UC-NRLF 
 
AS A 
 SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 in 
 
 A.O. FONKALSRUD 
 
Scandinavians as a Social 
 Force in America 
 
 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements 
 
 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 at New York University 
 
 A. O. FONKALSRUD 
 1913 
 
 HEIBERG PRINTERY 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The writer of this thesis was born in Minnesota in a German- 
 Scandinavian community and is of Norwegian parentage. The subject 
 matter of the thesis is largely the result of observation and experience 
 received during boyhood and later during eleven years of service as a 
 clergyman in an American-Scandinavian community. A liberal use is 
 made of quotations from various authors to support the arguments 
 made by the writer. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION OF TERMS. 
 Definition of terms. 
 
 (a) Social force. A social force is any agent influencing man to action. 
 
 1. Direct or indirect. Man on man, nature on man. 
 
 2. Physical or spiritual. 
 
 (b) The Scandinavians. Peoples occupying the countries of Norway, 
 
 Denmark and Sweden. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE 
 SCANDINAVIANS. 
 
 A. Physical characteristics. 
 I. Origin of type. 
 
 (a) Birth of traits in early movement of races. 
 
 (b) Evolution of definite physical type. 
 
 1. Head. 
 
 2. Hair. 
 
 3. Eyes. 
 
 4. Stature. 
 
 B. Physical characteristics. 
 
 I. Evolution of definite psychic type. 
 
 1. In early games, customs, practices. 
 
 2. In poetry and romance. 
 II. Psychic type. 
 
 (a) Description. 
 
 1. Tragic conception of life. ^ 
 
 2. Intensely independent. ^ 
 
 (b) Psychic type interpreted in light of historic events. 
 
 1. Introduction of Christianity. 
 
 2. Trial by jury. 
 
 3. Reformation. 
 
 4. Suffrage. 
 
 III. Most pronounced psychic trait. 
 
 (a) Vandrelyst. Cause for vandrelyst. 
 
 (b) Description of marauding trips. 
 
 (c) Development of trait in modern history. 
 
 296248 
 
SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 C. Historical setting of the Scandinavians. 
 
 I. Brief summary of Scandinavian History. 
 
 (a) Early period. Norway, Denmark and Sweden 1300 A. D. 
 
 (b) Middle period. Norway, Denmark and Sweden 1300-1700 A. D. 
 
 (c) Later period. Norway, Denmark and Sweden 1700 A. D. 
 
 II. Relationship of Scandinavian to Universal history. Distinctive points 
 of contact with other nations. 
 
 (a) Russia. 
 
 (b) England. 
 
 (c) France. 
 
 (d) Byzantium. 
 
 (e) Mediterranean countries. 
 
 (f) Greenland. 
 
 (g) Iceland, 
 (h) America. 
 
 1. Reformation period. 
 
 2. Napoleonic period. 
 
 D. Conclusion. 
 
 I. Scandinavian old-world contribution. 
 II. Scandinavian new-world contribution. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN IMMIGRATION. 
 I. Reasons for leaving Scandinavian countries. 
 II. Time. 
 
 III. Number. 
 
 IV. Location. 
 
 Above chapter a historical sketch of the Scandinavian immigration. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS IN AMERICA. 
 (Potential or Latent Force.) 
 A. Influence. 
 
 (a) Depends on their Americanization; i. e., mixing, hence 
 
 (b) Extent of Scandinavian custom, language and religion. 
 
 (c) Means taken to keep Scandinavians true to their customs, language 
 
 and religion. 
 
 1. Parochial schools. 
 
 2. National societies. 
 
 3. Scandinavian press. 
 
 4. Scandinavian in public schools and universities. 
 
IN AMERICA j 
 
 B. Means of Americanization. 
 I. Direct agencies. 
 
 (a) Public school. 
 
 (b) Business. 
 
 (c) Political gatherings. 
 
 (d) American press. 
 
 (e) Co-laborers with Americans. (Contact.) 
 II. Indirect agencies. 
 
 (a) Prestige of English in social, literary and political life. 
 
 (b) Ambition to conform to higher standard of dominant race. 
 
 C. Desirability or Undesirability of Americanization. 
 
 I. Should Americanize in a natural but not forced manner. 
 II. Natural Americanization. 
 
 (a) Stage one : period following their immediate landing, when results 
 
 of foreign training are manifest in thoughts, words and deeds. 
 
 (b) Stage two: Scandinavian- American may be foreign mentioned in 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 (c) Third and final stage in Americanizing: 
 
 1. American by birth. 
 
 2. American by environment. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE IN AMERICA. 
 (Considered as an economic force.) 
 
 A. Scandinavian influence in the material development of the country. 
 
 (a) Importance of agriculture to America. 
 
 (b) Aptitude for agriculture. 
 
 (c) Their selection of our best agricultural land. 
 
 (d) Leading traits as farmers. 
 
 (e) Scandinavians establish permanent homes, which are to-day among the 
 
 best. 
 
 B. Scandinavians influence in technical branches and other manufactures. 
 
 (a) Technical schools of Scandinavian countries the cause of their influence. 
 
 (b) Influence especially noted in civil engineering. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF SCANDINAVIANS ON AMERICANS AND OF 
 
 AMERICANS ON SCANDINAVIANS. 
 A. Poltical influence. 
 
 1. Love of liberty. 
 
 2. Their law-abiding nature. 
 
 3. Independent in politics: Farmers Alliance, People s Party and the 
 
present Progressive Party largely originated and had their 
 stronghold in Scandinavian territory. 
 
 4. Same characteristics seen in their "Vandrelyst" and Viking nature. 
 
 5. Scandinavians responded readily and ably to the call of our country 
 
 at the time of the Civil War. 
 
 6. Universally defenders of law, government, order and peace. 
 B. Social and Cultural Influence. 
 
 (b) In journalism. 
 
 (c) Religious influence. 
 
 (d) The social life of Scandinavians. 
 
 G. Scandinavians and Education in America. 
 
 (a) Nature of their schools. (Religious.) 
 
 (b) Classification. 
 
 D. Nature and number of charitable institutions owned and controlled by 
 
 Scandinavians. 
 
 E. Influence of America on Scandinavians. 
 
 (a) Scandinavians lose their national traits, thus 
 
 (b) They are merged with the other race, and 
 
 (c) Thus the American Nation is made. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PROBABLE INFLUENCE ON THE FUTURE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN RACE THROUGH 
 IMMIGRANTS IN GENERAL AND THROUGH SCANDINAVIANS IN PARTICULAR. 
 
 A. Influence of general immigration. 
 
 (a) Depends on character of immigrants. 
 
 (b) Depend on the number of immigrants. 
 
 (c) Should aim to reduce the number and raise the standard for admis 
 
 sion of immigrants. 
 
 B. Scandinavian Influence. 
 
 I. Probable influence will be less because: 
 
 (a) American conditions more firmly established. 
 
 (b) American and Scandinavian conditions more alike than formerly. 
 
 (c) Immigration has decreased in recent years. 
 
 (Above considers the influence of the recently arrived immigrants.) 
 
 II. Probable influence of Scandinavian- Americans greater in future th^n in 
 
 past, because: 
 (a) They have been educated in American Schools, and are thus better 
 
 qualified for influential activities. 
 (Above considers the influence of the Americanized immigrants.) 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE IN AMERICA. 
 Introduction and Definition of Terms. 
 
 The terms to be defined are "A Social Force" and "Scandinavians," 
 in order that the purpose of the thesis may be better understood, an 
 introductory discussion is given of "Society." 
 
 There are many attempts at denning "Society." What are the 
 constituent elements of society? "What is society?" and many similar 
 questions have been much discussed and variously answered. Some 
 sociologists hold that the individual is the unit of society. Others 
 that it is the social actions of men that constitutes society. In the 
 first instance we would have men en masse, in the second they would 
 be associated, influencing and being influenced. As the subject does 
 not call for an extended discussion of the writer on what society is, a 
 few of the sociologists will be quoted on the subject. 
 
 Stuckenberg, "The Science of Human Society," volume I, p. 78, 
 "The words used for society in the languages derived from the Latin 
 have the same origin and fundamental idea as the English word. The 
 German Gesellschaft is from gesellen, to associate, to be companions to 
 one another essentially the same sense as the Latin. The fundamental 
 sense in the etymology of the various words is, therefore, that some 
 thing is held in common or shared by a number of individuals. 
 Society, then, is an association, a compound, a connection, formed 
 through persons, by means of which a new combination is created or a 
 relation instituted which did not exist before the individuals were 
 associated." Same author, p. 79: "In thus seeking to make society 
 interpret its meaning to us, we are impressed with the manifold 
 diversity in human association. Eliminating all wherein associations 
 differ, the residue is their common identity or that essential element 
 which constitutes society itself. This method proves that individuals 
 
 3 
 
4 ^ . ., ^ SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 are indispensable. But the kind of individuals, provided they are of 
 a suitable age, is a matter of indifference, whether young or old, white 
 or black, intelligent or ignorant, religious or atheistic. Equally indiffer 
 ent is the purpose of association. This, then, is the fundamental idea 
 of society : the fact of association, or being associated regardless of 
 time, place, circumstances, aim and the character of the associated." 
 
 P. 80. (Stuckenberg) "Private action becomes social so soon as it 
 in any way exerts an influence on others than the actor. Take any body 
 of men recognized as a society; it will be found that they act and react 
 on one another, they give and take. This mental interaction is the new 
 factor which does not exist when men are isolated. Society, then, is 
 created whenever men pass from isolation to a relation of co-operation 
 or antagonism, of mutuality and reciprocity; they affect each other as 
 stimuli." P. 81. "Human beings do not form society because they 
 live in the same neighborhood, nor because their bodies come in con 
 tact. No bond exists in the outer world which can associate them. If 
 men were tied together in bundles, we should have bundles of men, 
 but no societies. Society can be constituted only by bringing the inner 
 world of persons into relation with one another. It can be the result 
 only of the reciprocal communication of these inner worlds; for pri 
 marily human beings confront each other as bodies whose manifestations 
 must be interpreted in order to learn the contents of the inner worlds." 
 R. Von Schubert-Soldern, Zeitschrift fur die Gessammte Staats Wissen- 
 schaft, 1899, p. 57. 
 
 P. 84. (Stuckenberg) "Society is not the product of the being, but 
 of the action of men. Its genesis depends solely on what men do to one 
 another and together. . . . Society now looms up before us as 
 that great mental life which men constitute through their influence on 
 each other, that world of vast extant and incalculable value in which 
 sociology dwells." 
 
 Society is so commonly regarded as composed of individuals that 
 no proof is needed for the statement. When this view is attacked 
 people are astonished; no other view is deemed possible. It is the 
 conception which underlies the common statement that society is an 
 aggregation or a collection of individuals. A few quotations are given 
 of the current view. 
 
IN AMERICA 5 
 
 In "Society Science and Social Schemes," MacClelland speaks, p. 4, 
 of "the individuals who compose society;" and p. 24 he calls indi 
 viduals the social units or the atoms of society." 
 
 Giddings, "Elements of Sociology," p. 6: "A society is a number 
 of like-minded individuals socii who know and enjoy their like- 
 mindedness, and are therefore able to work together for common ends." 
 This evidently applies only to formal organizations. Page 11: "The 
 unit of investigation, then, in sociology is the socius that is to say, the 
 individual who is not only an animal and a conscious mind, but also a 
 companion, a learner, a teacher, and a co-worker. Sociology studies 
 the nature of the socius, his habits and his activities." In the chapter 
 on "The Province of Sociology," p. 5, he speaks of individual personali 
 ties as the units and elements of association. 
 
 P. 93 (Stuckenberg). Carroll D. Wright, "Practical Sociology," 
 p. 3, also regards individuals as "the units which make up the integral 
 members of society." Page 66: "Every organization in society consists 
 of individual units, and these must be brought into some relationship 
 with each other before the lowest form of the social unit can be 
 created." It is significant that here society is first made to consist 
 of "individual units," and then of "some relationship" of these units 
 with one another." 
 
 Same author, p. 93 : "A picture can be taken of men grouped 
 or aggregated, but not of society. If the impression is to be made 
 that the group is not a mere aggregation, but a society, it will have 
 to be represented by the attitude or action of the individuals. But the 
 attitude or action introduced as a representative of society is very 
 different from the society itself. Individuals can be photographed, but 
 not the society formed by them." 
 
 Mr. Spencer, in the first chapter of his "Inductions of Sociology." 
 discusses, "What is Society?" "A society is but a collective name of 
 a number of individuals." 
 
 On p. 99 Stuckenberg says: "Simmel makes individuals the con 
 stituent elements of society, but at the same time makes society consist 
 of the interaction of individuals on each other." He says : "Society 
 is found wherever several individuals sustain to each other a relation 
 of interaction (Wechselwirkung). For if society is to be a peculiar 
 
6 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 object, having its own science, it can be only because a new unity 
 arises from the sum of the individuals which constitute society; other 
 wise all the problems of the social science would only be problems of 
 individual psychology. A unity composed of several elements is, how 
 ever, nothing but an interaction of these elements exercising the forces 
 of cohesion, of attraction, perhaps, also, of a certain repulsion." 
 
 The last definition of society is the one accepted by the writer as 
 the best for the subject considered. In our nation we have the inter 
 action of individuals and races. The reciprocal influence presupposes 
 that each individual in his relation to fellow men must be a social 
 force; hence the definition of our second term, "A social force." 
 
 "A man s force is his personal wealth." Like other forms of 
 wealth, it may be hoarded, it may be used for self, or for others. A 
 social force would be what he gives up of himself for society. Stuck- 
 enberg, p. 98: "Let us call that part of himself which a person gives 
 to society his social force." "Force" is an abstract term but indis 
 pensable for clearness. "Energy" or power can be substituted, but 
 whatever word is used it always means that part of the individual 
 which enters society, which exerts a psychical influence on others. 
 Whatever one does to affect others, that is his contribution to society 
 and therefore his social force. In society we have nothing but the 
 social forces of individuals in interaction with each other." 
 
 An exact interpretation of social force is impossible, as we do not 
 fully know what individuals and societies are to, and receive from, one 
 another. The important factor to be noted in our study is not so much 
 the socii but their social forces, their influence and their capability of 
 being influenced. The individual constitutes a social force and society 
 is itself a force. 
 
 "The individual is the particularizing social force. Society is the 
 generalizing social force." J. M. Baldwin. 
 
 Man considered from the beginning, through his wonderful achieve 
 ments up to the present time reveals a mighty influence. He is subject 
 to a diversity of energies as these may be found in man or nature. As 
 every individual is unique, so must his social force be unique. In 
 order to understand the individual in his social relation, we must 
 differentiate his force and study it with its correlated forces. Again, 
 
IN AMERICA 7 
 
 since an individual never repeats or duplicates a thought or an act 
 we confront the enormity of an individual as a social force; though 
 not the same, they are similar; vary in quality and degree at the 
 various stages of civilization and natural surroundings. In every stage 
 there is a general trend, a main thought generally directed by the 
 "Zeit geist," which is clearly recognized. 
 
 Stuckenberg, p. 195 : "While no social force can be foreign to 
 man, it is not implied that every social force is seen in each society or 
 in an equal degree in every stage of culture. Man himself may have 
 to undergo a process of humanizing. Whatever external stimuli are 
 offered, he can respond to them only if there is an inner adaptation 
 to the stimuli. Hence we find physical and geographical conditions, 
 race, heredity, and the social environment powerful factors in deter 
 mining the character of the forces. Culture in particular is a prominent 
 feature. It cannot be successfully imitated. Certain forces belong to 
 man as man, and they exist, though subject to modifications, in every 
 stage of development. They appear wherever man enters into social 
 relations. Other forces no less truly a product of man s nature, require 
 for their manifestations in social life some degree of culture. Until 
 this is reached they are in an embryonic form, existing potentially 
 rather than actually. With good reason German ethnologists call 
 peoples in a low stage of culture Naturvoelker, Nature-peoples; and 
 those in a higher stage Culturvoelker, Culture-peoples. No break 
 occurs in the process of development from the former to the latter, but 
 the seeds and germs found in lower stages are unfolded, what is merely 
 involved is evolved and its real character made fully manifest. Nothing 
 existing in man in a state of nature, and essential to him as man, is 
 foreign to society in a state of culture. But its form is changed, it 
 enters new relations and combinations, and what was dominant in a 
 state of nature may later be subordinated to what is higher and more 
 significant." 
 
 Stuckenberg, p. 206 f. : "Besides the forces which reign in man 
 while in a state of nature, or the Constitutional forces, there is a 
 third class, namely, the Fundamental. They are the forces which 
 are necessary for the very existence of society, at least in certain stages 
 of development and for the highest welfare. This class, the Funda- 
 
8 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 mental social forces, is treated as preliminary to the rest, and consists 
 of two sub-divisions, the Economic and the Political forces. The 
 Constitutional forces are those which spring directly from the constitu 
 tion of man and therefore exist in full operation among nature-peoples 
 as well as among the cultured. They might also be called Elemental, 
 because inherent in man, or Organic, because involved in his very 
 organism. They are the Egotic, the Appetitive, and Affectional, and 
 the Recreative. The third, or Cultural class, includes the forces 
 inherent in man so far as capacity is concerned; but for their full 
 development and social efficiency may require culture. Under this head 
 we have the Aesthetic, the Ethical, the Religious, and the Intellectual. 
 This gives us ten forces, under three general heads, as follows : 
 
 THE SOCIAL FORCES. 
 I. Fundamental 
 
 1. The Economic. 
 
 2. The Political. 
 II. Constitutional 
 
 3. The Egotic. 
 
 4. The Appetitive. 
 
 5. The Affectional. 
 
 6. The Recreative. 
 III. Cultural 
 
 7. The Aesthetic. 
 
 8. The Ethical. 
 
 9. The Religious. 
 10. The Intellectual. 
 
 Ratsenhofer, according to Ross in the Foundation of Sociology," 
 p 166, employs the word interest for force. He distinguishes 
 
 (a) The race interest; i. e., the impulses which center in the 
 reproductive functions. 
 
 (b) The physiological interest; i. e., hunger and thirst. 
 
 (c) The egotic interest; i. e., the entire circle of self-regarding 
 motives. 
 
 (d) The social interest. 
 
 (e) The transcendental interest, which creates religion and phil 
 osophy. 
 
IN AMERICA 
 
 9 
 
 Dr. Ward in his "Pure Sociology/ p. 261, makes the following 
 classification : 
 
 S r? 
 
 <A ^ 
 o 
 
 fe -> 
 
 Ontogenitic 
 Forces 
 
 J | 
 
 
 M "5 
 
 Phylogenetic 
 
 1 1 
 
 Forces 
 
 Positive, Attractive (seeking pleasure) 
 Negative, protective (avoiding pain) 
 
 Direct, sexual 
 Indirect, consanguineal 
 
 Sociogenetic 
 Forces 
 
 ( Moral (seeking the safe and good) 
 J Asthetic (seeking the beautiful) 
 ( Intellectual (seeking the useful and true) 
 
 Ross in his "Foundations of Sociology," p. 168, suggests arranging 
 the springs of action in two planes, instead of forcing them into one 
 plane, under the general term of "desires." These may be divided into 
 natural and cultural, the former present in all men, the latter emerging 
 clearly only after man has made some gains in culture. The natural 
 desires may be grouped into 
 
 (a) Appetitive. Hunger, thirst, and sex-appetite. 
 
 (b) Hedonic. Fear, aversion to pain, love of warmth, ease, and 
 
 sensuous pleasure. 
 
 (c) Egotic. These are demands of the self rather than of the organ 
 
 ism. They include shame, vanity, pride, envy, love of liberty, of 
 power, and of glory. The type of this class is ambition. 
 
 (d) Affective. Desires that terminate upon others: sympathy, sociabil 
 
 ity, love, hate, spite, jealousy, anger, revenge. 
 The cultural desires are : 
 
 (e) Recreative. Play impulses, love of self-expression. 
 
 (f) Religious. Yearning for those states of swimming or uncondi 
 
 tioned consciousness represented by the religious ecstasy. 
 
10 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 (g) Ethical. Love of fair play, sense of justice. 
 
 (h) Aesthetic. Desire for the pleasures of perception; i. e., for enjoy 
 ment of "the beautiful." 
 
 (i) Intellectual. Curiosity, love of knowing, of learning, and of 
 imparting. 
 
 "While the study of the natural wants belongs to anthropology, 
 the development of cultural desires in connection with association and 
 the presence of culture devolves upon sociology." 
 
 Elwood, "Sociology in Its Psychological Aspects," p. 284, says: 
 "Ward s classification seems to be on the whole the most successful, and 
 accordingly we shall give it here in a modified form as an example of 
 a classification of the social forces according to the end which they 
 serve in the collective life : 
 
 SOCIAL FORCES. 
 Psychical Activities. 
 I. Life-Preserving Activities : 
 
 1. Preserving the life of the individual, 
 
 (a) connected with nutrition (food process) 
 
 (b) connected with defense, 
 (against inanimate nature), 
 (against animate nature; 
 
 2. Preserving the life of the species, 
 
 (a) reproduction, 
 
 (b) care of offspring. 
 II. Life-Mitigating Activities : 
 
 1. Moral aiming at the good; 
 
 2. Asthetic aiming at the beautiful; 
 
 3. Intellectual aiming at the true. 
 
 From the foregoing outlines it appears that each sociologist has 
 his conception as to the analysis of the social forces. That the view 
 point of two writers and students can be the same is not to be expected, 
 as they are not identical, the argument can not be personal interest 
 will lend color. Professor Ward s analysis of the social forces may be 
 criticised for being based on Hedonism, and for serving philosophic 
 purposes rather than for attaining practical ends. The outline of 
 
IN AMERICA 11 
 
 Stuckenberg, Ross accepts as "excellent," when he eliminates the 
 "Fundamental" forces the Economic and the Political. He considers 
 it an error "to list the desire for wealth among the original forces," 
 and claims they are derivative. From Stuckenberg s definition of the 
 fundamental, we note that they are the forces necessary "for the very 
 existence of society," a fact clearly seen in the historical development 
 of society. It is apparent that Stuckenberg expresses one fact by the 
 term "fundamental" and Ross accepts and attributes to it another 
 sense. 
 
 The outline of Stuckenberg because of its practical side, is the one 
 accepted as best adapted to this thesis. 
 
 The third and last term to be defined is "Scandinavians." This 
 term is used to designate the inhabitants of Norway, Sweden, Den 
 mark and Iceland. In early history they are treated as one people, and 
 were commonly called Northmen or Norsemen. As we proceed in 
 history the Scandinavians became more and more separated and 
 discussed under the terms of Norwegians, Swedes, Danes and Ice 
 landers. In the consideration of the subject of this thesis, only the 
 first three will be studied. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE RACIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS. 
 
