles shall be solved by an equitable con- 
 struction, and on the principles of liberality to the retiring 
 army. 
 
 Article. 9. That the Mexican flag, when struck at the 
 citadel, may be saluted by its own battery. 
 
 W. J. Worth, 
 
 Brigadier General United States Army. 
 
 J. Pinkney Henderson, 
 
 Major-General com'g Texan Volunteers. 
 
 Jefferson Davis, 
 
 Colonel Mississippi Riflemen. 
 
 J. M. Ortega, 
 
 T. Requena, 
 
 Manuel M. Llano, 
 
 A , { Pedro Ampudia, 
 
 Approved, j z TaylqRj Maj# Gen . g# A com , g# 
 
 Dated at Monterey, September 24th, 1846. 
 
 Our troops were commanded during the imposing cere- 
 mony by Colonel P. F. Smith. When the Mexican flag 
 was lowered, they fired a salute of eight guns. When 
 our flag was raised twenty-eighfguns were fired from the 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 33 
 
 Bishops Palace. Our troops marched into the city to the 
 tune of Yankee Doodle. Thus ended one of the severest 
 battles ever fought on the continent. The Mexicans, 
 in all of the battles with us have fought more desperately, 
 from the fact that our forces were so very few, compared 
 with theirs. They were ashamed to be beaten by such 
 an inferior force. We have believed from the first that an 
 army of fifty thousand men could have marched to the 
 capital of Mexico without shedding a drop of blood. 
 How awful the idea of ushering such multitudes of im- 
 mortal souls into the presence of their Maker, in such a 
 manner ! General Ampudia had about ten thousand men 
 in action, seven thousand of whom were regulars. Our 
 force consisted of four hundred and twenty-five officers 
 and six thousand two hundred and twenty men. We 
 lost twelve officers and one hundred and eight men killed ; 
 twenty-six officers, and three hundred and seven privates 
 were wounded. The loss of the enemy was thought to 
 have exceeded ours. Our men captured forty-two pieces 
 of artillery and one eighteen-pounder. The munitions of 
 war captured from the enemy were immense. The fol- 
 lowing is a list of the officers killed. 
 
 Captain Williams Topographical Engineers ; 1st Infan- 
 try, Lieutenant J. C. Terrett, Lieutenant R. Dil worth ; 3d 
 Infantry, Captains L. N. Morris, G. P. Field, and Brevet 
 Major P. N. Barbour, Lieutenants D. S. Irwin and R. 
 Hazlitt; 4th Infantry, Lieutenant C. Hoskins, Brevet 
 Lieutenant J. S. Wood, 2d infantry (serving with the 4th) ; 
 8th Infantry, Captain H. M'Kavett ; Baltimore Battalion, 
 Colonel Watson ; 1st Ohio, Lieutenant Hett ; 1st Tennes- 
 see, Captain Allen, Lieutenant Putnam ; Captain Gillespie, 
 Texan Rangers. Wounded : Major-general Butler, Major 
 Mansfield : 1st Infantry, Major J. S. Abercrombie, Captain 
 
34 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 J. H. Lamotte; 3d Infantry, Major W. W. Lear, Captain 
 H. Bainbridge ; 4th Infantry, Lieut. R. H. Graham ; 5th 
 Infantry N. B. Rossell ; 7th Infantry, Capt. R. C. Gatlin, 
 Lieutenaut J. Potter ; 8th Infantry, Lieutenant G. Wain- 
 wright ; 1st Ohio, Colonel Mitchell, Captain George, Lieu- 
 tenants Armstrong, Niles, Morter, McCarty ;. 1st Tennessee, 
 Major Alexander, Lieutenants Allen, Scudder, and Nixon ; 
 1st Mississippi, Lieutenant Colonel M'Clung, Captain 
 Downing, Lieutenants Cook and Arthur. 
 
 It is astonishing that the city could be taken at all by 
 so few. The citadel is a regular bastion work with revet- 
 ments of solid masonry, with thirty-four embrasures. 
 Inside are the remnants of an unfinished cathedral, which is 
 itself a work of defence. Two magazines were discovered, 
 with ammunition enough to have fired at us for a month. In 
 nearly every street were works of defence. Barricades over- 
 lapped each other, and ditches were dug in front, and every 
 house seemed to be a fortification. On the eastern part of 
 the city there were barricades defending each other, and it is 
 surprising that Worth's division who operated there, were 
 not all cut to pieces. The Bishop's Palace has two or three 
 heavy guns mounted, in Barbette, pointing towards the 
 city. There were many fortifications around the- city, 
 Making it a perfect Gibraltar. 
 
 Sept. 26th, the enemy were seen in great numbers 
 mounted on every thing that looked like a horse, from the 
 mustang to the donkey, preparing to follow the army. 
 Ampudia left on the 25th with two divisions. The troops 
 of the enemy had left the city before the close of the first 
 week in October. General Worth and his division occu- 
 pied the city, and Capt. Miles was his executive officer. The 
 Governor of the city was allowed to go on as usual, except- 
 ing that he was required to furnish supplies for our army, for 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 35 
 
 which we were to pay cash. Several deserters were ob- 
 served in the ranks of the enemy, among which was Riley, 
 who was appointed a captain in the artillery of the enemy. 
 Immediately after the battle, the Texas troops were dis- 
 charged. 
 
 When Ampudia reached Saltillo, he issued a proclama- 
 tion, declaring that he had repulsed us with a loss of fifteen 
 hundred men, on the 21st, that, being scarce of amunition 
 and provisions, a conference was held on the 24th and terms 
 were agreed to, which saved their honor and they marched 
 out with their arms. That Santa Anna was coming and 
 then they would see who would be the conquerors. 
 
 On the 16th of August, General Santa Anna arrived at 
 Vera Cruz, and was allowed to land, as our government 
 thought that he would use his best exertions to bring 
 about a peace ; but the duplicity of the Mexican character 
 must be learned by sad experience. His proclamation, on 
 the day of his arrival, told his warlike intentions. He was 
 immediately invested with the command of the army, 
 while General Salas acted as President of the republic. He 
 went to San Luis Potosi to raise an army. 
 
 Oct. 12th, Lieutenant R. H. Graham, 4th Infantry, died 
 of his wounds received Sept. 21st. 
 
 It was said that a woman named Dos Amades, com- 
 manded a company of Mexican lancers, who fought des- 
 perately and killed many of our men. 
 
 Oct. 25th, Capt. Ridgely's horse fell with him in Monte- 
 rey and so injured him that he died on the 27th, and was 
 buried with military honors the next day. He was a fine 
 officer and a graduate of West Point. 
 
 The troops on the Rio Grande were under General Pat- 
 terson, whose head quarters were at Camargo. The fol- 
 
36 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 lowing were the different regiments, and the mode of their 
 distribution : 
 
 At Camargo, 2d Brigade, General Pillow commanding, 
 composed of 2d Tennessee, Colonel Haskell ; Alabama, 
 Colonel Coffee ; Ohio and Kentucky Brigade, General Mar- 
 shall commanding, composed of the 2d Kentucky, Colonel 
 McKee, 2d Ohio, Col. Morgan ; Illinois, Brigade, General 
 Shields commanding, composed of 3d Illinois, Colonel 
 Forman, 4th Illinois, Colonel Baker, 2d Infantry, Colonel 
 Riley. 
 
 At Reynosa, Company H. 2d Artillery and two compa- 
 nies of the 1st Indiana, Captain Swartwout commanding. 
 
 Matamoras, 3d Ohio, Colonel Curtis, Captains Louds, 
 Vanness, and Norman's companies of Artillery, Colonel 
 Clarke commanding. 
 
 Camp Belknap, Indiana Brigade, General Lane com- 
 manding ; 2d Indiana, Colonel Bowles, 3d Indiana, Colonel 
 Lane. 
 
 Mouth of the Rio Grande, 1st Indiana, Colonel Drake. 
 
 Brasos Island, Captain Porter's company of Artillery. 
 
 Point Isabel, one company of Artillery, Major Gardner 
 commanding 
 
 Nov. 2d, 1846, orders were received from Washington, 
 directing General Taylor to announce to the Mexican 
 authorities that the armstice was broken up and that we 
 were to commence hostilities with greater energy than ever. 
 Major Graham, with a small escort was dispatched to give 
 the information to the Mexican forces. General Patterson 
 was ordered to Tampico with a part of our forces at Mon- 
 terey. General Worth was ordered with his division except- 
 ing the 7th Infantry, a company of artillery and McKall's 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 37 
 
 battery and Colonel Smith, to march to Saitillo on the 
 1 2th (Nov.) 
 
 Santa Anna took away the commissions and placed in 
 confinement all the principal officers of Ampudia's army, 
 excepting Mejia and Racina. Parades had gone to Ha- 
 vana. On the 8th news arrived in camp that Gen. Wool 
 had arrived at Monclova and would not advance upon Chi- 
 huahua until further orders. 
 
 On the 10th Major Graham returned, not having gone 
 farther than Saitillo. He learned that Santa Anna was at 
 San Luis Potosi, with sixteen thousand men, and expected 
 six thousand more ; but he was nearly destitute of funds 
 and the army had a scarcity of provisions and clothing. 
 
 On thel2th Mr. McLane arrived from Washington order- 
 ing our army to take all the towns between Monterey and 
 Tampico. 
 
 On the 13th, Generals Taylor and Worth moved towards 
 Satillo, and took possession of the city on the 16th. It is 
 seventy-five miles from Monterey. Capt. Harden with t his 
 Dragoons, was left in the city. 
 
 On the 24th Capt. Taylor arrived from Camargo, with 
 two eighteen-pounders and two eight inch howitzers. Gen. 
 Shields and Col. Harny, arrived from General Wool's com- 
 mand on the 24th. The former is to go to Tampico and 
 take the command. Brevet Major Buchanan, 4th Infantry, 
 was appointed to command the Baltimore Batallion of Vol- 
 unteers. Col. Benton sailed for Tampico, from Brasos, with 
 six companies of artillery, about the same time. Santa 
 Anna destroyed the water tanks between Monterey and 
 Tampico. Seven Texans had been taken prisoners at Chi- 
 na, before onr army reached Monterey. General Taylor 
 demanded their release. ' Santa Anna complied. They re- 
 ported that Santa Anna had about 27,000 men at San 
 
38 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Luis Potosi. The Mexicans caused some of our men, most- 
 ly English and Germans, to desert, by giving them $60 each, 
 citizens clothes, a horse, guide to the army, and 50 cents to 
 drink the health of Santa Anna. Dec. 5th General Wool 
 was ordered to Parras, east of Satillo. On the 2nd of Dec. 
 Brigadier General Thomas L. Hamer, of Ohio, died of dys- 
 entery, and was hurried on the 4th with military honors. 
 He was very much esteemed. 
 
 NAVAL BATTLES. 
 
 During this time, the navy was engaged in blockading 
 Mexican ports. The brig Truxton, commanded by Com- 
 mander Carpenter, was run aground on the 15th of August, 
 on the bar off Tuspan, and deserted. Lieut. Hunter, with a 
 boat's crew, reached a vessel of the squadron, and the other 
 officers and men surrendered to the enemy. They were 
 afterwards exchanged for General La Vega and other Mex- 
 ican officers. It was impossible to save the vessel and she 
 was burned. An attempt had been made to capture Alva- 
 rado, and failed as the vessels could not cross the bar. Oct. 
 15th, another attempt was made by the steamers Vixen and 
 Mc'Lane, three gun-boats, Schooners Nonata and Forward, 
 and steamer Mississippi, Commander, Perry. The whole 
 commanded h~ r Commodore Connor. There was a battery 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 39 
 
 at the mouth of the river, mounting ' seven guns. The first 
 division consisting of the Reefer and Bonita, towed by the 
 Vixen, crossed the bar and engaged with the battery. The 
 second division consisted of the Nonata Forward and Petrel, 
 towed by the Mc'Lane. The steamer run agronnd, and the 
 others could not be towed over. Commodore Connor thought 
 it would be useless to go forward with one division and re- 
 tired. Oct. 16th. Commodore Perry sailed to attack Tobas- 
 co with the Vixen, Capt. Sands, schooners Bonita, Ber 
 ham, Reefer, Sterret, Nonata, and Hazard, schooner For- 
 ward, Capt. Nones, and steamer Mc'Lane, Capt. How- 
 ard. Capt. Forest had a command of about 200 marines 
 and sailors. He crossed the bar Oct. 23rd, and took, withuot 
 resistance, Frontera, capturing two 9teamers, and all the 
 vessels in port. Tobasco is seventy-four miles up the river 
 from Frontera. Our forces reached Fort Aceachappa, com- 
 manding a difficult pass* in the river, Oct. 25th, and spiked 
 the cannon, the enemy having left the fort. The vessels 
 were all before Tobasco on the same day, about noon The 
 town was summoned to surrender, but it refused. The 
 boats soon captured five merchant vessels. The vessels 
 fired upon the town, and Capt. Forest, with his command 
 was ordered to advance into the city. There was a sharp 
 engagement, and the command were ordered back at night. 
 At the desire of the foreign merchants the town was spared. 
 On the 26th they left with their prizes. One, under Lieut. 
 Parker, grounded and was fired upon, but Parker defended 
 it and got the vessel off, with one man killed and two 
 wounded. Lieutenant Morris was wounded in carrying a 
 message to Lieut. Parker, and died November 1st 
 
 This expedition captured two steamers and seven vessels. 
 Nov. 12th, Commodore Connor sailed for Tampico, with 
 a considerable part of the squadron, and on the 14th the city 
 
40 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 surrendered unconditionally, without opposition. Nov. 20th 
 Lieutenant Parker with Midshipman Rodgers, and Hynson 
 at night with a small boat, and crew of six men, rowed in 
 under the guns of San Juan d'Ullao, and burned the bark 
 Creole, anchored there. This was very daring and brave. 
 Midshipman Rodgers, Doct. J. W. Wright, and J. G. Fox, 
 went ashore to reconnoitre one of the enemies magazines, in 
 order to destroy it. After they had gone a little distance 
 from the boat they were surrounded by seven Mexicans. 
 Dr. Wright escaped, but the other two were taken prisoners. 
 
 The last of August 1846, by order of the President, Brig- 
 adier General J. E. Wool concentrated an army (called the 
 11 Central Division Army of Mexico") in Texas, for the pur- 
 pose of moving against Chihuahua, the capital of the state 
 of the same name. The command was composed of the 
 1st Illinois, Colonel Hardin, 2nd Illinois, Col. Bissell ; six 
 companies of Arkansas mounnted men, Col. Yell, a compa- 
 ny of Kentucky volunteers under Capt. Williams ; two com- 
 panies of 1st dragoons, Capt. Steen ; two companies 2d 
 dragoons, Major Beali ; three companies of 6th Infantry, 
 Major Bonneville, and Capt. Washington's company of horse 
 artillery, in all 2,829. The first column moved from Sam 
 Antonio Sept. 26th, commanded by Colonel Harney, and the 
 second column marched Oct. 14th, under Col. Churchill. 
 
 Oct. 29th, the command arrived at Monclora, and took 
 possession without resistance. Here General Wool decided 
 to go no farther towards Chihuahua. 
 
