UC-NRLF $B 5^ 3MM . L#^ Little Histories North American Indians Na2 THE IOWA W. H. MINER LIBRARY University of California. Class LITTLE HISTORIES OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS Number Two IN THE SAME SERIES THE NAVAJOS By O. H. Lipps 1 2mo cloth, $ 1 .00 net Express age 1 cents With a map, and illustrations in three colors The A. L. A. BOOKLIST describes it thus (November. 1909): "A concise and sympathetic account in simple language of the life, habits, customs, mythology, etc., of one of the most interesting of the North Amer- ican tribes, with a chapter on their history since the Spanish conquest. The author is a member of the Indian service, has had several years* ex- perience with the tribe and knows his subject. Appendix contains official letters and affidavits relating to conditions on the reservations and the causes of the Navajo war of 1861. Illustrated from photographs, but unfortunately unindexed." 970.1 Navajo Indians 9-10291/2 THE IOWA A reprint from The Indian Record, as originally published and edited by Thomas Foster, with introduction, and elucidations through the text By WILLIAM HARVEY MINER With Illustrations and a Map CEDAR RAPIDS. IOWA THE TORCH PRESS, 1911 •. • L. » • Copyright 1911 By The Torch Pkkss A ugvst DEDICATED TO A BIBLIOPHILE IN THE BEST SENSE ; TO A LOVER OF BOOKS AND MEN; TO A STUDENT OF ABORIGINAL HISTORY ; TO A HIGH MINDED AMERICAN GENTLEMAN JOSEPH PARKER CAMP 223142 CONTENTS Introduction . The Ioway Monograph . The Iowa Camping Circle Treaties .... Synonymy List of Iowa Indians Index .... PAGE XV 1 45 49 77 83 91 ILLUSTRATIONS A Group op Iowa .... Frontispiece (From the scarce original engraving made in London, when these Indians were under the supervision of George Catlin) KACIKG PAGK An Ioway Grammar 7 (Reproduced in fac-simile from a copy of the rare original) Waw-non-que-skoon-a 's Map .... 24 (From the original, slightly reduced, in Schoolcraft's INDIAN TRIBES) Ma-Has-Kah, the younger .... 42 (After the colored portrait in Vail's NOTICE SUR LES INDIENS, etc.) PREFACE The material forming the greater part of the present monograph is reprinted verbatim et literatim from certain portions of volume 1, Numbers 1, 2, and 3, Washington, Novem- ber 30, 1876, of Foster's Indian Record and Historical Data. The complete work so far as carried out consists only of the three parts here mentioned, printed in folio and comprising four numbered pages each. The editor. Dr. Thomas Foster, who termed him- self ''Indian historiographer'' hoped to be able to publish the sheet weekly ''should funds permit." Evidently lack of finances or the small amount of interest shown in the venture determined against its continuance as it ceased tvith the third issue. During Foster's connection with the In- dian Bureau at Washington, John Q. Smith held the position of Commissioner of Indian Affairs and it is not improbable looked tvith little favor on the scheme. In any event the Record is a desideratum^ in most collections and as such, even a portion of it may not be X PREFACE amiss in this reprint. Unfortunately its short existence did not permit of finishing the sketches of the Iowa or Winnebago, though it tvould appear that in the instance of the former hut little more tvould have been added. It is hoped however, that in the fore- word the more necessary data are given and that it is appropriately terminated. The actual worth of the Indian Record is slight. Foster's idea with reference to sev- eral monographs relating wholly or in part to certain tribes was a tvorthy one and could be executed to advantage even at this date. The two treatises attempted in his short-lived publication were on the Iowa and their parent stock, the Winnebago, although several shorter tribal sketches, as for exam- ple those on the Attacapa,^ Oroyelles,^ Ara- pahoes,^ and Eries * are included among oth- er features, these being as scattered notes 1 Attacapa, a name by which the Choc-taws and other south- ern Indians designated the different tribes occupying south- western Louisiana and southern and southeastern Texas. Less than a dozen are known to be in existence today. 2 Oroyelles, probably of the Caddoan family and now extinct. 8 An important tribe of the Algonquian family closely allied with the other Plains Indians, particularly with the Cheyennes. * A tribe of the Iroquoian family frequenting during the 17th century the territory extending south from Lake Erie to the Ohio river, and now practically extinct unless their PREFACE xi through the forty-eight columns and of more or less value, particularly as co7icerns the linguistics.^ It is evident from his Intro- duction that Foster must have had many dif- ficulties to contend with, especially in the matter of procuring suitable faces of type for his Indian vocabularies as tvell as in the matter of actual printing. At the best the work is poorly done. The proof-reading is wretched and the statements of fact often in grave error. Abject carelessness in the mat- ter of transcription appears without excuse, hence quoted portions through the present text have invariably been read and compared with the originals, obviously enhancing the value of such a reissue. Although a praiseworthy effort for the period and due every consideration at this time, a project of the kind attempted today tvould fail inglori- ously unless handled tvith requisite care. In the absence of any cognate facts refer- ring in detail to the lotva tribe it has been deemed best to reprint Foster's sketch in its entirety from the Record and to add to it, as descendants may be called a part of the Seneca living at present in the Indian Territory. 5 A vocabulary included among others is from the Duralde manuscripts in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. xii PREFACE appendices, some features which will he of special interest and value to the student of American aboriginal history and ethnology. In this textual portion tvill he found much from Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes of the United States, also extracts, some of con- siderable length, from the first volume of the Minnesota Historical Society's Coij.ec- TioNS, 1850-56, and NeilVs History of Min- nesota. Nevertheless such facts as are gar- nered from sources of this character al- though purloined, are to he welcomed, and in a certain sense it may he considered fortun- ate that all of the material is not wholly orig- inal. In the introductory sketch following this, an attempt has heen made to gather all mater- ial readily availahle on the Iowa trihe. The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to the Bureau of American Ethnology, without as- sistance from which no authentic or in any way exhaustive sketch on any subject con- nected with the Indian question could he ac- complished. The many references in the form of foot-notes have been verified with the greatest care. In many instances the meanings in the original are ambiguous. In the present form this fault is rectified and it PREFACE xiii is hoped that the concise yet lucid account of this important branch of the great Siouan family may assist in giving it some of that prominence to which it should rightfully as- pire. A list of some of the more famous warriors is included as an appendix, 'and though incomplete and taken in part from printed records it will show that the tribe numbered among its members men who were famous outside of their oivn precincts, and these names may inspire some future histor- ian to delve even more deeply into those ar- chives that are knotvn to be only memoirs of a past existence. Students of lotva history or of the Indians of the central west can ill afford to over- look a work on the Indian tribes by A, R. Fulton entitled The Red Men of Iowa. The volume is now scarce but fortunately the writer has been able to use it and is glad to acknotvledge its excellence. To Worthing- ton C. Ford, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and to W. H. Holmes, of the Smith- sonian Institution, James Mooney and F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnolo- gy, he is also indebted and wishes publicly to express his thanks for their kindly interest. INTRODUCTION THE IOWA INDIANS — AN HISTORICAL SKETCH SYNONYMS^ PahStet. Marquette, (1673) in Shea, Discovery, etc., p. 268, map, 1852. Variants: Nadoessi Mascouteins, Aiounouea, Avoys, Paote, Ayoes, Aiotvais, Ayouez, Ainoves, lawas. Ho-WAH. Name given by the Mdewakan- ton (Sioux). loetvaig, name given by the Santee Dakota. lyakhtva, name given by the Teton. Mdqude, name given by the Om- aha Ponca. Pa'-qo-tce, name given by the Kansa. Pa'qu-te, name given by the Qua- paw. Pdqu^se, name given by the Osage. Pashohan, name given by the Pawnee. Pax- odshe, name given by the Kansa. Wa-qotc, name given by the Winnebago. Iyuhba. Riggs, Dak. Gram, d Diet. p. 278, 1852, trans. ''Sleepy Ones." Nadoues- sioux Maskoutens: Minn. Hist. Coll., 1864, « For further synonomy see appendix C. xvi INTRODUCTION (Part 2, p. SO, note), trans. ''Sioux of the Prairies;^' Algonkin name, Pa-ho-cha: Neh, Hist. Soc, 1885, (p. 47), trans. ''Busty Men.'' Pa-ho-dje: Maximilian, (p. 507, 1843) trans. "Dust Noses." Iowa. Pike's Travels; Ed. of 1811 (p. 134). Variants: lowai, la ways, Ihoivay, lotvay, Jowoi, Jowas, Joways, Olioa, and PaJioja, names by tvhieh they are knoivn among them- selves. May he translated as "Gray Snow." Sign. Draw the extended right hand across the throat from left to right as if sev- ering the head from the body. Possibly de- rived from an old Siouan custom of decap- itating their prisoners.'^ Mallery refers to this branch of the Siouan tribe as "Cut Throats," ' or a "Cut Throat" from a curious practice adopted by the lotva after battle. Mooney also advocates this theory though he suggests it applied only to the Sioux and not to the whole Siouan stock and is doubtful as to the common interpre- tation of the sign — a sweeping motion of the hand in front of the neck — as the Kiotva and certain other tribes called the lotva the 7 Clark. Indian Sign Language. Philadelphia, 1885. 8 Mallery. Introduction to the Study of Sign Language AMONG the North American Indians, etc. B. A. E., Intro- ductions, No. 3. INTRODUCTION xvii *' Necklace People." He also says that this tribe was a little too far from the plains to have a special sign and were probably merged with the Oto^ Missouri, Sauk and oth- ers in the general region of the ''shaved heads," The Iowa tribe of Indians forms one of the Southwestern branches of the great Da- kota or Siouan stock and has been included both linguistically and ethnographically by careful students, with the Oto and the Mis- souri tribes, forming the so-called Chiwere group. ^ The real difference existing between the tribes here noted is one of dialect only. Traditional evidence proves conclusively that they sprung originally from that stem which appears to have been the parent stock of certain other southwestern Siouan tribes, notably, the Winnebago, and from direct in- formation obtained from their people as late as 1883, investigators have been told that not only the Iowa, Missouri, and Oto tribes were from the same source but that the Ponca and Omaha could without question be included, 9 See J. O. Dorsey in The American Antiquarian, 1879, and the same writer in Bui. Philos. Soc., 1880. The term literally translated means ' * belonging to this place " or ' ' the home peo- ple.'' See aQso W J McGee in the 15th Eep., B. A. E., 1897. xviii INTRODUCTION having ^'once formed part of the Winne- bago Nation. '^^^ From their primal home, to the north of the Great Lakes, as tradition has it, came the forebears of these tribes. Attracted by the abundance of fish, the Winnebago halted on the shores of Lake Michigan, while the other bands continued southwestward, eventually coming to the Mississippi. At this point an- other division took place and it was here that the Iowa separated from the larger group, and it is also at this period that they received the name of Pahoja or Gray Snow.'' With- 10 Dorsey. 11 Considerable controversy has taken place as to the actual meaning of this word. Various suggestions have been made, more generally by local writers, and in the confusion it is diffi- cult to come to a final decision. The latest authorities prefer Gray Snow, and the task would be considerable to enumerate all those who have written on the subject. W. W. Hildreth in Annals of Iowa, April, 1864, gives the derivation from the Omaha word Py-ho-ja, or ''Grey Snow.^' It has been claimed that the word is of Dakota origin and that it was written by the French Aiouez (see Charlevoix, 1723) and that its anglicization was gradual. The present meaning of Iowa in the Dakota is ' ' something to write or paint with. ' ' School- craft is authority for the statement that the tribes called them- selves Pa-ho-ehes, meaning ''Dusty Nose," or "Dirty Face," and Foster in the text emphasizes this point. One writer boldly asserts that the word Iowa is a corruption from Kiowa, and Antoine Le Claire, the celebrated half-breed inter- preter, stated that the word in his tongue signified ' ' this is the INTRODUCTION xix out stopping for any length of time after separating from their comrades, the Iowa continued down the general course of the Mississippi until Rock River (in Illinois) was reached. At this point as in most of the early history of the tribe we must depend largely on hearsay. Certain traditions how- ever, place them farther north. Waw-non- que-skoona-a's map, drawn in 1848, shows their movements quite clearly until that date. It is hardly necessary to reiterate statements here that appear textually in connection with the cartographical features, especially as these successive movements are of compara- tivly recent date and considered to be sub- stantially correct. There is a tradition still popular among the Sioux that when their an- cestors first came to the Falls of St. Anthony the Iowa tribe occupied the country adja- cent to the Minnesota river and that the place.'' Taylor Pierce, long connected with the trading post of Fort Des Moines, testified in favor of Kiowa, giving it the same definition as last named. Fulton (Red Men of Iowa) mentions certain writers who interpreted the word as ''beauti- ful." W. E. Richey (Memoirs of the Exploration of the Basin of the Mississippi Valley, Volume VII, 1903) says, "I feel inclined to think that the word Iowa came from Harahey. . ." For a full discussion of this subject see Annals of Iowa, April, 1864, and July, 1896. XX INTRODUCTION Cheyenne '" occupied territory fartlier up the same stream/^ On the arrival of Le Sueur in 1701 for the purpose of erecting his fort near the mouth of the Blue Earth river, many of the tribe were found and messengers were sent to in- vite tliem to settle in the vicinity of the stock- ade, because of their excellence in farming and general husbandry. Those despatched for this purpose found however, that the In- dians had recently moved westward toward the Missouri river and wished to be closer to the Omaha who then dwelt in that region. The tribes with whom Le Sueur came in con- tact informed him that the river upon which 12 See Mooney, The Cheyenne Indians, Mem. of the Amer. Anthro. Assoc. No. 1, 1907. His map as given there is es- pecially useful. 13 See Williamson, Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I, (re- print 1902), page 242. According to this authority the Iowa were known as Ayuhba, which form is also used by Riggs, Dakota Grammar and Dictionary, 1852. In Memoirs of Ex- plorations IN the Basin of the Mississippi, Vol. Ill, 1900, is included an excellent historical chart by N. H. Winchell show- ing geographical names and other data prior to Nicollet's Map of 1841. This shows the location of the Iowa tribe in that section between the present southern boundary of Iowa and lower Minnesota on the east, and along the southern bank of the Missouri river to the westward. Catlin's Map of 1833 places this tribe in the southwestern portion of the State of Iowa. INTRODUCTION xxi he was about to settle belonged to the Sioux of the West (Dakota), the Ayavois (Iowa), and the Otoctatas (Oto), who lived nearby. Probably the first among the whites to come in actual contact with the Iowa, was Pere Andre'* who referred to them in 1676, at which time they were situated about 200 miles west of Green Bay, Wisconsin. The next reference made by a European seems to be that of Father Zenobius Membre '^ in 1680, who mentions the Authontontas (Oto), Nadouessious Maskoutens (lowa)'^ ^' about 130 leagues from the Illinois river in three great villages built near a river which emp- ties into the Colbert (Mississippi) on the west side above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin. " He also seems to locate a portion of the Aiuoves (probably Aioues) to the west of the Milwaukee river. On Marquette's manuscript map which ac- companied his Journal, 1673,'' the Pahoutet 14 See note 60. 15 For an extended account of the Kecollet Father Zenobe Membre, see Le Clercq's First Establishment of the Faith IN New France, Shea's translation, II, 133; 1881. 16 See Eichman (I. B.). Among the Quakers, and Other Sketches, 3rd ed. Contains Mascoutin, A Eeminiscence of the Nation of Fire. 17 Original in St. Mary's College Archives, Montreal and reproduced in The Jesuit Eelations, published by The Bur- xxii INTRODUCTION (Iowa) are placed on or near the Missouri river, in close company with the Maha, (Om- aha) and Ontontana (Oto). This is no doubt conjecture on the part of the cartographer. The Sieuer de la Salle knew of both Oto and Iowa, and in his Hennepin letter of August 22, 1682, he refers to them as Otoutanta and Atounauea respectively. He further states that one of his company '' was familiar with the languages of both these tribes, which, however, is doubtful. When Le Sueur first supplied these In- dians with fire-arms in 1700 they were sit- uated at the extreme headquarters of the Des Moines river, though from the translation of this explorer's narrative, as contained in Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XVI, it would seem that this band and the Oto removed and *^ es- tablished themselves toward the Missouri river, near the Maha." In Jefferys' French Dominions in North and South America, 1760, the Iowa are located on the Mississippi in latitude 43° 30'. His map however places them on the east side of the Missouri, west of the sources of the Des Moines river and rows Brothers Co. See also Joliet's Map of 1674 (ihid vol. LIX.) where relative positions are practically the same. 18 ^lichel Accault, a companion of La Salle. INTRODUCTION xxiii above the Oto, who were on the west side of the Missouri and below the Omaha/^ Ac- cording to Lewis & Clark's Travels, etc., (Cones' edition, 1893), their villages consist- ed ^ * of 300 men ... on the river De Moines. ' "^ The map by Waw-non-que-skoona-a as in- cluded in Schoolcraft and reproduced here- 19 See Prof. N. H. Winchell's admirable map contained in Volume III, Memoirs of Explorations in the Basin of the Mississippi, St. Paul, 1900. This chart shows with great pre- cision the geographical names and their dates, given prior to Nicollet's map of 1841, and locates the Iowa on the west bank of the Mississippi, near the ''Kiviere de Aiounoues" according to Franquelin's map of 1684, and also in a space bounded on the north and east by the St. Peter's river (Minisoute Ouadeba or St. Peters river of Jefferys, 1762) and on the south and west by the Riviere aux Liards and Redwood river respectively, of Long. Franquelin's map, Carte de la Louisiane, a facsimile of which is in the Library of Harvard University, (the original formerly in the Archives of the Marine, in Paris, has been lost), locates the Ai8u8e and the Paote on the Riviere des Ai8u8e (Iowa). 20 In Thwaites' edition of Lewis & Clark (Original Jour- nals, VI, 91-92, 1905) the number is given as '*200 warriors or 400 souls, eighteen leagues up Platte river on the S. E. side, although they formerly lived on the Missouri above the Platte. ' ' When the traders first knew the Iowa the band consisted of about 800 souls. Their principal points of commerce were Robidoux's Post at Black Hills, the present site of St. Joseph, Missouri, and at Council Bluffs, though not as extensively at the latter. See Chittenden, The American Ftjr Trade, p. 874, and also The Henry and Thompson Journals, Coues ed., for an account of Robidoux's dealings. Maximilian's Travels, Vol. 1, p. 257 note, has a valuable reference. xxiv INTRODUCTION with, gives the final stopping place of the Iowa at a point near the junction of the Wolf and Missouri rivers, within the limits of the present State of Nebraska. Some authori- ties give their final location as being in two villages, one on the Platte ^' and another on the Great Nemaha river, from which places they conducted traffic with the traders from St. Louis, dealing principally in beaver, ot- ter, racoon, deer, and bear skins. They also appear to have been cultivators of the soil to some extent, even at this early date, and it is recorded that Le Sueur made efforts to have them locate near his Fort rHuillier^^ as they were ^industrious and accustomed to cultivate the earth." In addition to corn they grew beans '^ and Pike says ^'they culti- vated corn but not proportionately as much as did the Sauks and Foxes. " This traveler 21 Probably what was then known as the Big Platte in Ne- braska. . 22 See F. J. Goodf ellow, S. D. Hist. Coll., Vol. 2, also the original translation of a portion of Le Sueur's Voyage in Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XVI. The Fort took its name from L 'Huillier, one of the French farmer generals and Le Sueur's patron. In September, 1700, Le Sueur reached the present site of Mankato, Minn., and built the Fort, which according to most authorities was completed Oct. 14 of that year. The post was abandoned in 1703. 23EEP. OF Sec. of War, 1829. INTRODUCTION xxv also states that they were less civilized than the latter/* At a much earlier date Father Andre ^^ writes that, while their village was a large one they were poor as a tribe, their greatest wealth being in *' ox-hides '^ and red calumets,"'^ indicating thereby that the Iowa early traded in and manufactured catlinite pipes. In many customs prevailing among the Iowa it has been found that they differed but little from cognate tribes. In their visit- ing, marriage relations, and management of children they were not unlike the Omaha and others closely allied among the Dakota. In the matter of fraternity they were dis- tinct. The~^ camp circle ^^ was divided into 24 Pike's Expedition, etc., etc., edited by Elliott Coues, 1895. 25 Jesuit Relations, Vol. LX, also note 60. 26 Buffalo hides. The earlier explorers referred to the buf- falo (Bison americanus) under various cognomens. Boeuf sauvage, was the name given to it by Du Pratz; the Canadian voyageurs termed it simply le hoeuf. See Allen, History of the American Bison, 1877. 27 Red Pipestone, a fine grained argillaceous sediment, the analysis of which is as follows: Silica, 48; 20, alumina, 28:20, ferric oxide, 5, carbonate of lime, 2:60, manganous oxide, 0:60, magnesia, 6, water 8:40, loss 1. First brought to the attention of mineralogists by George Catlin and named in his honor * ' catlinite. ' ' 28 The important feature of camping was left to the women, according to the Indian custom. Occasion often controlled cir- cumstances as to the form of this particular ceremony. Hunt- xxvi INTRODUCTION half circles and occupied by two phratries of four gentes each.^^ The first regulated the hunt and other affairs pertaining to the tribe during the au- tumn and winter. Throughout the other parts of the year the lead was taken by the other phratry.'