 Different theories are advanced to account for the origin of the 
 Scandinavian race; one, which until recent years held first place, was 
 that the tall, fair-haired, dolichocephalic Teutons met the short, dark, 
 long-headed Iberians on the Scandinavian peninsula some time during 
 the era of Asiatic migrations westward into Europe. Another 
 theory holds that the Nordic is a variety of the Eurafrican species, 
 composed of Nordic, Mediterranean and African, and that all Europe 
 was populated by migrations of peoples northward out of Africa. 
 In whatever way the peoples of Scandinavia originated, however, they 
 show to-day two distinct racial strains, the tall, light-haired Northern 
 type and the short, dark-haired Mediterranean type. Side by side, 
 these types, called Goths and Finners, or Germanic and Iberian types, 
 must have persisted in long successive ages, for even to-day unmis 
 takable disparities are seen between the low statured, dark com- 
 plexioned west-island Norwegians, Lapps and Finns, and the tall, light- 
 haired, blue-eyed Norwegians, Danes and Swedes. As the latter 
 predominate and since for the purpose of conciseness the Lapps and 
 Finns have been excluded in the definition of the subject, the tall, fair, 
 dolichocephalic Northman constitutes the physical type of the usual 
 Scandinavian figure. 
 
 Charles E. Woodruff, M.A., M.D., in his book, "The Effects of 
 Tropical Light on White Man," discusses the adaptation of the 
 species to their respective zones; he says that living forms are distrib 
 uted in zones whose boundaries are isothermal. The species is limited 
 in its northern and southern extension, though it may be found over 
 considerable distances in East and West, it is never beyond its lateral 
 zone. "Migration would be followed by extinction sooner or later, for 
 acclimatization is not possible." That the above is the absolute truth 
 
 12 
 
IN AMERICA 13 
 
 is not established. Nothing has been discovered, however, to show 
 that a progress of selection has been at work preserving a variation of 
 species "not adjusted to its environment." Hence in the event of a 
 migration to another zone, it may perish at once or it may die a "slow 
 death," or live for generations before "accumulated injuries are fatal." 
 
 If they are survivors of the descendants of the migrants, they 
 constitute the result of the elimination of the unfit. These are, in the 
 opinion of Mr. Woodruff, "a new form different from the migrated 
 ancestor that is, there has been the origin of a new species. This is 
 the only way that acclimatization is possible destruction of the old 
 unacclimated or unadjusted form and the selection of a new adjusted 
 or acclimated one." Man, like other "living forms," obeys the same 
 natural laws, hence the special type of man found in one zone is not 
 found in another, similar characteristics may be present, but in different 
 degrees, and consequently combine differently, forming a new type. 
 Agassiz taught that as acclimatization was impossible, "there was a 
 separate divine creation of each type of man." Woodruff, p. 3. 
 
 By the law of the survival of the fittest, there arose a separate type 
 in each zoological zone and the respective type is unfitted for any 
 other zone "different from the ancestral one." The intelligence of man 
 enables him to appreciate the dangers of a climate and other natural 
 difficulties and to prepare himself with proper protection, so that he 
 may survive longer than other forms out of this zone. 
 
 Under the caption "Purposes of Variations," he further discusses 
 why tEeir character is beneficial in a zone and "why a different char- 
 / acter arose in a different zone." By ascertaining the cause for this, we 
 can understand why races fail to colonize beyond the borders of their 
 ancestral zone, and informs us how we may avoid the destructive 
 factors if we are compelled by business to reside temporarily in a 
 climate for which we are physically unfit. As examples of the physical 
 conditions, he mentions the size of the nose and the position of th? 
 nostrils. In the tropics, where the air is hot and consequently rarified, 
 more is necessary, hence "the nostrils are open and wide and the nose 
 very flat," whereas in cold countries the passages must be so 
 constructed as not to permit too much cold air and irritate the lining 
 membrane, hence a nose with much warming service and nostrils as 
 "slender slits." It is stated that the open tropical nostril was one reason 
 
14 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 for the prevalency of pulmonary trouble of Negroes out of the tropics. 
 The conclusion, therefore, must be that there has been a natural 
 selection in cold countries of one kind of variations and a different 
 selection in hot countries representing the other extreme, thus the 
 various types arose. Another feature pointed out by Mr. Woodruff, is 
 that color due to the pigmentation of the skin, hair, retina, iris and 
 blondness, enable men in the North to save heat and to keep warm, 
 but was at a disadvantage in the tropics, as it kept men too warm. It 
 is known that the Negroes in the North have greater difficulty in keep 
 ing warm than the white man. By applying the explanation of Mr. 
 Woodruff, we may understand why Scandinavians are mostly blondes 
 and have their physical characteristics ; i. e., nature has made them for 
 their zone. Further consideration of the above facts will be found in 
 the deductions of the last chapter. 
 
 Tall, fair, dolichocephalic peoples have been said to possess certain 
 psychic traits, to be impatient of control, dominant but loyal, swayed 
 by deep ideals and to be originators of great ideas and workers for 
 far ends. This is the psychic type of early Scandinavians. War train 
 ing and out-of-door games developed a spirit of resistance and virility 
 in keeping with their tall bodies playing like gods, games of skill on 
 fields illumined by flickering northern lights. 
 
 "The outward look of the Norse and the Dane was much the 
 same. Broad-shouldered, deep-chested, long-limbed, yet with slender 
 waist, small hands and feet, their figures told of strength; and so 
 necessary was strength considered that puny infants were exposed and 
 left to die, the healthy children alone being preserved. Their com 
 plexion, their hair and eyes, were fair and the fair alone could pass 
 for beautiful or well-born. A dark complexion was considered the 
 mark of an alien race, and dishonorable. Thus Baldir, the noblest of 
 the gods, was fair, and the outward appearance of the slave was thus 
 contrasted with that of the freeman. Black and ugly they were. 
 Their forefather, Thrall, had a broad face, bent back, long heels, 
 blistered hands, stiff, slow joints, and clumsy figure. His wife, Thy, 
 was bandy-legged, flat-nosed, and her arms were brown with toiling 
 in the sun. Their children were like them. 
 
 The ordinary dress of both sexes was nearly the same. A shirt, 
 
IN AMERICA 15 
 
 loose drawers, long hose, b*ffh shnes with thflflS^ ftpriated up af the 
 
 ankle. A short kirtle girt at the waist served for coat or gown; an 
 armless cloak, with a low-crowned, broad-brimmed hat completed the 
 dress of man. The woman, instead of the hat, wore a wimple of 
 linen, and over thaTlTTiigh twisted cap, sometimes .bent at the top into 
 
 dressed much as the man. The 
 
 under-clothing of both sexes was of linen; their outer, of course, jwoolen 
 homespinv grey, or black, or blue, or red, the most prized of all. 
 
 To this the chiefs added, in time of war, a helm and shirt of mail; 
 and all were armed with a long shield, protecting the whole body, 
 white, in time of peace; red, in time of war, covered with leather with 
 iron rim and boss ; spears of ashen shaft and iron point, axes, and above 
 all, the sword, the darling of the Northmen. 
 
 Their ships were long, half-decked galleys, propelled by oars and 
 sail. The waist, where the rowers sat, was low, that the oars might 
 have free play." (Johnson, R. H. Normans in Europe, pp. 16-17.) 
 
 Physically dominant as they were, they did not scorn to render 
 service, to pledge everlasting loyalty to a comrade through the mystic 
 blood bond of friendship, and to promise and maintain marital fidelity 
 and steadfast conjugal devotion. Yoked with this trait of jstaunch 
 loyalty, the capacity for deep religious reverence stands out as one of 
 the most prominent SHnSinavia.ir" cHafacteristics. The hold which 
 religion, pagan at first, and later Christian, had over the early Scan 
 dinavians reflects thHr~T6m bfeness"of personality and devotion to ideals. 
 Will power, massive and unyielding, was the teaching of their moral 
 code." Under the worship of Coin and Baal, a Viking was fired to deeds 
 of endurance, was tossed to the pitch of actual conquest or certain 
 death, all the while sustained by the pictured glories of the godland, 
 that region where heroes proceeded; till they fell, with Ragnarok, the 
 downfall of the gods, this structure of bliss built by Scandinavian 
 imagination. With the passing of pagan times the transcendent beauty 
 of northern belief faded, but the spirit that gave the faiths their beauty 
 survived in the songs of the skalds and the glorious adventures of the 
 Vikings on the seas. Scandinavian psychic traits expressed in early 
 poetry and romance emphasize love of the supernatural and strong sex 
 consciousness. Through ice-locked fjords and over mountain tops 
 glided the feet of the "little people," cognizance of whose wishes meant 
 
16 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 the well being or misfortune of individuals. Just as to-day the fishers 
 fear the appearance of the "drage," that creature who rides in a half- 
 boat and who foretells instant death, so in those far-away times all 
 people feared and loved the "little people." Of them the skald would 
 sing as they came visiting, entering halls or huts heartily welcomed. 
 Such teachers of religion, science and literature turned banquets into 
 halls of merriment with their gay songs, their long accounts of war 
 deeds or love episodes. 
 
 The character of these hardy Northmen was well suited to their 
 future destiny. 
 
 Johnson, in his "History of Normans in Europe," p. 18, says: 
 "The daily struggle for existence in an inhospitable climate had taught 
 them fearlessness and ready wit in danger. From the absence of all 
 aristocracy or other privileged classes they had acquired a spirit of 
 independence, a haughty and unbending character, which prepared them 
 for their future conquests. Set face to face with the mysteries of 
 nature and of their self-taught religion, they had gained an heroic fan- 
 cifulness, a thoughtful sternness which lit up the darker tints. These 
 features were the natural result of the free and independent life of 
 their forefathers. To these we must add a cold-blooded ferocity, con 
 tracted in the long civil disturbances which had torn their country 
 since the end of the eighth century. All these are the qualities common 
 in early times of successful conquerors; but as we follow the history 
 of their settlements, another more important feature appears; namely, 
 their extraordinary versatility and power of adapting themselves to 
 varied forms and states of society. The Northmen never seem to have 
 been original, to have invented anything; rather they readily assumed 
 the language, religion, ideas of their adopted country, and soon became 
 absorbed in the society around them. This will be found to be 
 invarably the case, except with regard to Iceland, where the previous 
 occupation was too insignificant to affect the new settlers. In Russia, 
 they became Russians; in France, Frenchmen; in Italy, Italians; in 
 England, twice over Englishmen ; first in the case of the Danes ; and 
 
 /secondly, in that of the later Normans. Everywhere they became fused 
 in the surrounding nationality. Their individuality was lost, and their 
 presence is traced only in the nomenclature of the country, that fossil 
 remnant of denationalized races, as it has been called. Not so their 
 
IN AMERICA 17 
 
 influence. They_ fell on stirring .times, and in every case they took the 
 leadTand deeply affected the nations with which they came in contact. 
 Europe at that date was m a fluid state, and the Northmen seem 
 to have acted as a crystallizing power ; to have formed a nucleus 
 round which political society might grow. In Iceland they formed a 
 free republic ; in Russia they first organized a kingdom ; in England 
 they, by their pressure, first consolidated the kingdom of Wessex, then 
 conquered it under Canute and William I. ; in the West-Frankish 
 country they finally put an end to the long struggle for supremacy, 
 sounded the death-knell of the Karolings of Laon, and aided to form 
 modern France. Nor is this all ; they borrow everything and make it 
 their own, and their presence is chiefly felt in increased activity and 
 more rapid development of institutions, literature and art. Thus, while 
 they invent nothing, they perfect, they organize everything, and 
 everywhere appear to be the master-spirits of their age." 
 
 Under their lead bloomed the flower of romance in the north. 
 But in romance itself there is such a dearth of sentiment, of gilded 
 speeches and amorous situations; all is terribly forcible, earnest and 
 turbulent with elemental passion. It is of high-handed conquest the 
 Northman sang and of such actions was his romance made. 
 
 In action lay the greatness of the early Scandinavians; world 
 conquest was his controlling idea and far worked-for end, and 
 "Vandrel^" expresses that yearning which took the Viking conquest 
 so far afield. Bred in a land of long winter, hemmed in by mountains, 
 narrow fjords and the gloom of northern skies, all the exuberance of 
 life fed by splendid physical condition leaped into being when the 
 Northman sprang into his long-beaked ship, donned his high, winged 
 cap, called to his men, freemen all, and sons of freemen, to go forth 
 to conquer, pillage and harass half the then known world. Prows 
 carved as serpents, golden eagles, ravens, or dragons swept through 
 icy waters as the marauders advancing south to England and France, 
 north to Greenland and west to America, brought terror to any land 
 which had once felt the fangs of those wolves of the high seas. 
 English conquests, French pillages and arctic colonizing bore witness 
 to the spirit of those intrepid voyagers before the end of the adventur 
 ous era brought a quiescence which was in turn to be broken by the hot 
 protest of the Reformation, the fever of colonizing epochs of the seven- 
 
18 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 teenth century and the splendid New World immigrating spirit of the 
 nineteenth century. 
 
 The psychic Scandinavian type thus emerges as a distinct whole, 
 compounded of strongly marked traits, of virility, pride in feats of 
 endurance and exhibitions of physical skill, of deep-seated loyalty to 
 others, devoted steadfastness in conjugal relationships; also possessing 
 fervent religious tendencies, love of the supernatural, affection for 
 poetry, strong sex consciousness and an all-powerful love of adventure 
 and glorious independence. Instances of the working out of these traits 
 can be found in the panorama of Scandinavian history. One trait, 
 sturdy independence, featured in the attempted introduction of Chris 
 tianity, in the establishment of jury trials, and in the Reformation 
 light for religious freedom. In 1000, when Gorm the Old ruled Den 
 mark, Christian missionaries were stoutly resisted till, explaining that 
 they did not come to brutally stamp out the old religion but peacefully 
 sought to substitute a new faith of gentleness and kindness in place of 
 the old, they were allowed to circulate among the Danes; arbitrariness 
 bred resistance, and intolerance open rebellion. The justice of trial 
 by jury was common, and practiced in Scandinavia before its intro 
 duction into England by Henry II. Likewise resistance to papal 
 autocracy again widened the strong democratic strain which has so 
 often been exhibited by Scandinavians in history. 
 
 Such is the Scandinavian type which plays a long role from those 
 far distant days when Greek Pytheas referred to Scandinavian men 
 as "Hyperboreans," dwellers beyond the northwind, to the present 
 day, when as dwellers in America they present themselves as contribu 
 tors to the social forces at work in American life. To scan such 
 length of years, Scandinavian history may be divided into two periods, 
 the earlier, 2500 B. C. to 1300 A. D., and 1300 to the present day. 
 
 With the above introduction it is possible to commence Scandina 
 vian history as far back as facts, or semi-established facts, go. Keep 
 ing to the truth, it is well known that a branch of the Teutonic or 
 Nordic race came early to Scandinavia because of the excellence of 
 the herring fishing, that they were attracted to stay and hunt and 
 raise cattle, and that they later took part in trade of amber and furs 
 with the Mediterranean world. 
 
 All this happened before 400 B. C. Simultaneouslv there arose 
 
IN AMERICA 19 
 
 stories of the deeds of the heroes. Odin_l_ed_ the^Asas out_of._Asia into 
 Scandinavia, and at his death gave the land to his three sons, Denmark 
 to Skgold, Sweden to Yngave, and Norway, to Soeming. Harold of 
 Denmark fought the mythical battle of Bravalla and killed Sigurd of 
 Sweden, whose son Ragnar met death in a pit of serpents. 
 
 That history really began about the time of Alfred the Great is 
 corroborated by the history of the three Scandinavian countries. In 
 each a definite land system, featured by the family holding, freehold 
 and hundred, seems to have been in existence. From the peasant 
 land-holders there eventually sprang up rulers over certain portions of 
 holdings, and from these rulers came a concentration of power in one 
 king who picked his diet, the assize or thing, from them. Denmark 
 forming a nation about the sound, Sweden around Lake Malaren, and 
 Norway last to attain a national unity, because of her remoteness, 
 each became a kingdom ruled by her own house Till the formation of 
 the Kalmar Union in 1397, the three countries existed side by side, 
 keeping pace in industrial development, in growth of towns and in 
 forming a steadily enlarging nobility. Tjie_advejit_.0-LSt. Birgitta in the 
 Church and the Black Death, that scourge of the Middle Ages, mark 
 the closing of the first period. 
 
 A brief review points out these important facts in the subsequent 
 period. From 1397 to 1448 lasted the union of the three countries, then 
 Sweden retired. Before that date occurred the era of Gustavus 
 AdoTphus in Sweden, afterwards, the periods of the brilliant ministries 
 of the Bernstoffs in Denmark, and the corresponding cultivation of the 
 fine arts. Wars were waged against Napoleon in 1808, and Finland 
 was lost to Sweden in 1809. In 1814 Norway and Denmark separated, 
 and Norway and Sweden formed the alliance which lasted to 1905. 
 What is of more picturesque significance to the world drama, how 
 ever, are the points of contact which Scandinavia made upon the 
 other countries during both the earlier and later periods. Into the 
 earlier fall those highly dramatic Viking voyages, exploratory trips, 
 war maraudings and trial colonizing tours of which so much has been 
 written. To the later period falls the American immigration and its 
 subsequent contribution to the history of American greatness. 
 
 Three great cycles encompass the old Viking raids. Barbaric 
 invasions of Rome fill an early cycle occurring about 100 B. C. Then 
 
20 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 the Cimbri and Longobardi, strange peoples appearing from beyond 
 the mountains, challenged three successive armies of Manus before 
 they could be checked. Cruel, forcible and pitiless, this Viking move 
 ment was characterized by none of the constructive features of the 
 later movements, merely brute force pouring into an effete civilization. 
 When in 806, though, a band of Swedish warriors entered what is 
 now Russia from "Rus," meaning contingent of sea-enlisted warriors, 
 a constructive note was struck, which was followed up by the positive 
 results of the Byzantium approaches, when the Vikings offered aid to 
 the king of that city. In the neighborhood of their northern home 
 Vikings likewise adventured, for in 861 Iceland was discovered and 
 colonized by Ingolf, and Greenland by Erik the Red, who peopled the 
 island 800 years before Hans Egede went there preaching Christianity. 
 America was reached ; Lief the Fortunate, son of Erik, in voyaging 
 to Greenland, met shipwrecked mariners whom he carried to their 
 destination, thereby reaching lands which he called Hellund (New 
 foundland), and Markland (Nova Scotia). Later Thorwald, Lief s 
 brother, came to Massachusetts, and the intercourse which was kept 
 up until the fourteenth century is said to have been the basis of 
 Columbus curiosity about further discoveries in the west. Whether 
 it can be implicitly believed that to the Scandinavians is due the d^s- 
 covery of America, or not, it is well known that no country possessed 
 at the time such inordinate love of the sea and such wanderers to 
 brave the dangers of unknown lands as the Viking Norsemen. 
 
 But through Europe ran the greatest Norse raids. The tale of 
 their conquests in Belgium, France and Germany is only equalled by 
 their exhibited prowess in the British Isles. Not only is the distinction 
 of the breaking of Charlemagne s Empire given creditably to the 
 harassing Vikings, but the very growth of France itself as a national 
 power dates from the rise of the city of Paris against the invader s 
 army. Armed for the siege of Rouen, the Norse warriors swept up the 
 Seine, then, having won one stronghold, advanced to Paris, the seat ot 
 warfare. Strong resistance broke the ranks of the attacking hordes; 
 Paris saved by Count Odo, sprang into life as a centre of the newly- 
 born French nation and the Empire of Charlemagne was crippled. 
 Rnilo, the Norse leader, stayed on in Normandy, his warriors were 
 named Norman noblemen, and from this race sprang that brilliant figure 
 
IN AMERICA 21 
 
 of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, William the Conqueror of 
 England. 
 
 All that we can feel certain of, all, at least, which it is, in any 
 way important to remember, js ^he frequency and enormous area of the 
 attacks, and this cannot be put in better words than those of Sir Francis 
 Patgrave : "Take," he says, "the map, and cover with vermilion the 
 provinces, districts, and shores which the Northmen visited. As a 
 record of each invasion, the coloring will have to be repeated more than 
 ninety times successively, before you arrive at the conclusion of the 
 dynasty of Charles the Great. Furthermore, mark by the usual symbol 
 of war, two crossed swords, the localities where battles were fought 
 by the pirates, where they were defeated or triumphant, or where they 
 pillaged, burned or destroyed, and the valleys and the banks of the 
 Elbe, Rhine and Moselle, Scheldt, Meuse, Somme and Seine, Loire, 
 Garomme and Adour, and all the coasts and coast-lands between estuary 
 and estuary, all the countries between river and streams will appear 
 bristling as with chevaux de frise." This will give us some idea of 
 the invasions as far as Gaul and Germany are concerned; but it 
 should be repeated for England, Scotland, and the islands which 
 surround their coasts, to give any adequate conception of the misery 
 they caused. 
 
 Long had the plundering Norsemen harassed the coasts of English 
 country; bitterly during the 9th and 10 centuries did they advance to 
 pillage, burn, devastate Anglo-Saxon villages, to terrorize the kingdom 
 and exact huge ransoms for unfulfilled promises. Such infusion of 
 rampant paganism, high spirit, and invigorating character as the Danes 
 brought to England was little felt in the days of devastation, it is only 
 from the long point of view of the centuries that beneficial results of 
 such infusion can be seen. The staunch, unyielding character of the 
 English people against encroachment upon their rights, the bitter lesson 
 of jury trial, representation in government, and charter grants have 
 come in a great measure, it is believed, from that very infusion of 
 Scandinavian blood. 
 
 But with the close of the llth century the great era of the Viking 
 pales. Still much high national vigor was poured into the ranks of the 
 Christians, who under Tancred fought at Antioch and Tiberius for the 
 recovery of the Holy Sepulchre in the Crusading wars. In the same 
 
22 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 century Scandinavians poured into Switzerland, their powers still 
 respected and feared. The great stream of adventurous wanderings 
 had ceased, however, the boyhood days of the nation were over, and 
 the fiery national spirit only flared up in the valiant part which Scan 
 dinavia took in combating the powers of the Reformation, and in the 
 Napoleonic battles of the 19th century. 
 
 Scandinavia had played her part, a gigantically strong part in the 
 world drama. In the days of emigrations she peopled many parts of 
 the earth, sent her best fighting blood to war in all quarters of the 
 then known world, and besides, invigorated and relieved priest-ridden 
 civilizations in the crumbling decades of the world s history of growth. 
 Truly the Scandinavian figure, possessing great physical strength, 
 dominating energy, loyalty to chieftain and brother, filled with the love 
 of the seas, of the poetry of motion and the rhythm of conquest, and 
 touched by the grandeur which comes from leadership in north-lying 
 countries, by the imaginativeness of inquiring, childlike minds, truly 
 such a figure has figured significantly in the adventurous era of Europe. 
 That indeed, the history of the three Northern countries shows great 
 loyalty to democratic ideals of government, great religious tolerance, 
 strong sense of Scandinavian consciousness, and tremendous and deep- 
 seated energy, is undoubted. Their old world contribution is loyalty 
 and unsparing strength with all the poetic heritage of an adventurous 
 era. Their new world contribution unfolds in the history of immigra 
 tion to America. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 HISTORY OF SCANDINAVIAN IMMIGRATION. 
 