 The command from Monterey moved on towards San Luis 
 Potosi. It was reported that Santa Anna was advancing 
 upon Saltillo and a part of our forces returned, Dec. 18th, to 
 Monterey and found that the alarm was false. 
 
 At this time Salas was president of the Mexican Congress 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 41 
 
 and had, in his message, recommended a vigorous prose- 
 cution of the war. 
 
 Dec. 31st, the rear guard of Colonel May, in passing 
 from Labadores to Linares, was attacked by the enemy and 
 cut off together with the baggage train. 
 
 General Quitman took possession of Victoria on the 30th 
 without resistance. 
 
 Just beyond San Pedro, on the way to San Luis Potosi, 
 when our men were passing through a defile with high moun- 
 tains each side, a mine was sprung and showers of stones 
 thrown down among us while we were fired upon from the 
 other side. The arrieros deserted their mules and the rear 
 guard, consisting of eleven men, fled. Colonel May dis- 
 mounted twenty men and went through the pass. Only 
 an occasional shot was fired at them. Eleven men, twelve 
 horses and all the baggage were lost. At Tula, one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles from Victoria, towards San Luis Potosi, 
 Generals Valencia and Urea, had concentrated, as was re- 
 ported, Jan. 6th, a large force. 
 
 The order was issued January 12th, 1847, to proceed to 
 Tampico. We set out on the 13th. As General Taylor 
 was about starting, he received orders from General Scott to 
 send his whole command, excepting two batteries of 
 light artillery, and squadron of dragoons, to Tampico, 
 where Scott would meet them about the first of February. 
 General Taylor was ordered to return to Monterey and re- 
 main on the defensive. He left immediately, taking, in ad- 
 dition to the above named forces, the 1st Mississippi regiment. 
 Thus Taylor was deprived of almost all of his regulars, 
 which blasted all of his hopes in reference to advancing upon 
 San Luis Potosi. 
 
 Upon parting with his old veteran soldiers, General Taylor 
 said: 
 
42 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 "It is with deep sensibility that the commanding general 
 finds himself separated from the troops he so long command- 
 ed. To those corps, regular and volunteer, who have shared 
 with him the active services of the field, he feels the attach- 
 ment due such associations ; while to those making their 
 first campaign, he must express his regret that he can not 
 participate with them in its eventful scenes. To all, both 
 officers and men, he extends his heartfelt wishes for their 
 continued success and happiness, confident that their achieve- 
 ments on another theatre will redound to the credit of their 
 country and its arms." 
 
 General Scott reached the Brasos, Dec. 28th, 1846 and 
 took the command of the army. Gen. Worth was ordered 
 to move, with all the regulars, excepting Washington's, 
 Webster's, Sherman's and Bragg's batteries, to Point Isabel. 
 
 The force that set out for Tampico, Jan. 13, arrived on 
 the 23rd. General Taylor and his command, arrived at 
 Monterey on his return from Victoria, the last of Jan. 1847. 
 General Wool had established a camp at the rancho. Tay- 
 lor kept possession of Saltillo and the strong passes in ad- 
 vance of it, and stationed his forces, at these points. 
 
 Jan. 22, a scouting party, under Major Borland *and 
 Gaines, the former of the Arkansas and the latter of the 
 Kentucky cavalry, we A surrounded by General Minon 
 with three thousand men, and captured, sixty miles from 
 Saltillo. Our men numbered sixty-four privates and six 
 officers and they were immediately marched off to Mexico. 
 This capture exhibited great carelessness in the officers. 
 Capt Henrie, a Texan Volunteer, escaped and reached Sal- 
 tillo in safety. 
 
 Jan. 27th Capt Heady with seventeen Kentucky volun- 
 teers was captured by the enemy, while on a scouting 
 party, without any resistance. 
 
I 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 45 
 
 BATTLE OF BUENA VISTA. 
 
 On the 5th of February, General Taylor, having heard 
 reports of the advancement of Santa Anna with a large 
 force, moved his head quarters eighteen miles south of Sal- 
 tillo, to Agua Nueva. By the 8th all of his army except- 
 ing Major Warren's command, which was left at Saltillo, 
 concentrated at that point. The forces consisted of two 
 companies of the 1st Dragoons, under Captain Steen ; two 
 companies 2d Dragoons, under Brevet Lieutenant-colonel 
 May ; Bragg's and Sherman's batteries, 3d Artillery ; 
 Washington's battery, 4th Artillery ; one regiment Arkan- 
 sas cavalry, under Colonel Yell ; one regiment of Ken- 
 tucky cavalry, under Colonel Marshall ; 2d Kentucky foot 
 under Colonel M'Kee ; 1st Regiment Mississippi Rifles, un- 
 der Colonel Davis ; 3d Indiana, under Colonel Lane ; 1st 
 Illinois, under Colonel Hardin ; 2d Illinois, under Colonel 
 Bissell ; and two companies of Texas volunteers, one corn- 
 commanded by Captain Conner, the other a spy company, 
 commanded by the celebrated Captain (now Major) M'Cul- 
 lough, in all amounting to three hundred and thirty-four 
 officers, and four thousand four hundred and twenty-five 
 men. 
 
 It was evident that there must be a terrible conflict and 
 General Taylor selected a pass two miles in advance of 
 Buena Vista, as his position. There was a valley about 
 three miles broad, with irregular surface, containing occa- 
 sionally hills and ravines, and was surrounded by higb 
 
46 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 mountains. The road passed by the side of a deep arroyo, 
 which was impassable. On the right side of the road, 
 there were great gullies which it was impossible to cross, 
 extending to the mountains. On the left, of the road 
 were steep ascents to the tops of the spurs of the mountain 
 and there was formed a plain, suitable for a battle field. 
 The choice of this place showed much skill and good 
 judgment in the General. By the 21st of Feb. our forces 
 were stationed at this position. Col. Yell was left, with some 
 cavalry to cover the removal of the stores and were driven in 
 by the enemy. Our men secured most of the stores and 
 burned the remainder. General Taylor went to Saltillo 
 immediately, to make arrangements for its defence, leaving 
 Gen. Wool to command the army. Our forces prepared 
 for the advance of the enemy. Capt. Washington's bat- 
 tery was so placed as to command the road. The 1st 
 and 2d Illinois regiments containing sixteen hundred 
 strong, and the 2nd Kentucky regiment, occupied crests of 
 ridges in the rear and to the left. Near the base of the 
 mountain at the extreme left, stood the Arkansas and Ken- 
 tucky cavalry The Indiana Brigade under General Lane, 
 the Mississippi Riflemen, the two squadrons of dragoons, 
 and Sherman's and Bragg's batteries were held in reserve. 
 On the morning of the 22nd the enemy approached, and 
 General Taylor returned immediately to camp. Tremen- 
 dous clouds of dust announced the advance of the enemy, 
 who arrived in position, with immense masses, between 10 
 and 11 A. M. All was silence, waiting for the attack, when 
 a white flag was brought into our camp, by Surgeon-gene- 
 ral Lindenberger, with the following message from Santa 
 Anna : 
 
 u You are surrounded by twenty thousand men, and can- 
 not in any human probability avoid suffering a route, and 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 47 
 
 being cut to pieces with your troops ; but as you deserve 
 consideration and particular esteem, I wish to save you 
 from a catastrophe, and for that purpose give you this notice 
 in order that you may surrender at discretion, under the 
 assurance that you will be treated with the consideration 
 belonging to the Mexican character, to which end you will 
 be granted an hour's time to make up your mind, to com- 
 mence from the moment when my flag of truce arrives in 
 your camp. 
 
 " With this view, I assure vou of my particular conside- 
 ration. 
 
 " God and Liberty. Camp at Encantada, February 22d, 
 1847. 
 
 "Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. 
 "To Gen. Z. Taylor, comm'g the forces of the United States.'' 
 
 Old Rough and Ready answered thus : 
 
 14 Headquarters, Army of Occupation, \ 
 Near Buena Vista, Feb. 22, 1847. ] 
 
 " Sir, — In reply to your note of this date, summoning 
 me to surrender my force at discretion, I beg leave to say 
 that I decline acceding to your request. With high respect, 
 I am , sir, 
 
 " Your obedient servant, Z. Taylor, 
 
 "Maj. Gen. U. S. Army, commanding. 
 " Senor Gen. D. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, j 
 Commander' in-chief, La Encantada." j 
 
 Several hours passed before any attack was made. The 
 columns of the enmy's rear could be seen moving up. 
 There was a slight demonstration of our right and a section of 
 Bragg,s battery, supported by the 2d Kentucky foot, were 
 detached to that point. They bivoucked for the night. 
 Near evening, the light troops of the enemy commenced 
 upon our left, consisting of detachments of Arkansas and 
 Kentucky cavalry dismounted, and a battalion of Indiana 
 
48 BATTLES OF MEXICO, 
 
 Riflemen, under Major Gorman and all commanded by 
 Colonel Marshall. Some she J Is were thrown into this 
 part of our line, by the enemy without effect. This skir- 
 mishing was continued until after dark, with slight loss 
 on our side. Three pieces of Washington's battery under 
 Capt. O'Brien, took position to the left. Here the troops 
 rested during the night on their arms. 
 
 Genral Taylor proceeded to Saltillo with the Mississippi 
 regiment and squadron of 2nd dragoons, and while there, 
 about fifteen hundred Mexicans under General Minon had 
 advanced into the valley, by a pass through the mountains, 
 and were seen in the rear of the city. They were designed 
 to harass us and cut off our retreat. There were in the 
 city, four companies of Illinois volunteers under Major War- 
 ren of the first regiment. There was a field-work command- 
 ing the approaches and was garrisoned by Capt. Webster's 
 company with two twenty-four pound howitzers. Two 
 companies of Mississippi riflemen, under Capt. Rodgers 
 with one field-piece under Capt. Shower, defended the train. 
 
 Jan. 22nd, during the night, the enemy stationed a large 
 force of light troops upon the side of the mountain, to out- 
 flank our left. 
 
 On the morning of the 23rd, the action was renewed at 
 this point. Col. Marshall with his riflemen, re-enforced by 
 three companies of Illinois volunteers, under Major Trail ? 
 stood firm and did considerable execution with their sure 
 rifles. At 8 o'clock a large column of the enemy moved up 
 the road and threatened our centre, but Washington's ener- 
 getic battery kept them back. The enemy could do noth- 
 ng on account of the nature of the ground, where they 
 stood ; but our left being on an extensive plain, Santa 
 Anna thought- that he could outflank us. Large bodies 
 of the enemy passed up the ravines under cover of 
 t he ridges, and co ncentrated near our left. The 2d Indiana 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 49 
 
 and 2 Illinois regiments formed the extreme left of oui line 
 and the former supported O'Brien's three pieces of artillery. 
 The commander on the left was Brigadier-general Lane. 
 O'Brien was ordered to advance towards the enemy with his 
 guns. The fight was now very severe upon the enemy ; 
 but they poured upon our men volleys of grape and can- 
 nister. The action was so warm that the Indiana regi- 
 ment broke, not being able to stand against such a fire } 
 and left the artillery unprotected. Thus Capt. O'Brien was 
 obliged to .retire leaving one of his pieces, at which ev- 
 ery man and horse was either killed or wounded. The 
 cowardly Indiana regiment could not be rallied, though 
 Major Dix, Paymaster U. S. Army, induced a few to return 
 and join , together with their Colonel Bowles, the Missis- 
 sippi regiment. They were very useful during the remain- 
 der of the day. Our left giving way, encouraged the enemy? 
 and large masses of them pressed forward and forced our 
 light troops on the side of the mountain, to retire, and ma- 
 ny of them could not be rallied until they reached the de- 
 pot at Buena Vista. The 2nd Illinois regiment, to which 
 a section of Sherman's battery was attached, were driven 
 before the enemy. 
 
 The Mexican Infantry and cavalry poured in so rapidly 
 that our rear was in danger. Thus far evidently, every 
 move went against us. But General Taylor now arrived 
 and took a commanding position on the elevated plateau. 
 His presence was enough to animate our troops. The 
 Missssippi regiment, under Davis, was ordered to the 
 left, and came in contact, immediately with large portions 
 of the enemy, who had turned our flank. 
 
 The struggle was severe, but in tavor of our troops. The 
 2nd Kentucky, under Col. M'Kee, with a section of artil- 
 ery under Bragg, had been ordered to support our left. 
 These with a part of the 1st Illinois under Col. Hardin 
 
50 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 were now fiercely engaged with the enemy, and recovere d 
 to some extent, the lost ground. 
 
 The batteries of Bragg and Sherman were very effective 
 in the columns of the enemy, and especially those who 
 were in our rear. The Mississippi regiment exhibited great 
 bravery, sustaining the attacks of the enemy without flinch- 
 ing. The 3rd Indiana, under Colonel Lane, and a piece of 
 artillery under Colonel Kilburn, finally moved to their aid. 
 The Mexican infantry and cavalry repeatedly advanced 
 with the most determined impetuosity, intending to force our 
 line, but they were received so firmly and warmly that they 
 were glad to fall back. Our artillery made awful havoc, 
 Brevet Lieutenant Colonel May commanded the regu- 
 lar cavalry, and Captain Pike's of the Arkansas cav- 
 alry. May, with the Kentucky and Arkansas cavalry, un- 
 der Colonels Marshall and Yell, were directed to keep in 
 check the masses that had gained our rear. The enemy 
 still were determined at all hazards, to break our left. Our 
 forces were. pouring upon the enemy a terrific fire from dif- 
 ferent sections and pieces, under O'Brien, Bragg, Sherman 
 Thomas, Kilburn, Reynolds, French and Bryan, forming 
 a long line. The thick columns of the enemy were made 
 to stagger, fearful inroads were made in their ranks, and 
 they were finally, after many desperate struggles, obliged 
 to give way. Their success was short, and their shouts of tri- 
 umph were soon at an end. Just as they began to give way 
 a little, Lieutenant Rucker, with his squadron of 1st dragoons, 
 was ordered to dash in among them, which was done with 
 great effect. 
 
 It was feared that the portion of the enemy in our rear 
 might attack the train at Buena Vista, and Col. May, with 
 his command, and two pieces of artillery under Lieutenant 
 Reynolds, was ordered to that place. But, before they arri- 
 ved, the Arkansas and Keutucky cavalry had met the ene- 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 51 
 
 my and repulsed them. They broke in two columns, one 
 escaped by the ranch, and received a destructive fire from 
 the fugitive forces of a part of Major Trail's and Gorman's 
 command, whom Major Munroe had reorganized. The 
 other column of the enemy gained the mountain, but re- 
 ceived a terrible fire from the pieces under, Lieutenant 
 Reynolds. 
 
 Colonel Yell was killed, in the charge, at Buena Vista, at 
 the head of his regiment. Adjutant Vaughn, also, of the 
 Kentucky cavalry fell in that engagement. 
 
 A part of the Arkansas and Indiana troops, and Col. May, 
 with his command, kept in check the enemy's right. They 
 were crowded in vast numbers in ravines, and our guns made 
 horrid work with them. Those who had gained our rear 
 were now in the greatest danger. Santa Anna perceived it 
 and in his deceptive and cowardly manner, sent a white flag 
 into our camp, and asked General Taylor " what he wanted." 
 Taylor immediately ordered the firing to cease, and sent 
 General Wool, with a white Hag, to answer the message. 
 No consultation could be had, as the Mexicans kept on firing. 
 Santa Anna had gained time for his forces to reach their 
 lines and he cared no more for the truce. This was barba- 
 rous enough in the Mexican General. While the enemy 
 were retreating, they were severely handled by our artillery. 
 
