A HISTOKY OP THE UNITED STATES IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER FROM A.D. 432 TO THE PRESENT TIME SAN FRANCISCO: EXAMINER-PRESS. 1889. 7^ 3 COPYRIGHT, 1886. BY EGBERT JAMES BELFORD. PREFACE. The present work gives, on a somewhat novel plan, a complete history of the United States from the earliest times to the present day. No work of the same compass contains anything like so full and detailed a record of the events of that history. The work- being in chronological form, events are recorded in the exact order in which they happened; and, in the case of important occurrences, the precise day is given. The history is not a mere political record; but inventions, discoveries, and financial, economical, scientific, art, and literary matters, and the deaths of important personages, are noted. One unique merit of a history modelled on the plan of the present work is that it will never become antiquated. ,The elate of an important event, once ascertained, is fixed forever. lS3t being a matter of opinion, it is not liable to change with the fluctuating results of historical criticism. The future, consequently, will render necessary only the addition of the records of the years as they pass, so as to keep the work up to date. Though the greatest care has been taken to ensure accuracy, it is too much to hope that, in the immense multiplicity of events, names, and dates recorded, errors have not crept in. Should the reader note any such, the publishers will take it as a favor to be informed of them, with a view to their correction in subsequent editions. EDITOR. PRINCIPAL CONTENTS, Pre-historical - - - - - - 11 Early voyages to America 11-18 Columbus s voyages " . Voyages of the (Jabots, Verrazzano, etc. 13-15 De Soto s expedition - > 15-16 Early French settlements ... Spaniards colonize Florida - 4 Virginia permanently colonized $ Dutch colonies in New Netherlands . - - 18-19 The Pilgrim Fathers colonize Plymouth - - 20 Settlements in New Hampshire and New Jersey - 21 Massachusetts Bay Co. chartered - 22 The Dutch in Delaware ...... - Maryland colonized - - - - > . - 23 Connecticut and Rhode Island settled Swedes colonize Delaware ~ - -25 The Dutch of New Netherlands annex Swedish settlements in ^ Delaware > - Carolina settled ... 33 Britain conquers the New Netherlands - . - 34-5 Discovery of the northern Mississippi . .38 Pennsylvania colonized - - - - 42 La Salle s attempted colonization in Texas - - v - 44-5 The English revolution of 1688 - - . . , . 47 Mississippi colonized by the French ,- V - 51 Washington born ----- - 60 Britain conquers Canada - - * - 69 Canada and Florida ceded to Britain r \ - 69 Britain taxes the Colonies - - . - - 70 The War of Independence begins - 79-80 Declaration of Independence - 82-3 Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga - - - 66 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktowu - . -95 Peacfe with Britain; the Independence of the United States r acknowledged; Florida ceded to Spain - 4 96 The Colonies form a Federal Union .... 200-1 The first National Congress meets ... f .- 102 Washington elected first President - 102 Vermont admitted to the Union * \ I : Hf 104 Naval warfare with France - fj V^ .- 110-1 Death of Washington 111 CONTENTS (Continued). The Louisiana purchase (1803) - War with Great Britain (1812-4) .... Florida acquired from Spain The Missouri Compromise agreed to v i" Semiuole war in Florida ; . >. The Ashburton Treaty signed ; the boundary between Maine and Canada settled _ . 156 Fremont s explorations, and the opening up of the Great West 156-9 The Mexican War begins . _16& The Oregon boundary question settled with Britain 165 Peace with Mexico ; New Mexico, California, etc. ceded to the United States . 168-9 The Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed, virtually annulling the Mis souri Compromise - - 17$ The Dred-Scott case decided - - - - 186 Lincoln elected President . - ... 195 South Carolina secedes - .*" -.* . ^. . 195 The Civil War begins - . 198 Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation - . . 206-7 The Draft Riots in New York - - 211 Lee surrenders to Grant, and the Civil War ends - - 216 Lincoln assassinated - .. 216 Contest between President Johnson and Congress^ - - 220 The Alaska purchase 221 President Johnson impeached - - . . 222 Gold panic in New York ("Black Friday") . 226 The Washington Treaty signed . - 229 The "Tweed Ring" frauds exposed - . 230 The Chicago fire . . 231 The Geneva award on the Alabama claims - . 233 The Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition - - - 242 The Bland Silver Bill passed 250 Specie payments resumed , - . , - 252 President Garfield assassinated - ,. ; 259 Death of Gen. Grant - - . - 269 Death of Prof. John C. Draper - . . 270 Appointment of Committee to investigate the actions of Jacob Sharp and the New York aldermen 270 Death of John B. Gough, the apostle of temperance . 271 Admission of Washington Territory as a State - 272 Earthquake at Charleston, S. C. - - - 273 Bartholdi s statue of " Liberty" unveiled * 273 Death of Henry Ward Beecher - - - A 274 Death of Elihu B. Washburne - - ~ - ^ . 275 Grand Centennial celebrations - - v- $ - - 276 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PBESIDENTS OF THE U. S. PAGE. George Washington Frontispiece. John Adams 12 Thomas Jefferson 24 James Madison 36 James Monroe 48 John Quincy Adams 60 Andrew Jackson 72 Martin Van Buren 84 Wm. Henry Harrison. 96 John Tyler 108 , James K. Polk 120 Zachary Taylor 132 Millard Fillmore 144 Franklin Pierce 156 James Buchanan , 168 Abraham Lincoln 180 Andrew Johnson 192 Ulysses S. Grant 204 Rutherford B. Hayes 216 James A. Garfield 228 Chester A. Arthur 240 Grover Cleveland 252 Benjamin Harrison 264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. The native races of northern Asia and the Indians of America both North and South are classed as belonging to the same Mongoloid variety of the human race; but whether America was originally peopled from Asia, or Asia from Amer ica, is a problem which pre-historic research has not yet solved. Columbus, when he touched land in 1492, believed he had reached India, and consequently called the natives Indians. How long the Continent had been peopled before his advent is unknown, but ancient remains, such as the mounds in the Mis sissippi valley, the pre-historic copper-mines soutli of Lake Superior, and the shell-mounds (kitchen-middiugs) along the sea-coasts, attest the fact than an aboriginal people, or most likely two aboriginal peoples, had existed in what is now the United States for an indefinite period extending over many hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. Our ancestors, the colonists of this country, found the native Indians divided into numerous tribes, speaking different languages or dialects. East of the Mississippi the chief of these, with their probable num bers about A. D. 1650, were: the Algonquin tribes, 90,000; the Sioux or Dakotas, 3000; the Huron-lroquois, 17,000; Catawbas, 3000; Cherokees, 12,000; Uchees, 1000; Natchez, 4000; and Mobilians, 50,000; or about 180,000 all told. A. D. 432. Fu-sang (supposed to be America) visited by Buddhist monks from China who explore the coast. 464. Hoei-schin (Universal Compassion) and his companions start on a second exploration, which may have reached as far as San Bias, Mex. 499. Hoei-schin s report and that of his companions are entered in the Chinese Year Books.* * Tbhese dates are from JohanFriedrich Neumann s translations from the Year Books. See "Zobedj ; and the Chinese in America. Buda- Pesth, 1849. " 1. e. British Museum. " Fusang ; an Inquiry into Chi nese Discoveries in America." New York, 1868. Tbe Discovery f America." Erie, Pa., 1866. 12 History of the United States. 725. Irish monks make settlements on the east and south coasts of Iceland, which are maintained for nearly a century. 860. Iceland discovered by the Norsemen and named Snow-land. 865. Flokko takes a colony to Iceland, but all the cattle perish in the winter. 866. The colony returns to Norway, and the name is changed to Ice land. . 87 i. Earl Ingolf successfully plants a colony in Iceland, at Reykiavik. 876. Greenland discovered by Gunnibiorn from the mid-channel, 983. Eric the Red plants a colony in Greenland at Ericsford. 995. Bjarni sails from Norway to find his father in Greenland. Driven out of his course, he sails along the coast of Nova Scotia, New foundland, and Labrador, until he reaches Herjulfness in Green land. These are the first Europeans on record who saw the shores of the continent. 1000. Bjarni having been greatly blamed in Norway for not landing on the unknown shores, Lief the Lucky, son of Eric, buys his ship, and with Bjarni and 35 men sails back along the coast. New foundland is named Flatland ; Nova Scotia, Woodland. The first landing is on an island near Cape Cod, and a permanent camp is made at Mt. Hope Bay, in Rhode Island, the country being named Vinland. 1001. The expedition returns to Greenland loaded with grapes and timber. Lief succeeds his father. 1003. Thorwald, Eric s brother, leads a second expedition to Vinland, wintering in Mt. Hope Bay, and exploring Long Island Sound to New York Harbor. A wooden shed is found, but no inhabi tants are yet seen by any one. 1004. Thorwald explores the New England coast and kills eight Esqui maux. A skirmish with others follows. Thorwald is killed, and the Esquimaux escape in their skin boats. Thorwald is buried on the shore of Massachusetts Bay. 1005. The expedition returns loaded with timber and fruit. 1006. Thorstein. sails for Vinland to bring back his brother s bones, but returns unsuccessful and dies. 1007. Thorfinn, of Iceland, and Thorvard, Lief s brother-in-law, sail with three ships and a colony of 140 men and women from Ice land and Greenland, and winter at Buzzard s Bay, after stop ping at various points on the New England coast. Snorri,* first European child, born to Thorfinn and his wife Gudrid. 1008. The winter proves severe and ten colonist start back. Reports say they land in Ireland and are made slaves. The others con tinue their voyage and settle at Mt. Hope. 1009. An attack by Esquimaux on the colony is repulsed. 1010. The colony returns to Greenland with two Esquimaux boys a? prisoners. 1011. Two ships and sixty men and women under Thorvard and Helg. sail for Lief s booths at Mt. Hope. Their followers quarrel concerning possession of the houses, and all Helgi s party, * Ancestor of Thorwald; sen. the sculptor, and Magiraeson, the scholar History of the United States. 13 1011. thirty-seven in number, are murdered by the others, Freydis, Thorvard s wife, killing five women with an axe. 1012. The survivors return. Lief refuses to punish his sister, Freydis; but the horrors of that winter in Vinland end further attempts at colonization. * 1170. Madoc, a prince of Wales, according to tradition sails westward with a fleet, and returns to report that he had left his followers in a pleasant country. He departs again with ten ships, and is never heard from again. 1380. Nicolo Zeno sails into the Atlantic in search of adventures, visits Greenland, and reports in private letters the discovery of many strange lands and islands not now in existence. 1887. All the reports of Greenland voyages are collected in the "Codex Flatoiensis, which is completed in 1395, and deposited in the monastery of Flato, Iceland, f 1467. Columbus visits Iceland on a trading voyage. 1484. Alonzo Sanchez is reported to nave been driven by a storm to land across the Atlantic, and to have found a refuge with Columbus on his return. 1492. Columbus, with three vessels, sails from Palos, in Spain (3 Aug.), and discovers one of the Bahamas (12 Oct. , O. S.). [Its Identity is yet undetermined ; some think it was Cat Island, others Watling, others Grand Turk ; Cant. Fox, of tho U. S. Navy, thinks it was Samana or Atwoocl Cay.] Columbus discovers Cuba (28 Oct.) ; Hayti (6 Dec.), and there builds a fort and leaves a settlement of 39 men (Villa de la Navidad). - 1493. He arrives in theTagus (4March < ), and in Palos, Spain (15 March); sails fr . in Cadiz (25 Sep.); discovers Porto Rico (Nov.); reaches Hayti (12 Nov.), and finds Villa de la Navidad burnt and desert ed; he founds Isabella, Hayti (Dec.). 1494. He discovers Jamaica (3 May). 1496. San Domingo, in Hayti, is founded (4 Aug.). 1497. John and Sebastian Cabot discover Prima Vista (probably Cape Breton), 24 June, and coast along North America for 900 miles. 1498. John C,abot again explores the North American coast. 1499. Sebastian Cabot explores-the coast from Labrador to 38 N. He calls the country I^accallaok 1500. The Portuguese, un<fe*~Gaspar Cortereal, explore the coast be tween 60 and 50 N/fci 1501. He goes on a second expedition, with two ships, and brings away 57 natives for slaves ; his ship is lost and he is never heard of again; the other ship reaches Portugal (8 Oct.), with 7 natives. * These dates are taken from "Antiquitates Americana; Antiquarian Society .of Denmark, Copenhagen; 1 and the "Codex Flatoiensis " t Now in the Royal Library at Copenhagen. 14 History of the United Slate* 1501. Henry VII. issues a patent to colonize the New World ; ne vet- acted on. Negro slavery is authorized : n Spanish America by royal ordinance. 1504. French mariners establish fisheries off Newfoundland and Cape Breton, and f requent the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1506. Jean Denis sails from Honfleur to Newfoundland, i 1508. Thomas Aubert and Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine, with two ships, sail from Dieppe to Newf 01 ridland ; discover and name the River St. Lawrence, and ascend it about 189 miles ; trade with the natives, and carry 7 back >to France. 1509. Juan de Esquibal makes the first Spanish settlement in Ja maica. Borriquen Island (Porto Rico) is subjugated, and Juan Ponce de Leon made governor. 1510. A Spanish settlement is made at Santa Maria de la Antigua, on the isthmus of Darien, with Vasco Nunez de Balboa as governor. 1511. Diego Velasquez, with 300 Spaniards, overruns and conquers Cuba, and founds Baracoa. 1513. A Spanish expedition from Porto Rico, under Ponce de Leon, discovers the east coast of Florida, 30 8 N. (2 Ap.), doubles Cape Florida, and explores the coast as far as Apalachee Bay, and claims the country for Spain. 1513. Balboa crosses the isthmus of Panama, and discovers tke Pacific Ocean (25 Sep.). 1514. Santiago, in Cuba, founded. 1515. Velasquez founds San Cristobal, in Cuba, at the mouth of the river Giiines. 151G. Diego Miruelo, a Spanish sea-captain of Cuba, traffics w r ith the natives of Florida. 1517. Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba sails from Cuba (Feb.) ; dis covers and explores Yucatan ; touches at Florida ; and re turns to Cuba. S. Cabot discovers the inland sea afterwards called Hudson Bay. 1518. Juan de Grijalva sails from Cuba (1 May), explores the coast from Yucatan -to Panuco, and names the country Mexico. 1519. Hernando Cortez, with 800 men, sails from Cuba (18 Feb.) to Mexico, and founds Vera Cruz ; he conquers Mexico (Nov.). The settlement at St. Cristobal, Cuba, is transferred, under the name of Havana, to its present site. Three ships, under Alonso Alvarez de Pineda (sent by Francisco de Garay, gov ernor of Jamaica), explore the coast from Florida to Panuco in Mexico, passing the mouth of the " River of the Holy Spirit" (Mississippi) ; Alvarez and many of his followers are killed by the natives. 1520. Spaniards from Hayti, under Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, explore the coast of Chicora and Gualdape (S. Carolina and Georgia), as far as the river Jordan (San tee, or Combahee), and take off two ship-loads of natives for slaves ; one of the ships is lost. J521. Ponce de Leon returns to Florida, but is mortally wounded by the natives, and his party is beaten off. 1524. Verrazzano sails with two ships from France ; reaches Madeira ; sails thence with one ship (17 Jan.) ; reaches Nuova Terra, "the New Land" (10 Mar., O. S.), in lat. 34 N. (near Cape Fear, N. C.); explores the coast from Florida to Newfound- History of the United States. t5 land passes the mouth of the Chesapeake in the night; lands and sights Chesapeake Bay, believing it to be the Western Sea (the Pacific or Indian Ocean, Mare Indicum) ; discovers (Ap.) the Cape of St. Mary (Sandy Hook), the Narrows, Upper New York Bay, and the mouth of the "Grande " or " Great" River (the Hudson) ; coasts along Long Island ; discovers Luisa Island (Block Island, R. I.); anchors in Narragansett Bay (21 Ap. to 6 May, O. S.) ; discovers Martha s Vineyard and Nantucket ; coasts along Maine to 43 N., and thence to 50 N., and sails to France, reaching Dieppe (July). He held intercourse and traded with the natives at various points, and claimed for France the whole territory, which soon became known as Francesca. The portion from the Great River (Hudson) to the Gulf of St. Lawrence became known as La Terre d Anonnee Berge, " the Land of the Grand Scarp," so called from the Palisades on the Hudson, afterwards ab breviated into Noromberge, Noremberge, Norumberge, or Norumbega. 1535. De Ay lion sails from Hayti, with 6 vessels, and 500 men ; again visits Chicora, but over 200 are killed by the natives, 150 arrive at Hayti ; Ayllon dies (18 Oct.). A Spanish ship, under Stephen Gomez, enters the bays of "the Land of Gomez " (New York and New England) in search of a north west passage to the Pacific, and carries off a cargo of Indians as slaves. 1526. Verrazzano makes a third voyage to America, but he and some of his men are killed, roasted, and eaten by the natives in presence of those on board ship. 1528. A party of 300 Spaniards, under Pamphilo de Narvaez, land (probably in Apalachee Bay, FJa c ), journey 800 miles through the interior, embark at Pensacola, but are lost at sea except four survivors, who, after eight years of hardship, reach the Pacific, at Spnora, through Mexico. 1534. Jacques Cartier, under a commission from Francis I., leaves France (20 Ap.). lands in and takes possession of Labrador for France", discovers the Strait of Belleisle ; enters the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; sails for France (15 Aug.) ; reaches St. Malo (5 Sep.). 1535. Grijalva s expedition from Mexico, equipped by Cortes, dis covers California. 1535. Cartier ascends the St. Lawrence as far as Hochelaga (Montreal) and claims the country (New France or Canada) for France. He winters near Quebec, and returns to France (May, 1536) with 10 kidnapped Indians, reaching St. Malo (6 July). 1536. Cabeza de Vaca, a Spaniard, traverses New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, visiting Zuni, N. M., and reaches the Pacific at Sonora. 1538. Havana is partially destroyed by pirates. 1539-43. Fernando de Soto, with 600 Spaniards, sails from Havana (May, 1539) ; journeys through Florida and Georgia ; fights a battle with the natives (Oct. 1540) at Mavilla (on the Alabama, below Selma, Ala.) ; discovers the Mississippi (1541) ; pushes north-west to the Ozark Mountains ; and returning discovers the Hot Springs, and the Arkansas and Red Rivers, and dies 10 History of the United State? : of fever near the site of Natchez (21 May, 1541), and is buried in the Mississippi. His followers attempt vainly to reach Mexico by land ; return to the Mississippi, build boats, descend the river (June, 1543), and make their way along the coast to the river Panuco, Mexico, which is reached by 311 survivors (Sep. 1543). 1540. Jean Fransois de la Roque, Sieur de Roberval, is made viceroy ; of New France (16 Jan.). About this date French fur-factors erect a fortified trading-house (called Le Fort d Anormee Berge) on an island in a small fresh- water lake on Manhattan Island. About this date they also partly build a castle on Castle Island (now Van Rensselaers Island), in the Grand River (Hudson), near the site of Albany, but the structure is damaged by a freshet and abandoned. [The fresh- water lake on Manhattan Island then covered the district between what are now Franklin, Elm, Duane, and Baxter Streets, and emp tied into the Hudson at Canal Street. In 1796 John Fitch navigated his steamboat on this lake, which was then called the Collect Pond.] 1541 Cartier sails from St. Malo (May), erects a temporary fort at Quebec, winters at Hochelaga, and returns to France (June, 1542). 1542. A French expedition under Roberval, with Jean Alphonse as pilot, sails to America, explores Long Island Sound, and as cends the Norombegue or Grand River (Hudson) to the head of navigation ; but the French abandon the country in 1543. Spaniards from Mexico, under Cabrillo, a Portuguese, trace the Pacific coast as far as 43 30 N. (the Umpqua River, Oregon). Puritanism takes its rise in England in the reign of Edward VI. 1549. Roberval /s said to have again sailed from France for America, but he never returned, and probably perished at sea. 1549 Louis Cancello, a Spanish Dominican, goes to Florida s a missionary, but is killed by the natives, and his party is beaten off. 1556. Andre Thevet, a French geographer, on his return from Brazil to France, coasts along North America from Florida to New foundland. 1562 French Huguenots, under Jean Ribault, discover the river May (the San Matheo of the Spaniards, now the St. Johns), Florida (Ap.) ; build at Port Royal (S. C.) a fort, named Caro lina after Charles IX. ; and leave 26 colonists. They are re duced by famine ; the remnant embark, and are p^ked up by an English vessel. 150-3. Sir John Hawkins transports a cargo of negroes from Africa to Hayti, and so begins the English slave-trade. 1564. A French expedition, under Rene Goulaine de Laudonmere and Ribault, reaches Florida (22 June), erects Fort Carolina at the mouth of the May (St. Johns), and leaves a colony. These colonists are relieved by Hawkins (May) ; afterwards bj Ribault An expedition from Spain under Pedro Menendez de Aviles drives off Ribault s fleet (Aug.), and founds St. Augustine (8 Sep.), the oldest town in the U. S. Ribault s fleet is wrecked on the coast. Monendez captures Fort Caro- 1542. Spa 1547 1565 History of tie United States. 17 lina, massacres nearly 200 men, women, and children (21 Sep.), only a few escaping ; he also massacres the survivors from the shipwreck. 1567. A French expedition under Dominic de Gorges attack the Spaniards at Fort Carolina, Fla., with partial success ; hang all their prisoners (3 May, 1568) in revenge for the massacre : but return to France, and Spain retains dominion over Florida. 1578. One hundred and fifty French vessels are engaged in the New foundland fisheries. 1579. Drake sails along the Pacific coast as far as 43 N. (Cape Blanco, Oregon), naming the country New Albion. 1580. The rise of the Independents in England under Robert Brown. 1584. -^Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow, sent out by Raleigh, land on Wocoken Island (N. C.) in July ; take possession of the country in the name of the Queen, who names it Virginia ; and return to England (Sep.) with 2 natives. 1585. Sir Richard Grenville, acting for Raleigh, leaves a colony on f Roanoke Island (N. C.), under Ralph Lane. 1586.4 These colonists massacre the Indians and explore the coast. Drake arrives (June), and takes them back to England, where they introduce tobacco and the potato. Shortly afterward Grenville arrives and leaves another colony of 15 on Roanoke Island. 1587. A fleet under John White, sent by Raleigh, arrives and finds the colony destroyed by the Indians (July). He leaves another colony of 108, builds a fort, and founds Raleigh. Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the U. S., is born. Two vessels, despatched by Raleigh to relieve the colony, are driven back by the Spaniards. 1590. White sails to Roanoke, finds ths colony destroyed, and returns to England. The fate of the colonists has never been ascer tained. 1597. Two Dutch expeditions (under Bikker and Leyen) voyage to America. 1598. The Marquis de la Roche forms a temporary French settlement on Sable Island, off Nova Scotia. 1600. A written plan for a Dutch West India Co. is communicated to the States-General, but is not acted on. 1602. An English expedition under Bartholomew Gosnold, sent by the Earl of Southampton, discovers Massachusetts Bay, lancs- at Cape Cod (14 May), builds on Cuttyhunk (one of the Elizer beth Islands) the first house in Massachusetts, and a fort, be gins a colony there, and traffics with the natives ; all return to England (June). 1603. Henry IV. makes Samuel de Champlain general-lieutenant of Canada ; he sails from Honfleur (15 Mar.), enters the St. Lawrence, and selects Quebec as a site for a fort. Henry IV. grants (Nov.) to De Monts the territory (Acadia) from 40 to 46 N. (i.e., from the latitude of Philadelphia to that of Mon treal). 1603, Queen Elizabeth dies (24 Mar.) ; James I. succeeds. Martin Pring sails from England (Ap.), and explores the coast of Maine and Massachusetts* 18 History of the United States 1604. De Monts sails from France (Mar.), and attempts a settle ment and erects a fort on St. Croix Island (Maine) ; Poutrin- court, one of De Monts leaders, settles at Port Royal (Nova Scotia). 1C04. James I. threatens to make the Puritans conform or " harry them out of the kingdom or else worse." 1605. Champlain and De Monts sail from France ; remove the French colony from St. Croix to Port Royal (N. S.); visit the river St. John (N. B.) and Grand Manan Island ; explore the coast as far as Cape Cod ; and claim the country for France. Champlain returns to France in 1607, and Port Royal is de serted in a few years. 1605. George Weymouth, sent by the Earl of Southampton, explores the coast of Maine (May), enters the Penobscot, and carries home five natives. 1606. Pring again explores the coast of Maine. 1606. v James I. grants a patent (10 Ap.) to colonize "Virginia" tb two companies : one for Southern Virginia (34-38 N.), the London Co.; the other for Northern Virginia (41-45 N.), the West of England Co.; the intermediate district (38-41 N.J open to both companies. The London Co. sends 3 ships with 105 emigrants, under Newport, Gosnold, and John Smith, to Southern Virginia (19 Dec.). 1607. l The expedition enters Chesapeake Bay (26 Ap.), and founds at Jamestown (14 May) the first permanent English colony in the United States ; 50 die .before Sep., including Gosnold. Smith, while exploring the Chickahominy, is captured by Indians (Dec.), but after about three weeks detention is sent back by Powhatan to Jamestown. Tl^e story as to his life being saved by Pocahontas is apocrypnal, having been in vented by Smith some years afterwards. 1607. > The West of England Co. send two ships, under Raleigh Gilbert and George Popham, to colonize " Northern Virginia ; " they arrive at the Sagadahoc (Kennebec), Maine (Aug.), and leave 45 emigrants at " St. George ; " but Popham dies, they suffer hardship, and return to England in 1608. 1608. Puritans ("Pilgrims") under Robinson and Brewster leave England to escape persecution, and settle at Leyden, in Hol land. 1608. Champlain, acting for merchants of Dieppe and St. Malo, sails from France, and founds Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in Canada. 1609. He allies with the Hurons against the Iroquois (Five Nations), and in company with Hurons discovers and explores Lake Champlain. (The Five Nations were the Onondag as, Sene- cas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and Mohawks ; they occupied the country south of Lake Ontario, from the Niagara River to tht Hudson.) 1609. An Anglo-Dutch expedition under Henry Hudson, sent by the Dutch East India Co., sails from Amsterdam (4 Ap.), sights Cape Cod and names the country New Holland ; discovers Delaware Bay (28 Aug.); enters Lower New York Bay (3 Sep.), and the Hudson (11 Sep.), which he ascends beyond Albany; he names the country New Netherlands. History of the fruited States. 19 1609. A new charter to the London Co, (23 May) limits their territory to 200 miles north of Old Point Comfort. Smith s administra tion gives dissatisfaction to the colonists, and he is deposed and sent to England (Sep. ). The Co. appoint Lord Delaware governor. 1610., Lord Delaware arrives in Virginia with emigrants and supplies (June), but, falling ill, returns home ; the colonists number about 200. 1610. The Dutch put up a few rude hovels on Manhattan Island, as a temporary summer shelter for the sailors ; the origin of New York City. 1611. \ Sir Thomas Dale arrives in Virginia as governor, with emi grants (10 May), and, to save the colony from anarchy and ruin, he institutes martial law. Sir Thomas Gates arrives as governor (Aug.), with 6 ships and 300 emigrants, making 700 colonists in all. Dale founds Henrico (now Richmond). 1611. French Jesuit priests arrive in Acadia (June), and convert some natives. 1612. * A third charter of " Southern Virginia " is granted to the Lon don Co. (Mar.), creating a democratic form of government. Lotteries are established, which bring the Co. 29,000. 1*512. De Biencourt and Father Biart explore the coast of Maine as far as the Kennebec, ascend the river, and acquire the friend ship of the Abenakis, Algonquins, and Canibas. 1013. Captain Samuel Argall captures Pocahontas, who is baptized and marries John Rolfe (5 Ap.), and is thenceforth known as Rebecca Rolfe. 1613. De Saussaye (or Saucy) erects a French colony at St. Sauveur, Mount Desert Island, Maine. Native converts perform re ligious services. Argall, in an armed vessel from Virginia, captures and pillages St. Sauveur, and destroys De Monts deserted settlements at St. Croix and Port Royal. He enters New York Harbor and finds some hovels erected by the Dutch on Manhattan Island. 1614. x Gates returns to England, leaving Dale as deputy-governor of Virginia. Tobacco is widely planted and becomes the staple product and currency. White servants begin to be bought in England for service in Virginia, to be resold there to the highest bidder. 1614. John Smith sails from England (Ap.), and explores the coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod, and names the country New England. 1614. The Dutch States-General grants a four-years monopoly of trade to adventurers trading with America ; the Dutch erect a rude fort on Manhattan Island, and call it New Amsterdam (now New York) ; Adrian Blok sails through East River and discovers Long Island to be an island. 1614. Le Caron, a Franciscan, penetrates, by way of Canada, the country of the Mohawks south-east of Lake Ontario. 1615. The Dutch establish a commercial post at Auranea or Orange (now Albany), on Castle Island in the Hudson, on the site of the castle begun by the French about 1540. 1616. Governor Dale and Pocahontas go to England (June) ; during the winter she becomes the most distinguished person in 20 History of the United States. London society. English colonists, under Richard Vines, settle temporarily at Winter Harbor, Maine. 1617. Pocahontas dies in England (Mar.), aged 21 or 22, leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe. Argall is appointed deputy-governor of Virginia (May) ; he rules tyrannically ; martial law is still in force. 1818. Powhatan, father of Pocahontas, dies ; Opechancanough suc ceeds. 1618. The mutineers of Rocraft winter on Monhegan Island, Maine. The Dutch establish a trading station at Bergen, on Kill van Kull (N. J.). 1619. Argall is removed from the governorship of Virginia ; Sir George Yeardley, his successor, arrives (Ap.), and convenes (19 June) at Jamestown a colonial assembly, based on univer sal suffrage, the first representative body in America. 1261 emigrants are sent out, including 90 young women for wives, and 100 convicts to be sold as "servants." 1620. Champlain begins Fort St. Louis, at Quebec. 1620. Sixty young women, sent to Virginia as wives, are bought at from 120 to 150 Ibs. of tobacco each. Tobacco is worth 3s. a Ib. The commerce of Virginia, hitherto monopolized by the London Co., is made free. A Dutch man-of-war lands 20 negroes for sale at Jamestown (Aug.), and so introduces negro slavery and the slave-trade. The conditional servitude of whites, under indentures, had from the first existed in Vir ginia, the "servants" becoming a common article of traffic, salable for from 40 to 60. During the next three years 3500 emigrants arrive from England. 1620. - The Pilgrim Fathers, under Brewster, leave Holland (22 July), and England (6 Sep.) in the Mayflower ; sight land (7 Nov.) ; moor in Cape Cod Harbor and adopt a constitution (9 Nov., O. S.) ; coast for a landing-place ; repel an attack of Indians ; and finally land at Plymouth Rock (21 Dec., N. S.), 101 souls in all, one having been accidentally drowned. John Carver is elected governor. One-half perish from cold and hardship before spring. The Mayflower returns to England (5 Ap., 1621). 1620. At the instance of John Smith, James I. grants to the Plym outh Co., of England, consisting of Sir Ferdinando Gorges and 39 others, a patent to colonize "New England," between 40 and 48 N., from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The House of Commons strongly opposes this charter. 1621. The Plymouth Co. grants to John Mason the land between the Salem and the head of the Merrimac (Mar. ) ; to the Pilgrims .their territory (1 June) ; ar/^ to Sir W. Alexander the terri tory east of the St. Croix and south of the St. Lawrence, called Nova Scotia, and including Acadia (Sep.). 1621. The Pilgrims make a treaty of amity with the Pokanokets under Massasoit (Mar.) ; Carver dies (5 Ap.), Wm. Bradford is elected governor in his place, Other chiefs submit to James I. (Sep.)., including Canonicus, oiiief of the Narragansetts. 1021, * Cotton is first planted in Virginia. The London Co. grants (24 July) a constitution to Virginia, conferring self-govern ment and trial by jury, which Si*- Francis Wyatt, the new History of the United Slates. 21 governor, takes to the colony. Silk culture engages the at tention of the assembly (Nov.-Dec.). * 1621. The Dutch West India Co., with rights from the Straits of Magellan to the farthest north, is incorporated for 24 years (June). It takes possession of the New Netherlands in 1622. 1629. In revenge for the murder of an Indian brave, the Indians massacre the colonists in Virginia (22 Mar.) ; 347 killed, many plantations deserted, and their number reduced from 80 to 8. Intermittent warfare results for 24 years, until 1646. 1622. The Plymouth Co. grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason the territory ("Laconia") between the St. Lawrence, Merrimac, Kennebec, and the ocean (Aug.). 1623. The Virginia colonists number 2500 ; they attack the Indians (July). 1623. An English Co. settle Portsmouth and Dover, on the Piscat- aqua, under Gorges and Mason s grant. "Weston, under a grant from the Plymouth Co., fails in an attempt to found a colony of 60 persons at Wessagussett (now Weymouth, Mass.); the first plantation in Boston Harbor. The colony is renewed in 1624, but fails again. Capt. Christopher Levett explores the coast of Maine, and builds a house near the site of Port land, but does not make a permanent settlement. 1623. Cornelius Mey discovers Cape Mey, builds Fort Nassau on Timber Creek (below Camden, N. J.), and claims the country for the Dutch. Nassau is abandoned before 1631. The country from Cape Cod to Delaware Bay becomes known as New Netherlands. The first permanent settlements are made on Manhattan Island and Long Island (Walloon Bay), and Fort Orange (Albany) is erected. 1624. Danes settle in New Jersey. 1624. The London Co. s charter of Virginia is declared void under a quo warranto, and James I. makes it a royal province ; Sir F. Wyatt is continued as governor. 1624. Roger Conant, as agent of the Plymouth Co., founds a settle ment near Cape Anne, Mass. The continued opposition of the House of Commons paralyzes the Co., and squatters colonize the coast from Cape Cod to the Bay of Fundy. York (Maine) is settled about this date. 1624. Peter Minuit is made director-general of the New Netherlands. 1625. r James I. dies (27 Mar.) ; Charles I. succeeds. 1625. The Cape Anne settlers return to England, except Roger Conant and three others, who leave Cape Anne and found Naumkeag (now Salem). 1625. Jesuit priests go from France to Canada. 1625. Agents of the Dutch West India Co. buy Manhattan Island from the natives for goods worth 60 guilders (about $24). The first European child is born on Long Island. 1626. Peter Minuit, director-general of New Netherlands, arrives at New Amsterdam (4 May) ; he begins Fort Amsterdam. 1626. Pemaquid (Bristol), Maine, settled. 1626. Wyatt, governor of Virginia, returns to Scotland ; Sir G. Yeardley succeeds him. 1626. A Swedish Colonization Co. is sanctioned by Gustavus Adol- phus ; incorporated, May, 1627. 22 History of the United States. 1627. * War between England and France ; it lasts till 1629. 1627. The Dutch of New Netherlands exchange courtesies with the Pilgrims ; De Hazier goes as envoy to Plymouth (Oct.). 1627. Yeardley, governor of Virginia, dies (Nov.) ; Francis West is elected governor. 1628. The first clergyman arrives in New Amsterdam. The English capture Port Royal, N. S. Virginia enacts that no treaty shall be made with the Indians. 1628. The Plymouth Co. grant to John Endicott and 25 others the territory from three miles south of Massachusetts Bay to three miles north of the furthest point of the Merrimac, be tween the Atlantic and the Pacific (19 Mar.). He sails with emigrants to Naumkeag (Salem), where Conant welcomes them (Sep.). 1629. Endicott s Co. is chartered as " The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England " (4 Mar.) ; Matthew Cradock is elected governor. Rev. Francis Higginson arrives in Salem with 200 emigrants (June), and finds only about 10 hovels there. He founds Charlestown (4 July), and estab lishes Puritanism, to which some object, and J. and S. Browne are sent back to England. Eighty die before spring, including Higginson. The Co. in England assign the charter to the colonists (Aug.), thus converting a mercantile com pany into an independent provincial government ; and elect John Wmthrop governor (Oct.); 406 emigrants are sent from England. Gorges and Mason dissolve partnership ; Mason gets a fresh title to the region between the Merrimac and the Piscataqua (7 Nov.), which he calls New Hampshire ; Gorges gets the region between the Piscataqua and the Kennebec (western Maine). 1629. The Peace of Lubeck between England and France (22 May). The English capture Quebec, and conquer all French America, but the conquest being after the treaty the country is restored to France in 1632, by the Treaty of St. Germain. 1629. The College of Nineteen, of Amsterdam, Holland, adopts a "Charter of Privileges" to promote the colonization of the New Netherlands, with a feudal organization. Samuel Godyn buys the Indian title to part of Delaware (June). 1629. John Harvey arrives in Virginia as governor, in place of Pott, under a royal commission. 1630. Biddeford and Saco, in Maine, are founded by Richard Vines and John Oldham, under a grant from the Plymouth Co. 1630. The Plymouth Co. grants " the Colony of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick. 1630. Winthrop arrives in Massachusetts with 800 emigrants (June); 700 more arrive in July ; * they find distress and gloom. Boston, Watertown, Lynn, Dorchester, and Rochester are founded. The first "General Court" meets at Boston to organize the government (19 Oct.). 1630. Sir Robert Heath obtains a patent for Carolina (30 to 36 N.). 1630. Godyn gets an Indian deed for his land in Delaware (July), the first deed of land in Del. He and Samuel Bloemart buy the Indian title to the east coast of Delaware Bay (N. J.). Kiliaen van Rensselaer buys from the Indians 12 miles of History of the United States. 23 land between Fort Orange and the Mohawk River. Michael Pauw buys Staten Island and Pavonia (the country round Hoboken). De Vries, as agent for Godyn, sails from the Texel, with emigrants for Delaware (Dec.). 1631. De Vries plants his Dutch colony of over 300 souls at Lewis- town (Del.), and ascends as far as the Schuylkill. 1631. Roger Williams arrives in Boston (5 Feb.), but finding his liberal principles obnoxious, he goes to Plymouth and re mains two years. The population of Plymouth is 300. 1631. The Earl of Warwick assigns his right to Connecticut to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, John Hampden, and others (19 Mar.). 1631. Charles I. grants (May) to a company under William Clayborne (a member of the Virginia council) a license to trade with the Indians of Virginia ; Harvey, governor of Virginia, confirms it. Clayborne founds stations on Kent Island and near the Susquehannah, the first settlements in Maryland. 1632. x Charles I. grants "Maryland" to Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, who dies (15 Ap.) before the patent is signed, and it is issued (20 June) to his son, Cecilius. Virginia vainly pro tests, claiming the territory as part of Virginia. 1632. Massachusetts founds a representative government, makes treaties with the Indians, and establishes intercourse with Plymouth colony, Virginia, and New Netherlands. 1632. De Vries goes to Holland ; on his return to Delaware at the close of the year, he finds the colonists left by him all slain by the Indians. 1633. The Dutch, having purchased the Indian title to land on the Connecticut, erect a fort (Jan.) called "the House of Good Hope " (now Hartford). Wouter Van T wilier arrives in New Amsterdam as governor in place of Minuit. 1633. Haynes, Cotton, Hooker, and Stone come out to Massachusetts. Roger Williams Returns to Salem, but the action of the magistrates compels him to withdraw from the church. 1633. Traders from Plymouth colony, under Capt. William Holmes, found a trading-house at Dorchester (now Windsor), Conn. 1633. Virginia has about 1000 head of cattle. 1633. Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore s brother, sails (22 Nov.) with about 200 emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics, for Maryland. 1634. He arrives in the Potomac and founds St. Marys (27 Mar.), near its mouth. L 634. ^ Vote by ballot is introduced into Massachusetts; only the people s representatives are allowed to dispose of lands or to levy taxes. The General Court passes a sumptuary law to regulate dress, prohibiting short sleeves, and other "new and immodest fashions," etc. Anne Hutchinson arrives in Boston from England. Colonists from Massachusetts found Watertown (Wethersfield), Conn.; the Pequods murder Stone, Horton, and 8 others, but send messengers to Boston to offer peace (Nov.). 1634. Not a single white settler remains within Delaware Bay ; a few Swedes remain in Gloucester and Burlington Counties (N. J.) 1634. Charles I. grants to Archbishop Laud and others power ovep 84 History of the United Slates. the American plantations, to establish the government, regulate the Church, and revoke all charters prejudicial to the royal prerogative. The colonists prepare to resist, and raise a Defence Fund to build fortifications. 1635. Massachusetts promulgates a "Bill of Rights;" "God s peo ple should be governed by the laws given by God to Moses." The General Court sentences Roger Williams to exile (Oct.) ; the people of Salem still adhere to him, and it is resolved to send him to England. 1635. The first popular assembly is convened in Maryland (Feb.). Clayborne and his settlers refuse to submit to Baltimore s charter, but are defeated in a bloody skirmish. He flees to Virginia, and Qovernor Harvey sends him to England. The Virginia council remove Harvey, and make Captain John West governor (May). Harvey and his accusers go to Eng land to appeal to the king, who reinstates Harvey. The Commissioners of Plantations decide in favor of Baltimore s claim to Maryland against Clayborne. 1635. The younger Winthrop, under a commission from the pro prietaries, founds Saybrook, Conn, (named after Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brooke), and erects a fort there ; a sepa rate colony till 1644. Sixty emigrants from Massachusetts go overland to Connecticut, and found Newtown (now Hartforid); they suffer hardship, and many make their way to the sea board. 1635. - The Plymouth Co. divide the whole coast from Acadia to be yond the Hudson among themselves by lot (3 Feb.), and ex ecute deeds to the grantees (22 Ap.) ; Mason gets the land from the Piscataqua to the Salem River, and Gorges the land from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec, which he calls New Somerset. The Co. then surrender their patent to the king (7 June). Mason contends that the patent to Endicott s Massachusetts Bay Co. was surreptitiously obtained, and a quo warranto is issued against the. Co. Mason dies (Nov.), his estate becomes ruined, his colonies in New Hampshire are left to themselves, and the opposition to the Massachu setts Co. ceases. 1635. The French expel the English colonists from the Penobscot region, Maine. 1636. Harvey returns to Virginia as governor (Jan.). 1636. Roger Williams refuses to submit to the order to return to England, leaves Salem in the depth of winter (Jan.), wanders for 14 weeks in the woods, and at last is welcomed by Mas- sasoit and Canonicus, chiefs of the Pokanokets and Narra- gansetts. He goes to Renoboth (Seekonk), but finding it within the limits of Plymouth colony, removes to Narragan- sett Bay and founds Providence (June) ; he is joined by others during the next two years. 1636. Sir F. Gorges, in anticipation of the issue of a royal charter, sends his nephew, Capt. William Gorges, to govern New Somerset (Maine); William convenes the first assembly in Maine at Saco (22 Mar.), then a place of about 150 people. 1636. The General Court of Massachusetts votes a year s revenue to found a ccllege ; the assembly is divided into two chambers ; Tfistory of the United Slates. 25 life magistrates are instituted ; Sir Henry Vane is elected governor. Springfield is founded (Sept.). 1636. The first assembly in Connecticut is held (26 Ap.) at New- town (now Hartford). Long Island is first permanently oc cupied. Rev. Thomas Hooker, with 100 emigrants from Newtown, Mass., goes overland and settles at Newtown, Conn. (June). The Pequods murder Oldham, near Block Island, R. I. (July). The outrage is punished by a sangui nary but ineffectual expedition under Endicott and Underbill (Aug.). The Pequods make reprisals and seek to unite the Narragansetts and Mohegans to exterminate the whites, but at the request of Vane and the Massachusetts council, Roger Williams uses his influence to detach the Narragansetts and Mohegans from the alliance. 1637. A court held at Newtown, Conn. (1 Mar.), changes the names of Newtown, Watertovvn, and Dorchester to Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, and resolves to prosecute the war against the Pequods. An expedition under John Mason, with volunteers from Saybrook under Underbill, and with assistance from Massachusetts and the Narragansetts and Mohegans, destroys the Pequod tribe. A remnant of about 200 surrender, and are enslaved by the whites or incorporated with the Mohegans and Narragansetts. After the war, dele gates from Connecticut and Massachusetts meet in Boston (81 Aug.), for the purpose of uniting the New England colo nies into one Province or confederacy, but the design falls through. It is revived in 1643. 1637. The Antinomian controversy culminates in Massachusetts. Anne Hutchinson, John Wheelwright (her brother), and Vane oppose the doctrine that the so-called law of God should be the law of the commonwealth. The legislature enacts that none shall come within the jurisdiction without permission of the authorities ; Vane protests and returns to England. Wheelwright, Anne Hutchinson, and Aspinwall are exiled as "unfit for the society" of its citizens. Wheel wright goes to the Piscataqua and founds Exeter ; John Clarke, William Coddington, and Anne Hutchinson are wel comed at Providence by Roger Williams. Negro slaves are imported for the first time into New England. 1637. Owing to the machinations of George Cleeve, William Gorge" is recalled from the governorship of Maine by Sir F. Gorges (June), and the province is left without a government. 1637. William Kieft is made governor of New Netherlands in place of Van Twiller. 1637. A company of Swedes and Finns, under the Dutchman Peter Minuit, leave Sweden for Delaware. 1638. They found (Ap.) Fort Christiana (named after the Swedish Queen), on the west bank of the Delaware (near the site of Wilmington) ; purchase the Indian title of the land from Trenton Falls to Paradise Point (Cape Henlopen) ; settle at Wicaco, on the site of Philadelphia ; and claim the country as "New Sweden." Kieft, governor of New Netherlands, pro tests, claiming the country for the Dutch. 1638.-* Roger Williams obtains from the Indians (Mar.) a deed of the 26 History of the United States. land round Providence \vliich in time he grants away gratis-, also a deed (Mar.) of Rhode Island for Anne Hutchinson and her fellow-exiles who found a prosperous colony at Newport. 1G38. Puritans from London under Theophilus Eaton and Rev. John Davenport, found Quinniplack (now New Haven), Conn. They hold their first meeting (18 April); elect Eaton governor; and buy the Indian title to their lend. New Haven remains a separate colony until 1665. 1638. An earthquake is felt throughout New England (1 June); shocks continue 15 days. 163ft.* John Harvard founds Harvard College. 1039. Connecticut (i. e., Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield) adopts a liberal constitution (Jan. 1), the first organization of a gov ernment with a written constitution in history. 1639. The New Haven colonists frame a constitution in a barn (4 June) ; the Scriptures to be the rule of the commonwealth ; only church members to be free burgesses ; "seven pillars" chosen to organize the government. Their colonies spread along the coast and Long Island. 1639. Roger Williams organizes at Providence the first Baptist church in America. 1639. The Massachusetts legislature provides that the life-magis trates are to act only in those years in which they are chosen at the annual elections. A law is passed to prohibit the cus tom of drinking healths. 