^ In a general way however, ing, visiting, or war parties were usually carefully organized. The tribal circle, each segment composed of a clan, gens or band, made a living picture of tribal organization and respon- sibilities. The usual opening through the circle was toward the east, which calls to mind religious rites and obligations of an earlier people, being further exemplified in the position which was usually given to the ceremonial tents. See A. C. Fletcher in Pwfe. of the Fedbody Museum. 29 The clan or gens among the American Indians is an in- tertribal, exogamic group of persons actually or theoretically consanguine. See J. N. B. Hewitt in Bul. 30, B. A. E., and J. W. Powell in the 17th Kep., B. A. E., Part I, 1898, page 29 passim. Throughout all of the American tribes of savagery it has been found that peculiar groups of persons are organized and known as shamanistic societies or phratries, viz : banded religious bodies. The term however must be extended that it may include the ceremonies which the savage believed to be religious. Peace and warfare, health and disease, welfare and want, pleasure and pain, all, whether good or evil, are believed to be under control of such societies as noted. The gens is to be found in Greek and Koman history, where it is known as the agnatic kindred. The tribe remains a body of consanguineal kindred: it is composed of groups of gentes that are incest groups, and the mates in mar- riage must belong to different gentes. See appendix A. 30 For an account of the mythical origin of each of the Iowa gens, see J. O. Dorsey, Social Organization of the SiouAN Tribe in the Journal of American Folklore, Vol. IV, INTRODUCTION xxvii the Iowa social institution differs but slight- ly from others of the Siouan stock, nor do their visiting or marriage customs vary greatly from those of kindred tribes. Chil- dren are managed similarly to those of the Dakota or Omaha. Formerly murder was punished with death by the nearest of kin or by some friend of the murdered person.^^ Occasionally however, presents were made to the avengers by the murderer, in consequence of which the crime was palliated. Like many other Mississippi Valley tribes the Iowa are not to any great extent associat- ed with the tumuli of America. With the exception of some few mounds in Wapello County, Iowa, at a point near lowaville, the site of an early trading post, there is little evidence that the Iowa were in any way con- nected with the mounds in that State. Along the valley located in this section, were many spots frequented by both the Sauk and Fox as well as Iowa and here also were situated the 1891, No. XV, page 338. This was recorded by Kev. William Hamilton in 1848 and was published from a letter by him to the children of the Presbyterian Sunday schools. Dorsey also ob- tained from the Iowa, during a visit to that tribe in 1880, a list of the gentes and later perfected this with a list of the subgentes. This list is included herewith as an appendix from the 15th Rep., B. A. E., 1897. 31 Dorsey. Siouan Sociology. xxviii INTRODUCTION famous race tracks of nearly a mile in length, belonging to the latter tribe.^' The various games indulged in by the Iowa differed but slightly from those in vogiie among kindred or allied tribes.^' As is almost universal, dice games, or games of chance are more gen- erally to be desired, while games of dexterity take second place. Catlin ^* describes under 32 See Cyrus Thomas. Mound Explorations, 12th Eep., B. A. E., 1894, page 111. A plan of the section noted above is given in this report, which is the most complete on mound exploration ever attempted. It may well be termed definitive. 33 The study of games as played among North American Indians, is a field in itself. This has been covered most ex- haustively by Mr. Stewart Culin in his recent work, Games of THE North American Indians: (24th Kep., B. A. E., 1907), and to this volume we refer any student who wishes to make detailed researches. In addition to this work, Catlin 's great contribution to the history of the North American tribes is in itself a mine of general information, though his little volume entitled The Fourteen low ay Indians, published in London in 1844, treats of the games of the Iowa more particularly. Where possible the earlier edition of that writer's Letters and Notes should be used rather than the later issues with the colored plates, such method of illustration having been con- demned by Catlin from the beginning. Indian Games an His- torical Kesearch by Andrew McFarland Davis, is a valuable monograph. All of the above refer in extenso to the Iowa. 34 The Fourteen Ioway Indians. London, 1844. This little pamphlet is now scarce, and was written by Catlin at the instance of the parties w^ho brought the Indians to London. He was particularly interested from an humanitarian point of view. An edition was issued in Paris, a year later, with wood- cuts by Porret, adding interest to the work. INTRODUCTION xxix the former class, one called Kon-tho-gra, or the game of platter which is played almost exclusively by women.^' It is said to have been exceedingly fascinating and consists of little blocks of wood marked with certain points for counting, to be decided by throws, the lot being shaken in a bowl and thrown out on a sort of a pillow. Bets were made after the bowl was turned and decided by the number of points and colors. Another game described by Catlin ^^ is called Ing-Kee-Ko- Kee, or, The Game of the Moccasin. It was played to a song accompaniment ^^ among the Iowa by two, four or six people seated on the ground in a circle. In the center are three or four moccasins, under one of which the players in turn try to conceal some small arti- cle, as a stone or a nut. The opponents choose what appears to be the lucky covering and if successful, win the stakes. The game, 35 The Fourteen low ay Indians. 36 lUd, 37 A translation of the song for this occasion is as follows : *'Take care of yourself — shoot well, or you lose, You warned me, but, see ! I have defeated you ! I am one of the Great Spirit's children! Wa-konda I am! I am Wa-konda! " See Alice C. Fletcher's paper. Tribal Structure, as included in The Putnam Anniversary Volume, Cedar Kapids, 1909, for a further exposition of the word Wa-Kori'-da. XXX INTRODUCTION according to this writer, appeared simple and almost foolish, yet he professes to have seen it played for hours without intermission in perfect musical rhythm, and states that it *^forms one of the principle gambling games of these gambling people." Among the Omaha, Ponca, Oto, and Iowa the game of Arrow (Ma^muqpe), was most common. This however was more of a religious game and now practically obsolete since the intro- duction of fire arms. Arrows were shot up into trees until they lodged in the branches. The players then tried to dislodge them and whoever brought down the first, won. There were no sides or opposing parties. Prob- ably the most exciting and to many the most important game among many of the tribes, aside from those of the Mountain Indians, is that of Ball-playing or Racket. This is dis- tinctly a man's game as opposed to double- ball and some other forms commonly played by women. There are instances however of this having been played by women, and among the Santee Sioux it is at times played by both sexes together. This game has been divided into two principal classes, those of the single and those of the double racket or bat ; the latter is more especially peculiar to INTRODUCTION xxxi the southern tribes.^^ The racket may be likewise termed a throwing stick as it is used to pick up and throw the ball rather than for the purpose of hitting. The ball is either of wood or of buckskin stuffed with hair,^^ and the usual size is about two and one-half in- ches in diameter. Various kinds of rackets are used by the players, some preferring long and some short handles. Among the Oto of Oklahoma, one measured was forty inches in length.*'' Catlin *' gives an excellent descrip- tion of this game among the Iowa Indians. His details concerning the goals and byes and various points connected with the different features, make this sketch one of the most complete we have.*^ As among all tribes east and west, north and south, the Iowa were given to their nu- 38 Culin. Games of the North American Indians. 39 In a game witnessed by the writer, on the Sauk and Fox Reservation at Tama, Iowa, in 1907, the ball used was wood. This tribe is slow to acquire new ideas, nor has it advanced greatly during the last fifty years. The game was one of in- tense excitement and is still played along the same lines as in the earlier days of this once powerful band. 40 Field Columbian Museum Catalog, No. 71404. 41 The Fourteen low ay Indians. 42 The oldest attempt at a detailed description of the game is given by Nicolas Perrot, Memoire sur les Moeurs, Cos- tumes et Religion des Sauvages de l 'Amerique Septentrion- ale. First printed in Paris in 1864. xxxii INTRODUCTION merous dances, many of which were of the highest importance. Mention is made here, only of several of the more common or neces- sary dances, inasmuch as the subject is one if it were treated fully would occupy a vol- woae in itself. This is a peculiar dance given in honor of one or more strangers The Welcome Dance whom the tribe may de- cide to welcome to their village. The musicians as well as spectators, out of respect, all rise to their feet while it is being performed. The song which accom- panies it is at first one of lament, but ends in a gay and lively manner. The most exciting as well as the longest and most tiresome of all The War Dance dances. It is usually divided into three parts, i, (?., Eh-Ros- Ka — The Warriors Dance — usually given after a party had returned from war as a boast and was ofttimes given as an amuse- ment. The song used at this time entitled Wa-Sissica — The War Song — appeared to be addressed to the body of an enemxy, from the name Eh-Ros-Ka, meaning tribe, war party or body.*^ 43 See Catlin. The Fourteen low ay Indians, page 19, for a translation in full of this song. INTRODUCTION xxxiii The most spirited part of this greatest of all dances was called the Approaching Dance in which the dancers by their gestures exhibited the methods of advancing on an enemy. The song in this portion is also similar to that above mentioned/* Ha Kon-E-Crase, or as more familiarly known "the soaring eagle," The Eagle Dance forms the third and most pleasing part of the War Dance and is in every respect a most inter- esting spectacle. Each dancer imagines him- self a bird on the wing, and as they dance forward from behind the musicians, they take the position of an eagle headed against the wind and about to swoop down upon some unsuspecting prey. They have a peculiar method of singing and whistling at the same time.*^ The Calumet Dance, the Ball-Play Dance, the Scalp Dance, the Buffalo Dance, and the Bear Dance, are all important but vary very slightly from those of similar import among other tribes of the same family. What we have said about the dances applies with equal 44 The Fourteen Ioway Indians, page 20. 45 Ibid., page 21. In the French translation of this pamph- let these chansons are particularly well rendered. xxxiv INTRODUCTION force to the songs and music. The War Song, Death Song, Wolf Song, Medicine Song, Bread Song, and Farewell Song are all of much significance, indeed so much so that a large amount of space could well be devoted to this subject as well as to the dances. In 1836 the Iowa were assigned a reserva- tion in northeastern Kansas, having two years previous, ceded all their lands in Mis- souri. A portion of the tribe later moved to another tract in Oklahoma allotted to them in 1890 in severalty, the surplus acreage be- ing opened to settlement by the whites. It is difficult to compile a bibliography that will treat exhaustively of this tribe. Cat- lings Works, Lewis and Clark's Travels, Long's Expedition, Pike's Explorations, Maximilian's Travels, and in fact nearly all of the prominent trans-continental explorers knew the tribe under one or another name. In the absence of any well defined plan it is best to refer to the various titles as shown in the index to the present volume. Such titles are printed in small capitals throughout. Special stress must be laid on the value of Dr. Hay den's important work, Contribu-. TiONS TO the Ethnography and Philology INTRODUCTION xxxv OF THE Indian Tribes of the Missouri Val- ley. Phila., 1862. The map is particularly useful. The Burrows Brothers monumental reprint of the Jesuit Relations (73 vols, oc- tavo) is of course invaluable. William Harvey Miner March 5, 1911 THE low AY MONOGRAPH ''lOWAY" TRIBE: (Aiyuw^, or Pahu'tchae) This is the cognomen of a sm^ll tribe of Indians, never very numerous/*^ known to the whites for the last one hundred and eighty years,^^ during which period they have been wanderers from the Mississippi to the Mis- souri, and from the Missouri to the Missis- sippi : their migrations being confined main- 46 A contrary statement is made by Messrs. Irvin and Ham- ilton in Schoolcraft 's History of the Indian Tribes, Vol. Ill, page 260, (1853), wherein the Iowa are mentioned as being "but a remnant of a once numerous and considerable nation." Estimates as follows given as a total — in 1764 (Bouquet) 1100; 1804 (Lewis & Clark) 800; 1822 (Morse) 1000; 1829 (Sec. of War) 1000; 1832 (Drake) 1100; 1843 (Report Indian Affairs) 470; and the Donaldson Report (11th Census, taken from Jackson catalog of photographs, etc., Washington, 1877) 1894, states that their number reached 1500 early in the 19th century. Catlin conjectures 1400 in 1832 and 992 in 1836. The total remnant of the tribe in 1905 was 314; in 1908, 339, these figures being from oflS«ial sources. 47 Writing in 1876, the author seems unfamiliar with Pere Andre's reference to the tribe in 1676, and quotes from Le Sueur who knew this band first in 1700. \2^ t.^ ^ .> . c- Y^E lOWAY ly to the limits of the present State of Iowa, which was therefore very properly named after them."*^ They are now located within a Reservation of land on the west bank of the Missouri, between the Great Nemahaw and Wolf Creeks, in the State of Nebraska, on the borders of Kansas and lowa.*^ NOMENCLATURE The name by which we know them — that of low AY — (or Iowa, which is the form the word takes when applied to the State) — is not that for themselves, nor is it a name which belongs to the language of any one Indian tribe ; but seems to have been made up, or compounded, by the early French, from the Dakota-Sioux designation for them of Ayu'h'apa, by taking the first two sylla- bles, Ayu', and adding to it one of the com- mon Algonquin-French terminations to tribal 48 The present spelling of the name was first used by Lieut. Albert M. Lea in his Notes on the Wisconsin Territory, 1836, wherein he referred to the country west of the Mississippi as the ''loway District", suggested by the loway river. This point will be brought out fully in the new edition of Lea's Notes now in preparation by the loway Club, edited by L. A. Brewer. 49 The tribe has long since been divided and now occupies lands in the Potawatomi and Great Nemaha Agency in Kansas and the Sauk and Fox Agency in Oklahoma. See Kappler. Laws and Treaties, 2 vols., Washington, 1903. THE lOWAY 3 names in ois, vois, or vais or ouez: all of which terminations appear on the early rec- ords compounded with Ayu, or a modifica- tion of it, to indicate the loway Tribe. In La Harpe's ^^ narrative of Le Sueur's "' min- ing expedition, in 1700, to the Blue Earth region, in now Minnesota, where the loways are first of record referred to, they are writ- ten of as ^' Aya-vois'' ; in Pennecaud's '' rela- te Benard de la Harpe, a French officer who came to Louisiana in 1718. His Narrative of Le Sueur's Expedition is included by French in his Hist. Coll. of Louisiana, Part III, page 19 et seq., and is also given by Shea, Early Voyages Up and Down THE Mississippi, Albany, 1861, reprint, 1908. For a lengthy bibliographical note of this work, see A. McF. Davis in Win- sor's Narrative and Critical History, Vol. V, page 63. 51 Pierre Charles le Sueur, a French geologist, member of Iberville's Expedition of 1698, and sent primarily to report on the ''green earth" (copper mines), known to him through previous researches in 1695. 52 At the best information concerning the expedition of Le Sueur is scant. The most important source is the work of one Penicaut, Perricaut or Perricault (see A. McF. Davis in Win- sor's Narrative and Critical History, Vol. V, page 71), a carpenter who accompanied the Iberville party from France in 1698 and remained in Louisiana until 1781. The most complete form in which we are able to read the Journal is in Margry's DISCOUVERTES ET EtABLISSEMENTS DES FRANCAIS DANS L 'OUEST ET DANS LE SuD DE l'Amerique Septentrionale, Vol. V, page 319 et seq. Penicaut 's Annals of Louisiana (1698-1722) are translated in their entirety in French's Hist. Coll. op Louis- iana, New Series, Vol. I, but this translation must be read with caution as French waa not the most careful of translators. 4 THE lOWAY tion of the same expedition they are the Aiaos or Aiavos, (his MSS '' in the Congressional Library is obscure) ; in Charlevoix's"* his- tory, 1722, he gives the name with a charac- teristic effort at precision, as ^'Aiouez'^; and in Lewis and Clark's Travels, 1812,'' 53 In a communication from Mr. W. H. Holmes, former Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian In- stitution, with reference to the Penicaut manuscript, he states that no translation from this source has been made and that French (Hist. Coll.) is unreliable. For the printed form, in the French language, Margry's Decouvertes (etc.), Vol. V, is the authority. 5* Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, a French traveller, born October 29, 1682, at St. Quentin, died, 1761. His most important work of American interest bears the following title: HiSTOiRE ET Description Generale de la Nouvelle France, AvEC le Journal Historique d'un Voyage Fait Par Ordre Du Eoi Dans L'Amerique Septentrionale. Paris, 1744. Several editions of the work, in three and six volumes respec- tively, were issued in Paris during this year. Journal d'un Voyage (etc.), usually forms the last volume, with a separate title page. During 1761 this portion was published in Eng- lish in London, two volumes, but it was not until 1865-72 that the HiSTOiRE proper was translated, and at that time by J. G. Shea (New York, 6 vols.). Foster is obviously in error as to the date mentioned (1722). Charlevoix's work was not ready for publication at that time, though he had no doubt finished it in 1724, at which date he issued simultaneously, the Journal which was addressed to the Duchess de Lesdiguieres. Some partial reprints of Charlevoix do not contain the linguistic por- tions. 55 Here the writer no doubt refers to the mutilated and meretricious issue of the Lewis and Clark Journals, published THE 10 WAY 5 they appear as ^^Ayauways." The French first knew of the Ajowae through the Dakota- Sioux: (as we will observe hereafter in the gleanings of their early history,) and it is not surprising to me that they should (or that other Indian tribes should) seek to find some easier way of distinguishing the Tribe than to attempt to pronounce the extremely diffi- cult guttural ending of their Sioux designa- tion. The Dakota-Lexicon '^ thus gives its meaning : by William Fisher of Baltimore during 1812. As a contribution to the literature of the subject, the volume is entirely devoid of worth and statements concerning linguistics or events have little value. Coues, in his edition of the Lewis and Clark Travels, gives full details of this publication. See also the present writer's Bibliography of the Levi^is and Clark Ex- pedition, Literary Collector, March, 1902. In Thwaites' edition of the Original Journals of Lewis and Clark, 1904, (Vol. T, page 45), Ayauway is noted, as an early form of spelling. 56 It is difficult to determine exactly the work here referred to. Without doubt in this instance, as in those which follow, Foster had access to Eev, S. R. Riggs's Grammar and Dic- tionary OF THE Dakota Language, published by the Smith- sonian Institution as one of the Contributions to Knowledge, in 1852. Dr. Riggs was a close student of Siouan linguistics and published much material on the subject, his Dakota- English Dictionary being exhaustively edited with great care by J. O. Dorsey and published in final form in 1892 by the Bureau of American Ethnology. A comprehensive list of the published and manuscript material by Riggs, who was ably assisted by his wife, will be found in Billings's Siouan Bib- liography, page 60 et seq, and in the S. D. Hist. Coll., Vol. 6 THE lOWAY ^^Ayu'hpa, n. p. (sleepy ones:) the loway Indians,^ ^ The proper name which the loway give themselves, acknowledging no other, is Pa- hutch'ae, Dusty-Heads : sometimes translated, but I think erroneously, Dusty-Noses.^'^ The prefix pa anciently signified head'^ and it does yet in some cognate dialects and in com- binations, especially in old hereditary prop- er names; though in modern parlance it is generally confined to nose, but not invaria- bly. Inquiring into the origin of this name Pa- hutch'ae, which, whether meaning Dusty- Heads or Dusty-Noses, is quite a singular one f or a people to confer upon themselves, II. At various intervals through the original work, Foster acknowledges his indebtedness to the first volume of the Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. In this there is an excellent article by Riggs entitled The Dakota Language, from which considerable as- sistance was no doubt obtained. 57 According to J. O. Dorsey in Bull. 30, B. A. E., their tribal tradition is, that after separating from the parent stock they * * received the name of Pahoja, or Gray Snow. ' ' See also W J McOee, 15th Rept., B. A. E., 1897, who says: ''Iowa or Pa-qo-tce signifies 'Dusty Heads'.'' See also On the Origin OP THE Otos, Joways AND MissouRis, etc, in Maximilian's Travels (Vol. Ill, Clark's reprint, page 313). This purports to be a tradition communicated to Maj. Jonathan L. Bean, of Pennsylvania, Gov. Sub. Agent to the Sioux, 1827-34. The Iowa are designated as Pa-ho-dje, or Dust Noses. AN lOWAY GRAMMAR, ILLUSTRATING THE PRINCIPLES OP THE LANGUAGE USED By THE lOWAY, OTOE AND MISSOURI INDIANS. PRXPARBD AND PRINTED BY Rev. Wm. HAMILTON AND Rev. S. M. IRVIN. Ihider the direction of the Presbyterian B. F. M^ lOWAY AND SAC MISSION PRESS. 1848. KXA( '1' SIZK iW THE ORIGINAI, THE lOWAY 7 I find recorded a theory to fit each transla- tion. In Schoolcraft's official Collections, in a paper prepared February 1, 1848, by the loway missionaries,^^ page 262, volume III, I read of the fanciful and somewhat strained solution, as follows : When they [the loway] separated from the first Indian tribe, or family, to hunt game, their first loca- tion was near the mouth of a river, where there were large sand-bars, from which the wind blew quantities of sand or dust upon their faces, from which they were called Pa-hu-chas or Dusty-noses. Per contra : During November, 1873, when I was at the former Winnebago Agency, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, I mentioned the above theory of the loway name to the intelligent Winnebago ex-Chief '^Baptiste," the Half -Breed, who in his youthful wander- ings had lived a considerable time on the Missouri amongst the loway. He smiled at 58 Rev. William Hamilton and Rev. Samuel McCleary Irvin, Presbyterian missionaries to the Iowa and Sauk and Fox In- dians located near the mouth of the Great Nemaha river. They established what was known as the loway and Sac Mission Press at their station in 1848, issuing therefrom several vol- umes now of great rarity including An low ay Grammar and The Ioway Primer, the latter in two editions. (See illustra- tion). For a complete list of their writings see Pilling, Bib- liography OF THE SioUAN LANGUAGES, p. 31 et seq. There is an autobiography of Hamilton in Nebraska State Historical Society Reports, Vol. I, 1885, first series. 