 The cavalry under General Minon, were in the road be- 
 tween the battle ground and Saltillo, and it was feared that 
 they would fall upon the city. Capt- Webster fired upon 
 them from the redoubt, and they moved towards Buena 
 Vista. Capt. S hover, with some volunteers 'and apiece of 
 artillery, accompanied by a piece of Webster's battery, un- 
 der Lieut. Donaldson, aided by Capt. Wheeler, with his Il- 
 linois volunteers, drove the enemy into the ravines, leading 
 to the lower valley. The enemy endeavored to charge 
 
 \ B P A o^ 
 
52 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 once or twice, but were driven back every time in confusion. 
 Firing bad now nearly ceased; but one struggle more was 
 to come. Santa Anna, being reinforced by cavalry, under 
 cover of artillery, charged our line in a most desperate 
 manner, by horse and foot. Great masses came rushing on, 
 and poured among us a deadly lire. The 2nd Kentucky, 
 1st Illinois, and O'Brien, with two pieces, received the se- 
 verest part of the attack. The infantry supportingjO'Brien's 
 piece was routed and their piece left in the hands of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Our batteries, however, finally turned the tide. Their lire 
 was so firm, precise and awful, that the enemy could not re- 
 sist, and fell back in disorder. Harden and McKee, charg- 
 ed the enemy with great bravery and impetuosity. They 
 fled, but seeing the few pursuing, turned suddenly and came 
 up in vast numbers. There was dreadful carnage on both 
 sides. We had but a mere handful compared with the en- 
 emy, and our men were again routed, and it seemed that we 
 must be beaten. Brent and Whiting of Washington's bat- 
 tery covered their retreat. 
 
 General Taylor looked on calmly and unmoved, while 
 the balls were flying all around him. 
 
 Bragg's battery had now reached the place of attack. 
 Bragg told his Captain to unlimber the piece and wait till 
 the enemy had arrived nearly to the muzzle, They rushed 
 on certain that they should conquer us ; but the battery 
 opened and poured into their masses a plenty of grape. They 
 staggered at]the first fire, and the second opened streets through 
 them and the third volley entirely dispersed them and they 
 fled in dismay. Our loss was heavy in this last struggle. 
 
 In this desperate conflict, Colonels Hardin and McKee 
 and Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, fell at the head of their regi- 
 ments. Our artillery turned the tide of battle three times 
 
DATTLES OF MEXICO. 53 
 
 during the day. It was now ten hours that the battle had 
 been raging. The enemy did not make another attempt to 
 force our lines, and our troops, weary, dropped upon the 
 battle ground to seek rest to prepare them for the morrow, 
 among the dead and dying, without any fires to warm their 
 benumbed limbs. The wounded were removed to Saltillo and 
 our men prepared for an attack in the morning ; but the 
 enemy retired very early to Agua Nueva, leaving many 
 of their dead and dying. Brigadier-general Marshall made a 
 forced march for Rinconada to reinforce our troops there ; 
 but he was too late to participate in the action. 
 
 In the battle of Buena Vista, we had two hundred and 
 sixty-seven killed, four hundred and fifty-six wounded, and 
 twenty-three missing. The enemy must have lost two 
 thousand. There were five hundred of their dead left upon 
 the field. We had twenty-eight officers killed and forty- one 
 wounded. 
 
 What an awful responsibility rests upon somebody for 
 ushering so many innocent persons into the presence of their 
 Judge ! 
 
 The names of the officers killed and wounded are the 
 following : 
 
 General Staff: killed, Captain George Lincoln, Assis 
 tant Adjutant General ; wounded, H. W. Benliam, 1st 
 Lieutenant Engineers ; P. S. Bryan, brevet 2d Lieuten- 
 ant Topographical engineers. 1st Regiment of dragoons : 
 wounded, Captain E. Steen. 2d regiment of dragoons: 
 wounded, Brevet Lieutenant- colonel C. A. May. 3d Regi- 
 ment Artillery : wounded, Lieutenant S. G. French. 4th 
 Artillery : wounded, 1st Lieutenant J. P. O'Brien. Missis- 
 sippi Rifles : killed, 1st Lieutenant R. L. Moore, 2d Lieut. 
 F. M'Nulty ; wounded, Colonel Davis, Captains Sharp 
 and Stockaw, 1st Lieutenants Corwin and Posey. 1st 
 
54 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Regiment Illinois : killed, Colonel Hardin, Captain Zabris- 
 kie, and 1st Lieutenant Houghton. 2d Regiment Illinois ; 
 killed, Captain Woodward, Lieutenants Rountree, Fletcher 
 Ferguson, Robbins, Steel, Kelly, Bartleson. Atherton, and 
 Price; wounded, Captains Coffee and Baker, Lieutenants 
 Picket, Engleman, West, and Whiteside. Texas volunteers ; 
 killed, 1st Lieutetenant Campbell. 2d Lieutenant Leonhard ; 
 wounded Captain Connor. Indiana volunteers : Brigade 
 Staff; Brigadier-aeneral Lane. 2d Indiana: killed, Cap- 
 tains Kinder and Walker, and Lieutenant Parr; wounded, 
 Captains Sanderson and Osborn, Lieutenants Cayce, Davis, 
 Pennington, Lewis, Moore, and Epperson. 3d Indiana : 
 killed, Captain Taggart ; wounded, Major Gorman, Cap- 
 tains Sleep and Connover. 2d Kentucky foot; killed, 
 Colonel M'Kee, Lieutenant-Colonel Clay, and Captain 
 Willis ; wounded, Lieutenants Barber and Napier. Arkan- 
 sas Cavalry : killed, Colonel Yell, Captain Porter : wounded. 
 Lieutenant Reader. 
 
 A large portion of officers fell showing their unconquera- 
 ble bravery. It was a battle of artillery. General Taylor 
 said, — 
 
 "The services of the light artillery, always conspicuous, 
 were more than usually distinguished. Moving rapidly over 
 the roughest ground, it was always in action at the right 
 place and at the right time, and its well-directed fire dealt 
 destruction in the masses of the enemy." 
 
 The General was necessarily much exposed. Two balls 
 passed through his clothes. Our forces consisted of five 
 thousand, and but four hundred and fifty-three of them were 
 regulars. We were not able to follow up our success for 
 the want of more men. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 55 
 
 On the 26th General Taylor issued the following order : 
 
 " Headquarters, Array of Occupation, j 
 Buena Vista, Feb. 26, 1847. j 
 
 Order No. 12. 
 
 I. The commanding general has the grateful task of 
 congratulating the troops upon the brilliant success which 
 attended their arms in the conflict of the 22 nd and 23rd, 
 Confident in the immense superiority of numbers, and stim- 
 ulated by the presence of a distinguished leader, the Mexi- 
 can troops were yet repulsed in every effort to force out 
 lines, and finally withdrew with immense loss from the field. 
 
 II. The general would express his obligations to the men 
 and officers engaged for the cordial support which they ren- 
 dered throughout the action. It will be his highest pride 
 to bring to the notice of the government the conspicuos 
 gallantry of particular officers and corps, whose unwaver- 
 ing steadiness more than once saved the fortunes of the day. 
 He would also express his high satisfaction with the small 
 command left at Saltillo. Though not so seriously engaged 
 as their comrades, their services were very important, and 
 efficiently rendered. While bestowing this just tribute to 
 the good conduct of the troops, the general deeply regrets to 
 say that there were not a few exceptions. He trusts that 
 those who fled ingloriously to Buena Vista, and even to Sal- 
 tillo, will seek an opportunity to retrieve their reputation? 
 and to emulate the bravery of their comrades who bore the 
 brunt of the battle, and sustained, against fearful odds, the 
 honor of the flag. 
 
 III. The exhultation of success is checked by the heavy 
 sacrifice of life which it has cost, embracing many officers 
 of hisfh rank and rare merit. While the sympathy of a 
 grateful country will be given to the bereaved families and 
 
56 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 friends of those who nobly fell, their illustrious example 
 will remain for the benefit and admiration of the army. 
 
 By order, Major-general Taylor. 
 
 Signed, W. W .S. Bliss. 
 
 Assistant Adjutant-general. 
 
 This order wiil be read at the head of every company. 
 
 By order : 
 Signed, W. W. S. Bliss. 
 
 It was found that the enemy were retiring towards San 
 Luis Potosi. 
 
 Our forces returned to Agua Nueva on the 27th. The 
 road was strewed with dead and wounded Mexicans, and 
 their army seemed to be in a perfect state of disorganization 
 
 Had it not been for the astonishing bravery of our men, 
 in this battle, (5000 against 21,000,) we must have been 
 overwhelmed. 
 
 General Urea, with about 8000 cavalry, had cut off all 
 communication between Camargo and Monterey, previous 
 to the battle of Buena Vista. A train of waggons, escorted 
 by thirty men, was attacked and captured Feb. 24th, at 
 Ramos. The wagons were burned and the teamsters dread- 
 fully mutilated and their bodies cast into the flames. 
 
 March 7th, Major Giddings, in charge of a train of one 
 hundred and fifty waggons, was attacked near Ceralvo. 
 After a severe struggle, the enemy was repulsed, but we lost 
 fifteen teamsters, two privates of Ohio volunteers, and fifty 
 wagons. 
 
 General Taylor returned to Monterey early in March 
 and pursued Urea, for a while and drove him over the 
 mountaints. In April six thousand volunteers were 
 called out by government to re-enforce the army. General 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 57 
 
 Taylor was to receive enough of them, to make, with what 
 he had, about ten thousand men. 
 
 After this, nothing- of much interest occurred in northern 
 Mexico. The theatre of war was changed to another part 
 of the country. The strong forts had been taken and the 
 enemy conquered in every battle. 
 
 General Scott had been ordered to Mexico by the govern- 
 ment, Nov. 23rd, 1846, in the following language : 
 
 War Department, Washington, November, 23, 1847 
 
 Sir, — The President, several days since communicated, 
 in person to you his orders to repair to Mexico, to take com- 
 mand of the forces there assembled, and particularly to or- 
 ganize and set on foot an expedition to operate on the 
 Gulf coast, if, on arriving at the theatre of action, you 
 shall deem it to be practicable. It is not proposed to con- 
 trol your operations by definite and positive instructions, 
 but you are left to prosecute them as your judgment, under 
 a full view of all the circumstances, shall dictate. The 
 work is before you, and the means provided, or to be pro- 
 vided, for accomplishing it, are committed to you, in the 
 full confidence that you will use them to the best advan- 
 tage. 
 
 The objects which it is desirable to obtain have been in 
 dicated, and it is hoped that you will have the requisite force 
 to accomplish them. 
 
 Of this you must be the best judge, when preparations are 
 made, and the time for action arrived. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 your obedient servant, 
 
 W. L. Marcy, 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 Gen. Winfield Scott. 
 
58 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Vera Cruz is situated in 19 degrees 11 minutes 52 sec- 
 onds north latitude. One portion of its walls is washed by 
 the Atlantic, and the shore on the opposite side is a dry 
 and sandy plain. 
 
 General Scott sailed from New York, Nov. 30th and 
 reached the Rio Grande Jan 1st 1847. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 61 
 
 BATTLE OF VERA CRUZ. 
 
 The new army was designated to attack the city of Vera 
 Cruz and the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa. The naval 
 squadron, under Commodore Conner, was to assist the 
 land forces. The squadron landed at Anton Lizardo, 
 March 7th. The troops, sent from General Taylor, ar- 
 rived in February, and increased his army to 12,000 men. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY OF VERA CRUZ AND CASTLE 
 OF SAN JUAN DE ULLOA. 
 
 " Vera Cruz is situated in 19° 11' 52" north latitude. 
 One portion of its Walls is washed by the Atlantic, and the 
 shore on the opposite side is a dry and sandy plain. 
 
 " The city is small, but from the regularity which marks 
 its laying out, it is beautiful. The streets are wide, straight, 
 and well paved. The houses, of which there are one thou- 
 sand and sixty-three, are mostly two stories high, and built 
 of the Muscara stone, taken from the sea-beach. 
 
 " The fortifications of the city consist of nine towers 
 connected together by means of a stone and mortar wall, 
 which, however, is not very thick. The two towers named 
 Santiago and Conception are the most important. They are 
 situated at that portion of the walls looking toward the cas- 
 tle of San Juan, and are distant from each other one thou- 
 sand two hundred and seventy varas. The other towers, 
 including the one called San Fernando, are almost equa 1 
 in shape, size, and strength. All of them can mount on< 
 hundred pieces of artillery of various sizes ; and save thos 
 of the middle ones, their fires all cross in front of tb 
 
62 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO, 
 
 guard-houses, the external walls of which form part of the 
 walls which surround the city. 
 
 " Although the port of Vera Cruz is the principal one in 
 the Gulf of Mexico, it is very dangerous during the seasons 
 of the northers — that which is called the bay, being, in 
 reality, nothing more than a bad roadstead. Baron Hum- 
 boldt but too faithfully described the harbor of Vera Cruz 
 when he said,, that the only shelter it affords shipping is a 
 dangerous anchorage among shoals. 
 
 " The castle of San Juan de Ulloa is unquestionably the 
 most celebrated of all American fortresses. Its construc- 
 tion was commenced in the year 1582, upon a bar or 
 bank, in front of the town of Vera Cruz, at the distance 
 of one thousand and sixty-two Castilian varas or yards, 
 and it is entirely surrounded by water. ' The centre of the 
 area occupied by this fortress is a small island, upon which 
 Juan de Grijalva landed a year previous to the arrival of 
 Cortes upon the Continent, and, at that period, it acci- 
 dentally received the name which it retains to this present 
 day. It seems that there was a shrine or temple erected 
 upon it, in which human victims were sacrificed to the 
 Indian gods ; and as the Spaniards were informed that 
 these offerings were made in accordance with the com- 
 mands of the kings of Acolhua (one of the provinces of the 
 empire), they confounded or abbreviated this name into 
 the word Ulloa, which they affixed to the island. 
 
 " According to a report made on the 17th of January, 
 1775, it was the opinion of a council of war, composed of 
 distinguished officers, that this fortress, after all its defen- 
 ces were completed, would require a garrison for effective 
 service, composed of seventeen hundred infantry soldiers, 
 three hundred artillery, two hundred and twenty-eight 
 sailors, and a hundred supernumeraries. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 63 
 
 " The exterior polygon, which faces Vera Cruz, extends 
 three hundred yards in length, whilst that which defends 
 the north channel is, at least, two hundred yards long. 
 Besides this, there is a low battery situated in the bastion 
 of Santiago, which doubles the fire on that channel. The 
 southern channel is commanded also by the battery of San 
 Miguel. 
 
 " The whole fortress is constructed of Madrepora Jlstrea, 
 a species of soft coral, which abounds in the neighboring 
 islands. Its walls are from four to five yards in thickness, 
 their exterior being faced with a harder stone. It is well 
 supplied with water, having seven cisterns within the 
 castle, which altogether contain ninety-three thousand 
 seven hundred and sixty-seven cubic feet of water. Its 
 full equipment of artillery pieces is three hundred and 
 seventy ; but it contained only a hundred and seventy- 
 seven when attacked by the French in 1838." 
 