1639. Kieft renews the Dutch fort at Nassau (Gloucester Co., N. J.). 1639. Sir F. Wyatt supersedes Harvey as governor of Virginia ; he governs well. 1639. Plantations in Carolina are probably attempted by the as signee of Heath s patent. 1639. Sir F. Gorges is made proprietary of Maine by royal charter, with ample powers of government (2 Sep.) ; he is also ap pointed governor-general of New England. 1640. He sends out his son, Thomas, as governor of Maine. 1640. English colonists, under Sir Edmund Ployden, settle at Elsing- burgh, on the east bank of the Delaware, and call the country New Albion, but are driven out by the Swedes and Dutch. 1640. The people of Connecticut claim Long Island under a grant from Lord Stirling, and the Dutch emblems of possession at the east end are thrown down by the colonists, and a fool s head is set up instead. 1640. A fugitive from Virginia settles on Albemaiie Sound (N. C.). 1640. Montreal founded. Their continual warfare with the Mohawks excludes the French from the south shores of Lake Ontario. 1640. The emigrants to New England up to this date numbered 21,200 ; in ten or fifteen years 50 villages had been planted, and 30 or 40 churches built. For the next 20 years, during the civil strife in England, the colonies enjoy almost virtual independence. 1641/ The English parliament places the colonies under the control of the Earl of Warwick, as governor-in-chief, and a council of 5 peers and 12 commoners. 1641. Tew Hampshire annexes itself to Massachusetts (Ap.) ; the union continues till 1679. History of the United States. 1641. The governing power of Plymouth colony is transferred to the entire body of freemen, and the interest of the English part ners is extinguished. 1641. Rhode Island establishes a constitution, a " Democratic." 1641. -Charles Raymbault and Isaac Jogues reach Sault Ste. Marie from the Georgian Bay (4 Oct.) ; the first time that the U. S. were entered from Canada. 1641. War between the Dutch of New Netherlands and the Algo^ quins ; it lasts till 1645. 1642. ; Anne Hutchinson s son and son-in-law censure the Boston au thorities for their treatment of her, and are imprisoned. She removes from Rhode Island to East Chester, Conn., among the Dutch. Kieft treacherously massacres nearly 100 Algon- quins ; they make savage reprisals from Connecticut to New Jersey, and the Dutch colonies are nearly ruined. A popular assembly of delegates from the Dutch villages mitigates Kieft s arbitrary rule. The war leads the Indians to attack the English colonies in Maryland and Virginia, and war goes on there for four years. 1642. Sir William Berkeley arrives in Virginia as governor, successor to Wyatt (Feb.). Charles I. restricts the commerce of the colony ; the assembly establishes the Church of England, suppresses nonconformity, and banishes nonconformists ; a company of Puritans take refuge in Maryland, settling at Providence (now Annapolis). 1643. ^ Anne Hutchinson is killed by the Indians. Roger Williams "arranges a truce between them and the Dutch (Mar.), and peace is made with the Indians on the Hudson (Ap.). War is renewed by the Dutch under John Underbill, a refugee from New England, and continues till 1645. 1643. The New England colonies send Hugh Peters and two others to England to obtain commercial advantages ; the House of Commons votes that colonial trade shall be free of taxation (Mar.). The colonists decline an invitation to send deputies to the Westminster Assembly. Cotton manufactures are begun, cotton being imported from Barbadoes. War in Massachusetts between the Narragansetts and Mohegans. 1643. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven form a federation, " The United Colonies of New England;" fed eral matters are entrusted to eight commissioners, two from each colony. It lasts till 1684. A provision for the admission of new members to the federation is without result. 1643. John Printz, governor of New Sweden, forms a colony and erects a fort on Tinicum Island (Penn.), in the Delaware, just below the Schuylkill, and resides there. 1643.- The Virginia assembly enacts that no peace shall be made with the Indians. 1643. Roger Williams goes to England to obtain its protection over Rhode Island. He obtains the help of Sir Henry Vane. 1643. The proprietaries of Connecticut assign their rights to the colonists. 1644. A design is formed to unite all the English colonies in one confederacy, but it never reaches a practical stage. 1644. Parliament grants to Roger Williams and others a charter for 28 History of trie Vfiited States. Rhode Island (Mar.), witn full power "to rule themselves/ Providence greets Williams on his return with a magnificent demonstration. A Baptist church is formed at Newport. 1644. The Indians massacre 300 colonists in Virginia (18 Ap.) ; war goes on and Opechancanough is captured. Berkeley goes to England, leaving Richard Kemp as governor (June). Maryland makes peace with the Indians. 1644. Massachusetts gives her county courts authority to have the Indians instructed in religion. Thomas Mayhew labors as a missionary among the Indians on Martha s Vineyard. 1645. The French and Five Nations make peace at Three Rivers. ( 1645. The Dutch and Indians make peace at New Amsterdam ; Kieft s barbarous policy is repudiated. 1645. A ship leaves SalrTn, Ma^s., for Guinea, Africa, to bring a cargo of slaves ; the first direct slave-trade between New England and Africa. 1645. Clayborne and Ingle, with the Puritan refugees from Virginia, excite a successful revolt in Maryland ; Leonard Calvert, the deputy-governor, flees to Virginia, and disorder and misrule follow. 1646. Order is restored in Maryland ; Lord Baltimore is reinstated ; and an amnesty is granted. 1646. Father Jogues, from Canada, is hospitably received by the Mohawks (May), but is murdered (Oct.), and war is renewed between the French and the Five Nations. 1646. Father Gabriel Dreuillettes, first of Europeans, journeys over land from the St. Lawrence to the Kennebec, Maine (Aug.), and builds a chapel near its mouth, where many Abenakis gather. Franciscans had already planted a lodge at the mouth of the Penobscot. 1646.^ Peace is made between Virginia and the Indians (Oct.). 1646. The General Court of Massachusetts repudiates the paramount authority of the English Parliament (Nov.). It passes an Act for the propagation of the gospel among the Indians, and John Eliot, of Roxbury, Mass., "the apostle of the Indians," "the morning-star of missionary enterprise," begins his labors among the Indians at Nonantum (now Newton), Mass. 1646. The Quakers founded in England by George Fox, aged 22. 1647. Peter Stuyvesant arrives in New Netherlands (May) as goy- \ ernor in place of Kieft, who, on his return to Holland, is wrecked off the coast of Wales and perishes. The population of New Amsterdam is about 1000. 1647. Dreuillettes returns from Maine to Quebec (June). 1647. A. person is executed at Windsor, Conn., for witchcraft. 1647. Sir F. Gorges, proprietary of Maine, dies. 1648. Margaret Jones is executed (15 June) at Boston, and Mary Johnson in Connecticut, for witchcraft. 1648. Uplandt (now Chester, Penn.) is settled by Swedes. 1648. The Virginia colonists number 20,000, about 400 being negroes, and have 31 vessels engaged in commerce. 1649.4 Charles I. is beheaded (30 Jan.) ; the monarchy is abolished (17 , Mar.) ; and England is declared a " Commonwealth and Free State" (19 May). J649 The people of Maine, being left without a government by the History of the United States. 2tf \ death of Gorges, form themselves into a body politic fr the purposes of self -government (July). 1649. Massachusetts declines the offer of a new charter by the Long 1 Parliament. Bigotry and persecution reign in the colony ; the Anabaptists are fined and scourged ; irreligion is made a civil offence ; absence from church is punished by fine ; and the denial of any book of the Bible is punished by fine, stripes, exile, and death. 1B49. " The Maryland assembly passes an Act giving complete tolera tion to all Christians. 1649. Virginia proclaims Charles II. king ; royalists take refuge there; a grant of "Northern Neck," between the Rappa- hannock and the Potomac, is made to them ; Puritans are banished. 1650. The Connecticut assembly prohibits the use of tobacco to per sons under 20, and to others not used to it, without a physi- sician s certificate and a license. Stuyvesant goes to Hart ford (Sep.), and makes a treaty fixing the boundary between New England and New Netherlands at Greenwich on the mainland, and Oyster Bay on Long Island. The treaty is not recognized in England. 1850. Scotch prisoners taken at the battle of Dunbar (3 Sep.) are sent to Virginia to be sold as indentured servants. An ordinance of the Long Parliament empowers the Council of State to reduce "the rebellious colonies" to obedience (Oct.). 1651. Mr. and Mrs. Carrington and Goody Bassett are executed at Stratford, Conn., for witchcraft. 1651. The settlement of "praying Indians " at Nonantum removes to Natick, Mass. The Massachusetts legislature prohibits persons, whose estate does not exceed 200, from wearing lace costing over 2s. a yard. 1651. The Dutch build Fort Casimir (now Newcastle, Del.), 5 miles below the Swedish fort at Christiana, and thus create jeal ousy among the Swedish colonists. 1651. War between England and Holland ; it lasts till 1654. Crom well plans the conquest of New Netherlands. As a war measure, the Long Parliament passes the Navigation Act; colonial commerce with England to be carried on solely in English ships ; it is not enforced. Many hundreds of Scotch prisoners taken at the battle of Worcester (3 Sep.) are sent to Virginia to be indentured as white servants. 1652. Eoger Williams and John Clarke get the charter of Rhode Island confirmed by the Long Parliament. Williams returns to Rhode Island, leaving Clarke in England as agent of the colony. 1652. The frigate Guinea anchors in the Chesapeake to compel Vir ginia to submit to the Commonwealth ; the colonists make- terms, and elect Richard Bennett, a commissioner of the Long Parliament, governor (Ap.). 1652. Massachusetts, claiming under its charter, annexes Maine as far as Casco -Bay, in spite of the remonstrances of Edward Godfrey, the governor ; the province reluctantly submits. 1652. New Amsterdam is incorporated, But its citizens gain no privi leges. 30 f fist or y of the United States, 1653. A general assembly of deputies from the villages of New Netherlands meets and claims popular rights (Nov.), 1653 Cromwell forcibly dissolves the Long Parliament (20 Ap.) ; he is made Protector (16 Dec.). 1653. The General Court of Massachusetts prohibits preaching except by leave of the authorities. 1653. The Baptist Church in Providence, R. I., splits into two Churches. 1653. Goody Knapp is executed at Fairfield, Conn., for witchcraft. 1653. Clayborne and Bennett (governor of Virginia), professing to act under the ordinance of the Long Parliament to reduce " all plantations within the Bay of the Chesapeake," set aside Lord Baltimore s authority in Maryland ; conflicts ensue be tween the Puritans under Bennett and Clayborne, and Stone (Baltimore s deputy) and his friends, the latter being defeated. 1654. Imprisonment for debt is instituted in Massachusetts. 1654. Peace is made between the French in Canada and the Five Nations. Father Le Moyne goes among them as envoy and missionary. Two young Canadian fur-traders make a canoe journey west from Quebec (Aug.), via the Ottawa, and reach Lakes Michigan and Superior ; they return in two years, escorted by a fleet of 50 canoes. 1654. An armed force sent by Cromwell takes possession of Nova Scotia. 1654. Rising, governor of New Sweden, overpowers the Dutch gar rison at Fort Casimir ; the act is fatal to the Swedish colon} 7 . 1655. A Dutch force from New Amsterdam sails into the Delaware (Sep.), and the Swedish settlements (numbering 700 souls) submit ; the country north of Christiana and the Brandy- wine is governed by a deputy of Stuy vesant ; the country from the Brandy wine to Bombay Hook (part of Delaware) is purchased by the city of Amsterdam in Holland, the name New Sweden being changed to New Amstel. 1655.V Baltimore s friends in Maryland are again defeated by the Puritans (Jan.). 1655. Admiral Penn (father of William Penn) captures Jamaica from the Spaniards (3 May). Cromwell founds the English Board of Trade. 1655. Bennett retires from the governorship of Virginia; Edward Dig gs is elected his successor. 1655. Chaumonot and Claude Dablon, missionaries from Canada, are welcomed among the Five Nations (Nov.). 1656. A colony of 50 French Canadians settle among the Onondagas (May). 1050. $ From this date till the accession of James II. (1685) the Quakers are severely persecuted in England, and many of them take refuge in America. 1656rf Quakers are persecuted in Massachusetts and expelled from the colony. 1657. v The persecution of Quakers in Massachusetts continues ; they are fined, whipped, and banished ; a law enacts that on a first conviction one ear shall be cut off, on a second the other ear, on a third the tongue shall be bored wit.h a red-hot iron ; and that any one who entertains one of " the accursed sect" History of the United States. 31 shall be fined. A woman from London, who rebukes the magistrates for persecution, is whipped with 20 stripes. 1657. Divided rule exists in Maryland : Fendall (Baltimore s repre sentative) is acknowledged by the Catholics at St. Marys ; Cromwell s commissioners are sustained by the Puritans at St. Leonards. 1657. The Oneidas murder three Frenchmen ; the French retaliate by seizing Indians. 1658. The French abandon their settlements among the Five Nations (Mar.), and war once more breaks out between them. 1658. A compromise is effected between the conflicting parties in Maryland (Mar.), and the province is surrendered to Fendall, Baltimore s agent. 1658. Samuel Matthews is elected governor of Virginia in place of Diggs. The assembly excludes the governor and council from its sessions ; the governor dissolves it ; the assembly declares the dissolution illegal, proclaims popular sovereignty, and removes and re-elects the governor, who submits, and the revolution is completed. 1658. The General Court of Massachusetts claims the right to silence any person not ordained ; a fine of 10s. is imposed on every person present at a Quaker meeting, and 5 for speaking at one ; Quakers are banished on pain of death. 1658. Cromwell dies (3 Sep.) ; his son Richard is proclaimed Pro tector (4 Sep. ). Virginia recognizes him ; Massachusetts does not. 1658-59. The corporation of Amsterdam by purchases from the In dians extends its jurisdiction to Cape Henlopen, Del.; it foverns despotically, and the colonists flee in troops to the nglish colonies ; scarce 30 families remain. 1659. Richard Cromwell resigns the Protectorate (22 Ap.). 1659. Two Quakers are hanged in Massachusetts for returning to the colony after being banished ; Mary Dyar is also sentenced, but reprieved when the rope is round her neck. 1659. Two fur-traders from Canada winter on the shore of Lake Superior. 1660.-V A party of Puritans from Massachusetts attempt a settlement on Oldtown Creek, near the mouth of Cape Fear River (N. C.). It is soon abandoned. Perhaps a few scattered families may have settled in what is now North Carolina before this date. 1660. Matthews, governor of Virginia, dies (Mar.) ; the assembly de clares that the supreme power resides in itself (13 Mar.), and elects Sir W. Berkeley governor ; he accepts office, renouncing all power to dissolve the assembly. 1660. A popular convention meets in Maryland (12 Mar.), votes itself a lawful assembly, abolishes the Upper House, and settles the government ; Fendall, Baltimore s deputy, allows the revolution. 1660. An Indian church is organized at Natick, Mass. Mary Dyar is hanged at Boston as a Quaker (1 June) ; also William Leddra. Massasoit, sachem of the Pokariokets, dies ; his son "King Philip" succeeds. 1660. Charles II. is proclaimed king in England (8 May) ; he lands at Dover (25 May). Three of Charles I. s judges, Edward Whalley, 32 History of the United States. William Goffe, and John Dixwell, escape to America. Hugh Peters, father-in-law of the younger Winthrop, is hanged as a regicide (14 Oct.). The NavigatiojiAct (12 Car. II., c. 18) is passed ; merchandise is to be imported into the colonies only irfEnglish vessels ; only natives or naturalized subjects are to become merchants or factors in any English settlement Other laws are passed in restraint of colonial trade ano manufactures, and corn-laws are re-enacted. Charles II erects the Council of Trade and the Council of Plantations they are soon combined. 1660. Charles II. is proclaimed in Plymouth, Rhode Island, New Haven, Hartford, Maryland, and Virginia. The General Court of Massachusetts negatives an address to him (Oct.) ; but afterwards agrees to one (Dec.) ; v Leverett, its agent in England, is instructed to intercede for^its chartered liberties, and to resist appeals to England in law matters. In Mary land, Philip Calvert, Baltimore s deputy, is recognized. In Virginia Berkeley issues writs for an assembly in the name of the king ; the royalist party becomes ascendant and modi fies the democratic features of the constitution. Virginia had acquired perfect liberty of commerce, but the English government, under the new Navigation Act, begins to pre vent commerce with New Netherlands. Virginia s popula tion is about 30,000 ; Maryland s from 8000 to 12,000. 1660. Rene Mesnard, Jesuit missionary, goes from Canada to Lake Superior to found a mission (Aug.). 1661. He is lost in the woods on Kcewena Peninsula, Lake Superior, and never seen again (June). 1661. Berkeley goes to England as agent of Virginia, to seek relief, from the Navigation Act(Ap.) ; he, Clarendon, and six others combine to obtain a grant to themselves of American terri tory. 1661;^ The General Court of Massachusetts publishes a declaration of rights (June), claiming self-government, denying the right of appeals to England, and declaring the Navigation Act an infringement of their charter ; it then proclaims Charles II. king. A royal order from England to Governor Endicott directs him to proceed no further against the Quaker prison ers, but to send them to England for trial ; in response he releases Wenlock Christison and 27 others from prison. Up to this date 30 Quakers had been scourged, fined, or impris oned ; some had been branded in the hand with the letter H for heretic ; and several had been hung. The persecution soon recommences ; men and women are whipped at the cart s tail from town to town and banished. The persecution did not cease for some years, till Charles II. demanded that no one should be hindered from exercising his religion in the New World more than in the Old, and that all persons ought to be permitted to " worship God in the way they think best." John Eliot publishes his translation of the New Tes tament into the Massachusetts Indian dialect. "VVhalley and Goffe flee from Boston to Newhaven, Conn. , to escape arrest. 1661. Charles Calvert, a son of Lord Baltimore, is made dep. -gover nor of Maryland, and a general amnesty is proclaimed. History of the United States. 33 1661. -The younger Winthrop goes to England as agent of Connecti cut to obtain a charter. 1662. : Charles II. grants a charter for Connecticut (20 Ap.), covering both Hartford and New Haven, from the Narragansett to the Pacific, disregarding the hesitancy of New Haven, the rights of New Netherlands, and the claims of Spain on the Pacific ; it gives complete independence and seft-government. Win throp is elected governor in 14 successive years. New Haven is unwilling to merge itself in the larger colony of Hartford. Mr. and Mrs. Greensmith are executed at Hartford, for t, witchcraft. 1662. i John Norton and Simon Bradstreet go to England as commis sioners from Massachusetts (Feb.) ; Charles II. confirms the charter, declaring that its foundation is liberty of conscience, but claims certain prerogatives ; the people resolve not to allow these. 1662. Charles II. grants a charter to the African Co. Sir Henry Vane is executed- in England as a regicide (June). The Act of Uniformity is renewed (May) ; nearly 2000 ministers are driven from their parishes as nonconformists (24 Aug.). Charles II. issues a Declaration of Indulgence (Dec.), exempt ing from the penalties of the Act of Uniformity all noncon formists who, "living peaceably," do not conform through "scruple and tenderness of misguided conscience, but mod estly and without scandal perform their devotions in their own way." 1662. The Virginia assembly grants a permanent revenue to the Government, and votes its members a salary of 250 Ibs. of tobacco a day each ; establishes the Church of England ; and passes persecuting laws against Quakers, Baptists, and other dissenters ; to entertain a Quaker is punished by imprison ment. 1660. The Yeopim Indians grant " Durant s Neck," on Albemarle Sound (N. C.), to George Durant. 1663. The Company of 100 Associates having surrendered New France to Louis XIV. , he grants the territory to the new French West Indies Co. (Feb.). 1663 Heath s patent for Carolina is declared void for non-user; Charles II. grants to eight proprietaries a patent for Caro lina (Mar.) from 36 N. to the river St. Johns, Fla. Spain claims that the territory is a part of Florida. George Cath- maid settles 67 persons on the Chowan River, Albemarle Sound ; the plantation, being north of 36, is not included in the patent for Carolina, but the proprietaries commission one of their number, Berkeley, governor of Virginia, to institute a government over it, and he severs it from Virginia, and, under the name of Albemarle colony, gives it a separate gov ernment under William Drummond. It remains unnoticed till the quit-rents become due in 1666. Planters in Barba- does buy a tract of land on Cape Fear River. 1663. John Eliot publishes at Cambridge, Mass., his translation of the Old Testament into the Massachusetts Indian dialect. 1663. Mary Barnes is executed at Farmington, Conn., for witchcraft. 1663. Six months war goes on between the Dutch of New Nether- 84 History of the United States. lands and the Indians, who destroy (June) a village on the Esopus (in Ulster Co., N. Y.). Disputes as to territory arise between Connecticut and New Netherlands, Connecticut claiming to tiie Pacific under its charter. The necessities of the time compel Stuy vesant to concede a popular assembly. The Dutch West India Co., desiring a barrier against the English colonies to the south, transfers the whole country on the Delaware to the city of Amsterdam, Holland, which becomes proprietary of all the settlements in what are now Pennsylvania, Southern New Jersey, and Delaware. 1663. The Parliament in England sets aside Charles II. s Declaration of Indulgence, and passes the Conventicle Act to prevent religious meetings of nonconformists. 1663. Charles II. grants a charter to Rhode Island (July), giving self-government and reirgious freedom, and vesting the supreme power in a governor, deputy-governor, 10 assistants (now the Senate), and deputies from the towns. George Baxter arrives at Newport with the charter (24 Nov.), which is read publicly. 1663. In Virginia an insurrection of white " servants " is easily sup pressed ; barbarous laws are enacted against slaves ; and the laws against nonconformists are made more severe. John Burgess is expelled from the Assembly for being " well- affected to the Quakers," 1664. By this date many English from Connecticut had settled in New Netherlands, and as many negroes had been imported, in proportion to population, as in Virginia. The new Dutch diet demands from the governor, Stuyvesant, protection against the Indians, and the colony partially revolts against the rule of the Dutch West India Co. ; Berkeley, governor of Virginia, threatens hostilities. 1664. Charles II. grants (Mar.) to his brother, the Duke of York, afterwards James II., the country from the St. Croix to the Pemaquid (Sagadahoc or Eastern Maine), and from the Con necticut to the Delaware. The Duke assigns his claim to New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret (June). Before this date 3 Dutch families had settled about Burling ton, N. J., and a few Quaker families on the south of Rari- tan Bay, N. J. ; but there was no hamlet in south-west New Jersey. 1664. The Rhode Island assembly affirms the principle of intellectual liberty to men of every creed (May). 1664. The English fleet for the conquest of New Netherlands, under Col. Richard Nicolls, and having on board royal commis sioners charged to investigate the manner in which the New England charters had been exercised and to provide for the peace of the country, arrives at Boston (23 July) ; takes re cruits on board ; anchors in Gravesend Bay, and acquires Long Island (Aug.) ; Stuyvesant surrenders New Amster dam (5 Sep.), which is called New York ; Fort Orange (or Will- iamstadt) surrenders (24 Sep.) and is called Albany ; the Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware capitulate (Oct.), the whole coast, from Maine to Carolina, passing into ttw* pos session of England. New Netherlands is divided into wew His ortj uj the United States. 35 York and New Jersey, the settlements on the west bank of the Delaware being made a dependency of New York, Lord Baltimore s claim to them being denied. Nicolls is made governor, and New York is governed despotically as in Dutch times, popular rights not being conceded. 1664. "New England Puritans from Long Island obtain an Indian deed to a large tract on Newark Bay ("the Elizabethtown Purchase "), which Governor Nicolls, unaware of the grant to the Duke of York, ratines. 1664. The General Court of Massachusetts resolve to resist the king s orders and to nullify the royal commission ; and while the fleet is reducing New Netherlands, protest against " the menace of tyranny " (Oct.), address Charles, claiming the right of "government within themselves," and threaten "to seek new dwellings " rather than submit. The contest facilitates the union of the two colonies of Hartford and New Haven. The Commissioners establish the boundary of Connecticut in conformity with the claims of the colony,- but award Long Island to the Duke of York ; they are favorably received in Rhode Island ; but Plymouth stands firm for its independence and declines their offer of a charter. 1665. New Haven accedes to the union with Connecticut under the Charter of 1662 (Jan.) ; the seat of government to be at Hart ford. 1665. The royal commissioners hold a court in Boston to try the claims of Massachusetts, but the General Court forbids the proceedings, and the baffled commissioners go north to settle the boundaries of New Hampshire and Maine, and to prepare for the restoration of proprietary claims. The governor and council of Massachusetts forbid the towns on the Piscataqua to meet or obey the commissioners. Maine prefers the pro- tectiQii of the king to incorporation with Massachusetts or subjection to the heir of Gorges, and the commissioners remove the officers appointed by Massachusetts, ignore the claims of Gorges, and issue commissions to persons to govern the district. After the departure of the commissioners, Massachusetts re-establishes its authority over Western Maine, maintaining its jurisdiction from the southern limit of Massachusetts to the Kennebec. 1665. The French found Castine on Penobscot Bay, Maine ; they also have a fort on the site of Bangor. A party of French from Canada, under Gov. Courcelle, reach Schenectady (N. Y.). 1665. William Goulding and others, with the sanction of Governor Nicolls, obtain from the Indians a deed of the land from Sandy Hook to Raritan River, N. J. (Ap.), called for a few months East Albania ; three towns are soon begun. The two proprietaries of New Jersey create a popular assembly ; grant lands at a quit-rent of i^ d. an acre, not to be collected till 1670 ; and offer a bounty of 75 acres on the importation of each able slave. Philip Carteret is received as governor (Aug.), and Elizabethtown (named after Lady Carteret), then a place of four houses, is made the capital. Nicolls protests in vain against the division of his province, by the separation of New Jersey from New York. Colonists from 86 History of the, United States. New Haven, Conn., settle on the Passaic, and obtain the Indian title to the site of Newark, N. J. 1665. Charles II. declares war against the Dutch ; it lasts till 166*1. The Five Mile Act is passed, increasing 1 the severity of the persecution of Quakers and other nonconformists in Eng land ; over 4000 Quakers are in English prisons, 500 in Lon don alone ; they look beyond the Atlantic for a refuge. 1665. The Rhode Island assembly again affirms the principle of . intellectual liberty. 1665. * The proprietaries of Carolina obtain a new charter (June) ol the territory between 29 and 36 30 N., from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; it included nearly all Florida and fixed the northern boundary of North Carolina. Sir John Yeamans, under a grant from the proprietaries, settles a colony of emi- grants from Barbadoes on the south of Cape Fear River; the settlement is called Clarendon colony ; it fails. 1665. Father Claude Allouez goes from Canada (Aug.) to Chegoi- megon, Lake Superior (1 Oct.), as a missionary among the Indians between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi. 1666. Louis XIV. declares war against England. Charles II. re bukes the " frowardness" of Massachusetts in the matter of the royal commissioners, and commands Governor Belling- ham and Hawthorne to attend in England ; the General Court refuses compliance (Sep.). The idea of conquering Canada is now first proposed to New England, but rejected . as impracticable ; Boston equips some privateers. 1666. William Penn is imprisoned in Ireland as a Quaker. 1667. Treaty of Madrid, peace with Spam (May) ; Treaty of Breda, peace between England, France, Holland, and Der mark (31 July) ; New York, New Jersey, and the colonies west of the Delaware are ceded to England ; Acadia is restored to France, but the royal grant of Nova Scotia to Sir Thomas Temple is not revoked. The French and the Five Nations make peace. 1667. Francis Lovelace is made governor of New York, in place of Nicolls. 1667. Virginia enacts that baptism is consistent with a state of slavery, so removing an obstacle to the conversion of ne groes ; the enactment is made repeatedly between 1667 and 1748 ; the opposite notion prevailed widely. 1667. A colony of ship-builders from the Bermudas, ai>d emigrants from New England, join the colony on Albemarle Sound (N. C.), under Samuel Stevens as chief magistrate. 1668. The first New Jersey assembly meets at Elizabethtown (May), and enacts severe laws. 1668. The Earl of Shaftesbury and Locke frame "the Grand Model " constitution for Carolina, creating a nobility, and establish, ing the Church of England, but tolerating every other re^ ligion. 1668. Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette establish among the Chippewas the mission of Sault de Ste. Marie, the oldest European settlement in Michigan. 1669. The patent of "Northern Neck," Va. (granted 1649), is surren dered (May) ; a new one is issued to Lord Thomas Culpepper, who had acquired all the shares of his associates. 37 1669. La Salle ascends Lake Ontario and the Niagara River, reaches Lake Erie, and descends the Ohio as far as the Falls (now ~ Louisville). 1669. The first assembly in Albemarle colony, Northern Carolina, is convoked by Governor Stevens, and begins legislation ; the laws are confirmed by the proprietaries, and remain in force for over 50 years. 1670. The proprietaries of Carolina send 3 ships with emigrants under William Sayle (governor) and Joseph Wast (Jan.), with jurisdiction from Cape Carteret to as far south as the Spaniards would tolerate. The emigrants found on Ashley River the first town in Southern Carolina, and establish a free government ; not a vestige of the settlement remains, except the line of moat. The "Grand Model" is signed (Mar.) and sent to the colonists on Albemarle Sound and Ashley River ; both reject it. Monk, Duke of Albemarle, is made Palatine. Sayle soon dies, and Sir John Yeamans is appointed governor. 1670. In Virginia, the suffrage is restricted to freeholders and house holders. 1670. The settlers in New Jersey refuse payment of quit-rents, claiming the Indian title as paramount ; disputes and con fusion follow. 1670. Charles II. grants to Prince Rupert and others (the Hudson Bay Co.) a monopoly of the regions on Hudson Bay. The Duke of York is made president of the African Co., and becomes patron of the slave-trade. 1670. The votes passed by the Long Islanders at their town meet ings are burnt in New York, by order of Governor Lovelace and the council. 1671. At the instance of Talon, intendant of Canada, an Indian con gress is held at Sault Ste. Marie (May) ; the tribes are placed under the protection of Louis XIV. Marquette gathers the remnant of the Hurons at Point St. Ignace, north of Macki naw Strait, a post which is long maintained as the key of the West. 1671. Massachusetts, which still extends to the Kennebec, is virtu ally independent ; no custom-houses are erected, the Naviga tion Acts are disregarded, and a large carrying-trade is done ; Charles II. fears it will break away from all dependence on England. 1671. Yeamans arrives at the Ashley River colony (S. C.) with slaves from Barbadoes ; Dutch emigrants from New York, discon tented with the change of rule, settle there, and are followed by others from Holland. 1671. Virginia has no common schools yet ; children are instructed by their parents. 1671. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, visits the American colonies. 1672. War breaks out between England and Holland (Mar.) ; it lasts till 1674 ; Navigation Acts are passed in England. 1672. Baptists are for the first time allowed to hold their meetings unmolested in Boston, Mass. 1672. The New York colonists clamor against the arbitrary rule of History of the United States. Governor Lovelace, Connecticut surrenders Long Island to New York 1672. The New Jersey assembly displaces Philip Carteret, and ap points James Carteret governor ; Philip appoints John Berry his deputy, and goes to England for fresh authority. 1672. An armed force of Marylanders invade Lewistown on the Delaware, but the Duke of York claims the country by right of conquest from the Dutch. 1672. William Edmundson from England visits his Quaker brethren on Albemarle Sound (N. C.), who then organize the first religious government in Carolina. George Fox preaches to them. 1672. Frontenac is made governor of Canada ; he begins Fort Fron- tenac (now Kingston) at the mouth of Lake Ontario. Allouez and Dablon explore the country west of Lake Michigan (Wis consin and Illinois). 1673. George Fox returns to England. 1673. Marquette and Louis Johet descend the Wisconsin and dis cover the northern Mississippi (17 June) and the DCS Moines ; set foot in Iowa; descend the Mississippi as far as 33 N., below the Arkansas ; turn back (17 July), ascend the Illinois, and reach Green Bay, Lake Michigan (Sep.) ; Joliet goes to Quebec to announce the discovery. 1673. New York surrenders to a Dutch squadron (July) ; also New Jersey and Delaware. 1673. Charles II. grants Virginia to Lord Thomas Cul pepper and Lord Arlington for 31 years ; Virginia is distracted with do mestic contests and stung to rebellion. 1674. Virginia sends agents to England to get the grant to Culpepper and Arlington cancelled, and the Crown to resume its rights. 1674. Peace between England and Holland (Feb.) ; the American cUonies are ceded back to England. The Duke of York re sumes the proprietorship of New York and Delaware ; and Carteret and Berkeley of New Jersey. Berkeley, for 1000, sells his undivided half to Quakers (Mar.). Charles II. grants Sagadahoc (East Maine, between the St. Croix and Kennebec) and the country from the Connecticut River to Maryland to the Duke of York (June), who makes Edmund Andros gover nor, with absolute power. Andros receives the surrender of New Netherlands, New Jersey, and Delaware from the Dutch (31 Oct.) 1674. Stevens, governor of Northern Carolina, dies ; the assembly elects successors till 1677. 1674. Joseph West is appointed governor in Southern Carolina in place of Yeamans ; he governs well till 1683. (West was one of the leaders of the first colony in 1670.) 1674. The Senecas drive the Susquehannahs from the head of the Chesapeake to the Potomac, and Maryland becomes involved in war with the Susquehannahs and Piscataways. 1674. By this date the Pokanokets in Rhode Island had been crowded into the necks of land now called Bristol and Tiverton, and they find themselves deprived of their lands and by their own legal contracts driven, as it were, into the sea." King Philip, their chief, on the information of Sausaman that he History of the United States. 39 is inciting the Indians to war, is summoned by the colo> nists to submit to examination ; he appears at Plymouth and protests his innocence ; the wrath of the tribe is aroused, and the informer, Sausaman, is murdered. 1675. The murderers are tried by a jury, half Indian, half white (June), convicted, and hanged. The young men of the tribe then kill 8 or 9 colonists at Swansea, R. I., and "King 1 Philip s War" breaks out. It spreads to other tribes and continues for over a year, all New England being kept in a state of excitement and terror. The white population of New England is 55,000 ; the Indian, 30,000. Brookfield, Deer- field, and Springfield are burnt; but the Narragansetts are nearly exterminated by the colonists under Josia,h Winslow, governor of Plymouth. The war spreads to Maine (Oct.) in consequence of outrages committed by sailors on the Indians, and Saco, Scarboro, Wells, Kittery, Oyster River settlement, Berwick, Salmon Falls, Dover, and Exeter suffer from depre dations or the tomahawk. 1G75. Marquette goes to Kaskaskia (111.) to preach to the Indians. On his way back to Mackinaw, he dies (18 May) at the river "Marquette," Mich., and is buried in the sand near its mouth. 1675. Philip Carteret resumes the government of Northern New Jer sey, as deputy of Sir George, postpones the payment of quit- rents, and confirms representative government. A colony of Quakers from England, under John Fenwick, founds Salem, in Southern New Jersey. 1675. The English Council of Trade and Plantations is abolished, 1675. Andros attempts to enforce his jurisdiction over West Con necticut, and demands the surrender of Fort Say brook (July); he is successfully resisted and sails for Long Island. 1675. The agents of Virginia in England fail to get a charter ; the government is changed into a proprietary one ; Lord Cul- pepper is made governor for life, and is proclaimed soon after Berkeley s departure. Susquehannahs and Piscataways com mit mui-ders, which are avenged by the border militia. 1675. Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, proprietary of Maryland for 43 years,. dies (Nov.) ; his heir, Charles, goes to England, having admin istered the colony 14 years ; the province is discontented and wishes a popular government ; a rising is checked only by the prompt energy of the government. 1676. King Philip s War in New England is ended by the defeat of the Indians. An expedition from Massachusetts, under Ma jor Waldron, treacherously entraps 350 Indians at Cocheco (Dover), N. H., and ships them to Boston to be sold into for eign slavery. Canonchet, chief of the Narragansetts, is taken prisoner (Ap.) and executed ; the Indians are defeated at Turner s Falls (19 May) ; Philip s wife and son are captured (3 Aug.) ; he himself is shot by a faithless Indian (12 Aug.), and his son is sold as a slave to Bermuda. John Eliot, the- missionary, saved some of the tribes from extermination. Lancaster, Medfield, Weymouth, Groton, Marlborough, and Warwick had been burnt. The total loss to the colonists was : 12 or 13 towns, with 600 houses, burnt, one family in 20 being burnt out ; over 600 men, the flower of the colony, killed, be- 40 History of the United States, i/ig one in 20 of the able-bodied men ; cost of war, $500,000. War goes on in Maine, and nearly half the settlements are destroyed ; Anne Brackett, taken at Falmouth (Casco), es capes in an open boat across Casco Bay (Aug.). Edward Randolph (agent of Mason and the Privy Council) arrives in New England with a royal message requiring submission ; Massachusetts reluctantly yields, but sends agents to England to protest. 1676. Carteret and the Quakers of Salem partition New Jersey (Aug. ), the northern part ("East New Jersey") to Carteret, the southern (" West New Jersey") to the Quakers. 1676. New York resists Andros, and he advises Charles II. and the Duke of York to grant legislative franchises ; the Duke re fuses. Sagadahoc is protected by a fort and garrison. Andros goes to England (Nov.), but fails to convince the Duke of the need of granting liberty. 1676. The Indian war in Virginia goes on, and plantations are laid waste. A contest between Governor Berkeley and the colo nists under Nathanie-l Bacon leads to " the Grand Rebellion." The assembly passes ameliorating legislation (4 July, N. S., 100 years before the Declaration of Independence), Berke ley retreats across the Delaware (Aug.) and is deposed, and Sir Henry Chichely is chosen governor ; Berkeley collects a strong force in Accomack and returns to Jamestown (8 Sep.), but his forces desert, Bacon is ag ain in the ascendant, and as a precautionary measure burns Jamestown, then a place of 18 houses ; Bacon dies (1 Oct.), and the royalist leader, Robert Beverley, defeats the insurgents in detail. Thomas Hansford is taken and hanged. 1677. William Drummond and 21 others are hanged ; 3 others die of cruelty in prison ; the assembly is convened (Feb.), and votes an address " that the governor would spill no more blood." English troops had been introduced into the colony for the first time, but are disbanded in three years. The legislation of Bacon s assembly is repealed, and the colonists grievances are revived. Berkeley returns to England, and is censured by public opinion. Lord Culpepper, the governor, is pro claimed, but does not go to Virginia till 1680. 1677. The English Quaker proprietaries of West New Jersey grant to the colonists a charter of " Concessions" (3 Mar.), ~" ^ ; -~ "the power in the people." A large emigration follows. Andros, governor of New York, claims jurisdiction ; his claim is referred to England for decision. The Quakers hold religious meetings at Burlington, N. J. 1677. The Privy Council decides against the claim of Massachusetts to Maine and New Hampshire, and revives the proprietary rights, but Massachusetts buys Gorges s rights in Maine for 1250 (May). France, under the Treaty of Breda, held the district between the St. Croix and the Penobscot ; the Duke of York held the tract between the Penobscot and the Kennebec ; leaving to Massachusetts only the tract between the Kenne bec and the Piscataqua. This had hitherto been represented in the Massachusetts assembly ; it is now governed as a sub ject province according to Gorges s charter. History of the United biaies. 41 1677. Miller, the new governor of Northern Carolina, arrives in the province ; its population is about 4000. The Navigation Acts of 1672 are to be enforced. 1678. The attempt to enforce the Acts leads to an insurrection under John Culpepper ; the colonists imprison Miller, set aside the proprietary government, and organize one of their own. 1678. Treaties of amity are ratified between the Quakers of West New Jersey and the Indians. 1678. Andros returns to New York with instructions to continue the customs duties and to enforce the Duke of York s claim over New Jersey under the charter of 1674. As governor of Saga- dahoc, Maine, he makes peace with the Indians, on terms which acknowledge their" superiority (Ap.). He claims that East New Jersey vessels should pay dues at New York ; Car- teret refuses, is arrested, but is acquitted by an honest New York jury. Andros s agent at Newcastle, Del., exacts cus toms of ships ascending to West New Jersey ; the Quaker settlers remonstrate, and the question is referred to arbitra tion, when Sir W. Jones decides against the Duke of York and in favor of West New Jersey. The province of New York has about 20,000 people, 3000 being on Manhattan Island. 1678. The Maryland assembly, during the absence of the proprietary, makes the suffrage more popular. 1678. La Salle returns from France to Canada, with Tonti as his lieutenant. They leave Fort Frontenac, cross Lake Ontario, and ascend the Niagara in a canoe of 10 tons, the first that ever sailed into the river. At Tonawanta Creek, on the up per Niagara, La Salle commences the Griffin, a vessel of 60 tons. 1679. The colonists of Northern Carolina send John Culpepper and Holden to England to effect a compromise ; Miller, the de posed governor, being released from prison, follows, and pro cures Culpepper s arrest on a charge of high treason. Charles II., at his own expense, sends a colony of foreign Protestants to Southern Carolina (Ap.). An Irish colony, under Ferguson, goes there. 1679. Andros increases the revenue of New York, but it still amounts to only 3 per cent, on the imports, and is insufficient for the expenses. 1679. Massachusetts, before the return of its agents in England, de clares the Acts of Navigation an invasion of the rights of the colonists, they not being* represented in Parliament," and that "the laws of England do not rea,ch America;" the General Court then passes an Act of its own giving validity to the Navigation Acts. 1679. Mason s patent of New Hampshire being found to give no right to jurisdiction, but only to the soil, the colony is sepa rated from Massachusetts, and organized into a royal prov ince (July), Mason s proprietary rights being allowed him. 1679. The European population of New France is 8515. 1679. La Salle launches the Griffin, and, with Tonti and a colony of fur-traders, sails onto Lake Erie, through Lake St.Clair (which he names) and Lake Huron, to Green Bay, Lake Michigan ; he sends b?ck the Griffin, goes in canoes to the head of Lake 42 IFistory of the Wilted States. Michigan, there founds Fort Miami, on the St. Joseph s River", and makes his way to the Illinois River (now La Salle Co., 111.). 1680. He builds Fort Crevecoeur on the Illinois, 4 days journey be low Lake Peoria ; sends Hennepin to explore the upper Mis sissippi ; and, the Griffin not having returned with supplies, he leaves Tonti behind to found Rock Fort, and with three companions sets out (Mar.) to walk to Fort Frontenac (now Kingston, Ont.). Hennepin ascends the Mississippi and dis covers the Falls of St. Anthony ; Tonti, being threatened by the Iroquois, goes among the Potawatomies on Lake Michigan. 1680. The New Hampshire assembly meets at Portsmouth (Mar.), and asserts the right to self-government. Mason, failing to establish his claim to the soil, gees to England, is authorized to select a governor, and appoints Edward Cranfield. 1680. Punster, President of Harvard, is tried and compelled to re sign for being a Baptist. The General Court of Massachusetts forbids Baptists to assemble in their meeting-house, but the prohibition is merely a matter of form, and the persecution of Baptists finally ceases in Boston. 1680. The Duke of York acquiesces in Sir W. Jones s decision against his claim to customs dues from West New Jersey, and he relinquishes by deed all claims to the territory and govern ment. Andros again enters East New Jersey to enforce the Duke s claims ; the assembly resists, pleads Magna Charta, and the province maintains its independence. 1680. Lord Thomas Culpepper arrives in Virginia as governor ; ex torts a perpetual export duty on tobacco as a royal revenue (June) ; has his salary increased from 1000 to 2000 ; changes the value of the currency ; and returns to England (Aug.). 1680. William Penn solicits from Charles II. a patent for Pennsyl vania (June). John Culpepper is tried in England for treason (June), and acquitted. Seth Sothel buys Clarendon s % share in Carolina, and is selected by the proprietaries to look af tej their interests in Northern Carolina, in place of Miller ; he do^ not go out till 1683. 1680. Charleston (S. C.) is founded by graziers under John OL pepper. 1681. Charles II. grants to William Penn (Mar.) a patent for the ter ritory north of Maryland and west of the Delaware, which the king calls Pennsylvania ; William Markham sails thither as Penn s agent (May). 1681. Discontent in New York leads to the assembling of a popular convention. Andros is recalled to England and knighted. 1681. Lord Baltimore returns to Maryland, annuls the popular legis* lation passed in his absence, and restricts the franchise ; the consequent discontent is increased by hostility to the Papists; an insurrection under Fendall is suppressed with clemency , the English ministry order that public offices be entrusted only to Protestants. 1681. Jennings, governor of West New Jersey, convenes the Quaker assembly (Nov.), which frames a government on basis of humanity. History of the United States. 43 1681. La Salle returns from Canada to Illinois, and leaves Fort Miami for the Mississippi (Dec.). 1683. He descends the Illinois and the Mississippi to the sea, and claims for France (9 Ap.) the territory watered by the river, calling it Louisiana. Returning he begins Fort St. Louis, at Starved Rock, on the lUinois. 1682. Massachusetts sends agents to England (Feb.), who find that a war against the corporation has begun, and that the case of the colony is desperate ; Massachusetts resigns Western Maine, but will not concede anything held under the charter. 1682. Carteret sells East New Jersey to 12 Quakers, under the auspices of Penn. (Feb.); Thomas Rudyard takes possession as governor, or agent, for them. 1682. Penn publishes a frame of government for Pennsylvania (May) subject to the approval of the colonists ; he obtains from the Duke of York an assignment of his claims to Delaware, and the Swedish settlements at Tinicum, etc. ; sails from England (1 Sep.); arrives at Newcastle, Penn. (27 Oct.), and is wel comed by the English settlers at Chester ; he makes, at Shackamaxon (now Kensington), his famous treaty with the Lenni Lenape ; and marks out the site of Philadelphia (Nov.). A convention meets at Chester, and finishes the work of pre paratory legislation (Dec.). A conference is had with Lord Baltimore as to the boundary between Maryland and Penn sylvania. 