8 THE lOWAY it, and, in his broken English at first and then through ex-Interpreter Menaige, who was present, said, that the loway name meant Dusty, or Dusty Gray, Heads, and that it occurred in this way: Living on the Mis- souri as they had done in the earliest time : wandering away from it and then wandering back again ; they were accustomed to bathe a great deal in its yellow-muddy waters ; and that when they dried off after coming out of the water, the sediment of the water remained on their heads making them look dusty and gray ; and this was the true reason they be- came the Pahutch'aB, or Dusty-Head Tribe. Baptiste said this was the accepted theory amongst the old people of the loway as to the way Pahutch'se came to be their name. The Winnebago cognomen for them, which is Wahotch'sera, the Gray-Ones, is evidently but a modification of the same Dusty-Head idea : (in the Hotchank'sera language hotch is gray and rahatch, ashes) . And such mod- ification is, also, I think the Dakota-Sioux name for them of Ayu'h'apa, notwithstand- ing the Dakota-Sioux Lexicon gives it as meaning the Drowsy-Ones, and to doubt such authority may seem presumptuous. But, in these investigations I have noticed, that ab- THE 10 WAY 9 original nations, unless there is some special reason to the contrary — for instance a spec- ial enmity — (as the Chippeway name for the Sioux of Opwan'ak, ' ' those whom we roast, ' ') all endeavor to translate into their own ver- nacular the names of neighboring tribes, rather than adopt them bodily : a notable in- stance of which is, that the name Satilteurs^ people of the Satilt or Leap or Rapids, is re- peated in idea but in different forms by both the Winnebago and the Sioux, the latter terming them Haha'towa and the former Rseh'atche'ra, both meaning, alike, "The Falls Dtvellers,^^ Sometimes, in these dia- lectical translations, the original meaning of the tribal name was correctly rendered, and sometimes not: the early French in fact, made frequent failures. Now, the Sioux were well acquainted with the loway. They were, at the advent of the whites, their al- lies and neighbors, living as the loway did in 1700, on the borders of Iowa and Minne- sota, about the headwaters of the Blue Earth and Des Moines rivers :^^ though they soon wandered from there to the Missouri again. The Dakota must have known the name they called themselves, and the reason for it : and 59 See the map by Waw-Non-Que-Skoon-a. 10 THE lOWAr what more likely than that they should en- deavor to render the idea it conveyed literal- ly into their own language? May not the Sioux name for them, therefore, have been originally Ayu'h'apa, deduced thus : A is the preposition on or upon; yu ^^as a prefix to adjectives and sometimes to nouns, it some- times forms verbs, and means to make or cause to he^^ (Dakota-Lexicon); h'a, is an adjective, mesmmg, (says the Lexicon) "gray or mixed, as black and white, the black ap- pearing under the white, as in the badger ; ' ' and pa, signifying head. This combination would be literally, ^^upon — to cause — gray- mixed — the head : ' ' which is exactly the idea that the loway themselves and the Winne- bago also seek to convey by their respective names Pahutch'se, the Dusty-Heads, and Wahotch'aera, the Gray, (through dust?) People. EARLY HISTORY OF THE lOWAY The earliest mention ^"^ of the Tribe is in Le Sueur's narrative of his expedition in 60 See note 47. Several references are made to the Iowa tribe at an earlier date than here mentioned. Father Louis Andre, who came to Canada during 1669, and Andre, 1676 was at Green Bay, Wis., from 1671 to 1681, designates the Nadoessi Maseouteins, which name was applied to the Iowa because of their relations for a time THE lOWAY 11 1700 to the fancied copper mines ^^ of Riviere with the Sioux, as living about 200 leagues from that place, in 1676. (See article by Father A. E. Jones, in U. S. Cath. Hist. Mag., No. 9, 1889). Father Andre died in Quebec in 1715. Even before the date of Le Sueur we have a Membre, 1680 reference by Father Zenobius Mfembre in 1680, placing the Oto and Iowa in three great villages built near a river ''which empties in the river Colbert [Mississippi] on the west side above the Illinois, almost op- posite the mouth of the Wisconsin." More than this he ap- pears to locate a part of the Ainove (no doubt Aioue) to the west of the Milwaukee river in Wisconsin. Perrot, 1685 Perrot (Memoirs), apparently locates them, in 1685, on the plains in the vicinity of the Pawnee. Marquette's map of 1674-79 gives the Pahoutet (Iowa), Oton- tanta (Oto), Maha (Omaha) a position on the Missouri river, but this is done by mere chance and without authority. La Salle, writing Hennepin August 22, 1682, mentions both Oto and Iowa under Otontanto and Aiounonea. 61 It has often been a matter for conjecture why Le Sueur should have given himself so much concern over a mine of "green earth" as the discovery does not seem to be one merit- ing a great amount of distinction. Not long since, however, cer- tain mineral specimens of metallic substance, apparently a sort of iron or copper ore, were found in the banks of the Le Sueur river (so-called by J. N. Nicollet, and on a map published in 1773, the river St. Remi), near the confluence with the Blue Earth river. Penicaut in his relation speaks of the deposit extending many miles on the banks of the river (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, page 8), and it is therefore not improbable that the intrepid explorer had in mind something more real than colored marls of blue, green or yellow, which owed their color to the silicate of iron, and which were, when free from Band, highly prized aud used for paint by the Indians. As an article of trade they were of value, but even this point does not fully explain the expedition. (See MS. in Ministere des Col- 12 THE lOWAY de Vert, (the Blue Earth tributary of the Minnesota river), embodied in La Harpe's mss/' History of Louisiana, parts of which including Le Sueur's Narrative, have been recently published.^^ As to this mine, we are told in the mss. copy ^* in the Congressional Library of the Relation or Penicaud, the shipwright who accompanied Le Sueur — ^^a man, (says Neill,^^ the erudite historian of onies, Paris, Vol. XV, c. 11, fol. 39). In a letter from the In- tendant Champigny to the French Minister, also in this collec- tion in Paris, the former says, ''I think that the only mines that he (Le Sueur) seeks in those regions are mines of beaver skins.'' For a lengthy sketch of the material first referred to, see Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I, 1902, reprint, also in Neill, History of Minnesota, 3d edition, 1878, page 165, note. 62 See note 50. 63 In Shea's Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, Al- bany, 1861 (1902). 64 The manuscript here referred to was found in 1869 in Paris, among a collection of similar material, and purchased by the Library of Congress. It consists of 452 pages, antique writing, and was first published in Margry's Decouvertes, (etc.), in French. Portions of it have been printed by the Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, Part I, and the whole work included by B. F. French, in translation, in his Hist. Coll. of Louisiana. 65 Edward Duffield Neill, bom Philadelphia, August 9, 1823., died St. Paul, September 26, 1893. Presbyterian minister in St. Paul, 1849-60 ; private secretary to President Johnson, 1865-69 ; consul to Dublin, 1869-70 and later president of Macalester College, St. Paul. Published extensively in American his- tory and his History of Minnesota (last edition, 1887), is THE lOWAY 13 Minnesota) of discernment but little scholar- ship" — that: M. Le Sueur had heard of the mine some years before while travelling in the country of the Aiaos — (or Aivoe: the name has been written twice: and the orthography is obscure,) — where he traded. This acquaintance with the loway must have been achieved when, as chief trader,^^ he occupied the ^* factory" of ^^Fort Perrot" on the ^^left" or east bank of the Mississip- pi,^^ just below Point Le Sable, near the foot of Lake Pepin: which first trading post of considered of highest authority. See Dr. Alexander Nicolas DeMenirs Literature of the Louisiana Territory (St. Louis, 1904), for a sketch of this writer and of many others whose names are prominent in the history of the middle west. 6« Le Sueur was commandant at Chequamegon for a con- siderable time, beginning in 1693. During that year he erected two forts, one near the present site of Red Wing, Minnesota, and one on Madeline Island, believing this necessary in order to keep open the Bois Brule and St. Croix trading route. See Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XVI, page 173. For a sketch of Chaga- ouamegong (now corruptly written Chequamegon), see the ex- cellent little volume by Rev. Chrysostom Verwyst, O. S. F., en- titled Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard, AND AlLOUEZ in THE LaKE SUPERIOR REGION, 1886, pp. 181-182, also Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. I, which gives the Indian nomencla- ture, showing the early form, Chegoiwegon. «7 A mistake taken bodily from Neill 's History of Minne- sota, first edition, which was corrected in a later edition to * ' Fort Perrot on the west side of the Mississippi, on a prairie, just below the expansion of the stream known as Lake Pepin. '^ 14 THE lOWAY the upper Mississippi was erected in 1683, by Nicholas Perrot ^^ and M. le Sueur by order of Governor De la Barre,^*" of Canada, ^'to establish (says the historian Neill) friendly alliances with the loway and Dakota"; and this post was for years the only one in all that region, until Le Sueur himself, in 1695, built the ^^ French factory" of ^'Isle Pelee," at the ^^ right" bank, on Prairie or ^^Bald" Island, about ten miles below the St. Croix. The loway, (as will hereafter appear), oc- cupied at that time a not very remote nor inaccessible location from Fort Perrot, in the region around and amidst the head waters of the Des Moines and Blue Earth rivers, and being allies of the Sioux, they doubtless 68 Nicolas Perrot, one of the most prominent of the early voyageurs and very well acquainted with the northwestern tribes, gained their confidence and good-Tvill from the beginning. He was born in 1644 and employed by the Jesuits from 1660-65, later connecting himself with the Ottawa fur-trade. He is probably better known, however, as an explorer, and in 1685 was employed by the government of Canada as commandant in the northwest. During his last years he composed his Me- moirs which remained in manuscript until 1864. at which time they were published with copious notes by Tailhan. Perrot died August 13, 1717. See Stickney, Parkman Club Papers, Milwaukee, 1896. 69 Pierre de Fevre de La Barre, successor of Frontenac, as governor of Canada, and in turn followed by Denonville. An ignorant and by no means worthy occupant of the position. THE lOWAY 15 brought their furs and obtained their trad- ing supplies of Le Sueur at this ^^Fort" : and it is not improbable that Le Sueur (and his engages) also travelled in their country on hunting or trading expeditions. In La Harpe's account of Le Sueur's long ^* voyage'' up the Mississippi from its mouth to the ^^mine" with his '^felucca/'' two canoes and twenty men, ' ' ^^ the loway are frequently mentioned. The first instance is when about the 14th'' of July, 1700, as he passed the mouth of the Illinois, he ^^met three Cana- dian voyageurs, who came to join his band, and received by them a letter from Father Marest,'^ Jesuit, dated July 10, 1700, at the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin in Illinois:" of which the fol- lowing is a copy : I have the honor to write in order to inform you, that the Saugiestas have been defeated by the Scioux 70 A small, square-ended barge equipped with both oars and sail. 71 Nineteen men. La Harpe 's Narrative. Penicaud. 72 Ihid. Gives the date as 29th. 73 Gabriel Marest, S. J., who came to Canada in 1694 and died at the Kaskaskia Mission, September 15, 1714. Practically his whole life was spent among the Kaskaskia Indians of Illinois, once the leading tribe of the Illinois Confederacy, and he taught among them continually. 16 THE lOWAY and the Ayavois/* The people have formed an alli- ance with the Quincapous, and some of the Mecoutins, Renards, and Metesigamias, and gone to revenge them- selves, not on the Scioux, for they are too much afraid of them, but perhaps on the Ayavois, or very likely upon the Paoutees, or more probably upon the Osages, for these suspect nothing, and the others are on their guard. As you will probably meet these allied na- tions, you ought to take precaution against their plans, and not allow them to board your vessel, since they are traitors, and utterly faithless. I pray God to ac- company you in all your designs. This letter of Father Marest shows, that the loway were then in alliance with the Sioux, and establishes, that their Indo- French name of "Ayavois^^ was already pretty well understood : and that even their own name for themselves was not unknown, Paoutees, or — (to transliterate the French orthography into our Indian alphabet), — Paut'ses, was not far off from their true des- ignation of Pahutchaes: though, curiously enough, they are held to be another tribe! The warning of this war-party given Le Sueur by the '^ Father'^ proved no false alarm; for just below the Wisconsin, ^^five 74 ' ' This does not accord with the general tradition that the Dakota were always enemies of the Sioux, nevertheless the name Nadoessi Mascouteins seems to have been applied to the Iowa by the earlier missionaries because of their relations for a time Mdth the Sioux. ' ' Cyrus Thomas, Bull. 30, B. A. E., 1907. THE lOWAY 17 Canadians" were met with, *^ descending from the Scioux to go to Tamarois," who, above the Wisconsin, had been fallen in with by a war-party of *^ ninety savages in nine canoes, ' ' being of ' * four different nations, the Outagamis [Foxes], Saquis [Saukes], Pou- touwatamis and Puans [Winnebago], who had ^^ robbed and cruelly beat them." Tak- ing these five men with him as volunteers, Le Sueur proceeded up the river until he met this war-party near Black River, re- turning from an unsuccessful encounter with the '' Scioux,^ ^ and brought them to terms, and, being evidently too strong for them to maltreat or meddle with in any way, extorted a kind of apology from them for what they had done. On the first of October Le Sueur finally reached his destination near his ''miney We extract from the narrative of his pro- ceeding while here so much of it as refers to the loway: After he [Le Sueur] entered into Blue river, thus named on account of the mines of blue earth found at its mouth, he founded his post, situated in 44 degrees 13 minutes north latitude. He met at this place nine Scioux, who told him the river belonged to the Scioux of the West, the Ayavois [loways], and Otoctatas [Otoes], who lived a little farther off: that it was not 18 THE lOWAY their [the ''Scioux"] custom to hunt on ground be- longing to others, unless invited to do so by the owners, and that when they would come to the fort to obtain provisions they would be in danger of being killed in ascending or descending the rivers, which were nar- row, and that if he would show them pity, he must es- tablish himself on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the St. Pierre, where the Ayavois, the Otoctatas, and the other Scioux, could go as well as them . . . Le Sueur had forseen that the establish- ment of Blue river would not please the Scioux, . . . because they were the first with whom trade was commenced, and in consequence of which they had already quite a number of guns. . . On the 3d of October, they received at the fort several Scioux, among whom was Wahkantape, chief of the village. Soon two Canadians arrived who had been hunting, and had been robbed by the Scioux of the east, who had raised their guns against the establishment which M. Le Sueur had made on Blue river. On the 14th the fort was finished and named ''Fort L'Huillier," and on the 22d two Canadi- ans were sent out to invite the Ayavois and Otoctatas to come and establish a village near the fort, because these Indians are industrious [ ?] and accustomed to cultivate the earth, [ ?] and they hoped to get pro- visions from them and to make them work [ !] in the mines. An assertion, a hope and an expectation which rather proves, tha:t Le Sueur knew nothing of these Indians from actual obser- vation in their country, but only knew of them from report and by a few individuals THE lOWAY 19 whom he probably met for trade at the posts at Forts Perrot or Isle Pele ; for there is no evidence that they ever were ^* industrious/' or given to *^ cultivating the earth" any more than other Indians : nor are they at this day. But, to continue our extracts : The same day [the 24th] the Canadians, who had been sent off on the 22d arrived without having found the road which led to the Ayavois and Otoctates. . . . On the 16th [of Nov.] the Scioux returned to their village, and it was . reported that the Ayavois and Otoctatas were going to establish themselves to- wards the Missouri river, near the Maha [Omahaw], who dwell in that region. In May, 1701, Le Sueur left Port d'Huil- lier in charge of M. d'Evaque, a Canadian gentleman, with a force of twelve French- men, while he himself in his felucca with the rest of his men returned to Mobile, carrying with him ' ' three canoe loads, ' ' or ^ ^ four thous- and pounds," of the ^^ green earth," (sup- posed to be oxide of copper, but which was really from a kind of shelly marly strata, in- terposed between the f ossilif erous limestone and the sandstone of that region, that was colored bluish-green by silicate of iron. We next find Le Sueur — (who it has been stat- ed was the father of the three distinguished brothers D 'Iberville, DeBienville, and Sau- 20 THE lOWAY voile)'" — in the summer of 1701 accompany- ing D 'Iberville, the Governor of Louisiana, on his return to France, and assisting him while on shipboard in concocting a Memorial on the Mississippi Valley, addressed to the French government: in which D 'Iberville says : He [M. Le Sueur] has spoken to me of another, [nation] which he calls the Mahas, [ Omaha w], com- posed of more than twelve hundred families [!], the Ayooues and the Octootatas, their neighbors, are about three hundred families. They occupy the lands be- tween the Mississippi and the Missouri, about one hundred leagues from the Illinois. These savages do not know the use of (fire?) arms . . . The memorial, (a manuscript copy of 75 This statement is wholly without foundation. Iberville was the third son of a burgher of Dieppe one Charles Le Moyne, father of fourteen children, who migrated from his native coun- try to Canada in 1640, at which place he joined the Jesuits. Sieur d ' Bienville together with his brother w^ere leaders in that conflict with the English in the Hudson Bay region (see Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, Vol. IV), and it is not ex- aggeration to term Pierre le Moyne, Sieur d 'Iberville, as one of the most noted Canadian naval officers of his time. His death occurred from yellow fever, July 9, 1706, at Havana. Cf. The First Great Canadian. By Charles B. Reed, Chic, 1910; also Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XVI. Certain writers affirm the rela- tions between Sauvole and the others here mentioned, notably Gayarre, in his History of Louisiana, Vol. I, page 58. Later authorities, however, as Hamilton, Colonial Mobile, page 32, take opposite views. See note 51 for a sketch of Le Sueur. THE lOWAY 21 which, quoted by Professor Neill in his Min- nesota history, is in possession of the Histor- ical Society of that State) , contains the first attempt we have upon the record at a Census of the Tribes of the Mississippi, and partial- ly of the Missouri Valleys : made thirty-four vears before the French Census of the Cass manuscript ^^ — a census formerly claimed as being the very first extant — so claimed by Schoolcraft, in the third volume of his Col- lections. Penicaud, the carpenter, states, that D'Evaque and the men Le Sueur left in charge of the Blue Earth post, abandoned it, and returned to Mobile [arriving there on the 3d of March], 1703, having left, as they alleged, on account of being warred up- on ^^ by the nations of Maskoutens and Fox- es," and '^ seeing that he was out of powder and lead. ' ' Le Sueur for several years after his operations on the Blue-Earth was kept busy leading expeditions against the Natchez and other Indians of the southwest; and is 76 Gen. Lewis Cass, on his return from France in 1842, brought certain French manuscripts among which was a census of Indian tribes, compiled by one M. Chauvignerie. School- craft gives this in full in his monumental work on the Indiana of North America. (Vol. Ill, pages 553-557). 22 THE 10 WAY said to have died " on the road during one of them. Some further information in regard to the loway is gathered from a chart of the north- western part of Louisiana, by ^'William De L'IsLE, de V Academy Roy ale des Sciences, et Premier Geographe du Roy: a Paris: 1703" in the preparation of which Le Sueur probably assisted by his notes and observa- tions/' A section of this map, (lithograph- 77 There is no authority for this statement. See note 50. Le Sueur came to Canada as a young man and became a fur trader. During 1693 and for a few years thereafter he was commandant at Chequamegon and discovering lead mines on the upper Mississippi he made efforts to secure permission to work them, but without success. Little is known of his last years and his death occurred while on the ocean, probably before 1710. 78 It is doubtful that Le Sueur gave assistance as here stated. The map in question is Carte du Canada ou de la Nouvelle Trance et des Decouvertes que y Ont Etj^ Faites. Par Guillaume DePIsle. Paris, Tauteur 1703. (191/2x251/^). There is a reproduction, reduced, in Neill's Minnesota, 3d edi- tion, and Milburn's The Lance, Cross and Canoe, p. 72, on which is to be found the following note: ''The manuscript from which the above Map was prepared, was found in the * Bibliotheque du roi,' in Paris in a volume of La Harpe's journeys of 1718-1722. It is said to bear date the year 1700. If so, it is evident that after the original prep- aration and before publication some one has added matter sub- sequently ascertained, for the Map above contains items of as late a date as 1717. Also is to be noted the fact that while all the other parts of the Map are in the French language, one single English phrase is to be found in the lower right-hand THE lOWAY 23 ed for Neill's History of Minnesota), shows a traders trail marked "CJiemin des Voy- ageurs, ^ ^ across the State of Iowa, commenc- ing at the Mississippi, a few miles below the mouth of the Wisconsin, and following west by a little north until in the vicinity of Spirit Lake, it struck just below the lowest of the lakes which are at the head of the Little Sioux river, upon which lower lake is mark- ed ^^ Village des Aiaoues ou Paoutez" (Pa- hutch'se) ; then continuing due westward to- wards the Big Sioux this Chemin du Voy- ageurs bends a little southward towards the mouth of that river; on which river, near the Missouri, three or four villages of "Ma- ha^^ (Omahaw), are marked. Besides these a couple of minor "Aianouez^^ villages are likewise set down at the west end of the Che- corner, to-wit: 'De Soto landed 31 May, 1538.' This would indicate that some one other than the original draftsman had taken part in its creation and at a time subsequent to its original preparation. ' ' Claude and Guillaume Delisle — father and son — were the most noted French cartographers of their day. There have been reissues of the map in question, corrected to date. For a sketch of Delisle see C. A. Walckenaer, Vies de Plusieurs Per- SONNAGES C6LEBRES, 1830 ; and Vincent Dutouret, Examen sur TouTES LES Cartes Generales des quatre parties de le Terre, mises au jour, par feu Delisle, dupuis 1700, jus'qu EN 1725, pour Servir d 'Eclaircissement sur la Geographis, 1728. 