 A regiment of Louisiana volunteers, under Colonel 
 Russey,were wrecked in February near the island of Lobos. 
 They were met by a large force under General Cos and 
 ordered to surrender. They were without arms, but Colo- 
 nel Russey delayed his answer until night, presenting at 
 the same time a bold front. He lighted up camp fires, 
 left his baggage, and, by forced marches, reached the 
 American quarters at Tampico. 
 
 The two commanding officers, immediately after landing 
 at Lizardo, reconnoitred the city in the steamer Petnta, 
 and thought best to land on the beach due west of the 
 island of Sacrificios. At daybreak on the 9th, about 
 2,800 troops were transferred, in each frigate, and propor- 
 tionate numbers in smaller vessels, to Sacrificios. A little 
 after 11 A. M. the squadron moved off majestically The 
 day was fine, with a gentle breeze from the south east, and 
 a smooth sea. The passage occupied between two and 
 
64 BATTLES OF MEXICO* 
 
 three hours, and the vessels were anchored without con- 
 fusion . Gen. Scott ordered the landing to be commenced 
 immediately, ordering the steamers Spitfire and Vixen, and 
 five gun-boats, to form a line parallel with and near the 
 beach, in order to cover the landing of our men in the 
 surf-boats. As the boats, 65 in number, received the 
 troops, they assembled in a line, abreast, between the 
 fleet and the gun-boats and pulled for the shore, all at 
 once, landing without resistance. General Worth com- 
 manded this first line of the army and formed his men, 
 4,500 strong, on the beach and neighboring heights just 
 before sunset, and by 10 P. M. an army of 10,000 men 
 were on shore, without any accident occurring. All but 
 a few companies had landed. The next day the artillery, 
 horses, provisions, and other materials were landed, and 
 the remaining troops, making more than eleven thousand 
 men. General Scott landed early in the morning, and 
 preparations were immediately made to surround the city. 
 As our men advanced, some shot and shells were fired 
 from the town and castle, but without effect. At 2 o'clock, 
 March 10th, a brisk fire from the enemy commenced. 
 One of our men had his thigh broken, and two others were 
 wounded. A small detachment was sent out under Cap- 
 tain Gordon to reconnoitre. He found himself, after going 
 two or three hundred yards, near a body of men and hailed 
 them. They answered in English, and soon answered 
 again by a volley of bullets, which was returned by the 
 detachment, and the Mexicans were obliged to retire into 
 the town. At sunrise, the steamer Spitfire, Capt. Tatnall, 
 took position in front of the city and castle, and com- 
 menced firing. She continued for an hour, and the city 
 and castle returned the compliment. Soon after the 
 Spitfire opened her fire, the 1st and 2d divisions moved up 
 the beach towards the city about a mile and commenced 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 65 
 
 to invest the place. Four or five regiments of Mexican 
 infantry and cavalry appeared in front of the city, half a 
 mile from our men, and commenced firing upon us. One 
 of our mountain howitzers and some rockets were placed 
 on the hills. A few shots were fired and rockets sent ; 
 but without effect. Captain Taylor was ordered to try 
 the six-pounder, which caused the Mexicans to retire be- 
 hind the hill. One Mexican was killed. 
 
 General Worth was successful in taking his position on 
 the right of the investment by 11 o'clock. The line, cir- 
 cumvallating the city, was to run along a chain of sand- 
 hills about 3 miles from the city, ranging from 300 to 
 1500 feet high, entirely commanding the town and fortifi- 
 cations. The heavy guns from the castle could reach the 
 right wing. 
 
 After Worth had taken his position, General Patterson's 
 division took up its line of march, with General Pillow's 
 brigade in advance, in order to form on the left of Worth's 
 division. After proceeding a mile, they met the enemy 
 in a thick chaparral. There was a smart fire for about 
 twenty minutes. The Mexicans retreated. Gen. Pillow 
 had great difficulty in advancing through the chaparral. 
 He proceeded about half a mile farther by 4 p. m., and met 
 the enemy again, in ambuscade. Their fire was heavy 
 upon our men, and General Patterson sent the New York 
 regiment of Shields' brigade to aid General Pillow ; but 
 only one New York company arrived, before General 
 Pillow had routed the enemy by a charge. Only two of 
 our men were slightly wounded. A body of the enemy 
 were seen at a little distance, at a house known as a maga- 
 zine, on the left flank of Pillow's command. A 6-pounder 
 was directed towards them, and a few shots were enough 
 to disperse them. Towards sun-down, Gen. Pillow reach- 
 
66 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 ed, by great effort, one of the highest points in the rear of 
 the city, and erected the star spangled banner. The bat- 
 teries from the town and castle, kept up a continued firing 
 till dark. One shell exploded in front of General Worth 
 and staff. 
 
 At 7 a. m., (March 11th) General Quitman's brigade 
 was ordered to relieve General Pillow from the place which 
 he occupied during the night. The Mexicans, thinking 
 that our men were deserting the heights, approached and 
 were met by General Quitman, who advanced to the top 
 of the hill. A smart fire was kept up for an hour. 
 
 Capt. Davis, of the Georgia regiment, with twenty rifle- 
 men, were sent as skirmishers, to move round under the 
 hill and engage the enemy in close quarters. About 200 
 of the enemy advanced on him, and he held them in check 
 until Colonel Jackson, with the balance of three compa- 
 nies, and Col. Dickerson and his regiment, came to his 
 aid. The enemy were obliged to retire, with the loss of 
 several dead and wounded. We had seven slightly 
 wounded. 
 
 At 9 a. m.j General Twiggs, with his mounted rifles in 
 advance, moved up to take position on the left of the line. 
 It was very difficult as the cannon had to be lifted over 
 sand-ridges by the men, in many cases. The force all 
 reached their destination by the sea-shore, above the town, 
 about sun-down. Thus the city was surrounded by us, 
 our line reaching about eight miles. General Worth occu- 
 pied the right, General Twiggs the left, and General Pat- 
 terson the centre. 
 
 Our men now commenced placing their heavy batteries 
 in position to open upon the town. 
 
 By the 22d, seven ten-inch mortars were in battery, 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 67 
 
 and the others nearly ready. At two, P. M., General 
 Scott addressed a summons to the Governor of Vera Cruz, 
 and received an answer in two hours. The Governor 
 supposed that Scott ordered him to surrender the town 
 and castle (though that was not the case, as Scott was not 
 prepared to make such a demand). 
 
 Scott now determined to open his seven mortars upon 
 the town. The small vessels of Commodore Perry's 
 squadron, two steamers and five schooners, came within a 
 mile and an eighth of the city and opened a brisk fire, 
 which continued till 9, A. M. (March 23), when the Com- 
 modore called the vessels away from so dangerous a posi- 
 tion. By noon we had ten mortars battering the walls of 
 the city. The ten inch mortars planted about eight hun- 
 dred yards from the city, were very effective. Our men, 
 thus far, from the time of their landing had only four or 
 five men wounded, and one officer and one private killed. 
 The officer was Capt. J. R. Vinton, of the U. S. 3d ar- 
 tillery. He was killed in the trenches, March 24th, at 
 ten, A. M. The naval battery, No. 5, consisting of three 
 thirty-two pounders and three eight inch Paixhans, open- 
 ed a terrific fire, under Capt. Aulick. The battery was 
 active till two, P. M. We lost four sailors killed, and 
 Lieut. Baldwin was slightly wounded. 
 
 March 25th, battery No. 4, consisting of four twenty 
 four pounders, and two eight inch Paixhans, opened. 
 
 Now, batteries 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, were shaking the whole 
 foundation of the city, by their tremendous fire. 
 
 On the evening of the 24th, the foreign consuls signed 
 a memorial, requesting General Scott to grant a truce, so 
 that the neutrals and women and children might retire 
 from the city. Our heavy guns made dreadful havoc, de- 
 
68 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 stroying many women and children. General Scott re- 
 plied : 
 
 First, That a truce could only be granted on the 
 application of Governor Morales, with a view to surren- 
 der ; second, That in sending safeguards to the different 
 consuls, beginning as far back as the 13th instant, he dis- 
 tinctly admonished them, particularly the French and 
 Spanish consuls — and, of course, through the two, the 
 other consuls — of the dangers that. have followed ; third, 
 That although, at that date, he had already refused to al- 
 low any person whatsoever to pass the line of investment 
 either way, yet the blockade had been left open to the 
 consuls and other neutrals to pass out to their respective 
 ships of war up to the 22d instant ; and, fourth, he en- 
 closed to the memorialists a copy of his summons to the 
 governor, to show that he had fully considered the im- 
 pending hardships and distresses of the place, including 
 those of women and children, before one gun had been 
 fired in that direction. 
 
 On the 26th, General Scott received overtures from 
 General Landero, on whom General Morales had devolv- 
 ed the command, and on account of a heavy norther, he 
 was unable to communicate with the ships until the 27th. 
 
 The American Commissioners were, Generals Worth 
 and Pillow, Colonel Totten, and Capt. Aulick. 
 
 It was finally agreed that the city and castle should 
 surrender to us. 
 
 The following are the terms of capitulation : 
 
 u 1. The whole garrison, or garrisons, to be surrender- 
 ed to the arms of the United States, as prisoners of war, 
 the 29th instant, at 10 o'clock, A. M. ; the garrisons to 
 be permitted to march out with all the honors of war, and 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 69 
 
 to lay down their arms to such officers as may be appoint- 
 ed by the general-in-chief of the United States' armies, and 
 at a point to be agreed upon by the commissioners. 
 
 " 2. Mexican officers shall preserve their arms and 
 private effects, including horses and horse-furniture, and 
 to be allowed, regular and irregular officers, as also the 
 rank and file, five days to retire to their respective homes, 
 on parole, as hereinafter prescribed. 
 
 " 3. Coincident with the surrender, as stipulated in ar- 
 ticle 1, the Mexican flags of the various forts and stations 
 shall be struck, saluted by their own batteries ; and, im- 
 mediately thereafter, Forts Santiago and Conception, and 
 the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, occupied by the forces of 
 the United States. 
 
 "4. The rank and file of the regular portion of the pri- 
 soners to be disposed of after surrender and parole, as 
 their general-in-chief may desire, and the irregular to be 
 permitted to return to their homes. The officers, in re- 
 spect to all arms and descriptions, of force, giving the 
 usual parole, that the said rank and file, as well as them- 
 selves, shall not serve again until duly exchanged. 
 
 " 5. All the materiel of war, and all public property 
 of every description found in the city, the castle of San 
 Juan de Ulloa and their dependencies, to belong to the 
 United States ; but the armament of the same (not injured 
 or destroyed in the further prosecution of the actual Avar), 
 may be considered as liable to be restored to Mexico by a 
 definite treaty of peace. 
 
 "6. The sick and wounded Mexicans to be allowed to 
 remain in the city, with such medical officers and attend- 
 ants, and officers of the army, as may be necessary to their 
 care and treatment. 
 
 u 7. Absolute protection is solemnly guaranteed to per- 
 
70 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 sons in the city, and property, and it is clearly under- 
 stood that no private building or property is to be taken 
 or used by the forces of the United States, without previ- 
 ous arrangement with the owners, and for a fair equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 Ci 8. Absolute freedom of religious worship and cere- 
 monies is solemnly guaranteed." 
 
 At the surrender on the 27th, our army were drawn up 
 in two lines, facing each other, and stretching more than a 
 mile. The enemy left the city at ten o'clock, passed be- 
 tween our lines, laid down their arms and colors and 
 marched for the interior. General Worth superintended 
 the evacuation and then entered the city. Our flag was 
 erected over the Plaza and saluted by the guns of the city 
 and squadron. General Worth was appointed Military 
 Governor. 
 
 BATTLE OF SIERRA GORDA. 
 
 General Twiggs' division of our army arrived, within 
 three miles of the position of the enemy, April 1 1th, and 
 General Patterson's on the 12th. On the 16th, we had 
 six thousand men ready for action, while the enemy num- 
 bered from eight to twelve thousand. They occupied 
 a chain of works along the road, the nearest of which was 
 about a mile and a quarter from General Scott's head- 
 quarters. The road over which we had to pass, was bar- 
 ricaded and cut up in every way to impede our progress. 
 Beyond the first fortification there are several others com- 
 pletely commanding the gorge, through which the road to 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 73 
 
 Jalapa runs. There were twenty-four pieces of field ar- 
 tillery besides about fourteen heavy cannon in position. 
 The high and rocky ravine of the river protected their 
 right flank and a series of abrupt and apparently impassa- 
 ble mountains and ridges covered their left. A front at- 
 tack, which the enemy expected on account of our bravery, 
 must have been fatal to us. General Scott outwitted the 
 One Leg and had a road cut to the right, so as to escape 
 the front fire, and turn his position on the left flank. A 
 deserter from our camp made this known to the enemy, 
 and they sent General La Vega with a large force to aid 
 the left flank. 
 
 General Scott, on the 17th of April, to cover his flank 
 movements, sent General Twiggs against the fort on the 
 steep ascent in front, and a little to the left of the Sierra. 
 This expedition was commanded by Colonel Harney, who 
 carried the position under a heavy fire of grape and musket- 
 ry. This was an important post gained, situated in front 
 and near the enemy's strongest fortification. By great 
 labor, one of our large guns was placed upon the top of 
 the fort, and blazed away at a strong fort in the rear ; but 
 with little effect. 
 
 April 18th, early in the morning, our army moved to 
 the attack in columns. General Twiggs's division attack- 
 ed the enemy's left and carried the breast works after a 
 slight resistance, at the point of the bayonet, and com- 
 pletely routed the enemy at that point. Pillow's brigade, 
 accompanied by General Shields's, passed along the Jala- 
 pa road with rapidity, and took a position to stop the re- 
 treat of the enemy. General Worth moved forward to- 
 ward the left to aid Twiggs. Twiggs had steep and 
 rough ground to pass over , was constantly exposed to 
 
74 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 the fire of the enemy in front and to the cross-fire of the 
 forts and batteries. 
 
 The fight was tremendous for a short time, and finally 
 the enemy gave way on all sides. Three thousand men 
 with field and other officers surrendered. A large amount 
 of small arms, ordnance and batteries were taken. Six 
 thousand of the enemy gained the rear of our army on the 
 Jalapa road and were pursued. We lost two hundred and 
 fifty killed and wounded, and among the latter was Gene- 
 ral Shields. The Mexican loss was about one hundred 
 more than ours,, besides those taken prisoners. We cap- 
 tured thirty pieces of cannon, much ammunition, and the 
 private baggage and money chest of Santa Anna, contain- 
 ing twenty thousand dollars. On the 19th, Jalapa, and 
 on the 22d, Perote, were taken without opposition. 
 