1682. The New Hampshire assembly, convened by Cranfleld (Nov.), declines to yield its liberties. 1683. Cranfield, in anger, dissolves the assembly (Jan.), a novel pro cedure which creates discontent Mason institutes lawsuits to collect his land-dues, but without avail. 1683. Philadelphia founded (Jan.) ; the assembly meets there (Mar.); in Aug. there are only " three or four little cottages." 1683. The Duke of York grants to the Quaker assignees of Carteret a new deed of East New Jersey (Mar.) ; Robert Barclay is chosen governor for life ; his deputy is Gawen Laurie. 1683. Lord Culpepper returns to Virginia and deprives the assembly of all control over the executive (May) ; the council requests the king to recall the grant to- Culpepper and Arlington; Arlington assigns his share to Culpepper ; and the charter is declared void by process of law. 1683. Sothel arrives in Northern Carolina and finds tranquillity re stored, and the people prosperous ; he makes unjust exactions. 1683. The proprietaries dismiss West from the governorship of Southern Carolina, on a charge of favoring the popular party. Morton is appointed his successor. 1683. The Duke of York sends Thomas Dongan, a Papist, to New York as governor, with instructions to convene an assembly; it meets (17 Oct.), and passes a Charter of Liberties," with toleration to all Christians. 1683. A quo warranto is issued against the Massachusetts charter, and Randolph arrives in the colony with the writ (Oct.) ; the General Court makes an ineffectual protest. 1683. La Salle, leaving Tonti in command in Illinois with instructions to descend the Mississippi anc* meet him, returns to Quebec 44 History of the United States. and sails for France (Nov.). The European population of Ne\v France is about 10,000. 1684. La Salle is made commandant of Louisiana (14 Ap.), and leaves Rochelle (July) with 4 ships and 280 colonists for the Mississippi. 1W4. In Pennsylvania a woman is tried as a witch, but liberated (Feb.) ; a large European emigration takes place ; negro slavery is introduced ; Penn sails to England (12 Aug.) to settle his claim to Delaware as against Lord Baltimore s. His colony already numbers 7000 people. 1684. In New Hampshire the contest between Governor Cranfield and the assembly culminates in rioting. 1684. The charter of Massachusetts is declared conditionally for feited (18 June) ; and the judgment is confirmed on the first day of Michaelmas term. The last meeting of the council of 11 The United Colonies of New England " (formed 1643) is held at Hartford (5 Sep.). 1684. A small colony of Scotch Presbyterians under Lord Cardross settle at Beaufort (Port Royal, S. C.). 1684. Virginia is again made a royal province, Lord Howard of Emngham being appointed governor in place of Lord Cul- pepper. 1684. In view of an approaching war between the French and the Five Nations, the governors of New York and Virginia (Dongan and Lord Howard) and the agent of Massachusetts meet the Indian sachems at Albany (July), and renew their treaties of peace, extending from the St. Croix (Me.) to Albe- marle Sound (N. C.). De la Barre, governor of Canada, with 1700 men, invades the country of the Onondagas in Western New York (Aug.), but his troops are wasted by disease, and he sues for and is granted a humiliating peace. At the re quest of Dongan, the Mohawks refuse to negotiate with him. 1685. La Salle s expedition, by mistake, sails beyond the Mississippi (Jan.) ; it enters Matagorda Bay (Texas), where the store- ship is wrecked ; two ships return to France, leaving La Salle with the other, and about 230 colonists ; he builds Fort St. Louis on the Bay (June), and starts (Nov.) on an unsuc cessful canoe voyage in search of the Mississippi. De la Barre is superseded by Denonville as governor of Canada. 1685. Charles II. dies (6 Feb.); James II. succeeds; he resolves to reduce all the colonies to direct dependence on the Crown. Lord Baltimore, leaving William Joseph as his deputy in Maryland, goes to England and appeals in vain ; his chartered rights are despised. By direction of James, Dongan, gov ernor of N. Y. levies arbitrary taxes without the consent of the assembly ; six farmers of Easthampton are arraigned before the council for protesting against his tyranny. 1685. A copy of the judgment cancelling the charter of Massachu setts arrives in Boston (July). 1685. A large Scotch emigration to East New Jersey takes place. 1685. Philadelphia has already 600 houses ; a printing-press is set up. The Committee of Trade arid Plantations decides in Penn s favor that Delaware is not a part of Maryland, and the boundary is settled by compromise. History of the United States. 45 1685. About 1000 prisoners taken in Monraouth s rebellion are sent to Virginia to be indented as servants for ten years ; the latter design is not carried out ; in this way Virginia receives some useful citizens. 1685. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes (22 Oct.) causes a large emigration of Huguenots to New England, New York, and especially to Southern Carolina ; they found a church at Charleston, and establish a colony on the Santee River (S. C.). 1685. The proprietaries appoint a collector of plantation-dues in Southern Carolina ; a new struggle ensues. The Navigation Acts are resisted. 1686. La Salle, with 20 men, starts from Matagorda Bay (Ap.) in search of gold mines in Northern Mexico ; on his return, finding his ship wrecked, and only about 40 colonists left, he determines to make his way by land to Canada. 1686. English traders penetrate from New York as far as Mackinaw. 1686. Joseph Dudley is made "President" of the colonies from Nova Scotia to Narragansett Bay ; he arrives in Boston (May), and establishes arbitrary government. A quo warranto having been issued against the charter of Rhode Island, the colony appeals to the king for their chartered liberties (Maj 7 ). Sir Edmund Andros is made governor of New England ; he lands at Boston (Dec.) ; establishes a still more arbitrary govern ment ; requires the colonists to take out new grants for their lands, for which exorbitant fees are required ; and demands one of the meeting-houses for a church. He also demands the surrender of the Rhode Island charter. 1686. Virginia is governed despotically ; a perpetual revenue is ex torted from the assembly ; no printing-press is allowed ; and the Navigation Acts are enforced. 1686. In Southern Carolina, Spaniards from Florida destroy the Scotch settlement at Beaufort ; some of the colonists return to Scotland, others mingle with the earlier settlers. James Colleton is appointed governor (Aug); a majority of the assem bly refuse to acknowledge the "Grand Model" constitution (Nov.), and Colleton excludes them ; they protest against any legislation by the minority. 1686. Penn obtains from James II. the release of 1200 Quakers from English jails. 1687. La Salle, leaving 20 men at Fort St. Louis, starts with 16 for Canada (Jan.); he and his nephew are murdered by mutineers, Duhaut and L ArchevSque, on a branch of the Trinity River (20 Mar.) ; Duhaut and another mutineer are murdered in a quarrel over the spoils, and the six surviving conspirators join the Indians. Joutel and six others (including La Salle s brother and nephew) make their way to the Mississippi, where, near the mouth of the Arkansas, they see a cross (24 July) erected by Tonti, who with a companion, had de scended the river, and established a post ; Joutel ascends the river and finds a garrison at Fort St. Louis on the Illinois. The 20 left at Fort St. Louis, Matagorda Bay, are nearly all killed by the Clamcoet Indians. 1687. Andros dissolves th3 government of Rhode Island (Jan.) ; by an attack on Castine (Me.) gets into war with the Indians of *j History of the United States. Maine ; goes to Connecticut (31 Oct.), and demands the sur render of the charter ; it is hidden by William Wadsworth, of Hartford, in " Charter Oak ; " Andros assumes the govern ment and writes the word Finis " to the records of the colony. Increase Mather goes to England to complain to the king of Andros s arbitrary government. 1687. The new assembly in Southern Carolina proves more intract able than the old, and their "Standing Laws" are nega tived by the Palatine Court. Colleton attempts to collect quit-rents on wild lands, insubordination ensues, the secretary is imprisoned, and the governor is defied. 1687. James II. , through Dongan, governor of N. Y., still seeks to levy a tax on the commerce of both New Jerseys ; failing, he seeks by a quo warranto to abrogate their charters. 1687. Joseph Marest and another Jesuit visit the Sioux, west of Lake Superior. The French from Canada invade the country of the Senecas and erect Fort Niagara ; Dongan, governor of N. Y., tries in vain to mediate a peace between them. 1688. Haaskouan, the Seneca chief, advances with 500 warriors, and dictates a peace to the French ; they abandon Fort Niagara, and all claim to the Indian territory south of Lake Ontario. A census of French America shows only 11,249 persons, about -^ the population of the English colonies. 1688. The proprietaries of East New Jersey, to secure the soil, sur render the jurisdiction (Ap.) ; the council of the proprietaries of West New Jersey surrenders the government (Oct.) ; and both New Jerseys are added to New York. Andros, already governor of New England, is made governor of New York in place of Dongan, the whole colonies between Nova Scotia and the Delaware being united under him in one extensive despotism ; Francis Nicholson is made his lieutenant-gov ernor in New York and New Jersey. 1688. William Joseph, Baltimore s administrator in Maryland, pre scribes an oath of fidelity for the assembly ; it resists and is prorogued ; discontent increases. 1688. The Virginia assembly proves refractory (Ap.), and is dis solved ; the people resort to arms and threaten insurrec tion, and Lord Howard, the governor, is compelled to prac tise moderation. 1688. The people of Northern Carolina, after bearing with Sothel for five years, depose him and sentence him to a year s exile. 1688. A daughter of John Goodwin, of Boston (13 years old), charges an Irish laundress with theft, and failing in the accusation, pretends to be bewitched, and so revives the witch persecu tion in Massachusetts ; Glover, the mother of the laundress, is condemned and executed as a witch. Cotton Mather preaches on the subject of witchcraft, inciting the persecution. 1688. James II. is compelled to abdicate (11 Dec.). 1689. William III. and Mary are proclaimed king and queen in Eng land (13 Feb.). 1689. Colleton, governor of Southern Carolina, calls out the militia and proclaims martial law, but the militia being the people, there are no troops to execute the martial law, and Colleton is helpless History of the United States. 47 1689. News of the English revolution reaches Boston (4 Ap.), and leads to revolution in nearly all the colonies. In New Hamp~ shire a convention is held which organizes a government ; at its second session it reunites the province with Mass. In Massachusetts, the colonists, under Green, imprison Andros, George (commander of the frigate Rose), and the royal sheriff (18 Ap.) ; the old magistrates are reinstated ; and a convention meets (May) which urges the restoration of the charter ; the council refuses consent to the operations of the revolutionists and permits only a compromise ; William III., on a petition presented to him by Increase Mather (Mar.), had recalled Andros. In Plymouth colony, Nathaniel Clark, Andros s agent, is imprisoned (22 Ap.) ; Thomas Hincldey, the former governor, resumes office ; and the constitution of the Mayflower Pilgrims is renewed. In Rhode Island, the charter is revived, the officers displaced by Andros are re stored (1 May), except Walter Clark, the former governor, who wavers, and the colony is without a governor for some time. In Connecticut, the government of Andros is removed, Governor Treat resumes office, the charter is restored, and an assembly is convened (May) ; Suffolk Co., L. I., is again joined to Connecticut. In New York, a "Committee of Safety" reorganizes the government ; entrusts Jacob Leisler with the command of the fort (June); expels Andros s deputy, Nicholson (Aug.) ; and makes Leisler temporary governor : members of Andros s government, after fruitless opposition, retire to Albany, proclaim allegiance to William III., and disregard Leisler s authority: letters from William III. to Nicholson or, " in his absence," to " the preservers of peace and order in New York," reach New York (Dec.), and, Nicholson being absent, Leisler interprets them as the royal sanction of his authority. In New Jersey, the government simply falls with Andros (June) ; the sovereignty is merged in the crown ; no new governor is appointed ; and the prov ince remains without one till 1692. In Maryland, as the deputies of Lord Baltimore hesitate to proclaim William and Mary, an armed association of Protestants is formed under John Coode (Ap.), which assumes the government ; annuls his authority, but leaves him his property ; and overcomes his representatives, who consent to the exclusion of Papists from office. The revolution in New England excites alarm in England, as indicating a daring spirit. The total population of the colonies at this date was about 200,000, as follows : Massachusetts (including Maine and Plymouth), 44,000 ; New Hampshire, 6000 ; Rhode Island and Providence, 6000 ; Connecticut, 19,000 ; New York, 20,000 ; New Jersey, 10,000 ; Pennsylvania and Delaware, 12,000 ; Maryland, 25,000 ; Virginia, 50,000 ; Carolina (as far as Florida), 8000. 1689. Blackwell, deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, resigns, and Penn makes the elected council his deputy. Jealousies spring up in Delaware against Penn s jurisdiction. 1689. France declares war against England (June), "King William s War ; " it lasts till 1697. At the instigation of Baron de St, 48 History of the United States. Castin, the Indians in Maine, in revenge for the injury done, them in 1676, massacre 23 people (including- Major Waldrori, and capture 29, at Cocheco (Dover), N. H. (27 June) ; Indians from the Penobscot take Pemaquid (Bristol) Fort (Aug.). The Iroquois capture Montreal (25 Aug.) ; New England makes at Albany a treaty of alliance with the Mohawks (Sep.). Frontenac returns to Canada as governor in place of Denonville (Oct.). Spain renews the Assiento Treaty for the exportation of slaves to Spanish America. 1689. Mason sells New Hampshire to Samuel Allen, of London. 1689. The prisoners from Monmouth s army, sent to Virginia in 1685, are pardoned (Dec.). 1689. Cotton Mather, of Boston, publishes in London his "Memo rable Providences relating to Witchcraft and Possessions." 1690. Frontenac resolves to make a triple descent into the English provinces. A party of French and Indians, including D lber- ville, from Montreal, captures Schenectady (8 Feb.) and mas sacres 60 persons, including 17 children. A party from Three Rivers, under Hertel, burns Salmon Falls village on the Piscataqua (Mar.) ; and being reinforced from Quebec and by St. Castin, successfully attacks the fort and settle ment on Casco Bay (Falmouth) in Ap. At the invitation of the General Court of Massachusetts a congress of delegates from the colonies as far as Maryland is held at New York (1 May), and resolves to attempt the conquest of Canada and Acadia. Divided counsels frustrate the projected land attack on Canada ; that by sea fails through the incompetence of its commander, Sir William Phipps. who, on reaching Quebec (16 Oct.), finding the enemy prepared, turns back. Massachusetts issues Bills of Credit. 1690. Nicholson, ex-deputy-governor of New York, is made governor of Virginia. 1690. The assembly of Southern Carolina proclaims William and Mary, and disfranchises and banishes the governor, Colleton ; the proprietaries are allowed their possessions. Seth Sothel comes from Northern Carolina, and usurps the government. 1690. The Rhode Island assembly elects Henry Bull governor, and organizes a new government. 1690o The refugees from New York at Albany yield to Leisler ; an assembly con vened at New York organizes the government. 1690. Judges Holt and Pollexfen hold that negroes are "merchan dise " within the Navigation Act, and that aliens are conse quently by that Act excluded from trading in them. 1690. Capt. De Leon, a Spaniard, establishes the mission of San Francisco, on the site of Fort St. Louis, Matagorda Bay, Texas. A Spanish governor is appointed in 1691. 1691. Sloughter arrives in New York from England as royal gov ernor (19 Mar ) ; he orders the arrest of Leisler and his coun cil of seven ; they are found guilty of high treason ; 6 are reprieved, but Leisler and Milborne (his son-in-law), with the approval of the council and assembly, are executed (16 May). William III. subsequently restored to their families the estates of the two men thus judicially murdered. Sloughter makes a treaty of alliance with the Five Nations ; he die<= * TH., iTERsi " History of the United States. 49 Delaware secedes from Pennsylvania ; Penn recognizes the secession, and appoints Markham deputy-governor of Dela ware (Ap.). The assembly of Southern Carolina grants rewards for new methods of cleaning rice, which had been introduced from Madagascar at an early date. William III. makes Maryland a royal province (June). Peter Schuyler, of Albany, gains some successes at the French settlements on the Sorel (July) ; the French recover Port Royal, N. S. William III. offers a new charter to Massachusetts, but it reserves such power to the Crown that Cooke, the colonial envoy, declines it (Oct.). New Hampshire is again separated from Massachusetts, and made a royal province ; Samuel Allen, Mason s assignee, is made royal governor, and his son-in-law, Usher, of Boston, deputy-governor. The French and Indians take York (Maine), and kill or capture the inhabitants (Jan.) ; the English restore Fort Pemaquid (Bristol) ; they make peace with the Abenakis, but in less than a year the Jesuits again incite the Indians to war. Rasles, the Jesuit missionary, leaves Maine and winters at Mackinaw. William III. grants a new charter to Massachusetts, including Plymouth, the Elizabeth Islands, and the country as far as the St. Lawrence, except New Hampshire, which is made a royal province. Sir William Phipps arrives in Boston with the charter, as governor (14 May) ; William Stoughton is made deputy-governor. The witch persecution rages at Sa lem, now Danvers Centre (Feb.-Oct.) ; 20 men and women are put to death, and 55 are tortured or terrified into confession ; Stoughton acts as judge of the witch tribunal. The General Court abolishes the special court for trying witches, adopts the English law, and establishes a tribunal for their trial by public law (Oct.). Usher organizes the government of New Hampshire. The his tory of N. H. for 25 years is a record of lawsuits about land. Sir Edmund Andros is made governor of Virginia (July) in place of Nicholson ; he remains till 1698. Sir Lionel Copley arrives in Maryland as royal governor ; he convenes an assembly which establishes the Church of Eng land, to be supported by general taxation. The proprietaries of East New Jersey appoint Andrew Hamil ton governor ; he " serves the people acceptably" till 1698. < Col. Benjamin Fletcher is made governor of New York in place of Sloughter ; the design is revived of extending N. Y. from the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay. N. Y. petitions the king that the other colonies should contribute to its de fence against the French and Indians. William III. claims command of the militia as a part of the royal prerogative, and confers that of New Jersey and Connecticut on Fletcher. Penn, accused of being hostile to the English revolution, is deprived of the proprietorship of Pennsylvania, which is made a royal province, with Fletcher ,as governor. 50 History of the United States. 1693. Fletcher reunites Delaware with Pennsylvania (Ap.) ; the united assembly insists on the charter and code of laws (May) ; Fletcher tries in vain to compromise, and from this time the assembly exercises the right of originating its bills. Fletcher goes to Hartford, Conn., to assume command of the militia (26 Oct.) ; their captain, William Wadsworth, refuses to yield it, and Fletcher, daunted, returns to N. Y. The N. Y. assembly partly establishes the Church of England ; the most northerly colony which did so. 1693. The insurrectionary movement in Southern Carolina comes to an end ; Philip Ludwell, on behalf of the proprietaries, investi gates the grievances of the colonists ; and the proprietaries abolish the "Grand Model," and grant the request of the colonists to be governed by the charter (Ap.). Ludwell is made governor in place of Sothel. The negroes of the colony are to the whites as 11 to 6. 1693. The French and Indians, under Villieu, capture the village at Oyster River, N. H., and kill or capture 94. The French in vade the Mohawk country, and obtain three successes ; but Schuyler, of Albany, attacks them and liberates many cap tives. 1693. At Salem a reaction sets in against the witch persecution ; the frand jury finds bills against 26, but all are acquitted except , and these are reprieved ; Rev. S. Parris, the originator of the persecution, is driven from Salem. 1693. The College of William and Mary founded near Williamsburg, Va. ; the second in the U. S. 1693. Rasles goes from Mackinaw to Illinois for two years as a mis sionary. 1693. The Spanish settlements in Texas are abandoned ; other settle ments are made subsequently, and called the New Philippines. 1694. Fletcher and Phipps, governors of N. Y. and Mass., renew the treaty with the Five Nations. 1694. William III. decides that the ordinary control of the militia in Connecticut and Rhode Island belongs to their governments. Penn, having established his innocence, is restored by royal patent as proprietary of Pennsylvania (Aug.). 1694. Nicholson is made governor of Maryland in place of Copley ; the seat of government is removed from St. Marys to Provi dence (thenceforth called Annapolis). 1694. The proprietaries appoint John Archdale (a Quaker-) governor of Southern Carolina ; he governs with wise liberality so that Scotch and other settlers are attracted thither. 1694. Queen Mary dies (28 Dec.) ; William III. becomes sole monarch. 1695. Penn makes Markham deputy-governor of Pennsylvania and Delaware (Mar.) ; the assembly refuses supplies till its privi leges are granted (Sep.) ; Markham dissolves it. 1695. The English Council of Trade and Plantations is re-established. (It was finally abolished 1782.) All colonies north of Carolina are directed to furnish quotas for the defence of New York or for an attack on Canada ; Maryland and other provinces con sent, but some openly disregard the ordinance, and it is never enforced. The attainder of Leisler and Mjlborne is reversed by an Act of the British Parliament, History of the Vtittea /States. 5 1 1695. A Public Post is established to send letters between Philadel phia and the Potomac eight times a year. 1695. Rasles returns from Illinois to the Kennebec, Maine. 1696. The French make their last invasion against the Five Nations in Western N. Y., and return to Montreal. D lberville and St. Castin capture Fort Pemaquid (Bristol), Maine (Aug.). 1696. New England men emigrate to Southern Carolina, attracted by its prosperity under Archdale. He returns to England, and John Blake is appointed his successor. 1696. The Pennsylvania-Delaware assembly establishes a popular government. 1696. Colonial affairs are entrusted to the Board of Trade and Plan tations. 1696. Don Andres de Arriola, with 300 Spaniards from Vera Cruz, builds a fort, church, and some houses atPensacola Bay, Fla. 1697. Hannah Dustin, of Haverhill, Mass., and her nurse and a boy, being taken prisoners to Concord by the Indians, kill 10 of them at night and escape in a canoe (Mar.). 1697. The assembly of Southern Carolina, enfranchises the Hugue nots ; all Christians are tolerated except Papists. 1697. Penn proposes to the Board of Trade an annual congress of 20 members, chosen by the colonial legislatures, to regulate commerce ; the proposal falls through. 1697, The Peace of Ryswick signed between England and France (20 Sof).). 1698. The New York assembly is confirmed by Act of Parliament. The Earl of Bellamont arrives in New York(Ap.) as governor of all New York and New England, except Connecticut and Rhode Island ; he administers well ; the Acts of Trade are evaded. 1698. In East New Jersey a strife about land-titles and quit-rents arises between the proprietaries and the assembly ; the Lords of Trade claim New Jersey as a royal province, and the pro prietaries resolve to resign their claims to jurisdiction. 1698. A branch of the Shawnees from Carolina, offended at the French, settles at Conestogo (Lancaster Co., Pa.); others follow. 1698. Louis XIV. grants to Lemoine D lberville a commission to es tablish direct intercourse between France and Louisiana ; he sails with 4 ships, 200 emigrants, and a company of marines, for the Mississippi (17 Oct.). 1699. He arrives off Florida (Jan.); erects huts on Ship Island (Miss.); discovers the Pascagoula River (Feb.) ; enters the Mississippi (2 Mar.), finds a letter written in 1684 by Tonti to La Salle safely preserved by the Indians ; returns to the Gulf and founds Biloxi (May), and thus begins the State of Mississippi. He returns to France, leaving his brothers Sauvolle and Bjen- ville in command. Bienville explores the forks of the Missis sippi, and descending the river (Sep.) meets at a point since called "English Turn" an English ship of 16 guns, which, finding the French in prior occupation, turns back. Gabriel Marest, a Jesuit from Canada, joins the French mis sion at Kaskaskia (111.). 1699. New Hampshire witnesses scenes of confusion for years. 52 History of the Muted States. 1699. Penn returns to Pennsylvania (Nov.). 1699. Bellamont arrests Captain Kid at Boston, for piracy, and sends him to England. 1700. D Iberville returns to the Mississippi and erects a fort near its mouth (Jan.), which is soon abandoned. Tonti abandons Rock Fort (111.) and descends the Mississippi (Feb.) with 20 Canadians. D Iberville, after selecting a site for Fort Rosalie (now Natchez), returns to France. Le Sueur ascends the Mis sissippi (Ap.) and the St. Peter s (now the Minnesota) as far as the confluence of the Blue Earth. 1700. Peace is ratified at Montreal between the French and the Five Nations, except the Mohawks. 1700. The New York assembly passes a law for hanging every Po pish priest who com.es into the province an outcome of the intensity of the feeling of the colonists against the Jesuits for inciting the Indians to war. 1700. Pennsylvania surrenders its constitution, and the people are authorized to frame another. Penn receives the Shawnees at Conestogo as part of the people of Pennsylvania, and they scatter along the upper branches of the Susquehannah and Delaware ; his attempt to legalize marriage among negro slaves is defeated ; he grants a charter to Philadelphia (25 Oct.). 1700. Yale College founded at Saybrook, Conn. (11 Nov.) ; chartered (9 Oct., 1701). 1701 The seat of government in Connecticut is settled to be at Hart ford and New Haven alternately, an arrangement which con tinued till 1873. 1701. The Lords of Trade declare that "the independency the colo nies thirst after is now notorious," and a Bill is introduced into the House of Commons to abrogate all the colonial charters (June). 1701. La Motte Cadillac, with 100 French, founds Detroit (June), and erects a fort. 1701. James II. dies at St. Germain, in France (6 Aug.) ; Louis XIV. recognizes his son, the Pretender, as king of Great Britain and Ireland. 1701. Strife takes place in the Pennsylvania-Delaware assembly be tween the delegates of the two sections (Aug.) ; the assembly perfects the constitution ; Penn provides for the separation of the two provinces, and goes to England to prevent the threatened abrogation of the colonial charters. 1701. Boston instructs its representatives "to put a period to negroes being slaves." Governor Bellamont dies. 1701. Bilious fever kills many French at Biloxi ; Sauvolle dies, leav ing Bienville in command ; Le Sueur returns from the Upper Mississippi with copper ore ; D Iberville arrives with fresh colonists and finds only 150 alive. 1702. The chief French fort in Louisiana is transferred from Biloxi to Mobile, the first European settlement in Alabama ; D Iber ville leaves, his health being broken by yellow fever, and only about 30 families remain in Louisiana. 1702. William III. dies (8 Mar.) ; Anne succeeds. England declares war against France and Spain (15 May), the "War of the History of ilio Untied Sides. 53 Spanish Succession;" ft lasts till 1713. Lord Cornbury is made governor of New York and New Jersey as successor lo Bellamont; he is instructed " to give due encouragement to merchants, and in particular to the royal African Co. of Eng land," the principal slave-trading company. Joseph Dudley is made governor of Massachusetts ; he holds office till 1715. The proprietaries surrender East New Jersey to the Crown, and the two New Jerseys are united into one royal province with a despotic constitution, under Lord Cornbury as governor. The Maryland assembly establishes episcopacy, but adopts the English Acts of Toleration ; only Roman Catholics are ex posed to persecution. Pennsylvania convenes a legislature separate from Delaware ; the two provinces are never reunited, but they have the same governor till 1782. James Moore, governor of Southern Carolina, makes an unsuc cessful attack on Fort St. Augustine, Fla. (Sep.); the prov ince issues Bills of Credit for 6000, the first fruits ot the war being debt and paper-money. French Canadians descend the Wabash, and found an Indian mission on the present site of Vincennes (Ind.). The New York assembly grants 1500 to fortify the Narrows (Ap.), which Lord Cornbury embezzles. The Abenakis meet Dudley, governor of Massachusetts, at Casco (June), and profess neutrality, but war breaks out in six weeks, and the French and Indians attack every garrison from Casco to Wells. Northern Carolina, 70 years after its settlement, is still almost without a government or religion ; the first permanent clergy man is appointed this year. The proprietaries instruct Robert Daniel, governor of Northern Carolina to establish the Church of England ; the legislature accedes, and prescribes an official oath ; these laws cannot be enforced, the Quakers being foremost in opposition. 1704. The Indians, under Hertel de Rouville, burn Deerf eld, Mass., kill 47, and take 112 prisoners (1 Mar. ). 1704. The Boston News-Letter, the earliest newspaper in America, first published (24 Ap.). 1704 Lord Cornbury governs New York and New Jersey despoti cally ; prevents ministers preaching without a license ; dis solves the N. J. assembly twice before 1707, and the N. \. assembly twice before Aug., 1708. 1704. The High Church party in Southern Carolina obtains political power, and disfranchises dissenters (two-thirds of the popula tion), who, being refused justice by the proprietaries, appeal to the House 6f Lords. 1705. A force from Massachusetts burns Rasles s Indian settlement at Norridgewock, Me. 1705. In Northern Carolina the first church is erected ; the governor ship becomes vacant ; anarchy supervenes, with dissensions between Quakers and other dissenters, on the one side, and churchmen and royalists on the other. 1705 Moore, governor of Southern Carolina, traverses Georgia, and defeats the Spaniards and Indians (15 Dec.) on the Gulf (near 54 History of tlte United States. St. Mark s, Fla.), thus separating the Spaniards at St. Augus tine from their allies, the French, in Louisiana, and estab lishing Britain s claim to Georgia. 1706. D Iberville dies at Havana. 1706. A French squadron attacks Charleston (S. C.), but is beaten off with a loss of 300 killed or taken. 1706. The Lords of Trade and Plantations, on an address from the House of Lords to the Queen, declare that the proprietaries of Carolina have forfeited their charter, and the intolerant acts of the assembly of Southern Carolina are declared void ; the assembly repeals them (Nov.), but establishes the Church of England. The colony swarms with negro slaves ; Carolina rice is now the best in the world ; a large fur- trade is done with the interior, traders penetrating 1000 miles inland. 1707. The assembly of New Jersey accuses Lord Cornbury of accept ing bribes (Ap.), and rebukes his despotism. 1707. At the instance of Governor Dudley, a fleet from Boston at tempts to capture Port Royal, N. S. ; it is unsuccessful, and the failure produces debt, paper-money, and discontent. 1708. A committee of the House of Commons reports that the slave- trade is important, and ought to be free." 1708. The New York assembly asserts its rights (Aug.) ; Lord Corn- bury submits to its reproof ; he is removed from office and Lord Lovelace is appointed his successor. 1709. Lovelace demands a permanent revenue ; the assembly will grant only an annual one. 1709. The French and Algonquins, under Des Chaillons and Hertel de Rouville, destroy Haverhill, Mass. (80 Aug.) ; Samuel Ayer rescues several captives ; bounties of from 10 to 50 are offered for Indian scalps. New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey first issue Bills of Credit to cover war expenses. 1710. Col. Spotswood is made governor of Virginia, in place of Nott. 1710. Robert Hunter, successor to Lovelace as governor of New York and New Jersey, arrives in New York (May) ; he tries for three years to carry out the instructions of the Lords of TVade in opposition to the colonists, and finally adopts a pol icy of concession. 1710. The proprietaries send Edward Hyde to Northern Carolina as governor in place of Gary, who then incites a rebellion, and attacks Edenton, but is repulsed; affairs grow worse, and Hyde summons Spotswood, governor of Virginia, to his aid. 1710. The population of Maryland is over 30,000, including negroes. 1710. The English South Sea Co. is incorporated. 1710. A colonial and English fleet, under Nicholson, sails from Bos ton (Sep.), and captures Port Royal, Acadia, and changes its name to Annapolis, in honor of the queen. 1711 A committee of the House of Commons reports that "the plantations ought to be supplied with negroes at reasonable rates," and recommends the increase of the trade. 1711. A French fort is established at Mobile. 1711. Yale College is removed from Saybrook to New Haven, Conn. 1711. An Anglo-colonial expedition of 15 ships, 40 transports, and 10,000 or 12,000 men, under Sir Hovenden Walker and Hill, leaves Boston (30 July) for Quebec for the conquest of Can- History of the United States. 55 ada ; through mismanagement, 8 ships are wrecked (22 Aug.) on Egg Islands, north of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, 884 men being drowned, and the expedition returns. 1711. The rebellion in Northern Carolina is suppressed with the aid of regular troops from Virginia. The proprietaries assign lands of the Tuscaroras in Northern Carolina to Swiss and German fugitives (Palatines) from the Neckar and Rhine ; the Swiss found New Berne, on the Neuse ; De Graff enried, agent for the exiles, and Lawson are captured by the Indians on the Neuse (Sep.) ; Lawson is burnt, De Graff enried is allowed to return after 5 weeks ; Tuscaroras and Corees mas sacre the Huguenots at Bath, on Pamlico Sound, and destroy and massacre at other settlements on the Roanoke, and on Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds (22-25 Sep.) ; Barnwell, from Southern Carolina, unsuccessfully besieges the Indian fort on the Neuse (now Craven Co.), and peace is signed ; the troops from Southern Carolina violate the treat} 7 , and the massacres on the Neuse are renewed. 1712. Yellow fever rages in Northern Carolina ; Spots wood, gover nor of Virginia, succeeds in dividing the Tuscaroras. 1712. The Indians besiege Detroit, but are repulsed by the French. 1712. To a petition to emancipate the negroes, the Pennsylvania assembly replies that "it was neither just nor convenient to set them at liberty." Southern Carolina, following the ex ample set by Virginia in 1667, removes an obstacle to the conversion of negroes by resolving that baptism is not in consistent with slavery. Queen Anne boasts, in a speech to Parliament, of success in securing to England, through the promised assignment of the Assieiito, a new slave-market in Spanish America (June). 1712. Louis XIV. grants to Antoine Crozat a monopoly of the Louisiana trade (Sep.) ; La Motte Cadillac, who supersedes Bienville as governor, becomes "his partner, Bienville being retained as lieut. -governor. There are only 28 French fam ilies in the whole colony. 1713. Moore, governor of Southern Carolina, arrives in Northern Carolina, and captures an Indian fort on the Neuse (in Green Co.) with 800 prisoners (Mar.) ; the assembly of Northern Carolina, under a new governor, issues Bills of Credit for 8000 (May) ; the Indians are chased to the swamps of Hyde Co., and the prisoners are sold as slaves. The hostile part of the Tuscaroras migrate to N. Y., and are received by the Five Nations as a sixth. 1713. The Peace of Utrecht is signed between England, France, and Spain (11 Ap.) ; France cedes to Britain Acadia, Hudson Bay and its borders, and Newfoundland, and admits Britain s supremacy in the American fisheries ; the Assiento Treaty is transferred to England, which undertakes to carry to the Spanish West Indies 4800 negroes a year for 30 years, pajang on 4000 a duty of $33.33 per head, and for all over 4000 a duty of $16.67 a head; during the 30 years not far from 30,000 are taken from Africa by the English annually, as against 15,000 a year for the previous 20 years. The popu lation of the English colonies is about^^QflUHML Soon after 66 TTistory of the United States. the surrender of Acadia, the French occupy Cape Breton as a French possession. 1718. The new officers of Louisiana land at Dauphine Island, Ala. (May) ; the Spaniards prohibit all trade with Florida and Mexico. 1713. The seamen of Connecticut do not number over 120. 1714. The expenditure in Northern Carolina is 900 a year; the revenue from land-sales and quit-rents is only 169, or about 21 for each proprietary. 1714. The French build and garrison Fort Toulouse, at the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, Ala. The Choctas, incited by Bienville, drive the English from the Chocta villages on the Tombecbee, Ala. 1714. Queen Anne dies (1 Aug.) ; George I. succeeds. 1714. The population of the American colonies is about 435,000. 1715. The Yamassees, incited by the Spaniards, massacre 90 colo nists (15 Ap.) at Pocotaligo (S. C.) and threaten Charleston ; but the colonists, under Charles Craven, the governor, defeat them on the Salke-hatchie, and they retire to Florida ; South ern Carolina had lost about 400 inhabitants. The war and the neglect and arbitrary conduct of the proprietaries lead to a revolution, and the colonists determine to govern them selves. 1715. The Indian allies of the Tuscaroras are established as a single settlement in Hyde Co. (N. C.); the laws of the first assembly of Northern Carolina, passed in 1669, are re-enacted. 1715. Maryland is restored to the proprietary ; its staple is tobacco, with hemp and flax ; linen and \voollen manufactures are attempted; it has more white " servants " than any other province ; their price is from 12 to 30 each. The assembly, in imitation of Virginia and Southern Carolina, enacts that baptism is not inconsistent with slavery. 1715. The proprietaries of New Hampshire abandon their claim to the province in despair ; the colonists gain their lands ; the waste domain reverts to the Crown. 1715. Louis XIV. dies (1 Sep.) ; Louis XV. succeeds. 1715. The Marquis de Aguayo is made governor-general of the New Philippines, as the Spanish colonies in Texas were then called. 1716. Bienville chants the calumet with the Natchez, and founds Fort Rosalie (now Natchez, Miss.). 1716, A Public Bank is established in Massachusetts. Samuel Street is appointed governor of the province ; the General Court ex- extends its jurisdiction over Maine as far as thaSt. Croix, and restores Fort Pemaquid (Bristol), east of the Kennebec. The Abenakishad claimed the territory between the St. Croix and the Kennebec, on which river Rasles had gathered a vil lage of converts (Norridgewock), and being alarmed at the claim of Massachusetts, apply to Vaudreuil, governor of Canada, who tells them the treaty (of Utrecht) says nothing about their lands, whereupon they resist the claim of Massa chusetts. 1717. Massachusetts fails in an attempt to establish an Indian mis sion in Maine, to rival that of Rasles. History &f the United /States. 57 1717. A proposal is made in England to plant a new colony south of Carolina. 1717. Crozat surrenders the charter of Louisiana, and the territory is transferred (Sep.) to John Law s Mississippi Co., " the Com pany of the West," for trading with the Mississippi, China, and India ; the colony numbers only 700, including the French troops and the negroes. 1718. Bienville is made governor of Louisiana, in place of Cadillac ; he selects the site of New Orleans (June) ; the Mississippi Co. sends out a colony of 800 emigrants, which anchors at Dau- phine Island (25 Aug .), enters the Mississippi, and founds New Orleans. After 3 years the settlement has only 200 inhab itants encamped among the cane-brakes. 1718. War is declared between France and Spain ; it lasts till 1721. 1719. De Serigny, from France, captures Fort Pensacola, Fla. (May) ; the Spaniards recover it within 40 days, and attack the French posts on Dauphine Island and at Mobile ; the French recapture Fort Pensacola (Sep.); La Harpe claims Texas as a part of Louisiana. 1719. The capital of the South Sea Co. is increased. 1719. Hunter, governor of New York and New Jersey, returns to England ; his authority devolves on Peter Schuyler. 1719. The first newspaper in Philadelphia is started. 1719. The revolution in Southern Carolina, impending since 1715, takes place (Nov.) ; the assembly resolves to have nothing more to do with the proprietaries, asks Robert Johnson, the governor, to hold office for the king, and on his refusal, elects James Moore governor, and dismisses the officers acting under the " Grand Model " constitution. 1720. The Lords of the Regency declare that the proprietaries of Carolina have forfeited their charter, and Francis Nicholson (ex-governor of Virginia, etc.) is appointed provisional royal governor of Southern Carolina. 1720. William Burnet, a son of Bishop Burnet, is made governor of New York and New Jersey, in place of Hunter. 1720. The suggestion to plant a colony south of Carolina is revived. 1720. A Congregational Church is founded at Newport, R. I. 1720. The French begin to erect Fort Louisburg, Cape Breton. 1720. The South Sea and Mississippi Bubble Co.s burst, and produce widespread ruin. 1720. - Jamaica becomes the centre of a large smuggling trade with the Spanish colonies. 1721. Nicholson s first act in Southern Carolina is to make peace with the Cherokees and Creeks ; the hunting-grounds of the latter are agreed to extend north to the Savannah ; the Eng lish maintain a fort at the forks of the Alatamaha (Ga.) ; the Spaniards protest. 1721. Joncaire and a party of Frenchmen (including a son of De Longueil, governor of Canada) attempt a settlement at Lewiston, N. Y. (May). Peace between France and Spain ; Fort Pensacola reverts to Spain ; Bienville removes the French headquarters from New Orleans back to Biloxi. 1721. Several M. P.s in England are expelled for having been mem bers of the South Sea Co. 58 Jlistory of the Lulled Slates. 1731. Bernard de la Harpe attempts to plant a French colony near Matagorda Bay, Texas, about this date ; the Spaniards erect a fort as evidence of their claim. 1721. Virginia, dismayed at the increase of negroes, imposes a tax on their importation about this date. 1721. The government of Massachusetts having seized several Abe naki chiefs in Maine as hostages, the Abenakis demand that their territory shall be evacuated, and the chiefs restored ; the colonists, however, also seize the young Baron St. Castin, a half-breed. The Courant is started in Boston by James Franklin, an elder brother of Benjamin (Aug.). 1722. Bur net, governor of New York and New Jersey, establishes a commercial post at Osw r ego. Daniel Coxe, of New Jersey, broaches a plan similar to Penn s in 1697, to hold a colonial congress to regulate commerce. 1722. The governors of Pennsylvania and Virginia make a treaty with the Iroquois at Albany. 1722. The first cqurt-house is erected in Northern Carolina. 1722. Westbrook attacks Norridgewock, Me. (Jan.), and, the Indians being absent, seizes Rasles s papers, including his dictionary of the Abenaki language (now in the library of Harvard). The Indians retaliate by burning Brunswick, Me. ; the Massa chusetts government offers 15 for each Indian scalp, after wards 100, and formally declares war ag ainst the Indians of Maine and New Hampshire (July), " Love well s War." The Courant gives offence to the clergy, and the Council of Massachusetts resolves to appoint a censor (July), but the General Court refuses its concurrence. 1723. Westbrook burns the Indian settlement on the Penobscot (9 Mar.), probably at Oldtown or Orono, above Bangor ; the Indians attack Dover, N. H. 1723. Bienville transfers his headquarters back to New Orleans (Aug.). 1723. James Franklin is imprisoned for one month for injuriously reflecting on the clergy in the Courant. Benjamin (17 years old) leaves Boston (Oct.) for New York, but not finding work goes to Philadelphia and establishes a printing-press. 1724. The Indians again attack Dover, N. H. ; a force from Massa chusetts attacks Norridgewock, Maine (28 Aug.), Rasles is killed, and the influence of the French with the Maine Indians is destroyed. The Massachusetts government establishes Fort Dummer, on the Connecticut (now Brattleboro, Vt.) ; it was supposed to be within the limits of Massachusetts. 1724. The Delawares migrate to the branches of the Ohio about this date. 1725. The New York Gazette, a weekly, is first published ; the first newspaper in New York. 1725. John Lovewell, who had obtained two successes over the Maine Indians, falls into an ambush on Battle Brook, near Lake Lovewell (in Fryeburg, Me.), and is killed (6 May). 1726. Many thousand Germans (Palatines) had settled in Pennsyl vania prior to this date. 1726. George I. "explains" the charter of Massachusetts; his act is held to require the assent of the colony, which is given. History of the United States. 59 1726. The " interfering interest of the African Co." obtains the re peal of the Virginia law taxing the importation of negroes. 1726. The Maine Indians make peace, and the eastern boundary of New England is established at the St. Croix (Aug.). 1726. The French build Fort Niagara. Governor Burnet makes at Albany a treaty with the Indians (Sep.), who cede to him a belt of land 60 miles wide south of Lakes Ontario and Erie, from Oswego to Cleveland, as well as the country west and north of Lake Erie, and north of Lake Ontario. 1727. George I. dies (11 June) ; George II. succeeds. 1727, The population of the American colonies is about 600,000. 1727. Oswego is converted into a fortress, despite the protest of the French and the discontent of the Iroquois. 1727. Southern Carolina complains of "the vast importation of negToes." 1727. The Jesuit Du Poisson ascends the Mississippi to the site se lected for Law s plantation among the southern Dakotas. 1728. Burnet is transferred from the governorship of New York and New Jersey to that of Massachusetts and New Hampshire ; he is instructed to insist on the grant of a permanent salary ; the colonists refuse it ; will only grant it for each year. 1728. The Shawnees in Pennsylvania gradually follow the Dela- wares to the branches of the Ohio. 1728. Sir William Keith, ex-governor of Pennsylvania, suggests to the king the extension of the stamp-duties to the colonies ; the Commissioners of Trade do not favor the idea ; Sir R. Wai- pole opposes it. 1728. James Ed ward Oglethorpe rescues debtors from English prisons, and plans an asylum for them and for persecuted Protestants in America. 1728. Vitus Behring, a Danish navigator in the service of Russia, passes through Behring s Straits and shows Asia to be bounded by water on the north-east. 1729. York and Talbot, law officers of the Crown, hold that an American slave does not become free by touching the soil of England. George II. recommends a provision for the African forts, which is granted. 1729. Bishop Berkeley visits America ; endows a library in Rhode Island ; resides at Newport for 2)^ years ; and returns to England in 1731. 1729. Everard is made royal governor of Northern Carolina (July). Seven cf the eight proprietaries of Carolina sell to the Crown their rights for 22,500 (Sep.) ; Lord Carteret reserves his ; Carolina is permanently divided into North and South ;, Johnson, governor of South Carolina, is directed to mark out townships as far south as the Alatamaha (Ga.). 1729. Chopart, commander at Fort Rosalie (Natchez), demands the- site of the principal village of Natchez for a French planta tion, and they massacre nearly every Frenchman there (28 Nov.), 200 being killed ; only two men and some women and children are spared as captives. Du Poisson, the missionary among the Arkansas, on going to Natchez, is also murdered ; the Arkansas vow vengeance against the Natchez. The French prepare for reprisals ; New Orleans is fortified ; it 00 History of the United States. contains 4000 French and 2000 negroes ; Loubois commands the French forces ; Le Sueur obtains a force of 700 Choctas. 