 An analysis of the causes which brought about emigration from 
 Scandinavia to America discloses several factors which at different 
 times, induced Norwegians, Swedes and Danes to come to America. 
 Trade impelled the colonizing immigrants, for in the days of the pros 
 perous Dutch West Indian Company, rich results were looked for in 
 America, such as skins, Indian corn and tobacco, the trade articles 
 which attracted the Swedes to the shores of the Delaware River. But 
 trade did not on the whole rank very long as a cause for emigration. 
 Religion can be said to be the first really dominant cause. The wish 
 to worship according to their own ideas led the first Norwegian 
 Quakers to New York State in 1825, while later Gruntvigian and Mor 
 mon ideas had some influence, though small, upon emigrating Scan 
 dinavians, but, since no very strong religious persecution ever took 
 place in the Scandinavian countries, it at no time constituted a prime 
 cause. What early strength it had was soon lost in a greater impetus, 
 the subtle attraction of letters homeward bound from countrymen who 
 had already emigrated. Among all the other causes, military, commer 
 cial and financial, which arose and subsequently passed away, the 
 pressure of this attraction, the accounts of America contained in letters, 
 held its insistent sway. Reluctant to engage in required military 
 training, the young men of the country read letters, pamphlets and 
 newspapers describing the glories of the new country, then embarked 
 for America. 
 
 But economic pressure proved the strongest factor influencing 
 emigration. In Norway, for instance, the money lenders were con 
 tracting the currency, reducing the value of the dollar, thereby main 
 taining higher incomes and cheaper labor. The common people felt it. 
 Lower class farmers, too, were caught in the reaction of the railroad 
 building of 1865-1869. Extended railroad construction, much inflation 
 
 23 
 
24 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 of property values and constantly increasing loans met the natural 
 check. Norway found herself too small a country, too restricted in 
 resources, to keep up the pace she had set, and the smaller farmer 
 felt the reaction. So poverty and dissatisfaction with the office-holding 
 class drove the Norwegians to America. A state bankruptcy and war 
 early in the nineteenth century, together with low wages throughout 
 the period influenced the Danes to come, while, withal, the spirit of 
 adventure and a desire to better their condition, moved these North- 
 Europeans to come to a land of brilliant futures. And it was true 
 indeed that America held out tempting prospects. Extension of rail 
 roads westward, the Homestead Act of 1862, besides numerous contracts 
 between land and railroad companies, were opening up the northwestern 
 territory of the United States. Consequently, jointly, economic pressure 
 in Europe and economic attraction in America started and maintained 
 the great mass of Scandinavian American immigration. This is the 
 great cause : trade and religion appeared, effected results and passed 
 away ; military obligations had some little influence, and while the 
 power of letters and the press was felt throughout the immigration 
 period, it was economic conditions which moved the great mass of the 
 people westward. 
 
 The earliest mention of Scandinavians on American shores is in 
 1609, when it is claimed that Hudson, possibly a Dane, sailed up the 
 Mauritius Floden, or Hudson River. This opens the colonial period 
 to which belongs an account of scattered Danish or other Scandinavian 
 traders and of certain definite Swedish settlements on the Delaware. 
 Following the colonial period, Scandinavian immigration history con 
 cerns itself with the settlements of Norwegians in New York State in 
 1825, with Norwegian, Swedish and Danish settlements in the west and 
 northwest in 1836-1870, and finally deals with the large movements of 
 immigrants in the decades of 1870-1900. An attempt will be made to 
 present each period, the colonial, 1609-1665; intermediate, 1800-1870; 
 and the later, 1870-1900, with an anlysis of the character and develop 
 ment of each period. 
 
 On account of the relatively close lying position of Denmark and 
 Holland, the assumption is made that Hendrick Hudson was perhaps 
 of Danish blood. To the Danes it seems likely that, because many 
 Danish sailors were often to be met in Dutch ports, American voyages 
 
IN AMERICA 25 
 
 might sometimes have been due to the Danish nation. So they claim 
 that when Hendrick Hudson sailed in 1609 to American shores, dis 
 covered and named the Mauritius Floden, or Hudson River, as it was 
 later called, such an occurrence marks the first Scandinavian event in 
 America. Whether or not it can be so called, it is certain that Danes 
 were at any rate on the ship, and that, when Hudson met the Indians 
 at the mouth of Mauritius Floden and inquired the name of Menaten 
 Island (now Manhattan), Danes were present. Surely in 1611 a Dane, 
 Captain Henry Christiansen, sailed to New York. He came in a Dutch 
 vessel from the West Indies, visited New York and took back skins and 
 corn to Holland. When in 1613 he returned, a partner, Adrian Block, 
 accompanied him. In sailing up the Hudson River, meeting and trading 
 with Orson and Valentine, they persuaded these Indian chiefs to return 
 to Holland with them. It is said that Christiansen and Block travelled 
 about the country exhibiting their strange visitors. Such mutual 
 friendship between the Indians and hosts did not, however, endure; 
 the "Fortune" and "Tiger," the two vessels commanded by Christian 
 sen and Block, voyaged to and fro from America about ten times ; 
 Albany was reached and fortified as Fort Nassau, but Christiansen, 
 who died there in 1614, is reported to have been treacherously mur 
 dered by the Indian chief, Orson. Block lost his boat "Tiger" outside 
 of Battery Place, so was forced to remain in America; he built four 
 log houses at about the present 39 Broadway, this was the beginning 
 of New Amsterdam. (Danes in America, p. 360.) This made a place 
 of trade, New Netherland the post was called, and after this several 
 traces of Scandinavian names have been found. 
 
 Most suggestive of interest is the arrival in 1639 of a certain 
 captain of the East Indian Company by name of Kayser or Jochiem 
 Pieters Knyter. With him was a friend, Ursus Bronck of Copen 
 hagen (see p. 364 Danes in America), who received land along the 
 Harlem River. There this much respected man built a house calling it 
 "Emaus," to which came the Governor, making treaties with the 
 Indians when trouble broke out. The import and significance of the 
 man Bronck, Bronx, is not to be overlooked in the ensuing development 
 of the metropolis of Manhattan, for, if the claims of the Danes for the 
 Danish nationalism of the man proves worthy of acceptance, the fact 
 
26 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 of his arrival and settlement picturesquely fills in the very early colo 
 nial period of Scandinavian American history. 
 
 Colonizing was first thought of in Sweden along with trade, and 
 from 1607 to 1663 many trading companies were organized in Sweden, 
 but the one which prominently antedates New Sweden, in America, 
 was a trading company organized by William Usselinx, a Dutchman, in 
 1624. Being dissatisfied with his treatment by Holland in connection 
 with the Dutch West Indian Company, he came to Sweden to interest 
 the king in a trading project which should bring wealth to the Swedish 
 crown. Gustavus Adolphus, having just covered himself with glory in 
 his European wars, ready to welcome any large schemes, was soon 
 prevailed upon to give Willem Usselinx a commission to establish a 
 "General Trading Company for Asia, Africa, America and Magellam ca." 
 Usselinx drew up his prospectus and started to get subscrip 
 tions; but the latter, although reinforced by crown support, did not 
 quickly materialize. Years went by, the king became interested in an 
 United South Ship Company in 1629, consequently Usselinx became 
 discouraged, withdrew from the South Company and started afresh 
 to interest all Europe in his schemes. He proposed an international 
 mercantile company, then a Second or New South Company, but both 
 were doomed to failure. 
 
 The idea started by Usselinx did, however, mature, but later. 
 Sweden at this time depended for her prosperity on trade in copper. 
 The West Indian copper trade was flourishing. Two Dutchmen, 
 Bloomaert, a trader, and Minuit, sometime Governor of New Nether- 
 land, proposed to Oxenstjerne, the Swedish minister, to start a trading 
 company in secret opposition to the West Indian Company, which 
 should send trading expeditions to the Delaware and other parts of 
 America under the Swedish flag. Two schemes, in fact, were consid 
 ered, one the proposition to begin trade to the coast of Guinea and the 
 other a project to found a New Sweden and carry on trade with the 
 Indians. This latter plan was followed, and the Company founded had 
 in prospect colonization of the coast of North America "from Florida 
 to Terra Nova" (p. 102 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware). 
 The first expedition, however, was to have as its main destination the 
 Delaware, or South River. The company was financed by Bloomaert, 
 Minuit and private Swedish stockholders, and was to have certain 
 
IN AMERICA 27 
 
 privileges granted by the government, that is, exclusive right to trade 
 on the Delaware River for twenty years, that all articles shipped from 
 Holland for trade in America were to enter duty free into Sweden and 
 all articles from America likewise to be free for a period of years. 
 The profits and losses were shared by Bloomaert and Minuit, and 
 Minuit was chosen to lead the first expedition. 
 
 The first expedition took the Nova Scotia route according to 
 instructions to take a course "behind England and Scotland" (p. 112 
 The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware) and to cross the ocean 
 about the forty-fourth degree. If possible, Minuit was to take posses 
 sion of the land about Halifax, to examine the advantages foi fur 
 trade and colonization and to plant the Swedish flag there. After that 
 he was to proceed to the Delaware, then to Florida and call the entire 
 land New Sweden. In 1638 the voyage of the "Kalmar Nyckel" took 
 place. Minuit arrived in Delaware Bay, sailed up the river as far as 
 the Manquas Kill, and not finding any white men, entered into a con 
 tract of purchase with the Indians. 
 
 During the existence of the colony, 1638-1655, good relations were 
 always maintained with the Indians. With them the Swedes traded in 
 fur, Indian corn and tobacco. Besides this, there was intercolonial 
 trade with the English and the Dutch, a trade which eventually 
 caused the termination of the colony in 1655, when the Dutch became 
 masters. Before that time a change in the character of the New Sweden 
 Company took place, for it became after the second expedition, wholly 
 Swedish. Money difficulties made it necessary for the crown to 
 contribute one-third, the old South Ship Company one-third and 
 private stockholders the rest. On this footing the company pro 
 ceeded, having the same commercial agents in Holland and the old 
 charter privileges. A new Governor, Ridder, was sent in 1640, another, 
 Printz, in 1643, who served till 1653. The duties of the Governor 
 were important, for it was a strongly centralized power; to the Gov 
 ernor belonged all administrative duties; he had to keep accounts, also 
 be a military and commercial manager. Courts were held. Religion 
 was the state belief, the Swedish Lutheran. Ministers were sent over 
 by the consistory at home, and it is supposed a small church building 
 was erected at the fort. Log houses, farm buildings and a few ships 
 were the only building ventures the colonists engaged in. Agriculture 
 
28 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 and cattle raising, besides trade, were the most important industries. 
 
 Trade continued the raison d etre of the colony. Copper, beaver 
 and tobacco" were the main articles. The English in New Haven, 
 observing the exceptional position of the Delaware communities, came 
 to investigate in 1641. They found the country sparsely settled, so 
 lingered to do trading with the Indians and Swedes. Antagonism was 
 felt by the Swedes toward the New Haven English traders in spite of 
 the fact that the English in Virginia and Maryland were looked upon 
 as friendly neighbors. Throughout the period the English were, how 
 ever, considered much more foes than the Dutch, although as 1645 
 approached relations with the Dutch, friendly at first, then alternately 
 hostile and friendly, turned sharply hostile in 1654. Printz, the 
 Governor at New Sweden, not being a military man, did not see the 
 significance of Dutch encroachment. A fort was built below the 
 Swedish fort on the river and Dutch arrogance increased steadily, till 
 the sudden siege of Fort Christina proved the latent strength of the 
 Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant and the relative weakness of the Swedes 
 under Printz. With the fall of the fort ended New Sweden as a Swedish 
 colony, the officers returned to Europe, while most of the settlers swore 
 oaths of allegiance to Holland. The reports of the officers when 
 delivered at home brought about renewed interest in colonial Sweden 
 and the recent negligence of the court and people was turned to 
 enthusiasm to win back New Sweden. The formation of a new com 
 pany called "The American Company," and a few more expeditions 
 were the only results, however, for with the capture of New Amster 
 dam by the English in 1665 ended all hope of Sweden winning back 
 her colony. 
 
 In Norway, in 1816, a Quaker society was formed at Stavanger 
 by Larson, Tastad and Hille, three Norwegians, who as prisoners of 
 Napoleon, on being taken to England, had joined the Quaker faith and 
 returned to propagate it in their home country. To their efforts and 
 those of Kleng Peerson and Knud Olson Eide may be given the credit 
 of forming the first Norwegian settlements in America, for Peerson 
 and Eide, conceiving that America would be an acceptable place in 
 which to practice Quakerism unmolested, came to New York in 1821 
 to investigate. On their return Lars Larson organized a party to sail 
 on the "Restaurationen" to America in 1825. It was this party which 
 
IN AMERICA 29 
 
 heralded the beginnings of Norwegian immigration to the United 
 States. In 1825 the fifty-two Quakers arrived, were welcomed by 
 their brothers of the faith in New York City, and provided with money 
 with which to journey to Kendall, a portion of land in Orleans County, 
 New York. There they took up the land in a body, paid for it in 
 installments, enjoyed the privilege of worshipping according to their 
 ideas and cheerfully endured the necessary hardship of pioneer living. 
 
 By 1836 more Norwegians were ready to migrate to America, 
 two Kohler brigs were fitted out, the "Norden" and "Den Norske 
 Klippe." By those ships 150 to 200 more settlers arrived in this 
 country, but these, instead of joining their friends at Kendall, per 
 suaded some of the Kendall settlers, among them Kleng Peerson, the 
 leader, to go westward and found a settlement at Fox River, La Salle 
 County, Illinois. This Fox River settlement opens up a significant 
 period in Scandinavian American history, for it inaugurated the era of 
 west and northwest settlements. From 1836 down to the present day 
 Scandinavians came to be associated also solely witlrlhe ""Northwest, 
 arid it is there that their history is followed. Proof of this fact depends 
 upon tKe reports of definite settlements in certain states. Statistics are 
 unreliable for any decades before 1870. Norwegian, Danish and 
 Swedish figures are given for immigrants coming in certain years, but 
 no statistical table of the Scandinavian grouping can be arranged for 
 this, what is called the intermediate period of Scandinavian American 
 history. Consequently, the only course is to follow the founding of 
 individual settlements, to determine what states attracted the Scandi 
 navians and to define the larger issues affecting their movements in 
 America. 
 
 A glance at a map of the United States for the period 1800-1870 
 would show that of the states containing Scandinavian settlements, with 
 the exception of New York, Florida, Texas, Utah, California and 
 Idaho, all settlements fall within the group of states Illinois, Michigan, 
 Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas and the Dakotas. This is 
 Northwest territory, a vast region whose history had begun in the days 
 when Indian canoes swept down the big rivers and French explorers 
 tried its forests. Hardly can settlement be said to have begun for the 
 French, Champlain, Nicolet, Claude Allouez and La Salle were explor 
 ers, not colonizers. They tracked a pathless wilderness which was to 
 
30 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 remain French, and French-Indian till the English occupation in 1761, 
 but their stay was only temporary. By 1785-90 during the English 
 occupation, more definite knowledge was gained of this region, bound 
 aries were indicated by the Ohio, Mississippi and the Great Lakes. 
 Detroit stood the keypoint of all this vast French-English region till 
 the end of the War of 1812 saw the possession become wholly 
 American. 
 
 Into this new region came the Scandinavians when in 1836 the 
 Norwegians settled at Fox River. Relatives and friends soon followed 
 and took up what they considered to be better land in La Salle and 
 Boone counties in 1839. Rock, Racine, Dane and Walworth counties 
 in Wisconsin were entered in 1838-40. A Swedish colony appeared at 
 Adrian, in Michigan, while Washington, Goodhue and Carver counties 
 started Swedish history in Minnesota. 1863 saw the beginnings of 
 Kansas history; Scandinavians, attracted by the Homestead Act of 
 1862, and the Galesburg Colonization Company, filled the central part 
 of the state in Saline and McPherson counties, while Sugar Creek and 
 New Sweden sprang into existence in Iowa. Railroads were extended 
 into North Dakota in 1872, Fargo became a terminus to be reached by 
 immigrants, thereby settling Cass, Griggs, Walsh trail and Richland 
 counties. Numerous as are the settlements, the facts attending their 
 origin and development are much the same. Each one initiated by a 
 leader, accepted pioneer conditions, broke ground, farmed and in most 
 cases prospered. Illinois, possessing Chicago, was the natural point of 
 contact with the East. To Chicago came the trainloads of immigrants. 
 Railroad development in Illinois 1850-1870 naturally scattered them 
 through the state; a propitious climate, rich soil and good situation also 
 kept many Scandinavians in this state. Religion characterized trie 
 cultural aspects of the settlements. Mormonism made itself felt in 
 1840, for at Nauvoo, the Mormon colony attracted the attention and 
 reproof of the state authorities. Michigan with her great forests and 
 splendid virginal condition called to the Scandinavian farmer; Detroit 
 the key to the Northwest region in early days, now opened up a territory 
 rich in resources to the hardy immigrant. Wisconsin, easy of access by 
 means of the Mississippi River, early became a goal to Scandinavian 
 newcomers, for this state became popular, especially through advertise 
 ment in foreign newspapers. From Chicago and the Illinois settlements 
 
IN AMERICA 31 
 
 the arrivals advanced, at first by boat or stage, to the larger regions of 
 the northern states, Winconsin and Minnesota, destined later to rank 
 very highly as populous Scandinavian States. Meanwhile, across the 
 river from Nauvoo, Illinois, there sprang up settlements at Sugar Creek 
 and around Rock Island. Westward through this state -of Iowa the 
 trail of the Northmen also led to Central Kansas, where railroad rates 
 and land values were the attraction as in the contiguous territory of 
 the Dakotas. In fact, the Scandinavian, colonizing this district so 
 thoroughly, became known as a considerable developing agent, ranking 
 second (1860) in size of alien race to cultivate the great Northwest. 
 
 The attitude of the American government and the railroads had 
 much to do with the Scandinavian settling of the Northwest. The 
 Homestead Act of 1862 emphasizes conditions which always attract 
 pioneers, the expectation of finding cheap land under government pro 
 tection, and the surety of experiencing society and politics in a forma 
 tive stage. The railroads in the two decades of 1860-1880, encouraged 
 this expectation, for the Union Pacific Railroad Company and the 
 Northern Pacific Railway made rates offering special terms to homestead 
 .seekers. The "First Swedish Agriculture Company" of 1860 offers 
 an example of this kind, for in that year the Union Pacific Railway 
 entered into agreement with the First Swedish Agriculture Company 
 of McPherson Country, Kansas, reducing railroad rates and land 
 purchases. The establishment of the Galesburg Colonization Company 
 likewise depended for its success on a bargain with the Kansas Pacific 
 Railroad Company, while the settlement of North Dakota is mainly 
 attributed to the Northern Pacific Railway Company. 
 
 Religion is closely connected with the movement of Scandinavians 
 for the period considered. In America the Norwegians particularly 
 observed close allegiance to the State Lutheran Church. Just so 
 soon as a settlement originated religious cohesion to the national form 
 of worship was demonstrated. The Norwegians had a national 
 Church in 1844 when only 12,000 Norwegians were in this country, 
 while before this there were local congregations and ministers. The 
 growth of church buildings and enlargement of church organization 
 kept pace steadily with the increase in immigration. Among the Swedes, 
 although in the^ main very loyal to state worship, greater diversity of 
 sects were to found. After 1850 many Swedish Methodists, Swedish 
 
32 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 Baptist and Mission Friend churches located in various settlements. 
 The Danes favored numerous denominations, Baptist, Presbyterian, 
 Adventist and Unitarian. Not till after 1870 with 30,000 Danes in 
 the United States, was there a purely Danish American Church with 
 a minister. Of most interest in Danish American Church history is the 
 introduction in 1869 of Gruntvigian ideas, propagated by a Grunt- 
 vigian Society in Denmark. This Society advocated the practical 
 side of Christianity and protested, as did its originator, the reformer 
 and exhorter, Nicolai Gruntvig, against the rationalistic tendency 
 in the state church. Mormonism likewise had a radical influence on 
 Danes in America. Joseph Smith, born 1827 in New York State, 
 started a Mormon settlement in Missouri. Driven out of that State 
 by the governor s orders, he purchased a tract of land in Nauvoo 
 in Illinois in 1840, but was not able to remain there after 1846, for, 
 becoming bold and introducing polygamy, he was required by the 
 State to remove the colony in that year. Meanwhile before the 
 definite removal to Utah an experiment was tried at White River, 
 Walworth County, Wisconsin. After Smith s death and the assumption 
 of leadership by Young, this wing of the party also removed to 
 Utah. To the Mormon Church there flocked many Danes, especially 
 in the years 1850-60, for Rasmus Sorensen in Denmark worked 
 upon the excitable sympathies of the people to induce Mormon 
 emigration. From 1861 to 1868 of the 9,362 Danish emigrants, 
 2,500 were Danish Mormons. From the Fox River Settlement many 
 Norwegians likewise joined the Mormons, especially at Lamoni, 
 a place near Nauvoo, where the Mormons did not practice polygany, 
 and with them later moved to Utah. 
 
 After 1870 the history of Scandinavian immigration is best traced 
 by statistics and in considering three decades, 1880, 1890 and 1900, 
 certain points are to be observed. The movement of immigration is 
 from the East to the Northwest and Westwards. The Northwest 
 section of the United States always maintains a position far ahead 
 of other sections of the country. Besides this Northwest movement, 
 which is indicated by statistics of foreign born Scandinavians, there 
 is an enlargement of the foreign element marked by the increase in 
 the United States groups which is indicated by statistics of the 
 foreign born and native born of foreign parentage. This movement 
 
IN AMERICA 33 
 
 and relative increase of the foreign element in the groups are the 
 dominant features in later immigration history. 
 
 In 1880 about 439,210 Scandinavians came to the United States, 
 of these 1.4% or 6,149 went to the southern states, 10% or 43,921 to 
 the eastern, 11.6% or 50,948 to the western, and 77% or 338,192 to 
 the northwestern. This shows the position of the northwest group in 
 which are included the States of Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, 
 Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas and Nebraska. By 1890 the Scandi 
 navian immigration tide reached 10,995 in the southern group. 128,761 
 in the eastern, 123,345 in the western and in the northwestern 670,148. 
 In the following decade 1900 the figures rose to 15,273 for the 
 southern, 188,371 for the eastern, 143,442 for the western and 
 715,121 for the northwestern. Thus it is seen that during the 
 three decades the movement of immigration had changed, although 
 very slightly for the northwest group holding 77% of immigration in 
 1880 shrank to 67.3% in 1900, while the western group enlarged 
 itself from 11.6% in 1880 to 13.4% in 1900, and the eastern group 
 10% in 1880, reached 17.7% in 1900. This is significant in showing 
 that while there is a steady maintenance of first position by the 
 northwest group, there is later a tendency on the part of incoming 
 Scandinavians to remain in the east and also to go far west. 
 