 Nothing prevented our men from being utterly destroyed 
 but the steepness of the ascent under which they could 
 shelter. But they sought no shelter, and onward rushed 
 against a hailstorm of balls and musket-shot, led by the 
 gallant Harney, whose noble bearing elicited the applause 
 of the whole army. His conspicuous and stalwart frame 
 at the head of his brigade, his long arm waving his men 
 on to the charge, his sturdy voice ringing above the clash 
 of arms and din of conflict, attracted the attention and ad- 
 miration alike of the enemy and of our own men. On, on, 
 he led the columns, whose front lines melted before the 
 enemy's fire like snow-flakes in a torrent, and staid not 
 their course until leaping over the rocky barriers, and 
 bayonetting their gunners, they drove the enemy pell mell 
 from the fort, delivering a deadly fire into their ranks, from 
 their own guns, as they hastily retired. 
 
 General Scott, between whom and Colonel Harney 
 there had existed some coolness, rode up to the colonel 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO- 75 
 
 after this achievement, and remarked to him — " Colonel 
 Harney, I cannot now adequately express my admiration 
 of your gallant achievement, but at the proper time I shall 
 take great pleasure in thanking you in proper terms." 
 
 It was here the enemy received their heaviest loss, and 
 their General Vasquez was killed. A little after, General 
 Worth, having, by great exertions, passed the steep and 
 craggy heights on the enemy's left, summoned a strong 
 fort in the rear of the Sierra to surrender. This fort was 
 manned by a large force under General Pinzon, a mulatto 
 officer of considerable ability and courage, who, seeing the 
 Sierra carried, thought prudent to surrender, which he did 
 with all his force. General Shields was not so fortunate 
 in the battery which he attacked, and which was com- 
 manded by General la Vega. A heavy fire was opened 
 on him, under which the fort was carried with some loss 
 by the gallant Illinoisians, under Baker and Bennett, sup- 
 ported by the New Yorkers, under Burnett. Among those 
 who fell under this fire was the gallant general, who re- 
 ceived a grape-shot through his lungs, by which he was 
 completely paralyzed, and at the last account was in a 
 lingering state. On the enemy's right, General Pillow 
 commenced the attack against the strong forts near the 
 river. The Tennesseeans, under Haskell r led the column, 
 and the other volunteer regiments followed. This column 
 unexpectedly encountered a heavy fire from a masked 
 battery, by which Haskell's regiment was nearly cut to 
 pieces, and the other volunteer regiments were severely 
 handled. General Pillow withdrew his men, and was 
 preparing for another attack, when the operations at the 
 other points having proved successful, the enemy conclud- 
 ed to surrender. Thus the victory was complete, and 
 four generals, and about six thousand men, were taken 
 
76 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 prisoners by our army. One of their principal generals 
 and a large number of other officers killed. The Mexican 
 force on this occasion certainly exceeded our own." 
 
 In addition to the loss of the enemy in killed and taken 
 they lost about thirty pieces of brass cannon, mostly of 
 large calibre, manufactured at the royal foundry of Seville. 
 A large quantity of fixed ammunition, of a very superior 
 quality, together with the private baggage and money- 
 chest of Santa Anna, containing twenty thousand dollars, 
 was also captured. 
 
 On the same day that the battle of Sierra Gordo was 
 fought, a portion of the American Gulf Squadron, under 
 Commodore Perry, captured the town of Tuspan, on the 
 Gulf. 
 
 On the 19th, the city of Jalapa was captured by a de- 
 tachment under General Twiggs ; and on the 22d, Gene- 
 ral Worth entered the town of Perote. Both these cities 
 were taken without opposition ; and in the latter were 
 found immense stores of small arms, ammunition, and the 
 large guns of the city and castle. 
 
 BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO. 
 
 General Scott remained inactive for awhile before 
 entering the capital, hoping to be re-enforced, his head- 
 quarters being at Puebla, while the Mexicans, notwith- 
 standing their repulses and severe losses, were busy in 
 collecting another army and fortifying every entrance to 
 the city. 
 
BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 79 
 
 Aug. 8th, our army, having received a few re-enforce- 
 *nents, marched towards the capital, and reached Ayotla 
 on the 12th, where there was a strong fortification called 
 St. Pinon. It was reconnoitred and found to be very 
 strong by nature and art. It was thought, that it would 
 be hazardous to attack it, as was anticipated by the Mexi- 
 cans. Scott here again outwitted Santa Anna, for he 
 found a road south of Lake Charles, opening into that from 
 Vera Cruz, below Ayotla, which would enable our army 
 to pass around the fort; but the march was a very difficult 
 one, for heavy rains had filled the low places so that the 
 soldiers were often obliged to wade. The steep and rug- 
 ged heights were to be crossed : and the paths and gorges 
 were filled with immense stones, which had been rolled 
 in by the enemy. The men became weary during the 
 day, and the nights were dark and wet, which added to 
 their discouragements. 
 
 On the 17th, our advance arrived at San Augustin, a 
 small town about twelve miles south of the capital ; Gene- 
 ral Worth led on his men to take possession of a hacienda 
 near the fortification of San Antonio, for the purpose of 
 attacking that place. They captured the village ; but 
 Capt. Thornton was killed in taking a reconnoissance, from 
 a heavy discharge of artillery by the enemy. One or two 
 of our men were wounded. A squadron of artillery and a 
 battalion of infantry were near the redoubt, hoping to 
 make an attack in the afternoon, but a rain set in, and 
 General Scott thought best to withdraw them. Had the 
 batteries of the enemy opened with energy upon this de- 
 tachment, it would probably have been obliged to retire 
 or been cut to pieces ; but fortunately the guns were si- 
 lent all night. 
 
80 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 During the night, the divisions of Pillow and Twiggs 
 marched towards the strong works of Contreras, to be 
 prepared for an assault in the morning. This was a very 
 fatiguing march. The darkness of the night, the torrents 
 of rain pouring down upon them, the wild roaring of the 
 winds, the ridges from rocks of lava to pass over, the 
 denseness of the brushwood, the swollen streams to cross, 
 presented difficulties rarely surpassed. 
 
 At eight the next morning, the batteries of the enemy 
 opened upon the hacienda of San Antonio, where General 
 Worth was posted. This cannonading was heavy. The 
 air was shaken by the heavy explosions, while houses and 
 even strong fortifications were shattered to pieces and fell 
 in thundering ruins, beneath the showers of shot and 
 shells. Almost all of the streets were swept by bullets 
 and large bombs which burst in the air, and hurled slugs, 
 shot and fragments among our ranks, making sad havoc. 
 But the Yankees were not frightened yet. They placed 
 themselves behind walls and buildings, and calmly, amid 
 this scene of confusion, prepared for action. Soon the 
 divisions of Pillow and Twiggs moved on towards Con- 
 treras, arriving about one P. M. General P. F. Smith 
 was ordered to march up in front of the enemy's works, 
 and Colonel Riley, to move with rapidity towards the 
 right, gain the main road, and prevent any re-enforcements 
 of the enemy. Smith dashed forward under a tremendous 
 fire and secured a good position for his artillery. Every 
 battery and gun on both sides roared away with horrible 
 sublimity and actually shook the ground for miles around, 
 and their reverberations rolled with grandeur along the 
 lofty ridges of the mountains. The few guns of our ad- 
 vanced battery were soon silenced, and General Pierce 
 proceeded to the relief of General Smith. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 81 
 
 At this time, large re-enforcements of the enemy ap- 
 proached Contreras, and General Cadwallader hastened to 
 re-enforce Riley. The contest was now terrific. Neither 
 army would yield an inch of ground. 
 
 At four o'clock, General Scott passed along the lines, 
 and was welcomed by an enthusiastic shout. Perceiving 
 the immense strength of the enemy, he ordered General 
 Shields to re-enforce Riley and Cadwallader, and strength- 
 en our army in front of the enemy. Now the battle raged 
 higher still, and hundreds fell to rise no more. This dread- 
 ful carnage was kept up for six hours, when the darkness 
 of night closed the scene, and the cannons ceased their 
 roar. Our men were disappointed, as they expected by 
 that time to have been in the " Halls of the Montezumas." 
 They were obliged to lie upon the cold, wet ground, with- 
 out blankets, to rest for the night. 
 
 At eight o'clock in the evening, General Scott retired 
 to San Augustin, and Twiggs and Pillow went at eleven. 
 
 Scott and Worth set out for Contreras early the next 
 morning. Firing was heard, and soon a messenger came, 
 saying that General Worth had carried the whole line of 
 fortifications at Contreras. He planned and executed the 
 undertaking in a skilful manner and with little loss. He 
 took fifteen hundred of the enemy prisoners, including 
 Generals Salas, Blanco, Garcia and Mendoza. He also 
 captured an immense amount of ammunition and camp 
 equipage, and fifteen pieces of artillery, among them the 
 two taken from Capt. O'Brien at Buena Vista; seven 
 hundred of the enemy were killed and many more 
 wounded. 
 
 General Scott now sent General Worth to attack San 
 Antonio, while he with a force would go in its rear. The 
 
82 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 soldiers passed over the battle-field of the previous day, 
 and the scene which was presented was enough to make 
 the hardy soldier shudder and feel sick in view of the 
 horrors of war. Hundreds lay covered with blood, stiff 
 and cold in death, while others were uttering piteous 
 groans and begged for water. The streams actually run 
 with human blood. What a shocking scene ! How sur- 
 prising that nations will thus imbue their hands in each 
 other's blood ! 
 
 When the force reached San Pablo, another action com- 
 menced, and at the same time Worth's cannon were heard 
 roaring away at Churubusco. The flower of both armies 
 were now engaged in terrible combat. The rattling of the 
 musketry, the clash of arms, and the deafening roar of the 
 cannon and the groans of the dying, made the scene truly 
 awful ! 
 
 Scott was in the midst of danger encouraging his men, 
 while Worth and Twiggs were cheering their soldiers on. 
 Thus, one of the severest conflicts ever witnessed on this 
 continent, raged with increasing power for two hours. 
 Finally our forces gained full possession of all the works, 
 and the enemy fled in dismay to the city. Worth follow- 
 ed them almost to the gates. 
 
 The next morning, a detachment of our men entered 
 Chapultepec without opposition. 
 
 Soon after this, Santa Anna sent flags, proposing a sus- 
 pension of hostilities. Negotiations took place,' and tie 
 following armistice was adopted, August 20th : 
 
 THE ARMISTICE. 
 
 The undersigned, appointed respectively, the first thre*? 
 by Major-general Winfield Scott, commander-in-chief of 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 83 
 
 the armies of the United States, and the last two by his 
 Excellency D. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, President 
 of the Mexican Republic, and commander-in-chief of its 
 armies, met with full powers, which were fully verified in 
 the village of Tucubaya, on the 23d day of August, 1847, 
 to enter into an armistice for the purpose of giving the 
 Mexican government an opportunity of receiving proposi- 
 tions of peace from the commissioners appointed by the 
 President of the United States, and now with the Ameri- 
 can army ; when the following articles were agreed upon : 
 Art. 1. Hostilities shall instantly and absolutely cease 
 between the armies of the United States of America and 
 the United Mexican States, within thirty leagues of the 
 capital of the latter States, to allow time to the commission- 
 ers appointed by the United States and the commissioners 
 to be appointed by the Mexican Republic to negotiate. 
 
 2. The armistice shall continue as long as the commis- 
 sioners of the two governments may be engaged on nego- 
 tiations, or until the commander of either of the said armies 
 shall give formal notice to the other of the cessation of the 
 armistice for forty-eight hours after such notice. 
 
 3. In the mean time, neither army shall, within thirty 
 leagues of the city of Mexico, commence any new for- 
 tification or military work of offence or defence, or do any 
 thing to enlarge or strengthen any existing work or for- 
 tification of that character within the said limits. 
 
 4. Neither army shall be reinforced within the same. 
 Any reinforcements in troops or munitions of war, other 
 than subsistence now approaching either army, shall be 
 stopped at the distance of twenty-eight leagues from the 
 city of Mexico. 
 
 5. Neither army, nor any detachment from it, shall ad- 
 vance beyond the line it at present occupies. 
 
84 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 6. Neither army, nor any detachment or individual of 
 either, shall pass the neutral limits established by the last 
 article, except under a flag of truce bearing the correspond- 
 ence between the two armies, or on the business author- 
 ized by the next article ; and individuals of either army, 
 wdio may chance to straggle within the neutral limits, shall, 
 by the opposite party, be kindly w r arned off, or sent back 
 to their own armies under flags of truce. 
 
 7. The American army shall not, by violence, obstruct 
 the passage from the open country into the city of Mexico, 
 of the ordinary supplies of food necessary to the consump- 
 tion of its inhabitants, or the Mexican army within the 
 city ; nor shall the Mexican authorities, civil or military, 
 do any act to obstruct the passage of supplies from the 
 city or country, needed by the American army. 
 
 8. All American prisoners of war remaining in the hands 
 of the Mexican army, and not heretofore exchanged, shall 
 immediately, or as soon as practicable, be restored to the 
 American army, against a like number, having regard to 
 rank, of Mexican prisoners captured by the American 
 army. 
 
 9. All American citizens who were established in the 
 city of Mexico prior to the existing war, and w T ho have 
 since been expelled from that city, shall be allowed to 
 return to their respective business or families therein, with- 
 out delay or molestation. 
 
 10. The better to enable the belligerent armies to exe- 
 cute these articles, and to favor the great object of peace, 
 it is further agreed between the parties, that any courier 
 with despatches that either army shall desire to send along 
 the line from the city of Mexico or its vicinity, to and from 
 Vera Ciuz, shall receive a safe conduct from the com- 
 mander of the opposing army. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 85 
 
 11. The administration of justice between Mexicans, 
 according to the general and state constitutions and laws, 
 by the local authorities of the towns and places occupied 
 by the American forces, shall not be obstructed in any 
 manner. 
 
 12. Persons and property shall be respected in the 
 towns and places occupied by the American forces. No 
 person shall be molested in the exercise of his profession ; 
 nor shall the services of any one be required without his 
 consent. In all cases w T here services are voluntarily ren- 
 dered, a just price shall be paid, and trade remain unmo- 
 lested. 
 
 13. Those wounded prisoners who may desire to remove 
 to some more convenient place, for the purpose of being 
 cured of their wounds, shall be allowed to do so without 
 molestation, they still remaining prisoners. 
 
 14. The Mexican medical officers who may w T ish to 
 attend the wounded shall have the privilege of doing so, 
 if their services be required. 
 
 15. For the more perfect execution of this agreement, 
 two commissioners shall be appointed, one by each party, 
 who, in case of disagreement, shall appoint a third. 
 
 16. This convention shall have no force or effect, unless 
 approved by their excellencies, the commanders respec- 
 tively of the two armies, within twenty-four hours, reckon- 
 ing from the sixth hour of the 23d day of August, 1847. 
 
 A. Quitman, Maj. Gen. U. S. A. 
 Persifor F. Smith, Brig. Gen. 
 Franklin Pierce, Brig. Gen. U. S. A* 
 Ignacio de Mara y Villamil. 
 Benito Quijano. 
 
86 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 It is believed that the whole force of the Mexicans, in 
 these brilliant engagements, was about thirty-two thou- 
 sand men. They lost between five and six thousand, in- 
 cluding thirteen generals and forty-five pieces of cannon. 
 Our army consisted of seven thousand, eleven hundred of 
 whom were killed or wounded. What a terrible slaugh- 
 ter ! 
 