1730. Le Sueur makes a successful attack on the Natchez (29 Jan.); Lubois completes the victory (8 Feb.) ; the Natchez take ref uge at Natchitoches, on the Red River, La. New Orleans is made the capital of Louisiana. 1730. Sir Alex. Gumming, special envoy for North Carolina, makes at Nequassee, in the valley of the Tennessee, a treaty with the Cherokees (Ap.) ; Cherokee chiefs go to England, sign a treaty, and are presented at court ; the treaty is kept for one generation, the Cherokees being thus made a barrier against the French in Louisiana. 1730. At Joncaire s invitation, Shawnee chiefs go with him to Mon treal. 1731. The French establish Fort Frederick ("the Fortress of the Crown ") at Crown Point, Lake Champlain ; they estrange the Shawnees from the English, and more go to Montreal, and their warriors put themselves wholly under the protection of Louis XV. 1731. Massachusetts, when Governor Belcher opposes its will, re fuses to vote him any salary. 1731. A site is chosen for a Swiss colony in South Carolina, on the Savannah, in the ancient land of the Yamassees. 1731. The Natchez are- attacked by the French at Natchitoches, and are broken up and destroyed. 1732. The Great Sun (chief of the Natchez) and over 400 other cap tives are shipped to Hispaniola and sold as slaves; the French " Company of the West" surrenders Louisiana to the Crown (10 Ap.). 1732. George Washington born (22 Feb., O. S.). 1732. The first stage-route between New York and Philadelphia is established. There are monthly stages between New York and Boston, taking a fortnight on the road. 1732. The decision (in 1685) of the Committee of Trade and Planta tions, that Delaware was not a part of Maryland, forms the basis of an agreement between the heirs of the two proper ties. 1732. William Cosby is made governor of New York. 1732. The valley of Virginia first receives white inhabitants. 1732. Vincennes founds Vincennes, the first European settlement in Indiana; an Indian mission had existed there since 1702. 1732. George II. grants to Oglethorpe and 20 others a charter for 21 years (9 June), erecting the country between the Savannah and the Alatamaha, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, into the province of Georgia, "in trust for the poor," to be open to Jews but not Papists ; the government is given to trus tees ; Shaftesbury is head of the council, but the most influ ential member is Oglethorpe, who sails from England with about 120 emigrants (Nov.). 1733. Oglethorpe arrives at Charleston, S. C. (Jan.) ; lands his col ony temporarily at Beaufort, S. C. ; selects the site of Savan nah, Ga., where the colonists arrive (12 Feb., N. S.) ; they make a treaty of alliance with the Muskhogees (1 June); claim sovereignty over the lands of the Creeks as far south 3, a, History of the United States. 61 as the St. John s River, Ma. ; and establish friendly relations with the Cherokees. Oglethorpe prohibits negro slavery. 1733. Cosby, governor of New York, having insisted on new grants of lands being taken out instead of the old, John Peter Zenger establishes a newspaper to defend the popular cause. 1733. An Imperial Act imposes duties on rum, sugar, and molasses imported from foreign countries into any British plantation. 1734. At the invitation of the English Society for Propagating the Gospel, a colony of Moravians from Salzburg, in Austria, sails from Dover (Jan.) for Georgia, and founds Ebenezer, near Savannah : in a few years this colony produces 10,000 worth of raw silk; also indigo. Augusta is founded ; at the pro posal of the Choctas, trade is established between them and Georgia ; Oglethorpe returns to England (Ap.), taking Tomo- chichi, the Yamacraw chief, and other Creeks. Discontent arises in the colony regarding the limitation of the settlers lands in tail male. 1734. John Sergeant, a Yale graduate, goes as a missionary among the Stockbridge Indians in Western Massachusetts ; he labors till 1749. 1734. Zenger is indicted by the New York government for seditious libel (Nov.), is defended by Andrew Hamilton, and acquitted ; the trial is deemed the morning-star of the American revolu tion. 1734. Von Reck, a German traveller, estimates the negroes in South Carolina at 30,000, and the annual importation at nearly 3000 ; the latter figure, at least, is a gross exaggeration. 1734. A colony from the Scotch Highlands is established on Alata- maha Sound, Ga. (Darien). 1735. A dispute as to the boundaries of Maryland and Delaware is taken into the English Court of Chancery. 1735. Bienville returns to Louisiana as royal governor. 1736. Oglethorpe lands in Georgia with 300 emigrants (Feb.), in cluding some Moravians, also Charles Wesley as his secre tary, and John Wesley as apostle to the Indians ; the Wes ley s remain two years. Oglethorpe sends envoys to St. Augustine to negotiate as to the English arid Spanish bound aries (Feb.) ; he founds Frederica, on St. Simon s Island, 10 miles from Darien, arid begins a fort there ; marks out a site for Fort St. Andrews on the Cumberland (St. Mary s) River (Camden Co.) ; and plants Fort St. George on the St. John s River, Fla. The Spaniards detain his envoys ; he claims their liberty, makes war-alliances with the Uchees (May) and other Indians ; hostilities are avoided, the envoys are liber ated, Fort St. George is abandoned, Fort St. Andrews is maintained, and the St. Mary s ultimately became the bound ary. Oglethorpe goes to England (Nov.) to prepare for the coming conflict with Spain. 1736. The French begin war against the Chickasas. Two expedi tions, one from Illinois, under D Artaguette, the other from New Orleans, under Bienville, are directed to meet on 10 May, in the Chickasa country (now Lee Co., Miss.) ; D Arta guette arrives 9 May, and after waiting in vain for ten days, and his Indians threatening to desert, he attacks the Chick- 08 JJittory of the United States. asas, is wounded, and his Indians flee in dismay ; Voisin, a boy of 16, conducts the retreat, and carries off some wounded; the captives, including D Artaguette, Vincennes, and Father Senat, are tortured and burnt, except one who is spared to tell the tale. Bienville s expedition, of 60 boats and pirogues, leaves New Orleans for Mobile ; ascends the Tombecbee ; arrives at the great village of the Chickasas (26 May), a week after D Artaguette s defeat ; attacks it and is repulsed with a loss of 30 Tailed, and returns to Mobile. The Chickasas, flushed with victory, send a deputation of 30 warriors to Georgia (July), and make an alliance with Oglethorpe. 1737. A royal edict of France permits 10 years free commerce be tween Louisiana and the West India Islands. 1737. George Whitefield visits Georgia (Dec.). 1738. He returns to England to collect funds for a proposed orphan asylum, near Savannah. Oglethorpe raises a regiment in England, returns to Georgia (Sep.), and is welcomed at Savan nah with salutes and bonfires ; he finds the walls of Fort Frederica completed ; he still prohibits negro slavery. 1738. A negro insurrection in South Carolina is suppressed ; the leaders are executed. 1738. The paper currency in New York, New Jersey, Pennr<f-lvania, and Maryland is worth 100 for 160, 170, or 200 ; that of New England, 1 for 5 ; of South Carolina, 1 f or 8 ; of North Caro lina, 1 for 10. ; j v 1739. Oglethorpe goes to Cusitas, on the Chattaliooghee, Ga., and renews his alliance with, the Muskhogees ; they confirm his Indian title to the coast of Georgia. Whitefield returns to Georgia, whence he goes to New England and preaches to 20,000 people on Boston Common. V 1739. A new French expedition against the Chickasas, with aid from Illinois, Montreal, Quebec, and France, numbering 3600 whites and Indians, assembles at Fort Assumption (Mem phis) in June, but languishes there through the summer and autumn. 1739. England, against the wish of Walpole, declares war against Spain (23 Oct.) ; it lasts till 1748. Anson is sent to the Pacific ; Admiral Vernon, with six men-of-war, captures Porto Bello (22 Nov.) and Chagre. Oglethorpe extends the boundary of Georgia to the St. John s River, and urges on South Carolina (Dec.) the reduction of St. Augustine. 1740. Bienville, with a small detachment of the French expedition, goes towards the Chickasa country and makes peace (Mar.) ; the fort at Memphis is razed ; that on the St. Francis (Ark.) is dismantled ; the remnant of the troops from Illinois and Canada returns ; Bienville goes to France ; and the Chickasas remain masters of the country between Illinois and Baton Rouge. The population of Louisiana is 5000 whites and 2500 negroes. 1740. Oglethorpe, with a force of 1200 from South Carolina and Georgia, invades Florida ; besieges St. Augustine ineffectually for 5 weeks (June-July) ; and returns to Frederica. 1740. Massachusetts obtains the removal of Governor Belcher. 1740. The English colonies have now 11 newspapers : 5 in Boston J History of the United States. 68 1 in New York ; 3 in Pennsylvania (1 being German) ; 1 in Virginia; and 1 in South Carolina. Up to this date about 130,000 negroes have been introduced into the colonies. 1741. Whitefield returns to England (Jan.) . 1741. An English expedition of 29 ships of the line, 80 smaller ves sels, 15,000 sailors, and 20,000 land-forces, under Admiral Vernon, reaches Jamaica (Jan.) ; receives quotas from all the colonies north of Carolina ; and besieges Carthagena : in two days fever reduces the effective land-force from 6600 to 3200 ; the assailants demolish the fortifications and retire. A med- . itated attack on Cuba is abandoned (July) ; 9 out of 10 of the colonial recruits fall victims to the climate, etc. ; and the flep.t returns to Jamaica (Nov.), having lost about 20,000 lives. 1741. The boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire is run, and the two provinces are finally divided ; Vermont was then, and till after 1763, considered a part of New Hampshire. 1741. Behring, sailing from Okhotsk in S. E. Siberia, discovers the Aleutian Islands and the north-west coast of America (now Alaska), so completing the discovery of Behring s Straits, and giving Russia her title to Russian America ; he perishes on Behring s Islands. 1742. A Spanish expedition of 36 sail from Cuba invades Georgia ; unsuccessfully attacks Fort William, on Cumberland Island, at the mouth of the St. Mary s ; attacks Fort Fred erica, but is defeated with great loss (7 July) ; fails in another attack on Fort William (18 July) ; and Oglethorpe orders a public thanksgiving (24 July) for the end of the invasion. 1743. Oglethorpe sails to England (July), to meet the complaints of disaffected colonists, and never returns to Georgia. 1744. France declares war against England (31 Mar.), the "War of the Austrian Succession," or " King George s War ; " it lasts till 1748. Before the news reaches New England, a French force from Cape Breton surprises and destroys Fort Canseau, N. S., and takes 80 prisoners to Louisburg, C. B. (May). The fortifications of Annapolis, N. S., had been allowed to go to ruin, and an Indian attack, under the missionary LeLoutre, is repelled with difficulty. The captives from Canseau, being sent to Boston on parole, bring intelligence of the condition of Louisburg, " the Gibraltar of America," on the fortification of which $6,000,000 had been spent, and William Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, resolves to attempt its capture. Coxe proposes a union of all the colonies for the purposes of defence, but the idea is not acted on. The population of the English colonies is about 1,000,000 ; that of Nova Scotia about 16,000, nearly all of French origin. 1744. At Lancaster, Pa., deputies from the Iroquois (Six Nations) meet the governor of Pennsylvania and commissioners from Maryland and Virginia (July), and for about 400 recognize by "deed the king s right to the lands of "Virginia/ the right extending indefinitely to the west and north-west ; Britain thus acquires a claim to the basin of the Ohio, and an Indian barrier against the French ; Maryland is confirmed to Lord Baltimore. 1745, An expedition of 100 vessels with about 3800 men from Massa- 64 History of the United States. 17i5. chtisetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, under William Peppereli, of Maine, appears before Louis burg (30 April); an English fleet, under Warren, co-operates ; and after a seven weeks siege the fortress surrenders (17 June); as a reward for their services in this enterprise Sim-ley and Peppereli are knighted. Towns in Maine suffer from Indian attacks. A tract entitled "The African Slave-Trade, the Great Pillar and Support of the British Plantation Trade in America, " by "A> British Merchant," is published in London. 174G. A large fleet from France, under D Anville, despatched for the recovery of Louisburg, is wasted by storms and pestilential disease, and is unable to attack even Annapolis. Sir Charles Knowles, the British naval commander, impresses seamen at Boston ; the people are enraged at the outrage, and in three days most, if not all, of the impressed citizens are liberated. 1747. A French fleet of 38 sail, with troops for Canada and Nova Scotia, is defeated off Finisterre, and all captured, by an English fleet under Anson and Warren (3 May). Fort Massachusetts, at Williainstown, opposite Crown Point, Lake Charnplain, capitulates to a large force of French and Indians; attacks on Concord, Mass., and in Charlestown town ship, on the Connecticut, are repelled. The colonies north of Virginia vote to raise over 8000 men to conquer Canada, but as no fleet comes from England nothing is done. Pennsylvania raises a volunteer militia of 12,000 men; the women furnish silk colors; Benjamin Franklin is "the prime actor" in the movement. 17-18. Peace being expected, (he colonial army disbands by direction of the Duke of Newcastle (Sep.). It was believed that Britain did not desire to conquer Canada, but wished France to keep it so as to prevent the Colonies desiring independence. Peter Kalin, a Swedish traveller in America, says there was a general feeling among the colonists that they would be independent in 30 or 50 years. The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed between Biitain and France and Spain (7 Oct.) ; Louisburg and Cape Breton are restored to France, at which the colonists are discontented. Great Britain, however, pays the colonists 183,000 (about $900,000) to indemnify them for the cost of the capture of Louisburg. The paper issue of Massachusetts amounts to 2,200,000, its depreciation being at the rate of 7 or 8 to one. A proposal is made to return to specie payments. The College of New Jersey (now Princeton) is chartered. Johnston, Governor of N. Carolina, succeeds in getting an Act passed for the collection of quit-rents. The Virginia Assembly passes an Act to encourage iron works. The population of the colonies is about 1,150,000; the aver age annual imports are about 75,000; the exports somewhat less. 1749. Bennington Wentworth, Governor of N. Hampshire, grants l& History of the United States. 65 1749. townships west of the Connecticut, in what is now Vermont, and Bennington and Burlington (Vt.) are settled. 1749. The population of New York Province is 62,786 whites and 1-0,692 negroes; that of New York City is about 12,000. Indigo is widely planted in S. Carolina. Under strong pressure from the colonists of Georgia, the trustees legalize slavery, subject to a condition for the instruc tion of the negroes in religion. Theatrical representations are prohibited in Massachusetts and Connecticut. The partial monopoly of the African Co. in the slave trade is taken away, every obstruction is removed, and the African ports are opened to English competition "for the slave-trade is very advantageous to Great Britain." Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, in Pearce vs. Lisle, pronounces an extra-judicial opinion confirming that of Yorke and Talbot, tint a colonial slave does not become free by touching the soil >f England. The opinion was afterward set aside by the Court of King s Bench. The "Ohio Company" obtain in England (March) a grant of 500,000 acres of land on the east bank of the Ohio, with ex clusive privileges. 1750. A member of the House of Lords writes (Feb.) : "The British Senate have this fortnight been pondering methods to make more effectual that horrid traffic of selling negroes. It has appeared to us that 46,000 of these wretches are sold every year to our plantations alone." The importation into the Colonies of indented white persons called " servants" or "redemp- tioners" is still extensively carried on. Mass, redeems its paper money at about 1-5 less than its current value, future debts to be- paid in silver at 6s. 8d. per o/. The present boundaries of Maryland and Delaware are de creed by Lord Hardwicke. Colonial pig-iron is admitted into Great Britain free of duty. 1751. Charles, Lord Baltimore, dies; his eldest son Frederick succeeds as proprietary of Maryland. The Nanticokcs migrate from eastern Maryland to the upper waters of the Suscmelianna. The first printing-press in New Jersey is established at Woodbridge. Philadelphia has a population of about 11,000 whites and 6,000 negroes. Henry Parker, Governor of Georgia, convenes an Assembly (Jan.). 1752. The trustees of Georgia surrender their Charter (June); the pro vince contains only 3 small towns and some scattered planta tions, with 1,700 whites and 400 negroes; Savannah has 150 nouses, "all wooden, very small, and mostly old." The people of Dorchester, S. C. remove, and settle on the river Medway, Ga. A company of actors from London give theatrical perform ances at Annapolis (Md.), Williamsburg (Va.), Philadelphia, New York, and other places. Robert Dinwiddie is appointed Lieut. -Governor of Virginia in place of Gouch. The "New Style" is adopted in Brib n and the Colonies 5 66 History of the United States. T1752. 11 days are left out of the calendar, 8 Sep. being reckoned as 14 Sep. The commencement of the calendar year is changed by Act of Parliament from 25 March to 1 January. Franklin with his kite brings down electricity from thunder clouds. Boston has 17,574 inhabitants; an outbreak of smallpox kills about 550. 1754. Boundary disputes with the French have been going on since 1749; the Virginia Assembly grants (Jan.) 10,000 for frontier defence, and 600 men are enlisted. New York and S. Carolina send three companies to help Virginia. The French erect Fort Du Quesne (now Pittsburgh) at the confluence of the Alle- ghany and Monongahela rivers; a detachment under Wash ington attacks a French advance party at Great Meadows (17 April), kills 11 including the commander Jumonville, and erects Fort Necessity. Washington subsequently surrenders the fort to a superior force, retires, and erects Fort Cumberland. Mary land votes 6000 and Now York 5000 in aid of Virginia. The British Government sends 10,000, and appoints Gov. Sharpe of Maryland commander-in-chief. A convention of delegates from N. Y., Perm., Mel., Conn., Mass., R. I., and N. H., meets at Albany (19 June), and Franklin proposes a plan for a union of the Colonies for the purpose of defence; the plan falls through owing to the opposition of some of the Colonial Legis latives. Connecticut still claims territory vrest of the Delaware, and the " Susquehanna" and "Delaware" companies, having obtained from Britai::. *i right to colonize, acquire, with the con sent of the Conn. Legislature, the Indian title to the valley of Wyoming and other lands; the proprietors of Pennsylvania claim the territory nnder their charter. The population of New France and Louisiana is scarcely 100,000; that of the colonies is 1,192,896 whites and 292,738 negroes. Mass, has 2448 negro slaves over 16 years of age, about 1000 being in Boston; in Connecticut and Rhode Island the ratio of slaves is higher; in New York City they form 1-6 of the population; in Philadelphia, 1-4; in Maryland, Virginia, and N. Carolina, 1-3 or more; in S. Carolina, over 1-2. Capt. John Reynolds is appointed royal Governor of Geor gia; he arrives there (29 Oct.) and organizes the judiciary. King s College (now Columbia), New York City, is opened. The first printing-press is put up in N. Carolina. 1775. Gov. Reynolds (Ga.) convenes a General Assembly (7 Jan.); Edmund Gray factiously attempts to break it up, and he and four others are expelled. War with France being mooted, Gen. Braddock is appointed commander-in-chief, and sent to the Chesapeake with two British regiments (Feb. 1 *; the Colonies raise money and several thousand troops. Braddock, with 1300 men, advances from Cumberland Md., against the French, but when within 5 miles of Fort Du Quesne (how Pittsburg), is surprised and attacked by a force of 200 French and 600 Indians, defeated, and mort ally wounded (9 July), his troops losing 700 i-i killed and History of the United States. 67 3755. wounded. The enemy s loss is not over 60. Washington conducts the retreat successfully. An expedition of 8000 men, under John Wmslow, leaves Boston for Chignecto (now Halifax, N. S.), arid beill joined by 300 British regulars, the united forces, under Col. Moncton, capture the French forts at Beau Sejour and Gaspereau, and at the mouth of the St. John s river, and expel the French from the Bay of Fundy. The French Acadian population, numbering about 7000, are transported (Sep.) to the British Colonies, an event which forms the basis of Longfellow s " Evangeline," and on which new light has been thrown by Mr. Parkman. A colonial force of 6000 men, under William Johnson, des tined for an attack on Crown Point (Lake Champlain), defeats a combined force of French and Indians under Dieskau at the battle of Lake George, near Fort Lyman (now Fort Edward), on the Hudson; Johnson erects Fort William Henry at the head of Lake George. A force of New Englanders and Indians, under Gov. Shir- lay, of Massachusetts, fails in an attempted expedition against Fort Niagara, and builds two forts at Oswego. Pennsylvania votes 50,000 for frontier defence; several Quaker members, objecting to war, resign their seats, others decline re-election, and Quaker rule comes to an end; the an nual value of the proprietary estates is 30,000; disputes arise as to the ri^ht of the Assembly to tax them. Virginia votes 40,000 and Maryland 6000 for frontier defence. The Pro vincial Governors meet at New York (Dec.), and arrange to raise 20,000 men to attack Fort Du Quesne, Crown Point, and Nia gara during the coming year. New York Province has 83,223 whites and 13,542 blacks. The population of New England is about 435,000. The New York " Society Library is founded. After a hearing in England the dispute in Virginia about fees for land patents is compromised. Virginia first issues paper money; it soon depreciates. The Connecticut Gazette, the first newspaper in Conn., is published at New Haven. The North Carolina Gazette, the first newspaper in N. C., is published at Newbern (Dec.\ Fowle is imprisoned in Boston for contempt for publishing a pamphlet satirising the General Court. 1756. Fowle publishes at Portsmouth (7 Oct.) the New Hampshire Gazette, the first newspaper in N. H. Eno-land formally declares "war against France (18 May), "the Seven Years War"; it lasts till 1763. The Board of Trade proposes a scheme to tax the Colonies to help to pay the war expenses; the idea i^ badly received in the Colonies and is The Marquis de Vanireuil is appointed Governor of New France in place of Du Q lesne. Montcalm, with a force of 5000 men, takes and destroys the forts at Oswego, capturing over 1000 men and 135 pieces of artillery (14 Aug.). William De my is sent from England to supersede Morns as Dep.-Govem -.r of Pennsylvania (May); the Penn. Assembly 68 History of the Uhitetf State*. 1756. offers large premiums for Indian prisonerg and scalps Boundary disputes between New York and Massachusetts culminate in riot and bloodshed. Lord Baltimore, proprietary of Maryland, relinquishes his claims to lines and forfeitures, and the Assembly grants him 40,000. Gov. Glen, of S. Carolina, erects Fort Prince George and Fort Loiuloun at the head waters of the Savannah and Ten nessee. What is now Tennessee iirst receives permanent settlers. J757. Henry Ellis is made Governor of Georgia (10 Feb.) in place of Reynolds. Thomas Pownall is appointed Governor of Massa chusetts (July) in place of Shirley. At the instance of the Quakers, peace is made at Lancaster, Penn., between Pennsylvania and the Six Nations and Dela- wares. Gen. London, with 6000 land forces and 11 sail with COOO gaiiors, makes an unsuccessful attempt tc ra.tii.e Louisburg (July). Montcalm, with 8000 meii, captive* Fort VViliiaiu Henry, with 2000 men under Munroe. William Pitt is made Prime Minister of Britain (June), and resolves to prosecute with vigor the war in America. Philadelphia lias about 13,000 inhabitants; New York City about 12,000. The French population of Louisiana is about 10,000. 1758. Pitt calls for 20,OJO men from the Colonies, Great Britain to furnish arms and supplies. Including 22,000 regulars about 50,- 000 troops are raised, with Abercrombio as commander-iii-chief. Gen. Amherst, with 14,000 men, after a 50 days siege, captures Louisburg (27 July), and acquires all Cape Breton and St. John (now Prince Edward Island); the inhabitants, numbering about 5000, are sent to France. Abercrombie makes an unsuc cessful attack on Fort Carillon (now Ticonderoga), and loses about 2000 in killed and wounded (8 July). Abercrombie is superseded as coinmander-in-chief by Amherst. Bradstreet destroys Fort Frontenac (25 Aug.), and erects Fort Stamvix (now Kome, N. Y.). Major Grant, with 800 men, is repulsed from an attack on Fort Du Quesne. On the approach of Gen. Forbes with 8000 men, the French set lire to and abandon Fort Du Qnesne (2< Nov.); the colonial troops take possession (25 Nov.), and change the name to Fort Pitt (now Pitt.sburg.) The Indians now become inclined to peace. Fort Pownall, on the Pcnobscot, is built. The Church of England is established in Georgia. The Virginia Legal Tender Act is renewed; it creates oppo sition, and is pronounced void by Order in Council, but, owing to the eloquent advocacy of Patrick Henry, the Act is sustained in the Provincial Courts. The province exports about 70,000 hhds. of tobacco during the year, If9. Ticonderoga and Crown Point are abai.doned by the French and captured by Amherst (July). Another force, under Sir William Johnson, captures Fort Niagara (24 July), after routing a relieving force of 1200 (23 July). Gen. Wolfe defeats the French under Montcalm, on the Plains of Abraham, near Que bec (13 Sep.), both generals being slain, and Quebec Hurrund- History of the United States. 6fl 1759 War breaks out between S. Carolina and the Cherokees, W6Q Murray, commander at Quebec, is defeated at Sillery (26 April) by the French under De Levi, with a loss of 1000 men and all his artillery: he takes refuge in Quebec with 3000 men, 1000 of whom are unfit for service, and is there besieged, gome ships arrive from England with supplies, and DeLevi raises the sieo-e(10 May). Amherst embarks at Oswego, and arrives at, Montreal with 10,000 white troops and 1000 Indians (5 Sep.); Murray arrives with 4000 from Quebec (5 Sep.): Haviland arrives (6 Sept.) with 8500 by way of Lake Uiamplam, making 18,500. The French Governor capitulates, giving up Montreal, Presque Isle, Detroit, Mackinaw and all other French posts in western Canada; the French troops (about 4000) are sent back to France. A large fire destroys a considerable part of Boston (20 Francis Bernard, ex-Governor of New Jersey, succeeds Pow- nall as Governor of Massachusetts (4 Aug.). The Cherokees capture Fort Loudoun, S. C. (7 Aug.), and treacherously massacre part of the garrison . The Virginia Assembly reduces the import duty on slaves from 20 per cent, to 10. George II. dies (25 Oct.); George III. succeeds. Georgia issues about 7500 paper money. The boundaries between Maryland and Delaware are u:oi accurately defined. An attempt by S. Carolina to impose prudential restrictions on the slave-trade is rebuked by the English ministry. 1761. Grant, with 2600 men, defeats the Cherokees (10 June), who sue for and are granted peace. The Wilmington Gazette, the first newspaper in Delaware, is published at Wilmington. Newport, R. I., has about 650 negro slaves. James Otis makes his great speech in Boston against " Writs of Assistance" to enforce the British Acts ot I rade. Spain commences hostilities against Britain (Dec,). 1762 France cedes New Orleans and all Louisiana west of the Missis* sippi to Spain; Spain does not take possession till 1768. The British fleet captures Havana (12 Aug.). The Providence Gazette, the first newspaper in 1 rovidence, R. I., is published. The first printing-press in Georgia is set 1768. The PeacIoTparis is signed (10 Feb.) between Britain, France and Spain; France cedes Canada and all the territory east of the Mississippi to Britain, and to Spain all the territory west of the Mississippi; Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for Havana. The war had cost the Colonies 30,000 men and $16 000,000, of which about $5,000,000 were reimbursed by the British Parliament. The New England clergy complain that the morals of their parishioners have been corrupted by service Florida is divided by royal proclamation into two parts* West Florida, from the Mississippi to the Appalachicola; and East Florida from the Appalachicola to the Atlantic. 70 History of the United 1768. Several Indian tribes, under Pontiac, attack the colonists along the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia (May), and capture a number of posts; the settlers retaliate by massacring a friendly tribe at Conestoga, on the Susquehanna; Franklin de nounces these murders. It is proposed in Britain to maintain 10,000 regulars as a peace establishment to defend the Colonies against the Indians. In order to partially defray the expenses of these troops, Charles Townshend introduces into Parliament a bill to impose Stamp Duties in the Colonies; the prorogation of Parliament prevents the bill from being proceeded with. A ferry is started between New York City and Paulus Hook (now Jersey City.). St. Louis is founded by La Glede, a French fur-trader. The Georgia Gazette, the first newspaper in Georgia, is start* ed at Savannah (17 April). 1763-7. " Mason and Dixon s Line" between Pennsylvania and Mary land (39 43 26.3" N.) is run by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English astronomers. 1764. Major Loftus, ascending the Mississippi towards Illinois, is attacked by Indians near the site of Fort Adams, and com pelled to return; two expeditions attack the Indians by way of Pittsburg and the Lakes, and the Indians sue for peace. A large emigration from the Colonies takes place on to the lands on the Monongahela claimed by the Six Nations. S. Carolina receives a large European emigration. Emigrants from the Roanoke, N. C., settle in West Florida, near Baton Rouge; East Florida receives more settlers during the next ten years than during the whole Spanish occupation. Grenville, the British Prime Minister, brings in Townshend s scheme of Colonial taxation in a more formal shape, and the House of Commons resolves without a division, " that Parlia ment has a right to tax the Colonies." Action is delayed in order to give the Colonies an opportunity to suggest a more satisfactory way of raising the money. The " Sugar Act" is passed (5 April), reducing by one-half the duties on sugar and molasses, and levying duties on coffee and other goods imported into the Colonies, for the purpose of " raising a revenue for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing His Majesty s Dominions in America." Massachusetts protests, and instructs its agent in London to urge the repeal of the Act; the House of Representatives resolves (June), " that the impo sition of duties and taxes by the Parliament of Great Britain, upon a people not represented in the House of Commons, is absolutely irreconcilable With their rights." A letter to the Colonial agent says: "If we are not represented, we are slaves!" James Otis publishes a pamphlet entitled, "The Rights of the British Colonies asserted," which is also pub lished in London in 1765. The British Parliament also passes an Act to restrain the Colonies from making paper-money legal tender. The Penn- tvlvania Assembly send Franklin to England (Oct.) to solicit toe repeal of the Act, to protest against the Sugar At and tlie History of the United State*. 71 1764. proposed Stamp Duties, to procure the abrogation of tlio authority of the proprietary, and to get Pennsylvania marie a royal Province. New York (Oct.), Massachusetts (Nov.), Vir ginia (Dec.), Connecticut, and Rhode Island petition against the proposed taxation. An Order in Council settles the boundary dispute between New i ork and New Hampshire by declaring the Connecticut to be the boundary. The Connecticut Courant, the first newspaper published in Hartford, Conn., is issued (29 Oct.). A scheme is broached in England by Pownall and ethers, for allowing tne Colonies to be represented in Parliament. 1765. Resolutions lor a Colonial Stamp Act are carried in the House of Commons, in spite of the opposition of Col. Barre and others, by a majority of five to one (27 Feb.); the Stamp Act is passed (22 March), to go into effect on the 1 Nov.; a clause is added to the Mutiny Act authorizing the Government to send any number of troops to America; and the " Quartering Act" is passed requiring the Colonies to find quarters, firewood, bedding, drink, soap, and candles for the troops. In the Vir ginia Assembly Patrick Henry carries resolutions of protest ("May). The Massachusetts House of Representatives recom mends a Convention of representatives from all the Colonies to meet at New York on the 7tli Oct., to consider the Acts (6 June). A change takes place in the English Ministry, and Rocking- ham becomes Prime Minister (July). The Government appoints Stamp Collectors in the Colonies, which leads to riots, in Boston (Aug.); and associations called " Sons of Liberty" are formed in the northern Colonies to resist the enforcement of tbe Act. The Pennsylvania Assembly resolves (21 Sep.) that the Act is " unconstitutional and subversive of their dearest rights"; pub lic meetings a novel mode of giving expression to public opi nion are held throughout the Colonies to pretest against it. The Colonial Congress meets at New York (7 Oct.), and passes a " Declaration of Rights and Grievances," claiming as their birthright all the privileges of Englishmen, including.* 4 the right of being taxed only by their own consent." A petition is sent to England for presentation to Parliament (25 Oct.). All Stamp officers are compelled to resign, and the stumps sent out either remain unpacked or are sei/cd and burnt, and it is found impossible to enforce the Act. Citizen s committees in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston resolve to iinpoitno goods from Great Britain till the Act is repealed. 1766. Many petitions by British merchants are presented to Parlia ment for the repeal of the Stamp Act; Pitt c ontemls " that the kingdom has no right, to levy a tax on the Colonies"; and the Act is repealed (28 March) by a vote of 275 to 167, an Act having been previously passed asserting the right of Parliament "to bind the Colonies in all cases whatsoever"; Lord Camden protests against this hitter Act. The repeal produces joy throughout the Colonies (May), several of which vote statues to the King and to Pitt. The joy is dampened by the remem- tsrance tliut tte Su^n A-t vi $iil! in force. The Buckingham 72 History of the United States. 1786. Ministry is defeated (Aug.), and Pitt, now Eavl of -Chatham, forms a new ministry, with Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer. William Tryon is made Governor of N. Carolina, in place of Dobbs. Philip Embury forms a Methodist Society in New York, which afterwards becomes the Methodist Episcopal Society of the U.S. The population of Louisiana is about 5500 whites and 5900 negroes. A controversy springs up in Massachusetts as to the justice and legality of negro slavery; it goes on till 177o. "Regulators" are formed in S.Carolina to punish horse- thieves and other offenders; some of the inhabitants (called " Scovilites ") protest against this assumption of authority. 17G7. Some of these " Regulators " are arrested and sent to Charles ton, and the feud nearly results in an appeal to arms; it is temporarily quieted by the establishment of District Courts, but continues to rankle, and the "Iterators 1 assume the name of Whigs, and stigmatise the Seoviiites as Tories. The General Court of Massachusetts attempts to restrict the importation of negroes; the negroes of the province begin to sue their so-called owners for wages, and juries invariably give a verdict in favor of the negroes ; these trials are the iirst steps towards the abolition of slavery in Mass. Townshend brings in a new bill in the House of Commons to raise revenues in America by customs duties to maintain a standing-army and to provide permanent salaries for the gov ernors and judges; it passes with very little opposition. The Act excites opposition in the Colonies, and John Dickinson, of Penn., commences his series of " Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," showing the danger of allowing any precedent of parliamentary taxation. The colonial newspapers, about 25 in number, teem with essays on colonial rights. At a large public meeting in Boston (28 Oct.) it is agreed to discontinue the impor tation of British goods, and to encourage home manufactures; similar meetings are held in New York, Connecticut, and Phila delphia; New York still refuses to provide for the troops stationed in the Province. 1708. The Massachusetts House of Representatives now consists of over 100 members; a gallery for spectators has recently been erected; its debates begin to attract attention. The House issues a " Cir-j cular " (11 Feb.) to the other Colonies inviting co-operation ins defence of their rights; Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, and Georgia give a cordial response to it. The Massachusetts mer chants are irritated by the new strictness in the collection of duties ; and the seizure of John Hancock s sloop Liberty, on a charge of smuggling wine, occasions a great riot (10 June). The House of Representatives refuses, by a vote of 92 to 17, to rescind the Circular of 11 Feb., and Gov. Bernard dissolves it. The Assemblies of Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, and New York are dissolved. On the news of tho Boston riots reaching Eng land, two regiments are sent to Boston from Ireland. A town- meeting in Boston (13 Sep.) ivnuests Gov. Bernard to summon fcne General Court; he refuses; tin? meeting calte a Convention, History of the United States. 78 8. and delegates from over 100 towns meet (22 Sep.), and petition Bernard to summons a General Court; he again refuses, and denounces the Convention as treasonable. The Convention petitions the King (26 Sep.). The Council declines to find quarters and supplies for the troops from Ireland and Halifax. The House of Lords censures the Convention and other popular proceedings in Boston, and recommends that the offenders be sent to England to be tried for treason. The peoples of N. Carolina complain of extortionate fees; associations of "Regulators " are formed which refuse payment of taxes and assault the government officials. The Six Nations, by treaty made at Fort Stanwix (5 Nov.). cede for 10,460 the territory between the Ohio and Tennessee Kivers; tho first settlement in what is now Tennessee is made on the Wataga by emigrants from N. Carolina under James Robertson; they organize themselves into a body politic. _ Bangor, Me., is settled. Dartmouth College, N. 11., is incor porated. Connecticut erects at Norwich its first paper-mill. The second theatre in New York is opened on Beck man (now Ful ton) St., near Nassau. Philadelphia contains 4474 houses. The N. Y. Chamber of Commerce is founded; it is incorpor ated in 1770. 9. The House of Commons passes resolutions condemning the Boston Convention (Jan. ); Gov. Bernard is created a baronet. Thomas Jefferson s motion in the Virginia Assembly to give slave-owners a right to emancipate their slaves, is unsuccessful (May). The Virginia Assembly passes Resolutions maintaining the right of self-taxation, petition, remonstrance, and to the local trial of offenders. Lord Boutetort, the Governor, dissolves the Assembly; the members meet and enter into a non-importation agreement. The Massachusetts House of Representatives resolve (31 May) that it is inconsistent with their dignity and freedom to deliber ate in the midst of an armed force, and that the keeping of such force during their session is a breach of privilege; they petition for its removal at least during their sessions; the Governor declines; the House refuses supplies, and the Governor adjourns it to Cambridge (18 June). The Representatives petition the King for the removal of the Governor (Sir Francis Bernard); denounce a standing army without the consent of the General Court as an invasion of natural rights, and highly dangerous and unconstitutional; and refuse to provide tor the troops; Bernard prorogues the Court, and goes to England (1 Aug.), -leaving Hutchinson as Lieutenant-Governor. TheS. Carolina Assembly refuses to find quarters for troops; and the Assemblies of S. Carolina, Maryland, Delaware, and N. Carolina adopt the Virginia Resolutions. The N. Carolina Assembly is dissolved; the members meet and enter into a non importation agreement; Georgia and Rhode Island enter into a eimilar agreement; and New Hampshire is also forced into it. Political parties begin to be formed in the Colonies; the parti sans of the mother-country are stigmatised as Torie*. and their Opponents call themselves Whigs. 74 History of the United States. 1769. Pownall moves in Parliament for the repeal of Townshend s Act; the Government refer the subject to the following session. After prorogation, the Government send a Circular to the Colonies announcing their intention of repealing all colonial duties on British goods; but as the duty on tea and the abstract right to tax the Colonies is retained, the Circular produces little effect. New York, however, shows symptoms of yielding, and at the new elections the " Moderate Party " obtain a decided majority; the new Assembly appoint Edmund Burke their agent in England; they adopt the Virginia Resolutions, but yield so far as to make provision for the British troops; against this concession Alex. M Ddugall issues an " Address to tho betrayed Inhabitants " of New York; the Assembly pronounces this address a seditious libel, and imprisons M Dougall; the soldiers cut down the liberty-pole, frequent brawls occur between them and the people, and they are constantly sub jected to insults by mobs of men and boys. The Maryland Assembly passes a bill to regulate extortionate fees ; the Council negatives it. The boundary dispute between New York and New Jersey is settled by joint commissioners. Conflicts, with bloodshed, occur in the Valley of Wyoming, between the claimants under the Susquehanna Co., of Conn ., and the grantees of the proprietary of Pennsylvania, who are rival claimants to the territory; the claimants under the Co. prevail, and they live for two years under a government of their own. James Otis is assaulted and nearly killed by a man named Robinson and other ruffians of the opposite party (Sep.), and permanently disqualified for usefulness; his place in the Mass. House of Representatives is filled by John Adams, a leading member of the popular " caucus" in Boston. John Finlay, Daniel Boone, and 4 settlers on the Yadkin ex plore part of what is now Kentucky ; Boone is taken prisoner by the Indians ; he escapes, and, after making further explora tions for two years, returns to the Yadkin in 1771. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, N. H., is chartered (13 Dec.); it had grown out of Moor s Indian Missionary School, begun at Lebanon, Conn., in 1854, which Wheolock had removed from Lebanon to Hanover. John Wesley sends two disciples from England to the Colonies to plant the new Wesleyan Church in America. 1770. A body of 8 soldiers in Boston, provoked beyond endurance by words and blows, fires into a mob and kills 3 and wounds 5 others (5 March), an affair known as " the Boston Massacre." A town-meeting votes that only the removal of the troops will prevent bloodshed (G March). The Lieut-Governor orders the removal of all the soldiers; the eight concerned in the firing are tried, but all are acquitted except two, who are found guilty of manslaughter and slightly punished. The British Parliament repeals Townshend s Act except as to the tax on tea; and the Quartering Act (originally limited to 3 years) is allowed to expire. The tux on tea, however, and the Sugar Act keep alive colonial discontent. The tea-tax, of 3d History of the United States. 7$ 1770. per Ifo., fe justified in Britain by the fact that a drawback of Is. perlb. is allowed on the tea on leaving Britain, the colonists thus gaining 9d per Ib. Dennis de Berdt, the agent oi Massachusetts in England, dies, and Franklin (already agent for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Georgia) is appointed agent for Mass. Robert Eden, Governor of Maryland, issues a proclamation (Nov.) for the regulation of fees, which is denounced as an attempt to tax without the authority of the Assembly; the Governor declines to yield, and the dispute is kept up for several years. The Massachusetts Spy is first published, in Boston (July). Tin-ware is first manufactured in the II. S. at Berlin, Conn. Queen s College (named Rutgers College in 1825), New Brunswick, N. J., established in the interest of the Dutch Re formed Church, is chartered. John Murray, the father of Universalism in America, arrives in America from England. Whiterield dies (80 Sep.) at Newburyport, Mass., aged 55 years. Rhode Island College (named Brown University in 1804, in honor of Nicholas Brown, a benefactor) is removeu from Warren to Providence. Tha total exports for the year from the Colonies to Great Britain are $4.493,150; the imports, $8,549,749. 1771. A dispute arises between the Mass. House of Representatives and the Governor, as to the taxation of the salaries of Crown officials, and the House is prorogued without having granted supplies. Frederick, Lord Baltimore, dies without lawful issue, and devises Maryland to a natural son, Henry Harford, a boy at school. Tryon, Governor of N. Carolina, with a body of volunteer militia, marches against the Regulators, anc 1 defeats them at Alamance (16 May), the total killed and wounded being 200; six of the Regulators are executed for high treason. Tryon is made Governor of New York (June), and Josiah Martin is made Governor of N. Carolina; he successfully cultivates the good-will of the Regulators. An Order in Council confirms the title of New York to what is now Vermont; New York insists on the settlers taking out new land-grants, at exhorbitant fees; disputes arise in conse quence. The leaders in resistance are Ethan Allen and Seth Warner, and their followers are called " Green Mountain Boys." The settlers in Tennessee obtain an 8 years lease of their lands from the Cherokees. The Albany Gazette, the first newspaper in Albany, is stalled (Nov.). New York Province has ! 48,174 whites and 19,833 negroes; the city, 21,863. 1772. Gov. Tryon, of N. Y., makes an unsuccessful attempt to settle the dispute with the Green Mountain Boys; and in 1773 goes to England to lay the matter before the Government. f Jiie Crown resolves to pay the salary of the Governor of far t&& future; the ^se denounces this as 76 History of the United /States. 1772. violation of their Charter, ami a bribe from the Crown to the Governor. A town-meeting is held (28 Oct.), at which a Com mittee is appointed to state the rights of the Colonists, and the infringements of them. The Committee reports the following list of grievances : the attempts to tax the Colonies; the Act requiring persons to be sent to England for trial in certain cases; the restraints on Colonial manufactures, especially wool and iron; and the alleged scheme to establish bishops in Am erica. Franklin has the report printed in London, with a pre face of his own. Mrs. Ann Lee ("Mother Ann," the founder of the Shakers in America) emigrates from England (May) to America and estab lishes there "the Church of Christ s Second Appearing." About 300 German families emigrate from Maine to"S. Caro lina. About GOOO negroes are imported into S. Carolina. The revenue schooner Oaspe, employed in Narragansett Bay, having become obnoxious to the people, is burnt by a party from Providence (June); a reward of 600 is offered for their discovery, but though they are well known, no legal evidence can be obtained against them. In the English "Court of King s Bench, Lord Mansfield, in the case of James Soniersett, an American slave, decides (22 June) that slavery is not " allowed or approved by the law of England," a decision which liberates about 14,000 or 15,000 persons in England, who had hitherto been deemed slaves. Umbrellas are first introduced into the U. S., from India. 1773. Gov. Hutchinson objects to the Boston Committee s report as a denial of the supreme authority of Parliament; but the Council and the House of Representatives reply, maintaining the report. The reply is sent to the Virginia Assembly, then in session (Feb.), which appoints a Committee (March) to investigate the relations of the Colonies, and to correspond with the other Colonies on the subject; Lord Dimmore, the Governor, dis solves the Assembly. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Maryland appoint simi lar Committees the first steps toward the political union of the Colonies. Private letters written by Gov. Hutchinson disparaging the popular leaders in Massachusetts are made public there, and the General Court addresses the King (9 June) requesting his speedy removal. Connecticut assumes jurisdiction over the Wyoming settle ment, and incorporates it as the town of Westmoreland, and part of the county of Litchfield. The Pennsylvania Assembly constitutes the same region the county of Northumberland. The dispute is taken before the King in Council, but the decision being delayed, Gov. Penn makes unavailing efforts to expel the Connecticut settlers. Territorial disputes arise between Penn sylvania and Virginia as to Pittsburg and the district west of the Laurel Mountains. The Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, the first news paper in Baltimore, is issued (20 Aug.). The tea-tax is substantially nullified in the Colonies, partly by smuggling, and partly by non-importation and non-consump. History of the United States. 77 1773. tion agreements. In England a drawback of the whole duty is revived; and the East India Co. is allowed to export tea direct to the Colonies. The Colonies take immediate steps to counter work this project. A public meeting (2 Oct.) in Philadelphia protests against taxation by Parliament, and denounces " who soever shall aid or abet in unloading, receiving, or vending the tea " as " an enemy to his country." Town-meetings are held in Boston (3, 5, 17, 18 Nov.) which adopt the Philadelphia reso lutions, and call on the consignees of the tea to resign; and there is some rioting. The consignees petition the Governor and Council (19 Nov.) to take measures to secure the tea; before the Council arrive at a decision one of the tea-ships arrives (27), and the Council notify the Governor (28) that they will not be parties to an unconstitutional attempt to levy taxes. Neighboring towns sustain Boston. A body of people of Boston and the neighboring towns meet at Faneuil Hall (29), order the tea-ship to be moored at a certain wharf, and appoint a guard of 25 to watch her. Another meeting is held (30), and the owners of the tea-ships are compelled to promise to send them back. The Governor, however, refuses to permit a clearance till the cargo is landed. Two other tea- ships arrive and are taken into the people s custody like the other. The "body" reassembles (14 Dec.) and demands a clearance, which the collector refuses till the cargoes are landed. The Governor refuses a similar demand, and a band of 50 men, disguised as Mohawks, board the tea-vessels and empty the cargoes of 342 chests of tea into the harbor (16 Dec.). At Philadelphia the captain of a tea-ship is persuaded to return to England without attempting to land his cargo (25 Dec.). A steam-engine is constructed in Philadelphia, the first in America, 1774. The General Court of Massachusetts objects to the payment of judges salaries by the Crown; 4 of the five judges promise to continue to take their pay from the Province; Oliver, the Chief- Justice, declines to do this, and the House impeaches him; Lieut. -Gov. Hutchinson then prorogues the House. The petition of Massachusetts for the removal of Gov. Hut chinson is heard before the Privy Council (29 Fe]^), and dis missed as "groundless, scandalous, and vexatious. On the action of Boston with regard to the tea becoming known in England (4 March), Parliament, at the instance of Lord North, and in spite of the opposition of Burke, passes (25 March) the "Boston Port Bill," shutting up Boston Harbor, and removing the seat of Government to Salem ; also a bill for regulating the government of the Province which, in effect, abrogates the charter; also a bill providing for the trial in Eng- lantTof all persons charged in the Colonies with murders com mitted in support of the Government. Burke moves to repeal the tea-tax, but without success. A- tea-ship arrives at Sandy Hook (21 April), but the pilots, under instructions from the city Committee, refuse to bring her up, and a "Committee of Vigilants " take possession of her; in ? few dpvrj *)>e rotiir.nr, \-r. England, Another ship arrives, with 78 History of the United States. 1774. 18 chests of tea, which the people seize and empty into the river. A tea-ship arrives at Charleston, S. C. (21 April); the tea is landed, but being stored in damp cellars soon becomes worthless. Gen. Gage, sent over as Governor of Massachusetts, with 4 regiments, arrives in Boston (13 May). Massachusetts sends Paul Revere, a Boston mechanic and a " Son of Liberty," to New York and Philadelphia to invoke co-operation. Public meetings are held at Providence (17) and Newport (20) respond ing to Boston, and suggesting a Continental Congress. A committee meeting in New York proposes a " Congress of deputies from the Colonies " (23 May), and writes to Boston asking the committee there to fix a time and place of meeting* Similar meetings are held in Philadelphia (26), Annapolis, Md. (26), and Baltimore. The Connecticut Legislature condemns the late Acts of Par liament, and recommends a Continental Congress (24 May). The Virginia House of Burgesses appoints 1 June as a fast-day; and Philadelphia and other places do the same. Gov. Dun- more dissolves the Virginia House (26 May), whereupon most of the members meet (27) and declare that an attack on one Col ony is an attack on all. The General Court of Massachusetts meets at Boston (26 May) to elect counselors; Gov. Gage adjourns it to Salem, where it meets (7 June), and recommends entire abstinence from British goods, requests the Governor to appoint a fast-day, and on his refusal appoints one itself, resolves that a Colonial Congres is necessary in order to consult on the present state of the country, and suggests that it should be held at Phila. on the 1 Sep. Gov, Gage, hearing of these proceedings, dissolves the Court (17 June), and so ends the last provincial General Court of Mas sachusetts. A public meeting in Boston (8 June) adopta tile non-importation and non-consumption agreement, to begin f. Oct. Other towns hold meetings in support of Massachusetts. Conventions and committees meet in the various Colonies anc appoint delegates to the Continental Congress (June-Aug.). Virginia resolves (1 Aug.) to import no more slaves, nor British goods, nor tea; N. Carolina passes similar resolutions (24 Aug.). The Governor of Massachusetts appoints counselors under th<?new Act, but they become objects of popular odium; a ses sion of the superior Court is broken up, and Boston juries refuse to be sworn (Aug.). Gov. Gage removes the seat of government from Salem back to Boston, begins to fortify Boston Neck, and sends soldiers to Charlestown to seize some powder belonging to the Province (1 Sep.). A tumultuous assembly proceeds from Middlesex Co. to Cambridge, and compels several counselors to resign. A Convention held at Milton, Suffolk Co. (9 Sep.), resolves that " no obedience is due to either or any part of the recent Acts of Parliament, and exhorts all tax-collectors not to pay over money in their hands till a new government is organ ized by the people of the Province. A copy of the resolution is sent to the Congress at Philadelphia. The first Continental Congress, of 53 delegates from 12 Pro vinces (Georgia alone being unrepresented), meets ar Philadel- History of the United States. 79 17t4. phia (5 Sep.), and elects Peyton Randolph, of Va., president. The proceedings are secret, nothing to te published except by order; each Province is to have one vote. On receipt of the Suf folk resolutions, Congress resolves to support Massachusetts. Congress adopts a " Declaration of Colonial Rights," claiming the right of self-government, and enumerating 11 Acts of Par liament passed since 1760 which derogate from the lights of the Colonies; it founds the "American Association" denouncing the slave-trade, and pledging the signers to non-intercourse with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies, and to non-ton- sumption; it also adopts a petition to the King, a " Memorial to the Inhabitants of British America." an "Address to the Peo ple of Great Britain" and an " Address to the Inhabitants of Canada." Tlie signature of the " American Association " (20 Oct.) is the beginning of the Union. The Massachusetts House of Representatives resolves itself into a "Provincial Congress," appoints a "Committee of Safety," with power to call out the urilitia, and orders tax- collectors to pay no more money to the Government Treasurer, but to pay to a new Treasurer appointed by itself (Oct.); tlih Congress virtually becomes the Government de facto. An Indian war, caused by the murder of 9 persons belong ing to the family of Chief Logan, breaks out on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia; the Indians are defeated (10 Oct.) near the mouth of the Kenhawa, and the war ends. The Connecticut Assembly orders military preparations to resist the British Government (Nov.). The Massachusetts Con gress votes (23 Nov.) to enrol 12,000 " minute men," and issues directions for the election of a new Provincial Congress. The colonists of Rhode Island seize 44 pieces of ordnance on the batteries at Newport, and take them to Providence (G Dec.). A large party enter the fort at Portsmouth, N. H., and cany off 100 barrels of powder, and some cannon and small arms (1*> Dec.). The Maryland Convention enrols the militia, and votes 10 S - 000 to purchase arms (Dec.). 1775. Chatham proposes conciliatory measures towards the American Colonies, in the House of Lords, 7 Jan., but, they are rejected; in the Commons, Lord North moves an address to the King, declaring the inhabitants of Massachusetts rebels, Feb. ; the Parliament passes bills prohibiting Americans fishing on the banks of Newfoundland, and restraining the commerce of the New England Colonies, March. A committee of the Virginia Assembly report a series of resolutions to encourage aits and manufactures, particularly that of steel, 27 March. Gen. Gage musters 3000 British troops in Boston to suppress any insurrection, 1 April. The Quakers of Philadelphia form the rirst anti-slavery society in the U. S., 14 April. Gen. Gage secretly despatches a force of 800 men to seize the stores and ammunition gathered by the patriots at Concord, 18 April; Dr. Warren becomes informed of the move, and Paul Revere is hastened to Concord to arouse the minute-men; Pit- $Q History of the United States. 1775. cairn, with the advance-guard of the expedition, reaches Lexington at dawn, 19, and finds 70 minute-mon, under Capt. Parker, drawn up to oppose him; Pitcairn calls the patriots rebels and orders them to disperse; on their refusal he com mands his men to fire, and the first blood of the Revolution is spilt; eight patriots are killed, several wounded, and the rest scattered; after destroying the stores at Concord, the British hastily retreat to Lexington, pursued by the minute-men, where Lord Percy, with 900 men, comes to their aid, and the whole force moves to Boston. G-ov. Dunmore, of Va., seizes and conveys to a British man- of-war a lot of gunpowder belonging to the Colony, 20 April; Patrick Henry, at the head of an armed body of citizens, demands of the Governor, and recovers, the powder. The citizens of .New York appoint a committee of 100, and invest it with the charge of municipal affairs, pending instruc tions from the Colonial Congress, 5 May. A number of volunteers from Connecticut and Vermont, under Cols. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, surprise the British at tiie fortress of Ticonderoga and capture it, 10 May; Col. Seth Warner, with a few men, captures the Crown Point fortress, both on Lake Champlain, 12; nearly 150 pieces of cannon and much needed military stores fall into patriot hands by these successes. The second Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, 10 May; John Hancock is chosen President, 24; the delegates resolve to resist further tyranny, vote to raise an army of 20,000 men, and elect George Washington Commander-in-Chief of all the colonial forces, 15 June; the following officers are appointed to aid him: Artemus Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam, Major-Generals; Horatio Gates, Adjutant- General; and Seth Pomeroy, Kichard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, and Nathaniel Greene, Brigadier-Generals; in the meantime (20 May), Articles of Union and Confederation aro agreed upon by the delegates from the thirteen colonies. Citizens of North Carolina in convention a" Charlotte, Meck- lenberg County, declare themselves independent of the British Crown, organize a local government, and begin preparations for a military defense, 20 May. The British Generals, Howe, Clinton, andBurgoyne, arrive at Boston from England, with reinforcements, 25 May; the British force now numbers nearly 12,000 men, besides several war-ves sels, und-jr Admiral Graves. Gen. Gage issues a proclamation, offering the King s pardon to all rebels (except John Hancock and Samuel Adams) who will at once resume peaceful occupa tions, 10 June. At the same time he plans a march to the interior, the details of which being reported to Gen. VV ard, that patriot sends Col. Prescotc, 16, with 1000 men to fortify Bunk er s Hill; Prescott erects a redoubt on Breed s Hill, by mistake, within cannon-shot of Boston; the British attack the works, 17, from tlifir naval vessels and the Copp s Hill fort, while (Jen. Howe leads a storming party of 3000 men; the Americans resist two charges, but give way before the third, in whici) History of the United States. 81 Clinton joins Howe with fresh troops, and retreat to Prospect Hill; the British lose in killed and wounded over 1000, and the Americans, 450, Gen. Warren bein< amon^ the killed. Acting on instructions from the Provincial Congress, Capt. Lamb, with a party of Liberty Boys, removes a number of guns from the Battery, in New York, in the face of a heavy fire from the British war-vessel Asia, 23 Aug. Gen. Washington sends a body of New York and New Eng land troops under Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery into Canada to cut off British supplies, Aug.; Montgomery lays siege to St. John and is stubbornly resisted for over a month; Col. Ethan Allen, with 80 men, attacks Montreal, 25 Sept., and is repulsed taken prisoner, and sent to England; another force, under CoL Bedell, capture the stronghold at Chambly, 30 Oct., while a third, under Col. Warner, repulse Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of Canada, at Longueil, near Montreal, 1 Nov.; Gen. Prescott, Commander at St. John, alarmed at the Governor s defeat, sur renders his post to Montgomery, 8 Nov.; the Americans press toward Montreal, and under Montgomery enter the city, 13, Governor Carleton escaping on a vessel to Quebec; at this time 750 men under Arnold ascend to the Plains of Abraham and demand the surrender of Quebec; fearing a sortie, Arnold falls back and is joined, 1 Dec. by Montgomery; they attempt to carry the city by assault, 31, but are defeated; Montgomery is killed, Arnold wounded, and the Americans under Morgan sur render; the American loss in killed and wounded is 150, and the British, 20. Peyton Randolph, of Va., first President of the Continental Congress, dies 22 Oct. Lord Duhmore, with a British fleet, is repulsed at Hampton, Va., 24 Oct., and declares open war; the local militia take the field, and he is again defeated, 9 Dec., at the Great Bridge, near Norfolk; five days later the Virginians, under Col. Wood- ford, take possession of Norfolk; Col. Robert Howe arrives with North Carolina militia and assumes chief command, 15. Daniel Boone settles in Kentucky, at Boonesbury. The Continental Congress passes an Act ordering the build ing of thirteen vessels, three of 24 guns, five of 28, and five ;>! 82, and appoints Ezekiel Hopkins Commander-in-Chief. A postal route is established and Benjamin Fnmkiii: 5* appointed the first Postmaster-General. The first issue of Continental money is made this year. 1776. Washington unfurls the first Union flag, 1 Jan. Lord Dunmore sets fire to Norfolk, Va., and bombards the place while the fire rages, 1 Jan. Thomas Paine writes, 8 Jan.: "Lee a Continental Conference be held, to form a Continental Charter, drawing the line of business and jurisdiction between Members of "Congress and Members of /the Assembly, always remembering that our strength and happiness are continental, not provincial." . Paine publishes "Common Sense" at Phila. (Jan.) ; 100,000 copies of it are sold. Gen. Charles Lee is sent (Jan.) with 1200 troops to New York; he enters the city the same f lay that Gen. Sir Henry Clinton 82 History of the United States. 1776. arrives at Sandy Hook with a fleet (March) ; Clinton sails southward, and Lee, being succeeded by Gen* Putnam, 7 March, hastens to thwart Clinton s designs in the Carolina^ ; Washington reaches New York, 14 April, and fortifies the town and its approaches. The North Carolina militia, under Col. Caswell, defeat 1500 loyalists on Moore s Creek, 27 Feb. Congress appoints an embassy, consisting of Benjamin Frank lin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee (March), to proceed to France to solicit foreign sympathy and aid; and establishes a regular embassy at that Court, 22 Sep. Washington proposes an assault on the British at Boston, 1 March; he opens a heavy cannonade from all the American batteries, 2; Dorchester Heights are occupied by an intrench ing force, 4, and a line of fortifications commanding the city and harbor is hastily constructed; a heavy storm prevents Gen. Howe attacking the Americans with his fleet, and he is forced to evacuate the town with over 7000 troops, 17; Washington immediately enters the city, garrisons it, and sends the main body of his army to New York. Constitutions are adopted by South Carolina, 26 March; New Jersey, 2 July; Virginia, 5 July; Maryland, 14 Aug.; Dela ware, 20 Sep.; Pennsylvania, 28 Sep.; and North Carolina, 18 Dec, A large British fleet, under Admiral Sir Peter Parker, arrives off Charleston, S. C., 4 June; Clinton, who hurried from New York on the approach of Lee, makes a landing the same day on Long Island, near Sullivan s Island, S. C., and Lee, also by forced marches, reaches Charleston the game day ; the citizens had erected a palmetto- wood fort on Sullivan s Island, which was mounted with 26 guns and manned by 500 troops under CoL Mo ul trie; the British make an attack by land and water on the fort, 28 June; Clinton is prevented landing, and the fort delivers such a telling fire upon the fleet thajt after a ten hours struggle, the vessels withdraw; the royal Governor of South Carolina is fatally, and Admiral Parker seriously, wounded; the British lose in killed and wounded 225, and the Americans, 2 killed and 22 wounded; during the fight, young Sergeant Jasper distinguishes himself bj r replacing the flag, which had been shot away, on a new staff upon the bastion; the British leave for New York, 31. Richard Henry Lee introduces a resolution into the Congress, 7 June, declaring that " the United Colonies are, and ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved fro mall allegiance to the British Crown; and that their political connec tion with Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved. ^ Seven of the thirteen Colonies vote in favor of the resolution; a committee is appointed to draw up a declaration in harmony with the resolution, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, Va.; John Adams, Mass,; Benjamin Franklin, Penn.; Roger Sherman, Conn.; and Robert R. Livingston, N. Y., 11; Jefferson is chosen chairman and assigned to prepare the declaration; the Lee resolution is taken up for consideration, 1 July, and the declara tion is submitted the same day; the resolution is adopted by a of the United States. 88 1770. large majority, 2, and the Declaration of Independence receives a unanimous support, 4. Gen. Howe arrives at Sandy Hook from Halifax, 25 June, and takes possession of Staten Island, 2 July; he is joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, 12, and by the forces of Clin ton from the south, and musters a disciplined army of 24,000 men. Washington collects 20,000 raw militia in New York; he orders the Declaration of Independence to be read to the army, 10 July, after which the populace overthrow the Statue of George III. in the Bowling Green and drag it through the streets. Washington fortifies the water front, places Gen. Greene in command on Long Islam . I, and Gen. Putnam at Brooklyn. Howe lands 10,000 men and forty pieces of cannon on Long Island, 22 August, and moves in three divisions, the left under Grant towards Gowanus, the right under Clinton and Cornwallis toward the interior, and the centre under De Heister up the Flatbush road ; a conflict takes place, 27, at Flatbush; Sullivan is surrounded, over powered, and forced to surrender; Stirling is made prisoner at Gowanus; and by noon the British achieve a signal victory; the Americans lose 500 in killed and wounded, and ] 100 piison- ers. Washington crosses over, 28, and directs an unperceived retreat to New York; at a council of war, 12 Sep., it is deter mined to retreat to and fortify Harlem .Heights; the British cross from Long Island and occupy New York, 15; they are defeated by the Americans on Harlem Plains, 16; Howe sends vessels up the Hudson, 20, and moves his army of 05,000 men into Westchester County; the two armies engage at White Plains, 28 Oct., and the Americans are driven from their posi tion; Washington crosses the Hudson, 12 Nov., to Fort Lee; the British capture Fort Washington, 16, losing 1000 men and taking over 2,000 prisoners; the Americans abandon Fort Lee, 18, which Cornwallis occupies with 6.000 men; he successively gains Newark, New Brunswick, Princeton, and Trenton; the retreating Americans cross the Delaware at Trenton jnet as the British reach the town, 8 Dec.; Washington recruits his army, and with 2400 men he re-crosses the Delaware at McKon- key s Ferry, above Trenton, 25 Dec., and surpvses the Hessian troops in that town, 26, taking over 1000 prisoners, besides a large amount of ammunition, guns, and stores; he again crosses the river the same night; but returns, 30. The Algerines take 94 prisoners from American ships, July. A great fire breaks out near Whitehall Slip, New York, 21 Sep., and destroys a quarter of the city, including Trinity Church. Washington engages Capt. Nathan Hale to make secret obser vations in the British camps on Long Island; he is captured and executed as a spy, 22 Sep. The first Society of Shakers in the U. S. settles at Watervliet, N. Y., Sep. Sir Peter Parker enters Narragansett Bay, takes possession of Rhode Island, and blockades the American fleet at Providence, 8 Dec. 84 History of the United States. 1776. Congress adjourns from Philadelphia to Baltimore, 12 Dec. Rev. John Carroll, Charles Carroll, Benjamin Franklin, and Samuel Chase are sent by Congress on a political mission to Canada. Pennsylvania is purchased from the Penn family by the com monwealth. Paine publishes at Philadelphia the first number of "The Crisis "(19 Dec.). All the leaders of the Methodist Societies return to England, except Francis Asbury, who is protected by Judge White, of Delaware. Hainpden-Sidney College, Prince Edward Co., Va., is founded. 1777. Washington is joined at Trenton by the troops of Gens. Cadwal- ader and Mifflin, 1 Jan.; Cornwallis appears in force from Princeton, 2, and slight skirmishing occurs; Washington begins intrenching, the enemy defers an attack until the following day; at night, Washington silently withdraws from Trenton, and at dawn, 3, he comes up to Cornwallis s reserve at Princeton; the Americans attack, the British charge, Washington leads a dis ciplined corps to the field, and achieves a splendid victory; Cornwallis, surprised at the deserted Trenton camp and hearing the firing at Princeton, hastens to aid his reserve and protect his stores at New Brunswick; Washington goes into winter-quarters with his fatigued troops at Morristown. N. J.; American skir mishing parties take possession of Newark, Elizabethtown, and Woodbridge, drive the Hessians in confusion to Staten Island, and harass the enemy throughout the spring. Georgia adopts a constitution, 5 Feb. Letters of Marque and Reprisal are granted by England against American ships, 6 Feb. Gov. Tryon, of N.Y., with 2000 British and Tories, invades Connecticut, destroys a large quantity of American stores at Danbury, and burns the town, 26 April; on the following day he lias an engagement with the militia near Ridgefield, and is driven to the coast, embarking under a heavy fire; Tryon loses about 300 men and the Americans 150, in eluding Gen. Wooster. killed. Col. Metes, with a force of 170 men, crosses the Sound from Guilford, Conn., in whaleboats, 22 May attacks the British provision station at Sag Harbor, burns a number of vessels and the storehouses with their contents, takes 90 prisoners, and escapes without losing a man. Button Gwinnett, of Ga., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 27 May. Gen. Howe, passing from winter-quarters in New York, con centrates nearly his entire army at New Brunswick, 12 June; he makes several attempts to entice Washington to battle, arid nearly succeeds. 26, but suddenly evacuates New Jersey and places his entire army on Staten Island, 30. The Stars and Stripes are adopted by Congress as the patriot flag, 14 June. Gen, Burgoyne, with over 10,000 troops, begins the invest ment of Ticonderoga, where Gen. St. Clair has a garrison of 8000 men, 2 July; the British erect works and plant guns oil the summit of Mt. Defiance, 3, and that night the Americans, OF TEB UNIVERSITY History of the United States. 85 unable to cope with the enemy, undertake a secret retreat, but their bag^ao-e, stores, and provisions are overtaken and des troyed at Skeenesborough, while the rear division of the army is routed at Hubbardtown after an obstinate action, 7; the remnants of the army reaches Fort Edward, Gen. Schuyler s headquarters, 12; having only 4000 men to oppose Burgoyne s force, Gen. Schuyler evacuates the fort, 29, and with Thaddeus Kosciuszko, a Polish refugee, as engineer, retreats down the Hudson valley to the mouth of the Mohawk, where he estab lishes a fortified camp; Burgoyne readies Fort Edward, 30, and sends a force to capture the provisions stored at Bennington, Vt., by the Americans; Col. Stark, at the head of the New Hampshire militia, defeats this force, while Col. Warner defeats a strong reinforcement the same day, 1G Aug., the enemy losing 700, mainly prisoners, in the two engagements. Col. William Barton, with 40 militiamen, crosses Narragansett Bay in whaleboats, and silently penetrates to the quarters of Gen. Prescott, the British commander in Rhode Island, 10 July; the General is seized in bed, and conveyed through his own troops and fleet across the bay to Warwick. The Marquis tie Lafayette comes to the aid of the Americans in a vessel fitted out at his own expense, July; he volunteers his services to the Congress, by whom he is voted a commission of Major-General, 81; lie is introduced to Washington, 3 Aug., and is at once attached to the personal staff. Admiral Howe, leaving Gen. Clinton in command at New York, embarks with 18,000 men, 23 July, and sails for the Dela ware capes; Washington pushes forward to Philadelphia with the main body of his troops; Howe, instead of going up the Delaware, ascends Chesapeake Bay, disembarks at Elkton, Md., 25 Aug., and inarches toward Philadelphia: the British move in two columns against the American position, 11 Sep., the Hessians attacking at Chad s Ford, while the bulk of the army crosses the forks of Brandywine Creek above, forcing the American -right, under Sullivan, to give way; the contest lasts the entire day and results in the enemy s success; the Americans retreat to Chester at night and to Philadelphia the next day; the American loss is about 1200 killed, wounded, and prisoners, and the British total about 800; Count Pulaski, a Polish volun teer, so distinguishes himself in the action, that Congress votes him a commission of Brigadier-General and gives him command of the cavalry; Washington re-crosses the Schuylkill and advances against Howe, near Goshen, 16, but a storm prevents a battle; four days later, Gen. Wayne is surprised by a British and Hessian force, under Gen. Grey, at Paoli, and loses 800 men; Washington abandons Philadelphia to save his military stores at Heading; Congress flees at the approach of the British, who occupy the city, 26, and reassembles at Lancaster, 27, and York, 30; Howe encamps at Germantown and prepares to make Philadelphia his winter quarters. Fort Stanwix, commanded by Col. Gansevoort, is invested, 3 Aug., by Col. St. Leo-er with a mixed party of Mohawk Indians, under Brant, and Tories; Gen. Herkimer, while rallying the militia to Gansevoort s aid, falls into an Indian ambuscade & 86 History of the Untied States. 1777. Oriskany. 6, where his party ifc ^defeated and himself mortally wounded; the same day, a portion of the garrison, under Col. Willet, make a successful sortie; St. Leger raises the siege at the approach of Arnold and flees, 22. Distressed for want of food, Burgoyno crosses the Hudson, 13, 14 Sep., and encamps on the heights and plains of Saratoga; the Americans, under Gen. Gates, have advanced to Stillwater, seeing which, Burgoyne determines on an attack and moves to within two miles of Gates, 18; a severe action occurs on fiemis s Heights, 19, terminating indecisively at dark; Burgoyne, alarmed at receiving no reinforcements from Gen. Clinton, boldly risks a second battle, 7 Oct., almost on the same ground, and is compelled to fall back upon Saratoga; the Americana cut off his retreat, and force the surrender of his who 16 army, 17; a large train of brass artillery, 5000 muskets, an immense amount of riunitions of war, and 6000 of the flower of the British amir as prisoners reward and cheer the Americans, besides giving them a prestige sadly needed at the time. Gen. Clinton, hastening to the roiief of Burgoyne, with 3000 men, assaults and captures Forts Clinton and Montgomery, 6 Oct., and burns the village of Kingston, 13; learning of the surrender, he immediately retreats to New York; Ticonderoga and all the forts on the northern frontier are abandoned to the Americans. Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on opposite sides of the Delaware, below Philadelphia, are attacked. 22 Oct.; Fort Mercer is attacked by 2000 Hessians, under Count Doiiop, and the small garrison, under Lieut. -Col.-Greene, of R. I., repulse the charge at a heavy loss; the attack on Fort Mitflin is at first unsuccess ful, but after resisting several charges the garrison abandon it and retire to Fort Mercer, which is also abandoned, 18 Nov.; a portion of the British fleet sail unmolested up to Philadelphia, 20. The report of the committee appointed by Congress to draw up a plan of confederation is adopted, 15 Nov. Gen. Howe retires to winter-quarters at Philadelphia, 8 Dec., anil Gen. Washington to Valley Forge, 11. 1773. During this winter, the waters of New York Bay are frozen so thick that the British take heavy cannon from Staten Islai/d to the city on the ice. Philip Livingston, of N. Y., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 12 Jan. France acknowledges the independence of the American Colonies, and the King signs a treaty of alliance and commerce with the American Embassy, 6 Feb.; the alliance clause is regarded as a declaration of war by France against Great Britain, and the two nations begin to prepare for hostilities. Lord North, the British Prime Minister, introduces two bills into Parliament, 17 Feb., by which Britain virtually concedes all that has been the cause of controversy with the Americans, and offers more than they had asked previous to their Indepen dence Declaration; the bills are passed after much opposition, nd the King .U?us them 1 \ March. The Earl of Carlisle, George $Mli;i*tou<: !=.! VVU imu &hi\ an appointed Commissioners, History of the Untied States 87 with Prof. Adam Ferguson, as secretary, to proceed to America and negotiate a peace with Congress; a copy of [he bills reaches Congress, 15 April, and the Commissioners arrive, 4 June; Congress promptly rejects the bills, and refuses any negotiation until Great Britain withdraws her fleets and armies, and in clear terms acknowledges the independence of the Col onies. The British Ministry is officially informed, 17 March, of the French treaty with the Americans, and immediately orders the evacuation of Philadelphia and the Delaware, and the concen tration of troops and fleets at New York. The French Government orders, 18 April, a squadron of 12 ships of the line and four large frigates, under Count D Esta- ing, to blockade the British fleet in the Delaware; the fleet arrives, 8 July, but Admiral Howe, who had received the min isterial orders, had left a few days previously and anchored his fleet at Amboy. Gen. Howe is succeeded by Sir Henry Clinton, as General-ln. Chief of the British forces, in the latter part of May; Clinton withdraws the entire army from Philadelphia, 18 June, and starts for New York; Washington is anxious to attack him while in New Jersey; his council of officers overrule his opin ion, but when the British reach Monmouth, he orders Gen. Lee to attack their rear; Lafayette s cavalry advance, 28, but Corn- wallis and Clinton charge them to a retreat; Lee loses his head and orders a retreat, and while the Americans are fleeing, Washington comes up and severely orders Lee to rally his troops; shortly afterwards the battle becomes general and rages until dark; during the night, the British silently retreat, leaving SCO killed on the field; the Americans lose about 70; on the follow ing day Lee is arrested, tried by Court-martial for disobedience, misbehavior, and disrespect to Washington, found guilty, and suspended from command; Washington goes into camp at Middlebrook, on the Ban tan. Col. John Butler, with a force of some one thousand six hundred Tories and Indians, enters the Wyoming Valley, Penn., 2 July, and spread terror through the flourishing settle ments; Col. Zebulon Butler, with a force of 400 soldiers, marches up the valley to check the invaders, 4, but is attacked and overpowered, losing nearly his whole force; nearly the entire garrison at the Wyoming fort are killed during a siege, and the survivors, with women and children, are shut up in the barracks and burned to death; the invaders then ravage all the settlements with fire, sword, and the tomahawk. Major George Rogers Clarke leads an expedition against the British and their Indian allies in the wilderness of the far nortn- west; he captures Kaskaskia, 4 July, the village of Cahokia, 0, and the strong British post of Vincennes, on the Wabash, Aug. The French fleet appears off Sandy Hook, 11 July, but being unable to pass the bar to attack the British fleet at New York, it goes to Newport, R. I., to dislodge the British there; Admiral Howe, reinforced by ships from England, hastens to the relief of Gen. Pigot; an American expedition under Gens. Sullivan, Greene, and Lafayette, crosses the bay and lands on the northern 38 History of the United States. 1778. part of Rhode Island, 9 Aug. ; on the following day, a projected land and sea movement against the British is frustrated by a great storm, which parts and seriously damages the fleets; the British fleet returns to New York, the French goes to Boston, and Gen. Sullivan is forced to withdraw, having on his way a suc cessful encounter with Pigot s troops at Quaker Hill, 29. New York is visited by its second great fire, Aug.; it begins in Pearl, near Broad Street, and rages with fury several hours, consuming 300 buildings ; it is finally extinguished by the mili tary, as alt the fire companies have been disbanded; on the same day, the British powder-ship Morning Star is struck by light ning and blown up, the explosion damaging many buildings along the shore. Clinton sends Gen. Grey on an expedition upon the southerr shores of Massachusetts and among the adjoining islands; Grey arrives in Buzzard s Bay, a rendezvous of American privateers, 5 Sep.. and burns 70 vessels, then destroys $323,000 worth of property in New Bedford and Fair Haven, and descending on Martha s Vineyard, 7, seizes 300 oxen and 10,000 sheep, which he takes to New York; Capt. Ferguson sails, 30 Sep. for Little Egg Harbor, N. J., where he captures a large amount of American stores. ( The French fleet sails to attack the British possessions in the West Indies, 3 Nov., and on the same day, Admiral Hotham m (British) sails from Sandy Hook to intercept it; Admiral Byron, who has succeeded Admiral Howe, sails for the same destina tion early in Dec. A party of Tories under Walter N. Butler, son of Col. John Butler, and of Indians under Brant, suddenly descend upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, N. Y., 11, 12 Nov., and kill or carry into captivity many of the inhabitants, but fail to capture the fort. Gen. Clinton sends Col. Campbell with a force of 2000 men against Georgia, 27 Nov.; the troops land near Savannah, 29 Dec., defeat the small American force under Gen. Robert Howe, and take possession of the city. 1779. The first society of Universalists in the U. S. is organized at Gloucester, Mass., 1 Jan. ( The Americans being sorely embarrassed by lack of funds and the extensive counterfeiting of continental money, Con gress resolves, 2 Jan., to call upon the United States to pay in their respective quotas of $15,000,000 for the year, and of $0,000,000 annually for eighteen years from the present year, as a sinking fund; only $4,000,000 have been obtained by loan from Europe; and at least $100,000,000 of continental money, besides large local issues by the States, are afloat. Gen. Prevost, with a body of troops from East Florida, cap tures the American fort at Sunbury, the only remaining mili tary post in Georgia, 9 Jan., and uniting with Col. Campbell s force, sends a-n expedition against Port Koyal, S. C., which is defeated, 3 Feb., by a force under Gen. Moultrie, with severe loss; while the British are advancing to Augusta, Col. Boyd organizes a body of Tories and commits devastations on the way to the royal army; at Kettle Creek he encounters, 14,,CoL History of the &mle$ 1779. Pickens with some Carolina militia, and is totally defeated, Boyd being killed : a number of his men are hung as traitors. An expedition from the British fort at Detroit captures Vin- cennes from the Americans, Jan. Major Clarke, who had taken the place the previous year, makes his way through the drowned lands of Illinois, with 175 men, and comes within sight of Vincennes, 18 Feb.; with their faces blackened with gunpowder the men suddenly enter the place and capture the entire garrison, 20. GenT Putnam makes a remarkable escape from the enemy under Gov. Tryon, at Horse Neck, Conn., by driving his horse clown the precipice at the church, and escaping all the bullets fired at him by the astonished British (Feb.). Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, the new commander of the southern department, advances to the west bank of the Savannah and fiends nearly 2000 men, under Gen. Ashe, across the river; at Briar Creek, Ashe is surprised by Prevost, 3 March, and loses nearly his entire army; by rapid recruiting, Lincoln gathers a force of over 5000 men by the middle of April, and leaving Moultrie to watch Prevost, he begins, 23, a maich up the river to enter Georgia via Augusta; Prevost inarches upon Charleston and demands its surrender, 12 May, but the approach of Lin coln frightens him away; the Americans attack a British divi sion strongly posted at Stone Ferry, 20 June, but after a severe action are repulsed; the main body of the enemy now retire to Savannah. While these operations are in progress in the south, the cam paign is being vigorously conducted in the north; Sir George Collier and Gien. Mathews, with a small fieet, enter Hampton Koads, 9 May, ravage both sides of the Elizabeth Kiver, destroy a large amount of property at Norfolk and Poiismouth, and then hasten up the Hudson, where they co-operate with Gen. Clinton in capturing the fortress at Stony Point, 31, and the fort at Verplanck s Point, opposite, 1 June; Collier, with 2500 men under Gov. Tryon, sails, 4 July, for the Connecticut coast; New Haven is plundered, 5, East Haven burned, 6, Fail field burned, 8, and Norwalk plundered and burned, 12. Spain makes a secret treaty with France, April, and declares war against Great Britain, June; a great Spanish and French naval force attempts to effect an invasion of England, Aug., but a violent gale drives the ships into the open sea; an allied fleet lays siege to Gibraltar during the remainder of the year. Patrick Henry, of Va., dies, 6 June, aged 63. * A naval expedition is fitted out at L Orient by the American and French Governments, consisting of five vessels, all under the command of John Paul Jones; it makes its first search after British merchantmen, June, and starting on the second, falls in with two English frigate s, the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough , convoying a fleet of merchantmen, off Flambor- ough Head, east coast of England, 23 Sep.; early in the even ing, Jones, in his flagship, the Bon Homme Richard, 40 guns, engages the Serapis, 44 guns, commanded by Captain Pearson; the frigates are lashed together and a furious battle rages for two hours; both vessels take fire ad the RicJiard is about sinh- 80 History of the Vnitetf State** 1779. ing, when the American frigate Alliance comes up and delivers a broadside into the Richard by mistake; a few moments later ehe attacks the tierapi-*, which soon surrenders j out of 375 men on the Richard with Jones, 800 are killed or wounded; Jones takes possession of the S^rapis, and after another severe engage ment captures the Scarbo;ough t while the Richard sinks; both prizes, valued at $200,000, are taken to Holland. Gen. Wayne achieves one of the most brilliant victories oJ the war in the recapture of Stony Point, 15 July, by a series, bayonet charges and hand-to-hand fights, following a thorough surprise of the enemy; the British lose in killed, wounded, and prisoners upwards of GOO men, besides a large amount of mili tary stores, while the total American loss Is about 100. Massachusetts fits out a flotilla of 87 vessels for an expedition against the British post on the Penobscot River; it arrives 25 July, and, after a delay of fifteen days, the Americans are about to assault, when a British fleet suddenly appears, 13 Aug. and completely destroys the flotilla. George Ixoss, of Penn., a signer of the Declaration of Inde pendence, dies, July. Major Lee surprises the British garrison at Paul us Hook, opposite New York, 19 Aug., kills 30 and takes 160 prison ers, for which daring act Congress votes him its thanks and a gold medal. A strong force under Gen. Sullivan (3000 men) marches up the Susquehanna from Wyoming, and is joined at Tioga Point, 22 Aug., by Gen. James Clinton with 1000 men; the troops attack a large body of Indians and Tories, fortified at Elmira, 29, and defeat them beyond resistance; Sullivan then goes through the Indian country, burns forty of then- villages, and destroys 150,000 bushels of corn. Tho French fleet returning from the West Indies, D Estaing is ordered to the coast of Georgia to co-operate with Gen. Lin- coin in an assault on Savannah; he reaches the coast, 9 Sep. and a united siege is laid to the cit} r ; an assault is made, 9 Oct. and the Americans are repulsed, with a loss of nearly 1000 in killed and wounded, Count Pulaski receiving a mortal shot; Count D Estaing withdraws his fleet, and Gen. Lincoln retreats into South Carolina, 18. Fearing an attack from the French fleet, Sir Henry Clinton orders a retreat of the forces in Rhode Island to New York, and it is made in such haste, 25 Oct., that the British leave ail their heavy artillery and a large quantity of stores behind them. Joseph Hewes, of N. C., a signer of the Declaration of Inde pendence, dies, 10 Nov. The British Parliament votes for the service of 1780, the sure of $100,000,000, 85,000 seamen, and 35,000 troops, in addition to those already in America. 1780. This is a year of almost uninterrupted disaster to the patriot cause; Sir Henry Clinton, leaving Gen. Knyphausen In com- mand at New York, arrives on the coast of Georgia late in Jan. with the bulk of his army, convoyed by Admiral Arbtithnot; he leaves Savannah, 10 Feb^ takes possession of the island* History of the United 8tam. W south of Charleston, 11, crosses the Ashley Elver, 29 March, and begins erecting batteries near the American works, 1 April; Arbuthnot passes Fort Moultrie with his fleet, 9 April, and anchors in Charleston Harbor; Clinton sends a detachment of 1400 men under Webster, Tarlcton, and Ferguson against Gen. Huger, at Monk s Corner, 14, when the Americans are surprised and put to flight; Tarleton surprises a patriot corps on the Santee, 6 May, Fort Moultrie is surrendered (he same clay, and Gen. Lincoln, completely environed by the enemy and with no prospect of relief for his little band, is compelled to surrender Charleston, with himself and his command pris oners, 12. With a view to recovering the rest of the province, Clinton dispatches three expeditions one seizes the post of Ninety-Six, another scours the Savannah country, and the third, under Cornwaliis, crosses the Santee and occupies Georgetown; elated at the ensuing apparent tranquillity, Clinton places Corn waliis in command, and leaves for New York, 5 June, with the greater part of his troops. The Bank of Pennsylvania, the first in the U. S., is chartered 1 March, and located in Philadelphia. The Assembly of Pennsylvania passes an Act for the gradual abolition of slavery, 1 March. The town of Nashville, Tenn., is founded. Congress sends Gen. Gates to succeed Baron de Kalb, who, by the surrender of Gen. Lincoln, had become Commander-in- Chief in the South. Gen. Knyphausen, with 5000 men, crosses from Staten Island into New Jersey, 7 June, occupies Elizabethtown, burns Con necticut Farms, and approaches Springfield, but withdraws on the advance of troops from Morristown ; Clinton, on his arrival at New York, joins this force with additional troops, 22 June, sends Washington on a feint towards the Highlands, and strikes Greene at Springfield, 23, with 5000 infantry, a large cavalry force, and 20 guns; Greene defeats Clinton, who, after firing the village, retreats to the island. Benjamin Randall, having been converted by the preaching of George Whiten" eld, is ordained, and organizes at New Dur ham, N. H., the first Freewill Baptist Church in America, 80 June. A powerful French fleet under Admiral Ternay, with GOOO soldiers under the Count de Rocliambeau, arrives at Newport, R. I., 10 July; to prevent a conflict of authority, the King of France, at the personal solicitation of Lafayette, appoints Washington a Lieutenant-General of France, by which he outranks the Count and becomes Commander-in-Chief of the united forces. In South Carolina, Col. Sumter attacks a British force at Rocky Mount, 30 July, and is repulsed : rallying his forces he surprises and defeats a large body of British regulars and Tories at Hanging Rock, 6 Aug. Gen. Gates approaching with reinforcements for the south, Lord Rawdon masses the British at Camden and sends for Cornwaliis, at Charleston; Gates advances from Clermont, 14, to surprise the British, while wid Eawdon leave Camden to surprise the Anaeri- 0B History of the Cmted States, 1780. cans^ the armies meet near Sanders Creek, and a genera! engagement is opened, 1G, the Americans are charged with the bayonet and byTarletoivs cavalry, and being outnumbered and surrounded, arc completely routed, with a loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners of 1000, besides all their artillery and ammunition; the British loss is 350; Baron de Kalb is among the wounded, mortally. Two days later, Sumter s corps is sur prised by Tarleton, at Fishing Creek, and routed with heavy loss. A Convention of the New England States is held in Boston, Aug., which declares for a more solid and permanent union under one supreme head, and " a Congress competent for the government of all those common and national affairs which do not nor cannot come within the jurisdiction of the separate States." Benedict Arnold, one of the bravest and most skilfull of the patriot generals, whose services had been rewarded by Congress with the command of Philadelphia after the evacuation, smart ing under a reprimand administered by Washington in obedi ence to the sentence of a court-martial, determines upon a course of the blackest infamy; appointed commander of the important fortress of West Point, on the Hudson, Aug., he negotiates a surrender of the post with Clinton through Major Andre, the British Adjutant-General, his price being 10,000 and a commission as Brigadier in tho British army; Andre sails up the river in the Vulture, confers with Arnold near Haver- straw, 22 Sep., and, attempting to return to the vessel, finds it has been driven down the river by artillerists at Teller s Point; he crosses the river in disguise, and while making his way to New York by land, is seized at Tarrytown, 23, by John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wart, who find in his boots the criminating papers; he is tried by court-martial, declared a spy on his own confession, and hanged at Tappan, 2 Oct.; Arnold effects his escape; Congress votes each of Andre s captors its thanks, a silver medal, and a pension of $200 a year for life. Under orders from Cornwallis, Col. Ferguson invade* North Carolina, Sep.; he crosses Broad River, 1 Oct., and encamps on King s Mountain with 1500 men; the Americans suddenly attack him, 7, and after an obstinate defence, he is killed, 300 of his men are killed or wounded, and the remainder are taken prisoners, together with 1500 stand of arms, at an Ameri can loss of 20. G-en. Sumter, having retaken the field with a body of volunteers, defeats the British under Major Wemys at Broad River, 12 Nov., and on being attacked by the notorious Tarleton, at Blackstocks, 20, compels him to retreat after a heavy loss of cavalry men. Throughout the winter, Gen.Marion, with his irregular brigade, leads and directs a great many har assing expeditions against the British from his encampment on the Pedee. Gen. Greene is appointed to the command of the armies in the south, superseding Gen. Gates, 30 Oct. Great Britain declares war igainsf HoiUunl. 