24 THE lOWAY min des Voyageurs where it strikes the Big Sioux, which is apparently about the junc- tion of ^*Fish Creek'' with it: [See Waw- non-que-skoon-a 's map of loway migrations in Vol. Ill, Schoolcraft, page 256],^^ and again further westward, considerably be- yond the western termination of the "Che- min^^ on the James River, four minor vil- lages of "Aiaoitez'''' are also noted : while far south by a little east of the first mentioned main ** Village des Aiaoues ou Paoutez,^^ up- on the north or ^4eft" bank of the Missouri river at a point nearly due west from the mouth of the ^'Des Moines ou le Moingona,^^ we find located the ^^Yoways," and a few miles above them on the same side, the ^^Les Octotata": which locations were not a great distance from the spot where the loway and Otoe now live upon one common ** Reserva- tion," on the opposite side of the Missouri just within Nebraska. ANTE-WHITE HISTORY OF THE lOWAY For the history of the loway before the whites knew them, there is no data, beyond language and ancestral beliefs and customs, except their own vague traditions or those 79 Plate 30. Jtl£ Flatte \% 40 .39 of the © ^ u) n ^j K y ybnneHv occupied' by the from a map made bj iVX lOWAY BRAY'S X^ Draw-n by Capt.S.Zastinaa.U".S.Army En^r aved tj W. VJiiaiQS . ^r. b^ii i»^ itf A A/ F^Leavenwar^XHX 9te Longitiide "West firoi 13 ^"^\'^ ^ 12 94 Mis 9p 'Here a council wixJt several trihes was held, iy Gen. Clark 39 'i River THE lOWAY 25 equally vague and uncertain of other tribes. The Reverends William Hamilton, and S. M. Irvin, their missionaries, communicated to Schoolcraft ^"^ in 1848, this statement of *^an old loway Indian [aged] about sixty years or more." About sixty-six years ago, we lived on a river, which runs from a lake to the Mississippi, from the east, and on the east side of that river. Our fathers and great fathers lived there for a long time, as long as they could recollect. At that time we had about four hundred men fit to go to war, but we were then small to what we had been. Our fathers say, as long as they can recollect, we have been diminishing. (This is a usual Indian complaint : in most instances an un- founded one). We owned all the land east of the Mississippi. (This usual Indian claim of very ex- tended possessions has generally very little foundation in fact). Whatever ground we made tracks through, it was ours. Our fathers saw white men on the [great?] lakes about 120 years ago; [Nearer 200 probably] ; do not know where they came from. About the same time we first got guns. We were afraid of them at first, they seemed like the "Great Spirit." Our fathers also, at the same time, for the first re- ceived iron, axes, hoes, kettles and woollen blankets. We, the [present] old men of our nation, first saw white men between forty and fifty years ago, near the mouth of the Missouri. The same missionary gentlemen, in the 80 Vol. Ill, page 262. 26 THE lOWAY same paper, make these observations, wMch every one who has ever engaged in Indian researches, or in inquiries of the Indians themselves, will endorse as entirely correct : In tracing their history, religion, &c., it will be ex- ceedingly difficult to proceed with certainty and sat- isfaction, from the differences we find in the notions of different individuals: e. g. today we will sit down with an old Indian, who will enter into a plausible detail of their history^ or religious belief, or some traditions of their fathers. Another of the same age and patriarchal rights will give quite a different state- ment about the same things; or perhaps the same in- dividual w^ould tomorrow give his own story quite a different shade. This is the reason why the reports of the transient observers vary so much. It requires long acquaintance, and close observation, to arrive at anything like just conclusions on these points; and it is only by collecting different and conflicting notions, and balancing them, that we can find which prevails. Now, in regard to the story of the ^^old loway Indian'' above quoted, it may be re- marked that it is quite certain the loway Tribe did not *^ about sixty years" previous to 1848, that is, in 1788, live an^^where on the east side of the Mississippi, nor had they for more than a hundred years before 1848, and it is doubtful if they had ever done so since the advent of the whites upon the great lakes. But though documents extant nega- THE lOWAY 27 tive this story of the '^old loway Indian" as to time, may there not be in this statement the shadowy tribal recollection of the period when they were a Band of the Hotchankaera or Winnebago, and lived near them? This lake and river ^^east of the Mississippi/' their former residence, may have been Mille Lacs and its outlet in Minnesota, subsequent- ly the home of the Sioux when first visited by De Groseilliers and Raddison,^^ and then by 81 For an extended account of the Radisson-Groseillers con- troversy see Memoirs of Explorations in the Basin of the Mississippi, Vol. VI, Minnesota, by J. V, Brower, and par- ticularly Radisson and Groseilliers, by Henry Colin Camp- bell, issued as No. 2 of the ParTcman Club Publications, Milwau- kee, 1896. Pierre Esprit Radisson was a native of St. Malo in Brittany and in 1651 settled with his parents at Three Rivers on the St. Lawrence. Medard Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers, was born in Brie, France, though the exact dates in both cases are not known. It is supposed that these two adventurers died in Great Britain at an advanced age as they had served in the interest of the French and British as policy dictated. In the Minnesota monograph above referred to, Mr. Benjamin Suite, one of the leading Canadian authorities on the early French explorations, gives in detail a vast amount of highly important material concerning the Radisson- (Chouart) Groseillers connec- tion and a more popular though somewhat biased exposition of the same subject is given by Miss Agnes C. Laut in her Pathfinders of the West, part I. Radisson 's highly important account of his wanderings are in manuscript in The Bodleian Library, and include the record of his first four voyages, including two journeys westward in 28 THE lOWAY DuLuth ^^ and Hennepin ? or the Chippeway River? or the Wisconsin? or Rock River "i. Traditions of the Santee [Esanyate] Sioux who up to 1852 occupied the upper Missis- sippi in Minnesota allege that when they em- igrated from the North the loway were in possession of the region around the mouth of the Minnesota river, and that they drove them away. On this head, two of their re- liable missionaries. Reverends Dr. William- son and G. H. Pond, have communicated ar- ticles to the Minnesota Historical Collections. company with Groseilliers, and his subsequent Hudson Bay ex- periences are in the British Museum. In 1885 The Frince So- ciety of Boston published the work in its entirety and to the last- ing benefit of American history. For further reference to this matter see Wis. Hist. Coll., Vol. XI, and also the same Society 's Proceedings, for 1895. 82 Daniel Greysolon du Luth (Lhut) was for a time com- mandant of the northwest. Coming to Canada as an officer from France about 1676 he conducted an expedition against the Sioux in 1678 and a year later took formal possession of their country for France. He spent several years as an ex- plorer and fur trader, and in 1689 returned to the St. Lawrence. His death occurred in 1710. Bee Minn. Hist. Coll., Vol. I. His name is spelled Du Luth, Du Lut, Dulhut, De Luth, Dulud and Du Luhd in the old documents. The city of Duluth, St. Louis Co., Minnesota, founded in 1856, was named after the explorer at the suggestion of Rev. J. G. Wilson of Logansport, Indiana. See Stennett, History of the Origin op the Place Names connected with the C. & N. W. R. R., etc.. Chic, 1908. THE lOWAY 29 Mr. Pond writes, in the number for 1852, pages 23 and 24, as follows : Takoha, the old war prophet, says that the Iowa Indian never occupied the country around the mouth of the Minnesota river. He affirms that it once be- longed to the Winnebagoes who were long ago driven from it by the Dakotas — a few others of the Dakotas agree with Takoha. But Black Tomahawk, who is by some of the most intelligent half-breeds considered the best Mdewakantonwan traditionist, says that in the earliest years of the existence of the Dakotas they became acquainted with the Iowa Indians, and that they lived in a village at the place which is now called Oak Grove, seven or eight miles from Fort Snelling, on the north side of the Minnesota river. The num- erous little mounds which are to be seen about Oak Grove, he says, are the works of the Iowa Indians. The old man says that in ancient times, when the Dakotas had no arms but the bow and stone or horn headed arrows, and used knives and axes manufac- tured from the same materials, these little mounds which we now see at the place above named were the dwellings of the lowas. They were the enemies of the Dakotas, who used occasionally to make a warpath from Mille Lac, where they then resided, down to the Iowa village, and carry off with them scalps, which made glad the hearts of their wives and daughters. The strife between the two nations eventually became desperate, and the gods, who are always deeply inter- ested in Indian wars, espoused the cause of the Da- kotas. The thunder, which the Dakotas believe to be a winged monster, and which in character seems to 30 THE lOWAY answer very well to the Mars of the ancient heathen, bore down upon the Iowa village in a most terrible and god-like manner. Tempests howled, the forked lightnings flashed, and the thunders uttered their voices ; the earth trembled ; a thunderbolt was hurled at the devoted village, which ploughed the earth, and formed that deep ravine near the present dwelling of Peter Quinn. This occurrence unnerved the lowas, and the Dakotas, taking advantage of it, fell upon their enemies and drove them across the Minnesota river and burned up their village. The lowas then built another village on the south side of the river near the present planting grounds of Grey Iron, where they remained till the Dakotas obtained firearms, when they fought their last battle with them in Minnesota, on Pilot Knob, back of Men- dota. The lowas who escaped on this occasion fled and erected their next village at the mouth of the Iowa river, from which they were again eventually driven by the Dakotas towards the Missouri. The old man from whom we gather the substance of what has gone before says that these mounds are the remains of the dwelling houses of the ancient lowas. Some say that they are not the remains of the dwellings of the lowas, but those of some other people with whom tradition does not acquaint them ; and others still say that they are ancient burial places. The following two or three facts may not be without interest to the reader. Some six years since, Mr. Quinn of Oak Grove removed the earth of one of these mounds at the same place where Black Tomahawk says the ancient Iowa village stood. As the earth was removed on a level with the natural surrounding sur- face, charred poles and human bones were found. THE lOWAY 31 It was easy and natural for the imagination to supply the rest, and make the fact corroborate the tradition of the old man, when he says that the lowas con- structed their houses by leaning poles together at the top and spreading them at the foot, forming a circular frame, which they covered with earth. In one of these houses a man or woman had been killed, and the tim- bers of the house fired, which, of course, would let the earth fall in upon the dead body and burning poles. Dr. Williamson, on page 10 to 12, of the Minnesota Historical Collections of 1856, says: We think it is sufficiently manifest that the Sioux occupied the better part of Minnesota when Europeans entered it, a little after the middle of the seventeenth century. It does not, however, appear that they were the first, much less the only inhabitants of the country. Their common and most reliable traditions inform us, that when their ancestors first came to the Falls of St. Anthony, the lowas — whom they call Ayuhba [Drowsy] — occupied the country about the mouth of the Minnesota river, and the Shiens, called by the Dakotas Sha-i-ena, sometimes written by the French Chaienne, and by others Shiene, dwelt higher up on the same river. We cannot pretend to determine with certainty at what time the Sioux first came to the Falls of St. Anthony ; but may say, with confidence, it was a long time ago, probably before the discovery of America by Columbus. One of the best informed men concerning their traditions that I have met with among the Dakotas, who has been dead more than ten years, when questioned on this point, told me, that they sup- 32 THE lOWAY posed it to be at least equal to the lifetime of four old men, who should live one after the other; and as an example of an old man, named his father, who, I sup- pose, was at the time at least eighty years old, [which would make the time three hundred years.] The Winnebagoes, Otoes, and Omahas, have been named among the nations driven by the ancestors of the Dakotas from the Minnesota valley. I have not found any evidence, satisfactory to my mind, that the Winnebagoes ever had a home in this Territory prior to their late removal into it by the United States gov- ernment. As respects the Otoes and Omahas it seems not improbable that they were reckoned as a part of the Dakota nation, when the Sioux first hunted on the banks of the Mississippi, and for some time after. The Anthontantas, mentioned as a part of the Nadouesiouz, by Hennepin, were probably the same people as the Otoctatas, mentioned in connection with the Ayavois, as owners of the country about Blue Earth river, in the fragment of Le Sueur, preserved by La Harpe, and again some further on, as having recently left their village in that neighborhood, and settled near the Mahas on the Missouri river, and it is highly probable that the Otoctatas of Le Sueur, are the same people now called Ottoes or Otoes. The Mawhaws, Shiens and Schiannesse, are mentioned by Carver, as bands of the Naudowessiex of the plains. Thus it appears that the Shiens, the lowas, the Omahas and the Ottoes, were the earliest inhabitants of Minnesota of whom we have any written or certain traditional account. I have neither seen nor heard of any artificial mounds, ancient fortifications, or monuments of any kind in or near the IMinnesota valley, which might not have been constructed by these Indians. Such mounds are prob- THE lOWAY 33 ably as numerous in the lower part of the valley of the Minnesota, and the contiguous part of the Missis- sippi, as anywhere else between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains; but they are very small, compared with those near the Ohio, not to speak of those farther south. Some of them are still used by the Dakotas, as burying places for their dead, and in this way are receiving a small increase almost every year. The situation of many others indicates that they had a similar origin. But by far the most numerous class appear from their size and situation, to be what Dakota tradition says they are, the remains of houses, made of poles and bark, covered with earth, such as were a few years since, and probably still are, the habitations of the Mandans, and some other tribes living on the Mis- souri. . . Mounds of this class are found in clusters, of from less than half a dozen to upwards of fifty, arranged irregularly as we find the bark houses of the Indians at present. Their base usually approaches to an oval form. Their length is from ten to forty feet, and a few exceed this, with a height of from one or two feet, to three or four. Very few of this class exceed four feet; though some of those used for places of sepulture are more than twice that height. Back of them we find the land level, or nearly so, dry and fertile. In front it descends towards some water, and almost always there is a lake or morass in sight, indicating that the inhabitants depended for a sub- sistence partly on cultivating the earth, and partly on water fowl or roots, which they obtained from wet swampy land. Several clusters of such mounds may be seen about Oak Grove, where the Dakotas say the lowas lived, when their ancestors first came to this 34 THE lOWAY country. The path from Mendota to Shakopee, or Prairieville, passes through several. One large one, a little south of what has been called Black Dog's or Grey Iron's village, where the low as are said to have resided after they were driven from Oak Grove. An- other is not far from the tamarack swamp below Shakopee. Many may be found on the bluffs of the Mississippi and Lake Pepin. Such mounds are very numerous in the prairie near the mouth of Cannon river. It is somewhat remarkable that the lowas, whose language shows that they are descended from the same stock as the Dakotas, should have been viewed and treated by the Dakotas as enemies. While the Shiens, who Gallatin says have a language kindred to the Algonquin, were received as allies, and though speak- ing a different language were long, if they are not still counted as a part of the Dakota nation. Hence their name, Sha-i-e-na in the Ihanktonwan dialect, being equivalent to Sha-i-api in the Isanyati [missionary special alphabet spelling] ^^ both applied to those who speak a different language from the Dakotas, and applied especially to Shiens, because all others speak- ing a different language were counted as enemies. It is also worthy of remark, that notwithstanding the hostility between the lowas and Sioux, the former, who are called by the latter Ayukba, (they sleep, or ''sleepy ones"), from which we probably got Iowa, remain much nearer their original location than the Shiens, or any of the other tribes, who dwelt in the Minnesota valley before the Dakotas. When the Dakotas first came in contact with the 83 Foster's interjection. THE lOWAY 35 Shiens, I have not been able to learn, farther than that the Shiens formerly planted on the Minnesota, between Blue Earth and Lac-qui-Parle, whence they moved to a western branch of Red River of the North, which still bears their name ; being called by the Dakotas who hunt in that region, Shai-e-na-wojupi, ("the place where those of another language plant"). The vari- ous spellings of this name, all show plainly their origin from the Dakota name. From this planting place on the Chaienne, or Shienne of the North, this people removed across the Missouri, where they gave their name to another river ; and having ceased to cultivate the soil, it is said they now hunt on the head waters of the Platte and of the Arkansas. From their retir- ing so rapidly, it is probable that the Shiens had not occupied the Minnesota valley long before the arrival of the Dakotas, and that the first inhabitants of it, if not the lowas, were Otoes, Omahas, or some other family of the Dakota stock. The languages of the tribes just named, as well as of the Winnebagoes and Osages, are so similar to the Dakota, as to indicate a common origin. In the languages of the Mandans, i*\Iinetares and Crows or Upsarakas, so many Dakota words have been found, as to render it highly prob- able, that they also, in part at least, belong to the same stock. . . Various circumstances, . . . indicate that the Sioux resided long in the region where Hennepin found them. Many of them suppose that they originated there. They [the modern Sioux ],^* have a tradition, however, that their ancestors came thither from the Northeast, where they had resided on a lake. It has 84 Foster's interjection. 36 THE lOWAY been generally supposed, that the lake referred to in this tradition, is Rainy lake, or Lake of the Woods. It is more probable, however, that it was the northern shore of Lake Superior, or Hudson's Bay, or some of the lakes between those large expanses of water. The Ojibwas have a tradition, that their ancestors drove the Sioux from the shores of Lake Superior. In Schoolcraft's Collections, Volume III, page 256, there is presented a map drawn by the loway Missionaries, the Rev- erends Hamilton and Irvin, from the rough draft of '^Waw-non-que-skoon-a," an loway brave, showing the successive migra- tions of the tribe : their starting point being given from the mouth of Rock River in Illi- nois ; which last named river, it mav be ob- served, answers exactly the description of the one on which was the ancient or first resi- dence of the Tribe mentioned in the tradition before given as being *^a river w^hich runs from a lake to the Mississippi from the east, and on the east side of that river : '' Rock riv- er heading as is well known in the ^^Four Lakes'' upon the banks of one of which Mad- ison, the capital of Wisconsin, is built, and also in another. Lake Koshkonong; which lakes, however, did not become the seat of the Winnebago until long after they were known to the whites. The letter-press description THE lOWAY 37 of this map of the ^'Migrations of the loway/' Vol. Ill, at page 257, of School- craft, we here copy, with additional explana- tions, inserted in brackets : The object of Waw-non-que-skoon-a was to denote the places where the lowas had lived during the six- teen migrations which preceded their residence at their present location, the Missouri ; and, in truth, it nearly exhausts their history. The marks to denote a fixed residence, are a symbol for a lodge. These are care- fully preserved, with their exact relative position. Their order, as given, is also preserved by figures. Could eras be affixed to these residences, it would give entire accuracy to the modern part of their history. As it is, it depicts some curious facts in the history of predatory and erratic tribes, showing how they sometimes crossed their own track, and demonstrates the immense distances to which they rove. The earliest date to which their recollection extends, as indicated by location No. 1, is at [or near] the junction of Rock river with the Mississippi. This was, manifestly, in or very near Winnebago territory, and confirms the traditions of several of the Missouri tribes (vide Fletcher's paper), [and also of the loway Indian aged "sixty years or more"]- From this point they migrated down the Mississippi to the river Des Moines, and fixed themselves at No. 2, on its south fork, [eighty miles above the mouth]. They next made an extraordinary migration, abandoning the Mis- sissippi and all its upper tributaries, and ascending the Missouri to a point of land formed by a small stream, on its east shore, called by the Indians Fish creek, which flows in from the direction of, and not 38 THE lOWAY far from, the celebrated Red Pipe stone quarry, on the heights of the Coteau des Prairies. No. 3. They next descended the Missouri to the junction of the Nebraska, or Great Platte river, with that stream. No. 4. They settled on the west [or right] bank, keep- ing the buffalo ranges on their west. They next mi- grated still lower down the Missouri, and [crossing to its left side], fixed themselves on the head-waters of the Little Platte river, [not far from Fort Leaven- worth], No. 5. From this location, when circumstances had ren- dered another change desirable, they returned to the Mississippi, and located themselves at the mouth of Salt river. No. 6. Here passed another period. They next ascended the Mississippi, and settled on its [''left"] east bank, at the junction of a stream in the present area of Illinois, [about midway between the Des Moines and the loway]. No. 7. Their next mi- gration carried them still higher on that shore, [nearer the mouth of the loway] to the junction of another stream, No. 8, which is well nigh — [within fifty or sixty miles] , to their original starting point at No. 1. They receded again to the south and west, first fixing themselves on Salt river. No. 9, above their prior site, No. 6, and afterwards changing their location to its very source, [about thirty miles higher]. No. 10. They then passed, evidently by land, [about sixty miles due west] , to the higher forks of the river Char- iton, of Missouri, No. 11, and next descended that stream to near its mouth. No. 12. The next two mi- grations of this tribe were [about thirty miles] to the west valley of the Grand river, and then to its forks, [twenty-five miles from them]. No. 14. Still contin- uing their general migrations to the south and west, THE lOWAY 39 they chose the east bank of the Missouri, opposite the present site of Fort Leavenworth, No. 15, and finally settled on the west bank of the Missouri, [on their Reservation] between the mouth of the Wolf and Great Namahaw, No. 16, where they now reside. ^^ These migrations are deemed to be all of quite mod- em date, not excepting the probable period to which well-known tradition could reach. They do not, it would seem, aspire to the area of their ancient resi- dence on the lower and upper Iowa rivers, and about the region of St. Anthony's falls.