 Before considering further the movement of the incoming immi 
 grants, a glance at the increase by decades of the groups, discloses 
 a similar conclusion as to the maintenance of first position by the 
 northwest group and the slight gain in percentage of foreign elements 
 in the east and west in 1890 and 1900. Of all the Scandinavians 
 in America in 1890, that is, foreign born and native born of foreign 
 parentage, 73% or 1,816,541 were in the northwest group, 12.7% or 
 314,765 were in the eastern, 12.7% or 313,750 were in the western 
 and 1.2% or 29,990 were in the southern. In 1900 70% or 2,226,107 
 were in the northwestern group, 13% or 425,039 in the western, 15% 
 or 496,388 in the eastern and 1.5% or 48,798 were in the southern. 
 This discloses the phenomenon of a slight decrease in the north 
 west, 73% to 70% and an increase in the west 12.7% to 13% and in 
 the east 12.7% to 15%, a conclusion which was reached above when 
 considering the newly arriving emigrants. 
 
 From the percentages quoted it may easily be observed that 
 
34 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 the northwest group always greatly outdistances the other groups, 
 and of this northwest group, Minnesota is found to take the lead 
 in rank of the Scandinavian States. In 1890 Minnesota had 588,250 
 Scandinavians to Illinois 326,044; Wisconsin had 284,350 to Iowa s 
 210,106 to the Dakota s 183,800, Nebraska s 122,923 and Michigan s 
 101,068. In 1900 Minnesota still led, the others distributions being 
 Minnesota with 753,514 Scandinavians, Illinois with 432,075, Wisconsin 
 with 341,659, the Dakotas with 248,590, Iowa with 244,507, Nebraska 
 with 128,054 and Michigan last with 117,708. In 1900 Minnesota had 
 23% of all the Scandinavians in the United States or 43% of the 
 State population was Scandinavian. In all periods for total Scandi 
 navians Minnesota persistently contains one-third, thereby establish 
 ing her position as head of the northwest group. 
 
 But while the Scandinavian element is mainly to be found in 
 the northwest group, there is no denying that there has been a move 
 ment to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, 
 Idaho, Nevada, Washington, Oregon and California. This movement 
 westward was scattering in the midst of a large group and while 
 the increases for the group from 1880 to 1900 was 186% the lines 
 of march appears to be west, northwest. 
 
 The States which led in the increases were Washington, Cali 
 fornia, Colorado, Montana, Oregon and Utah in the order mentioned, 
 for of the 92,949 increase, Washington led with 24,730, California 
 followed with 18,927, Colorado with 10,931, Montana with 9,741, 
 Oregon with 7,065 and Utah with 5,530. In this westward move 
 ment it is interesting to notice the relatively small increase of the 
 State of Kansas, prominent in the history of the earlier period but 
 which in the period 1880-1900 increased only 50,764 as against the 
 73,979 increase in two decades of the adjoining State of Nebraska, 
 similar in conditions of climate and soil. 
 
 The immigration line of direction on the whole was west, 
 northwest. History for 1800-1870 likewise emphasizes a west, north 
 west direction. 
 
 These two facts characterize the whole Scandinavian movement 
 in America. It was a northwest movement pre-eminently ; a fact 
 interesting in the psychology of races in that it expresses the uncon- 
 
IN AMERICA 35 
 
 scious impulse of a migrating race to seek similarity of latitudinal 
 position. Scandinavia is a. northwest country of Europe, therefore when 
 immigration to the United States takes place, it seeks the north 
 west portion of the latter country. Thus Sacndinavian racial charac 
 teristics of industriousness, .simplicity, obedience to law, integrity _and 
 chivalrousness have been convened into a certain group of American 
 states. What impress they make socially, politically and economi 
 cally will subsequently be seen. 
 
 
 I is*** 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS IN AMERICA CONSIDERED AS A POTENTIAL OR LATENT 
 
 FORCE. 
 
 We have considered the arriving and the distribution of the 
 Scandinavian immigrants. In this chapter it is our purpose to 
 review what they do rather than to trace the influence of their 
 acts. Hence the subject: Scandinavians in America as a potential 
 or latent force. Enough has been said to show that wherever they 
 have settled, their "foot-prints on the sands of time" are seen. Few 
 countries in Europe fail to show their imprints. Can this race come to 
 our country in such a large number and fail to be a factor in our 
 national life? To suppose this, is impossible and contrary to 
 historical facts. Their influence is, and will be a force that can 
 never be eliminated. American history has already written many 
 of their deeds indelibly upon its pages ; i. e., John Ericksen and 
 his Monitor formed a turning point in the Civil War, and revolu 
 tionized war; the late John A. Johnsen, Governor of Minnesota, was 
 a true American and an exponent of our highest ideals ; Honorable 
 Knut Nelson has proved himself a conservative, yet progressive 
 statesman of our country. 
 
 That race which the most readily and completely merges with 
 the people of the new country will give more and receive more of 
 the characteristics peculiar to the two races. The importance of 
 the similarity and the dis-similarity of the two races must not be 
 overlooked, as the more nearly these are alike, the more easily will 
 they act reciprocally and lose less energy in futile or vain striving. 
 History amply substantiates that Scandinavians readily amalgamate, 
 and that the cultural differences of the Scandinavians and Americans 
 are not extremes is also well known, hence in their absence we 
 have good reasons why the Scandinavians should persist in culti 
 vating their peculiarly national characteristics. 
 
 36 
 
IN AMERICA 37 
 
 The oft-quoted phrase "United we stand, divided we fall," could 
 be appropriately applied if all the races that have come to America 
 should continue as miniature countries from whence they emigrated 
 wars without end would result. The making of a new nation would 
 be impossible. The improvement of the race would be greatly retarded 
 the system preventing the infusion of new blood and the devastating 
 effect of wars would soon be manifest ; e. g., the loss of the best men, 
 and destruction of property. 
 
 England formerly, America now, show how a new nation is made 
 from many nationalities. The two countries mentioned amply substantiate 
 the result, since they are the strongest nations the world has ever 
 known. Hence in America a complete process of merging will 
 improve our nation. The two sides of this question will be con 
 sidered in this chapter. From the above it is evident that ultimate 
 Americanization is desirable and necessary, both for the immi 
 grant and the nation; united they will progress, divided they will fight. 
 To what extent have the Scandinavians mixed with the American 
 people? TW T O answers may be given. If we consider the early arrivals, 
 not emigrants, as the Swedes on the Delaware, and others who 
 may have been here for a long time, the mixing is quite complete. 
 Only a few racial traits remain as characteristics of a foreign race. 
 
 Where, however, the immigrants have arrived later, and the oppor 
 tunities for mixing are less favorable, the process of Americani 
 zation is much slower. Another more general factor is the readiness 
 with which some nationalities amalgamate. A glance at our nation 
 readily shows that certain races do so with difficulty and others 
 remain a separate people forming a part of the nation ; e. g., the 
 more recent arrival of Hebrews, Negroes, Japanese and Chinamen. 
 Such separating characteristics are found in every nation, large or 
 small, and is especially evident in Norway. This is particularly 
 true of what is termed "Easterners," their mental and physical 
 traits are quite different from the "Westerners," the "Easterners" being 
 distinctly of the dolichocephalic long headed type; while the "West 
 erners" have strong tendencies to the brachycephalic broad headed 
 type. "Not only are the broad-headed coast districts darker as a 
 whole; in them the brachycephalic individuals actually tend to be 
 darker than the other types, as Arbo has clearly shown. Finally, 
 
38 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 while, as our map of stature indicates, the population of this south 
 western corner of Norway is not distinctly shorter than the remainder 
 of the country, nevertheless, in this region the broadest-headed types 
 incline to shortness of stature. In temperament these people, un- 
 Teutonic in all of the ways we have described, are also peculiar. 
 They seem to be more emotional, loquacious and susceptible to leadership, 
 in contradistinction to the stolid, reserved and independent Teutons." 
 (The Races of Europe by Ripley, p. 208.) Similar peculiarities are 
 found in Sweden, especially north of Jemtland and Helsinge where 
 the dark, broad-headed and short type predominates. Such charac 
 teristics cannot be eliminated completely in the new country. 
 
 On the basis of what has been said, we may ask : Is amalgamation 
 possible only by uniformity, or may habits and peculiarities be retained? 
 No nation is a perfect unity without variation, and if, according to 
 Dr. Binder, variation is necessary to progress, the answer must be, 
 Unity yet Variety ; otherwise a nation would stagnate ; continuing the 
 same reasoning, the nation with the greatest variety will progress 
 the most rapidly. Concluding, an absolute uniformity is not neces 
 sary nor desirable to national welfare. 
 
 The extent of variety is best seen in the customs and languages 
 as retained by the immigrants. When traveling through our country, 
 we cannot fail to notice the peculiarities of the various localities as 
 these may be Scandinavian, German, Russian, or any other nationality 
 represented. In spite of these peculiarities, the people are generally 
 good and loyal Americans, ready and willing at any time, if duty 
 should call, to march to battle for the defence of their adopted country. 
 
 As a national custom of Scandinavians, their sports may be 
 mentioned first. These have been practiced for generations in their 
 adopted land, for skieing with high jumps, rowing, swimming and 
 "turning" in its various branches appears to be their second nature. 
 Mountains, valleys and fjords have for centuries been national factors 
 in the making of the Scandinavians. Their national dish is long 
 maintained, fladbrod, sylte, ludefisk, grod, and many others too numer 
 ous to mention, are evident for generations. As a result of this, the 
 various Scandinavian institutions throughout our country set two 
 tables, one being for Americans, as they do not as a rule find the 
 national dish of the Scandinavians palatable. 
 
IN AMERICA 39 
 
 Chorbus singing is another Scandinavian national characteristic. As 
 a consequence we find a very large number in Greater New York 
 and throughout the country. Young men of the second and third 
 generation will often endeavor to learn Scandinavian, if for no 
 other reason than that they might join the " Chorus," their songs as 
 a rule being national in character. Each nationality is represented in 
 its "Sangerforbund" as the Norske, Svenske and Danske "national 
 sangerforbund." A Scandinavian forbund comprising representatives 
 from the three nations existed for a few years, but soon dissolved 
 because of jealousy. 
 
 The retention of their languages is not the strongest feature 
 of the Scandinavians. The rapid loss of their language reduces their 
 influence, and our American nation thus fails to receive from them 
 what lies imbedded in the language of the country, as culture, litera- 
 tuie and art. Their efficiency, likewise, is reduced by the loss 
 of one language. This rapid loss is especially noticeable in cities ; 
 and districts where the immigrant comes in contact with Americans 
 or other nationalities. Where, however, the district is exclusively , 
 Scandinavian, and the settlers are established in their own custom, 
 the people will remain quite thorough foreigners for generations, as 
 in Goodhus, Filmore and Lac Qui Parle, counties in Minnesota. 
 
 Generally speaking, the Scandinavians A.mericanize tqo rapidly. 
 This Is also evident to TrTemselves, hence the many means taken to 
 keep them true to their national traits and customs. A powerful 
 means is the parochial schools, under the supervision of their Church 
 organizations. They have several teachers seminaries and normal 
 schools for the preparation of teachers. These schools have a 
 double purpose, the first is to teach the principles of religion, since 
 the Scandinavian countries are very thorough in their religous 
 instruction, even including considerable dogmatics, and as a large 
 majority are Lutheran, three books must be committed to memory; 
 viz, Luther s Catechism, Pontoppidan s Explanation or Epitomy, and 
 a condensed Bible History of the Old and New Testament. The above 
 course is good training for the young mind. Another purpose for 
 which the parochial school is used, is to teach the foreign language 
 to their children. This is an unpedagogical procedure, as books intend 
 ed for the instruction of religion are not usually adapted for text 
 
40 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 books from which to teach foreign languages. "Confirmation" is 
 an act that indicates completion of the religious instruction. If young 
 people are not to be considered "black sheep" they must be "confirmed." 
 Parents often say they want their children confirmed, as they want 
 them to "learn Norwegian." Thus we note the perverted purpose to 
 which this sacred act is subjected by some. 
 
 National Societies. These are all organized to counteract Amer 
 ican influence, and bitterly do many of them bewail any mark of the 
 American stamp; a member who might thus be affected would at 
 once be considered as having dishonored the good name of his native 
 country. It is evident that such societies cannot have a large nor 
 a parmanent membership, their narrowness forbids it, the Scandinavian 
 nature soon rebels against such bonds, and American influence 
 lends a helping and relieving hand. If these societies were to be judged 
 by their "noise," they would indeed be considered powerful. The 
 majority of them represent extremes, and as extremes are generally 
 bad, they cannot accomplish much beyond a national parade, and 
 a dance once or twice a year. The explanation for the above is found 
 in the fact that they are nearly exclusively composed of members who 
 have lately arrived, and whose one aim and purpose is to show 
 America "how to do things." This may be necessary, but usually they 
 are shown first, or disappear. The Danes seem to lead the other 
 Scandinavians in this class of Societies. They have three national 
 bodies in America, the Danish Brotherhood in America, The United 
 Danish Societies in America, and the Association of Danish people in 
 America. The last is an exception to the class mentioned and dates 
 its b^rth from the year 1887; it is the result of the efforts of Rev. F. L. 
 Gruntvig, and its principal aims are to perpetuate the spiritual inherit 
 ance of Denmark, and to preserve the language of that country without 
 neglecting the duties of American citizenship. Their rules read, "Men 
 and Women who feel as if they were Danes, and are not hostile to the 
 Christian Church can become members on equal terms." (History of 
 the Scandinavians in the U. S., Vol II., p. 47, by O. Nelson.) There 
 are several other societies classed as national, but which arc in 
 reality American Scanidnavian Societies. Their purpose is to give 
 to America the best that the immigrants have brought, and to 
 induce the American Scandinavian to retain as a most valuable 
 
IN AMERICA 41 
 
 heritage, the culture of his native land; when this has been "toned" in 
 the American culture and made a part of it, the immigrant and 
 America have both improved, reciprocally they have given their 
 best. The membership of this class of societies is generally composed 
 of Scandinavians of the second and third generations, men of edu 
 cation and influence, politically, socially and otherwise. 
 
 The Scandinavian Press is a factor the politician reckons with, 
 as, like the Irishman, the Scandinavian is a born politician. The 
 Scandinavian press exerts an immense influence. It aims to be 
 impartial, politically independent, but is often found to favor special 
 candidates and parties so openly that the effect of the "almighty 
 dollar" is quite evident. It is much to be regretted that the 
 press is thus "for sale," as its readers are largely guided by its 
 advice, many of them are unable to read the American press and 
 literature, and hence are forced to depend on their own Scandinavian 
 publications for information. In justice to all papers, it must be said 
 that many are absolutely independent and disseminate truthful informa 
 tion regarding the issue of the day. The press, like the societies, may 
 be divided into the sacred and the secular. The different Church 
 organizations of the three nationalities have their own papers, these 
 are respectfully known as their "official organ." They also publish 
 special papers in the interest of missions, Sunday Schools, and for 
 the young people, the latter appearing in the American language. 
 With a few exceptions, the papers are well and ably edited and 
 exercise a wholesome influence upon their readers. 
 
 It is to be remembered that the Scandinavian press, especially 
 the secular, is mindful of the fact that it appears in a foreign 
 language, and hence is a strong factor for the preservation of that 
 particular language. This result of selfishness, however, does not 
 detract from its general usefulness and efficiency. 
 
 The aggregated average circulation per issue daily, Sunday, weekly, 
 semi-weekly, tri-weekly, and others were 1,149,619 in 1904; and 1,118,- 
 601 in 1909, a loss of three per cent. The decrease in number was 
 from 162 in 1904 to 161 in 1909. (From Norwegian American, pub 
 lished January 4th 1912 at Northfield, Minnesota.) 
 
 The last of the means to be considered for the retention of 
 Scandinavian traits is the teaching of their languages in the public 
 
 J 
 
42 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 schools and universities. This factor comes near home to every 
 American as he is brought in direct contact with their language 
 and literature. In several of the universities of the middle west 
 plays from Scandinavian authors have been given, and a thorough 
 study is made of their writings by Scandinavian and American 
 students. During the last few years great activity has aroused 
 special interest in these languages, and nearly all cities in Scandinavian 
 centers have made Norwegian, Swedish and Danish a part of the 
 regular high school course. In their efforts to obtain this privilege, 
 the Scandinavians received the loyal support of the foremost American 
 educators in their various states, a fact that is much appreciated. 
 This effort to bring the language and literature into our American 
 schools is the most legitimate manner in which to establish Scandi 
 navian culture as a permanent addition to American culture, and 
 through the national sifting process, that which is most needed 
 and best, will be retained. It is worthy of notice, that this effort is 
 largely promulgated by the Americanized Scandinavians, who with 
 difficulty can speak the Scandinavian tongue. It appears evident that 
 they are aware of their loss and anxious to have re-established the 
 opportunity for their posterity. 
 
 We have thus far considered only the anti-Americanizing factors ; 
 but many and more pro-Americanizing factors may be mentioned. 
 Their potency is great, and every immigrant bows more or less, sooner 
 or later, to their influence. To enumerate them is impossible, as, 
 generally speaking, what the immigrant sees and hears, the air he 
 breathes, the soil he steps on, is American. No wonder, that unless 
 the newcomers are insusceptible to impressions, they soon Americanize. 
 Especially must this be true if they come here to establish permanent 
 homes, as to them it is an advantage to become "acclimated," and "be 
 a hero in the strife." The Scandinavian soon discovers that to be a 
 "greeny" is distinctly a handicap to success; hence, gracefully and 
 willingly he submits to the Americanizing factors. Though everything 
 about us is an American force, there are, however, certain ones that 
 must receive special mention, and that may be classed as direct agen 
 cies in the process of Americanization. 
 
 As the first and direct means we must mention our public school, 
 the great melting pot of America. Here all meet on common ground, 
 
IN AMERICA 43 
 
 with the same teachers, same classrooms, Hebrew, Greek and Gentile, 
 side by side, one great democracy where democratic American principles 
 are expounded for about twelve years or more in the life of our youth. 
 These years represent the time of the greatest plasticity and suscepti 
 bility in the life of the human being. No vivid imagination is needed 
 to understand the significance of this to the youth of the country, be 
 they immigrant children or native born. 
 
 The school has an indirect influence upon the parents. The chil 
 dren receive their instruction at school, discuss it at home with brothers, 
 sisters and parents, all, whether young or old, conforming more or less 
 to the argument. To the large majority of school children even the 
 dictates of the teachers are aw and verity, hence they will defend them 
 in no uncertain terms. 
 
 In the rural districts in the northwest innumerable instances may 
 be found where the immigrant father depends on his "boy" in school 
 to translate and inform him regarding points of important detail. In 
 other communities the rural school districts are, and must be, super 
 vised by the rural immigrants, as they have the exclusive possession 
 of the land. They rarely do anything beyond "hiring" the teachers 
 and issue the warrants granting their pay. The course of study and 
 the selection of text-books being generally left to the teachers and 
 superintendents. The County Superintendent of Schools, whose chief 
 duty is to examine and license teachers, is too often a "political product," 
 hence, when a son or daughter of an influential voter seeks a "teacher s 
 certificate" it is generally granted without due regard to the qualifica 
 tion of the applicant. Such teachers assume the duties of their pro 
 fession and undertake to teach and "draw up" bring up the children 
 entrusted to their care. 
 
 The above description shows our public schools as managed by 
 immigrants; their efficiency as a means of Americanization is, of 
 course, greatly reduced in that case and in many instances is made to 
 inculcate foreign principles. This is especially true when the teacher 
 may belong to the immigrant class. In spite of these discrepancies, 
 the school will ultimately reach its goal and be a truly American 
 product. Where it is not, may we not believe that it serves its pur 
 pose, but by being what circumstances make it? To the Scandinavians 
 the public school is nothing new, school attendance in their native 
 
44 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 land is compulsory, they come prepared and eager to reap its benefits. 
 In the middle-west, where the Scandinavians are most numerous, and 
 where we must go if we wish to study them as a people in America, 
 few homes are found where the sons and daughters have not made 
 faithful use of the public school. The people own a large number of 
 high schools which are well attended. This, however, does not detract 
 from their interest in the state schools, as is amply proven by the 
 state Normal Schools and Universities in Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, 
 Wisconsin and Illinois. The schools, being thus zealously sought and 
 faithfully attended, must be a potent factor in the making of the 
 American Nation. 
 
 BUSINESS, by many supposed to be the "Royal Road" to wealth 
 and the source of the much sought dollar, has not the charm to a 
 Scandinavian that it has to many others. If it had, they would not 
 to-day be the owners of our best country homes and lands. How 
 ever, in discussing business as a factor, we must consider it first as a 
 factor acting upon the individual and secondly as the means through 
 which the immigrant is gradually changed by himself being the owner 
 or proprietor of a "business," in what is to him a foreign country. 
 The centers of business in a community, if conducted on an American 
 plan by Americans, are educational factors. The proprietor, wishing 
 to establish his interests, will cater to the good will of the foreigners, 
 rendering such assistance as he can to them in their attempt to con 
 form to and adopt the American customs. The requests for assistance 
 are many and varied, and offer excellent opportunity for exploiting 
 the immigrant, should he so desire. It may be said, however, of the 
 American business man, that he cannot be accused of having abused 
 this opportunity in any great degree. The above recited facts are 
 especially applicable to the country towns throughout our vast rural 
 districts, where the immigrants have settled. In large cities these 
 conditions are otherwise met. A different phase of the question appears 
 when the business man is one of the immigrants who may have arrived 
 a few years earlier and during this time has "clerked" in some 
 "American Store," as the nature of the American business demanded 
 a salesman who could speak the foreign language or languages of the 
 people visiting the place of business. Having thus become familiar 
 
IN AMERICA 45 
 
 with the business and the people, he will soon be a competitor with his 
 former employer. In the middle-west innumerable instances of the 
 above are found. 
 
 The particular business is the mercantile line and general store. 
 The majority of such business places conducted by the immigrants in 
 the middle west began in a very primitive form, sugar, coffee, tobacco, 
 overalls and green leather boots being the staple articles of nearly 
 every "country store." Their earnings paved the way for an extension 
 of the business, and in a few years many had established enterprises 
 of considerable magnitude. Very few large establishments, however, 
 are to be found owned and controlled exclusively by Scandinavians, 
 as they lacked the commercial instinct, and their financial resources 
 were limited. What they had at their command when arriving were 
 strong hands and a willingness to endure hard work. These were 
 qualities rather than material means. Having more of these qualities 
 than means, we can easily understand why they are not found in "big 
 business/ but rather in agriculture. There is in the middle-west a 
 Scandinavian Bank in nearly every Scandinavian town or village, the 
 bank being usually what is termed a State Bank, as the cash capital 
 required for such an institution is only $10,000, whereas for a National 
 Bank $25,000 is the minimum. Their limited capital is clearly the 
 cause for the large number of State Banks. Of recent years they are 
 gradually entering larger business relations, as the second and third 
 generations have inherited and acquired means, besides having received 
 valuable experience as salesmen and bookkeepers in American business 
 establishments. Being a progressive people, they soon embark upon 
 thir own careers as business men, the last fact proves the statement, * 
 the Scandinavians are becoming qualified and have the means for larj^e 
 business. 
 