8Q }){3C., on difr $3 1180. covering that a commercial treaty le being negotiated between that country and the U. S. Henry Laurens, ex-President of Congress and newly-ap pointed Minister from the U. S. to Holland, is seized, while on his way to his post, by an English frigate, taken to London, and incarcerated in the Tower. 1781. All the Pennsylvania troops, 1800 } break camp at Morristown, in a mutiny, 1 Jan., and start for Philadelphia to demand of Congress their arrearages of pay; at Princeton they are met by agents of Gen. Clinton, who seek to entice them either to enter the British service or to permanently abandon the Americans; the troops seize the agents and deliver them to their com mander, Gen. Wayne, as spies; Congress appoints a commis sion which accedes to the demands of the troops, and a large part of the Pennsylvania line is disbanded. Benedict Arnold, as a British Brigadier, leads an expedition of 1600 British and Tories into Virginia; he destroys a 1 ;-> amount of public and private stores in Richmond, 5 Jan., and makes his headquarters at Portsmouth, after fortifying it, 20. Washington sends Lafayette, with 1200 men, to capture him, and tho French fleet sails from Rhode Island to assist, 8 March; Clinton, learning of the movement, hastens Admiral Arbuth- not from New York: he attacks tne French fleet, 16, forcing it to return to Rhode Island; Gen Philips joins Arnold with 2000 men, 26, and takes chief command. Just as Cornwailis is preparing for a second march in North Carolina, Gen. Greene sends Gen. Morgan to the west of South Carolina, when Cornwailis directs Tarleton to disperse the command; Morgan at first retreats before the superior force of TarMon, but at the Cowpens, 17 Jan, ? the Americans rally, and in a general charge utterly rout the British, killing and wounding 800, taking 500 prisoners, and securing 100 cavalry horses and a large baggage train, at a loss of 72 killed and wounded; Congress votes Morgan a gold medal for his victory. A portion of the New Jersey troops break camp at Pompton, in mutiny, 18 Jan.; Washington sends 500 men under Gen. Robert Howe to quell the mutiny; on his arrival he hangs two of the leaders, 27, upon which the others submit. Robert Morris is placed in charge of the public Treasury by Congress, and, through his rare executive ability in collecting the newly imposed taxes, ancPhis patriotism in giving Congress the use of his private fortune and his personal credit, he enables the armies to undertake more cheerful and vigorous campaigns. After Taneton s defeat, Cornwailis destroys his heavy bag. gage, and begins a forced march towards the Catawba, whither Morgan is also speeding; Morgan reaches the river first, closely pursued by Cornwailis, and crosses in safety; Cornwailis, two hours later, halts on the bank, designing to cross in the morn ing, but a heavy rain comes up during the night, rendering the river impassable for two days; this gives the Americans an advantage; Greene joins Morgan, 81 Jan., and continues the retreat; the Americans read the Yadkin first and cross; the British, close ixrc IK**/ V^Ls v fc %g i tfct?4&fcWbi^ * afcwJUai 3MI Hmory of the UhitM States, 1781. storm breaks, and whita Greene is pursuing his retreat towards Virginia, Cornwallis is retarded by having to seek anothei crossmg; Greene is joined at Guilford Court House by the remainder of his army, 7 Feb., and reaches his third river (tho Dan) just ahead of the British, who are once more checked by the rising of the waters, 14; here Cornwallis abandons the phenomenal pursuit, and returning to the south, fixes his camp at Hillsborough. George Taylor, of Penn., a signer of the Declaration oi Independence, dies, 23 Feb. The State of New York makes a concession to the Congress of all its country north of the Ohio, 1 March. By 1 March, Greene has secured an army of nearly 5000 men, and feeling strong enougrt to cope with Comwallis, he recrosses the Dan into Carolina and prepares for an engage* ment at Guiiford Court House; the British boldly attack, 15 March, and after a desparate battle, the Americans fall back, leaving the field to the enemy, losing in killed and wounded 400, against a British loss of 500, including a number of prom inent officers; Cornwallis retires to Wilmington, and subse quently begins (25 April) a march upon Virginia. Greene, resolving to re-enter South Carolina, encamps on Hobkirk u Hill, near the British post at Camden; here Lord Rawdon attacks him, 25 April; after a preliminary success, a Maryland regiment throws the American line into confusion, and a gen* eral rout ensues, Gen. Marion s brigade and Col. Henry Lee s cavalry begin to stem the tide of disaster; through their skilfull manoeuver- ing the Americans take Fort Watson, on the Santee, 16 April, Orangeburg, 11 May, Fort Motte, 13, the post at Nelson s Ferry, 14, and Fort Granby, 16. Lee captures Fort Galphin, a few miles below Augusta, 21, and demands the surrender of thai post; on being refused he lays siege, 23, and the British eapi. tulate, 5 June. Lee and Pickena then join Greene inthe slegs of Fort Ninety Six, but on the approach of Rawdon, 19, the Americans retreat. Just before Lord Rawdon s return to England, he reluctantly consents to the execution of Col. Isaac Hayne, 1 July, a firm and popular patriot who has been convicted on & charge ol breaking his parole, after the occupation of Charleston. Gen. Clinton, under the belief that Washington is about at tacking New York, and hoping to deprive him of Lafayette s army, "now in Virginia, orders Cornwallis to conquer that sec tion; the latter crosses from N. Carolina, overruns the James River country, takes Richmond and Williarnsburg, sustains aq attack by Lafayette and a charge by Wayne, near Portsmouth, takes the latter place for an encampment, but abandons it, and concentrates bis army, 1-22 Aug., at Yorktown, which, wftl. Gloucester Point, on the opposite side of the York River, he fortifies. Very opportunely for Washington, a second fleet, un ler the Count de Grasse, arrives from France, and is sent t<.< the Chesapeake, where it blockades th James ami York JbUvers. 88-30 Aug. History oj the United States. 95 1781. With a view to distracting Washington s attention, Clinton semis Arnold on an expedition into Connecticut; the traitor lands, G Sep., and marches against Fort Trumbull, below New London, which surrenders at his demand; the same day, a de tachment carries Fort Griswold, on the east side of the Thames, by assault, and at the surrender, Col. Ledyard, the Commander, is run through the body with his own sword by the British com mandant; nearly all the garrison are killed or wounded after the surrender; Arnold then burns New London and withdraws to New York. The battle of Eutaw Springs, 8 Sep., between Greene and Col. Stewart, Rawdon s successor, in which, after a bitter fight of four hours, Greene withdraws from the field, thenreoccupies it, and leads a fruitless pursuit of the enemy, closes the field aetirtns of the war in the Carolina district. Congress votes Greene a special gold medal for his services. Having successfully deceived Clinton as to his real purposes, Washington suddenly withdraws the combined French and American army from the neighborhood of New York, and by an extraordinary march appears before Yorktown, oO Sep. He prepares for a vigorous assault, and on 9 Oct., his batteries open fire on the town; several redoubts are taken, 14; nearly 100 pieces of heavy ordinance are brought to bear on tlie works, 16; Cornwallis attempts to escape by cutting his way through a French detachment at Gloucester Point, but is prevented; he surrenders the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester, with over 7000 British soldiers, toWashington, and all the shipping in the harbor to Count de Grasse, 19. Sir Henry Clinton reaches the % mouth of the Chesapeake with 7000 men five days after the surrender, and immediately returns to New York. Congress appoints 13 Dec. as a day of public thanksgiving and prayer for the great success of the American armies. The Bank of North America, at Philadelphia, is incorporated by Act of Congress, 31 Dec. 1782. During the winter, many attempts are made in the British 1 ai liament to terminate the war, but the King and ministry oppose any relaxation of subjugating efforts. The Common?, 4 March, resolve that all who advise the King to continue the war shall be regarded as public enemies; the administration of Lord North comes to an end, 20, and a strong peace party succeeds. Sir Guy Carleton is appointed to succeed Sir Henry Clinton in command of the forces* in America, and lands in New York early in May with instructions to negotiate for an early treaty of peace; in the main, hostilities cease; de Grasse sets sail for the West Indies; Rochambeau establishes his army in Virginia awaiting events; Washington sends reinforcements, under Gen. St. Clair, to Greene, and returns with the bulk of his army to the Highlands. The summer passes in correspondence and negotiations, except in the south, where the British evacuate Savannah, 11 July. Preliminary articles of peace are signed at Paris, 30 Nov., by Richard Oswald, on the part of Great Britain, and Messrs. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens on the part of the U. S. * Holland recognizes the independence of the U. S., 19 April. 90 History of the United States. 1782. The Associate Reformed Church is founded at Pequa, Perm., 13 June, by a union of the Associate and the Reformed Pres byterian Churches. The synod is formally constituted in Phila delphia, 30 Oct. The British evacuate Charleston, 14 Dec. , and the Americans, under Gen. Greene, make a triumphal entry, 15. Washington College, at Lexington, Va., is founded. The first Jewish settlement in Philadelphia is made. 1783. An insurrection is threatened in the. Patriot army, owing to th9| inability of Congress to pay either the officers or men for their services. Major John Armstrong prepares a paper and circu lates it throughout the army, 1 March, calling upon the troops to unite in a demonstration for their money which shall not only arouse the fears of Congress, but of the people as well, against the consequences of further delay. Washington promptly counteracts the strong influence of the manifesto by convening his officers, 15, and obtaining from them a declaration of their unshaken confidence in the justice of Congress and their coun- tiy. A number of the clergy of the Church of England meet in convention, 25 March, and elect Rev. Dr. Samuel Seabury, of New York, to be their Bishop; he makes application to the Archbishop of York, England, to be consecrated, but that pre late declines to consecrate a citizen of the U. S. without a special Act of Parliament. Congress proclaims a cessation of hostilities, 11 April, and Latifies the preliminary treaty with Great Britain, 15; the Con gressional Proclamation is read to the army, 19. The army officers stationed at Newburg, N. Y., meet upon the suggestion of Baron Steuben, 19 June, and organize them- selves into an association, under the name of the Society of the Cincinnati. They propose to commemorate their services in the field by frequent reunions, to aid such members as may become reduced in circumstances, and to perpetuate the associa* tion by permitting the oldest male descendant of an original member to enjoy all its privileges. The last international act in the revolution is consummated 23 Sep., when a definitive treaty is signed by David Hartley, on the part of Great Britain, and Dr. Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay, on the part of the U. S-; the treaty fully concede the independence of the American States, secures boundaries extending north to the great lakes and west to the Mississippi, restores the two Floridas to Spain, a"hd accords the Americans an unlimited right of fishing on the banks of Newfoundland. During the war,Great Britain sent 112,584 troops for land-service and over 22,000 seamen to America, and the Colonists had 230,- 000 Continental soldiers and 56,000 militia under arms. By a general order of Congress the army is disbanded, 3 Nov., a small force being retained at West Point, N. Y., under command of Gen. Knox, until the organization of a peace establishment. The British army evacuate New York City, 25 Nov.; Gen. Knox moves his troops down from West Point and halts in the Bowery, and as the British inarch to Whitehall, he follows and History of the United States. 0t 1,788. takes possession of Fort George, the artillery on the Battery saluting the U. S. flag, and the citizens giving Gov. Clinton and the principal civil officers of the State who accompany Gen. Knox a tremendous reception. Washington summons his officers to meet him at his quarters, corner of Pearl and Broad Streets, New York, 4 Dec., and then, amid copious tears and prolonged sobs, he takes an affectionate farewell of each; the ceremony over, he proceeds direct to An- to about $74,480, but declines to receive any compensation for his services, and seeks the retirement of his farm. Congress agrees upon a measure to support public credit by obtaining from the States money, raised by duties on imported goods and internal taxation, for funding the whole national debt; but the recommendation does not receive the assent of all the States. The States of New York and Virginia, having ceded their western lands to the general Government, Congress this year requests that those States which have not already done so, will cede portions of their territory, as a fund to aid in payment of the public debt. 1784. John Jay is appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs, March. The first step towards the formation of a collective body of the Episcopal Church in the U. S. is taken at a meeting of a few clergymen from New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, at New Brunswick, N. J., 13, 14 May. Their plans are matured, 5 Oct., at an adjourned meeting, attended by 15 clergymen and 11 laymen representing New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. They agree to recommend to the churches in the several States to send clerical and lay delegates to a convention to be held in Philadelphia, 27 Sep., 1785. Bishop-elect Seabury, having been refused consecration by the Archbishop of York, England, applies to several Scotch Bishops who are not connected with the State, and he is con secrated at Aberdeen, 14 Nov., by Bishops Kilgore, Petrie, and Skinner. The Continental Congress assembles in Trenton, N. J , 1 Nov.; it adopts a recommendation to the States that they shall authorize the General Government, for the term of 15 yee/ S, to prohibit the importation or exportation of goods in veSo v is belonging to or navigated by the subjects of any power will, whom the U. S. have not formed commercial treaties ;^and to prohibit the subjects of any foreign nation, unless authorized by treaty, from importing into the U. S. any goods not the pro duce or manufacture of the nation whose subjects they are. This measure fails through lack of consent of the States. Complaints are made that the western military posts are stiil occupied by the British, contrary to an express provision of the treaty, and that the retiring British army have carried away slaves belonging to citizens of the U. S. Rev. Thomas Coke, LL.D., a Presbyter of the Church of England, arrives m America, 3 Nov.; he summons all the 98 History of the United States. 1784. Methodist preachers to meet him in Baltimore, 25 Dec., and on that day the Methodist Episcopal Church is formed, with Dr. Coke and Francis Asbuiy as superintendents; at this time there are 83 itinerant preachers and 14,988 lay members in the new Church. Connecticut cedes her claims to all lands lying 120 miles west of the western boundary of Pennsylvania to the General Government. The first Swedenborgian missionary to the U.S., James Slen, settles in Philadelphia. Connecticut takes preliminary steps for the abolition of slav ery within her limits. The Massachusetts Bank, the second in the U.S., is established in Boston. The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser is changed from a weekly form and becomes the first daily newspaper in the IT. S. * 17S5. The Continental Congress assembles in New York, 11 Jan.; endeavors are again made to obtain financial relief by forming commercial treaties with foreign powers; principles upon which it is deemed advantageous to form such treaties are drawn up l>y Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress. Messrs. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson are authori/ed to negotiate treaties in accordance with these princi ples; John Adams is appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to Great Britain, Feb., to arrange our commercial relations with that country upon terms more favorable to the U. S., and to adjust several matters of dispute which have arisen between the countries, the chief being the alleged non-fulfillment and infractions of the treaty of peace. Early in the year, a dispute arises between the U. S. and Spain concerning the navigation of the Mississippi and the boundary line of the Floridas, Spain attempting to exclude Americans from that river and claiming a more northern boun dary to her territory. Negotiations are begun in the summer ,-/V> between Mr. Jay, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and Don Diego Gardoqui, the new Spanish Minister, but are suspended without an issue until after the new government is formed. Commissioners appointed by the Legislatures of Virginia and Maryland meet in Alexandria, March, to form a compact respecting the navigation of the Potomac and Roanoke Rivers and Chesapeake Bay. They agree to recommend to their respective governments the appointment of new Commissioners to arrange for maintaining a naval force in the Chesapeake and to fix a tariff of duties on imports, subject to the approval of Congress. Stephen Hopkins, of Rhode Island, a signer of the Declara tion of Independence, dies, 13 July. The body which becomes the General Convention of the Universalist Church is organized, Sep. An Episcopal Convention is held in Philadelphia, 27 Sep.; a committee is appointed to correspond with the Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England with a view to obtaining the History of the United States. 9 1 785 Episcopate for the American churches ; an adjournmeni!; Is taken to 20 June, 1786. William Whipple, of N. H., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 28 Nov. Dr. Franklin, U. S. Minister to France, after an absence of 9 years, obtains leave to return home, and Mr. Jefferson is appointed his successor. Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York simultaneously begin the exportation of American cotton. The first Shaker house of worship in the U. S. is completed in New Lebanon, N. Y. The first city directory published in the U. S. appears in Philadelphia. Massachusetts cedes all its western territory to the General Government. 1786. The Legislature of Virginia adopts a resolution. 21 Jan., propos ing a Convention of Commissioners from all the States to con sider the condition of trade and the expediency of a uniform system of commercial regulations for their common interest and lasting peace. This convention assembles in Annapolis, 11 Sep., with delegates from Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware only; finding themselves powerless for effective work, the Commissioners adopt a report to be pre sented to their respective States and to the Congress, urging the calling of a general convention of delegates from all the States to meet in Philadelphia, for a more extensive revision of the articles of confederation, on the second Monday in May, 1787. During the year, delegates are appointed in all the States except Rhode Island. The committee of the Episcopal Convention, appointed to secure the Episcopate for America, receive a reply from the Archbishops of the Church of England early in the spring, declining compliance with the request until they are advised of the alterations proposed to be made in the prayer-book. At the meeting of the convention, 20 June, the committee is instructed to communicate the changes deemed necessary for the Church in America. Congress, having failed to secure the consent of the States to several measures designed to raise money to fund the national debt, makes another and modified call. The part of the plans which applied for internal taxes having met with greater oppo sition than any others, Congress now requests of the States authority to carry into effect those parts only which relate to import duties. All the States except New York promptly comply, that State denying to the Federal Government the power to collect the duties, reserving to itself not only this right, but the right also of paying the duties in its own bills of credit. The financial distress continues to spread, and in Massachu setts, where it is particularly severe, the people begin to organ ize for relief; disturbances are fomented in various parts of the State during the summer and fall; and in Dec. there is an uprising of some 2000 men in the northwest, under the leader ship of Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary officer. They demand that the collection of taxes shall be suspended at once, that the TOO History of the United States. 1736 State expenses be reduced, and that the Legislature authorize the emission of paper-money for general circulation. The insur gents prevent the holding of Courts and threaten to attack the State Arsenal} two bodies of militia are accordingly sent against them, under command of Gens. Lincoln and Shepard, and they are speedily dispersed. Kosciusko, Aide and Engineer to Washington during the Revolutionary War, returns to Poland, and is appointed Major- General by the Diet. Lord Cornwallis is sent to Gibraltar as Governor-General and Commander -in -Chief, and successfully terminates the war there. 1787. All obstacles against the consecration of American Bishops hav ing been removed, the Rev. Drs. White, ot Penn., and Prevoost, of" New York, are inducted into the Episcopacy, in the Chapel of Lambeth Palace, London, England, 4 Feb. The Congressional Committee to whom the report of the An napolis Convention was referred, Messrs. Dana,Varrium, S. M. Mitchell, Smith, Cadwalader, Irvine, Forest, Grayson, Blount, Bull, Few, and N. Mitchell, report thereon, 21 Feb., strongly recommending the different Legislatures to appoint delegates to the proposed Convention in Philadelphia. Congress adopts a resolution declaring the expediency of holding the Convention for the sole and express purpose of revising the articles of con federation, and transmits it to the Speakers of all the State Assemblies, to belaid before the legislators. Delegates from nearly half of the States assemble in Phila delphia, 14 May; a majority of the States being represented, 25, the Constitutional Convention is then opened by the election of George Washington as president, and the appointment of Wil liam Jackson as secretary. A majority of the delegates resolve to form a national government, consisting of a supreme judi cial, legislative, and executive branch, in opposition to those delegates who maintain that the Convention lias a right only to amend the existing articles of confederation. Edmund Randolph, of Va., offers as jries of resolutions containing the outlines of a plan of government, 29. This "Virginia Plan "proves objectionable to the State Rights delegates, and the fact leads Mr. Patterson, of N. J., to sub.ait a scheme more in harmony with their views. Both plans aro referred to a committee of the whole. 19 June, and the "New Jersey Plan" is rejected the same day. The "Virginia Plan" is modified and reported by the committee of the whole, and each of the fifteen resolutions is considered separately. The report as amended is accepted by the Convention, and, with the " New Jersey Plan " and a third one presented by Mr. Pinckney, of S. C., is referred to a com mittee of detail, consisting of Messrs. Rutledge, Randolph, Gor- ham, Ellsworth, and Wilson; this committee report the Consti tution, 6 Aug. It is materially altered in several places by the Convention in accordance with compromises of a sectional character or interest effected among the delegates; 89 of the 55 delegates to the Convention sign the new constitution, 17 Sep.; it ia immediately transmitted to Congress, which forwards it to the several State Conventions for ratification; it is adopted History of the United States. 101 1787. by Delaware, 7 Dec. , by Pennsylvania, 12, and by New Jersey, 18, of the present year. The States owning lands in the west having ceded them to the General Government, Congress passes an ordinance, 13 July, establishing a form of government for the territory of the U.S. northwest of the Ohio, being substantially the plan drafted by Thomas Jefferson, who had In view the formation of at least 17 States from the whole tract. Before passing the ordinance, the provision that after the year 1800 there "shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the States, other than in the punishment of crimes, is stricken out. Thomas Stone, of Md., a signer of the Declaration of Ind^ pendence, dies, 5 Oct. John Adams remains in England until Oct. of this year,when, < | the British Court persisting In declining to enter into a com- 1 ; mercial treaty with the U. S., or even to appoint a minister to j * the new nation, he is, at his own request, recalled. The Legislature of Pennsylvania, out of gratitude for the Revolutionary War services of the Gei mans and respect for their industry, endows a college in Lancaster for their benefit, to be forever under their control. The Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg, the great Lutheran pioneer, is chosen its first president. South Carolina cedes its western territory to the General Government. The manufacture of cotton is first attempted in the U. S. at Beverly, Mass. The manufacture of salt, from the Onondaga Springs, near Syracuse, N. Y., is begun. 1788. The new constitution is ratified by Georgia. 2 Jan.; Connecticut, 9: Massachusetts, 7 Feb.; Maryland, 28 April; S. Carolina, 23 May; New Hampshire, 21 June; Virginia, 27; New York, 26 July; and North Carolina, conditionally, 7 Aug. Rhode Island did not call a ratifying convention. In the conventions of Mas sachusetts, New Yoik, and Virginia, the Constitution encounters a serious opposition which for a time threatens its rejection. Upon the receipt of the ninth notice of ratification (from w. H.), the success of the measure is assured. The notices are referred to a Congressional Committee, who, 14 July, report a resolution designating the first Wednesday in Jan. next for choosing Presidential electors, the first Wednesday in Feb. for the elec tors to meet and vote, and the first Wednesday (4) in March as the time, and New York as the place, for beginning national operations under the new Constitution. Congress adopts the report, 13 Sept. Gen. Gage, of the Revolutionary Army, dies, 2 April, aged 67. John Penn, of N. C., a signer of the Declaration of Indepen dence, dies, Sep. It is estimated that since the establisnment by Congress of a government over the Northwest Territory, at least 20,000 men, women, and children have become settlers along the banks of the Ohio River. 4789. Thomas Nelson, of Va., a signer of the Declaration of Indepen* Uence, dies, 4 Jan. 102 Ifistorifof the United States. 1789. Ji Electors are chosen by 10 States to cast votes for President and Vice-President (Jan.). The first Electoral College, consisting of 60 electors from 10 States, meets (Feb.), and casts votes for President and Vice- President. The first national Congress of the IT. S. assembles in New York, 4 March; the House reports a quorum present, 1 April, and the Senate, 6; on the latter day, the temporary president of the Senate reports that he has counted the votes of the Presi dential electors in the presence of both Houses, and finds that George Washington, of Va., has been unanimously elected President of theU. S., and that John Adams, of Mass., having received the next highest number of votes (34 out of 69), is elected Vice-President. * The remaining votes for Vice-President are: John Jay, 9; R. H. Harrison, 6; John Kutlcdge, 6; John Hancock, 4; Geo. Clinton, 3; Samuel Huntingdon, 2; John Milton, 2; James Armstrong, 1; Benjamin Lincoln, 1; and Edward Tclfair, 1. Adams takes his seat as Vice-President in the chair of the Senate (21 April). Washington receives the official notice of his election, at Mt. Vernon, il April, and reaching New York, 23, is welcomed by the Governor and conducted with military honors to quarters prepared for him. The oath of office is administered to him by Chancellor Livingston on the street balcony of the City Hall ("Federal Hall," as it was afterwards called), 30, and the inaugural address is delivered immediately after in the Senate Chamber before both Houses of Congress : the services are concluded by the President and the entire Congress attending special services in St. Paul s Church. On the reassembling of Congress, the Senate devotes itself to the organization of a national judiciary, and the House to a system of revenue. Oliver Ellsworth, of Conn., drafts a plan for the judiciary, which, after being amended so as to provide for a Supreme Court, with one chief justice and several associ ate justices, and circuit and district courts with jurisdiction over specified cases, is concurred in by both Houses. In the House, Mr. Madison introduces a resolution calling for the levy of duties on certain goods imported into the U. S. and on the ton nage of vessels. In accordance with this, Congress passes its first tariff law, 4 July, imposing specific duties on a long list of articles and ad valorem duties on others, and establishing a dis criminating duty of six cents a ton on American and fifty cents a ton on foreign vessels, besides fixing the rate on goods imported in American vessels at 10 per cent, less than if brought in on foreign bottoms. Three executive departments, designed to aid the President in the management of the Government, are created by Con gress: the Department of Foreign Affairs, or of State, 27 July; the Department of War, 7 Aug. ; and the Department of the Treasury, 2 Sep.; the heads of the departments are to be known as Secretaries, and will receive an annual salary of $3,500 each. In filling the offices, Thomas Jefferson is appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the history of the Unite** States. 108 1789. Treasury: Gen. Knox is continued as Secretary of War; and Edmund Randolph is appointed Attorney-General. The President completes the organization of the judiciary system by appointing John Jay, of N. Y., Chief Justice, and Messrs. John Rutledge, of S. C.; James Wilson, of Penn.; William Cashing, of Mass.; Robert Harrison, of Md.; and John Blair, of Va., Associate Justices. Silas Deane, U. S. Minister to France in 1776, dies in England, 23 Aug. Congresses passes a bill for the temporary establishment of a post-office department, 22 Sep. The Pope appoints Rev. John Carroll, of Md., a Bishop in tfie Roman Catholic Church, with a diocese embracing the Article of the U. S., 6 Nov. North Carolina fully ratines the new Constitution, 21 Nov. The first conference of the congregations of United Brethren in Christ is held in Baltimore. The first General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. meets in Philadelphia; at this time there are 188 .ninisters and 419 churches, distributed into four synods and 17 presbyteries. The Protestant Episcopal Church in the U. S. of America holds its first convention in Philadelphia and adopts a constitu tion. 1790. At the request of Congress, the Secretary of the Treasury pre sents a plan for maintaining tlfe public credit, 15 Jan. Mr. Hamilton proposes that the General Government shall assume not only the public, foreign, and domestic debt, but also the debts of the States incurred during: the war; the entire cost of the war is estimated at $130,000,000, exclusive of losses by individuals and the States, computed at $40,000,000 more. Treasury payments have been made to the amount of nearly $93,000,000; the foreign debt amounts to $11,710,378, and the domestic debt, mainly due to the officers and soldiers of the war, to $42,414,085. CongressjiLlopts Mr. Hamilton s plan, 9 March, and authorizes the President to borrow $12,000,000 to pay off the foreign debt; it also sanctions an additional loan of $21,500,000, payable in certificates of the State debts. A board of commissioners is appointed to settle all claims against the General Government. Congress passes an Act to provide for taking a census of the inhabitants of the U.S., 1 March; the returns show the popula tion to be 3,929,326. The territory southwest of the Ohio, formerly belonging to N. Carolina, and subsequently known a* Tennessee, is provided with a Territorial Government, 20 March. The first patent-right law is passed, 15 April, and the first copyright law, 31 May. Benjamin Franklin dies at Philadelphia, 17 April, aged 84. ~ Rhode Island ratifies the new Constitution, 29 May. Congress decides, 10 July, to fix the seat of Government at Philadelphia for 10 years, and afterwards permanently at some point on the Potomac 1(H History of the United States. 1790. The Indians on the northwest frontier having begun comliHt* ting depredations upon white settlers, Congress authorizes tile raising of 1500 men, 300 regulars and the remainder Pennsyl vania and Kentucky militia. The command is given to Gen. Harmar, who is instructed to penetrate^to the Indian settle ments 0:1 the Seioto and W abash llivers, and destroy them. Many of the towns are burned and a large quantity of corn is destroyed, but in two battles in Indiana, 17, 23 Oct.. the army suffers a serious defeat. On Gen. Harmar s defeat, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory, is appointed to succeed him, and a new campaign is projected. Sir Guy Caiietou is created Baron Dorchester and appointed Governor of all the British forces in North America, except in Newfoundland. Maryland and Virginia cede to the U. S. a total of 10 square miles on each side of the Potomac for the seat of the national Government. The national revenue for the year is reported at $4,771,000; the imports are $23,000,000; and the exports, $20,205,156. 1791. After a lengthy and most excited debate, Congress passes a bill, 9 Feb., to charter a national bank, to be located in Philadelphia, and to have a capital of $10,000,000, of which $2, 000,000 "is to be subscribed for the benefit of the U. S. Government, and the remainder by citizens. The duration of the charter is limited to 4 March, 1811, and the faith of the U. S. is pledged that no other bank shall be established under its authority during this period. The books of "subscription are opened in July, and tho popular demand is much larger than the legal limit. Early in the spring, Gen. Scott leads a body of Kentucky volunteers against the hostile Indiana on the Wabash. A second expedition, under Gen. Wilkinson, is sent out, July; and Gen. St. Clair takes the field, with 2000 men, Sep. While encamped 80 miles north of Fort Washington, St. Clair is surprised by the Indians, 4 Nov., and defeated with a loss of 900 men in killed and wounded. Gen. St. Clair resigns the command of the army, and Gen. Wayne is appointed his successor. Vermont, formed from territory formerly belonging to New York, and with an area of 10,212 square miles, having adopted the Constitution, is admitted into the Union as a State, 4 March. Benjamin Harrison, of Va., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, April. Under Washington s direction the political capital of the U. S. is planned and laid out by Andrew Ellicott; the President desires it to be called the Federal City, but it is named after him, 9 Sep. The 2d Congress assembles, 24 Oct.; an apportionment of representatives, according to the census of last year, is made; both Houses pass a bill making the apportionment conformable to a ratio of 30,000. The President vetoes this as unconstitu tional by reason of the contemplated distribution of fractional representatives; a bill, fixing the ratio at 33,000, and apportion ing the representatives according to the President s views, is then adopted; this ratio gives the House a membership of 105. Jn his message, the President suggests a modification of Mie Act History of the Lnited States. 105 i79l. laying duties on spirits distilled in the U. S., as the law has pro. yoked strong popular opposition and led to numerous assaults upon revenue officers while attempting to collect the duties; a slight modification is accordingly made, but not sufficient to allay the discontent. The first Sunday School Society in the U. S. is organized in Philadelphia. Samuel Salter, a young English cotton-spinner, with Moses Brown, inaugurates cotton-spinning in the U. S. at Pawtucket, R. I., starting three cards, drawing and roving, and 72 spindles, which are worked by an old fulling-mill water-wheel in a clothiers establishment, the machinery being made by Slater himself. The Legislature of Pennsylvania passes an Ac t appropriating 6,000 acres of land to the Free School of the Lutheran Church , in Philadelphia, as a further testimonial to German thrift. The national expenses for the year are -7,207,589; the debt is $75,463,476; the imports are $29,200,000; and the exports, $19,012,041. 1792. Congress passes laws for the encouragement cf fishing, by granting bounties to the owners of fishing-vessels and to the fisherman; for providing more effectually for the public defense, by establishing a uniform militia system; for authorizing the President, in case of invasion or insurrection, to call out the militia; for establishing a mint and regulating the national coinage; for reorganizing the post-office; for regulating the election of President and Vice-President; and for declaring what officer shall act as President in case of vacancy in the offices of President and Vice-President; and adjourns, 8 May. Captain Gray discovers and enters the Columbia River, 11 May. Kentucky, formed from territory formerly belonging to Vir ginia, and with an area of 87,600 square miles, is admitted into the Union as a State, 1 June. Lord North, the Minister of George III., under whose admin . istration England lost her American colonies, dies, July, aged 60. Gen. Burgpync dies in a fit, in London, 4 Aug., aged 60; his remains are interred in Westminster Abbey. The Reformed Church in the U. S. severs its connection with the parent body in Europe. Washington, though anxious to retire to private life, is per suaded to accept a renomination as Presidential candidate. In the elections, 15 States, with 182 electors, vote: Washington receives the total vote, and is declared unanimously elected; of the candidates for Vice-President, John Adams, Mass., receives 77 votes; George Clinton, N. Y., 50; Thomas Jefferson, Va., 4; and Aaron Burr, N. Y., 1; Mr. Adams being re-elected. A strong opposition to the President s administration is developed throughout the year, and the differences between the Federalist Party, headed by Alexander Hamilton, which embra ces those who favor the concentration 01 power in the General Government, and the Republican Party, headed by Thomas Jefferson, which advocates the diffusion of power among the 106 History of the United States. 1792. people, are eagerly assumed by the public. The antagonism of his chief secretaries causes Washington great concern. The national expenses for the year are $9,141,569; the debt is $77,227,924; the imports are $31,500,000; and the exports, $20,753,098. 1793. Congress fixes the salary of the President of the U. S. at $25,- 000 per annum, 8 Feb. The first fugitive-slave law, providing for the return of fugi tives from justice and persons escaping from the service of their masters, by requisition of the Governor of the State from whence they escaped on the Governor of the State in which they may be found, and inflicting a penalty of a fine and imprisonment for harboring, concealing, or aiding in their escape, is passed by Congress, 12 Feb. The U. S. Supreme Court decides that a State m&y be sued by a citizen of another State, Feb.; this decision leads to the adoption of the 1 1th amendment to the Constitution. Edmund C. Genet, Minister from the newly -established Republic of France, reaches the U. S., 8 April; he immediately begins to fit out privateers to prey upon the commerce of Eng land, Spain, and Holland, against whom France has declared war, and demands the immediate payment of the remainder of the French debtof the U. S., although not yet clue. The President issues a proclamation of warning and neutrality, 9 May; Genet insists on the right to arm vessels in the ports of the U. S. as well as to try and sell prizes there. He encourages the forma tion of democratic societies on the plan of the Jacobin Clubs of Paris, and sets on foot two military expeditions against the Spanish dominions, one from S. Carolina and Georgia for the invasion of the Floridas, the other from Kentucky against New Orleans and Louisiana. The President calls a cabinet meeting, 11 July, when, theconduct of Genet having become intolerable, it is unanimously decided to demand of France his recall. , Roger Sherman, of Conn., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 23 July. The President lays the corner-stone of the Capitol building t* Washington, with Masonic ceremonies, 18 Sep. John Hancock, President of the Continental Congress in 1776, and first signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 8 Oct., aged 50. The 3d Congress convenes, 2 Dec.; in the House, Frederick A. Muhlenburg, of Penn., is elected Speaker over Theodore Sedgwick, of Mass., indicating an op position majority. Mr. Jefferson makes an elaborate report to the House, 16, on the commercial condition of the U. S.; ho says that, of the exports, nearly one-half are carried to Great Britain and her dominions, and that about four-fifths of the imports come from thesame countries. The American shipping is 277,510 tons, of which not quite one-sixth is employed in the trade with the above countries; in all the nation* of Europe most of our products bear heavy duties, and some articles are wholly prohibited. France has recently relaxed some of her restraints, while Spain has made free ports of New Orleans, Pensacola, and St. Augus tine, and given us free access to her West India Islands. History oftJie United States. 107 1793. Thomas Jefferson resigns the Secretaryship of Foreign Affairs, 31 Dec.; Edmund Randolph is appointed his successor; and the office of Attorney-General, vacated by the appoint ment, is filled by William Bradford, of Perm. Eli Whitney, of Conn., invents the cotton gin. Count D Estain;, Admiral of the French fleet during the latter part of the Revolutionary War is guillotined in Paris, for alleged treason, aged 65. The national expenses for the year are f 7,529,575; the debt is $80,352,034; the imports are $31,000,000: and the exports, $26,109,572. 1794. The popular indignation against Great Britain is strongly i reflected in the national legislation. Mr. Madison, 4 Jan., intro duces resolutions in the House, declaring it expedient to increase the duties on the tonnage of vessels of nations which have no commercial treaties with the U. S., and on their manufactures - . of leather, metals, wool, cotton, hemp, flax, and silk, and to reduce the tonnage- duties on vessels of nations having such treaties; and to increase the duty on importations from the West Indies in foreign vessels from ports from which American are excluded. A notable debate is had on the resolutions, but the House comes to no decision. A report, made in response to a resolution declaring that a naval force adequate to the pro tection of the commerce of the U. S. against the Algerine cor sairs ought to be provided, is taken up, 5 Feb., and a bill pro viding for the construction of 6 frigates, 4 of 44 guns and a of 36 each, is passed by both Houses and signed by the President. Mr. Sedgwick proposes, 12 March, to raise a military force of 15,000 men and to authorize the President to lay an embargo on foreign vessels for 40 clays; his resolutions are lost, but the subject is again brought up, 26, when a substitute is adopted laying an embargo for 30 days on all vessels in the ports of the U. S., bound to any foreign place. A bill is also passed for fortifying certain ports and harbors. Mr. Smith declares that provision ought to be made for the indemnification of all citiz ens of the U. S., whose vessels or cargoes have been seized and confiscated by any of the belligerent powers, upon which, Mr. Dayton moves a resolution for the sequestration of all debts due from American citizens to British subjects, and to compel their payment into the treasury as a fund for the proposed indemnification. Mr. Clark introduces a more stringent resolu tion, 7 April, to prohibit all commercial intercourse with Great. Britain, so far as respects the products of Great Britain and Ireland, until her government shall make compensation for injuries sustained by citizens of the U. S. from British armed vessels, and until the western posts are vacated. The House strikes out the western-posts clause and passes the resolution but the Senate defeats it bv the casting vote of the Vice- President. While Congress is thus fanning the war flame, the President determines on an effort at negotiation, and, 16 April, nominates Chief Justice Jay as Envoy Extraordinary of theU. S. to Great Britain. He is instructed to labor for restitution for spoliations of American commerce, the fulfillment of the treaty of peace I J8 History of the Uhitect States. 1794. and, if successful in these, tor a treaty of commerce. Mr. Jay embarks on his mission, 13 May. The President having insisted upon the recall of the French Minister, Genet, his place is supplied by M. Fauchet, who is instructed to assure the American Government that France dis approves of the conduct of his predecessor. Shortly after the adjournment of Congress, 9 June, the dis content with the law levying duties on distilled spirits leads to, an open insurrection in western Pennsylvania, which gradually spreads into Virginia. The President issues proclamation;} against the insurgents, 7 Aug. and 25 Sop.; those, having no effect, are followed by an order calling out^the miljtia of Vir ginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New J ey. G- Henry LICK, Governor of Virginia, is placed in command, and proceed, ing to the insurgents district, Oct., soon quells the disturbances. During the winter, Gen. Wayne builds Fort Recovery, near the scene of St. Glair s defeat by the Indians; he advances into the Indian country during the summer, builds Fort Defiance, and, moving down the Maumee River with 3000 men, strikes the hostiles near the rapids, 20 Aug., and completely routs them, and then lays their country waste. John Witherspoon, of N. J., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 15 Nov. Baron Steuben, of the Revolutionary Army, dies at Steuben- ville, N. Y., 28 Nov., aged 61. The national expenses of the year are $9,302,124; the debt is $78,427,404; the imports are $34,600,000; ami the exports. $33,026,233. 1795. Secretary Hamilton reports a plan, 15 Jan., for the redemp tion of the public debt, and an Act based upon it is adopted by both Houses; it establishes a sinking fund, consisting of the surplus revenues, of bank dividends, and the proceeds of the -ales of public lands; the duties on domestic spirits and on stills are to be continued only until 1801, and all other duties are pledged to the payment of the deht. Gen. Sullivan, of the Revolutionary Army, dies, 23 Jan. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of tbe Treasury, resigns, 31 Jan., and is succeeded by Oliver Wolcott, of Conn. The President receives a copy of a treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation, concluded by Chief Justice Jay and Lord Gran- ville, 19 Nov. on 7 March; lie submits it to the Senate in special session, 8 June; after violent debates it is ratified by a vote of 20 to 10 (24). The treaty secures indemnity to American mer chants for the seizure of their property by British vessels, and pledges a surrender of the western posts by 1 June, 1796. By Act of Congress it is provided that after the 1st May the national Hag shall consist of 15 stripes, alternate red and white, with a union of 15 white stars in a blue field. Josiah Bartlett, of N. H., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies, 17 May. About 1100 chiefs and warriors of the western Indian tribes meet U. S. Commissioners at Greenville, 3 Aug., and sign a treaty of peace, ceding a large tract of land to the U. S. A treaty of peace is signed between the U. S. and Algiers, 5 History of the "United States. 109 795. Sep., by which all American captives are released from impris onment upon the payment of an annual tribute by the U. S. to the Dey. The long-pending disputes between the U. S. and Spain are settled by a treaty, 27 Oct., in which Spain concedes the claim of the U. S. in the matter of the Florida boundary, and the - .^ right to a free navigation of the Mississippi. Compensation is "/ &" to be made to American citizens for property illegally seized by Spanish cruisers. The 4th Congress meets, 7 Dec., and the Senate, by a vote of 14 to 8, approves the foreign policy of the President. Sir Henry Clinton, Governor of Gibraltar, dies, 23 Dec., aged 57. The national expenses for the year are $10,405,069; the debt is $80,747,587; the imports are $69,756,268; and the exports, 147,989,472. 