®^ We are taught something by these migrations. They were probably determined by the facility of procuring food. They relied, ever, greatly on the deer, elk, and buffalo. As these species are subject to changes, it is probable they carried the Indians with them.^^ It is not probable that their locations were of long continu- ance at a place. Not over a dozen years at a location, on the average. It might be longer at some places, and less at others. This would not give a period of 85 See note 49. 86 See the treaty of 1824 (Appendix B) for migration. Maxi- milian says that ''the loway [Iowa] dwelt on the Grand river till 1827, when they removed to the Little Platte river. ' ' Clark 's reprint of the Travels, Vol. I, p. 245. Later on in the same volume, he writes of this tribe : ' ' On the northern bank, seven miles up that [the Little Platte] river, are the villages of the loway Indians. . ." No doubt the tribe had journeyed in this direction after the troubles of the Black Hawk War in 1832. 87 See Hornaday, The Extermination of the American Bison, 1887, and Allen, The American Bisons, Living and Extinct, 1876. 40 THE lOWAY more than 180 years, before their arrival at their pres- ent place . . .*® It is not probable that the game-pursuing Indians were more fixed in their ancient, than in their modem locations. Indeed, the very reverse is true; for the modern hunter tribes avail themselves of the prox- imity of military posts, and out-settlements, to guard themselves from the approaches of hostile bands. The population of the lowas, as given at early dates, is very uniform, having evidently been copied by one writer from another. In some ancient MS. data in the Royal Marine Office, at Paris, which were submitted to the inspection of the American Minister (General Cass) in 1842, their numbers were put down, for about 1730, at 1100. When Colonel Bouquet marched over the Alleghanies against the western Indians, in 1764, the same numbers were used. Each of these dates assigns their residence to the Missouri, and there had, evidently, no recent information been received. The French alone were at that time in communication with them, and their alliance with the western Indians, in this war, made it impracticable to obtain further data. By the official returns made to the Indian Bureau, in 1848, they are stated at ^*a frac- tion under seven hundred and fifty souls," but in Sub-Agent Vaughan's report in the fall of the same year, 669 is the enumera- tion.'^ In the report of 1844 their census is 88 In 1876. Marquette found them in 1673 at the mouth of the Des Moines river. This, as will be seen, was their first loca- tion. 89 Eeport of Albert J. Vaughan, sub-agent of the Great THE lOWAY 41 stated at 470. In 1701/^ D 'Iberville ^s me- morial ^^ to France says : the Ayooues and the Octootatas, their neighbors, are about 300 families. [In M. Chauvignerie 's Report ^- Nemaha agency, published in the Kep. of the Comm. of Ind. Affairs, 1849, p. 143, Washington, 1850, Vaughan says, "Ac- cording to the census of last spring payment of annuities, the lowas numbered 802, and the Sacs and Foxes 128". (Com- Tnunicated in a letter from Mr. F. W. Bodge, Chief of the Bu- reau of American Ethnology). 90 This should be 1702. — Ed. 91 The Memorial here referred to is in manuscript and among the archives of the government, at Paris. It is one of the most valuable documents on the subject of early nations and country of the Mississippi, and portions of it have been transcribed and translated for the Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I, p. 279, 1850- 56 (reprint 1902). The full title of the work is as follows: Memoriall of M. d 'Iberville upon the Country of the Mississippi, the Mobile and its Environs, Their Eivers, In- habitants AND the Commerce which could be Carried on in less than Five or Six Years in Settling it. The quotation by Foster, given above, has been proof read to correspond with the translation here mentioned, and includes only the line pre- ceding the brackets. 92 This enumeration as included in Schoolcraft 's Indian Tribes, has been variously assigned to different authorities. O'Callaghan supposes it to be by Joncaire, but Thwaites proves otherwise, as Joncaire was on the Ohio at the time and not at Mackinac. Schoolcraft relies on the note which he says was on the original manuscript, that the compilation was by Chau- vignerie — i. e., Michel Maray, sieur de Chauvignerie, an in- terpreter employed at the post — and Thwaites comes to the final conclusion that it was done by Celeron, the Younger, command- ant at Mackinac at this date, and particularly well acquainted with the Indian tribes. See Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. XVII. 42 THE lOWAY of the Census of tribes, made to the French govern- ment in 1736, the ''Ayouas" are put down at 80 war- riors]. In the report of the Indian Bureau for 1874, the loway and Otoe together, including some Sauk and some Missourie, numbered 864 persons. It is recorded, that there were ten loway (^^Ayeouais'') with Montcahn and the French Army at the seige of Ticonderoga in July, 1757, and also 48 Winnebago (^'Pu- ants") — De Tailly being their joint Inter- preter. According to Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike's report of 1806,^' the ^^Aiowais'' were called by the French, colloquially, ^'Ne Perce^^-^ which was probably "Nez Perce,^'* Pierced or Perforated Noses : ^* the first syllable of Pahutchae, their own tribal name, being translated nose^ which in some word-rela- tions would be correct; while probably the last two syllables — ru'tchse — were deemed to be in the sense of Keru'tchae, a word sig- nifying to divide or part. This was a near enough translation for the early French traders, who were not particular. 93"i806 — should be 1810. 9* In Thwaites, Original Journals of Lewis and Clark, Vol. VI, p. 91, a reference is made to the ''Ne persa" (i. e., Nez Perces;) and this is given as a trader's nickname. MA-HAS-KAII. TUF- VOUXC.KR APPENDICES APPENDIX A THE lOAVA CAMPING CIRCLE The camping circle among the Iowa was usually divided into two half circles, each occupied by two phratries of four gentes each. These regulated the hunt and numerous other tribal affairs during the four seasons, the first phratry taking the lead during Au- tumn and Winter ; the second during Spring and Sum- mer. The list which follows was prepared in part by Rev. William Hamilton about 1880 and before his death communicated to the late J. 0. Dorsey, who added a considerable number of gentes and subgentes, some further assistance being obtained through the aid of a delegation of Iowa while on a visit to Washington. FIEST PHEATEY GENTES SUBGENTES 1. Tu'-nan-p'in, Black Bear. Tohin and Qij^re wonane were chiefs of this gens in 1880. Tohin kept the sacred pipe. 1. Ta'-po-§ka, a large black bear, with a white spot on the chest. 2. Piin'-xa qka, a black bear with a red nose; literally, Nose White. 3. Miin-tci'-nye, Young black bear, a short black bear. 4. Ki'-re-ko6'-qo-toe, a small reddish black bear, moth- erless; it has little hair and runs swiftly. 46 APPENDIX A 2. Mi-tci'-ra-tce, Wolf Ma'-hin was a chief this gens. of 3. Tce'-xi-ta, Eagle and Thund- er — being gens. 4. Qo'-ta-tci, Elk; now extinct. The Elk gens furnished the soldiers or policemen. Pa'-q^a, Beaver. Probably the archaic name, as beav- er is now ra-we. The sur- vivors of this gens have joined the Pa-§a or Beav- er gens of the Oto tribe. 1. Ciin'-tan Qka, White-wolf. 2. Cun'-tan ge-we, Black-wolf. 3. Cun'-tan qo'-iDe, Gray- Wolf. 4. Ma-nyi'-ka-q^i', Ck)yote. 1. Na'tci-tce', i. e., Qra'-qtci, Real or Golden eagle. 2. Qra'hun'-e, Ancestral or Grey eagle. 3. Qra'5[re'-ye, Spotted-eagle. 4. Qra pa can^ Bald-eagle. 1. Un'-pe-xa qan'-ye, Big-elk. 2. IJn'-pe-xa yin'-c, Young-elk (?). 3. XJn'-pe-xa 5re'-^5e yin'-e, Elk-some- what-long. 4. Ho'-ma yin'-e, Young elk (?). The difference be- tween TJnpexa and Homa is unknown. The former may be the archaic name for ''elk." 1. Ra-we' qan' ye. Big-beaver. 2. Ra-5ro'-i5e, meaning un- known. 3. Ra-we' yin'-e, Young-beav- er. 4. M'wan-ci'-ke, Water person. SECOND PHRATRY 6. Ru'-tce, Pigeon, 7. A'-ru-qwa, Buffalo. 8. Wa-kan', Snake. An extinct 1. Min-ke' qan'-ye, Big-racoon. 2. Min-ke' yin'-e, Young-ra- coon. 3. Ru'-tce yin'-e, Young-pig- eon. 4. Co'-ke, Prairie-chicken, grouse. 1. Tee- 1 o' qan'-ye. Big-buff alo- bull. 2. Tce-jo' yin'-e, Young-buffa- lo-bull. 3. Tee p'o'-eke yin'-e, Young- buffalo-bull - that - is - dis- tended (?). 4. Tee yin'-e, Buffalo-calf. 1. Wa-kan'5i, Yellow-snake, i. e., rattlesnake. APPENDIX A 47 9. Man'-ko-ke, Owl. Extinct. 2. Wa-kan'-qtci, Real - snake (named after a species shorter than the rattle- 3. Ce'-ke yin'-e, Small or young ceke, the copper- head snake (?). 4. Wa-kan' qo'-pe, Gray-snake (a long snake, which the Omaha call swift blue snake). The names of the subgentes have been forgotten. APPENDIX B TREATIES BETWEEN THE IOWA AND THE UNITED STATES, 1815-1861 (For further reference to treaties with complete amendments thereto see Laws and Treaties, by Charles J. Kappler, 2 vols. Washington, 1903. The early texts of some of the first peace negotiations previous to the publication date, can be found in the volumes of The American State Papers, edited by Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. C. Clarke, Indian Affairs, 2 vols. Washington, 1832. See also Royce, Cessions of Land by Indian Tribes to the United States, in Rep. B. A. E., vol. 1, 1881, and the same author's Indian Land Cessions in the United States, Rep. B. A. E., 1889). TREATY WITH THE lOWAS, [SEPTEMBER 16,] 1815 A treaty of peace and friendship, made and concluded at Portage des Sioux, between William Clark, Nin- ian Edwards, and August e Chouteau, Commission- ers Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part; and the undersigned. King, Chiefs, and War- riors, of the I away Tribe or Nation, on the part and behalf of the said Tribe or Nation, of the other part. The parties being desirous of re-establishing peace and friendship between the United States and the said tribe or nation, and of being placed in all things, and 50 APPENDIX B in every respect, on the same footing upon which they stood before the war, have agreed to the following articles : Article 1 Every injury, or act of hostility, by one or either of the contracting parties against the other shall be mutually forgiven and forgot. Article 2 There shall be perpetual peace and friendship be- tween all the citizens of the United States and all the individuals composing the said laway tribe or nation. Article 3 The contracting parties do hereby agree, promise, and oblige themselves, reciprocally to deliver up all the prisoners now in their hands, (by what means so- ever the same may have come into their possession,) to the officer commanding at St. Louis, to be by him restored to their respective nations, as soon as it may be practicable. Article 4 The contracting parties, in the sincerity of mutual friendship, recognize, re-establish, and confirm, all and every treaty, contract, and agreement, heretofore concluded between the United States and the said laway tribe or nation. TREATY WITH THE 10 WAYS [AUG. 4,] 1824 Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of August, 1824^ between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian APPENDIX B 51 Affairs, being specially authorized by the President of the United States thereto, and the undersigned chiefs and headmen of the loway tribe or nation, duly authorized and empowered by the said nation. Article I. The loway tribe or nation of Indians, by their deputies, Mah-hos-kah, (or White Cloud,) and Mah-ne-hah-nah, (or Great Walker,) in council assembled, do hereby agree, in consideration of a cer- tain sum of money, etc., to be paid to the said loway tribe by the Government of the United States, as here- inafter stipulated, to cede and forever quit claim, and do, in behalf of their said tribe, hereby cede, relin- quish, and forever quit claim, unto the United States, all right, title, interest, and claim to the lands which the said loway tribe have or claim within the State of Missouri, and situated between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers^ and a line running from the Missouri, at the mouth or entrance of Kanzas river, north one hundred miles, to the northwest corner of the limits of the State of Missouri, and from thence east to the Mississippi. Article II. It is hereby stipulated and agreed, on the part of the United States, as a full compensation for the claims and lands ceded by the loway tribe in the preceding article, there shall be paid to the said loway tribe, within the present year, in cash or mer- chandise, the amount of five hundred dollars ; and the United States do further agree to pay to the said loway tribe five hundred dollars annually, for the term of ten succeeding years. Article III. The chiefs and headmen, who sign this treaty, for themselves, and in behalf of their tribe, do acknowledge the lands east and south of the lines described in the first article, (which have been 52 APPENDIX B run and marked by Col. Sullivan,) so far as the In- dians claimed the same, to belong to the United States ; and that none of their tribe shall be permitted to settle or hunt upon any part of it, after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and twenty- six, without special permission from the superintend- ent of Indian affairs. Article IV. The undersigned chiefs, for them- selves, and all parts of the loway tribe, do acknowledge themselves and the said loway tribe to be under the protection of the United States of America, and of no other sovereign whatsoever; and they also stipulate that the said loway tribe will not hold any treaty with any foreign Powers, individual State, or with individuals of any State. Article V. The United States engage to provide and support a blacksmith for the loway tribe, so long as the President of the United States may think proper, and to furnish the said tribe with such farm- ing utensils and cattle, and to employ such persons to aid them in their agriculture, as the President may deem expedient. Article VI. The annuities stipulated to be paid by the second article, to be paid either in money, mer- chandise, provisions, or domsetic animals, at the op- tion of the aforesaid tribe; and when the said annui- ties, or any part thereof, is paid in merchandise, it is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis, free from cost of transportation. Article VII. This treaty shall take effect, and be obligatory on the contracting parties, so soon as the same shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advise and consent of the Senate thereof. APPENDIX B 53 In testimony whereof , the said William Clark, Com- missioner as aforesaid, and the chiefs and headmen of the loway tribe of Indians, as aforesaid, have here- unto set their hands, the day and year first before written. Wm. Clark. (Signed, also, by the chiefs and headmen of the loway tribe.) TREATY WITH THE SIOUX, ETC., AUG. 19, 1825 Treaty with the Sioux and Chippewa, Sacs and Fox, Menominie, loway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa, and Potawattomie, Tribes. The United States of America have seen with much regret, that wars have for many years been carried on between the Sioux and the Chippewas, and more re- cently between the confederated tribes of Sacs and Poxes, and the Sioux; and also between the loways and Sioux; which, if not terminated, may extend to the other tribes, and involve the Indians upon the Missouri, the Mississippi, and the Lakes, in general hostilities. In order, therefore, to promote peace among these tribes, and to establish boundaries among them and the other tribes who live in their vicinity, and thereby to remove all causes of future difficulty, the United States have invited the Chippewa, Sac, and Fox, Menominie, loway, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottowa, Chippewa, and Potawatomie Tribes of Indians living upon the Illinois, to assemble together, and in a spirit of mutual conciliation to ac- complish these objects; and to aid therein, have ap- pointed William Clark and Lewis Cass, Commissioners on their part, who have met the Chiefs, Warriors, 54 APPENDIX B and Representatives of the said tribes, and portions of tribes, at Prairie des Chiens, in the Territory of Michigan, and after full deliberation, the said tribes, and portions of tribes, have agreed with the United States, and with one another, upon the following arti- cles: Article I There shall be a firm and perpetual peace between the Sioux and Chippewas ; between the Sioux and the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes; and between the loways and the Sioux. * * * Article III The loways accede to the arrangement between the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; but it is agreed be- tween the loways and the confederated tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, that the loways have a just claim to a portion of the country between the boundary line described in the next preceding article, and the Mis- souri and Mississippi; and that the said loways, and Sacs and Foxes, shall peaceably occupy the same, un- til some satisfactory arrangement can be made be- tween them for a division of their respective claims to country. * # * Article XI The United States agree, w^henever the President may think it necessary and proper, to convene such of the tribes, either separately or together, as are in- terested in the lines left unsettled herein, and to rec- ommend to them an amicable and final adjustment of their respective claims, so that the work, now hap- APPENDIX B 55 pily begun, may be consummated. It is agreed, how- ever, that a Council shall be held with the Yancton band of the Sioux, during the year 1826, to explain to them the stipulations of this treaty, and to procure their assent thereto, should they be disposed to give it, and also with the Ottoes, to settle and adjust their title to any of the country claimed by the Sacs, Foxes, and loways. * # * Article XIII It is understood by all the tribes, parties hereto, that no tribe shall hunt within the acknowledged limits of any other without their assent, but it being the sole object of this arrangement to perpetuate a peace among them, and amicable relations being now re- stored, the Chiefs of all the tribes have expressed a determination, cheerfully to allow a reciprocal right of hunting on the lands of one another, permission being first asked and obtained, as before provided for. Article XIV Should any causes of difficulty hereafter unhappily arise between any of the tribes, parties hereunto, it is agreed that the other tribes shall interpose their good offices to remove such difficulties; and also that the government of the United States may take such measures as they may deem proper, to effect the same object. Article XV This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States, from and after its ratification by the government thereof. 56 APPENDIX B TREATY WITH THE SACS AND FOXES, ETC., JULY 15, 1830.«^ [At Prairie du Chien] Articles of a treaty made and concluded hy William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs and Wil- loughhy Morgan, Col. of the United States 1st Regt. Infantry, Commissioners on behalf of the United States on the one part, and the undersigned Deputa- tions of the Confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes; the Medawah-Kanton, Wahpacoota, Wahpe- ton and Sissetong Bands or Tribes of Sioux; the Omahas, loways, Ottoes and Missourias on the other part. * * * Article IV In consideration of the cessions and relinquish- ments made in the first, second, and third articles of this Treaty, the United States agree to pay to the Sacs, three thousand dollars, — and to the Foxes three thousand dollars ; To the Sioux of the Mississippi two thousand dollars ; — To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux three thousand dollars ; — To the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars ; — To the loways two thousand five hundred dollars ; — To the Ottoes and Missourias two thousand five hundred dollars, and to the Sacs of the Missouri River five hundred dol- lars; to be paid annually for ten successive years at such place, or places on the Mississippi or Missouri, as may be most convenient to said Tribes, either in money, merchandise, or domestic animals, at their option; 95 A portion of this treaty is included in Maximilian's Travels, Vol. Ill, pg. 315 et seq. — Clark's reprint. APPENDIX B 57 and when said annuities or any portion of them shall be paid in merchandise, the same is to be delivered to them at the first cost of the goods at St. Louis free of transportation. And the United States further agree to make to the said tribes and Bands, the following allowances for the period of ten years, and as long thereafter as the President of the United States may think necessary and proper, in addition to the sums herein before stipulated to be paid them; that is to say ; To the Bands of the Sioux mentioned in the third article, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools; also instruments for agricultural purposes, and iron and steel to the amount of seven hundred dollars ; — To the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instru- ments for agricultural purposes to the amount of four hundred dollars ; — To the Omahas one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars ; — To the loways an assistant Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of six hundred dollars ; To the Ottoes and Mis- sourias one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States, and the necessary tools, also instruments for agricultural purposes to the amount of five hundred dollars; and to the Sacs of the Missouri River, one Blacksmith at the expense of the United States and the necessary tools ; also instruments for agricultural pur- poses to the amount of two hundred dollars. 