 Closely connected with business and usually found in every town 
 is the Town Hall, used for political and civic purposes. Their political 
 gatherings are generally held in these halls, and in the rural school 
 houses, the speaker being some young, ambitious man "running" for 
 county attorney, superintendent of schools, or some local office. As in 
 business, so in their political gatherings, the meetings are arranged 
 either by the Americans for the purpose of the votes they may receive, 
 or by some politically ambitious man of their clan, fn either case 
 
46 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 much merit can be ascribed to the political gathering. In all cities 
 having a considerable percentage of Scandinavians, political associations 
 or clubs are found. These, however, are usually furthered by some 
 party or parties for personal gains. The selfish politician preys upon 
 the Scandinavian people as upon others through the various means 
 at his command; as one of these, we may mention the AMERICAN 
 PRESS. This powerful factor for good and bad in our national life 
 does not exert the influence upon the immigrant that is generally 
 accorded it, as their knowledge of the English language is so limited 
 that they read it with difficulty. The large city papers especially "miss 
 their mark" in this line. The local county papers yield a far greater 
 influence through their short and direct attack or defence of a candi 
 date or cause. 
 
 The general influence of the American press is, and will continue 
 to be, quite limited, on all immigrants not familiar with the English 
 language; e. g., the Press first becomes a factor in the life of the native 
 born generation. Others are susceptible only to a small degree to 
 American influence through this factor, a fact which is not to be de 
 plored. The Press, however, as a social force is one thing and the 
 Scandinavians as a social force is another, and the former need not be 
 discussed under the heading of the latter. 
 
 The last of the direct means of Americanization is the result of 
 being CO-WORKERS. As the Public School was considered the 
 great melting pot for "young America," so may the factories, the 
 shops and the many other establishments which bring many thousands 
 of men of every type in daily contact, be considered the melting pot 
 for the vast number of adults. In the places mentioned, the Americans 
 may not prevail numerically, but our American language is made the 
 common meeting ground for the German, the Jew, the Italian, and 
 the Scandinavians. The accepted common language, and the American 
 surroundings make this condition a powerful process of Americaniza 
 tion. It is to be noted, however, that this process has a tendency to 
 make a people peculiar to themselves, retaining and receiving, as 
 they inevitably must, from one another more or less of the respective 
 peculiar racial characteristics. Evidently, it was this Senator Bailey 
 of Texas had in mind when he, on the floor of the Senate, in discussing 
 
IN AMERICA 47 
 
 the Immigration bill, said that the Senators from New York were not 
 and could not be true representatives of what is American, as their 
 constituency was too tainted with European or foreign traits. 
 
 Further evidence of foreign marks is found in oft-quoted expres 
 sions, such as "You understand," which is so largely used in "the 
 East" by all classes of people, and is the result of a large number of 
 people speaking to one another in a language of which one or both 
 parties have only a limited knowledge. The shrug of the shoulders like 
 wise so common in the same centers of population is an Italian char 
 acteristics; the wave of the hand, so evident even in an ordinary 
 conversation, is acquired from an unconscious imitation and daily 
 contact with the Jews. 
 
 Generally, however, the influence of the shops and factories are 
 favorable to American citizenship. Our language must be spoken more 
 or less. For this reason a man who may have arrived in America 
 only a few years ago prefers to speak English after having worked for 
 a comparatively short time in such surroundings. The man having 
 adopted the language of our country, will also more readily adopt our 
 customs, manners and culture. As words are vehicles of thought, and 
 unless a man is a hypocrite, so a man is and does what he thinks. 
 
 From the above we can understand why Scandinavians Americctnize 
 so rapidly they accept our language, think our thoughts, and hence 
 do as we do. 
 
 Having discussed the final factor under the direct means of 
 Americanization, a few words on the indirect will be added. Gen 
 erally the immigrants will accept the people of the country as of i 
 higher standard than themselves in the social, literary and political life. 
 The immigrant being unable to speak the language, is often considered 
 ignorant, whereas in his own mother tongue he may be quite equ? 1 
 in education to the people in his adopted land. Things may be similar 
 and yet quite unlike. This is a condition especially applicable ta the 
 various countries. The immigrant may know thoroughly how a certain 
 thing was done at home, but in attempting to apply the same methods 
 in this country, will fail utterly. Hence the apparent ignorance. As 
 stated, the immigrants feel the superiority of the population of the 
 country. For this reason, they recognize the prestige of English in 
 
48 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 social, literary and political life. Generally they will endeavor to con 
 form to this higher prestige of the English language and American 
 conditions. 
 
 To the immigrant the American is the dominant race, with higher 
 standards which the immigrant desires to reach. To them it means an 
 improvement in manners and in culture, which when acquired will 
 bring them progress, and generally assist them in their ambition to 
 reach their goal in the new country. Thus the immigrant uncon 
 sciously becomes more plastic under the American agencies of 
 Americanization. 
 
 We have noted the means of Americanization. We may ask the 
 question "Should foreigners be Americanized with the greatest speed?" 
 The natural answer is "Yes, the sooner the better." We are not so 
 certain that the question has only one side, hence a brief discussion 
 of the two sides will follow. 
 
 The desirability of Americanization is over-emphasized, due, 
 probably, to a wrong conception of what is American. What is truly 
 American is not easily ascertained, as we have no place where the 
 population belongs to an original American race. The Swedes and 
 Germans in Pennsylvania may have been there for ten generations. In 
 the middle-west we have the first and second generations, by birth 
 they are all Americans, but they are not alike. The conception of 
 what is American is different. In other places we have other nation 
 alities who may have been here for ten generations. They are differ 
 ent from any of the above mentioned; all, however, are Americans, 
 but the racial characteristics of the original race are manifest. The 
 "Pennsylvania Dutch" and the Swedes of Delaware may be as truly 
 representative of the American as "the New Englander," although the 
 latter may claim to be the only representative of what is truly American. 
 The German or Scandinavian trait Americanized for centuries is as 
 much American as an English or French trait which has lived for the 
 same length of time in our country. America is yet in the "making," 
 and time will make it. Centuries will be required for this process of 
 amalgamation ; our nation is as yet to a large extent an immigrant 
 nation or the result of such, hence foreign traits must be accepted 
 as part of the very essence of true Americanism. To Americanize in 
 New York is one thing, to Americanize in Wisconsin, Minnesota or 
 
IN AMERICA 4 
 
 Texas is quite another thing. We must not have too narrow a con 
 ception of what is American. If we have, several brands of Ameri 
 canism must be accepted. 
 
 Ripley rightly considers the various tendencies and traits found in 
 Norway. He distinguishes between the coast people of "Westlanders" 
 and the "Easterners." He locates the purest representatives of the 
 Teutonic race in Guldsbrandsdalen and Odalen in Norway. Similarly 
 such conditions are found more or less in every country. If found in 
 the old European countries with limited territory and more than two 
 thousand years of time for amalgamation, have we any right to expect 
 America, with the vast territory and comparatively limited time, to have 
 accomplished completely this process? On the one hand, assimilation 
 should be more difficult to-day, as every nation is more firmly estab 
 lished than a thousand years ago; on the other hand, less difficult as 
 the modern means of travel, and the press, make the nations and the 
 world more like one people. 
 
 As to the above facts, Ross, in his "Foundations of Sociology," 
 says, p. 386, "The anthropologist thinks he can perceive a distinct 
 American type, the formation of which he would attribute not to cli 
 mate or crossing of strains, but to the same process that creates 
 improved varieties of domestic plants or animals; viz., selection." 
 
 It is not to be inferred, however, that we have no distinct American 
 type, but this type is not yet fixed and should not be made too narrow. 
 If we do so, Americanism would mean the Americanized foreigner 
 from some special European country. What, then, may be considered 
 the American characteristic? Ross, in his Foundations of Sociology, 
 p. 389, says it is "Energy of will." Evidence of this is seen in business 
 competition, or as the author just quoted says in the same paragraph 
 "In the conquest of the wilderness, in our faith in efficiency as the only 
 goal of education." No people pardons more to the successful man or 
 holds the persistently poor in such pity and contempt as weaklings that 
 cannot get into the game. In the American, action predominates over 
 imagination and reflection. Ross, Foundations of Sociology, p 389 
 "He is the true anti-Buddhist, the Occidental raised to the th power. 
 Hence, the American rocking-chair, solace of the over-tired. Hence, 
 Time is money/ Boil it down/ Twenty minutes for dinner/ etc. The 
 
50 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 editorial is read instead of the magazine article, to the women are 
 relegated religion, literature, art, social elegancies, whatever, in short, 
 demands repose." 
 
 In order that we may have an authoritative and unbiased descrip 
 tion for "American," Ross is quoted: "The strong will of the Ameri 
 can heeds nothing but the goal. The high voltage American of the 
 pioneer breed contemns hardship and risk, braves alike White Pass 
 and Death Valley." 
 
 Ross, Foundations of Sociology, p. 390: "In sport or in battle, 
 no one will stand more punishment than he. Body, appetites, inclina 
 tions, all are gripped in the iron vise of his will. Unsparing of him 
 self, he is reckless in sacrificing others. His impulses are kindly, but 
 woe to those whose rights or lives block his way." 
 
 "The enjoying of things requires the passive attitude, letting 
 things work on you. The reign of the active spirit therefore makes 
 ours a producers society rather than a consumers society. We neglect 
 no trifle that will lo\Ver the cost, but overlook little things that add to 
 comfort. In London there are hotels where the morning paper is 
 warmed before it is handed to you. In Berlin there are restaurants 
 where they give you an electric stirrer with thermometer inserted to 
 bring your beer to just the right temperature. The New World for 
 making money, the Old World for spending it. Hence the active 
 come to us, the idle rich desert us. We do not learn to dawdle 
 gracefully. An American crowd never effervesces with gayety like 
 the holiday throng in Europe." 
 
 "Guile is the resource of the feeble, the weapon of the down 
 trodden. The born American, on the other hand, feels able to win 
 without stopping. Conscious of strenght, he prefers to speak the truth 
 and play fair, not as something due to others, but as something due 
 to himself. But for all that he owes to himself to succeed. Where 
 business or political competition becomes fierce, this native morality is, 
 therefore, comprised by the determination to succeed at any cost. 
 Hence a queer, ring-straked conscience that does not stick at corrup 
 tion, fraud and grand larceny, yet keeps faith with foes and warns 
 before striking." 
 
 "In point of intellect Americans are not clearly differentiated from 
 the mother stocks. Although free from the ox-like "man-with-the-hoe" 
 
IN AMERICA 51 
 
 that sort finding here no chance to survive or mate we must not 
 impute to ourselves unusual mental capacity. The change a few years 
 of our electrifying ozone works in the dull-, fat-witted immigrant 
 suggests that our proverbial alertness, cleverness and lucidity betokens 
 stimulus rather than brain power. It is, after all, the high peaks that 
 count, and no one is so rash as to assert that our crop of geniuses per 
 million is heavier than that of Scotland and Switzerland. It is only 
 by counting in our inventors mostly mechanical and our captains 
 of industry that we can offset our deficit of eminent men in literature, 
 art and science." 
 
 "Albeit we travel on a rising curve of civilization, anthropologically 
 we are at our zenith, for the westward shifting of people has slackened, 
 and the bracing selections of the frontier have well-nigh ceased. 
 Indeed, it is quite possible that in 1860, before the Great Killing and 
 the Great Dilution, the human stuff here was some carats finer than it 
 is to-day." 
 
 "The Civil War cost half a million men well above the average 
 in physique and spirit. The South lost her flower. In the North 
 the impulsive were decimated, while the calculating stayed at home and 
 multiplied. Had this splendid half million lived, the Old World would 
 not have peopled the trans-Mississippi region, and the nomenclature 
 of many a Western town would be different to-day. The blood of the 
 nation was lastingly impoverished by that awful hemorrhage. The 
 cheap stucco manikins from Southeastern Europe do not really take 
 the place of the unbegotten sons of the granite men who fell at Gettys 
 burg and Cold Harbor. Had this sterling humanity not been squan 
 dered would the South be so hysterical or the North so graft-rotted as 
 is the case to-day?" 
 
 "Then came the Great Dilution to pull down the average." 
 "The flood of immigration now flows from different sources, and 
 taps lower human levels than the earlier tide. Over-persuaded, from 
 Croatia and Dalmatia and Sicily and Armenia, they throng to us, the 
 beaten members of beaten breeds, often the more aboriginal men that 
 have been elbowed aside or left behind in the swayings of the mightier 
 European races. Do these Slovaks and Syrians add as much to the 
 strength of the human piers that support our civilization as Scotch, 
 Irish or Scandinavians? As undersized in spirit, no doubt, as they 
 
52 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 are in body, the later comers lack the ancestral foundations of American 
 character, and even if they catch step with us they and their children 
 will, nevertheless, impede our progress." 
 
 "The inrush from the lesser breeds has not stayed the march of 
 industry or commerce or science or education, for these are in the 
 capable hands of picked men. But the newcomer counts one at the 
 polls, and hence it is in our politics that the sag is most evident. The 
 higher types of men are prompted to act together because they believe 
 in the same principle, or love the same ideal. The inferior pull together 
 from clannishness or allegiance to a leader. The growing disposition 
 to rally about persons and the rising value of the saloon-keeper, the 
 ex-pugilist and the boss in controlling city voters would indicate that 
 the electorate has been debased by the too free admission of political 
 incapables." 
 
 "The strife between labor and capital has been aggravated by 
 ethnic difference. The employer has been more haughty, the employee 
 more turbulent, than if they had stood on one race plane. Caste widens 
 the gulf between them and the Edenic reasonableness of the Antipodes 
 is hardly for us to hope." 
 
 "Dilution, however, need not spell decline. The psychology of 
 the superior third of the people creates the spirit which ultimately 
 comes to dominate the rest. It gives rise to ideals, which, under the 
 pressure of divers social atmospheres! penetrate to the soul s marrow 
 and become a second nature. This is why, despite the swelling influx 
 of the inferior, that emanation of the pioneering breed, the American 
 spirit, is still clear, strong and triumphant. Never has the psychic 
 whirlwind here had more power to seize and bear aloft lowly men than 
 it has to-day. The social body quivers throughout under our forced- 
 draft pace." 
 
 "Free land is gone, however, and the fact that nowadays the hegira 
 of the ambitious is all to the man-stifled town instead of to the spacious, 
 prolific frontier may be fateful for the American element in our popu 
 lation. The great glittering cities attract the brightest youths from the 
 farms and tempt them to strain for the prizes of success. But what 
 with shortened lives, bachelorhood, late or childless marriages, and small 
 families, the cities constitute so many blast furnaces, where the talented 
 
 
IN AMERICA 53 
 
 rise and become incandescent, to be sure, but for all that are incin 
 erated without due replacement. Thus may run down a race keyed 
 up by the migrations of more than two centuries." 
 
 In a former chapter it was stated that variation is necessary to 
 progress; hence why should our attempts be at a complete unification 
 or assimilation? It is evident that every immigrant coining to America 
 should become an integral part of the country. This process, however, 
 must be along natural lines, and not in a forced manner. Hot-house 
 plants may look well, but they have not the hardihood and conditions 
 of resistance equal to that of a plant raised in the open, and as such 
 has been subjected to the winds and the strong air. Similarly, the 
 immigrant who is forced to Americanize may acquire the American 
 veneer, but lack the true inner nature which should regulate the 
 external condition of the man. Even though we concede that all or 
 the majority of our immigrants intend to become citizens of this 
 country, and to identify themselves with the development of it, we 
 cannot expect them to break off all allegiance, remembrance and 
 impressions of their fatherland in a day. The Honorable Charles 
 Nagel, Secretary of Commerce and Labor, says in his article on 
 "Loyalty to One s Country" : "I shall never forget the first time I 
 returned to the native country of my parents. When I looked 
 upon the red roofs among the green trees of Bremerhaven, I felt that I 
 had at one time lived there. Such was the influence of the mother coun 
 try upon the bringing up of an American boy." There is no reason why 
 the best sentiments in the human heart should be destroyed when it 
 is the best that can be contributed to American citizenship. "You 
 may believe in traditions," says Charles Nagel, "and you may be 
 anxious to bring to the attention of this country the great achievements 
 and the brilliant history of your ancestors. I go further than that ; 
 I am not only anxious to impress this country with the greatness of 
 my forefathers, but I believe that the fullest development of the 
 United States depends upon our getting the fullest benefit of every 
 thing that very other country can contribute." This is accomplished 
 through time; and must be the result of a natural adaptation to the 
 conditions of America. The different forces at work in our United 
 States can not be brought together at once. The conditions under which 
 
54 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 the citizenship of this country is made up, are constantly changing. 
 The foreigners came to our country by invitation or by consent, 
 and we do not have substitution, but amalgamation, of the com 
 ponent parts. Hence we must endeavor to retain the virtues of the 
 nations and to eradicate the vices. America needs the taste of the 
 French, the capacity for intensive study of the Germans, and the 
 tact of the Dane. 
 
 The further discussion of this subject will be continued under three 
 different phases. The first we will call stage One, this being the 
 period following the immediate landing of the immigrant, when results 
 of foreign training are manifest in thoughts, words and deeds. An 
 attempt to make a foreigner a complete American at this stage would 
 and ought to fail. Though walking on American soil and surrounded 
 by an environment quite American, the thoughts, i. e., his soul life, 
 is and will remain for a considerable length of time, foreign, and must 
 reflect the thoughts received whilst in his native land. With more or 
 less success, he may be able to "think one thing, and do another 
 thing," but generally the thought precedes the act, the latter being 
 thought in action. During this time the immigrant may acquire more 
 or less of the ability to speak and read our language, but the complaint 
 is often heard that though the words are English, the thoughts are in 
 the foreign language; i. e., they think in one language and speak in 
 another, a sort of silent translation. 
 
 The Second stage represents the Scandinavian American who ma^ 
 be foreign born but who has become considerably Americanized by the 
 means already mentioned in this chapter. The expression "Scan 
 dinavian-American" is commonly used in the middle-west to indicate 
 this class of our American citizens, and includes men who have fought 
 and suffered for our country during the Civil War and the Spanish- 
 American War. 
 
 The last and final stage in Americanization is reached when we 
 have the American by birth, and American by environment. We are 
 informed that an individual is made what he is by physicial and social 
 heredity, and by the environment; if this is true, as it is, little remains 
 to be added in order to have a complete American. It must be noted, 
 however, that the above process is comparatively slow and not as 
 
IN AMERICA 55 
 
 rapid as the popular mind might demand it. Hence the conclusion 
 Americanization is desirable, but only as rapidly as the country can 
 absorb the immigrant and as rapidly as the immigrant may be able to 
 become a part of the new conditions. 
 
 "Lat os ikkje forfederna gloyma, 
 Under alt, som me venda og snu, 
 For dei gav os ein arv til aa gjoyma, 
 Han er storre, ann mange vil tru. 
 
 Lat det merkjast i meir enn i ordi, 
 At me halda den arven istand, 
 At, naar federne sjaa att paa jordi, 
 Dei kan kjenna sitt folk af sitt land." 
 
 IVAR AASEN. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 THE ECONOMIC INFLUENCE OF SCANDINAVIANS IN AMERICA. 
 
 Every immigrant arriving in this country becomes an economic 
 factor. He must join forces either with the producing or the con 
 suming class. The Scandinavians have especially been identified with 
 the former, which constitutes largely the agricultural class, and have 
 also furnished its quota to the consuming class. When in the preceding 
 chapter we described the Scandinavians as having more qualities for 
 work than means for business, we also gave the reason why they are 
 capable and have attained success in the agriculture of our country. 
 Agriculture contributes the three indispensable needs in the life of every 
 civilized man, food, clothing and shelter. More persons are engaged 
 in this occupation than in any other. About one-third of the popu 
 lation of the United States are farmers. The importance of this 
 industry, however, is not only in its numerical strength, but in the 
 fact that it produces most of the food supply for the nation, and the 
 raw material for several other industries. When on the following pages 
 we use the general term "farm" w r e think of the "running" of a 
 farm, and the raising of products on the land. The word "agriculture" 
 is often used to include all the enterprises connected with the farm. 
 As there is no real distinction between farming and agriculture, these 
 words in this chapter will be used as synonymous terms. 
 
 America is one of the most independent nations of the earth, this 
 independence being due not only to the American spirit, but also to the 
 sense that every American has as to the value of the immense natural 
 resources and productive farm lands throughout the country. Up to 
 the present time, through the high tariff system, foreign goods of 
 nearly every description have been barred, this being possible, as the 
 country is, generally speaking, "self-supporting." The three necessities 
 of life mentioned, food, clothing, shelter, are amply produced by the 
 
 56 
 
IN AMERICA 57 
 
 American farmer. It is to the interest of the farmer that production 
 is limited, as the less the production the greater the demand and the 
 consequent higher prices. It is weU t remember that the most vigorous 
 objection to the Reciprocity Treaty with Canada came from the 
 American farmer. He feared that by opening the market of the United 
 States to the Canadian farmer, competition would become active, and 
 lower prices would be the inevitable result. 
 