1796. The Republic of France presents a flag to the American Govern- ment, through Minister Adet and President Washington, 1 Jan. Samuel Huntington, of Conn., a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dies. 5 Jan., aged 68. The French Minister of Foreign Affairs informs U. S. Minis ter Monroe, Feb., that the French Directory consider the alli ance between the U. S. and France ended by the Jay treaty; that the French Minister to the U. S. is to be recalled; and that a special envoy is to be sent to make the announcement. A few days later, Mr. Monroe is served with a long list of complaints preferred by the French Government against the U. S. The President recalls Mr. Monroe, 9 Sep., appointing Charles C. Pinckney, of S. C., in his place; their letters are presented, 9 Dec. Two-days afterward, Mr. Monroe is informed by the French Minister of Foreign Affairs that the Directory will no longer recognize a Minister from the U. S. until after a reparation of the grievances demanded of the American Government. RufusKing, of N. Y., is appointed U. S. Minister to England, 20 May, to succeed Thomas Pinckney, recalled at his own request. Tennessee is admitted into the Union as a State, with an area of 45,600 square miles, 1 June. President Washington, declining another election, issues his valedictory to the American people, 17 Sep. Gen. Anthony Wayne, of the Revolutionary army, dies at Presque Isle, 17 Sep., aged 51. With Washington out of the field, the Presidential campaign gives the two political parties the first practical opportunity for measuring their strength before the country. The Federalists nominate John Adams for the Presidency, and the Republicans, Thomas Jefferson. Sixteen States, with 138 electors, vote this year, with the following results: John Adams, 71; Thomas Jefferson, 68; Thomas Pinckney, 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Samuel Adams, 15; Oliver Ellsworth, 11; George Clinton, 7; John Jay, 5; James Iredell, 3 ; Samuel Johnston, 2 ; (porge Washington, 2; John Henry, 2; and Charles C. Pinckney, 1. John Adams is therefore elected second President of the U. S., and 110 History of the United States. 179G. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-President. A Maryland Elector casts both votes for Adams, the first piece of "practical politics." The national expenses for the year are $8,367,776; the debt is $83,762,172; the imports are $81,436,164; and the exports, $67,064,097. 1797. John Adams is inaugurated President of the United States, and Thomas Jefferson as Vice-President (4 March). Washington retires from public life. I The hitherto friendly relations of the United States with /France are interrupted. The treaty negotiated by Jay between / the United States and England has given offence to France. The French Directory issues decrees against American com merce, on the alleged ground of a violation by the United States of her neutral stand between England and France. Ships flying the American Hag are captured by French cruis ers, and condemned, in alleged violation of treaty provisions and international law. Gerry, Marshall, and Pinckney are sent to France as Special Envoys to remonstrate and negotiate a new treaty. An epidemic of yellow fever appears for the second time in Philadelphia, and delays for some time the opening of the Second session of the Fifth Congress. The Quakers of Philadelphia present a petition to Congress against slavery; Congress after debate refuses to receive it. "The national expenses for the year are $8,626,012; the debt is 82,064,479 ; the imports are $75,379.406 , and the exports, $56,850,206. 1798. The condition of affairs with France still continues unsettled. The despatches of the Special Envoys to the President are made public, in which it appears that Talle^xaiiiUjad refused to treat with them until a bribe had nYst been presented to the Directory. The names of the three agents of Talleyrand who attempted to secure the bribe in Tallyrand s name are designated in the despatches as X. Y. Z. The publication of the X. Y. Z. despatches produces great excitement, and is quickly followed by the return of two of the Special Envoys, without having negotiated any settlement of difficulties. The country is aroused to a high pitch of resentment against France, and Congress votes appropriations for increasing the Navy and Army. During the greater part of this year, although there lias been no formal declaration of war between the countries, France and the United States maintain a small naval warfare against each other in the waters around the West Indies; ves sels are captured and their crews taken prisoners. Hostilities cease toward the end of the year. The song "Hail Columbia" is written by Joseph Hopkmson, to the music of " The President s March, " composed in 1789, and becomes the popular song of the day. The political proverb, "Millions for Defence and not one Cent for Tribute," is originally used by Charles C. Pinckney, one of the Special Envoys to France. The name Democrat is first applied to designate a political party to those members of the " Republican" Party who are friendly to France; the term is used by the Federalists as an " epithet of reproach." History of the United States. Ill 17984 The Naturalization Laws are amended so as to require a resi dence in the country of fourteen years, instead of five as for merly required. An Act is passed by Congress suspending all commercial relations with France. /^. The sloop of war Delaware, under the command of Decatur, \ / i captures a French privateer. The press exerts a powerful influence in shaping public opinion. The greater number of newspapers are edited by foreigners. Philadelphia has 8 daily papers, New York 5 or 6, and Boston, though it has no dailies, publishes 5 or 6 semi- weeklies. The tone of the press is violent and abusive of pub lic men; but the best papers have contributors among the dis tinguished men of the day, such as Hamilton and Madison. The Minerva, a New York City daily, es ;ablished in 1794, at about thte time changes its mine to the Commercial Advertiser. It is edited by Noah Webster, who subsequently became the author of "Webster s Dictionary." The Alien and Sedition Acts are passed by Congress. They provide generally by fine and imprisonment against conspiracy against the Government, against scandalous writings against the Government and the country. They had their origin in the hostile feeling of the country against France, and were particularly aimed at foreigners who. edited newspapers. Imprisonment for debt, in so far as regards debts due to the United States, is abolished, under certain restrictions. Georgia prohibits the further importation of slaves from Africa or any foreign country: N. and S. Carolina had passed similar laws previously. Washington is offered the position of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Army (July); he accepts most reluctantly, and only because open wa with France seems imminent. The Navy consists of 3 frigates, 12 sloops-of-war carrying from 28 to 24 guns, and 8 armed cutters; there are also 365 armed merchantmen. Congress makes large appropriations for the construction of new war vessels, and provides for the increase of the army in case of invasion. The Kentucky resolutions, in which the rights of a State to nullify "the assumption of power" of the general Govern ment is maintained, are drafted by Jefferson; and the Virginia resolutions, maintaining the right of a State " to interpose" in ; case the general Government, in the State s opinion, exercises ungranted power, are drafted by Madison. The national expenses for the year are $8,613,507 ; the debt is $79,228,529 : the imports are $68,551,700 : and the exports, $61,527,097. 1799. The Kentucky Legislature passes Resolutions of Nullification. The Constellation defeats the French ship L Insurgente in the West Indies, and sends it to the U. S. as a prize. Washington dies (14 Dec.) at Mount Verrion, aged 67. The Legislature of New York passes an Act for the gradual extinction of slavery. Peace is made with France : Napoleon Bonaparte had over- 112 History of the United States. 1799. thrown the Directory and offered fair terms to the United States. Governor M Kean, of Pennsylvania, inaugurates the "spoils system" of appointment and removal of officials on partisan grounds. The Government negotiates a loan of $5,000,000 at 8 pe? cent. j The national expenses for the year are $11,077,043; the debt) is $78,408,669 : the imports are $79,089,148 ; and the exports, $78,665,522. 1800. The capital is moved to Washington ; only the north wing of the Congressional building is completed, but it is fitted up for both Houses ; the President s residence is completed externally. A Republican Congressional caucus in Philadelphia nominates \ Jefferson and Burr for President the first nominations ever J made. The object is to give the Presidency and Vice-Presidency to one party. Jefferson and Burr each receive 73 votes for President, Adams 65, C. C. Pinkney 64, John Jay 1. A Rhode Island Federal elector seeing the danger of a tie, which happens, to the Republicans, throws away a vote. As Jefferson and Burr receive the same number of votes for President, the election is thrown upon the House of Representatives, who elect Jefferson President, and Burr Vice- President The census shows the population to be 5,308,483, of whom 896,849 are slaves. The population of New York City is 60,489 ; Philadelphia, 40,000; Boston, 24,937. An epidemic of yellow fever visits Baltimore. Certain free colored men, inhabitants of Philadelphia, pre sent a petition to Congress, setting forth that slaves are exported from the United States into foreign countries, and begging Congress to prepare the way for emancipation. Congress refuses to refer the petition to any Committee. Congress passes the first general bankrupt law, modelled upon the English law, and extended only to merchants and traders. The Territory of Indiana, named after one of the old Land Companies, is established (7 May). Holt, Cooper, and Callender, three editors of newspapers, are tried under the Sedition Act, charged with publishing libels tending to defame the President, and are convicted and fined and imprisoned. - The city of Washington has one good tavern and very few houses in any one place, most of them small huts. The War Office and Treasury Building are burned down. A Bill for a monument to Washington passes the House, but after being amended by the Senate, is postponed. Fifty years later the monument was begun by funds raised by private sub scription. Fifty French privateers are captured by American cruisers during the year. The national expenses for the year are $11,089,739; the debt is $82,976,291 : the imports are $91, 252,768 j and the exports, $70,970,780, History of the United Stains. 113 1801 The Judiciary of the United States is reorganized. The Judges of the Supreme 5ourt are to be five in number. The country is divided into 6 circuits, comprising 23 districts. The Presi dent, John Adams, appoints John Marshall Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Presidential election is thrown in the House, eight States voting for Jefferson, six for Burr, and two dividing. On the 36th ballot Jefferson receives eight votes and Burr four, with two blanks. Jefferson is declared President and Burr Vice-President. Jefferson is inaugurated President (4 March). The first written " Message " from the President to Congress on the opening of the session is read aloud by the Clerk. The custom of speeches and answers which had prevailed previously is abolished on this occasion, and has never since been revived. The Bey of Tripoli, being dissatisfied with the amount paid him by the U. S. as the price of a treaty, declares war (10 June) against the U. S.; and 4 men-of-war, under Commodore Dale, are sent to Tripoli. The Experiment, man-of-war, captures a Tripolitan cruiser, after a three hours fight. The U. S. stand ing-army is reduced to 3,000 men. The national expenses for the year are $12,273,376; the debt is $83,038,050 : the imports are $111,363,511: and the exports, $94,115,925. 1802. Ohio is admitted into the Union as a State (29 Nov.). The tax on distilled spirits is repealed. The Judiciary Act of 1801 is repealed, and another Act is passed instituting the system of Courts which still remains substantially unchanged. The Naturalization Laws of 1798, which required of an applicant for citizenship a 14 years residence in the country, are repealed, and Acts are passed making a five years resi dence necessary (as under the first Acts passed). This limit of time has ever since remained in force. The West Point Military Academy is established. The first manufactory of sheet-copper in the U. S. is estab lished in Massachusetts. Strong religious antagonism between the Congregationalists of New England and the Episcopalians of the South, prevails throughout the country. Thomas Paine s book, " The Age of Reason," creates many freethinkers, of whom Jefferson is said to be one. The national expenses for the year are $13,276.084; the debt is $80,712,632 ; the imports are $76,333,333 ; and the exports, $72,483,160. 1803. The United States purchase Louisiana from France for $15,000,000 (30 April). This territory lias since been divided into the fa .. States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, the Territories of Dakota, Montana, and Indian Territory, a large part of the States of Minnesota and Colorado, and the Territory of Wyoming. The first cotton-mill in New Hampshire is established. The first bank in Cincinnati is established. The naval war against Tripoli continues. 114 History of the United States. 1803. The national expenses for the year amount to $11,258,983: the debt is $77, 054, (386; the value of imports, $64,666,666; and of exports, $55,800,038. . 1804. Lewis and Clarke, in command of a land expedition, explore the upper Missouri and the north-west section of the country about the Columbia River. New Jersey passes an Act (15 Feb.) securing freedom to all persons born in that State after the 4th of July, 1804. The Bankruptcy Act of 1800 is repealed. Hamilton is killed in a duel with Burr. Commodore Preble, in the ship Constitution, bombards Tripoli. An amendment to the Constitution is adopted, by whicb the electors of President and Vice-President are required to desig nate their candidate for each office (25 Sep.). The Indians cede large tracts of land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. The Middlesex Canal, connecting Boston with the Concord River, the first canal opened in the U.S. for the transportation oi passengers and merchandise, is completed. Connecticut and Delaware nominate C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King for President and Vice-President. Jefferson anc George Clinton receive 162 votes ; Pinckney and King 14. Jefferson is re-elected President, and Clinton. Vice-President. The national expenses for the year are $12,624,646 ; the debt is $86,427,120, the imports are $85,000,000; and the exports, $77,699,074. 1805. Tripoli makes a treaty of peace (3 June). The Indians in the west and south cede to the Government large tracts of lands. The British Admiralty Court condemns some American ves sels and their cargoes, upon the charge of a violation by the Americans of the laws of neutrality in transporting the produce of the French Colonies as neutral property and under the flag | of the U. S. The Territory of Michigan is formed from a part of Indiana. The first commission-house for the sale of dry-goods is estab lished at Philadelphia. The national expenses for the year amount to $13,727, 124; the debt is $82,312,150; the value of imports, $120,600,000; and of exports, $95,566,021. 1806. The first cargo of anthracite coal is shipped to Philadelphia, but no one is able to use -it, on account of the open stoves in use at that time. | England renews its impressment of American seamen, Congress, in retaliation, adopts a resolution (15 April) prohibit ing the importation from Great Britain or her colonies, or from any other countries, of certain articles of British manufacture. Great Britain announces a blockade of all European ports in league with France, and forbids vessels from entering them (16 June); France, in return, declares by the Berlin Decree (21 Nov.) a blockade of all British ports. In consequence, Ameri can commerce suffers serious loss. Congress votes appropriations for laying out several roads lu the west and south. History of the United States. 115 1806. The national expenses for the year amount to $15,070,093; the debt is $75,723,270; the value of imports, $129,410,000; and of exports, $101,536,963. 1807. Robert Fulton s steamboat, the Clermont, makes its first trip on the Hudson, from New York to Albany (Aug.). Aaron Burr is tried for treason. He raised an armed force in Kentucky and the neighboring country, and conducted it down the Mississippi, with the purpose of establishing a government of his own in the Mississippi Valley. He is arrested at Natchez, tried at Richmond, and acquitted on the ground that he had not borne arms against the U. S. Washington Irving begins his career as an author with a "serial" called "Salmagundi." F ->~ Great Britain, by Orders in Council, prohibits American ves- * J " sets from entering any port in Europe except in Sweden ; France J^ replies, by the Milan Decree, ordering the capture and sale of , - ** all American vessels which intend to enter British ports. The British frigate Leopard stops the U. S. frigate Chesapeake fa* \ at sea, and takes from her four sailors. I The Embargo Act is passed (21 Dec.), forbidding the depar- f*^ /? ture of any vessel from the U. S. for a foreign port., By the unanimous vote of Congress, the importation of slaves ,; is forbidden from I Jan., 1808. The national expenses for the year are $11,292,292; the debt is $69,218,398; the imports are $138,500,000; and the exports, $108,343,151. 1808. A Republican congressional caucus at Washington nominates James Madison for President by 83 votes out of 94. James Munroe and George Clinton are candidates in the caucus, and Clinton is nominated for Vice-Preside nt. For President Madi son receives 122 votes, Pinckney 47, and Clinton 6 ; for Vice- President, Clinton receives 113, Rufus King 47, John Langdon 9, Madison 3, and Munroe 3. Madison is elected President, and Clinton is re-elected Vice- President. The first Temperance Society in the U. S. is formed at Sara toga, N. Y. "The first settlement in Oregon is made by a fur company. Memorials for the repeal of the Embargo Act are presented to Congress, and the Act is evaded by transportation of goods and produce into Canada. A steamboat, the Phoenix, makes the first sea trip of any steam-vessel, from Hoboken to Philadelphia. The national expenses for the year are $16,764,584; the debt is $65,196,317; the imports are $56,990,000; and the exports, $22,430,960. 1809. ^he Enforcing Act is passed, providing heavy penalties for E ^evasions of the Embargo Act. Under it, the exporting of any igoods upon any vessel, boat or vehicle of any kind out of the U. S. is prohibited; Collectors are authorized to seize all Such goods " apparently on their way to foreign countries." The people of New England suffer great injury in business in consequence; they hold mass meetings in many towns, express 116 Hisiory of the United Slates. 1809. indignation at the Act, and pass resolutions declaring it uncon stitutional. The Embargo is removed (15 March), except as to Great Britain and France. In June it is removed as to Great Britain, but is restored later in the year, owing to a failure of negotia tions. The new Territory of Illinois is established (3 Feb.). By an Act of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, the children , of poor people are authorized to attend school at the public expense. Cotton duck from which sails are made is first manufactured in the U. S. Sixty-two cotton mills are in operation in the U. S. They manufacture bed-tickings, which sell for 55 to 90 cents a yard} stripes and checks, from 30 to 40 cents; ginghams, from 40 to 50 cents; shirtings an.l sheetings, from 35 to 75 cents; and counterpanes at $ 8 each. A large number of mills for carding and finishing wool are in operation. Spinning and weaving wool is still a household occupation. The printing of calicoes had been attempted, but without much success. The national expenses of the year are $13,867,226; the debt is $57.023.192; the imports are $59, 400,000; and the exports, $52.203,333. 1810. Congress passes an Act (April) by which the Non-Intercourse Act will expire with the end of the session, but ships-of-war of France and Great Britain are excluded from its provisions. France seizes a large number of American vessels, charging them with trading in British merchandize and sailing from British ports under forged papers of the U. S. To the remon strance of the U. S. against this conduct, France issues (May) the so-called Rambouillet Decree, ordering the sale of 132 American vessels, worth with their cargoes $8,000,000, and extending a like confiscation to all American vessels which might hereafter enter any port in possession of France. The President, in consequence of negotiations with France, ; issues a proclamation (Nov.) declaring the Decrees of France against American commerce repealed. There are 180 paper-mills in the U. S. The Pacific Fur Company founds the settlement of Astoria, in Oregon. Commerce between Great Britain remains prohibited. By the <* 2 j British Orders in Council, American ships are blockaded from I most of the ports of the world, and the impressment of sailors. continues. The population of the U. S. is 7,239,881. The national expenses are $13,319,986; the debt is 53,178,- 217; the imports are $85,406,000 and the exports $66,657,970. 1811. Congress refuses to renew the charter of the United StatejBank, and its effects are assigned to trustees for the purpose of disso lution. The President vetoes two bills passed by Congress, one to incorporate an Episcopal Church in the District of Columbia, and the other granting a piece of land to a Baptist Church in Mississippi. The ground of the vetoes is that these Acts are History of the United States. 117 1811. In conflict with that clause of the Constitution which forbids Congress to make any law respecting a religious establishment. } Tl*3 U. S. frigate President and the British sloop-of-war Little I BeH meet off Cape Charles, and a serious battle ensues. The ; blame for the engagement rests on both sides, and is due to the hostile feelings of the two countries aroused during the last two years against each other. The Indian tribes near Indiana, under Tecumseh, combine and become hostile. Harrison, Governor of Indiana, defeats them in a battle at Tippecanoe (7 Nov.). The ratio of representation in the House of Representatives is fixed, in accordance with the new census, at one for 35,000, thus increasing the number of members by 40. The first steamboat for use in the west is built at Pittsburg; it adds greatly to the emigration to that section of the country. The first steam ferry-boat plies between New York and Hoboken. The national expenses for the year are $13,601,808; the debt is $18,005,587; the imports are $53,400,000; and the exports, $61,316,883. 181 2. \Congress passes bills authorizing the increase of the Army, and appropriating large sums of money for preparations for war with England. \ Congress passes a bill for a second Embargo (4 April), to last ; for 90 days; it prohibits the sailino; of any vessel for any foreign port, except foreign vessels. This embargo is declared to be preparatory to a war with England. War is declared against Great Britain (18 June). The causes of complaint against Great Britain are: her impressment of seamen, her restrictions upon commerce, and her instigation of revolt against the U rf S. by the Indians. The Federalists, especially in New England, oppose the war in an address, but the majority of the people of the country are in favor of war. Gen. Hull unsuccessfully attempts to invade Canada, and is compelled to surrender Detroit (15 Aug.). The British Orders in Council of 1807 and 1809 are revoked (23 June), provided the U. S. shall, after due notice, discontinue the Non-Importation and other hostile Acts; upon the question of impressment the British refuse to yield. In consequence of the failure to settle the impressment question, the British issue Letters of Marque and Reprisal against American vessels (12 Oct.). The land-forces of the U. S. attack the British in northern New York and Canada with little success; the naval forces gain many victories over the British. Madison is renoininated by a Republican Congressional Con vention in Washington, and Eldridge Gerry for Vice-President (May). The Opposition Convention in New York (Sept.) nominates De Witt Clinton for President and Jared Ingersoll for Vice-President. The N.Y. Legislature also nominates Clin ton. Madison receives 128 votes and Clinton 89 ; Gerry 131 and Ingersoll 86. Madison is re-elected President, and Elbridge Gerry is elected Vice-President. History of the United States. 1812. The Territory of Orleans is admitted as a ^ State, and called Louisiana, the remaining portion of the Louisiana purchase is called Missouri. The first manufactory of pins in the U. S. is established at New York. The first rolling-mill in Pittsburg is established. The national expenses for the year are $22,279,121; the debt is $45,209,737: the imports are $77,030,000: and the exports, $38,527,236. 1813. The war with Great Britain continues. British ships in increased numbers blockade the entire coast of the U. S.; on the lakes between Canada and the U. S., Commodore Perry gains important naval victories; in northern New York and Canada the land-forces of the U. S. are still generally unsuc cessful. To meet the additional expenses of the Government incurred by reason of the war, a direct tax of $3,000,000 is levied on lands, houses, and slaves, according to their assessed value ; a tax is imposed on liquors, a duty of 4 per cent, on refined sugar, and one per cent, on sales at auction, and duties of from $2 to $20 are imposed on carriages. A new loan of $7,500,000 is authorized, which is taken up at 88 per cent. The Legislature of Massachusetts passes a Remonstrance Act, denouncing the continuence of the war (15 July). The Creek Indians, in the south, make war on the whites, and are reduced to subjection by General Jackson (afterwards President) and other generals, in command of the militia of Tennessee, Georgia, and Mississippi. Congress passes a bill pro hibiting, under heavy penalties, the exporting by land or water of any goods, produce, specie, or live-stock, even on inland waters; no transportation is allowed except by the President s special permission. * Stereotyping and printing from stereotype plates are first practiced in theU. S. Boston issues its first daily paper, the Daily Advertiser. The first ferry-boat between Brooklyn and New York begins running. The national expenses for the year are $39, 190, 520; the debt is $55,962,827; the imports are $22,005,000; and the exports, $27,855,927. 1814. The British Government offers to treat for peace (6 Jan.}, and Commissioners of peace on the part of the U. S. are appointed. A new loan of $25,000,000 is authorized, to meet the increased expenses of the war; by the end of the year less than half of this loan is taken up; the Government becomes bankrupt, specie payments are stopped, and a financial panic ensues. The Creeks are again in insurrection, and General Jackson again subjugates them, Naval warfare during this year continues, but with varying fortune to the Americans. The British land at Wareham, Mass., jind burn vessels and a factory (14 June). Gen. Jacob Brown invades Canada, and with the assistance of .Gen. Winfield Scott, defeats the British under Riall at Chippewa (5 July) and Niagara Falls (25 July). The British bombard Storiington, Conn. (10 Aug.). The British fleet (18 Aug.) enters the Gheea- History of the tSnfoed States. 119 1814. peake, and Gen. Ross lands a force of 4000 men, and raarche against Washington. At the battle of Bladensbnrg (24 Aug, the British troops easily overcome the slight resistance offered capture the city (25 Aug.), burn the interior of the two wings of the Capitol, and destroy the library of Congress ; the President s house and the offices of the Treasury, State, and War Departments ar& aet on fire. Ross is repulsed in an attack on Baltimore, and is siain (12 Sep.). A British land-force and fleet from Canada are defeated, both on land and on water, at Lake Champlain (15 Sep.)* New England continues to remonstrate against the war and the inefficient defence made by the National Government. In obedience to a Circular issued by the Mass. Legislature, a Con- vention of 26 delegates tfrom the New England States meets at Hartford (15 Dec.), fd- the purpose of devising means for the defence of New England, without the assistance of the National Government. In consequence of the abdication of Napoleon, peace i? restored in Europe (11 April) ; and the Peace Commissioners of the U. S., at Ghent, Belgium, sign a treftty of peace with Great Britain (24 Dec.). The national expenses for the year are $38,028,230; the debt is f 1,487,846: the imports are $12,965,000; and the exports, $6j 17,441. 1815. .The principal battle of the war with Great Britain is fought at New Orleans (8 Jan.), and the British are defeated by Gen. Jackson. The Dey of Algiers declares war against the U. S. because of his dissatisfaction with the payment of certain tribute demanded by him (March). Commodore Decatur, by capturing an Algerine man-of-war at sea, brings the Dey to terms, and ends the war (30 June). Treaties of peace with the Indians in the north-west are negotiated. Strong religious influences prevail among the people. The Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian sects are largely increased, fend exert an important control over public opinion. New England Puritanism becomes agressive, and with much zeal attacks the " Latitudinarians " or " Liberals." Religion affects ven politics; the Liberals are generally Democrats, while the Congregationalists are Federalists. Dallas, Secretary of the Treasury, proposes a protective tariff. The national expenses for the year are $39,582,493; the debt Is $99,833,660; the imports are $113,041,274; and the exports, ^52,557,753. 1816. A Bill establishing a protective tariff is passed, and taxes are reduced. A National Bank is established, modelled after Hamilton s, and to expire after 20 years. The capital is to be $35,000,000, o.ae-fifth to be paid in cash, the remainder in 6 per cent. U. S. Stock. The Government is to appoint 5 of the 25 directors. The salary of a Member of Congress f . raised from $6 a da* to $1500 a year, 120 History of the United States. 1816. The Indians cede to the (J. S. large tracts of land In southern Tennessee and Alabama. Congress resolves to cease receiving irredeemable paper- money after 17 Feb., 1817. Congress passes the Navigation Act (1 March), which limits importations by foreign ships to the produce of their respective countries, confines the coasting-trade to American vessels, and requires all coasting and fishing vessels to have crews composed of at least three-fourths American sailors. ^^A Republican congressional caucus nominates James Monroe -"for President by 65 to 54 for W. H. Crawford, and D. D. Tompkins for Vice-President. The opposition nominate Rufus King and J. E. Howard. Monroe receives 184 votes and King 34 ; Tompkins 183 and Howard 22, with 12 votes divided between James Ross, John Marshall, and R. G. Harper. Munroe is elected President, and Tompkins Vice-President. An Act is passed providing for the payment of the National Debt in annual installments of $10,000,000. The lighting of streets by gas is first introduced in the U. S., in Baltimore, Md. The first savings-banks in the IT. S. are established at Phila delphia and Boston. A steamboat ascends the Mississippi and Ohio to Louisville, Ky. India [n diana is admitted as a State (11 Dec.). The national expenses for the year are $48,244,495; the debt is $127,334,938: the imports are $147,103,000: and the exports, 181,920,452. 1817. The President makes a tour through the Eastern and some ol the Western States, and is received everywhere with great enthusiasm by the people without respect of party. This unani mous exhibition of the good-will of the people shows the growth of the national sentiment in the country. The Seminole and Creek Indians are troublesome in southern Georgia, and Gen. Jackson again takes the field against them. Congress repeals all internal taxes, and raises the duty on many imported articles. Philadelphia has a population of 112,000 inhabitants : New York, 115,000; Baltimore, 55,000; Boston, 40,000; Cincinnati, 7000; and St. Louis, 3500. Mississippi is admitted as a State (10 Dec.). The construction of the Erie Canal is begun. The first line of sailing-ships between New York and Liver pool is established. The first institution in the U.S. for the instruction of the deaf and dumb is established at Hartford, Conn. The national expenses for the year are $40,877,646; the debt is $123,491,965; the imports are $99,250,000; and the exports, $87,671,560. 1818. Congress grants life pensions of $20 a month to officers, and $8 a month to privates of the Continental Army. Congress passes an Act (4 April) fixing the number of star and stripes in the nq$.pn?,J fl,g 13 sfripes, symbolical of th OF THE UNIVERSITY History of the United States. lx- 1 1818. original number of States, and as many stars as there may be States in the future. Illinois is admitted as a State (3 Dec.). Gen. Jackson enters Spanish Florida to continue the fight against the Serninoles. He overcomes the Indians, and puts to death Arbuthnot and Ambrister, two British subjects, who had incited the Indians to war. He seizes Pensacola, a Spanish possession, but the Government later gives it up to Spain. The Indians cede additional tracts of land in Illinois and Indiana to the U. S. The western State Banks, in consequence of an over-issue of notes, suspend payment. The first steamboat on Lake Erie begins running. The first Methodist newspaper in the U. S. is started in Boston. The Baltimore Quaker yearly meeting petitions Congress to j make further provision for the protection of free colored persons. / Congress passes a Bill for the suppression of the foreign slave- trade, by which the burden of proof is thrown upon those in possession of negroes found upon ships. The national expenses for the year are $85,164,875; the debt is $103,466,633; the imports are $121,750,000; and the exports, 193,281,133. 1819. Spain agrees to cede Florida to the U. S. in extinction of all American claims, the U. S. paying Spain $5,000,000. Congress passes an Act allowing a premium of $50 to the informer in every case of illegal importation of an African into the U. S. An attempt is made in Congress to punish slave- trading with death, but it fails in the Senate. The first trip across the Atlantic by a steamer is made by the Savannah (June- July); the latter part of the voyage is made by sail alone. Emigration from Europe to the U. S. increases rapidly this year. The country suffers from a financial crisis; prices fall; manu facturers begin to demand a higher tariff. Maine petitions to be admitted as a State. A Bill to authorize the Territory of Missouri to frame a State Constitution is proposed in Congress, and the question of pro hibiting further slavery in the proposed new State is discussed, and amendments to secure that result are defeated. In consequence of the feeling aroused by the debate on the admission of Missouri, the American Convention for the Aboli tion of Slavery revives, and meets at Philadelphia (Oct.). Public meetings for the same purpose are held at Trenton, N. J., New York, Boston, and in the other large cities in the North. The American Farmer, the first agricultural newspaper in the U. S., is published at Baltimore (2 April). The Odd Fellows Society is first organized in the U. S., at Baltimore (26 April). Patent-leather is first manufactured in the U. S., at Newark New Jersey, by Seth Hoyden. An epidemic of yellow fever prevails in the larger southern cities. The town of Indianapolis is first settled. 122 History of the United States. 1819. The Watchman and Reflector, the first Baptist newspaper in the U. S., is issued (May). Alabama is admitted as a State (14 Dec.). The national expenses for the year are $24,004,199; the debt is $95,529,648; the imports are $87,125,000: and the exports, $70,141,501. 1820. Congress appoints a committee to inquire into the expediency of prohibiting slavery west of the Mississippi. Congress passes the bill known as " the Missouri Compro mise " (2 March); by it, both Maine and Missouri are to-be admitted as States (Missouri as a slave-state), with a provision thenceforward excluding slavery north of the line of 36 80 , the southern boundary of Missouri. Maine is admitted as a State (15 March). To meet a deficiency in the National Treasury, a loan of $8,000,000 is authorized by Congress. Congress passes a Tenure of Office Act, by which the term of office of the inferior executive officers is limited to four years, at the end of which time a re-appointment is necessary. A treaty ia signed between the U. S. and Spain (24 Oct.), by which Spain cedes Florida to the U. S. Monroe is re-elected President, and Tompkins Vice-President, with slight opposition, J. Q. Adams receiving only one vote for President, and R. Stockton 8 (Mass.) for V ice-President; Daniel Rodney 4, R. G. Harper 1, and R. Rush 1. The first steamboat on Lake Michigan begins running. The national expenses for the year are $21,763,024; the debt is $91,015,566; the imports are ^74,450,000; and the exports, $69,661,669. 1821. Several bills for the admission of Missouri as a State, with and without slavery, having been rejected, the House, on motion of Henry Clay, 20 Feb., appoints a committee to meet a committee on the part of the Senate to devise a plan for its admission; Mr. Clay, as chairman, reports a resolution (26) defining the con ditions on which the Territory maybe admitted and embracing the Senate s compromise amendment; this resolution is adopted in the House the same day and in the Senate two days later, and under its provisions Missouri is admitted into the Union, 10 Aug. James Monroe, President, and D. D. Tompkins, Vice-Presi dent, are sworn into office for a second term, 4 March. Matthew Carey is presented with a piece of plate worth $200 by the citizens of Wilmington, Del. (April), in approbation of his writing s on political economy and national industry. Spain ratifies the treaty with the U. S. for the cession of the Florida country, and Gen. Jackson, the newly appointed Gov ernor, takes formal possession, 1 July. English officers take up the remains of Major Andre, at Tap- pan, N.Y. (Aug.), and convey them to l^idon, where they are buried in Westminster Abbey. Miss Sophia Wooclhouse, of Weathersficld, Conn., sends to the London Society of Arts samples of a new material for straw- plaiting in its raw, bleached, and manufactured state, includ ing a bonnet in imitation of Leghorn, the substance being UN I History of the United 1821. locally known as ticklemoth grass; the bonnet is pronounced superior to the best Leghorn, and the Society votes her its large silver medal and 20 guineas for her discovery; a U. S. patent is granted her for manufacturing hats and bonnets of "grass," 25 Dec. Gen. Stephen F. Austin plants the first colony from the U. S. in Texas, in the bottoms of the Brazos de Dios. Amherst (Mass.) College; Columbian College, Washington, D. C.; the Medical Department of the University of Vermont, Burlington; and the National Medical College, Washington, D. C., are founded. A quarantine station, with a number of hospital buildings, is established at Castleton, Staten Island, N. Y. Under the auspices of the American Colonization Society, a large tract of land is secured on the west coast of Africa and named Liberia, to which it is proposed to send such free negroes "* of the U. S. as are willing to emigrate. Among the patents issued this year are one to George J. New- bury, N. Y., foi printing with metallic and colored powder (bronzing); and 10 Minus Ward, Columbia, S. C., for an im provement in steam-engines, consisting of an alternating or rotary engine which enables the piston-rod to describe a rotary motion upon its extreme end when turning a wheel. The national expenses for the year are $19,090,572; the debt is $89.987,427; the imports are $02,585,724; and the exports, $64,974,382. 1822. The Merrirnac Manufacturing Company, which founds the city of Lowell, Mass., is incorporated, 5 Feb., and starts its first wheel, 23 Sep. By an Act of Congress, 30 March, Florida is erected into a Territory. Gen. Stark, of the Revolutionary army, dies, 8 May. The U. S. sign a treaty with France (commerce and naviga tion), 24 June. Owing to the large number of piratical craft that are swarming about the West Indies and preying upon our commerce there, a naval force is sent out which captures and destroys upwards of twenty vessels on the coast of Cuba. John Colt begins the manufacture of cotton sail duck at Pat- erson, N. J. Messrs. David II. Mason and Matthew W. Baldwin, of Phila delphia, begin the first engraving of cylinders for calico print ing in the U. S. The cotton crop amounts to 210,000,000 pounds, 30,000,000 more than last year s; the exports of the staple aggregate 144,- 700,000 pounds. The first extensive and successful use of iron conduit-pipes in the U. S., is made in the service of the Fairmount Water works, erecting in Philadelphia; they are cast in that city in sections of 9 feet in length and from 2 to 22 inches in diameter. Tubes or pipes of india-rubber for gaseous fluids are made and used by Thomas Skidmore, of New York. Steam-power is first introduced in the sugar manufacture of Louisiana. J24 History of the United States. 1822, Cotton culture is first begun in Texas by Col. Jared E. Groce, in the bottoms of tli Brazos de Dios. The U. S. Government recognizes the independence of the Republic of Mexico and of the provinces in South America for merly under the dominion of Spain. The Theological Department of Yale College (Cong.), and the Episcopal Theological School of Virginia, Fairfax County, are founded. Among the patents issued this year are one to C. M. Graham, N. Y. (the first) for artificial teeth; William Hall and Joseph Hastings, Mass., a process for milking isinglass, said to be superior to any imported; George Murray and James Pug] ia, Phila., a process for making bank-notes that cannot be con- terfeited: Reuben Hyde, Mass., a machine for making pales for fences; A. C. Baker and M. F. Biddle, N. Y., a mode of trans ferring impressions from paper to wood; Capt. John Rodgers, president of the U. S. Naval Board, a marine railway, which receives the President s indorsement in a special message to Congress by which $50,000 are appropriated to put the system into operation at the Washington Navy- Yard; Peter Force, Washington, D. C., printing piper-hangings; and to Christo pher Cornelius, Phila., for light-house lamps to burn lard on the solar principle. The national expenses for the year are $17,676,592; the debt is $93,546,676; the imports are $83,241,541; and the exports. $72,160,281. 1823. A second and larger naval force, under Commodore Porter, is sent against the West Indian pirates, and their operations are effectually checked. * The revenue laws are amended by an Act approved 1 March, declaring that no goods imported subject to ad valorem duties shall be admitted to entry unless the true invoice is produced, excepting goods from a wreck; by another Act, approved the same day, U. S. ports are opened to British vessels from colonial ports in America; an Act of 15 May, 1820, imposing a tonnage duty on French ships, is repealed, 3 March, and a discrimina ting duty of $2.75 per ton on French goods imported in French vessels is laid, to be diminished one-fourth annually for two years. The first Railway Act in America is passed, 31 March, by the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, incorporating a company for the construction of a railroad from Philadelphia to Colum bia, Lancaster County. New Hampshire contains 28 cotton and 18 woolen factories; 22 distilleries; 20 iron mills; 193 bark mills; 304 tanneries; 12 paper mills; and 55 trip-hammers. Thomas Evvbank, of N, Y. , obtains a patent for manufactur ing and plating lead pipes with tin for stills, and one for manu facturing tinned sheet-lead; this is the first application in the U. S. of tin as a lining or coating to metallic tubes and plates. Nicholas Longworth, of Cincinnati, O., begins the manufac ture of wine, with the muscatel or vevay grape, and produces a wine resembling Madeira. History of theTTnited States. 125 1823 The first lease of lands in the lead region of the Upper Mis- sissippi, authorized by Act of 3 March, 1807, is made by the Government to Col. James Johnson, of Ky., who proceeds to erects smelting-works and invite immigration. Benthuysen, a printer, of Albany, N. Y., sets up and starts the first steam-power printing-press in the country. The Champlain Canal, connecting the Hudson River at Albany with Lake Champlain, the first portion of the great system of internal navigation between New York and the basins of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, is completed. Trinity College, Hartford, Conn; the Kentucky Blind Asylum, at Danville; and the Berkshire Medical School, Pittsfield, Mass., are founded. The first Session of the 18th Congress is opened, 1 Dec., Henry Clay, re-elected a Member of the House, is chosen Speaker by a vote of 139 to 42 for Mr. Barbour, Speaker of the preceding Congress; in his Message, the President renews his recommendation for a speedy review of the tariff, for the pur pose of affording additional protection to manufactures. Gen. Simon Bolivar, a leader in the South American Revolu tion, invites Mexico, Peru, Chili, and Buenos Ayres to send delegates to a conference at Panama for the purpose of form- ino- a confederacy for a more determined resistance to SpMi and the greater security of their own independence; the Minis ters of Mexico, Colombia, and Central America have frequent conferences on the subject with our Secretary of State, and a formal invitation is given (Nov.) to the U, S. to participate in the proposed Congress. In the meantime, the British Cabinet, throuo-h Mr. Canning, carries on a lengthy correspondence with our State Department on the expediency of a demonstration against an apprehended design of the Holy Alliance with respect to this continent ; these events prompt the President, in his Messao-e, 2 Dec., to assert that this Government will consider any attempt on the part of the allied powers to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. Smith Thompson, Secretary of the Navy, is succeeded by Samuel L. Southard, of N. J., 9 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $15,314,171; the debt is 190,875,877; the imports are $77,579,267; and the exports, $74,699,030. 1824. A charter is granted by the State of Virginia to the Chesapeake an(? Ohio Canal Company, 27 Jan., for the construction of a canal from tide-water above Georgetown on the Potomac to Pittsburg, a distance of 341 miles. A caucus is held in Washington, D. C.,to secure the nomina tion of Mr. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, for the Presi dency, 14 Feb.; only 68 of the 258 "Republican" members attend; a motion is made to adjourn to 20 March, but it is opposed, and the meeting proceeds to ballot for a candidate; of the 68 votes given, Mr. Crawford receives 64; John Quincy Adams, 2; Andrew Jackson, 1; and Nathaniel Ma|(5i} ; ?.,; fol Vice- President, Albert Gallatin receives 57 votes. l2G History of the United States. 1824. A Convention between the U. S. and Great Britain is signed, 13 March, for the suppression of the slave-trade; it provides that each Government shall send vessels to cruise in the waters of Africa, America, and the West Indies, with power to board other vessels of either nation suspected of being slavers. The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania is incor porated, 20 March, for the promotion and encouragement of manufactures and the mechanic and useful arts. / A treaty between the U. S. and Russia is signed, 5 April, by) Which the boundary line between the U. S. and the Russian possessions on the Pacific Coast is established at 45 degrees 40 minutes north latitude. A Bill proposing to increase the duties on imports, after a discussion of over two months, made memorable by the great speeches of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, is passed in the House 16 April; amendments are made in the Senate to which the House fails to agree, but the differences are settled by a con ference committee, and the Senate passes the bill. In accordance with a decree of the Mexican Government, the provinces of Texas and Coahuila are united as one State, Aug. Gen. Lafayette lands on Staten Island, N. Y., 15 Aug., being received by the Vice-President of the U. S.; he is escorted up to the city (16) by a large naval procession, und disembarks at Castle Garden amid the ringing of bells, the salutes of artillery, and the cheers of a tremendous multitude; at the City Hall he is officially welcomed, and there, during his stay, he holds daily levees; at his departure he is escorted by a large body of troops to Kingsbridge, whence he starts on a tour of the U.S., to receive ovations of friendship and gratitude at every step. In the Presidential election the suffrages oi the people are divided between four candidates for the Presidency, viz: John Quincy Adams, 105,321; Andrew Jackson, 152,899; W. H. Crawford, 47,265; and Henry Clay, 47,087, equal to 84 electoral votes for Adams, 98 for Jackson, 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay; John C. Calhoun receives for Vice-President 182 electoral votes, against 78 for all others; the electors having failed to elect a President, that duty will devolve upon the House of Representatives. The Legislature of New Jersey grants Acts of incorporation of companies, 31 Dec., authorized to construct the Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Morris Canal, the latter to run from the Delaware River at Phillipsburg, opposite Easton, Penn., to the Passaic River, at Newark. An institute is established and endowed at Troy, N. Y., by Hon. Stephen Van Runsselaer, for the instruction of young men in the application of mathematical science to civil engineering, and in natural science. A geological survey of the State of North Carolina by Prof. Ohnsted attracts public attention to the gold-bearing region of the State, which he estimates embraces over 1000 acres. Zadoc Pratt purchases land and water-power in Greene County, N. Y., erects a mammoth structure for manufacturing hemlock-tanned leather, and founds the village of Prattsville, History of the United States. 