58 APPENDIX B Article X The Omahas, loways and Ottoes, for themselves, and in behalf of the Yancton and Santie Bands of Sioux, having earnestly requested that they might be permitted to make some provision for their half-breeds, and particularly that they might bestow upon them the tract of country within the following limits, to- wit; Beginning at the mouth of the Little Ne-mohaw River, and running up the main channel of said River to a point which will be ten miles from its mouth in a direct line ; from thence in a direct line, to strike the Grand Ne-mohaw ten miles above its mouth, in a direct line (the distance between the two Ne-mohaws being about twenty miles) — thence down said River to its mouth ; thence up, and with the Meanders of the IVIis- souri River to the point of beginning, it is agreed that the half-breeds of said Tribes and Bands may be suf- fered to occupy said tract of land; holding it in the same manner, and by the same title that other Indian titles are held : but the President of the United States may hereafter assign to any of the said half-breeds, to be held by him or them in fee simple, any portion of said tract not exceeding a section, of six hundred and forty acres to each individual. And this provision shall extend to the cession made by the Sioux in the preceding Article. Article XI The reservation of land mentioned in the preceding Article having belonged to the Ottoes, and having been exclusively ceded by them; it is agreed that the Omahas, the loways and the Yanckton and Santie Bands of Sioux shall pay out of their annuities to the said Ottoe Tribe, for the period of ten years. Three hundred Dollars annually; of which sum the Oma- APPENDIX B 59 has shall pay one hundred Dollars, the loways one hundred Dollars, and the Yanckton and Santie Bands one hundred dollars. TREATY WITH THE IOWA, ETC., SEPT. 17, 1836 Articles of a treaty, made and concluded at Fort Leav- enworth, on the Missouri river, between William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, on the part of the United States, of the one part, and the un- dersigned chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the loway tribe and the band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, (residing west of the State of Missouri,) in behalf of their respective tribes, of the other part. Article 1 By the first article of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, held the fifteenth day of July eighteen hundred and thirty, with the confederated tribes of Sacks, Foxes, loways, Omahaws, Missourias, Ottoes, and Sioux, the country ceded to the United States by that treaty, is to be assigned and allotted under the direction of the President of the United States to the tribes living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President may locate thereon for hunting and other purposes. — And whereas it is further represented to us the chiefs, war- riors, and counsellors of the loways and Sack and Fox band aforesaid, to be desirable that the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river, should be attached to and become a part of said State, and the Indian title thereto, be entirely extinguished ; but that, notwithstanding, as these lands compose a part of the country embraced by the provisions of said first article of the treaty aforesaid, the stipulations 60 APPENDIX B thereof will be strictly observed until the assent of the Indians interested is given to the proposed measures. Now we the chiefs, warriors, and counsellors of the loways, and ]\Iissouri band of Sacks and Foxes, fully understanding the subject, and well satisfied from the local position of the lands in question, that they never can be made available for Indian purposes, and that an attempt to place an Indian population on them, must inevitably lead to collisions with the citizens of the United States ; and further believing that the extension of the State line in the direction indicated would have a happy effect, by presenting a natural boundary be- tween the whites and Indians; and willing, moreover, to give the United States a renewed evidence of our attachment and friendship, do hereby for ourselves, and on behalf of our respective tribes, (having full power and authority to this effect,) forever cede, re- linquish, and quit claim, to the United States, all our right, title, and interest of whatsoever nature in, and to, the lands lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri river; and do freely and fully exonerate the United States from any guarantee; condition or limitation, expressed or implied, under the treaty of Prairie du Chien aforesaid, or otherwise, as to the entire and absolute disposition of the said lands, fully authorizing the United States to do with the same whatever shall seem expedient or necessary. As a proof of the continued friendship and liberal- ity of the United States towards the loways and band of Sacks and Foxes of the Missouri, and as an evidence of the sense entertained for the good will manifested by said tribes to the citizens and Government of the United States, as evinced in the preceding cession or APPENDIX B 61 relinquishment, the undersigned, William Clark, agrees on behalf of the United States, to pay as a present to the said loways and band of Sacks and Foxes, seven thousand five hundred dollars in money, the receipt of which they hereby acknowledge. Article 2 As the said tribes of loways and Sacks and Foxes, have applied for a small piece of land, south of the Missouri, for a permanent home, on which they can settle, and request the assistance of the Government of the United States to place them on this land, in a situation at least equal to that they now enjoy on the land ceded by them : Therefore I, William Clark, Su- perintendent of Indian Affairs, do further agree on behalf of the United States, to assign to the loway tribe, and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes, the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri river, lying between the Kickapoo northern boundary line and the Grand Nemahar river, and extending from the Mis- souri back and westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahar, making four hundred sec- tions ; to be divided between the said loways and Mis- souri band of Sacks and Foxes, the lower half to the Sacks and Foxes, and the upper half to the loways. Article 3 The loways and Missouri band of Sacks and Foxes further agree, that they will move and settle on the lands assigned them in the above article, as soon as arrangements can be made by them; and the under- signed William Clark, in behalf of the United States, agrees, that as soon as the above tribes have selected 62 APPENDIX B a site for their villages, and places for their fields, and moved to them, to erect for the loways five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground ; to furnish them with a farmer, a blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper; to furnish them such, agricultural implements as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new homes; to furnish them with, one ferry- boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, and one hundred stock hogs when they require them; to furnish them with a mill and assist in removing them, to the extent of five hundred dollars. And to erect for the Sacks and Foxes three comfortable houses ; to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground ; to furnish them, with a farmer, blacksmith, schoolmaster, and interpreter, as long as the President of the United States may deem proper ; to furnish them with such agricultural imple- ments as may be necessary, for five years; to furnish them with rations for one year, commencing at the time of their arrival at their new home; to furnish them with one ferry-boat; to furnish them with one hundred cows and calves and five bulls, one hundred stock hogs when they require them ; to furnish them with a mill ; and to assist in moving them, to the extent of four hundred dollars. Article 4 This treaty shall be obligatory on the tribes, parties hereto, from and after the date hereof, and on the United States from and after its ratification by the Government thereof. APPENDIX B 63 TREATY WITH THE IOWA, NOV. 23, 1837 Articles of a treaty made at the city of Saint Louis, between Joshua Pilcher, thereto specially authorized hy the President of the United States, and the loway Indians, hy their chiefs and delegates. Article 1st The loway Indians cede to the United States all the right and interest in the land ceded by the treaty, con- cluded with them and other tribes on the 15th of July 1830, which they might be entitled to claim, by virtue of the phraseology employed in the second article of said treaty. Article 2d In consideration of the cession contained in the pre- ceding article, the United States stipulate to pay them two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500) in horses, goods and presents, upon their signing this treaty in the city of Saint Louis. Article 3d The expenses of this negotiation and of the chiefs and delegates signing this treaty to the city of Wash- ington and to their homes to be paid by the United States. Article 4th This treaty to be binding upon the contracting par- ties when the same shall be ratified by the United States. 64 APPENDIX B TREATY WITH THE IOWA, OCT. 19, 1838 Articles of a treaty made at the Great Nemowhaw siih- agency between John Dougherty Agent of Indian Affairs on the part of the United States, being spec- ially authorized, and the chiefs and headmen of the loway tribe of Indians for themselves, and on the part of their tribe. Article 1st The loway tribe of Indians cede to the United States, First. All right or interest in the country between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and the boundary between the Sacs and Foxes, and Sioux, described in the second article of the treaty made with these and other tribes, on the 19th of August, 1825, to the full extent to which said claim is recognized in the third article of said treaty, and all interest or claim by virtue of the provisions of any treaties since made by the United States with the Sacs and Foxes of the Mis- sissippi. Second. All claims or interest under the treaties of August 4th 1824, July 15th 1830, and September 17th 1836, except so much of the last mentioned treaty as secures to them two hundred sections of land the erec- tion of five comfortable houses, to enclose and break up for them two hundred acres of ground to furnish them with a ferry boat, one hundred cows and calves, five bulls, one hundred head of stock hogs a mill and in- terpreter. Article 2d In consideration of the cession contained in the pre- APPENDIX B 65 ceding article, the United States agree to the follow- ing stipulations on their part. First. To pay to the said loway tribe of Indians the sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hun- dred ($157,500) dollars. Second. To invest said sum of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred (157,500) dollars, and to guaranty them an annual income of not less than five per cent, thereon during the existence of their tribe. Third. To set apart annually such amount of said income as the chiefs and headmen of said tribe may require, for the support of a blacksmith shop agricul- tural assistance, and education to be expended under the direction of the President of the United States. Fourth. To pay out of said income to Jeffrey Der- roin interpreter for said tribe for services rendered, the sum of fifty dollars annually during his natural life the balance of said income shall be delivered, at the cost of the United States, to said tribe of loway Indians in money or merchandise, at their own dis- cretion, at such time and place as the President may direct. Provided always That the payment shall be made each year in the month of October. Article 3d The United States further agree in addition to the above consideration to cause to be erected ten houses at such place or places on their own land as said loways may select, of the following description (viz) each house to be ten feet high from bottom sill to top plate eighteen by twenty feet in the clear the roof to be well sheeted and shingled, the gable ends to be weather 66 APPENDIX B boarded a good floor above and below, one door and two windows complete, one chimney of stone or brick, and the whole house to be underpined. Article Ith This treaty to be binding upon the contracting parties when the same shall be ratified by the United States. TREATY WITH THE IOWA, [MAY 17,] 1854 Articles of agreement and convention made and con- cluded at the city of Washington, this seventeenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- four, hy George W. Many penny, commissioner on the part of the United States, and the following- named delegates of the loway tribe of Indians, viz: Nan-chee-ning-a, or No Heart; 8hoon-ty-ing-a, or Little Wolf; Wah-moon-a-ka, or the Man who Steals; and Nar-ge-ga-rash, or British; they being thereto duly authorized by said tribe. Article 1 The loway tribe of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the country, with the exception hereinafter named, which was assigned to them by the treaty concluded with their tribe and the Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes, by William Clark, superin- tendent of Indian affairs, on the seventeenth of Sep- tember, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-six, being the upper half of the tract described in the sec- ond article thereof, as ''the small strip of land on the south side of the Missouri River, lying between the APPENDIX B 67 Kickapoo northern boundary-line and the Grand Ne- mahaw River, and extending from the Missouri back westwardly with the said Kickapoo line and the Grand Nemahaw, making four hundred sections; to be di- vided between the said loways and Missouri band of Sacs and Foxes ; the lower half to the Sacs and Foxes, the upper half to the loways," but they except and reserve of said country, so much thereof as is em- braced within and designated by the following metes and bounds, viz : Beginning at the mouth of the Great Nemahaw River where it empties into the Missouri; thence down the Missouri River to the mouth of No- land's Creek; thence due south one mile; thence due west to the south fork of the Nemahaw River; thence down the said fork with its meanders to the Great Nemahaw River, and thence with the meanders of said river to the place of beginning, which country, it is hereby agreed, shall be the future and permanent home of the loway Indians. Article 2 In consideration of the cession made in the preced- ing article, the United States agree to pay in the man- ner hereinafter prescribed, to the loway Indians, all the moneys received from the sales of the lands which are stipulated in the third article hereof, to be sur- veyed and sold — after deducting therefrom the costs of surveying, managing, and selling the same. Article 3 The United States agree to have surveys made of the country ceded by the loways in article first in the same manner that the public lands are surveyed, and as 68 APPENDIX B soon as it can conveniently be done ; and the President, after the surveys shall have been made and approved, shall proceed to offer said surveyed land for sale, at public auction, being governed therein by the laws of the United States respecting sales of public lands ; and such of said lands as may not be sold at public sales, shall be subject to private entry in the manner that private entries are made of United States land; and all the land remaining unsold after being for three years subject to private entry at the minimum Gov- enment price, may by act of Congress, be graduated and reduced in price until the whole is disposed of, proper regard being had, in making such reduction, to the interests of the loways and the speedy settlement of the country. Until after the said land shall have been surveyed, and the surveys approved, no white persons or citizens shall be permitted to make thereon any location or settlement; and the provisions of the act of Congress, approved on the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seven, relating to lands ceded to the United States, shall, so far as they are applicable, be extended over the lands herein ceded. Article 4 It being understood that the present division-line between the loways and the Sacs and Foxes of Mis- souri, as run by Isaac McCoy, will, when the surveys are made, run diagonally through many of the sec- tions, cutting them into fractions; it is agreed that the sections thus cut by said line, commencing at the junction of the Wolf with the Missouri River, shall be deemed and taken as part of the land hereinbefore ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the loways, until the quantity thus taken, including the APPENDIX B 69 before-recited reservation, and all the full sections north of said line, shall amount to two hundred sec- tions of land. And should the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri consent to a change of their residence and be so located by the United States as to occupy any por- tion of the land herein ceded and directed to be sold for the benefit of the loways, west of the tract herein reserved, the loways hereby agree to the same, and consent to such an arrangement, upon the condition that a quantity of land equal to that which may be thus occupied by the Sacs and Foxes, and of as good quality, shall be set apart for them out of the country now occupied by the last-named tribe, contiguous to said division-line, and sold for their benefit as here- inbefore provided. Article 5 As the receipts from the sales of the lands cannot now be determined, it is agreed that the whole subject shall be referred to the President of the United States, who may, from time to time, prescribe how much of the proceeds thereof shall be paid out to the loway people, and the time and mode of such payment, and also how much shall be invested in safe and profitable stocks, the principal of which to remain unimpaired, and the interest to be applied annually for the civiliz- ation, education, and religious culture of the loways and such other objects of a beneficial character as may be proper and essential to their well-being and prosperity : provided, that if necessary, Congress may, from time to time, by law, make such regulations in regard to the funds arising from the sale of said lands, and the application thereof for the benefit of the 70 APPENDIX B loways, as may in the wisdom of that body seem just and expedient. Article 6 The President may cause the country the loways have reserved for their future home, to be surveyed, at their expense, and in the same way as the public lands are surveyed, and assign to each person or family such portion thereof as their industry and ability to manage business affairs may, in his opinion, render judicious and proper ; and Congress may here- after provide for the issuing to such persons, patents for the same, with guards and restrictions for their protection in the possession and enjoyment thereof. Article 7 Appreciating the importance and the benefit de- rived from the mission established among them by the board of foreign missions of the Presbyterian Church, the loways hereby grant unto the said board a tract of three hundred and twenty acres of land, to be so located as to include the improvements at the mission, and also a tract of one hundred and sixty acres of timbered land, to be selected by some agent of the board from the legal subdivisions of the surveyed land ; and the President shall issue a patent or patents for the same, to such person or persons as said board may direct. They further grant to John B. Roy, their interpreter, a tract of three hundred and twen- ty acres of land^ to be selected by him in ''Wolf's Grove," for which the President shall also issue a patent. Article 8 The debts of Indians contracted in their private APPENDIX B 71 dealings as individuals, whether to traders or other- wise, shall not be paid out of the general fund. Article 9 As some time must elapse before any benefit can be derived from the proceeds of the sale of their land, and as it is desirable that the loways should at once engage in agricultural pursuits and in making improvements on the tract hereinbefore reserved for them, it is hereby agreed that, of the fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dol- lars, set apart to be invested by the second clause of the second article of the treaty concluded on the nineteenth day of October, one thousand eight hun- dred and thirty-eight, a sum not exceeding one hun- dred thousand dollars shall be paid to the Indians, or expended under the direction of the President for the erection of houses, breaking and fencing lands, purchasing stock, farming utensils, seeds, and such other articles as may be necessary for their comfort. Fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be deemed expedient, to be paid during the year com- mencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four; and the other fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as shall be deemed ex- pedient, to be paid during the year commencing on the first of October, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five. The residue of said fund of one hundred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred dollars on hand after the payments herein provided for have been made shall remain as a trust fund, the interest upon which, as well as the interest that may have accrued on the portion drawn out, shall be applied, under the di- 72 APPENDIX B rection of the President, to educational or other bene- ficial purposes among the loways. Article 10 It is agreed that all roads and highways laid out by authority of law shall have a right of way through the lands herein reserved, on the same terms as are provided by law when roads and highways are made through the lands of citizens of the United States; and railroad companies^ when the lines of their roads necessarily pass through the lands of the loways, shall have right of way on the payment of a just compen- sation therefor in money. Article 11 The loways promise to renew their efforts to sup- press the introduction and use of ardent spirits in their country, to encourage industry, thrift, and mor- ality, and by every possible effort to promote their advancement in civilization. They desire to be at peace with all men, and they bind themselves to com- mit no depredation or wrong upon either Indians or citizens ; and whenever difficulties arise they will abide by the laws of the United States, in such cases made and provided, as they expect to be protected and to have their rights vindicated by them. Article 12 The loway Indians release the United States from all claims and demands of every kind and description arising under former treaties, and agree to remove themselves within six months after the ratification of this instrument, to the lands herein reserved for APPENDIX B 73 their homes; in consideration whereof, the United States agree to pay to said Indians five thousand dollars — two thousand of which with such portion of balances of former appropriations of interest-fund as may not now be necessary under specific heads, may be expended in the settlement of their affairs preparatory to removal. Article 13 The object of this instrument being to advance the interests of the loway people, it is agreed, if it prove insufficient, from causes which cannot now be fore- seen, to effect these ends, that the President may, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, adopt such policy in the management of their affairs, as, in his judgment, may be most beneficial to them; or Congress may hereafter make such provision by law as experience shall prove to be necessary. Article 14 This instrument shall be obligatory on the con- tracting parties whenever the same shall be ratified by the President and the Senate of the United States. TREATY WITH THE SAUK AND FOXES, ETC., [MAR. 6,] 1861 Articles of agreement and convention made and con- cluded at the office of the Great Nemaha agency ^ Ne- braska Territory, on the sixth day of March, A. D. one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, by and between Daniel Vanderslice, TJ. S. Indian agent, on the part of the United States, and the following- named delegates of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, 74 APPENDIX B ' viz : Pe-ta-ok-a-ma, Ne-sour-quoit, Mo-less, and Se-se- ah-kee; and the following -named delegates of the Iowa tribe, viz: No-heart, Nag-ga-rash, Mah-hee, To- hee, Tah-ra-kee, Thur-o-mony, and White Horse; they being duly authorized thereto by their respec- tive tribes. * * * Article 3 The Iowa tribe of Indians, parties to this agreement, hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, for the use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, for their permanent home, all that part of their present reservation lying and being west of Nohearts Creek, and bounded as follows, viz: Begin- ning at a point where the southern line of the present Iowa reserve crosses Nohearts Creek ; thence with said line to the south fork of the Nemaha, (commonly known as Walnut Creek;) thence downi the middle of said south fork, with the meanders thereof, to its mouth, and to a point in the middle of the Great Ne- maha River; thence down the middle of said river to a point opposite the mouth of Nohearts Creek; and thence, in a southerly direction with the middle of said Nohearts Creek, to the place of beginning. And it is hereby understood and agreed that, in full con- sideration for said cession, the United States shall hold in trust, for the use and benefit of the lowas, the one- half of the net proceeds of the sales of the lands de- scribed in the second article of this agreement, and interest thereon, at the rate of five per centum per annum, shall be paid to the Iowa tribe in the same manner as their annuities are paid under the treaty APPENDIX B 75 of May 17, 1854. The reservation herein described shall be surveyed and set apart for the exclusive use and benefit of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri, and the remainder of the Iowa lands shall be the tribal reserve of said Iowa Indians for their exclusive use and benefit # * * Article 5 In order to encourage education among the afore- said tribes of Indians, it is hereby agreed that the United States shall expend the sum of one thousand dollars for the erection of a suitable school-house, and dwelling-house for the school teacher, for the benefit of the Sacs and Foxes, and also the additional sum of two hundred dollars per annum for school purposes, so long as the President of the United States may deem advisable. And for the benefit of the Iowa tribe of Indians there shall be expended, in like manner, at the discretion of the President, the sum of three hun- dred dollars per annum^ for school purposes, which two last-mentioned sums shall be paid out of the funds to be appropriated for the civilization of Indians. * * * Article 8 It is hereby understood and agreed by the contract- ing parties hereto that the stipulations of the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri of May 18th, 1854, and the treaty with the Iowa Indians of the 17th of May, 1854, which may not be inconsistent with these articles of convention, shall have full force and effect upon the contracting parties hereto. 