 The magnitude and importance of agriculture is clearly seen in the 
 report of ex-Secretary James Wilson, who served as Secretary of 
 Agriculture for sixteen years, 1897-1913. The first year of his service 
 began with a yearly farm production worth Four Billion Dollars, and 
 the last closed with Nine Billion Five Hundred and Thirty-two Million 
 Dollars. The farmer, in spite of abandoned farms, is making a steady 
 increase in his wealth production from year to year. "Considering," 
 says Mr. Wilson, "the wealth produced on farms in 1899 to be 
 regarded as 100, the wealth produced sixteen years ago or in 1897 
 represented by 84, and the wealth produced 1912 by 202.1. During the 
 sixteen years the farmers wealth production increased 141." These 
 figures represent the farmers contribution to the wealth of the nation, 
 and shows its "basic importance to the nation." He further states that 
 during the last sixteen years, his term of office, the wealth production 
 on farms reached the grand total of more than One Hundred and 
 Five Billion Dollars. "This stream of wealth has poured out of the 
 farmers horn of plenty, and in sixteen years has equalled about three- 
 fourths of the present national wealth." The year 1912 produced 
 enormous crops, only two L wheat and tobacco, have been exceeded 
 twice in production, and only two, cotton and rice, have been exceeded 
 once in production. "All of the other crops stand at the high water 
 mark. As an evidence of the growth of agriculture, Mr. Wilson 
 calls attention to the progress made in the Department of Agriculture 
 during his sixteen years of service. He began with what he terms 
 the kindergarten department and leaves it with "a thousand tongues 
 speaking with authority." Bureas have been created for various lines 
 of work. Investigation and administration as to methods and improve 
 ment of farming has added greatly to scientific agriculture. "The 
 department has becopie a great agriculture university of post-graduate 
 work." In 1897 the department of agriculture had 2,444 employees, 
 
58 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 and an appropriation of $3,272,902. At the close of the last presidential 
 administration it had 13,858 employees and an appropriation for 1912 
 of about $25,000,000. There is now an average of 52,000 requests 
 every week for departmental publications; in 1897 the average was 500 
 per week. During Mr. Wilson s sixteen years of service, 225 million 
 copies were distributed. From the above figures we must admit the 
 enormous growth of agriculture in our country. In order, however, to 
 arrive at a just conclusion as to where the country stands to-day with 
 respect to agriculture, the figures must be taken relatively. During the 
 last decade the population of the United States, as a whole, increased 
 21 per cent. The rural population, however, increased only 11.2 per 
 cent. The increase in the number of farms during the period was 
 10.9 per cent. The value of farm property from 1900 to 1910 increased 
 100.5 per cent. The greater part of this immense increase was in the 
 land itself, the value of which increased 118.1 per cent.; the average 
 size of farms decreased from 146.2 acres in 1900 to 138.1 acres in 
 1910. This shows a tendency slowly but surely toward the smaller 
 farm. The population increasing, and no more government land to be 
 given away, the general acreage must become less, which will also mean 
 more intensive and less extensive farming. It is significant that the 
 decrease or slow increase in the rural population throughout the large 
 areas of the United States is not due to the absence of agricultural 
 prosperity. States showing a decrease or only very slight increase in 
 rural population during the past decade show a large increase in the 
 value of farm property. In spite of this splendid financial showing 
 and apparent prosperity, large numbers of young people leave the farms. 
 The loss of this rural population is due to economic, social and educa 
 tional causes, as will appear later in the chapter. The economic cause 
 which has driven so many from the farms may be clearly pointed out, 
 and began about twenty-five years ago. At that time the "hard times" 
 for the farmer prevailed throughout the country. To raise grain and 
 cattle at a constant loss or for the "board" is a vocation that even the 
 most sanguine will not pursue for any length of time. Raising wheat 
 at 40 cents per bushel when 75 cents per bushel is the least at which 
 it can be raised and bring a small profit to the producer will not 
 attract the ambitious youth of the country. Such were the agricultural 
 
IN AMERICA 59 
 
 economic conditions which prevailed for many years, and that caused 
 the exodus from the country to the city. Sheer necessity drove the 
 youth to seek something better. However, the faithful remained, and 
 received their just reward. During the period mentioned, it was 
 necessary that young, and old, men and women, work on the farm. 
 This the Scandinavians and the Germans were willing to do. Women ( 
 "pitching" wheat bundles, haying and plowing, was no uncommon 
 sight at that time. The return "in cash" received for farm products 
 was so small that it forbade the hiring of farm laborers. The repre 
 sentatives of the Scandinavian nations were among the few who would 
 endure such extreme hardships, many farmers of other nationalities 
 sacrificed their land at a very low price or entirely abandoned it. 
 This explains why to-day the Scandinavians and the Germans are the 
 owners of our best farms and country homes. It is said out West 
 that when passing through the rural districts, it is possible only by 
 ordinary observation to distinguish the homes of the Scandinavians 
 and the Germans from those of their fellow farmers of whatever race 
 they may be. Good, well-kept buildings, orderly farm yards, tell the 
 tale. 
 
 The cause just mentioned, the economic, is specific. Another 
 which may be considered equally decisive in its effect is the desire for 
 Social privileges and opportunities. Especially the young people leave 
 the land because of the dreariness and the lack of fascinations and 
 charms so prominent in even the smallest country villages. The com 
 forts (and luxuries) of city life contrast strongly with the smoking 
 candle and their soiled working clothes. It is in the cities the country 
 youth acquire the new tastes and habits which they never can renounce, 
 and in which they freely indulge in city life, hence they remain. 
 Should they by chance return to the plow, it is but for a short time. 
 The weary and monotonous life of the field has not the charms to 
 overcome their longing for city life, and so at the first opportunity 
 they return. Their "great ambition" is to become FUNCTIONARIES, 
 postmen, shop-walkers or railway employees. The women have not 
 escaped the contagion. They have become fascinated by the sights and 
 the styles of the town. Jules Meline in "The Return to the Land," 
 p. 92, says: "They have derived from them a taste for gaiety and 
 
60 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 fine dresses and holiday making. On their return their village seems 
 to them dull, the farm dirty and dismal, and their work repugnant; 
 the laborer seems to them dull and loutish compared with the seductive 
 youths who have lavished money on them in the towns. The role of 
 the farmer s wife seems to them despicable and they will have nothing 
 to do with any of the young men of the village except those who have 
 become clerks or functionaries. This picture suggests something of 
 the change that has come over the life of most of our villages during 
 the last twenty years. We can instance several cases of agricultural 
 families which have given up splendid properties with aching hearts 
 because their sons could not find women to marry them and share theii 
 life in the country." 
 
 The new science of agriculture endeavors to remedy the short 
 comings of the farm. The rural mail delivery, rural telephones, the 
 invention of gas and electric lighting systems, the gasoline motor, 
 modern farm machinery for every kind of work, and last but not least, 
 the automobile, will bestow the coveted dignity sought by nearly every 
 human being, even upon the farmer. Hence we may expect a return to 
 the land movement. Another reason the farmer felt the humbleness 
 of his industry was the fact that scientific agriculture did not keep pace 
 with the general science pertaining to the manufacturing industries 
 which fascinated all eyes, absorbed all minds, and gave rise to all kinds 
 of hopes. When science turned towards agriculture, the latter soon 
 realized that it was the first of all industries, not because it was the 
 most necessary, but because it was the most elevated, scientifically, 
 being, in its essence, the center, as all sciences, find the soil their 
 particular field. Though farming may be reinstated in its place from 
 the standpoint of science, it must also be reinstated from the domain 
 of economics. The humility inflicted upon it in former years is still felt, 
 and much remains to be done before it can rank in popularity with the 
 competitive industries. It is well to point out to the city dwellers, the 
 present high standing of the farmer and his future possibilities. New 
 openings are needed every day for labor, as the more difficult the 
 labor problem becomes in the factories of our cities, the stronger will 
 the movement of back to the land become. Jules Meline, p. 83, says: 
 "What is to become of our countless workers unable to find work? 
 There is but one opening, one resource for them an opening wide 
 
IN AMERICA 61 
 
 enough for all, and resources that will be inexhaustible for centuries 
 yet to come the land." Truly one million people less in New York 
 City and the fertile prairies of North Dakota increased by the Some 
 number would be a boon to the city and state, and alleviate a great 
 deal of suffering for the idle million of this great city. The land is 
 calling for tillers and offers vast opportunities. The Scandinavians 
 have heard the call, obeyed it, and have chosen the most fertile land f 
 found in the United States. The "bread basket of the world," the 
 popular name of the Red River Valley of the North, is owned by 
 them. 
 
 The economic and social conditions of the Scandinavian immigrants 
 did not prevent them from "homesteading" in the North Central 
 States, as they were not trained to ease and luxury. Their life was > 
 that of the common peasant, which explains their aptitude for farming 
 and desire for a home in their adopted land. When arriving in our 
 country the Scandinavians brought their families, or if unable to bring 
 them at once, prepared and sought to bring them at the very earliest 
 opportunity. With the family came the need of a home, and as they } 
 had severed all economic connections with their native land, they had 
 one aim, viz., to establish permanent homes. At first these were very 
 primitive, being what is called "dug-outs," "sod-houses," or where they 
 settled in the forests, log houses. From the outside such houses might 
 look uninviting; on the inside, however, they were generally well 
 finished, being plastered, very often "papered," and tidy, which added 
 to the home comfort. In many instances terra firma unadorned consti 
 tuted the floor, which, however, was generally kept quite clean. In 
 other instances where it could be afforded, rough boards sawed from 
 trees that might be nearest at hand, were used for flooring. Imbued 
 with a spirit of permanency and the spirit of the Viking which always ( 
 rebels against "cramped" conditions, they were moved to frugality and 
 prudence, which in turn made it possible for them to improve their 
 homes. Hence very soon, and in many instances, the sod hut was 
 replaced by what may be properly called mansions. Many rural homes 
 are now as completely equipped as the majority of city homes, having 
 their central heating plant, hot and cold water, complete bath-room 
 equipment, a small electric or gas plant from which light is obtained 
 in the yard, the barn, the granary and other houses necessary on a 
 
62 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 complete farm. The home is usually well provided with, though not 
 always, well selected pictures and other pieces of art. The flooring is 
 no longer terra firma unadorned, but hard maple floors covered with 
 rugs of a fair quality. The above described homes are among the best 
 and are such as every nation may be proud of. 
 
 It is often argued that the foreigners coming to our country rob 
 the Americans of their opportunities. This may be partly true, yet the 
 districts in the United States where the immigrant has not interfered 
 with the native American does not substantiate the charge. Before we 
 can have good counry homes, we must have those who can and will 
 build them; before we can have agriculture, we must have a class of 
 people who have the aptitude and the traits necessary for being farmers. 
 Not all who might wish to be tillers of the soil would make successful 
 farmers. Europeans traveling through the United States bestow many 
 laurels upon the American farm home, which in so many instances in 
 the states mentioned, are built by the Scandinavians and the Germans. 
 
 A dark cloud, however, hangs over the future of the American- 
 Scandinavian farm-house, as the parents lack wisdom to parcel out 
 their large farm to their children as they become of age, the father 
 retains the land and thus inflicts the necessity of the young people leav 
 ing the homestead for the city or other rural districts. When the 
 parents pass away, the sons and daughters have established their 
 homes and can not assume charge of the "old place," hence this 
 unfortunate arrangement is the cause of many farms going into the 
 hands of other nationalities and threatens destruction to the Scandina 
 vian Communities. The people most eager to provide homes for their 
 children are the Germans, and who for this reason are rapidly purchas 
 ing the farms of other races and thus establish a compact community. 
 This means that the Germans have a strong tendency to cohere and 
 make permanent communities while the Scandinavian settlements may 
 disintegrate after the first generation ; hence the future of their present 
 k colonies is a matter of conjecture. 
 
 Another statement may be added as to the Scandinavian parents; 
 they very much desire their sons to continue on the farms, but as 
 "renters." This does not bring independence, but leaves the young 
 people under the direct orders of their elders, and as the orders are 
 often given in no uncertain terms and unfavorable to the son, it leaves 
 
IN AMERICA 63 
 
 a condition too uncertain for a man having assumed the responsibility 
 of being the head of a family. Their innate racial characateristic of 
 wanting a home impels them to break the old ties and to seek condi 
 tions under which a home may be established, be it ever so humble. 
 
 To analyze and give the reasons why this trait is found in the 
 Scandinavians can be done only with difficulty. To say it is their 
 nature, is not to state the cause. If we could say why this nature, 
 the question would be more nearly solved. In attempting to state a 
 "why," two reasons will be given. It is conceded that with an inde 
 pendent nature follows a tendency to autocracy; this is seen in Norway 
 at the time it had its numerous "smaa konger," literally little kings, 
 each of whom ruled over his "valley" and immediate vicinity. The 
 desire to rule was so .great that constant internal strifes and battles 
 prevailed between the smaa konger before the Norwegians became a 
 unified whole or a nation. This same psychologic characteristic has 
 continued down through history and was the cause of the abolition of 
 the nobility and titles in Norway, though many still adhere to, and 
 covet the supposed glory of the title. If all could not belong to the 
 nobility, or have titles, then none should have it, hence the abolishment. 
 The last feature reveals another strong trait; namely, jealousy. As 
 this trait, however, does not constitute an important part in the matter 
 here discussed, it will not be further considered. Another factor which 
 may explain their attitude to their children is the humble condition 
 which surrounded them in their European homes; they were, with 
 few exceptions, without any "real property." This made them what 
 was termed "H usmiand" ; i. e.. a husband and his family worked for 
 the "Bonde" ; i. e., the owner of a farm ; for this they received a 
 Husmand s quarters, and a very small allowance. The independent 
 farmer of to-day of the Northwest belongs largely to this class, and 
 it appears that the sense of ownership, which is new to him, makes 
 him selfish even to his own kin, and in attempting to gratify this sense, 
 even his sons and daughters must be made his servants in their mature 
 years 
 
 It is necessary to include some statistical data of the agricultural con 
 ditions of the United States in order that a comparison of the various 
 states may be made. As no statistics are found which show the extent 
 of the contributions of the different nationalities to the agricultural 
 
64 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 productions, the information obtained from such sources can be only by 
 inference and comparison of the figures in the light of what has been 
 said relative to the location of the different races. 
 
 It is of interest to note that the states having a large percentage of 
 Scandinavians also have a large percentage of "home-owners." In the 
 table given below comprising those states where more than 55 per cent, 
 of the families have homes, the Scandinavians are prominent : 
 
 Indiana 56.1 Over 55 per cent. 
 
 Kansas 59.1 " " 
 
 Montana 56.6 " " 
 
 Nebraska 56.6 " " 
 
 *Iowa 60.0 " " 
 
 Maine 64.0 " " 
 
 Michigan 62.3 " " 
 
 Minnesota 63.5 " " 
 
 Nevada 66.2 " " 
 
 New Mexico 68.5 " " 
 
 Utah 67.8 " " 
 
 Vermont 60.4 " " " 
 
 Wisconsin 66.4 " " 
 
 Oklahoma 71.8 " " 
 
 South Dakota 71.2 " " 
 
 North Dakota 80.0 " " 
 
 Similarly, it may be seen from the following table, that in the 
 production of wheat and butter, they rank high: 
 
 Wheat production 
 
 North Dakota 73,200,000 
 
 Kansas 51,387,000 
 
 Washington 50,661,000 
 
 Butter 
 
 Iowa 139,022,552 
 
 New York 115,408,222 
 
 Pennsylvania 111,358,246 
 
 Wisconsin 106,552,649 
 
 Ohio 87,638,930 
 
 Illinois 86,548,762 
 
 Michigan 67,872,710 
 
 The above tables are extracts from the following tables, which give 
 the percentages and figures in full: 
 
IN AMERICA 
 
 65 
 
 ABSTRACT OF TABLE No. 26 OF STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1911. 
 
 
 Native 
 
 Native 
 
 
 Families 
 
 
 white of 
 
 white of 
 
 Foreign 
 
 having 
 
 
 native 
 
 foreign 
 
 white. 
 
 homes 
 
 
 parentage. 
 
 parentage. 
 
 
 per cent. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 .... 1,177,457 
 
 32,438 
 
 18,946 
 
 34.4 
 
 Arizona 
 
 82,480 
 
 42,175 
 
 46,844 
 
 57.7 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 .... 1,077,509 
 
 36,608 
 
 16,913 
 
 47.7 
 
 California 
 
 .... 1,106,533 
 
 635,970 
 
 517,319 
 
 46.3 
 
 Colorado 
 
 475,136 
 
 181,432 
 
 126,971 
 
 46.6 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 395,649 
 
 374,546 
 
 328,737 
 
 39.0 
 
 Delaware 
 
 127,809 
 
 25,873 
 
 17,421 
 
 36.3 
 
 District of Columbia .... 
 
 166,711 
 
 45,066 
 
 24,351 
 
 24.0 
 
 Florida 
 
 373,967 
 
 35,828 
 
 33,851 
 
 46.8 
 
 Georgia 
 
 .... 1,391,058 
 
 25,677 
 
 15,081 
 
 30.6 
 
 Idaho 
 
 203,604 
 
 75,254 
 
 40,444 
 
 71.6 
 
 Illinois 
 
 .... 2,600,565 
 
 1,724,489 
 
 1,201,928 
 
 45.0 
 
 Indiana 
 
 .... 2,130,168 
 
 350,747 
 
 159,118 
 
 56.1 
 
 Iowa 
 
 . . . . 1,305,526 
 
 632,182 
 
 273,388 
 
 60.5 
 
 Kansas 
 
 . . . . 1,207,087 
 
 292,077 
 
 134,719 
 
 59.1 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 . . . . 1,863,157 
 
 124,775 
 
 40,023 
 
 51.5 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 776,569 
 
 112,728 
 
 51,828 
 
 31.4 
 
 Maine 
 
 494,918 
 
 135,188 
 
 109,911 
 
 64.8 
 
 Maryland 
 
 766,628 
 
 191,841 
 
 104,176 
 
 40.0 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 1,103,361 
 
 1,170,793 
 
 1,050,899 
 
 35.0 
 
 Michigan 
 
 .... 1,224,841 
 
 965,217 
 
 595,200 
 
 62.3 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 575,081 
 
 941,315 
 
 542,857 
 
 63.5 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 .... 757,233 
 
 19,495 
 
 9,391 
 
 34.5 
 
 Missouri 
 
 .... 2,387,909 
 
 518,341 
 
 228,695 
 
 50.9 
 
 Montana 
 
 162,129 
 
 106,811 
 
 91,647 
 
 56.6 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 642,075 
 
 262,353 
 
 175,883 
 
 56.8 
 
 Nevada 
 
 35,313 
 
 20,956 
 
 18,102 
 
 66.2 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 230,231 
 
 103,118 
 
 96,560 
 
 53.9 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 . . . . 1,009,909 
 
 777,859 
 
 658,159 
 
 34.3 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 255,609 
 
 26,331 
 
 22,662 
 
 68.5 
 
 New York . 
 
 .... 3,230,154 
 
 3,007,507 
 
 2,729,260 
 
 33.2 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 .... 1,485,705 
 
 8.855 
 
 5953 
 
 46.6 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 162,461 
 
 251,256 
 
 156,138 
 
 80.0 
 
 Ohio 
 
 .... 3,033,275 
 
 1,024,377 
 
 597,255 
 
 52.5 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 . . . . 1,310,403 
 
 94,044 
 
 40.088 
 
 71.8 
 
 Oregon 
 
 416,851 
 
 135,241 
 
 103,002 
 
 58.7 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 .... 4,222,616 
 
 1,806,392 
 
 1,438,752 
 
 41.2 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 159,821 
 
 194,646 
 
 178,031 
 
 28.6 
 
66 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 South Carolina 661,970 11,138 6,054 30.6 
 
 South Dakota 245,665 217,478 100,628 71.2 
 
 Tennessee 1,654,606 38,367 18,460 46.3 
 
 Texas 2,602,958 361,926 240,012 46.5 
 
 Utah 171,671 131,527 63,404 67.8 
 
 Vermont 229,382 75,055 49,861 60.4 
 
 Virginia 1,325,238 37,943 26,628 48.8 
 
 Washington 585,401 282,529 241,227 54.8 
 
 West Virginia 1,042,107 57,638 57,072 54.6 
 
 Wisconsin 763,224 1,044,764 512,569 66.4 
 
 Wyoming 80,711 32,497 27,165 55.2 
 
 ABSTRACT OF TABLES Nos. 86 AND 94 OF STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Wheat 
 
 production 
 
 1911 
 
 Alabama 345,000 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Arkansas 1,008,000 
 
 California 8,640,000 
 
 Colorado 8,274,000 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 1,740,000 
 
 Hawaii 
 
 Idaho 15,860,000 
 
 Illinois 42,000,000 
 
 Indiana 34,354,000 
 
 Iowa 10,622,000 
 
 Kansas 51,387,000 
 
 Kentucky 9,906,000 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 9,378,000 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Michigan 18,450,000 
 
 M : nnesota 43,943,000 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 36,110,000 
 
 Montana 12,299,000 
 
 Butter 
 production 
 
 1900 
 19,139,321 
 200 
 
 803,394 
 
 21,753,833 
 
 34,000,497 
 
 6,499,121 
 
 8,480,194 
 
 2,599,838 
 
 1,386,445 
 
 15,160,454 
 
 118,871 
 
 2,952,886 
 
 86,548,762 
 
 54,595,879 
 
 139,022,552 
 
 59,837,255 
 
 30,631,044 
 
 4,918,229 
 
 20,635,572 
 
 11,638,378 
 
 9,572,181 
 
 67,872,710 
 
 82,363,315 
 
 18,929,761 
 
 46,949,726 
 
 2,488,310 
 
IN AMERICA 67 
 
 Nebraska 41,574,000 46,244,839 
 
 Nevada 1,192,925 
 
 New Hampshire 11,419,881 
 
 New Jersey 7,219,882 
 
 New Mexico 1,262,000 313,003 
 
 New York 6,728,000 115,408,222 
 
 North Carolina 6,636,000 16,913,802 
 
 North Dakota 73,200,000 9,642,003 
 
 Ohio 36,240,000 87,638,930 
 
 Oklahoma 8,976,000 8,834,559 
 
 Oregon 16,726,000 10,082,807 
 
 Pennsylvania 17,402,000 111,358,246 
 
 Rhode Island 636,281 
 
 South Carolina 8,150,437 
 
 South Dakota 14,800,000 2 3,573,077 
 
 Tennessee 8,280,000 29,299,519 
 
 Texas 6,580,000 48,244,206 
 
 Utah 5,025,000 5,331,336 
 
 Vermont 41,288,087 
 
 Virginia 9,000,000 20,076,351 
 
 Washington 50,661,000 10,5/0,527 
 
 West Virginia 2,737,000 16,954,129 
 
 Wisconsin 3,097,000 106,552,649 
 
 Wyoming 918,054 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 POLITICAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF SCANDINAVIANS ON AMERICANS 
 AND OF AMERICANS ON SCANDINAVIANS. 
 
 Scandinavians have a strong liking for politics. This may be due 
 to the psychologic trait they have for discussions, bickerings, strifes 
 and their love for political freedom generally. 
 
 For many years the immigrants from the Northern countries of 
 Europe were staunch Republicans, party loyalty was so strong that any 
 candidate nominated by their party would receive all but a few 
 dissenting votes. It would appear that such loyalty is incompatible 
 with their spirit of independence, yet facts sustained the statement 
 throughout the first generation. In many rural communities the 
 American politician often referred to the Scandinavian as his "voting, 
 cattle," by ascertaining who was the accepted clan leader and obtaining 
 his support, no difficulty was experienced, as one fellow induced others 
 to follow. Hon. John L. Gibbs, in an address delivered at Ellendale, 
 Minnesota, May 17, 1902, said of the political situation and the 
 Scandinavians : "You will find that in no state in our Union have 
 you received your due. Where would the dominant party in the State 
 of Illinois have been during the past thirty years but for the Scan 
 dinavian vote? And did you ever hear of a Scandinavian being" 
 placed on its state ticket until very recently? What would have been 
 the result of our state of Iowa? You know, and I need not tell you. 
 A few years since a Scandinavian was given a place on the state ticket 
 and four years ago one was elected to Congress. This year there is an 
 effort made to leave him at home. I hope it will not succeed. In North 
 Dakota the Scandinavians outnumber all other classes combined, and 
 they are not represented in either house of Congress. What is the 
 situation in this state? W r e Americans, born of American parentage, 
 constitute a little more than one-fifth of the population. I think we hold 
 more than one-fifth of the offices. Where do you come in? The 
 
 68 
 
IN AMERICA 69 
 
 three branches of the Scandinavian family, counting those born of 
 Scandinavian parentage, far outnumber us. There are fourteen elective 
 state officers, counting the members of the Supreme Court. The 
 Scandinavians hold one. Of the seven members of Congress there is 
 not one Scandinavian. In Wisconsin, where an effort is being made to 
 defeat the re-election of the lone Scandinavian Congressman, and in 
 all the Western States the situation is similar to that of Minnesota." 
 