 After the armistice was agreed upon, various meetings 
 took place between Mr. Trist, the American minister, and 
 Mexican Commissioners, and endeavors were made to ef- 
 fect a treaty of peace, until September 2d, when Trist 
 handed in his ultimatum in reference to the boundary line, 
 and the Commissioners were to meet again on the 16th. 
 
 Some infractions of the truce were made by the enemy, 
 in reference to our supplies from the city ; but the Mexi- 
 cans apologized. 
 
 It appears that as soon as the propositions of Trist were 
 considered in a grand council of ministers and others, 
 Santa Anna, on the 4th and 5th., without giving any no- 
 tice to General Scott, commenced again fortifying the 
 city, directly in opposition to the armistice. Scott imme- 
 diately sent him a note, which was answered in a false 
 and impudent manner. 
 
 Our arrangements were delayed more than two weeks 
 by the armistice. It is probable that Santa Anna only 
 entered into it for the purpose of gaining time. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 87 
 
 BATTLE OF MEXICO. 
 
 Sept. 7th, General Scott began to reconnoitre the dif- 
 ferent approaches to the city within his reach. In the 
 afternoon, a large body of the enemy were seen 
 around the Molinos del Rey (Mills), about a mile and a 
 third from Tucubaya, the head-quarters of our army. 
 These mills were repositories of ammunition, and there 
 was a foundry there for casting cannon. There was a 
 formidable castle in the hands of the enemy on the heights 
 of Chapultepec, between the mills and the gates of the 
 capital. There were eight city gates strongly fortified. 
 It was impossible to stop communication between the 
 mills and the capital, without first taking the castle. Pre- 
 paratory to storming it, it was thought best to capture the 
 mills. Accordingly, on the 8th, General Worth's divi- 
 sion, re-enforced by Cadwallader's brigade, Pillow's divi- 
 sion, three squadrons of dragoons under Major Sumner, 
 and some heavy guns of the siege train under Capt. Hu- 
 ger of the ordnance, and Capt. Drum of the 7th artillery, 
 undertook the enterprise. They moved towards the ene- 
 my and soon met them. There was much energy mani- 
 fested on both sides. The enemy several times were re- 
 enforced, and the action becoming much more general 
 than was expected, General Scott called to our aid from 
 the distance of three miles, Gen. Pillow, with his remain- 
 ing brigade (Pierce's), and then Riley's brigade of Twiggs' 
 division. These forces approached with great rapidity ; 
 but the victory was won just as General Pierce reached 
 the ground and placed his command between Worth's di- 
 vision and the retreating enemy. Thus again were our 
 
88 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 forces victorious. Various daring reconnoisances now 
 took place, of the' castle and approaches to the city. The 
 latter stands on a slight swell of ground, near the centre 
 of an irregular basin, and is girdled with a ditch in its 
 greater extent — a navigable canal of great breadth and 
 depth — very difficult to bridge, in the presence of an ene- 
 my, having eight entrenches or gates, over arches — each 
 of which was defended by a system of strong works that 
 seemed to require nothing but some men and guns to be 
 impregnable. 
 
 Outside and within the cross-fire of those gates, to the 
 south, are other obstacles but little less formidable. All 
 approaches near the city were over elevated causeways, 
 cut in many places (to oppose us) and flanked on both 
 sides, by ditches also of unusual dimensions. The nume- 
 rous cross-roads w T ere flanked, in like manner, having 
 bridges at the intersections, recently broken. The mead- 
 ows thus checked, were, moreover, in many spots, under 
 water or marshy. 
 
 After close observation, it w T as decided, on the 11th, to 
 move round to the south-west and west part of the capital, 
 believing that the approaches would present less formida- 
 ble obstacles. Accordingly, Scott ordered Quitman's di- 
 vision from Coyoacan, to join Pillow by daylight, before 
 the southern gates, and that they should by night, proceed 
 (two miles) to join Scott at Tucubaya, where he was quar- 
 tered with Worth's division. Twiggs, with Riley's brigade 
 and Captains Taylor's and Steptoe's field batteries — the 
 latter 12-pounders — was left in front of those gates — to 
 manoeuvre, to threaten, or to make false attacks, in order 
 to occupy and deceive the enemy. Twiggs' other brigade 
 (Smith's) was left at supporting distance, in the rear, at 
 
Or TStK 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 89 
 
 San Angel, till the morning of the 13th, and also to sup- 
 port our general depot at Miscoaque. The stratagem 
 against the south was admirably executed throughout the 
 12th, and down to the afternoon of the 13th, when it was 
 too late for the enemy to recover from the effects of his 
 delusion. 
 
 The first step in the new movement was to carry the 
 Castle of Chapultepec. Besides a numerous garrison, 
 here was the military college of the Republic with a large 
 number of sub-lieutenants and other students. Those 
 works were within direct gun-shot of the village of Tucu- 
 baya, and until carried, we could not approach the city on 
 the west without making a circuit too wide and too haz- 
 ardous. 
 
 During the same night (that of the 11th) heavy batteries 
 were established. No. 1, on the right, under the com- 
 mand of Capt. Drum, 4th artillery (relieved late next day, 
 for some hours, by Lieut. Andrews of the 3d), and No. 2, 
 commanded by Lieut. Huger, ordnance — both supported 
 by Quitman's division. Nos. 3 and 4, on the opposite side, 
 supported by Pillow's division, were commanded, the for- 
 mer by Capt. Brooks and Lieut. S. S. Anderson, 2d artil- 
 lery, alternately, and the latter by Lieut. Stone, ordnance. 
 
 The bombardment and cannonade, under the direction 
 of Capt. Huger, were commenced early in the morning of 
 the 12th, and before night a good impression had been 
 made on the castle and its outworks. 
 
 Pillow and Quitman had been in position since early in 
 the night of the 11th. In the morning, Worth was order- 
 ed to hold his division in reserve, near the foundry, to 
 support Pillow ; and Brigadier General Smith, of Twiggs' 
 division, had just arrived with his brigade, from Piedad, 
 
90 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 [2 miles] to support Quitman. Twiggs' guns, before the 
 southern gates, again reminded us, as the day before, that 
 he, with Riley's brigade, and Taylor's and Steptoe's bat- 
 teries, was in activity, threatening the southern gates, and 
 there holding a great part of the Mexican army on the de- 
 fensive. 
 
 Worth's division furnished Pillow's attack with an 
 assaulting party of some .250 volunteer officers and men, 
 under Capt. McKenzie, of the 2d artillery, and Twiggs' di- 
 vision supplied a similar one, commanded by Captain 
 Casey, 2d infantry, to Quitman. Each of those little 
 columns was furnished with scaling ladders. 
 
 The signal for the attack was to be the momentary ces- 
 sation of fire on the part of our heavy batteries. About 
 8 o'clock a. m., of the 13th, Scott sent to Pillow and 
 Quitman, with notice that the concerted signal was about 
 to be given. 
 
 Both columns now advanced. The batteries threw shots 
 and shells upon the enemy over the heads of our men, with 
 good effect. 
 
 Major General Pillow's approach, on the west side, lay 
 through an open grove, filled with sharp shooters, who 
 were speedily dislodged ; when, being up hill with the front 
 of the attack, and emerging into open space, at the foot of 
 a rocky acclivity, that gallant leader was struck down by 
 an agonizing wound. 
 
 The immediate command devolved on General Cadwal- 
 lader. On a previous call of Pillow, Worth had just sent 
 him a reinforcement, Col. Clark's brigade. 
 
 The broken declivity was still to be ascended and a 
 strong redoubt midway to be carried, before reaching the 
 castle on the heights. The advance of our men, though 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 91 
 
 necessarily slow, was unwavering, over rocks, chasms and 
 mines, and under the hottest fire of cannon and musketry. 
 
 The enemy were steadily driven from shelter to shelter. 
 — The retreat allowed not time to fire a single mine, with- 
 out the certainty of blowing up friend and foe. Those, 
 who, at a distance, attempted to apply matches to the long 
 trains were shot down by our men. 
 
 There was death below as well as above ground. At 
 length the ditch and wall of the main work were reached ; 
 the scaling ladders were brought up and planted by the 
 storming parties ; some of the daring spirits first in the 
 assault were cast down — killed or wounded ; but a lodg- 
 ment w r as soon made ; streams of heroes followed ; all 
 opposition was overcome, and several of our regimental 
 colors flung out from the upper walls, amidst long-con- 
 tinued shouts and cheers, which sent dismay into the capi- 
 tal. No scene could have been more animating. 
 
 General Quitman, supported by Generals Shields and 
 Smith, [P. F.] his other ofhcers and men, was up with the 
 part assigned him. Simultaneously with the movement 
 on the west, he approached the southeast of the same 
 works over a causeway with cuts and batteries, and de- 
 fended by an army strongly posted outside, to the east of 
 the works. Those formidable obstacles Quitman had to 
 face, with but little shelter for his troops or space for man- 
 oeuvring. Deep ditches, flanking the causeway, made 
 it difficult to cross on either side into the adjoining mead- 
 ow's, and these again w r ere intersected by other ditches. 
 Smith and his brigade made a sweep to the right, in order 
 to present a front against the enemy's line (outside), and 
 to turn into intervening batteries, near the foot of Chapul- 
 tepec. This movement was also intended to support 
 
92 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 Quitman's storming parties, both on the causeway. The 
 first of these, furnished by Twiggs' division, was com- 
 manded in succession by Capt. Casey, 2d infantry, and 
 Capt. Paul, 7th infantry, after Casey had been severely 
 wounded ; and the second, under Major Twiggs, marine 
 corps, killed, and then Capt. Miller, 2d Pennsylvania vo- 
 lunteers. The storming party, now commanded by Capt. 
 Paul, seconded by Captain Roberts of the rifles, Lieut. 
 Stewart, and others of the same regiment, Smith's brigade, 
 carried the two batteries in the road, took some guns, with 
 many prisoners, and drove the enemy posted behind in 
 support. The New York and South Carolina volunteers 
 (Shields' brigade) and the 2d Pennsylvania volunteers, all 
 on the left of Quitman's line, together with portions of his 
 storming parties, crossed the meadows in front, under a 
 heavy fire, and entered the outer enclosure of Chapultepec, 
 just in time to join in the final assault from the west. 
 
 Generals Pillow, Quitman, Shields, Smith, and Cadwal- 
 lader, distinguished themselves in these brilliant operations. 
 Also Colonel Andrews, Lieut. Col. Johnstone, Major 
 Caldwell. Captains Barnard and Biddle. 
 
 These operations all occurred on the west, southeast, 
 and heights of Chapultepec. To the north, and at the 
 base of the mound, inaccessible on that side, the 11th in- 
 fantry, under Lieut. Col. Hebert, the 14th, under Col. 
 Trousdale, and Capt. Magruder's field battery, 1st artillery 
 — one section advanced under Lieut. Jackson all of Pil- 
 low's division — had, at the same time, some spirited affairs 
 against superior numbers, driving the enemy from a battery 
 in the road, and capturing a gun. Col. Trousdale, the 
 commander, though twice wounded, continued on duty 
 until the heights were carried. 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 93 
 
 Early in the morning of the 13th, Scott ordered Worth 
 to support the movement of* Pillow from our left. The 
 latter soon called for that entire division, standing momen- 
 tarily in reserve, and Worth sent him Col. Clark's brigade. 
 The enemy in the road in front of Quitman's right, was 
 receiving reinforcements from the city — less than a mile 
 and a half to the east — and Worth, on our opposite flank, 
 was ordered to return to Chapultepec with his division, and 
 to proceed cautiously by the road at its northern base, in 
 order, if not met by very superior numbers, to threaten or 
 to attack, in rear, that body of the enemy. 
 
 Worth promptly advanced with his remaining brigade 
 —Col. Garland's— Lieut. Col. C. F. Smith's light batta- 
 lion, Lieut. Col. Duncan's squadrons of dragoons, under 
 Major Sumner. 
 
 Having turned the forest on the west, and arriving op- 
 posite to the north centre of Chapultepec, Worth came up 
 with the troops in the road, under Col. Trousdale, and 
 aided by a flank movement of a part of Garland's brigade 
 in taking the one-gun breastwork, then under the fire of 
 Lieut. Jackson's section of Captain Magruder's field bat- 
 tery. Continuing to advance, this division passed Cha- 
 pultepec, attacking the right of the enemy's line, resting 
 on that road, about the moment of the general retreat con- 
 sequent upon the capture of the formidable castle and its 
 outworks. 
 
 There are two routes from Chapultepec to the capital — 
 the one on the right entering the same gate, Belen, with 
 the road from the south, via Piedad ; and the other ob- 
 liquing to intersect the great western, or San Cosme road, 
 in a suburb outside of the gate of San Cosme. 
 
 Each of these routes (an elevated causeway) presents 
 
94 BATTLES 'OF MEXICO. 
 
 a double roadway on the sides of an aqueduct of strong 
 masonry, and great height, resting on open arches and 
 massive pillars, which, tog-ether, afford fine points both 
 for attack and defence. The sideways of both aqueducts 
 are, moreover, defended by many strong breastworks at 
 the gates, and before reaching them. 
 
 Worth and Quitman were prompt in pursuing the re- 
 treating enemy— the former by the San Cosme aqueduct, 
 and the latter along: that of Belen. Each had now ad- 
 
 o 
 
 vanced some hundred yards. The enemy fled in dismay. 
 
 Scott now despatched from Chapultepec — first Clarke's 
 brigade, and then Cadwallader's, to the support of Worth, 
 and gave orders that the necessary heavy guns should 
 follow. Pierce's brigade was, at the same time, sent to 
 Quitman, and, in the course of the afternoon, some ad- 
 ditional siege pieces were added to his train. Scott 
 joined the advance of Worth, within the suburb, and 
 beyond the turn at the junction of the aqueduct with the 
 great highway from the west, to the gate of San Cosme. 
 
 At this junction of roads, we first passed one of those 
 formidable systems of city defences spoken of above, and 
 it had not a gun ! 
 
 Within those disgarnished works our troops were en- 
 gaged in a street fight against the enemy posted in gardens, 
 at windows, and on house-tops — all flat, with parapets. 
 Worth ordered forward the mountain howitzers of Cad- 
 wallader's brigade, preceded by skirmishers and pioneers, 
 with pickaxes and crowbars, to force windows and doors, 
 and burrow through walls. The assailants were soon in 
 an equality of position fatal to the enemy. By 8 o'clock 
 in the evening Worth had carried tw T o batteries in this 
 suburb. He here posted guards and sentinels, and placed 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 95 
 
 his troops under shelter for the night. There was but 
 one more obstacle — the San Cosme gate (custom house) — 
 between him and the great square in front of the cathedral 
 and palace — the heart of the city ; and that barrier, it was 
 known, could not, by daylight, resist our siege guns thirty 
 minutes. 
 
 Scott had gone back to the foot of Chapultepec, the 
 point from which the two aqueducts begin to diverge, some 
 hours earlier, in order to be near that new depot, and in 
 easy communication with Quitman and Twiggs, as well as 
 with Worth. 
 
 General Scott ordered all detachments and stragglers to 
 their respective corps, then in advance ; sent to Quitman 
 additional siege guns, ammunition, entrenching tools ; di- 
 rected Twiggs' remaining brigade (Riley's) from Piedad, 
 to support Worth, and Captain Steptoe's field battery, 
 also at Piedad, to rejoin Quitman's division. 
 