76 APPENDIX B Article 10 The Secretary of the Interior may expend a sum not exceeding three thousand five hundred dollars, ($3,500,) out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, at any time he may deem it advisable, for the purpose of erecting a toll-bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Roy 's Ferry, for the use of the Iowa Indians; and a like sum of three thousand five hun- dred dollars, ($3,500,), out of the proceeds of the sales of said lands, for the purpose of erecting a toll- bridge across the Great Nemaha River, at or near Wolf Village, for the use of the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri. APPENDIX C IOWA SYNONYMY Agones. — Boudinot, Star in the West, 125, 1816. Agouais. — De Ligney (1726) in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 22, 1854. Agoual.— Chauvignerie (1736) quoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 557, 1853. Agoues. — Hutching (1764), ihid. Ah-e-o-war. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905. Aiaoua. — Perrot (1689), Mem., 196, 1864. Aiaovais.— Ihid., index. Aiaouez. — Jefferys, French Dom. in Am., 1, 139, 1761. AiAuwAY. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 61, 1904. AiAvvis. — Le Sueur quoted by Ramsey in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 45, 1872. Aieways. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark (1804), 1, 45, 1904. Aijoues. —Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 522, 1853. Ainones. — Membre (1680) quoted by Hay den, Ethnog. and Philol. Mo. Vol., 445, 1862. Ainoves. — Hennepin, New Discov., 132, 1698. Aioaez. — Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 43, 1893. Aiouez. — Charle- voix (1723) in Margry, Dec, VI, 526, 1886. Aiou- nouea. — Hennepin (1680-82) in Margry, Dec, 11, 258, 1877. AiowAis.— Pike, Trav., 134, 1811. Ais- NOUS.— McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, III, 80, 1584. Ajaouez. — Jefferys, Fr. Dom. Am., pt. 1, map 1, 1761. Ajouas. — Smet, Miss, de V Oregon, 108, 1848. Ajoues, — Bowles, map Am., ca. 1750. Ajouez. — Perrot, Mem., index, 1864. Anjoues. — Buchanan, N. Am. 78 APPENDIX C Inds., 155, 1824. Aoais.— i\^ Y. Doc. Col Hist., X, 630, 1858. AoNAYS.— Smet, Letters, 38, note, 1843 (misprint). Aouas. — Cabeca de Vaca misquoted by Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, II, 37, 1852 (error). Avau- WAis. — Lewis and Clark, Trav., 14, 1807. Avoy. — Neill, Hist. Minn., 200, 1858. Avoys.— Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 32, 1854. Ayahwa. — Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893. Ayauais. — Drake, Bk. Inds.^ VI, 1848. Ayauvai. — Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 19, note, 1893. Ayauwais. — Lewis and Clark, Discov., 17, 1806. Ayauwas. — Lapham, Blossom, and Dousman, Inds. Wis., 3, 1870. Ayau- WAUS. — OHg. Jour. Lewis and Clark, 1, 91, 1904. Ayauway. — Ibid., 45. Ayavois. — La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. St. Peter's B., II, 320, 1824. Ayawai. — Coues, Lewis and Clark, 1, 19, note, 1893. Ay aw ays. — Lewis and Clark, Trav., II, 442, 1814. Ayeouais.— Neill, Hist. Minn., 197, 1858. Aye8ais.— A^ Y. Doc. Col. Hist., X, 608, 1858. Ayoa.— Martin, Hist. La., 301, 1882. Ayoes.— Per- rot (1689) in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., II, pt. 2, 24, 1864. Ayoes.— ditto in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., XVI. 14, 1902. Ayoois. — Bienville (1722) in Margry, Dec, VI, 407, 1886. Ayoouais. — Beauharnois and Hocquart (1731) in Margry, Dec, VI, 570, 1886. Ayooues. — Iberville (1702) quoted by Neill, Hist. Minn., 172, 1858. Ayo- 8om.—N. Y. Doc Col. Hist., IX, 1055, 1855. Ayoua. — Adelung, Mithridates, III, 271, 1816. Ayouas. — See Chauvignerie 's Beport of Census, etc, 1736. Ayouahs. — Domenech, Deserts N. Am., II, 34, 1860. Ayoues. — Neill, Hist. Minn., 173, 1858. Ayouez. — Lamothe Cadillac (1695) in Margry, Dec, V, 124, 1883. Ayouwa.^ — Pike, Trav., map, 1811. Ayou- APPENDIX C 79 WAis. — Lewis and Clark, Discov., 49, 1806. Ayou- WAYS. — Ibid., 29. Ayovai. — Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893. A yovois.— Bienville, (1722) in Margry, Dec, VI, 396, 1886. Ayowa.— Gatschet, Raw MS. vocah., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name). Ayowas. — Maximilian, Travels, 507, 1843. Ayoway. — Lewis and Clark, Exped., 1, 487, 1817. Ayuhba. — Riggs, Dak. Gramm. and Diet., 278, 1852. Ayuhu- WAHAK. — Gatschet, Fox MS., B. A. E., (Fox name). Ayukba. — Williamson in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1, 299, 1872. Dusty-Nose.'— Schoolcraft, l7id. Tribes, III, 262, 1853. Ho-WAH.— Ramsey in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1849, 74, 1850, (Mdewakanton name). Iawai.— Coues, Lewis and Clark Exped., 1, 20, note, 1893. Iawas. — La Harpe and Le Sueur (1699) quoted by Long, Exped. S. Peter's R., II, 320, 1824. Iaways. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, VI, 91, 1905. I-ho- WA. — Bradford's Notes on the Northwest, 1846. Ihoway.— ^671. Doc. 21, 18th Cong., 2d sess., 5, 1825. lOEWAiG. — Tanner, Narr., 316, 1830 (Ottawa name). Iowa.— Pike, Trav., 134, 1811. Ioway.— Pike, Ex- ped., 112, 1810. Iyakhba. — Williamson in Minn. Geol. Rep. for 1884, 106 (Santee Dakota name). Iyakhwa. — Ibid (Teton name). Iyuhba. — Riggs, Dak. Gram, and Diet., 278, 1852 (trans, 'sleepy ones'). JowAi. — Ann de la Propag. de la Foi, III, 569, 1828. JowAS. — Pike, Trav., 123, 1811. Joways. — Scher- merhorn (1812) in Mass Hist. Soc. Coll., 2nd s. II, 39, 1814. Maqude.— Dorsey, Cegiha MS. Diet., B. A. E. 1878. (Omaha and Ponca name). Minowas.— Rafinesque in Marshall, Hist. Ky., I, 28, 1824, (con- founding Iowa with Missouri). Nadoessi Mascou- TEiNS.— Jes. Rel. 1676-77, Thwaites ed., LX, 203, 1900. 80 APPENDIX C Nadouessi — Maskoutens. — Perrot, Mem., index, 1864. Nadouessioux Des prairies. — Ibid., 237. Nadoues- sioux Maskoutens. — Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., II, pt. 2, 30, note, 1864 (Sioux of the Prairies : Algonkin name). Ne persa. — Orig. Jour. Lewis and Clark, YI, 91, 1905, (i. e., Nez Perces; given as traders' nickname). Ouias. —Am. State Papers, Ind. Off., 1, 93, 1832. Ovas.— Barcia, Ensayo, 238, 1723. Oyoa. — Du Lac, Voy. dans les Louisianes, 232, 1805. Pa-ho-cha. — Hamil- ton in Trans. Neh. State Hist. Soc, 1, 47, 1885, (trans, 'dusty men'). Pa-ho-dje. — Maximilian, Trav., 507, 1843 (trans, 'dust-noses'). Pa-ho-ja. — Long, Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823 (trans, 'gray snow'). Pa- h8tet. — Marquette (1673) in Shea, Discov., 268, map, 1852. Pahucae. — Hamilton and Irvin, loway Gram., 17, 1848. Pa-hu-cha.— Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 262, 1853. Pa-kuh-tha.— Morgan, A7ic. Soc, 156, 1877. Paote.— La Salle (1682) in Margry, Dec, 11, 215, 1877. Paoutees. — La Harpe, from Le Sueur's Jour. (1700) in Shea, Early Voy., 93, 1861. Paou- TES.— Le Sueur (1700) in Margry, Dec, VI, 70, 1886. Paoutez. — Jefferys, Am. Atlas, map 5, 1776. Pa- QOCTE. — Dorsey in Trans. Anthrop. Soc, Wash., 11, 10, 1883. Pa-qo-tce. — Dorsey, Kansa MS. vocah., B. A. E., 1882 (Kansa name). Pa-qu-te. — Dorsey, Kwa- pa. MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1881, (Quapaw name. Pa- QUXSE. — Dorsey, Osage MS. vocab., B. A. E., 1883 (Osage name) . Pashohan. — Gatschet, Pawnee MS., B. A. E., (Pawnee name). Passinchan. — Doc. 1720 quot- ed by Bandelier in Arch. Inst. Pap., V, 203, 1890. Pa- UHOOCiiEEs. — McKenny and Hall, Ind. Tribes, II, 209, 1854. Paxodshe.— Gatschet, Kaiu MS. vocab., B. A. E., 27, 1878 (Kansa name). Pierced Noses.— APPENDIX C 81 Long^ Exped. Rocky Mts., 1, 339, 1823. Wa-qotc— Dorsey, Winnebago MS. vocah., B. A. E., 1886 (Win- nebago name). Yahowa. — Beltrami, Pilgrimage, II, 151, 1828. YowAYS.— De I'Isle, Map of La., in Neill, Hist. Minn., 164, 1858. Yuahes.— Iberville (1700) in Margry, Dec, IV, 440, 1880 (identical?). Zaivo- vois. — Haldimand, according to Catlin, quoted by Donaldson in Smithson. Rep. for 1885, pt. 2, 145, 1886. APPENDIX D A list of the names of some of the more prominent members of the Iowa tribe, excluding half-breeds. (Compiled from various sources) Hbrockanie Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Big Ear Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Big Ear, Thereasa Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Big Neck (See Moa-Na-Hon-Ga) Corsair A papoose Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Crane McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 141-146, vol. I) El Ladron (the robber) (See Wa-cha-mon-ya) Hard Heart McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (p. 85, vol. II) He-wa-tho-cha (One who sheds his hair) Pulton, Red Men of Iowa Inthehone (The Big Axe) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 141-146, vol. I) ^' low AY Jim" or Major Ketcher McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 157-160, vol. I) Kis-TOM-iE — a woman Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) 84 APPENDIX D KooN-ZA-YA-ME (Female war Eagle sailing) Catlin, Fourteen loway* Indians Le Voleur (A Chief) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Ma-has-kah (White Cloud) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 141-146, vol. I) (Occasionally spelled Ma-hos-kah, see the treaty of 1824) Ma-has-kah (Young) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 151-154, vol. I) Mah-hee Treaty of 1861 Mah-ne-hah-nah (Great Walker) Rhees, Smithsonian Institution, (p. 57) Treaty of 1824 Mauhooskan (The White Cloud) Maximilian Travels, vol. Ill (Clark's reprint) Manch-coo-maim Ehees, Smithsonian Institution (p. 58) Manhav^-gaw (Wounding Arrow) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 141-146, vol. I) Gue, History of Iowa (p. 66, vol. I) Maushemone (The Big Flying Cloud) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 157-160, vol. I) Mew-hu-she-kaw (White Cloud) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians. Also given in Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travels in Europe, etc , as Mu-hu-shee-kaw. MissoRAHTARRAHAW (The Female Deer that bounds over the Plains, i. e. , prairie) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 141-146, vol. I) MoA-NA-HON-GA (Great Walker) APPENDIX D 85 Also known as Winaugiisconey (the man who is not afraid to travel) and Big Neck McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 157-160, vol. I) MosTEOSE (Holy Rabbit, an old Iowa Chief still living) MuN-NE-o-YE A woman Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travels in Europe Nar-ge-ga-rash ( British ) Treaty of 1854 Treaty of 1861 Nav^-a-tawmy Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Ne-o-mon-ne (Walking Rain) Rhees, Smithsonian Institution, (p. 57) (Probably the same Indian referred to by McKenny & Hall under Ne-0-Mon-Ni, q. v. Ne-o-mon-ni (The cloud out of which the rain comes) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 81-82, vol. 2) Neu-mon-ga (Walking Rain) Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes (vol. Ill) Neu-mon-ya (Walking Rain) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians. Given in this au- thor's Eight Years' Travels in Europe and his Descriptive Catalogue as No-o-mun-nee (He who walks in the rain) NiH-YU-MAH-Ni (La Pluie qui marche) Maximilian, Travels (p. 272, vol. I) No-PIO-MUN-YA (One who gives no attention, also known as Roman Nose) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Notch-ee-ning-a (No Heart — also called White Cloud) 86 APPENDIX D Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travel in Europe, (vol. I) Treaty of 1861 NOT-CHI-MI-NE McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (vol. II, p. 59) Nan-chee-ning-a Treaty of 1854 Natce-nine Hamilton, B. A. E., (vol. II, p. 424) Nauche-wing-ga Rhees, Smithsonian Institution Na-che-ning-a Schoolcraft Indian Tribes (vol. Ill) Naucheninga McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (vol. I, p. 151) NoTOYAUKEE (One Rib) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 89-93, vol. II) Oke-we-me (Female bear that walks on the back of another) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Pah-ta-coo-chee (The Shooting Cedar) Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travel in Europe, (voL I) Pekeniga (The Little Star) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 157-160, vol. I) Rainbow (The) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 89-93, vol. II) Rant-che-wai-me (Female Flying Pigeon) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (vol. I, pp. 147-149) Ruton-w^e-me (Pigeon on the wing) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Ruton-ye-we-ma (Strutting Pigeon) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians APPENDIX D 87 Shau-hau-napo-tinia (The man who killed three Sioux) Also known as Moanahonga (Great Walker) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 161-162, vol. I) Se-non-ty-yah (Blister Feet) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Shon-ta-yi-ga (Little Wolf) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians. (Spelled Shon- ta-ye-ee-ga in Catlin's Notes of Eight Years' Trav- els in Europe, etc.) Shoon-ty-ing-a Treaty of 1854 Tah-ra-kee Treaty of 1861 Tah-roh-ha (Many Stages) Maximilian, Travels. Clark reprint (vol. Ill) Tah-ro-hon McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 85-87, vol. II) Tah-ro-hon (Plenty of Meat) Rhees, Smithsonian Institution, (p. 56) Ta-pa-ta-me (Spohia- Wisdom) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Thur-o-mony Treaty of 1861 ToHEE, Charles Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Tohee, David Bull. 30, B. A. E. Tohee, Emma Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) Tohee, Maggie Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) 88 APPENDIX D ToHEE, Mary Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) TOHEE, William Treaty of 1861 ToTANAHUCA (The Pelican) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 59-61, vol. II) Wa-cha-mon-ya (He who kills as he walks) Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Coll. vol. XVIII, p. 363. (There also termed El Ladron) Wa-cha-mon-ya (One who kills as he walks) Pulton, Red Men of Iowa Given in McKenny & Hall's Indian Tribes as Wat- che-mon-ne (the Orator) and in Rhees, Smithson- ian Institution — Stanley — as Wa-cha-mow-ne (Partisan) Wahumppe McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (p. 85, vol. II) Wanathurgo McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 59-61, vol. II) Wash-ka-mon-ya (Fast Dancer) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Wassan-nie (The Medicine Club) Maximilian, Travels (vol. Ill, Clark issue) Wa-tan-ye (One always foremost) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians Wa-ta-we-bu-ka-na (Commanding General) Catlin, Fourteen loway Indians In Catlin 's Notes of Eight Years' Travel in Europe this is spelled Wa-tah-we-buck-a-nah Wavs^-mo-moka (Thief) Schoolcraft Indian Tribes (vol. Ill) Wah-moon-aka (The man who steals) Treaty of 1854 APPENDIX D 89 Waw-non-que-skoon-a Schoolcraft Indian Tribes (vol. Ill) Wenugana (The man who gives his opinion) McKenny & Hall Indian Tribes (pp. 89-93, vol. II) White Cloud, Jefferson Laws and Treaties (p. 396, vol. I) White Horse Treaty of 1861 Wi-E-WA-HA (White Cloud — also known as Good Dis- position) Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes (vol. Ill) WiNANGUscoNEY (see Moa-Na-Hon-Ga) WO-HUM-PA Rhees, Smithsonian Institution (p. 49) Probably the same Indian as referred to by McKen- ny & Hall as Wahumppe, q. v. Wos-COM-MUN (The Busy Man) Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travels in Europe Wy-ee-yogh (The man of Sense) Catlin, Notes of Eight Years' Travels in Europe Yu-MAH-Ni (la pluie qui marche) Maximilian, Travels INDEX (Names of Iowa Indians not included in Index. See proper appendix) Accault, Michel. I^a Salle's com- panion, xxii, note Account of an Expedition from Pittsburg to the Rocky Moun- tains, Maj. S. H. Long, leader. xxxiv Account of an Expedition to THE Sources of the Mississip- pi AND through the WESTERN Part of Louisiana, etc.. An. By Pike, xvi, xxiv, xxv, note. xxxiv, 42 Algonquian family, Eries, an im- portant tribe of the. x, note. Referred to, 34 Alleghany Mountains, 33, 40 Allen, Dr. J. A. The American Bisons, Living and Extinct, 1876. 39, note. History of the American Bison, 1877. xxv, note American Antiquarian, Dorsey's article in. xvii, note American Bisons, Living and Ex- tinct, The. By Allen. 39, note American Fur Trade of the Far West, The. By Chittenden, xxiii, note American State Papers, Indian Affairs. Ed. by Lowrie and Clarke. 49 Among the Quakers. By Rich- man, xxi, note Andre, Father Louis, xxi, xxv. I, note. 10, note. 11, note Annals of^ Iowa, W, W. Hildre^^h writes in, concerning name of the Iowa, xviii, note, xix, note Annals of Louisiana, by Peni- caut. 4, note approaching dance. The. xxxiii Arapaho Indians, x Arkansas River, 35 arrow. Game of. xxx Attacapa Indians, x Ayuhba, A name given the Iowa. XX, note Bald Island. See Prairie Island ball-play dance. The. xxxiii ball-playing, or racket, xxx Baltimore, Maryland, 5, note "Baptiste," i.e., Winnebago ex- chief, also known as "The Half Breed," 7, 8 Bean, Maj. Jonathan L. 6, note bear dance, The. xxxiii beaver skins, in connection with Le Seuer's mines, 12, note Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, by Miner. 5, note Bibliotheque du Roi, The. In Par- is. 22, note Bienville, Sueur d'. 19, 20, note Big Platte River, xxiv, note Big Sioux River, 23, 24 Bison americanus, French names for. xxv, note Back Dog. See Grey Iroa Back Hawk War, 39, note Black River, 17 Black Tomahawk, a Sioux Indian, 29, 30 Blue Earth Country, 7, post at, 21; region, 3, 35; river, xx, 9, 11, note. 12, 14, 17, 18, 32 Bodleian Library, The. 27, note Bois Brule trading route, 13, note Bouquet, Henry. 1, note. 40 Brewer, L. A. Ed. of Lea's Notes ON the Wisconson Territory. 2, note Brie, France, 27, note British Museum, The. 28, note Brower, Jacob V. 27, note Bulletin of the Philosophical So- ciety, Dorsey's article in. xvii, note Bureau of American Ethnology, The. xii, xiii, 4, note. 5, note. 41, note Caddoan family, Oroyelles prob- ably of the. X, note calumet dance, The. xxxiii Campbell, Henry Colin. His Ac- 92 INDEX count of Radisson and Grosseil- lers. 27, note camp circle, Division among the Iowa. XXV. Cannon River, 34 Carte de la Louisiane, by Fran- quelin. xxiii, note, ibid, note Carte du Canada ou de la Nou- VELLE France ET des Decou- VERTES QUE Y ONT ETE FaITES, by Delisle. 22, note Carver, Capt. Jonathan. 32 Catlin, George. His map of 1833. XX, note. "Catlinite," named af- ter. XXV, note, xxviii, ibid, note. xxix, xxxi, xxxii, note. His Works, xxxiv, 1, note catlinite, xxv, ibid, note Cass, Gen. Lewis, his ms. census of Indian tribes. 21, ibid, note. 40, 53 Celeron, Jean Baptiste, Sieur de Blainville. 41, note Census of Indian tribes, First at- tempt toward a. 21, Chauvig- nerie's referred to, ibid, note Cessions of Land by the Indians TO THE United States, by Royce. 49 Chaienne. See Cheyenne Indians. Champigny, Jean Bochart de. In- tendant. 12, note Chariton River, 38 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xa- vier de. xviii, note. 4, his His- ToiRE ET Description Generale DE LA NouvELLE France, ibid, note; his Journal d'Un Voyage ibid Chauvignerie, Michel Maray, sieur de. 21, note. His report, 41, ibid, note Chequamegon, Wisconsin, 13, note. 22, note Cheyenne Indians, Allied to the Arapahoes, and other Plains In- dians, x, note. XX, ibid, note. (Shien-Sha-i-ena-Chainne-Shiene) 31, 34, 35 Cheyenne Indians, The. By Mooney. xx, note Chippewa Indians, (Chippeway), 9, 53, 54 Chippeway River, 28 Chittenden, Capt. Hiram Martin. His American Fur Trade, xxiii, note Chiwere group. Formed by the Oto, Missouri and Iowa tribes, xvii Choctaw Indians, x, note Chouteau, Auguste. 49 Clarke, Matthew St. C. ed. with Walter Lowrie of The Ameri- can State Papers. 49 Clark, William. 49, 50, 53, 56, 59, 61, 66 Clark, W. P. The Indian Sign Language, xvi, note Colbert River. See Mississippi Riv- er Colonial Mobile, by Hamilton. Cited, 20, note Columbus, Christoper, 31 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report of. 1, note Congressional Library, The. 4, 12, ibid, note Contributions to the Ethnogra- phy and Philology of the In- dian Tribes of the Missouri Valley, by Hayden. xxxiv, xxxv Coteau des Prairies, 38 Coues, Dr. Elliott. His edition of Lewis and Qark's Travels, xxiii, his edition of The Henry and Thompson Journals xxiii, note. Of Pike's Travels, xxv, note. Lewis and Clark 5, note Council Bluflfs, Iowa, xxiii, note Crow Indians, 35 Culin, Stewart. Games of THE North American Indians, xxviii, note, xxxi, note "Cut Throats," or a "Cut Throat," Name given the Iowa by Mal- lery. xvi "Dakota-Lexicon," i.e.. Dakota- English Dictionary, by Rev. S. R. Riggs. 5, ibid, note; ed. by Dorsey, ibid. 8, 10 Dakota or Siouan stock, Iowa in- cluded in one of the southwest- ern branches of. xvii, xviii, note. xxi, xxv. Proved in the manage- ment of children, xxvii, referred to; 5, 8. 9, Indians. 14, 16, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. 34, 35 Davis, Andrew McFarland. Indian Games, xxviii, note. 3, note Decouvertes ET Etablissements des Francais dans l'Ouest ET dans le Sud de l'Amerique Sep- tenTrionalE, by Margry. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note Delisle, Claude and Guillaume, their map of northwestern Louisiana, INDEX 93 i.e., Carte du Canada ou de la NouvELLE France et des Decou- VERTES QUE Y ONT ETE FaiTES. 22, ibid, note. 23, note De Menil, Dr. A. N., his Litera- ture OP THE Louisiana Terri- tory. 13, note Denonville, Jacques Rene de Bri- say. Marquis de. 14, note Derroin, Jeffrey. Iowa interpreter, 65 Des Moines River, xxii, xxiii, 9, 14, 24, 37, 38, 40 De Soto, Ferdinand. 23, note De Tailly — an interpreter, 42 d'Evaque, M. Left by Le Seuer in charge of Fort I'Huillier. 19, 21 Dieppe, France, 20, note "Dirty Face," or "Dusty Nose." i.e., Pa-ho-ches, xviii, note Discovery and Exploration of THE Mississippi Valley, by Shea. XV Donaldson, Thomas. 1, note Dorsey, J. O. His articles in American Antiquarian, 1879, and Bulletin of the Philosophical Society, 1880. xvii, note, xviii, note. In Journal of American Folklore, 1891, xxvi, note, xxvii, note. In Bull. 30, B. A. E. 6, note, 45 Dougherty, John. 64 Drake, Samuel T. 1, note "Drowsy Ones, ' an Iowa cogno- men, 8 Dublin, Ireland, 12, note Du Luth, Daniel Greysolon. 28, various spellings, of the name, ibid, note Duluth, Minnesota, 28, note Duralde manuscripts.The. In the Library of the American Phil- osophical Society, xi, note. 12, note "Dusty-Heads," 6, ibid, note. 8, 10 "Dusty Nose" or "Dirty Face," i.e., Pa-ho-ches, From Schoolcraft, xviii, note. 6, ibid, note. 7 Dutouret, Vincent. His Examen suR Toutes les Cartes Gener- ALES DES QUATRE parties DE le Terre, mises au jour, par peu Delisle, dupuis 1700, jusqu'a EN 1725, pour Servir d'Eclair- CISSEMEnT SUR LA GEOGRAPHIS, 1728. 23, note eagle dance. The. xxxiii Early Voyages up and Down the Mississippi, by Shea. 3, note. 12, note Edwards, Ninian. 49 Erie Indians, x Examen sur Toutes les Cartes GENERALES des QUATRE PARTIES DE LE TERRE, MISES AU JOUR, PAR PEU Delisle, dupuis 1700, jusqu'a en 1725, POUR Servir d'Eclaircissement sur la Geo- graphis, 1728, by Dutouret. 23, note Extermination op the American Bison, The. By Hornaday, 39. note Falls Dwellers, The. 9 Falls of St. Anthony, xix, 31, 39 Field Columbian Museum, Cata- log, xxxi, note First Great Canadian, The. By Reed. 20, note Fish Creek, 24, 37 Fisher, William. Publisher of the 1812 issue of Lewis and Clark's Travels. 5, note Fletcher, Alice C. Writing in Pub- lications op the Peabody Mu- seum, xxvi, note. Her paper Tribal Structure, in The Put- nam Anniversary Volume, xxix, note Fletcher, J. E. His paper on the Winnebago in Schoolcraft's In- dian Tribes, vol. iii, 37 Ford, Worthington C. xiii Forts: Des Moines, xix, note Leavenworth, 38, 39, 59 I'Huillier. xxiv, 18, 19 Perrot, 13, ibid, note, 14, 19 Snelling, 29 Foster, Dr. Thomas, ix, x, xi, xviii, note. 4, note. 5, note. 6, note. 34, note. 41, note "Four Lakes," The. 36 Fourteen Ioway Indians, The. An important pamphlet by George Catlin. xxviii, note, xxxi, note. xxxii, note, xxxiii, note French translation of, ibid Fox Indians, xxiv, xxvii, 7, 17, 21, 41, note. 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76 France, 3 note Franquelin, Jean Baptiste Louis. His map of 1684. xxiii, note. 94 INDEX Carte de la L,ouisiane, the fac- simile, ibid French, B. F. Historicai, Collec- tions oE Louisiana. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note Fulton, A. R. The Red Men of Iowa, xiii, xix, note Gallatin, Albert. 34 Gayarre, C. E. A. History ov Louisiana. 20, note Goodfellow, F. J. his article in South Dakota Historical Col- lections, xxiv, note Grammar and Dictionary oE the Dakota Language, by Riggs. 5, note Grand Nemaha River, i.e.. Great Nemaha River. 58, 61, 67, 74, 76 Grand River, 38, 39, note Gray_ Snow, An Iowa cognomen, xviii, note. 6, note Great Lakes, 53 Great Nemaha Agency, (or sub agency), 40, 64, 73, River, xxiv, 2, 7, 39 Great Nemaha River. See Grand Nemaha River Great Platte River. See Nebraska River Green Bay, Wisconsin, xxi, 10 "green earth," Iberville's copper mines. 3, note Grey Iron or Black Dog, a Sioux Indian. 30, 34 Groseilliers, Medard Chouart, steur des. 27, ibid, note. 28, note Hamilton, Peter. His Colonial Mobile cited. 20, note Hamilton, Rev. William, xxvii, note. 1, note. 7, ibid, note. 25, 36, 45 Harahey, W. E. Richey refers to this in connection with Iowa. xix, note Havana, Cuba. Iberville dies in. 20, note Hayden, F. V. Contributions to THE Ethnography and Philolo- gy OE THE Indian Tribes oe THE Missouri Valley, xxxiv, xxxv Hennepin, Father Louis. 28, 32, 35 Hennepin LETTER, La Salle's, xxii. 11, note Henry and Thompson Journals, The. Coues ed. xxiii, note Hewitt, J. N. B. Writes on con- sanguinity in Bull. 30 b. a. e. xxvi, note Hildreth, W. W. On the name "Gray Snow." xviii, note Historical Collections oe Louis- iana, by French. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note Histoire et Description Gener- ALE DE LA NOUVELLE FrANCE, by Charlevoix. 4, note History of Louisiana, The. By Gayarre. 20, note History op Louisiana, by La Harpe. 12 History of Minnesota, The. By Neill. 12, note. 13, note. 21, 22, note. 23 History of the American Bison, by Alle.n xxv, note History of the Expedition un- der THE Command of Lewis and Clark, ed. by Elliott Coues. xxiii, 5, note History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with THE C. & N. W. R. R., by Sten- nett. 28, note Hodge, Frederick Webb, xiii, 41, note Holmes, William H.. xiii, 4, note Hornaday, William T. The Ex- termination OF the American Bison. 39, note Hudson Bay region, English in the. 20, note. Groseillers in the. 28, note. 36 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, sieur d'. His Expedition of 1698. 3, note. 19, Governor of Louis- iana, 20, his Memorial, ibid; ibid, note. 41 Illinois Confederacy, IS, note Illinois River, xxi, 11, note. 15, 20, 53 Illinois, State of. 15. note. 36, 38 Indiana, State of. 28, note Indian Bureau, at Washington, ix. 40, Report of, 1874, 42 Indian Games, by Davis, xxviii, note. 3, note Indian Land Cessions in the United States, by Royce. 49 Indian Record, The. ix, x, xi Indian Sign Language, The. By Qark. xvi, note Indian Territory, Seneca Indians in. xi, note Information Respecting the His- tory, Condition and Prospects OF the Indian Tiiibes of the United States, by Schoolcraft. INDEX 95 xii, xviii, note, xxiii, 1, note. 7, 21, ibid, note. 24, 25, 36, 37, 41, note Ing-Kee-Ko-Kee, or game of moc- casin, xxix Iowa Indians, x, xi, xii, xvi, xvii, xviii, note, xix, xx, note, xxi, xxii, xxiii, note, xxiv, xxv, xxvii, ibid, note, xxviii, ibid, note, xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiv, 1, note. 2, 3, 6, note. 7, ibid, note. 8, 9, 10, ibid, note. 11, note. 13, 14, 15, 16, ibid, note. 17, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, their village, ibid, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, present reservation, ibid, in 1827, ibid, note. 41, note. 42, 45, 49, 50, 51, 52, S3, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 Iowa reserve, 74 Iowa River, i. e., "Riviere de Aiounones," xxiii, note. Riviere des Ai8u8e (Iowa), as noted on Franquelin's map, ibid. 30, Iowa Indians locate on, 38 Iowa Synonomy. See page xv and Appendix C, page 77 Iowa, State of. xx, note. 2, notfi. 9, 23, rivers in lower and up- per, 39 lowaville. Village in Wapello coun- ty, Iowa. Indian mounds at, xxvii loway and Sac Mission Press, 7, note "loway District," 2, note loway Club, The. 2, note lowAY Grammar, An. By Hamil- ton and Irvin. 7, note loway Missionaries, i. e., Messrs. Hamilton and Irvin, 7. lowAY Primer, An. Hamilton and Irvin. 7, note Iroquoian family, includes the IJries. X, note Irvin, Rev. Samuel McCleary. 1, note. 7, ibid, note. 25, 36 Isle Pelee, 14, 19 Jackson, William H. 1, note James River, 24 Jefferys, Thomas. The Natural AND Civil History op the French Dominions in North AND South America, 1760 edi- tion, xxii Jesuit Relations, The. Thwaites edition, xxi, note, xxv, note. XXXV Johnson, Pres. Andrew. 12, note Joliet, L,ouis. His map of 1674. xxii Joncaire, Louis Thomas de. 41, note Jones, Father A. ^ His article in U. S. Catholic Hist. Mag. 11, note Journal d'un Voyage, by Charle- voix. 4, note Journal, (i.e.. Relation) of Pen- icaut. 3, note Journal, of Marquette, referred to, xxi Kansas, Northeastern. Iowa reser- vation in. xxxiv Kansas River, 51 Kansas, State of. 2, ibid, note Kappler, Charles J. ed. Indian Af- fairs. Laws and Treaties. 2 vols., 1903. 2, note. 49 Kaskaskia Indians, 15, note Kaskaskia Mission, Illinois, 15, note Kickapoo northern boundary line. The. 61, 67 Kiowa Indians, xvi, xviii, note. xix, note kon-tho-gra, or game of platter. xxix lya Barre, Pierre L,e Fevre de, 14, ibid, note Lac-qui-Parle, 35 ha. Harpe, Benard de. 3, ibid, note. 12, IS, ibid, note. 22, note. 32 I^akes: Koshkonong, 36 of the Wooids, (Rainy Lake), 36 Pepin, 13, ibid, note. 34 Superior, 36 Lakes. See Great Lakes Lance, Cross and Canoe, The, by Milburn. 22, note La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de. xxii, 11, note Laut, Miss Agnes C. Her Path- finders OP the West. 27, note Laws and Treaties, 2 vols., ed. by Kappler. 2, note. 49 Lea, Lieut. Albert Miller. Notes ON the Wisconsin Territory. 2, note Le Claire, Antoine. Half-breed In- terpreter, on the word Iowa. xviii, note Le Clercq, Father Christion. First Establishment of the Faith IN New France, xxi, note Le Moyne, Charles. Father of Iberville. 20, note 96 INDEX I,e Page du Pratz, his name for the buffalo, xxv, note L,esdiguieres, Duchess de. 4, note he Sueur, Pierre C. xx, xxii, xxiv, ibid, note. 1, note. 3, ibid, note. His Narrative, ibid. 10, 11, note. 12, ibid, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, ibid, note. 21, 22, ibid, note. 32 lyC Sueur River, 11, note Letters and Notes op Eight Years' Travels, etc. By George Catlin. xxviii, note I^ewis and Clark, Travels, Coues ed., xxiii, Thwaites edition of the Original Journals, ibid. Travels, xxxiv, 1, note. Fisn- er's edition of 1812; 4, ibid, note. ed. by Coues. 5, note. Biblio- graphy OE, by Miner, ibid. Thwaites ed. ibid. 42 rHuillier, French Farmer-General. xxiv, note Literary Collector, The. S, note IvITERATURE OF THE I^OUISIANA Territory, by De Menil. 13 Little Nemaha River, 58 Uttle Platte River, 38, 39, note Little Sioux River, 23 IvOgansport, Indiana, 28, note London, England, 4, note Long, Maj. Stephen Harriman. His Account op An Expedition PROM Pittsburg to the Rocky Mountains, xxxiv Louisiana, Southwestern. Attacapa Indians in. x, note Louisiana, State of. 3, note Lowrie, Walter, ed. with Matthew St. C. Clarke, of The American State Papers. 49 Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota. 12, note Mackinac, 41, note Madeline Island, Minnesota, 13, note Madison, Wisconsin, 36 INIallery, Garrick. His Sign Lan- guage Among the North Amer- ican Indians, xvi, note Mandan Indians, 33, 35 Mankato, Minnesota, Reached oy Le Sueur in 1700. xxiv, note Manypenny, George W. 66 Marest, Gabriel. 15, sketch, ibid. note. 16 Margry, Pierre. DecouverTes et Etablissements des Francais dans l'Ouest et dans le Sud de l'Amerique Septentrionale. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note Marquette, Jacques, xv, his man- uscript map, xxi, 11, note. His Journal, xxi marriage customs, Iowa varies but little from other kindred tribes, xxvii Mars, Thunder compared to. 30 Massachusetts Historical Society, xiii Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prins von Wied-Neuwied. Trav- els, xvi, xxiii note, xxxiv, 6, note. 39, note. 56, note McCoy, Isaac. 68 McGee, W J His article in B. A. E. 1897. xvii, note. 6, note Membre, Father Zenobius. xxi, ibid, note. 11, note Memorial, The. By Iberville. 20, 41, ibid, note Memoire sur les moeurs, cous- TUME ET Religion des Sauv- AGEs DE l'Amerique Septen- trionale, by Perrot. 14, note Memoirs op Explorations op the Basin of the Mississippi Val- ley, Vol. VII. W. E. Richey writes in concerning the word Iowa, xix, note, xx, note, xxiii, note. Vol. vi, account of the Radisson-Groseillers controversy, 27, note Memoirs of the American Anthro- pological Association, Mooney's article on the Cheyenne there- in. XX, note Menaige, an ex-Interpreter, 8 Mendota, Minnesota, 30, 34 Menominee Indians, 53 Michigan, Lake. Winnebago In- dians on shores of. xviii Michigan Territory, 54 Milburn, William Henry, author of The Lance, Cross and Canos, 1892. 22, note Mille Lac, Minnesota, 27, 29 Milwaukee River, xxi, 11, note Miner, W. H. Bibliography ok THE Lewis and Clark Expedi- tion, 5, note Minetare (i.e., Hidatsa) Indians, 35 Ministere des Colonies. Bureau oi, at Paris. 11, note Minnesota Historical Society Col- lections, 1850-56. xii, xx, 6, note. 12, note. 28, ibid, note. 31, 41, note, 1864. xv, 11, note. 12, note INDEX 97 Minnesota Historical Society, 21 Minnesota River, xix, 12, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35 Minnesota, State of. xx, 7iote. 3, 7, 9, 13, ibid. note. 27, 28, ibid, note. 30, 31, 32 Minnesota Valley, 32, 34, 35 Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard and Allou- Ez, etc. By V^erwyst. 13, note Mission of the Immaculate Con- ception of the Holy Virgin in Illinois, 15 Mississippi River, Winnebago In- dians reach the. xviii, xix, xxi (Colbert), xxii, 1, 2, note. (Col- bert) 11, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64 Mississippi Valley, Iberville's Me- morial ON. 20. Indian tribes in, 21, country of the, 41, note Missouri Indians, xvii. 42, 56, 57, 59 Missouri River, xx, ibid, note, xxii, xxiii, ibid, note, xxiv, 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 51, 53. 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68 Missour, State of. Iowa Indian lands in, xxxiv, Indian tribes in, 37, Iowa Indians on Chariton River in, 38, 51, 59, 60, 68, 73 Missouri Valley, Indian tribes in, 21 Mobile, Alabama, 19, 21 Montcalm, Gozon de St. Veran, lyouis Joseph, Gen. Marquis de. 42 Mooney, James, xiii, xvi, his The Cheyenne Indians, xx, note Morgan, Col. Willoughby. 56 Morse, Rev. Jedidiah D. 1, note murder. Punishment of. xxvii Narrative and Critical History OP America, by Winsor. 3, note. 20, note Natchez Indians, 21 Natural and Civil History op THE French Dominions in North and South America, The. By Jeflferys. xxii Nebraska Historical Society Col- lections, 1885. xvi. 7, note Nebraska River, (Great Platte). 38 Nebraska, State of. xxiv, 2, 24 Nebraska Territory, 73 "Necklace People," name given the Iowa by the Kiowa, xvii Neill, Rev. E. D. 12, sketch, ibid, note. Reference to his History. xii, 13, note. 14, 21, 22, note, 23 Nemaha River, 67, known as Wal- nut Creek, 74 Nez Perce, colloquial name for the Iowa, 42, ibid, note Nicollett, J. N. His map of 1841. XX, note, xxiii, note. 11, note Nohearts Creek, 74 Noland's Creek, 67 Notes on the Wisconsin Terri- tory, by Lea. 2, note Oak Grove, Minnesota, Indian mounds at. 29, 33, an Iowa vil- lage, 30, 34 O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey. 41, note Ohio River, 33, 41, note Ojibwa Indians, (Saulteurs), 9, 36 Oklahoma, State of. Oto Indians of. xxxi, Iowa Indians in, xxxiv, 2, note Omaha Indians, Once part of the Winnebago Nation, xvii, xviii, note. XX, xxii, xxiii, xxv, xxvii, XXX, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 32, 35, 56, 57, 58, 59 Original Journals op the Lewis and Ci,ARK Expedition, ed. by Thwaites. xxiii, note. 5, note. 42, note Oroyelles, (Indians), x Osage Indians, 16, 35 Oto Indians, xvii, xxi, xxii, xxiii, XXX, xxxi, 11, note. 17, 24, 32, 35, 42, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 Ottawa fur trade, 14, note Ottawa Indians, 53 Pa-ho-ches. i. e., "Dusty Nose," or "Dirty Face," xviii, note. 6, ibid, note. 7, 8, 10, 16, 23, 24 Pahoja or Gray Snow name given the Iowa, xviii Pahoutet, Marquette's name for the Iowa, xxi Paris, France, 41, note Parkman Club Papers, article by Stickney in. 14, note. H. C. Campbell's article in. 27, note Pathfinders of the West, by Laut. 27, note Pawnee Indians, 11, note Peabody Museum, Publications. Article by Fletcher in. xxvi, note Penicaut, [Penicaud, Pennecaud, Perricaut, Perricaultl 3, ibid, 98 INDEX note; his Journal, ibid; his An- nals o? lyOuisiANA, ibid. 4, note. 11, note. 12, 15, nofg, 21 Perrot, Nicolas. His description of Indian ball-playing, xxxi, note; locates the Iowa. 11, note. 14, sketch, 14, note Pierce, Taylor, xix, note Pike, Zebulon Montgomery. Trav- els, xvi, statement concerning the Iowa, xxiv, xxv, 7tote. Trav- els, xxxiv, report referred to, 42 Pilcher, Joshua. 63 Pilling, J. C. SiouAN Bibliogra- phy. 5, note. 7, note Pilot Knob, Minnesota, 30 Platte River, xxiii, note, xxiv, 35 Point lye Sable, Green Bay, Wis- consin, 13 Ponca Indians, Once part of the Winnebago Nation, xvii, xxx Pond, Rev. G. H. 28, 29 Porret, M. Artist, Illustrates The Fourteen Ioway Indians, xxvii', note Portage des Sioux, Missouri, Treaty of 1815 held at. 49 Potawatomi and Great Nemaha Agency, 2, note Potawatomi Indians, 17, 53 Powell, John Wesley. Writes on consanguinty in 17th Rep. B. A. E. Part I. xxvi, note Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 54, 56, 59, 60 Prairie or Bald Island, 14 Prairieville, Minnesota, 34 Presbyterian Church, Missionaries of, among the Iowa. 70 Prince Society, The. 28, note Putnam Anniversary Volume, The. xxix, note Py-ho-ja. i.e., "Grey Snow," xviii, note Quebec, 11, note Quinn, Peter, 30 racket, or ball-playing, Game of. xxx Radisson, Pierre E^sprit. 27, ibid, note Rainy I,ake. See Lake of the Woods Red Men of Iowa, The. By Ful- ton, xiii Red Pipe Stone Quarry, Minneso- ta, 38 Redwood River, as designated by Tyong. xxii, note Red River of the North, 35 Red Wing, Minnesota, 13, note Reed, Dr. Charles B. Author of The First Great Canadian. 20, note Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1849. 41, note Report of the Indian Bureau, 1874. 42 Richey, W> E. xix, note Richman, I. B. Among the Quak- ers, xxi, note ~ Riggs, Mrs. S. R. 5, note Riggs, Rev. S. R. Dakota Gram- mar and Dictionary, xv, xx, note. 5, note. His article on Da- kota language, 6, note Riviere aux lyiards, xxiii, note Rivers: Arkansas, 35 Big Platte, xxiv, note Big Sioux, 23, 24 Black, 17 Blue Earth, xx, 9, 11, note. 12 14, 17, 18, 32 Cannon, 34 Chariton, 38 Chippeway, 28 Colbert (see Mississippi) Des Moines, xxii, xxiii, 9, 14, 24, 37, 38, 40 Grand, 38, 39, note Grand Nemaha, 58, 61, 67, 74, 76 Great Nemaha, 58, 61, 67, 74, 76 Great Platte, 38 Illinois, xxi, 11, note, 15, 20, 53 Iowa, xxiii, note, 30, 38 James, 24 Kansas, 51 1/6 Sueur, 11, note lyittle Nemaha, 58 Little Platte, 38, 39, note Little Sioux, 23 Milwaukee, xxi, 11, note Mississippi, xviii, xix, xxii, 1, 2, note. 11, note. 13, ibid, note. 14, 15, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 51, 53, 54, 56, 64 Missouri, xx, ibid, note, xxii, xxiii, ibid, note, xxiv. 1, 2, /, 8, 9, 11, note. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39. 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68 Nebraska, 38 Nemaha, 67, 74 Nohearts, [creek] 74 Nolands, [creek] 67 Ohio, 33, 41, note INDEX 99 Platte, xxiii, note, xxiv, 35 Red, of the North, 35 Redwood, xxii, note Rock, xix, 28, 36, 37 St. Croix, 14 St. Laurence, 27, note, 28, note St. Peter's, xxiii, note St. Remi, 11, note Salt, 38 Walnut, [creek] 74 Wisconsin, xxi, 11, note. 16, 17, 23 28 Wolf, xxiv, 39, 68 Robidoux's Post, xxiii, note Rock River, xix, 28, 36, 37 Rocky Mountains, 33 Royal Marine Office, at Paris. 40 Royce, C. C. His Cessions op Land BY Indian Tribes to the United States. 49, his Indian Land Ce*;- siONS IN THE United States, ibid Roy, John B. Iowa interpreter. 70 Roy's Ferry, 76 Sac Indians. See Sauk Indians St. Anthony's Falls. See Falls of St. Anthony St. Croix River. 14, trading route, 13, note St. Joseph, Missouri, formerly Rob- idoux's Post, xxiii, note St. Lawrence River, 27, note. 28, note St. Louis County, Minnesota, 28, note St. Louis, Missouri, xxiv, 50, 52, 57, 63 St. Malo, France, 27, note St. Paul, Minnesota. 12, note St. Peter's River, i.e., Minisoute Ouadeba or St. Peter's river of Jeffreys. 1762. xxiii, note St. Remi River, 11, ncte Salt River, 38 Santee Sioux, ball-playing among. XXX, referred to, 28 Sauk and Fox Reservation, xxxi, note. 2, note Sank Indians, xvii, xxiv, xxvii, (Sac) 7, note. 17, (Sac) 41, note. 42, (Sac) 53, 54, 55. 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76 Saulteurs. See Ojibwa Indians Sauvolle, Sieur d'. 19, 20, note Schoolcraft, H. R. His Indian Tribes op the United States, referred to. xii, ■xv\n,note, xxiii, 1, note. 7, 21, ibid, note. 24, 25, 36. 37, 41, note Secretary of War, Report, for 1829. I, note Seneca Indians, In Indian terri- tory, descendants of the Erics, xi, note Sha-i-ena. See Cheyenne Indians Shakopee, Minnesota, 33 "shaved heads," General term by which the Oto, Missouri, Sauk and Iowa were designated, xvii Shea, John Dawson Gilmary. Dis- covery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, xv Shea, John Dawson Gilmary. Ear- ly Voyages up and Down the Mississippi. 3, note. 4, note. 12, note Shiene. See Cheyenne Indians Shien. See Cheyenne Indians Siouan Bibliography, by Pilling. 5, note. 7, note Siouan family, the Iowa as an im- portant branch of. xiii Siouan stock, Iowa social insti- tutions similar to other tribes of. xxvii Sioux Indians, xix, xxi, 9, 10, II, note, 14, 15, 16, ibid, note. 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, note. 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64 Smith, John Q. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, ix Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1852. 5, note Smithsonian Institution, xiii, 4, note. 5, note songs of the Iowa, xxxiv South Dakota Historical Col- lections, Vol. 2. xxiv, note. 5, note Spirit Lake, Iowa, 23 Stennett, W. H. His History o? THE Origin op the Place Names Connected with the C. & N. W. R. R. 28, note Stickney, Gardner P. 14, note Sullivan, Col. — . 52 Suite, Benjamin. 27, note Tailhan, R. P. J. editor of Per- rot's Memoirs. 14, note Takoha, Siouan War Prophet. 29 Tama, Iowa, Sauk and Fox Reser- vation at, xxxi, note Tamaroa Indians, (Tamorois) 17 Texas, southern and southeaster.!. Attacapa Indians in. x, note Thomas, Cyrus. His Report on Mound Explorations, xxviii. 100 INDEX note. His article in Bull. 30 B. A. E. 16, note Three Rivers, Canada. 27, note Thwaites, Reuben Gold. 41, note. 42 Ticonderoga, New York, 42 Travels in the Interior of North America, by Maximilian. xvi, xxiii, note, xxxiv, 6, note. 39, note. 56, note tumuli, Iowa not largely associat- ed with, xxvii Vanderslice, Daniel, 73 Vaughan, Albert J. Indian agent. 40, ibid, note Verwyst, Rev. Chrysostom. His Missionary Labors of Fathers Marquette, Menard and Al- louez, etc. 13, note Vies de Plusieurs Person nages CelebrES, by Walckenar. 23, note Wahkantape, a Sioux Chief, 18 Walckenaer, C. A. His Vies dS Plusieurs Personnages Cele- BRES, 23, note Walnut Creek, 74 Wapello County, Iowa, xxvii war dance. The. xxxii Washington, D. C, 63, 66 Waw-non-que-skoona-a, xix, map by, xxiii, 9, note. 24, 36, refer- red to, 37 welcome dance. The. xxxii Williamson, Rev. T. S. His arti- cle in Collections of the Min- nesota Historical Society, Vol. I. XX, note. 28, 31 Wilson, Rev. G. H. 28, note Winchell, N. H. His excellent map. XX, note, xxiii, note Winnebago Agency, in Minnesota. Winnebago Indians, x, xvii, xviii, 8, 9, 10, 17, 27, 29, 32, 35, 36, their territory 37, 42, 53 Winsor, Justin. Narrative and Critical History of America. 3, note. 20, note Wisconsin Historical Society Collections, Vol. i, 13, note. Vol. XI, 28, note. Vol. xvi, xxii, xxiv, note. 13, note. 20, note. Vol. xvii, 41, note Wisconsin River, xxi, 11, note. 16, 17, 23, 28 Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Pro- ceedings, 1895. 28, note Wisconsin, State of. 11, note Wolf Creek, i.e.. Wolf River, q.v. Wolf River, xxiv, 39, 68 Wolf Village, 76 Wolf's Grove, 70 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ri A^'**" \0oc 10Mar55Vl|L^ ^ ftPR7-'66-lUM LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 T r yc 49? 14 223142 M V^OOtiL^