 It has been stated that immigrant races wish to conform to the 
 dominant race. This is especially true of the Northern, a trait which 
 reveals a racial weakness and which is seen in their susceptibility to 
 flattery at the hand of their American friends. A few complimentary 
 words as to the bravery of the Normans and their heroic deeds will 
 bring the desired result. 
 
 However, during recent years this has changed, clannishness and 
 dislike for the American politician is the condition to-day. In the 
 state of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas, it is quiie a 
 political asset to have a name ending in "son." In an article under 
 the caption: Minesota by George Fitch. Copyrighted, 1912, by the 
 Globe, the author humorously writes as follows : 
 
 "Minnesota is an American State which has been borrowed by the 
 Norwegians with great success. Owing to its steady and reliable 
 winter it has become the lifetime resort for this hardy people who 
 raise wheat, white whiskers, and American citizens with great fluency. 
 Minnesota now has over two million people, half of whom have names 
 ending in son/ 
 
 Minnesota produces more wheat, iron ore, and light-haired, blue- 
 eyed statesmen than any other commonwealth. It has a state university 
 which leads the world in the production of Clydesdale halfbacks, and 
 has 5,000 students, all trained to yell Ski-U-Mah in unison when the 
 team scores on Michigan. It was born Republican, but was recently 
 captured by Colonel Roosevelt after a hard tussle with neighbor La 
 Follette. Besides, Minnesota has contributed Ignatius Donnelly, Adam 
 Bede, Knute Nelson, James J. Hill, Archbishop Ireland, and other 
 interesting citizens to its country, but her greatest feat in citizen-pro 
 ducing was John A. Johnson, who would have mixed up the Democratic 
 convention at Baltimore more than ever, had he lived. Minnesota 
 
70 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 mourns his death sincerely, but has 100,000 more Johnsons in training 
 and will yet produce a president of that name." 
 
 As to their views of government, they are changing from the 
 conservative Republicans to the "Progressives" or even "Radicals/ 
 Large numbers are entering the ranks of the Socialists. Socialism 
 and political independence is apparently a world symptom, it asserts 
 itself in Ireland, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Algernon Lee, in 
 the January Metropolitan, 1913, pictures what he calls Progressive 
 Scandinavia thus : 
 
 "Good news for Socialist and Suffragists has come from the 
 Scandinavian countries. The general election in Norway brought 
 defeat to the coalition of Conservatives and so-called Liberals which 
 has been in power. Their representation is reduced from seventy-eight 
 to twenty- four, that of the Radicals increased from thirty-three to 
 seventy -four, and that of the Socialists cast 126,000 votes out of a total 
 of 478,000, a gam of 35,000 over their previous record. The Danish 
 government has introduced a bill which gives women equal political 
 rights with them and reduces the voting age from thirty to twenty-five. 
 The bill will be carried with Socialist and Radical support. Iceland, 
 which is a Danish dependency, is also to get equal suffrage. 
 
 At an international conference recently held in London, one of 
 the Norwegian delegates, Mr. Braekstadt, reported that in his country 
 seventy per cent, of the women go to the polls; that the proportionate 
 strength of the parties has not been perceptibly affected by the exten 
 sion of the suffrage to women ; but that the female voters compel atten 
 tion to such social questions as child w r elfare and the housing of the 
 people." 
 
 Continuing the discussion of the conditions "at home," we may say 
 that it appears that their liberty loving nature is beginning to assert 
 itself in the second generation. The immigrants were obliged, because 
 of their ignorance of American politics, to permit leadership, as they 
 were trained under a strict government, and hence had acquired a law- 
 abiding nature, forbidding opposition or revolt. From "voting cattle" 
 to racial socialism is a long step, and whoever takes it, goes from one 
 extreme to another extreme, omitting- the necessary intermediate steps : 
 that the Scandinavians, to some extent are doing this, is certain, and 
 may be the result of the restraint or bondage under which they have 
 
IN AMERICA 71 
 
 lived for a considerable time. During the last ten years the Americans 
 and others in the North Central States have had to endure their clan- 
 nishness in every campaign. In 1894 the Minnesota legislature had 
 168 members, of which 47 were Scadinavian Republicans. Similar con 
 ditions have continued, but the proportion of Scandinavians is larger. 
 Minnesota has had four Scandinavian Governors ; the first being Knute 
 Nelson, now United States Senator; the second, John Lind, popularly 
 called "honest John" ; the third was the late John A. Johnson ; the 
 fourth and present Governor is Adolph Eberhardt. Of the four 
 Governors mentioned, two were Republicans and two Democrats. 
 Their independence in politics is clearly seen in the selection of two 
 Democratic Governors in a state which is normally Republican by a 
 majority of 125,000 votes or more. Their independence is further seen 
 in the fact that the Farmers Alliance, the People s party, the Popufist 
 party and the recently organized National Progressive party received 
 a very substantial vote in their territory. It is evident from the above 
 recited facts that even if we grant they are, as a people, Republican, 
 they move about from party to party, thus exhibiting the same char 
 acteristic that is seen in their "vandrelyst" and Viking nature centuries 
 ago. 
 
 *v" ~^ 
 
 The patriotism of the Scandinavians, especially the Norwegians, is 
 of a peculiar brand, and of a demonstrative and superficial type, this 
 superficiality may also explain the rapid assimilation when emigrating 
 to other countries. The so-called language question, which has been 
 discussed so ardently for many years in Norway, is a key to their type 
 of patriotism. The one side, and which theratens to dominate, con 
 tends that it is not the trait of a loyal Norwegian to retain the present 
 Norwegian language, as it is originally Danish, hence they are endeav 
 oring to construct a language of the many "Bonde dialects" throughout 
 the rural districts, and thus provide Norway with a language truly 
 national. The present Norwegian language of Ibsen and Bjornsen is 
 strong and rich in expressions, both in literature and science, and 
 should be left undisturbed to the natural growth peculiar to a language. 
 
 The proposed plan, which their patriotism demands for a Nor 
 wegian language is a distinct step backward in the linguistic field and 
 would mean the adoption of an inferior and more primitive language, if 
 
72 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 the term may be applied. American patriotism may with equal propriety 
 say "we do not wish to use the English language as it has its home in 
 England. We must construct a language which is our own. We will 
 go to the original Americans the Indians, and from their various tribal 
 dialects construct an American language, or even better, a "United 
 States language. The folly of the above is obvious. 
 
 A people loyal to its native country will also become loyal to their 
 adopted country. A brief review of the history of American wars, 
 Revolutionary, Civil and Mexican, reveals the fact that numerous 
 Northmen were among the brave soldiers who defended their adopted 
 land. When the call came for volunteers at the time of the Civil War, 
 they responded most willingly, and furnished many thousand men to our 
 American army. During the Civil War they were nearly all found in 
 the Northern camps, as they resided in that territory. As complete 
 details and statistics cannot be given, a few figures will be submitted 
 to show their activity and usefulness in the preservation of the Union. 
 
 Martin Ulvestad, in his work entitled "Normaendene I Amerika," 
 gives the following information: Norway has given 3 colonels to our 
 American wars; 27 majors; 52 captains; 76 lieutenants; 154 sergeants; 
 219 corporals, and 4,042 soldiers. 
 
 The man receiving special mention, was Hans C. Heg, born in 
 Norway in 1829, emigrated to America in 1840, and chose Muskogee, 
 Wisconsin, as his place of residence. In 1861, the beginning of the 
 Civil War, the Governor of Wisconsin appointed Mr. Heg as the 
 colonel cf the 15th Wisconsin Regiment. Mr. Heg was killed in the 
 battle of Chickamauga. At this place the United States Government 
 has erected a monument in his honor, which cost $25,000, the inscription 
 is as follows: "Hans C. Heg, Col. of the 15th Wisconsin; Command 
 ing 3rd Brigade, Davis Division; mortally wounded about 4 P. M., 
 September 19, 1863." 
 
 The 15th Wisconsin Regiment (volunteers) was one of the ablest 
 regiments in the entire army. It is reported that General Howard said 
 of this regiment, "I wish we had a brigade of such men." It was 
 universally known, as it was ordered from place to place, always to 
 the most dangerous borders. The popular name of these valiant 
 fighters for the Union was "The Scandinavian Regiment." The above 
 
IN AMERICA 73 
 
 information as to the activities of the Scandinavians is very brief, but 
 is sufficient to establish the fact that they were a factor in our political 
 life at the time of our wars. 
 
 rti-Xi 
 
 The social and cultural influence of the Northmen is not -as- 
 clearly seen as their political influence. Participation in politics and 
 state affairs requires less preparation, as it becomes a part of every 
 man s life. The condition of their social and cultural status, though 
 manifesting itself at an early date in its native character, has not made 
 a visible impression upon the American. When arriving in this country, 
 they were obliged to utilize all their time and efforts to establish a 
 home. For this reason little time was left for their social side and 
 was mostly limited to a narrow circle of fellow immigrants. The 
 difficult -conditions under which they had to develop, prohibited any 
 great activities beyond their daily endeavors to obtain a living. For 
 this reason literature, mostly descriptive of American conditions, began 
 to appear in 1838. The Scandinavians have always recognized that 
 the production of Scandinavian literature on American soil, has been 
 a minimum. The ability to break and improve the wild prairies, to 
 grub" in our woods and to write books, is not to be found in the same 
 man. A further fact may be added, explaining the limited 1 supply of 
 literature. The immigrants belonged largely to the laboring class, and 
 as a consequence, only a very few had any higher education. The 
 number of books and pamphlets published by Norwegians in America, 
 up to the year 1907, Martin Ulvestad in his book, "Normaendene I 
 Amerika," gives as 491. 
 
 Valdemar Ager, Editor of "Reform," must be placed at the begin 
 ning of the list. Mr. Ager has written several works which have been 
 well received at home and in Norway. Professor R. B. Andersen, 
 Editor of "Amerika" has written several works, some appearing 
 in the Norwegian and some in the English language; the Norwegians 
 being "Nordisk Mytologi" ; "Amerika Tkke Opdaget af Columbus"; 
 "Julegave"; and "Bygdejsevninger." The English works are: "The 
 Edda"; "Viking Tales of The North," and the "First Chapter of 
 Norwegian Immigration." Attorney J. W. Arctender, of Minneapolis, 
 likewise has written several works, the most important being his 
 "Praktiske Haandbog I Staten Minnesota s Lovgivning," 625 pages. 
 From the pen of A. Asperheim we have "Darvinismen, eller Evolution 
 
74 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 og Evolutionstheorier." O. M. Nordlie, Ph.D., "A Guide to Literary 
 Study." O. N. Nelson, "History of the Scandinavians," 2 vol., and 
 R. Andersen, Associate Editor of "Danske I Amerika." To continue 
 and enumerate the entire number of books and pamphlets is unneces 
 sary. The above are among the best, and shows a variety of subjects, 
 however, the greatest number is by far on religious subjects, and a 
 comparatively large supply of hymnals and song books are in the 
 market. It is evident that the influence of the Scandinavian American 
 literature is very limited beyond their own people. 
 
 As in literature, so in journalism we have a large number of 
 papers with a corresponding number of editors, the largest percentage 
 of whom are only partially successful. "Nordlyset" was the first Nor 
 wegian paper issued in America, beginning in 1847. From that time 
 until 1907, 234 papers have been started, of which about 82 are in 
 existence. The total subscribers being approximately 350,000. Their 
 papers are generally published in the interest of "news," some par 
 ticipating in the discussion of the political issues. Of the last mentioned, 
 there were 17 supporting the Republican party; 2, the Prohibition 
 party, and 2, the Socialistic party. It has been stated that, generally 
 speaking, Scandinavians were Republicans. It is now noticed that their 
 papers are in favor of the Republican party; the last fact to a certain 
 degree accounts for the first. One of the most important Norwegian 
 American papers is the "Decorah-Posten," whose owner, B. Amundsen, 
 died March 25, 1913. Mr. Amundsen began the publication of his 
 paper in 1874; it is published twice a week. Another paper whose 
 influence in the political life of the Scandinavians has been greater 
 than probably any other factor, is "Skandinaven," a Republican political 
 paper. Its publication began in 1866, the owner and editor being John 
 Andersen. At first it was a weekly paper, at present it is published 
 as a daily with 8 pages, as a Sunday paper, 16 pages, and on Wednes 
 days and Fridays, 12 pages. The Press as the literature, has a large 
 percentage of religious publications. 
 
 The Scandinavians do not exercise any great religious influence 
 
 beyond their "own people." The Scandinavians are, with a compar- 
 
 \l atively few exceptions, Lutherans, and as it is not a practice of the said 
 
 church to proselyte nor to tolerate proselyting, this trait may explain 
 
 why their influence is limited. The books and papers published in the 
 
IN AMERICA 75 
 
 interest of their religion depend exclusively upon the membership of 
 the churches for their support. No attempt is being made to obtain 
 subscribers beyond their own creed. Another feature of their religious 
 practice is the absence of any endeavor to make their churchly influence 
 extend beyond the Scandinavian people. Until recently, their services 
 have been conducted in the Scandinavian languages, a condition which 
 prevent* Americans from attending their places of worship. During 
 the last ten years, however, rapid strides have been made towards the 
 adoption of the American language. At the last annual meeting, Th. 
 Dahl, D.L>., President of the United Lutheran Church of America, the 
 largest independent Scandinavian Church body, stated in his annual 
 report that with rare exceptions, all churches in the cities or rural 
 districts demand a pastor with a nearly perfect command of the 
 English language. He further stated that if this present tendency 
 continues, it will be only a matter of a very few years before we are 
 unable to supply "calls" to a clergyman not familiar with the American 
 language. The second generation, being a part of of America in a sense 
 which the emigrants could not be, will naturally bring the influence of 
 their church to bear on American conditions in a different way than 
 what their parents did; hence it is reasonable to expect a greater 
 influence of the Church of Scandinavia from now on, than what has 
 been evident to this time. 
 
 One of the important means through which the Scandinavians 
 have sought to prepare and to keep youth for their church, their 
 people, and generally to make good citizens for their adopted land, is 
 their schools. The Scandinavians rank high in educational privileges, . . 
 the illiteracy being less than one per cent. Nearly all their schools are 
 religious or Church Schools, as they wish to obtain a clergy ("minis 
 try") linguistically qualified to administer to our people in the English 
 tongue. The present period is considered a transition period, hence 
 schools are so arranged that they give instruction in the American 
 and Scandinavian languages. It is likewise one of the chief aims of 
 their schools and colleges to train men for the ministry. This they 
 appeared to accomplish until recently, but at present they claim that a 
 decided change has come over the spirit of the schools, and even the 
 church colleges. Dr. Singmatser of Gettysburg, declared that "It 
 appears now to be difficult for a young person who is a Christian to 
 
76 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 pass through the college and remain a Christian. I am always more 
 or less concerned about a Christian young man who enters a college, 
 as to what effect it will have on his religious life." The reason why 
 the colleges have lost comparatively their influence, is attributed to the 
 spirit of the times. Religion is taken less seriously by most Christians 
 than what it was in past years. Pastor Singmaster, in the United 
 Lutheran, Vol. 6, No. 3, says "College professors complain that the boys 
 and girls that come from the high schools do not know how to study. 
 I wish to say that nine-tenths of the college graduates that come to 
 the seminary do not know how to study ; they cannot study, for they 
 had never learned how." He describes the remedy as putting first things 
 first ; i. e., "The body must not be neglected, but must not be oermitted to 
 absorb the greatest share of attention. In our Church College there must 
 be harmonious development of the whole man. This harmonious develop 
 ment, will, probably, demand the first place for the spiritual, the second, 
 for the intellectual, and the third for the material. No young man or 
 woman should be permitted to go from the college without being a 
 | Christian, if it is at all possible to make them such." It is a contention 
 of the Scandinavian Lutheran Church that the state and the church 
 need men and women who have a right heart and a right spirit. 
 There is no greater need upon us as a nation with a great destiny, 
 than citizens whose hearts and lives are touched with fire from the 
 sacred altar of God Himself. The training and education of the 
 millions of boys and girls in the love and fear of God is considered 
 as the basic question, the trusts and the tariff are secondary. United 
 Lutheran, Vol. 5, No. 39, page 616 "The moment you dethrone God 
 in the mind of the child and teach it that there is no God whom it 
 must fear, love and trust above all things; the moment you teach a 
 child and the youth that the universe is run by a Nondescript Force 
 or Energy, and that the Source and all known, is not a personal God 
 but an original cell or a protoplasm or nebula, out of which all things 
 have evolved and developed, that moment you are doing the work of 
 an anarchist; you are trying to blow up not only the Church, but the 
 State as well." It is recognized that native Americans have great 
 respect for true religion. "It is only the spurious and the hypocritical 
 that he hates. . . . Leading and thinking Americans rejoice in 
 every school, great or small, which installs religion pure and undefiled." 
 
IN AMERICA 
 
 77 
 
 Their schools are made attractive. Professors are employed during 
 their summer vacations to travel and plead the cause of the schools 
 throughout the communities. Liberal support of the schools is strongly 
 urged and endowment funds are being raised, and every attempt is 
 made to have them placed on a sound basis; to make the schools more 
 attractive, rates are very low. The following is an estimate of the 
 expense for a school year, as prepared by Professor J. N. Kildahl, D.D., 
 President of St. Olaf s College, Northfield, Minnesota: 
 
 Low Average 
 
 estimate. estimate. 
 
 1. Board $90.00 $90.00-$ 105.00 
 
 2. Room rent 18.00 26.00 
 
 3. Tuition 36.00 36.00 
 
 4. Incidentals 10.00 10.00 
 
 5. Gymnasium fee 4.00 4.00 
 
 6. Library fee 1.00 1.00 
 
 7. Books and school supplies 16.00 20.00 
 
 8. Laundry 15.00 20.00 
 
 9. Athletics 2.50 10.00 
 
 10. Society and class dues 1.00 3.00 
 
 11. Concert, lecture and other tickets 2.50 4.00 
 
 12. Church dues and collections 2.00 3.00 
 
 13. Extra furniture and room decorations .... 6.00 
 
 14. Social affairs 2.00 
 
 15. Incidental expenses and spending 
 
 money 10.00 25.00 
 
 Liberal 
 estimate. 
 
 $125.00 
 36.00- $45.00 
 36.00 
 10.00 
 
 4.00 
 
 1.00 
 25.00 
 25.00 
 15.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 6.00 
 
 5.00 
 10.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 50.00 
 
 16. Clothing 
 
 $208.00 $260.00-$275.00 $358.00-$367.00 
 40.00 60.00 100.00 
 
 $248.00 $320.00-$335.00 $458.00-$467.00 
 
 To the above should be added laboratory fees, which come to $8.00 
 annually for Chemistry, $6.00 for Biology, $5.00 for Physics, and $2.00 
 for Botany. 
 
 The schools with their curriculums may be classified as follows: 
 Normal Schools and Teachers Seminaries: Algebra, Arithmetic, Bible 
 History, Bible-Study, Bookkeeping, Botany, English Literature, United 
 States History, Physiology, Geography, Geometry, Grammar, Cate- 
 chetics, Church History, Reading, Music, Natural Philosophy, History 
 
78 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 of Norway, Norwegian, Pedagogy, Civil Government, Religion, Rhet 
 oric, Singing, Art Writing, Spelling, Symbolics, Ethics, General 
 History. 
 
 Academies: Algebra, Arithmetic, Civil Government, English, 
 United States History, Physics, Geography (Political and Physical), 
 Geometry, Grammar, Latin, History of Norway, Norwegian, Pedagogy, 
 Calculation, Religion, Penmanship, Ethics, German, General History, 
 Economics. 
 
 Business Schools: Bookkeeping, Commercial Law, Theory and 
 Practice (in various branches) Grammar, Correspondence, Civil Gov 
 ernment, Penmanship, Spelling, Punctuation, Stenography, Typewriting. 
 
 Colleges: Algebra, Arithmetic, Bookkeeping, Civil Government, 
 Botany, English, United States History, French, Physics, Physiology, 
 Geography, Geometry, Grammar, Greek, Hebrew, Chemistry, Latin, 
 Mathematics, Music, History of Norway, Norwegian, Religion, Singing, 
 Penmanship, Drawing, German, Ancient and Modern History, Soci 
 ology, Psychology. 
 
 Seminaries: Dogmatics, Old Testament, Hebrew, Church History, 
 Liturgy, New Testament, Pastoral-Theology, Preaching (Norwegian 
 and English), Symbolics, Ethics, Apologetics, Hermeneutics, Propae 
 deutics. 
 
 Below is a table giving the year of founding, and a summary of 
 statistics of the various schools for the year 1912, of Norwegian 
 
 Lutheran institutions as prepared by Dr. O. M. Nordlie : 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. 
 
 
 United Church Seminary 1893 
 
 Luther Seminary 1876 
 
 Red Wing Seminary 1870 
 
 Augsburg Seminary 1869 
 
 Wahpeton Bible School (see below) 1903 
 
 6 X 
 
 to 
 01 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 en 
 
 ?! 
 
 a | 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 d 
 
 0) 
 
 j-i 
 il 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 330 
 
 19 
 
 87 
 
 10 
 
 437 
 
 21 
 
 53 
 
 5 
 
 ? 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 372 
 
 8 
 
 29 
 
 4 
 
 Total 1,137 
 
 57 
 
 197 
 
 22 
 
IN AMERICA 79 
 
 NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
 
 Madison Lutheran Normal 1892 274 32 153 8 
 
 Sioux Falls Lutheran Normal 1889 250 14 202 10 
 
 Total 524 46 355 18 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 St. Olaf College 1886 393 43 261 32 
 
 Augustana College 1860 2 8 
 
 Concordia College , 1891 
 
 Spokane College 1907 ? ? 
 