 Quitman, supported by Shields and Smith — Shields 
 badly wounded at Chapultepec and refusing to retire — as 
 well as by all the officers and men of the column — con- 
 tinued to press forward under flank and direct fires ; car- 
 ried an intermediate battery of two guns, and then the 
 Belen or South- Western gate, before two o'clock in the 
 afternoon, but not without severe loss, increased by his 
 steady maintenance of that position. 
 
 Here, of the heavy battery — Capt. Drum and Lieut. 
 Benjamin were mortally wounded, and Lieut Porter, its 
 third in rank, slightly. Lieuts. J. B. Moragne and Win, 
 Canty, of the South Carolina volunteers, also of high merit, 
 fell on the same occasion — besides many of our bravest 
 non-commissioned officers and men. 
 
 Quitman, within the city — adding several new defences 
 
96 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 to the position he had won, and sheltering his corps as 
 well as practicable — now awaited the return of daylight, 
 under the guns of the formidable citadel yet to be sub- 
 dued. 
 
 At about four o'clock next morning (Sept. 14), a depu- 
 tation of the aywitamiento (city council) waited on Gene- 
 ral Scott to report that the federal government and the 
 army of Mexico had fled from the capital some three hours 
 before, and to demand terms of capitulation in favor of the 
 church, the citizens, and the municipal authorities. Scott 
 promptly replied that he would sign no capitulation ; that 
 the city had been virtually in our possession from the 
 time of the lodgments effected by Worth and Quitman 
 the day before ; that he regretted the silent escape of the 
 Mexican army ; that he should levy upon the city a mo- 
 derate contribution, for special purposes ; and that the 
 American army should come under no terms, not self- 
 imposed — such only as its own honor, the dignity of the 
 United States, and the spirit of the age should, in his 
 opinion, imperiously demand and impose. 
 
 At the termination of the interview with the city depu- 
 tation, Worth and Quitman were ordered to advance slowly 
 and cautiously (to guard against treachery) towards the 
 heart of the city, and to occupy its stronger and more 
 commanding points. Quitman proceeded to the great 
 plaza or square, planted guards, and hoisted the colors of 
 the United States on the national palace, containing the 
 halls of Congress and executive apartments of federal 
 Mexico. 
 
 Soon after we entered, and were in the act of occupying 
 the city, a fire was opened upon us from the flat roofs of 
 the houses, from windows and corners of streets, by 
 
BATTLES OF MEXICO. 97 
 
 some 2,000 convicts, liberated the night before by the 
 flying government — joined by, perhaps, as many more 
 soldiers, who had disbanded themselves and thrown off 
 their uniforms. This unlawful war lasted for more than 
 twenty-four hours, in spite of the exertions of the municipal 
 authorities, and was not put down till we had lost many 
 men, including several officers, killed or wounded, and 
 had punished the miscreants. 
 
 Our army marched [August 7-10] from Puebla with only 
 10,738 rank and file. 
 
 At Contreras, Churubusco, &c. [August 20], we had 
 but 8,497 men engaged — after deducting the garrison of 
 San Augustine (our general depot), the intermediate sick 
 and the dead ; at the Molinos del Rey (September 8) but 
 three brigades, with some cavalry and artillery — making 
 in all 3,251 men — were in the battle ; in the two days — 
 Sept. 13 and 14 — our whole operating force, after deduct- 
 ing, again, the recent killed, wounded, and sick, together 
 with the garrison of Miscoac (the then general depot) and 
 that of Tucubaya, was but 7,180 ; and finally, after de- 
 ducting the new garrison of Chapultepec, with the killed 
 and wounded of the two days, we took possession (Sept. 
 14) of this great capital with less than 6,000 men ! In no 
 one of these conflicts was our army opposed by fewer than 
 three and a half times its number — in several of them by a 
 yet greater excess. Our losses near Mexico were : 
 
 August 19, 20. — Killed, 137, including 14 officers. 
 Wounded, 877, including 62 officers. Missing, (proba- 
 bly killed,) 38 lank and file. Total, 1,022. 
 
 September 8. — Killed, 116, including 9 officers. 
 Wounded, 665, including 49 officers. Missing, 18 rank 
 and file. Total, 789. 
 
 September 12, 13, 14. — Killed, 130, including 10 
 
98 BATTLES OF MEXICO. 
 
 officers. Wounded, 703, including 68 officers. Missing, 
 29 rank and file. Total, 862. 
 
 Grand total of losses, 2,703, including 383 officers. 
 
 This small force has conquered, in view of their capital, 
 the whole Mexican army, of (at the beginning) thirty-odd 
 thousand men — posted, always, in chosen positions, be- 
 hind entrenchments, or more formidable defences of nature 
 and art ; killed or wounded, of that number, more than 
 7,000 officers and men ; taken, 3,730 prisoners, one-seventh 
 officers, including 13 generals, of whom 3 had been presi- 
 dents of this republic ; captured more than 30 colors or 
 standards, 75 pieces of ordnance, besides 57 wall pieces 
 20,000 small arms, an immense quantity of shot, shells, 
 powder, &c, &c. 
 
 The losses of our troops in the various battles witl 
 Mexico, were, at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 400, 
 killed and wounded ; Monterey, 500 do. do.; Buena 
 Vista, 800 do. do.; Sierra Gordo, 500 do. do.; Churubusco, 
 1,052 do. do.; Mexico and neighborhood, 1,651 do. do. 
 Total — 4,903. One-third of this number probably covers 
 the killed. The losses in skirmishes and from sicknesSj 
 will probably number as many as those in the field, mak- 
 ing the awful number of 9,806. 
 
 Thus far the war has proceeded, and when it will close 
 is uncertain. The principal ports and cities of Mexico 
 have been captured by our victorious troops. We hope 
 that some arrangement will be made soon to prevent such 
 dreadful carnage, or we fear the curse of the God of bat- 
 tles will rest upon our nation. 
 
 We intended to have given a complete list of the killed, 
 and wounded, but it would require quite a volume, and 
 we must omit it, having given most of the names of the 
 officers. 
 
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 This useful little book should be in the hands of every farmer in the country. To 
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 the fuLest directions for raising early and late vegetables of every possible descrip- 
 tion. It was written by a practical gardener. Price 25 cents per copy. Five 
 copies for Ore Dollar. 
 
Now publishing in Monthly Parts, in the FARMERS' LIBRARY, 
 Price 50 cents each, or $5 per annum, 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE FARM: 
 
 BEING A SYSTEMATIC WORK ON] 
 
 PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE, 
 
 ON AN ENTIRELY NEW AND ORIGINAL PLAN. 
 
 BY HENRY STEPHENS, 
 
 1 1 Editor of " The Quarterly Journal of Agriculture," and " Prize Essays and Transactions of the Highland 
 and Agricultural Society of Scotland." 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH PORTRAITS OF ANIMALS, 
 
 PAINTED FROM THE LIFE— BEAUTIFULLY ENGRAVED ; AND NUMEROUS WOODCUTS AND 
 PLATES OF AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, 
 
 So particularized as to enable Country Mechanics to construct them from the descriptions. 
 
 Of the style, costliness, and value of this celebrated work, some idea may be 
 formed, when we state that, in the first place, it contains more than 1400 pages, 
 with upward of Six Hundred Engravings ! and, further, that in England it re- 
 quired more than two years to publish it, and cost there $24. This neat work is 
 now publishing in the Farmers'' Library. No farmer who thirsts for knowledge 
 himself, or who aspires to have his son rise to the true " post of honor," the digni- 
 fied station of an intellectual and accomplished agriculturist, can justifiably deny 
 himself such a work as is found in the Farmers' Library and Monthly Jour- 
 nal of Agriculture. 
 
 Among the Six Hundred Engravings which will be published in this BOOK OF 
 THE FARM, we have only room to mention the following : — 
 
 Views of Farmsteads, or Farm Buildings ; Fine Specimens of Cattle, Horses, 
 Oxen, Swine, Cows, Sheep, &c. ; Thrashing-Machines ; Sowing-Machines ; Grub- 
 bers ; The Farm-House ; Servant's Houses ; Fences ; Thorn Hedges ; Field Gates ; 
 Stone Dykes ; Embankments ; Draining — an Open Drain in Grass : Covered do. ; 
 Planks and Wedges to prevent Sides of Drains falling in, &c, &c, &c. AGRI- 
 CULTURAL IMPLEMENTS of all kinds; Various Kinds of Plows: Sections 
 and Parts of do. ; Shovels ; Scoops ; Spades ; Plumb-Level ; Swing-Trees for two 
 Horses, for three Horses, for four Horses ; Harrows ; Horse-Hoes ; Rollers ; Straw- 
 Racks ; Water-Troughs ; Straw-Cutters ; Shepherd's Crook ; Snow Pow ; Dung- 
 Hawk ; Scythe and Bend Sned ; Bull's Ring ; Bullock Holder ; Rakea Form of 
 Haystacks ; Corn-Bruisers ; Riddles ; Rope-Spinners ; Ladders ; Bean v ; U ; In- 
 strument for Topping Turneps ; Turnep-Trough for Feeding Sheep ; Mova^ Shed 
 for Sheep ; Oil-Cake Breaker ; Wheelbarrow ; Turnep Slicer for Sheep ; P* L ing 
 for relieving Cattle of Choking ; the Milking-Pail ; Curd-Cutter ; Cheese-Vat ; 
 Churns ; Cheese-Press ; &c, &c. Horse-Cart ; Liquid-Manure Cart ; Single-horse 
 Tilt-Cart, &c, &c, &c. Various Operations connected with the Culture of Grain 
 &c, &c, &c. Also, Plans for Irrigation ; Insects affecting Live Stock and Crops; 
 Harness, Bridle-Bit, Collars, &c, &c, &c, &c. 
 
 OCr* This great Work is now publishing in the FARMERS' LIBRARY AND 
 MONTHLY JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, the subscription price of which 
 is $5 per annum. Every farmer, and every gentleman who owns land or culti- 
 vates a garden, is earnestly requested to examine this Work. 
 
 GREELEY & McELRATH, Publishers 
 
 New York, July 1, 1846. 
 
 J 
 
TO ALL WHO BUY BOOKS, PERIODICALS, AND CHEAP PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 WILLIAM ~R GEAHAM'S 
 BOOK AND PERIODICAL ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 TRIBUNE BUILDINGS, NEW YORK, 
 
 Can supply all orders from Country Agents, in advance of all others, and at publishers' 
 prices. He respectfully invites Country Merchants, Agents, the Trade, Strangers visiting 
 the city, and the public generally, to call and examine his extensive collection of Magazines, 
 Newspapers, Cheap Books, and other Publications, where they will be sure to find all the 
 latest issues published in this city, or elsewhere. 
 
 BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE, PUBLISHED IN A CHEAP FORM. 
 
 FRENCH AND AMERICAN COOK BOOK. i consumption curable ! 
 
 Being a complete instructor in the art of | A TREATISE ON THE lungs j 
 
 making every variety of Plain and Fancy j Containing tht i Cause*. Cure, and Prevention of 
 
 Cakes, Pastry, Confectionery, Blanc Mange, j 
 Jellies, Ice Creams, &c. Also, for Cooking j 
 Meats, Fish, and Vegetables, and for pre- j 
 paring every dish pertaining to American j 
 and European Cookery. The book contains 
 no less than 19 modes of cooking eggs, 13 
 varieties of meat pies, 15 soups, &c. 
 Price 25 Cents. 
 5 Copies will be sent by mail for $1. 
 
 THE GARDENER AND FLORIST; 
 
 Or, an Account of every Vegetable Produc- 
 tion Cultivated for the Table by the Plough 
 and the Spade. With Full Directions for 
 Planting and Raising Flowers. 
 This useful little book should be in the 
 hands of every farmer in the country. To 
 persons who cultivate vegetables for market it 
 is especially valuable, as it contains the fullest 
 directions for raising early and late vegetables 
 of every description. It was written by a 
 practical market gardener, who made a small 
 fortune by the business, and is now living 
 upon his income. 
 
 Price 25 Centg. 
 5 Copies will be sent by Mail for $1. 
 
 VALUABLE "sEW WORK ON HORSES 
 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, 
 
 OR HORSE DOCTOR. 
 The Habits, Diseases, and Management of 
 
 the Horst, in the Stable, and on the Road. 
 
 With Advice to Purchasers. 
 
 This celebrated work, although it is sold 
 at so cheap a rate, is the best one ever writ- 
 ten on the Diseases of Horses. It is writ- 
 ten in plain language that every body can 
 understand, and the directions for the treat- 
 ment of diseased horses are so minute as not 
 to be mistaken. 
 
 Persons wanting a single copy of this work, 
 may carefully enclose a twenty-five cent 
 piece. The postage on the work will be 
 only four and a half cents, to any part of the 
 United States. 
 
 Price 25 Cents. 
 
 Five copies will be sent for $1. 
 
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 And all diseases of the Heart, Liver, 
 Throat, Pains in the Chest, Glandular Dis- 
 eases, Asthma, Coughs, Colds, Indigestion, 
 Dyspepsia, and all diseases from which Con- 
 sumption arises. 
 
 BY J. S. ROSE, M. D., 
 Graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, etc., etc. 
 Illustrated with engravings. 
 
 Price 25 Cents, 
 
 Or 5 copies for $1. 
 
 LIFE, TRAVELS, AND ADVENTURES IN 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 AND SCENES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 BY THOMAS J. FARNHAM, 
 
 Author of Travels in the Western Prairies, the Rocky 
 Mountains, and the Oregon Territory. 
 
 The work contains 416 pages, and is pub- 
 lished at the 
 
 liow Price of SO Cents. 
 
 Five copies will be sent for $2. 
 ESP The above work is a complete History 
 of California to the present timo. 
 
 THE INDIAN IN HIS WIGWAIj 
 
 OR, CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RED RACE OP 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 BY HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT. 
 
 This work contains an account of the In- 
 dians, their Habits, Manners, Language, &c.» 
 &c, with a History of Noted lied Men and 
 Women, the Pawnee Barbarities, Adven- 
 tures in the Ozark Mountains, &c. 
 
 The work contains 416 pages, illustrated. 
 
 Price 50 Cent*, or Five Copies for $2. 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF 
 
 COMMODORE JOHN PAUL JONES, 
 
 Being the first of a Series of Biographies of 
 AMERICAN NAVAL AND MILITARY MEN. 
 
 This will be found a most interesting and 
 thrilling narrative — racy, graphic, and ro- 
 mantic — compiled from the most authentic 
 sources, and well worthy the attention of all 
 interested in American History, Heroism, 
 and Adventure. 
 
 Price 12£ Cents, or lO Copies for $1. 
 
 ISP" Any of the above works can be sent by Mail, at Periodical Postage. Address all 
 orders m WILLIAM H. GRAHAM, Tribune Buildings. N. Y. 
 
THE GARDENER. 
 
 Or an Account of Every Valuable Production 
 
 Cultivated for the Table by the Plough 
 
 and the Spade 
 
 This useful little book should be in the bauds 
 
 of every farmer in the country. To persons 
 
 \ especially valuable, as it contains the fullest 
 directions for raising early and late vegetables 
 of every possible description. It was written 
 by a practical market gardener, who made a 
 small fortune by the business, and is now living 
 upon his income. 
 