 Luther College 1861 615 12 107 18 
 
 Park Region Luther College 1892 3 3 25 
 
 Red Wing Ladies Seminary 1894 2 .... 9 
 
 Red Wing Seminary 1879 10 43 11 
 
 Augsburg Seminary 1869 224 9 53 11 
 
 Total 1,239 77 506 72 
 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 Augustana College 1860 328 37 208 11 
 
 Camrose College 1911 .... 91 
 
 Columbia College 1909 24 6 86 10 
 
 Concordia College 1891 315 20 280 16 
 
 Pleasant View Lutheran College 1896 213 16 104 6 
 
 St. Olaf College Academy 1874 557 41 258 
 
 Scandinavia Academy 1890 276 18 103 6 
 
 Spokane College 1907 18 
 
 Waldorf College 1903 237 37 291 11 
 
 Bruflat Academy 1889 112 21 95 
 
 Clifton Lutheran College 1896 24 7 82 
 
 Gale College 1901 143 19 78 6 
 
 Luther Academy 1888 
 
 Luther College Academy 1861 10 107 
 
 Northwestern College 1910 1 1 56 
 
 Pacific Lutheran Academy 1894 160 14 176 8 
 
 Park Region Lutheran College 1892 300 24 178 15 
 
 Preus Academy 1901 107 60 6 
 
 Red Wing Ladies Seminary 1894 286 40 157 24 
 
 Willmar Seminary 1882 400 23 165 6 
 
 Wittenberg Academy 1901 145 15 124 
 
 Jewell College 1893 174 16 178 12 
 
80 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 Red Wing Seminary 1879 ? 13 69 
 
 Augsburg Seminary 1869 367 9 81 
 
 Bethania College 1904 30 6 87 8 
 
 Oak Grove Ladies Seminary 1896 32 9 90 7 
 
 Wahpeton Bible School 1903 24 6 58 4 
 
 Total 4,355 415 3,262 199 
 
 United Church Schools (11) 3,049 269 1,930 128 
 
 Norwegian Synod Schools. . (14) 2,985 231 1,674 123 
 
 Hauges Synod Schools (2) 174 48 318 26 
 
 Free Church Schools (3) 1,025 41 340 30 
 
 Eielsen Synod Schools (0) 
 
 Brethren Synod Schools. ...( 1) 24 6 58 4 
 
 Total 7,257 595 4,270 311 
 
 The estimated cost for a school year, as was seen on the previous 
 page, is very low. It is common to judge the quality of an article by 
 the price paid for it. If the quality of the schools are based upon the 
 estimated cost, we should not hope to find the Scandinavian schools 
 in the first class. The cost stated for a school year, including clothing, 
 varied from $248 to $467, does not cover the actual expense for the 
 maintenance of a college. The deficit is covered by an appropriation 
 from the Church body to which the school may belong, or if not 
 belonging to a church organization, the deficit is provided by special 
 contributions. The two sources, however, combined, the receipts from 
 students and the appropriations, are generally reduced to the minimum, 
 leaving hardships to the various institutions; this being true, the 
 equipments are often far from complete; as it is necessary to economize 
 in the equipment, so it is necessary to engage teachers at the lowest 
 possible salary, and as a man s charity cannot continue to sacrifice the 
 necessaries of life for any length of time, the result is frequent changes 
 in the faculty, only a very few being sufficiently paid to continue at 
 their post. Another feature in the selection of teachers, is, that teaching 
 qualifications are often sacrificed for other qualities which, in the 
 opinion of a lay board, may be more necessary. For this reason there 
 are not many experts found in the various departments of their colleges. 
 A. further handicap to the instructor is the fact that he may be obliged 
 to teach in two or more separate departments. During the last ten 
 
IN AMERICA 81 
 
 years the Scandinavian colleges have made great progress, the second 
 generation having been trained in the American colleges and univer 
 sities, often return to the schools of their church, advocating American 
 university methods. Another decade will surely further enhance their 
 efficiency. 
 
 The Scandinavians, in addition to their schools, have a large num 
 ber of charitable institutions, usually under the control of their various 
 church parties, it being their desire to administer to their members 
 both to* body and soul. 
 
 A statistical report of the Norwegian Lutheran Benevolent Institu 
 tions as prepared by Dr. Nordlie is herewith appended: 
 
 1 i la * 
 
 8 &3 o 
 
 Gt <n +7 oj "> 
 
 DEACONESS HOMES. 8 g % *g *" 
 
 tt tt P ! 
 
 Chicago, 111 1879 23 51 10 75 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn 1890 9 28 2 16 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 1884 18 13 5 36 .... 
 
 HOSPITALS. 
 Deaconess, Chicago 111 
 
 1897 
 
 23 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 75 
 
 1,605 
 
 St. John s Sioux City la 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 377 
 
 St. Olaf, Austin, Minn 
 
 .. 1896 
 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 327 
 
 Bethesda, Crookston, Minn 
 
 . . 1898 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 247 
 
 St. Luke s, Fergus Falls, Minn.. 
 Heron Lake, Minn 
 
 . . 1903 
 .... 1903 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 400 
 1,000 
 
 Ebenezer, Madison, Minn 
 
 .. 1902 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 426 
 
 Deaconess, Minneapolis, Minn. . 
 Thomas, Minneapolis, Minn 
 Luther, St. Paul, Minn 
 
 . . 1890 
 .. 1907 
 .. 1902 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 11 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 33 
 
 1,354 
 214 
 729 
 
 Deaconess, Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 .. 1884 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 36 
 
 1,425 
 
 St. Luke s, Fargo, N. D 
 
 .. 1905 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 776 
 
 Deaconess Grafton N D 
 
 1903 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Deaconess, Grand Forks, N. D. 
 Deaconess, Northwood, N. D 
 
 . . 1891 
 .. 1902 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 5 
 
 f 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 523 
 
 411 
 
 Good Samaritan, Rugby, N. D . . 
 Lutheran, Sioux Falls, S. D 
 Luther, Eau Claire, Wis 
 
 . . 1910 
 .. 1907 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 16 
 20 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 40 
 10 
 
 383 
 550 
 646 
 
 Lutheran, La Crosse. Wis. 
 
 1902 
 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 43 
 
 2,670 
 
82 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 ORPHANAGES, as follows: 
 
 Year No. of 
 
 Opened Inmates. 
 
 Norwegian Lutheran, Chicago, 111 1891 
 
 Evangelical Lutheran Receiving Home, Chicago.. 1905 .... 
 
 Beloit, Wis 1890 164 
 
 Lake Park, Minn 1895 102 
 
 Wild Rice, Twin Valley, Minn 1891 
 
 Bethesda, Willmar, Minn 1898 50 
 
 Bethesda, Beresford, S. D 1896 51 
 
 Parkland, Wash 1900 
 
 Martha and Maria, Poulsbo, Wash 1892 
 
 Martin Luther, Stoughton, Wash 1889 
 
 Homme, Wittenberg, Wis 1880 77 
 
 Brevig, Port Clarence, Alaska 1900 
 
 HOMES FOR THE AGED, as follows: 
 
 Norwegian Old People s, Chicago, 111 1896 
 
 Bethesda, Willmar, Minn 1905 15 
 
 Northwood, N. D 1910 11 
 
 Poulsbo, Wash 
 
 Josephine, Stanwood, Wash .... .... 
 
 Stoughton, Wis 1889 .... 
 
 Homme, Wittenberg, Wis 1880 42 
 
 LUTHERAN HOSPICE FOR WOMEN, at 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn 1907 
 
 RESCUE SHELTER 
 
 Martha Maria Mission Home, St. Paul 1908 
 
 SLUM MISSION, at 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 
 
 IMMIGRANT AND SEAMEN S MISSIONS, at 
 
 Brooklyn, N. Y 1890 
 
 New York, N. Y 1905 
 
 New York, N. Y 1866 
 
 Galveston, Texas 1911 
 
 The data given relative to the schools and benevolent institutions 
 cover only those under the jurisdiction of the Norwegian Lutheran 
 Church bodies. It is deemed unnecessary to add any further statistics, 
 as those of the Swedes and Danes would largely be a duplication. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PROBABLE INFLUENCE ON FUTURE MAKING OF THE "AMERICAN RACE" 
 
 THROUGH IMMIGRANTS IN GENERAL AND THROUGH 
 
 SCANDINAVIANS IN PARTICULAR 
 
 It has been argued at some length in a former chapter that the 
 American nation is yet in its "making/ The formative process is in 
 progress and not completed. A great variety of individuals comprising 
 our nation, from the American Indian to the lowest of the immigrants, 
 claim a right to protection under the "Stars and Stripes." True, many 
 of the immigrants may continue to show honor to the flag of their 
 "native land," but America guarantees its foster sons and daughter 
 "life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness." What the foster children 
 have given in return for this guarantee is not easily ascertained from 
 the cultural standpoint. Considered from the agricultural and political 
 sides, more definite figures are obtainable, showing their achievements 
 in these lines. 
 
 A history analyzing the American culture has not yet been written, 
 hence the contribution of our various nationalities, as mentioned, is not 
 distinctly seen. America has been obliged to work out its own salva 
 tion, as it has been forced to contend with the assimilation of the 
 undesirables from foreign countries. "The dumping ground," as the 
 United States is often considered, has until recently made only a limited 
 selection. It has accepted the good and the bad, ano^endeavorfi^ to 
 make the best out of them and fit them into the American conditions. 
 If we are to accept the perverted and the criminals as representatives 
 of the culture of their countries, we fail to obtain the true kind of 
 culture found in the people represented by these classes. It is often 
 said that crime knows no creed nor nationality examples, the con 
 stituency in the recent police scandals this being true, we can 
 understand why foreign traits are not more easily discernable in our 
 American characteristics. It may appear from the above that the 
 
 83 
 
84 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 immigrants belong exclusively to the undesirable classes, a fact which 
 could not be sustained. However, it is true that a large percentage 
 of the immigrants belong to the less desirable classes; especially was 
 this true until recent years when immigration laws have become more 
 rigid and exclude many which formerly were accepted. This means a 
 change in our immigrants. If we consider that hitherto we have 
 received the "unfittest," we may state that we are now by selection 
 admitting the "fittest." That this must have an effect upon the 
 American nation cannot be denied. The raising of the standard brings 
 a better class of immigrants to our shores from their respective foreign 
 countries. People now emigrate, not to escape punishment, but because 
 they seek something better; the different qualities and the two kinds 
 will bring different results to their adopted land. If we were to 
 compare the immigrant classes of to-day with those of ten years or 
 more ago, on a basis of nationalities, we would be compelled to state 
 that the nations emigrating to our shores at present represent a lower 
 class. In the argument, however, just discussed, the classification was 
 based on higher or lower types of individuals belonging to the same 
 nation. The fact is, then, that we receive better immigrants from all 
 nations to-day than formerly, also that we receive more immigrants from 
 countries of southern Europe universally accepted as inferior to those 
 of Northern Europe and who furnished the mass of immigrants until 
 recent years. The effect of this change the selection of the fittest, but 
 generally of the lower type, is hard to forecast. It is a new paragraph 
 of new conditions to be written in the American history; as yet it is 
 unwritten. The number of immigrants has on the whole been increas 
 ing, although the last two or three years show a slight decrease. In 
 endeavoring to establish the influence of present immigration, the char 
 acter of the number of immigrants must be considered. Another factor 
 connected with the influence of immigration, is the present condition of 
 America. If it is more receptive than formerly, a greater impress will 
 be made by the foreign factor. On the other hand, if it is more stable, 
 it will be less susceptible. Granting that the latter is the condition, 
 we may draw the conclusion that the assimilating power of our 
 country to-day is greater than formerly, and the influence of the immi 
 grant less noticeable. We must not infer that the immigrant and the 
 American conditions, however, are such that the influence is eliminated. 
 
IN AMERICA 85 
 
 Every human being is a factor and must be counted in the make-up of 
 society. As he mingles with fellow men he becomes a social force. 
 This being true, if we have the welfare of future society at heart in our 
 country, we should continue the selective process as to our immigrants. 
 The greater the number, the greater the force, hence reduce the number 
 of the undesirables, believing that all countries have some good to be 
 imparted and inculcated into American society, let us raise the standard 
 for admission, as by so doing we again eliminate the unfit and select 
 the fittest. 
 
 In the mass of immigrants coming to our country subject to the 
 conditions just mentioned, we have the Scandinavians. That their 
 influence on the cultural life of America can be large, is not to be 
 expected for various reasons, the first being the general reason above 
 stated ; namely, that American conditions are more firmly established ; 
 che second reason is that they Americanize too rapidly and hence cease 
 to be an independent social force too soon; the third reason is that we 
 receive numerically a far less number per year from Scandinavian 
 countries than formerly. The reason for this being that conditions in 
 Scandinavian countries have improved and offer more opportunities, and 
 the conditions in America have become less favorable to the immigrant, 
 hence little is gained by the Scandinavian who comes to our country. 
 
 The Scandinavian activities in the North Central States is exten 
 sive. They aim to build securely and establish such landmarks in their 
 path as shall not be easily destroyed. Their greatest activity is found 
 in the agricultural districts, as they have turned the former wild prairies 
 into veritable gardens. This manner of showing their influence is 
 lasting, but their influence is established in other directions. In 
 several states, monuments have been raised in honor of their noted men. 
 In Fargo, North Dakota, we have a statue of Henrik Vergeland; in 
 Moorehead, Minneosta, a "Bauta" stone was raised last summer to the 
 sacred memory of Hans Nielsen Hauge. On the grounds of the 
 Agricultural College, a department of the University at North Dakota, 
 is found another "Bauta" stone to Bjornstjerne Bjornsen. This "Bauta" 
 on the University campus proclaims the fervor of Norse patriotism to 
 the thousand students who annually gather at this place. Last summer 
 there was placed in the park of the Great Northern Railroad at Fargo, 
 a statue of Rollo, the Viking, the founder of Normandy, of Norman 
 
86 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 prowess and chivalry; "Rollo, the legislator of his nation; the father 
 of his people and the proud progenitor of warriors and statesmen." 
 And last to be mentioned we have the staute of Ole Bull, the violinist, 
 standing in Central Park, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Several more 
 might be mentioned; the above serves to show that the ideals of thtr 
 great men are not left behind, but brought to this country; hence the 
 building of statues and monuments to preach the same cause in a 
 strange land. How powerful the message of these silent figures may 
 be, cannot be stated, but surely they make an impress upon the youth 
 of America. 
 
 Another fact which shows a racial trait, is the present endeavor of 
 the Norwegians in America to raise a "Million Dollar Fund" to present 
 to Norway next year. The occasion being the centennial year of the 
 independence of Norway, having obtained this on May 17, 1814. In 
 North Dakota, where the Scandinavians are well represented, and 
 where they have a large constituency in the state legislature, it was 
 passed at the recent session of the Legislature to appropriate $10,000 
 for a state building at the centennial in Christiania next year. That 
 such an act is possible, without society being well saturated with the 
 Scandinavian spirit, is hardly conceivable. It may also be added that 
 the recommendation to the Legislature, urging this appropriation was 
 made by the Governor of the State, L. B. Hanna, a relative of the late 
 Mark Hanna. If the Governor had not been subject to the influence 
 of the Norwegians, he would not have made this recommendation. 
 Minnesota is at present discussing following the example of North 
 Dakota. 
 
 In the above mentioned states, the Scandinavians control a large 
 number of votes, as their love of land ownership hastens naturalization. 
 Professor Babcock, of the University of Minnesota, says : "To take up 
 homestead claims, one of the first conditions for a foreigner is a 
 declaration of intention to become a citizen. So the prospective farmer 
 vt once takes out his first papers and the first step in naturalization is 
 made. This done, natural inclination leads him to perfect his title to 
 full citizenship." 
 
 Professor Babcock further states, that: "They come not to destroy 
 our institutions, but to build them up by adopting them. They come 
 from countries not potent or glorious in European affairs, and there- 
 
IN AMERICA 87 
 
 fore the more readily denationalize themselves, that they may become 
 entirely American. The most of them are plain, common people, strong, 
 sturdy, and independent, required to unlearn little, ready and able to 
 learn much and learn it well. They have the same still powers of 
 adaptability and assimilation that made Rollo and his Northmen such 
 good Frenchmen, and Guthrun and his Danes such excellent English 
 men; and using these powers among us to-day, they are, or are rapidly 
 becoming, irreproachably and unimpeachably American." It is evident 
 and gratifying to the Scandinavians that they are beginning to con 
 tribute more to American culture. They have not often forgotten the 
 fact that they have a great history and have made, and are making, 
 splendid contributions to the art, literature and science of government 
 of continental Europe and thus indirectly of America. Such names as 
 Ibsen, Bjornsen, Rydberg, Strindberg, Gryndtberg and Brandes, as they 
 have appeared in American magazines, have suggested that the Scan 
 dinavian people were capable of raising up men of gigantic intellectual 
 proportions; such men have not been raised by their descendants who 
 have emigrated to American shores, nor have they been found in 
 person as a social force in the large Scandinavian settlements of the 
 Northwest. 
 
 The people of Northern Europe, generally considered the purest 
 stock of the Teutonic race, have great similarities. For this reason, 
 even though we may speak of special characteristics of the different 
 Teutonic races, whkji are truly found in a broad sense, the character 
 istics of the same nations composing the Teutonic race are very 
 similar, so that at the present stage of amalgamation in American 
 society, we might easily speak of Teutonic characteristics and Teutonic 
 influence, including in this class, the Germans, Scandinavians, English 
 and Scotch. Professor Julius Olsen of the State University of Wis 
 consin, in an address delivered on the occasion of the unveiling of a 
 statue of Rollo of Normandy, at Fargo, North Dakota, July 12th, 1912, 
 in this connection said : "In the first place, then, Northern Europe is 
 the home of the Teuton. As a physical product he has sprung from 
 the soil, so to speak. Northern and Central Europe was his by right 
 of primitive possession. It was his playground and battlefield that he 
 had a right to control." Until the last decade, the portion of Europe 
 mentioned by Professor Olsen furnished by far the greatest number of 
 
88 SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 our immigrants. The people of Southern Europe in whatever relation 
 they may formerly have been to the Teutonic race, they have lived 
 apart from them long enough to form a distinct race type. Of recent 
 years this racial type enters our land in large numbers, and conse 
 quently will play its part as a social factor, but as the Scandinavians 
 belong to the former type mentioned, the Teutonic, their characteristics 
 alone will be considered in our discussion. In the same address 
 Professor Olsen beautifully describes the achievements of the Teutons: 
 "Their vital energy and power of physical expansion, has been startlingly 
 tremendous for century after century, tribe after tribe, swarm over all 
 Europe, lending to every nation with which they came into contact, 
 Northern blood and Northern spirit. They have colonized America, 
 Australia, South Africa and many Islands of the Seas, and ruled vast 
 territories in Asia. They have been driven forward by an irresistible 
 impulse that brooks no opposition, counts no obstacle. The two poles 
 mark the compass of their conquest. Peary and Amundsen, one an 
 American, the other a Norseman, are the advance guards to-day with 
 no more poles to conquer." 
 
 What, then, is the Teutonic spirit? It is a physical and intellectual 
 and moral quality ; the physical and intellectual was well expressed in 
 the above quotation. Aristotle says: "Some men are by nature free 
 and others, slaves." By this he means that some men have the 
 capacity for freedom, and this may be considered one of the character 
 istics of the Teutonic tribes, the capacity for freedom. Freedom in this 
 sense supposes physical, intellectual and spiritual power. It means free 
 action, with the sense of responsibility to governing power. From 
 society s point of view, this governing power is the State. It may be 
 noted in this connection that the states founded by the Teutons, and 
 for the very reason of this characteristic, have proved to be the most 
 enduring and powerful in the world: France, Germany, England. 
 
 Another trait of these people is the Teutonic quality of loyalty. 
 This loyalty rests on the foundation of "free self-determination." The 
 last sentiment is aptly expressed by Shakespeare in Hamlet, the great 
 Teutonic tragedy, he said: 
 
 "To thine own self be true, 
 
 And it must follows as the night, the day, 
 
 Thou canst not then be false to any man." 
 
IN AMERICA 
 
 Goethe, "It was the Teutonic races who first introduced into the 
 world the idea of personal independence." It has been the continued 
 combat of the Teutons to exemplify to the world this independence. 
 As Ripley locates the purest Teutons of to-day in Norway, we can 
 clearly see why this spirit is so predominant within the bosom of 
 nearly every Norwegian and his kindred nations, the Swedes and the 
 Danes. To further continue and elaborate upon the traits of the Teu 
 tons and the Scandinavians, is unnecessary. Americanism, politically, 
 socially and morally and largely religiously, shows the stamp of the 
 Teutonic spirit. The religious side has not in this thesis been much 
 discussed in this broad sense. Woodruff claims in his book, "The 
 Effects of Tropical Light on White Man/ that it is a distinct char 
 acteristic of the blondes to adhere to the Protestant Church and for 
 the brunettes to adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. The blondes, 
 in his opinion, are born leaders and rulers, whereas the brunettes wish 
 to be led. If this be true, as we have reason to believe, the future 
 condition of the religious side of America as influenced by immigrants, 
 will largely depend upon whether these are blondes or brunettes. 
 
 This mark of distinction, blondes or brunettes, has its significance 
 in a different line. Professor Starr, of the University of Chicago, advo 
 cates the theory of the climatic unfitness of the United States, and he 
 argues that we are drifting, by natural selection, to the Indian type; i. e., 
 the brunette. This result being the logical consequence of nature 
 eliminating the unfit and selecting the fittest. As Scandinavians are the 
 truest representative of the blondes, we may expect to notice this effect 
 of climatic conditions in America upon them sooner and in a larger 
 degree than upon others belonging to the Teutonic tribe. According 
 to Woodruff, The Effects of Tropical Light on W 7 hite Man," p. 283, 
 this is the case. He ascribes the racial decay of the Norwegians after 
 some years residence in the Northwest, as being due to the excessive 
 light of these countries against which they have no defence. In the 
 second generation there is loss of buoyancy and elasticity of gait; the 
 hair becomes dry, digestive disturbances and constipation become 
 common. Tuberculosis, rheumatism and various other disturbances are 
 manifest. The cause he ascribes to the change of environment. As to 
 the prevalence of tuberculosis among American Scandinavians, the 
 question may be raised, that it is very common is true, but it must 
 
SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
 also be remembered that in the Scandinavian countries it is claimed 
 that one out of every four suffers from tuberculosis. In spite of this, 
 we have the fact to face that the Scandinavians have the greatest 
 average length of life of any nation. According to Dr. Binder, the aver 
 age is Siy 2 years. What has been described as applying to Nor 
 wegians and Scandinavians in particular, may also be applied to other 
 Europeans who have lived in similar environments, and Dr. Woodruff: 
 " Whether adjustment is possible in such a great change of environ 
 ments is problematical." This discussion might be continued at great 
 length, but the further we go, the more vague becomes the future condi 
 tion of our country, hence we shall leave to history the pleasure of 
 recording the facts of actual conditions. That there are many social 
 forces at work in our United States is evident: that their efforts will 
 ultimately result in a still greater nation than we have at present, is 
 even more to be desired. 
 
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SCANDINAVIANS AS A SOCIAL FORCE 
 
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IN AMERICA 
 
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 can Review, vol. 98, pp. 213-223. New York, 1906. 
 
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