 Price 25 Cents per Copy. 
 
 Orders for this work should be addressed to 
 WM. H. GRAHAM, Tribune Buildings, New 
 i York. A single 25 cent piece may be sent in 
 | a letter for single postage, if the same be care- 
 fully enveloped in a half-sheet of paper. 
 
 VALUABLE NEW WORK ON HORSES. 
 
 THE COMPLETE FARRIER, 
 OR HORSE DOCTOR. 
 
 i The Habits, Diseases, and Management of the 
 
 Horse in the Stable and on the Road. With 
 
 Advice to Purchasers. 
 
 Price 25 Cents. 
 
 This celebrated work, although it is sold at 
 so cheap a rate, is the best one ever written on 
 the Diseases of Horses. It is written in plain 
 language that everybody can understand, and 
 the directions for the treatment of diseased 
 horses are so minute as not to be mistaken by 
 the most obtuse among hostlers. 
 
 Persons wanting a single copy of this work 
 may carefully enclose a 25 cent piece in half a 
 sheet of writing paper. The postage on the 
 work will be only 4| cents to any part of the 
 United States. Address 
 
 WILLIAM II. GRAHAM, 
 
 £ife, GLxavcis, anir SUrccnturcs, in 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 ; AND SCENES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 
 
 BY THOMAS J. FARNHAM, 
 
 1 Author of Travels in the Western Prairies, the Rocky 
 t Mountains, and the Oregon Territory. 
 
 This work now presented to the public is 
 'another attempt of the same kind, as the 
 i Travels in the Western Prairies, which ex- 
 cited so much attention. The present work 
 
 differs from the previous one in many respects. S 
 The extensive interest felt in relation to Cali-' 
 fornia, has induced the publisher to issue the ) 
 work. The great wild and barren realms of I 
 uncultivated nature, the South Sea, the Ha-) 
 toaian Islands, Upper and Lower California, \ 
 their conquests by the Spaniards, Indians, ) 
 their present state, Vegetation, Streams, Plains, 1 
 Mountains, Volcanoes, Animals, SfC, all these S 
 as they have been, and now are, will be found < 
 fully described. To what has been seen, has j 
 been added authentic information from every I 
 known source, which makes this work a com- ) 
 plete history of California to the present time. < 
 The work contains 416 pages, and is published \ 
 at the < 
 
 liow Price of SO Cents. ( 
 
 Five Copies will be sent for Two Dollars. ( 
 
 Address all orders to ( 
 WM. H. GRAHAM, 
 
 Tribune Buildings . ) 
 
 Ainsworth's Best Historical Romance • \ 
 
 The most thrilling Tale of Old England ) 
 
 EVER PUBLISHED, 
 
 THE TOWER OF LONDON.J 
 
 Romantic Historical Events connected t here- ( 
 with — revealing scenes of Treachery and ) 
 Bloodshed, so atrocious, as to be hardly ( 
 
 credible in this enlightened age. 
 
 IT IS ILLUSTRATED WITH ! 
 
 Jfoitr &ttrt QcnjgratJiuigs. 
 
 It contains Two Hundred and Sixteen pag es, I 
 
 large Royal Octavo. ; 
 
 Price 5© Cents per Copy, \ 
 
 And may be sent by mail for some 8 or 9 cents ( 
 postage. 
 
 
 
 HISTORY OF PALESTINE. 
 
 BY JOHN KITTO, ( 
 
 Author of the " Pictorial Bible," etc. ( 
 
 This work contains a large amount of useful \ 
 
 knowledge, and the work should be in the (' 
 
 hands of every young person in the coun try. 
 
 Price 25 Cents. 
 
 The Apocryphal New Testament, 
 
 Containing all the Gospels, Epistles, and/ 
 other Pieces not included in the New Testa- j 
 merit by its compilers. ) 
 
 He who possesses this and the New T esta- \ 
 ment, has in the two volumes a collection of alif 
 the Historical records relative to Christ and hi* j 
 Apostles now in existence. ) 
 
 I»ric» 
 
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 stephens's book of the farm. 
 
 Extracts from the Critical Notices published in England during the publication 
 of the work in London. 
 
 From the Iandon Times. 
 
 " The first part or number of this work has just been published by Messrs. Blackwood. It is written by 
 Mr. Henry Stephens, a gentleman already known to the public in his editorial character in the Quarterly 
 Journal of Agriculture. The great raeritof the work, as far as it has yet gone, is the intelligible manner in 
 which it is written, and the strong good sense with which it is distinguished. The proposed arrangement, 
 set forth in the plan of the work, is clear and satisfactory ; and the whole number is valuable as being the 
 result of practical experience and competent theoretic knowledge. It is a book which will be received with 
 gratitude by those who are really anxious to profit by instruction, and whoso anxiety for improvement is 
 not impeded by prejudice." ..." The plan of the work, it may again be observed, is very good— the 
 reasoning is logical — the assertions are the results of accurate examination and repeated experience. In 
 addition to the information conveyed in the letter-press, the book is ornamented by accurate and handsome 
 plates of agricultural animals, implements of farming, plans of farming, &c. &c." 
 
 From the Newcastle Courant. 
 
 " Mr. Stephens's work is divided into three portions. In the first, the pupil is shown the difficulties he has 
 to encounter in acquiring a competent knowledge of farming as a profession, and the most easy and effect- 
 ual methods of overcoming these. The second portion details the various kinds of farming practiced in the 
 country, and points out that which the Author reckons the best for adoption under given circumstances. — 
 The third and concluding portion accompanies the young farmer into the world, where it acquaints him 
 how to look about for a proper farm for himself" 
 
 From Felix Farley's Bristol Journal. 
 
 " When we say that the Author is Mr. Henry Stephens, we are safe in expressing our conviction that the 
 results of his penetration, judgment, and experience, so placed before the public, will confer an advantage 
 on the agricultural interest of no common order. We therefore predict a large measure of success t.o the 
 intended work." 
 
 From The Argus. 
 
 "We regard it as a national work ; and, from the masterly manner in -which Mr. Stephens handles his 
 subjects, we feel assured it must become a standard one. His thorough practical knowledge, backed by his 
 scientific acquirements, makes the Author's fitness for the task conspicuous ; and the unpresuming manner 
 in which his talent is displayed enhances its value still more in our eyes." 
 From the Midland Counties Herald. 
 
 " The entirely practical nature of this work, and the evident care with which it is produced, will, we 
 think, render it one of the most useful publications for the farmer which has yet appeared." 
 
 From The Times. 
 
 " The great merit of the work, as far as it has yet gone, is the intelligible manner in which it is written, 
 and the strong good sense with which it is distinguished. It is a book which will be received with grati- 
 tude by those who are really anxious to profit by instruction, and whose anxiety for improvement is not 
 impeded by prejudice. 
 
 From the Birmingham Advertiser. 
 
 "The farmers of England would do well to possess themselves of this work, for the variety of useful in- 
 formation, and the many practical suggestions it contains." 
 
 From The Britannia. 
 
 " The two parts now before us are models of clear, sensible composition, and form such an introduction 
 to the practice of farming as has never been published before. The author brings to his task a large store 
 ot knowledge, sound sense and a lucid style." "We are quite sure that never was any work more called 
 for, by the intelligence of the age than this ' Book of the Farm,' and believe that it could not have been 
 entrusted to more competent hands, or produced in better style. We strongly recommend it to all classes 
 of agriculturists as a publication of decided utility, and likely to be most serviceable to them in the suc- 
 cessful prosecution of their labors." 
 
 From the Sporting Review. 
 
 " The work before us is one of the most practical results of so patriotic a spirit. It is a most wel- 
 come addition to our rural literature. As it proceeds, we hope to transfer some of its good things to 
 our pages. 
 
 From the New Farmers' Journal. 
 
 " On all these important points, no one is better qualified to fill the office of a mentor than Mr. Stephens, I 
 of which the well-arranged plan, and judicious execution, of the bock before us, atford irrefragable f 
 testimony." 
 
 The Concluding Paragraph. 
 
 Mr. Stephens, the Author of the above named work, was engaged for several years in writing 
 it. Its publication was commenced in London in January, 1842, and concluded in August, 1844. 
 The Author closes the work in the following words : 
 
 " I have now brought to a termination the task I had imposed upon myself in writing this work. 
 If you will but follow the prescriptions I have given in it, for conducting the larger operations of 
 the field, and for treating the various animals of the farm ; and — not to mention the proper plow- 
 ing and manuring of the soil — as the practice of every farmer demonstrates the necessity of afford- 
 ing due attention to those most important because fundamental operations, if you finish off your 
 fields in a manner indicating care and neatness — plowing round their margins, and turning over 
 the corners ; if you keep your fences clean and in a state of repair — your fields free of weeds ; if 
 you give your stock abundance of fresh food at regular intervals in winter, and supply them with 
 plenty of clean water on fresh pastures in summer ; if you have the farm roads always in a ser- 
 viceable state, and everything about the steading neat and orderly; if you exhibit skill and taste 
 in all these matters, and put what is called a fine skin on your farm, you will not fail to earn for 
 yourself the appellation of a good and exemplary farmer: and when you have everything about 
 you, ' thus well disposed,' you will find, with Hesiod of old, that profitably, as well as creditably, 
 for you ' shall glide away thy rustic year.' " 
 
THE NEW-YORK TRIBUNE. 
 
 We are on the eve of another Presidential Election.— 
 Let none fancy that, since it is approached so calmly, it 
 will he conducted sluggishly and terminated without ex- 
 citement. Whoever cherishes such an illusion mistakes 
 the character of the American People and the impulses 
 which sway them. Equally idle is the imagination that 
 Party lines are to be effaced and broken down in this con- 
 test—that the prestige of some heroic achievement or the 
 glitter of an epaulette is to chase from the popular mind 
 all memory of the radical differences of sentiment whi^h 
 have so often arrayed one-half our countrymen in fierce 
 conflict with the other. Idle chimeras these! offspring 
 of an empty heart or a sickly brain ! With the progress 
 of events a particular measure may become more or less 
 important, the emphatic assertion of a certain principle 
 more or less essential, but the question of questions re- 
 mains and will remain. At one time, the establishment 
 or maintenance of a Sound and Uniform Currency ; at 
 another, the upbuilding and cherishing of new or feeble 
 branches of Home Industry, at another, the proper dispo- 
 sition of the Proceeds of the Public Lands; at a fourth, 
 Peace or War, Spoliation or Justice ; but underneath all 
 these, mightier than any, more enduring than all, lives ev- 
 er the elemental difference in which parties have their 
 origin— on one side the idea that Government should be 
 Creative, Constructive, Beneficent ; on the other, the 
 negative, skeptical, do-nothing element, whose axioms 
 are ' The best Government is that which governs least,' 
 'The People are inclined to expect too much from Gov- 
 ernment,' &x.— which sees in a Canal, a Railroad, a Har- 
 bor, a Protective Duty, only a means of enriching a few 
 individuals at the expense of the community, and which 
 cannot conceive how any can be benefited by a public 
 work without inflicting injury in at least equal measure 
 upon others. The fundamental axioms of this negative 
 philosophy are really hostile to Common Roads and Com- 
 mon Schools required and sustained by Law, as well as to 
 those elements of National well-being against which it 
 now directs the energies of a great party. The antag- 
 onism of sentiment growing out of these conflicting views 
 of the nature and true ends of Government cannot, in the 
 nature of things, be lastingly compromised ; it cannot be 
 terminated by the result of any one election. It must 
 be potentially felt in the party contests and popular agi- 
 tations of many years to come. 
 
 On this and all the great questions growing out of it, 
 The Tribune maintains emphatically the doctrines of the 
 Whig Party. It advocates Protection to Home Indus- 
 try, wherever such Protection may be needed, and to the 
 extent of the necessity, a National Currency, sound 
 and of uniform value, composed of Coin and Paper in 
 such proportions as public interest and general conven- 
 ience shall dictate; Internal Improvement, by the 
 General and State Governments, each in its own sphere, 
 and by Associations, liberally incited thereto by such fa- 
 cilities as Legislation may safely and justly afford ; and 
 such disposition of the Public Land Proceeds as shall 
 secure the benefit thereof to the People of all the States 
 throughout all future time. Above all, this paper will 
 1 study the things that make for Peace,' and strenuously 
 oppose the fell spirit of War, the lust of Conquest and 
 the passion for Military Glory, so mortally adverse to all 
 
 the ideas of Social and Political Economy to which it ia 
 devoted, ae a mildew to genuine Democracy, as utterly at 
 variance with Christianity, and as a scandal to the Nine- 
 teenth Century. These views will be faithfully and fear- 
 lessly commanded to public favor; while our opposition 
 to the Extension of Human Slavery over one foot of soil 
 where it has not now a legal existence shall be unsparing, 
 uncompromising and subject to no consideration of Parts 
 advantage or Presidential triumph. Far sooner will we 
 sink with our principles than succeed without them, 
 however desirable success or however mortifying defeat. 
 —The Tribune will endeavor to commend itself to all 
 classes of readers by the fullness of its intelligence as well 
 as the fairness of its discussions. With this intent ona 
 Assistant Editor will remain at Washington during the 
 Session of Congress, giving daily reports of sayings and 
 doings in the Houses and elsewhere ; two European Cor 
 respondents will transmit us regular dispatches from th« 
 Old World ; while no expense will be grudged in procur 
 ing the earliest and most reliable information from all 
 parts of the world. Reviews of New Books of decided in- 
 terest and selections from the Popular Literature o; 
 America and Europe will be frequently given, with occa 
 sional reports of Public Lectures of high character; bul 
 it shall be our first object to present a fair r id full pic- 
 ture of the real world, only varied at intervals by excur 
 sions into the realm of the ideal. 
 
 —The New-York Tribune is issued Daily (a Mornini 
 and two Evening Editions, in order to serve each subscri 
 ber with the latest news possible) on a fair imperial sheel 
 at Five Dollars per annum, or half the price of the grea 
 Commercial journals, by which it aims to be surpassed ii 
 nothing but Advertisements. A Semi-Weekly Editioi 
 is issued on a similar sheet each Wednesday and Saturday 
 and afforded to subscribers at Three Dollars per annun 
 or $5 for two copies. The Weekly Tribune is printed 
 on a sheet of nearly double the size of the Daily, and af 
 forded at Two Dollars per annum, Six copies for $10, Tei 
 copies for $15, or Twenty for $24— payment being inva 
 riably required in advance. When the term paid for ex 
 pires, the paper is uniformly stopped, so that no mai 
 need hesitate to take it from an apprehension that h 
 will be persecuted by duns or unable to get rid of the pape 
 when tired of it. This rule has given offence to a few pa 
 trons of the non-paying order, but the great majority seen 
 to like it better than the old fashion. 
 
 It is not our custom to appoint Local Agents to solici 
 subscriptions, nor to place great reliance on Agents at al] 
 But any person who is well enough known to be trustei 
 by his neighbors may aid us if he will and help himself i 
 he chooses, by taking this Prospectus and asking thos 
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 payments are respectfully solicited by 
 
 GREELEY &. McELRATH, 
 154 Nassau-st. New-York. 
 
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 CLUB PRICES 
 
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