127 The manufacture of isinglass from the swords of the hake fish, for the use of cotton manufactures, is begun on Cape Cod, The first institution in this country intended for the reforma tion of vicious and criminal children is incorporated under the name of the New York House of Refuge for Juvenile Delin quents, the founders being John Griscom, Isaac Collins, James W. Gerard, and Hugh Maxwell. The Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, is founded. The national expenses for the year are $31,898,538; the debt is $90,209,777; the imports are $89,549,007; and the exports, $75,986,657. 1823. The House of Representatives hold an election for President of the U. S., 9 Feb.; Mr. Adams receives the votes of 13 States, Gen. Jackson of 7, and Mr. Crawford of 4, whereupon Mr. Adams is declared" elected. Congress votes to establish a navy-yard on the coast of Florida, 3 March. Messrs. Adams and Caihoun are sworn into office as Presi-- dent andVice-President, 4 March; the President makes the fol lowing choice for cabinet officers : Henry Clay , Secretary of State ; "Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury; James Barbour, Secre tary of War; Samuel L. Southard (continued in office) ; Secretary of the Navy; and William Wirt (continued in office), Attorney- General. The Secretary of State sends to Mr. Poinsett, the first American Minister to Mexico, 26 March, instructions implying that the Government contemplates extending its jurisdiction to the banks of the Rio Grande. The American Unitarian Association is organized at Boston, 25 May. Ex-Vice-President Daniel D. Tompkins dies at Staten Island, N. Y., 11 June. Gen. Lafayette lays the corner-stone of the Bunker Hill Monument, and Daniel Webster delivers the oration, 17 June. The national expenses for the year are $23,585,804; the debt is $83,788,432; the imports are $96,340,075; and the 3xports k $99,535,388. A treaty between the U. S. and the Indians of the north west Territory, is signed, Aug. An appropriation of $200,000 and a grant of 24,000 acres of land are made by Congress to Gen. Lafayette; he sails from New York for home on the U. S. frigate Brandywine, named after his first American battle-field, 8 Sep. Isaiah Lukins, of Philadelphia, receives a patent in England On his invention of a surgical instrument for destroying stone in the bladder without cutting, called litkoutripter , 15 Sep. Gen. Jackson is nominated for President by the Legislature of Tennessee, 6 Oct. The Erie Canal is formally opened, 26 Oct. when the first flotilla of canal-boats leaves Buffalo; it reaches New York, 4 Nov.; a grand naval procession of nearly all the vessels in port ig formed and proceeds to Sandy tiook, wiiere De Witt Clinton History of the United States. 1825. pours a keg of water from Lake Erie into the ocean; the event is also celebrated in New York by a civic procession nearly five miles long, a magnificent display of fireworks, and a general illumination. Commodore McDonough, the hero of Lake Champlain, dies, 10 Nov. The first performance of Italian opera in the U. S. is given at New York, 29 Nov. President Adams sends a confidential message to Congress, 26 Dec., in which he announces that he has accepted the invi tation to send Commissioners to the proposed Panama Confer ence, believing that it might be advisable to settle the question whether the security of republican institutions does not require the parties to prevent any European power from establishing a colony within the borders of the parties; he also nominates Richard C. Anderson, of Ky., and John Sergeant, of Penn., as Commissioners, and W. B. Rochester, of N. Y., as Secretary of the Commissioners, The difficulty between the Government, the Creek Indians, and the State authorities of Georgia is settled by a treaty between the two first, by which the Indians agree to exchange the land they claim in Georgia for an equal quantity beyond the Mississippi, and to remove thither. The German Reformed Theological School, at-Mercersburg, Penn., the Gettysburg (Penn.) Theological Seminary (Lutheran), and the Law School of the University of Virginia, at Charlottes- ville, are founded. Ex-Presidents John Adams (Quincy, Mass., aged 90) and Thomas Jefferson (Monticello, Va., aged 82) die at nearly the same hour, 4 July. 1826. Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin, and one of the" most eminent mechanics of his age, dies 8 Jan., aged 59. The Senate Committee to whom the President s Panama mes sage was referred, report adversely to the proposed mission, 16 Jan.; after a lengthy debate, the Committee s resolution of inexpediency is lost, 14 March, and the nominations are con firmed; a bill providing for the expenses of the mission is passed, 22 April. The conference assembles at Panama, 22 June, and closes its session 15 July, with a treaty of league and friend- eh s .p; the delay caused by the discussions in Congress prevents tiie U. S. being represented in the conference. It is claimed that the treaty with the Creek Indians last year was procured by illegal means; the conflict between the Federal and State Governments is reopened; and the relations between Gov. Troup and Gen. Gaines grow warlike; a new treaty is obtained, 24 Jan., satisfactory to the Indians, by which they relinquish nearly all their land in Georgia; Gov. Troup main tains an agitation throughout the year. The New England Society for the promotion of manufactures and the mechanic arts, organized by citizens of Boston, is chartered, 3 March. Mr. Van Rensselaer, N. Y., presents a report m Congress strongly favoring the encouragement by legislative measures Hisiory of the United States 129 1826. of the planting of mulberry trees and the breeding of silk worms, 2 May. The American Home Missionary Society is organized in New York, 10 May. William Morgan, of Batavia, N. Y., having written for publi cation a work alleged to contain an exposure of Free-Masonry, is arrested on a criminal process and taken to Canandaigua, where he is imprisoned; he is released, 12 Sep., and forcibly taken to the Niagara frontier, where he is last seen; the "ab duction " creates intense excitement throughout the country; revwds are offered in vain for the discovery of Morgan alive, or if murdered, of the offenders; an anti-Mason party is formed and has a rapid spread. William Charles Macready, the English tragedian, appears for the first time in the U. S., at New York, 2 Oct. The first railroad constructed in the U. S. with metallic tracks is opened 7 Oct.; it extends from the granite quarries at Quincy, Mass., to tidewater on the Nepouset River, a distance of 3 miles. A treaty for the indemnity of American citizens is signed between the U. S. and Great Britain, 13 Nov. An attempt is made in Texas to renounce Mexican authority and proclaim the province a Republic under the name of Fredonia. The total capital now employed in American manufactures is estimated at $156, 500,000, of which $30,000,000 are credited to Pennsylvania, $28,000,000 to New York, and $26,000,000 to Massachusetts; this includes every species of manufactures except food, in which the capital is estimated at $200,000,000. The power-loom, for weaving wire, is invented by John S Gastin, of N. Y. Kenyon College, Gambler, 0., the Newton (Mass.) Theologi cal Institute (Baptist), and Western Reserve College, Hudson, 0., are founded. The national expenses for the year are $24,103,398; the debt is $81,054,059; the imports are $89,974,477; and the exports, $77,595,322. 1827. A body of disaffected Texans have a skirmish with Government troops and rout; them, 4 Jan.; the Mexicans form an alliance with the Indians to subdue the Texan revolutionists and estab lish garrisons throughout the province. The famous Switch back railroad at Mauch Chunk, Penn., for the transportation by gravity of coal from the summit mines to the landing on the Lehigh, is completed, 8 Jan. A portion of the members of some of the American Yearly Meetings of the Society of Friends, set up a distinct association under "the leadership of Elias Hicks, 21 April, and are dis tinguished from the Orthodox Friends by the name of Hicksites. Li view of the depressed condition of the woolen trade and other industries, the Pennsylvania Society for the promotion of manufactures and the mechanic arts, 14 May, call a general industrial convention to be held in Harrisbur^, 30 July; the convention is attended by 95 delegates from 13 States; Joseph jjitner, Penn., is chosen president; Jesse Buel, N.Y. andFrisby 130 History of the United States. 1827 Tilghman, Md., vice-presidents, and William Halsted, Jr,, N. J., and Redwood Fisher, Penn., secretaries; committees are appointed to prepare a memorial to Congress, an adress to the citizens of the U. S. and papers on the condition of the manu facturing industries. Albeit Galhitin, who was. sent as Minister to Great Britain last year, for the purpose of effecting a better understanding "between that country and this concerning the West Indian trade, concludes a treaty at London, 6 Aug. The subject of a general revision of the tariff is brought before Congress, 31 Dec., and a resolution adopted authorizing the Committee on Manufactures to send for persons and papers. A general conference of the Freewill Baptist Church is organ ized as an annual session. Washington Medical College, Baltimore, and the Medical School of the University of Virginia, Chaiiottesville, are founded. Joseph Smith, Jr., of Palmyra, N. "S., begins to assert claims as the founder of a new Christian sect called the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints," and the discoverer of the Book of Mormon, a continuation of the Old Testament records. John Me Clintic, of Chambersburg, Penn., invents the first practical contrivance for mortising and tenoning. The first bell made from blistered bar steel melted is turned out in New York, and pronounced equal in sound to composi tion bells. Artists and materials are sent from England to start the first lithographic establishment in the U. S., at Boston. The total salt product of the U. S. for the year is estimated at 4,151,182 bushels, of which 1,104.452 are credited to New York, and 929,848 to Virginia. The American Minister is authorized to offer the Mexican Government $1,000,000 for the establishment of a boundary line between the highlands of the Neuces and the Kio Grande. The national expenses for the year are $22,656,764; the debt is $73,987,857; the imports are $79,484,068; and the exports, $82,, 324,727. 1828. The controversy between the Federal Government and the State authorities of Georgia is finally settled early in Jan. by a treaty with the Creek Indians for the purchase of the remaining strip of their land in that State. A treaty with Mexico is signed, 12- Jan., establishing a bound ary line. The Congressional Committee on Manufactures, to whom was referred the subject of a general revision of the tariff, submit a report, 21 Jan., with a bill altering the Acts imposing duties on imports; the chief articles on which heavy protective duties are laid are woolen and cotton fabrics; the debate on the bill begins in the House 3 March, and closes 22 April, the members from the Middle and Western Free States supporting the bill, and those from the Cotton States with a majority of those from ftew England opposing it; in the Senate a few amendments are made, and the bill becomes law, 15 May. History of the United States. 131 1823 De Witt Clinton, popularly considered the " Father of the Erie Canal," dies 11 Feb. The first wool sale ever held in the U. S. takes place at Boston, 10 June, when 1536 bales of Saxony, Spanish, and other foreign and American wool, amounting to 400,000 pounds, are sold for nearly $300,000. Rev. E. Burt,of Conn., receives a patent for the first Ameri can power-loom for weaving check and plaid goods, 19 Aug. At the Exhibition of the Franklin Institute, Phila., 8-16 Oct., a premium is awarded to Seth Boyden, of Newark, N. J., for an assortment of buckles, bits, and other goods of annealed cast iron; this is the first time that annealed cast iron has been used for such purposes in the U. S. The gubernatorial election in New York is rendered unusually exciting by the appearance of a strong anti-Masonic party in the field; Francis Granger receives the nomination of that party for Governor, and John Crary that for Lieutenant-Governor; subsequently Mr. Granger declines, and Solomon Southwick is substituted; the Adams party nominates Judge Smith Thomp son, of the U. S. Supreme Court, for Governor, and Mr. Gran ger for Lieutenant-Governor; the Jackson party nominates Martin Van Buren for Governor, and Enos T. Throop for Lieu tenant-Governor; in the election Mr. Van Buren receives 136,- 794 votes, Judge Thompson, 106,444, and Mr. Southwick, 33,345. For the Presidential campaign, the Adams party renominates the President, with Richard Rush, of Penn., for Vice-President; while the Democrats name Andrew Jackson for President, with John C. Calhoim for Vice-President; Jackson and Calhoun receive 650,028 popular and 178 electoral votes, and Adams and Rush, 512,159 popular and 83 electoral, William Smith, for V. P., 7; Jackson and Calhoun are declared elected. The Western Theological Seminary (Pres.), at Alleghany, Penn., is founded. William Howard, of Baltimore, receives the first American patent for a locomotive engine. P. B. Smith, of New York, begins the manufacture of varnish for general purposes. William Wooclworth, OJL Hudson, N. Y., takes out a patent for the first machine for planing, tongueing, grooving, and cutting boards. The introduetioii of a superior grade of cotton raised on the Sea Islands, off the Carolina coast, creates considerable excite ment, and large sums of money are offered the grower for his secret. The national expenses for the year are $25, 459, 479; the debt is $67,475,043; the imports are $88,509,824; and the exports, $72,264,686. 1829. The Legislatures of Georgia and South Carolina send protests to Congress against the Tariff Act of the preceding session, pro nouncing it unconstitutional and ruinous to commerce and agri culture. The cotton manufacturers of Phila. hold a meeting, 3 Feb., 132 History of the United States. 1829. and decide to open one or more private houses for the sale of their goods, instead of selling them off by auction. The House Committee to whom were referred the resolutions relative to the disposition of the public lands, report, 25 Feb., opposing a division of the lands among the States, and recom mending a distribution of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands among the States in the ratio of their population; the amount of public land to which the Government still holds the right of soil is stated to be over 1000 millions of acres. Gen. Jackson is inaugurated seventh President of the U. S., 4 March; he selects his Cabinet officers as follows: Martin Van Buren, N. Y., Secretary of State; Samuel D. Ingham, Penn., Secretary of the Treasury; John Branch, N. C., Secretary of the Navy; John McP. Berrien, Ga., Attorney-General; and William T. Barry, Ky. (new cabinet office), Postmaster General. In his inaugural the President pledges himself to aii administration of reform. During the summer the President makes a large number of removals from office, including nearly 500 postmasters. The American Institute of the State of New York is incor porated, 2 May, for the purpose of encouraging domestic indus try in the State and the IT. S., in agriculture, commerce, manu factures, and the arts; it holds its first annual fair in Castle Garden, in Nov. Sam Patch, who has made successful leaps at Passaic Falls and Niagara, is killed, 13 Nov., while jumping the Genesee Falls, Rochester, N. Y. The first Session of the 21st Congress opens 7 Dec., both Houses having an administration majority; the power of the President to make removals from office except for cause is vigorously debated. Louis McLane is appointed Minister to England; William C : Rives to Spain; and Thomas P. Moore to Colombia. Among the public institutions founded this year are the Mas sachusetts Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; the Ohio State Institution for the Blind; Georgetown (Ky.) College; the Auburn (N. Y.) Theological Seminary (Pres.); Lane Seminary (Pres.), Cincinnati; and the Theological Department of the St. Louis (Mo.) University (R. C.). Dr. John W. Revere, of New York, perfects a process for galvanizing iron. Hamilton Stewart begins the manufacture of damask table linen in Phila., in Dec. The first meeting of the General Assembly of the Cumber land Presbyterian Church is held at Princeton, Ky. Prof. Hitchcock, of Amherst, Mass., makes the first discovery of tin in the U. S., at Goshen, Conn. James Conant makes the first successful attempt in the U. S. to manufacture sewing-silk by machinery, at Mansfield, Mass. The national expenses for the year are $25,044,358; the debt is $58,421,413: the imports are $74,4^2,527; and the r".rts. $72,358,671. History of tin, CM ted States. 133 1830. A resolution introduced by Mr. Foot, in the Senate, directing an inquiry into the expediency of limiting the sales of public lands, leads to a five month s debate, during which Mr. Hayne, of S. p., in replying to Mr. Webster, announces the nullification doctrine. The House committee on ways and means, to whom was referred the part of the President s message opposing a second time the renewal of the charter of the U. S. Bank, submits, through Mr. M Duffie, of S. C., an elaborate report opposing the President s views; in response to a resolution, the finance committee of the Senate, reporting on the expediency of establishing a uniform national currency for the U. S., declares the objections to the President s proposed government bank insuperable and fatal, and the scheme impracticable. The President vetoes a bill authorizing the government to subscribe to the stock of the Maysyille and Lexington (Ky.) turnpike road, holding that to justify an appropriation for in ternal improvement the object must be one of common defense, and of a general and national, not a local or State benefit ; Mr. Polk asserts that by this single act the President has done more than any man in the country, for the last thirty years, to preserve the constitution ; failing to obtain a two-thirds vote the bill is rejected. In his annual message (Dec.), the President gives at greater length his objections to the prevailing system of internal im provements, and suggests the propriety of a general plan by which an equal distribution of the surplus revenues should be made among the several States, to be used for purposes of in ternal improvement ; he places the expenditures heretofore made for internal improvements at upwards of $5,000,000, and estimates the cost of works partially and entirely surveyed and projected at $96,000,000 ; a harbor improvement bill is introduced early in the session and passes by large majorities ; the Piesident signs it together with other bills of a -like charac ter, making large appropriations for the improvement of roads and rivers, and for a light-house system. Attorney-General Berrien, in an opinion to the War Depart ment, maintains, on the authority of decisions of the Supreme Court, that the right of the Cherokee Indians to the disputed lands in Georgia is one of occupancy merely; a bill to provide for "an exchange of lands within any of the States or Territor ies, and for their removal west of the riyei Mississippi," is re- ported by the committee on Indian affairs of each House and adopted ; the sum of $500,000 is appropriated to carry the pro visions of the bill into effect. The Secretary of War and Gen. Coffee sign a treaty with the Choctaw Indians by which the latter agee to cede their lands and remove beyond the Missis sippi within three years. The Cherokees determine not to emi grate, and issue an appeal to the public, complaining of the in fringements upon their rights by the State of Georgia and of the lack of government protection; they engage William Wirt as legal counsel, and he attempts to establish their rights by making a case, by consent, before the U. S. Supreme Court; Gov. Gilmer declines; the State authorities grow bolder; Georgr 134 History of the United States. 1830. Tassels, an Indian, is tried, convicted of murder, and sentenced to be hanged, by the State officials ; a writ of error is obtained from the U. S. Supreme Court ordering the State to show cause why the judgment should not be corrected; the State Legislature enjoins all State officers to disregard the mandate, and author izes the Governor to order the sheriff to proceed with the execu tion; the Indian is accordingly hanged. A treaty is signed between the U. S. and Turkey. Yale Col lege erects the tirst astronomical telescope in the U. S. Charles Kean, the English actor, makes his American debut in New York City. Joseph Smith publishes Rev. Solomon Spaulding s religious romance as a revelation and founds the Mormon sect. Georgia sends her first contribution of native gold to the U. S. mint. The town of Chicago is laid out and lots are offered for sale. Charleston, S. C., has the honor of opening the first American steam railroad line to travel and traffic. Some Indi ans of the Sac and Fox tribes commit a series of depredations upon the whites near the mouth of Rock River, Illinois, which leads to a treaty between the government and Keokuk, their chief, by which the Indians agree to remove beyond the Miss issippi. President Jackson is renominated for the Presidency by friends in the New York Legislature. The first section of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad is opened for business. The first Fourdrinier machine built in the U. S. is turned out at Windham, Conn. The Louisville and Portland Canal, around the falls of the Ohio, is opened (5 Dec.), at a cost of $750,000. In accordance with special instructions, Mr. McLane, the new minister to England, re-opens the discussion with Great Britain concerning the colonial trade, and effects an arrangement by which she will open the ports of her West India and other American colonial possessions to the vessels of the U. S. and their cargoes on equal terms with her own sailing from the U. S., and will permit U. S. vessels to export from her colonies to any country except the British dominions, on the same terms as British vessels; the President issues a proclamation announc ing the arrangements (5 October). Joseph Dixon begins the manufacture of lead pencils in tl e U. S., at Salem, Mass. The omnibus makes its first appearance in New York City. John Randolph is appointed minister to Russia, succeeding Henry Middleton. John C. Calhoun, Vice- President, initiates an acrimonious controversy with the Presi dent concerning the latter s conduct during the Seminole war. James H. Peck, Judge of the U. S. District Court for the District of Missouri, is impeached for alleged abuse of judicial authority and is acquitted; as a result of this trial a law is passed restricting the power of judges, in punishing for con tempt of court, to cases of misbehavior in the presence of courts, or so near them as to obstruct the administration of justice, and also to the official misbehavior of officers of the courts. The President effects a wholesale discharge of govern ment officials. The first National political Convention ever held (the Anti- Masonic) meets at Philadelphia, presided over by Francis Granger. History of the United States. 135 1830. The national expenses for the year amount tc* $94,5852*81, the debt is $48,565,406, the value of imports aggregates $70,876,920, and of exports, $73,849,508. 1831. The President s cabinet is dissolved by resignations, and the following successors are appointed: Edward Livingston, of La., Secretary of State; Louis McLane, of Del., Secretary of the Treasury; Lewis Cass, of 0., Secretary of War; Lev i Wood- bury, of N. H., Secretary of the Navy; Roger B. Taney, of Md., Attorney-General; William T. Barry, ot Ky., re-appointed Postmaster-General. Mr. Eaton, Ex-Secretary of War is ap pointed Governor of Florida, and Martin Van Buren, Ex-Secre tary of State, Minister to England; on the confirmation of Mr. Van Buren the Senate is a tie; Vice-President Calhoun casts a decisive negative vote. Ex-President James Monroe dies (4th July). Virginia and Louisiana opened their first railroads. Fayette- ville, N. C., is destroyed by fire. The State of Pennsylvania completes a great work of internal improvement embracing the construction of 118 miles of railroad, 277 miles of canals, and a series of inclined planes, at a cost of ovor $12,000,000. The Morris Canal connecting Newark, N. J., with the Delaware River is opened. The Charleston, S. C., railroad makes the first application of four-wheeled trucks to its cars. The Uni- Tersity of the City of New York is established. The negroes in the Southern part of Virginia break out fn insurrection and murder over fifty whites ; Virginia and North Carolina State troous crush the insurrection and capture the leaders. The case of the Cherokee Indians approaches a crisis ; th< last act of the Georgia Legislature makes it a misdemeanor fol white men to reside within the limits of the Cherokee nation after 1 March, without a license from the Governor and with out having taken an oath of allegiance to the State; Dr. Butlef and Rev. Messrs. Worcester and Thompson, Presbyterian mis sionaries, and two Methodist ministers have been arrested under the act; ten white persons have been indicted, tried, and sen tenced to four years imprisonment; Gov. Gilmer pardons all but Dr. Butler and Mr. Worcester, on receiving assurance that they would not again violate the laws; Dr. Butler is conveyed to jail in chains ; Mr. Worcester applies to the U. S. Supreme Court for Relief. The Anti-Masonic Convention in Baltimore (Sep.) nomin ates William Wirt, of Md., for President, and Amos Elhnaker, of Pa., for Vice-President, the first nomination ever made by a National Convetion. The Convention of National Republicans at Baltimore (12 Dec.) nominates Henry Clay, of Ky., for Presi- ident, and John Sergeant, of Pa., for Vice-President. The first session of the 22d Congress opens (5 Dec.); the Senate has an opposition majority ; in the House, Speaker Stevenson, the administration candidate, is re-elected by a single vote. For a third time the President attacks the U. S. Bank in his message. A number of propositions are submitted in relation to the disposal of the public lands, but none receives a final and favorable action in both houses, 136 History of the United States. 1831. The national expenses for the year amount to $30,038,445, the debt is $39,124,191, the value of imports aggregates $103, 191,124, and of exports, $81,310,583. 1832. The Asiatic cholera makes its first appearance in the U. S. Henry li. School craft disco veres the source of the Mississippi river while on an exploring expedition. Horse cars begin running on the streets of New York. Charles and Fanny Kemble make their theatrical dtbut in America at New York. The case of Kev. Mr. Worcester against the State of Georgia^ is decided by the U. S. Supreme Court ; the laws of that State under which possession had been taken of the Cherokee coun try and persons had been punished for residing therein, are declared to be contrary to the constitution, treaties, and laws of the U. S.; Mr. Worcester is ordered by a special mandate from this court to the Superior Court of Georgia to be discharged; the mandate is disregarded and the missionaries are kept in prison without any hope of liberation before another session of the Supreme Court, next year. Brigham Young joins the Mormons at Kirtland, 0., with his father, four brothers, and six sistt rs. The first Democratic National Convention meets in Baltimore (May), and re-nominates Gen. Jackson for President, and names Martin Van Buren, of N. Y., for Vice-President. Gen. Santa Anna places himself at the head of the garrison of Vera Cruz, Mex., and attempts to re-organize the ministry; taking the field against Bustamente he wages an irregular war for nearly a year; at an armistance it is agreed to recall Presi dent Pedraza from exile and place him in the capital. Kandolph-Macon College, Boydtown, Va., is established. James Gordon Bennett issues the first number of the New York Globe, (29 Oct.) Black Hawk repudiates the treaty made with Keokuk, and gathers the Winnebagoes, Sacs, and Foxes for further depreda tions; they recross the Mississippi river, spread rapidly over the country, destroying the villages and killing the white settlers ; Gens. Atkinson and Scott are charged with the defence of the frontier; after embarking at Buffalo cholera breaks out among Gen. Scott s troops, and they are unable to co-operate with Gen. Atkinson; Gen. Atkinson reaches Black Hawk s encampment, and after a series of sharp engagements disperses the Indians ( and takes Black Hawk and a number ^f leading braves pris-| oners. i The States Rights Party in South Carolina hold a convention at Columbia (19 Nov.) ; they issue an ordinance in the name of the people, declaring that Congress has exceeded its protect- ? ive duties, that the Acts should from that time be null and void, and it that is the duty of the Legislature and the State Court, to take prompt measures to prevent their operation after 1 Feb., 1833 ; five days later the friends of the convention in the same place solemnly protest against the ordinance; Gov. Hamilton ap proves the ordinance in his message; he recommends the re organization of the militia, that he be allowed ^to accept volunteers, and that provision be made for procuring heavy ordnance and other munitions of war: the President issues a History of the United States. 137 1832. proclamation (10 Dec.), asserting that the laws of the U. 8. must be executed, and appealing to the patriotism of S. C. to retrace her steps, and to the country to rally in defense of the Union : the proclamation has a favorable reception, but (loos not arrest the preparations for war ; the government takes steps to maintain its laws. A further treaty is made at Payne s Landing, Fla., with the Seminoles, by which they agree to give up all their reservations and to conditionally remove. Prof. Morse begins the series of experiments which result in the magnetic telegraph. A bill originating in the House, making appropriations for certain internal improvements for the year, passes both bodies and is signed by the President notwithstanding his frequent objections to the system of internal improvement; the sums appropriated for about fifty objects aggregate $1,200,000; an. other bill making appropriations for certain harbors also passes both bodies, but the President retains it, without signing, until after the adjournment. A newtariff act passes at this session; Mr.M Duffle, chairman of the committee on ways and means, reports (8 Feb.) in con formity with the views of the opponents of protection; it favors a general system of advdorem duties, and proposes a reduction of duties to a standard deemed necessary for the purpose of revenue, after the payment of the public debt; in compliance with a resolution, Mr. McLane, Secretary of the Treasury, makes another report (27 April), with a bill proposing several specific reductions and a general reduction to an aggregate sum equal to the expenses of the government; Mr. McLane s bill passes both houses after modifications in each. A new apportionment of members of the House of Representa tives under the fifth census is made. In the Presidential election Gen. Jackson receives 219 electoral votes; Henry Clay, 49; and William Wirt, 7; for Vice-President, Van Buren receives 189; Sergeant, 49; 30 Pennsylvania electors vote for William Wilkins (Pa.) for Vice-President, find the eleven votes of South Carolina go for John Floyd (Va.) and Henry Lee (Mass). The popular vote is Jackson, 687,502 ; Clay, 530,189 ; Wirt, 33,108. The petition of the officers of the U. S. Bank for a renewal of its charter is referred to a select committee of the Senate, who report favorably; long debates ensue; finally a bill for re-chartering the Bank passes both Houses; the President vetoes it, and its friends fail to carry it over the veto; in the House a committee is appointed to investigate the books and proceedings of the Bank, numerous acts of misconduct being alleged against the management; Messrs. Clayton, Johnson (Ky.), Cambreleng, and Thomas submit a majority report, Messrs. McDuffie, Adams, and Watmough, a second, and Mr. Adams, a third; in his an nual message the President recommends the removal of the public funds from the U. S. Bank and a sale of the stock be longing to the government. Col. Bradburn arrests ancJ imprisons a number of citizens at Anahuac, Texas; the colonists headed by John Austin hoM a meeting and demand the release of the prisoners; receiving % 138 Hi*:wy of Jie Jniteti Mates. 1833. refusal they threaten to i luce the garrison; Bradburn pinions his prisoners to the ground, declaring the first shot fired hy the colonists will be their fate; the colonists vow if he executes his threat the crime and its retribution will be written on the fort with his blood; a few shots are fired, then an adjustment is accepted only to be violated by Bradburn ; the Texans attack the Mexicans (26 June) at Velasco and capture the fort; Piedras goes to the relief of Anahuac, but is mot by the Texans and forced to capitulate; Texas frees herself of military domination and internal strife (August); a convention of the people is held at San Felipe (Oct.) to secure a separation from Coahuila, but without success. Treaties are signed between the U. S. and Mexico (5 April), Naples (14 Oct.), and Russia (18 Dec.). The national expenses for the year amount to $34,356,698; the debt is $24,322,235; the value of imports aggregates $101,- 029,266, and of exports $87,176,943. 1833. The LJ. S. Treasury Building at Washington is destroyed by fire, but its valuable contents are saved. The President sends a message to Congress communicating the proceedings of theS.C. Legislature, and suggesting the adoption of such measures as the crisis seems to demand ; the judiciary committee reports a bill authorizing the President to employ the land and naval forces to enforce the collection of the reve nue, if resistance is offered; Virginia requests S. C. to rescind her nullifying ordinance, and Congress to speedily reduce the revenue from duties to the standard of necessary expenses; jMr. Clay introduces his compromise tariff bill (12 Feb.), to pre- vent the destruction of the tariff policy and to avert civil war; he proposes a gradual reduction of the obnoxious duties during the next ten years; Mr. Webster opposes the bill, but it passes both Houses; the operation of the nullifying Acts is suspended in S C., and at a convention called by the Governor (11 March) the ordinance is repealed because of the modification of the tariff and the friendly action of Virginia. Mr. Clay s bill to distribute for a limited time the proceeds of the sales of public lands is adopted a second time, but the President retains it be- yond the session. Eight millions of acres of land have been granted by Congress to new States up to this time. The first reaping machine is publicly tried before the Hamil ton County Agricultural Society of Ohio, by Obed Hussey. The Knickerbocker Magazine is established in New York by Mr, Peabody. Frederick Tudor begins the exportation of American ice, sending a cargo to India. Santa Anna is elected President of Mexico ; the federal system is again re-organised; Gen. Duran promulgates a plan in favor of the church and the army, and proclaims Santa Anna supreme Dictator of the nation; the President leaves the capital with an army to quell the revolt; Arista, second in command, declares in favor of Duran s plan; Vice-President Farias rallies the federalists against the soldiery, defeating the President s scheme; Santa Anna returns to the capital, raises another army, and compels the surrender of the insurgents; Arista is pardon* ed, and Duran exiled* i History of the United States. 139 1833. The S. C. Railroad Is now completed to Savannah, and is th longest line in the world. A canal, connecting the Ohio River with Lake Erie, ia opened to navigation. Gen. Stephen F. Austin, charged with delivering a statement of grievances to the Mexican authorities from the people of Texas, is arrested while returning, at Saltillo, by order of Vice- President Farias, and thrown into a dungeon ; two parties spring up among the Americans in Texas one anxious to pro claim the province independent of Mexico, the other retaining confidence in Santa Anna and opposing revolutionary measures, while also anxious for a State Government; a second convention is held at San Felipe to effect a separation of Texas from Coah- uila (April), at which a petition for the separation of the two provinces is framed and the plan of a State constitution adopted. Congress refuses to authorize the removal of the public funds from the U. S. Bank; after the adjournment the President as sumes the responsibility arid directs William J. Duane, the Secretary of the Treasury, to withdraw the Government funds, (nearly $10,000,000) and deposit them in certain State Banks; the Secretary refuses and ia removed from office; Roger B. Taney is appointed his successor, and promptly executes the President s order; the amount of loans of the bank (1 Oct.) is estimated at over $60,000,000; intense excitement throughout the country ensues; the whole amount of Government funds is removed in nine months; the State Banks receive the funds on deposit and begin to loan freely ; confidence is being rapidly restored. A commercial treaty is concluded between the U. S. and Austria, another with Turkey, and a special one with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, by which $1,720,000 are to be paid as an indemnity for claims of citizens of the U. S. for depredations upon our commerce by the King of Naples be tween 1809 and 1812. A bill drawn on the French Government for the first instalment ($900,000) of the indemnity due citizens of the U. S., according to Mr. Rives s treaty with France in 1831, is dishonored on presentation for payment. The second term of Gen, Jackson s administration begins (4 March). Benjamin F, Butler, of New York, is appointed Attorney-General. The Legislatures of New York, New Jersey, Ohio, and Tennessee pass resolutions approving the President s course on the Bank question. Andrew Stevenson, of Va., is again re-elected Speaker of the House. Mr. Clay offers a resolution (5 Dec.) requesting the President to inform the Senate whether the paper on the bank question read to his cabinet and alleged to have been published by his authority, is genuine or not, and if genuine to furnish the Senate with a copy of it; the resolution is adopted; the President, in reply, questions the right of the Senate to require of him an account of any communication made in a cabinet council, and declines to comply*, Mr. Clay submits two resolu. tions declaring the President s dismissal of the lateSecetary of 140 History of the United States. 1833. the Treasury for not removing the deposits, and the appointment of another who did, an illegal exercise of power, and the reasons therefor unsatisfactory; the discussion is protracted for three months: the second resolution is adopted as read, and the first after being modified by the author; the President in a message protests against this action, and the Senate adopts a resolution declaring the President has no right to send a protest to the Senate against any of its proceedings. The missionaries imprisoned in Georgia in defiance of the U. S. Supreme Court, discontinue their suit and are released. The national expenses for the year amount to $24,257,298; the debt is $7,001,032; the value of imports aggregates $108,118,311, and of exports, $90,140,443. 1834. The Mormons organize a governing body called the Twelve Apostles. Serious differences as to doctrines have sprung up in the Presbyterian Church, and its adherents now divide into the New School and the Old School parties. Branch mints are to be established at New Orleans, Charlotte, N. C., and Dahlonega. Ga. Many of the President s former supporters are joining the opposition; the combined force is assuming the name of Whigs, while the administration party adhere to the name of Democrats. Horace Greeley, Jonas Winchester, and E, Sibbett bring out the New Yorker (22 March). The Seminole Indians in Florida are creating grave alarm; Mican py, the king of the nation, is opposed to the removal agreed to in the treaty of 1832, and Osceola, their most noted chief, peremptorily refuses to leave the land of his fathers; the President sends Gen, Wiley Thompson to Florida, to prepare for a forcible removal of the Indians, if necessary; the haughty bearing of Osceola and his firmness in pressing his remoiic strances against the proceedings anger Gen. Thompson, and he orders the chief to be placed in irons and confined for a day; on his release the Indian feigns penitence, agrees to the removal, and promises to surrender certain cattle and horses during th* first fortnight of Dec., 1835. New Orleans is beginning to light her streets with gas. The Indian Territory, with an area of 71 ,000 square miles, Is organized. The manufacture of table cutlery is established at Greenfield, Mass. Mr. McLane resigns the office of Secretary of State, and John Forsyth, a Senator from Georgia, is appointed in his place; Mr. Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy, receives the appointment of Secretary of the Treasury, to succeed Mr. Taney, whose appoint ment during the recess the Senate refuses to confirm; Mahlon Dickerson, a former Senator from JSew Jersey, is appointed . Secretary of the Navy; the appointment of Mr. Butler, as At torney-General , is confirmed. Speaker Stevenson, of the House, is nominated as minister to Great Britan, but is rejected in the Senate; the British mission has been vacant two years, Aaron Vail acting as the U. S. Representative. Mr. Stevenson resigns the Speaker s chair, and John Bell, of Term., is chosen Speaker B til* tenth ballot. Representative Gordon, of Va., in ao History of the United State. Ill 1834. amendment to a pending bill, suggests the establishment of U. S. Sub-treasuries, but his proposition is ridiculed. The Senate finance committee, instructed to investigate the affairs of the U. S. Bank, make a voluminous report (18 Dec.), which is in the main favorable to the management. The number of officers, agents, contractors, etc., who are paid from the U. S. Treasury is reported at upwards of 00,000, of whom 31,917 are connected with the Post Office Department. Obe/lin (0.) College is established. The French Government having repeatedly refused the Legis lation necessary to pay the U. S. the first instalment of the indemnity, the President r-:iggests, as a measure of redress, reprisals upon French commerce, in case the Chambers again adjourn without making provision for payment. The election in New York City is unusually stormy; political meetings are broken up, the militia are called out for the pro tection of the city, and many rioters are arrested. New York City elects a Mayor (Cornelius W. Lawrence) for the first time. The anti-slavery agitation is creating mob violence; leading abolitionists are brutally attacked, and their dwellings together with a number of churches, school-houses, and negro homes in various parts of the country destroyed; Philadelphia has a three nights riot in which the mob assaults nearly fifty houses inhabited by negroes. Lafayette dies at La Grange, France (20 May). Brooklyn, N. Y., blossoms out as a city, and gives itself a full set of municipal officers. A crowd of disguised people attack a convent at Charles- town, Mass., seeking a girl alleged to be confined against her will, and failing to discover her, they warn the inmates out and destroy the buildings by fire. Santa Anna deserts the federal republican party and system in Mexico, and espouses the cause and assumes the direction of his former political enemies; conscious of his strength as the head of the military chiefs and the army, he dissolves the national Congress and the council of government and sum mons a new and unconstitutional one to meet in Jan. next, until which time he is the supreme authority; these proceedings have a marked influence on the citizens of Texas; the Legislature of Coalmila and Texas is divided into two parties: one, assem bling at Monclova, denounces Santa Anna and sustains Viduari, the constitutional governor ; the other, meeting at Saltillo, declares for Santa Anna, issues a proclamation against the Congress, annuls the decrees of the State Legislature, and elects a military governor; the Legislature of the State of Coahuila and Texas gives away large tracts of the public domain which lie almost exclusively within the limits of Texas, against the pro tests of the Texan members. The national expenses f or the year amount to $24,601,982; the debt is $4,760,081; the value of imports aggregates $126,521,332, and of exports, $104, 336,973. 1835. An attempt is made to assassinate the President by a crazy- Englishman named Lawrence, who is captured and sent to ft H2 History of the Unite* States. 1835. lunatic asylum (30 Jau.) Chief Justice John Marshall dies at Philadelphia (6 July). The New York Herald makes its appear ance as a two-cent paper, under the auspices of James Gordon Bennett and Anderson and Smith, printers (fi May.). It is decided by popular vote in New York City to begin the construction of the Croton Aqueduct. The publication of the "Moon Hoax," by Richard Adams Locke, editor of the Nf.w York Sun, creates great excitement throughout the country and Europe. Messrs James and Erastus Brooks bring out the New York Express. Santa Anna s irregular Congress meets (Jan:); the Vice-presi dent is deposed without impeachment and Gen. Barragan, a leading centralist, succeeds him; the reduction and disarming of the militia of the several States is decreed; a rebellion results in the State of Zacatecas, which the President suppresses by a battle on the plains of Guadalupe; a few days later the "Plan of Toluca," changing the federal system to a central government, is published, and the Central Republic is established by decree (3 Oct.); Santa Anna reduces all opposition by force of arms except in the province of Texas, from which the citizens drive all the Mexican troops; Santa Anna pre pares a large army to subjugate the Texans. The Mexican Governor of Texas calls out the militia, but the appeal is dis regarded and the executive compelled to flee; the Congress de poses the State authorities and arrests and banishes all refractory Legislators; Gen. Stephen Austin is released and returns from Mexico; he calls the Texans to arms and organizes the militia to repel the Mexican invasion; the Mexican General Cos ar rives at Copano and marches toward Bexar; the Texans attack the Mexicans at. Gonzalez (1 Oct.) and disperse them; ei^ht days later they capture the Mexican stronghold, Goliad, with $10,000 worth of stores and a large quantity of arms; Gen. Austin defeats a superior force of Mexicans, near Bexar (20 Oct.); the Texan colonists hold a general convention at San Felipe and adopt a declaration of rights and independence (7 Nov.); a provisional government is formed, with Henry Smith, governor, and Samuel Houston, commander-in-chief of the army; Edward Burleson is elected to the chief command of the volunteers, and Gen. Austin is appointed a commissioner to seek the aid and recognition of the U. 8.; the Texans, under the veteran Milam, besiege Bexar, and after penetrating to the center of the town, force the garrison to surrender (11 Dec.). President Jackson announces the extinction of the national debt. Chicago organizes a fire-department, and opens her first bank. The manufacture of horse-shoes by machinery is begun at Troy, N. Y., and of pins at New York. Col. Sam Colt begins making revolver pistols at Hartford, Conn. Spring-hill College. St. Joseph, Ala., and Oglethorpe University, Atlanta, Ga., are organized. Attacks upon the negroes and abolitionists are becoming daily occurrences in the Northern States. Work is begun on the New York and Erie Railroad. New York Hitv is visited by a terrible fire (16 Dec.); the night is in tensely cold: the flames rage three clays, lay waste tha History of the United States. 14E 1835. business part of the city, and consume 648 houses and stores with $18,000,000 worth of property; the flames are checked by blowing up buildings with gunpowder; all the insurance companies are forced to suspend payments. Instead of keeping his promise with Gen. Thompson, Osceola, the Seminole chief, takes to the war path in the Ever glades of Florida (Dec.); Major Dade is sent from FortBrooke- at the head of Tampa Bay, with over 100 men, to the assistance of Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, in the interior; the Major and all but four of his command are massacred near Wahoo Swamp (28); the same day Osceola appears near Fort King, and while Gen. Thompson is dining with friends, the Indians suddenly kill the general and five others; Osceola takes Thomp son s scalp and the Indians disappear before the assault is mown; Gen r Clinch and his troops have a battle with the Seminoles on the Withlacoochee (31).. In the U. S. Senate Mr. Benton moves a resolution ordering Mr. Clay s resolutions against the President on the deposits question to be expunged from the minutes. A claim for spolia tions of the property of American citizens by France prior to 1800 is presented, with a bill proposing to pay the claimants an aggregate of $5,000,000; Mr. Webster, its author, advocates the bill, while Mr. Wright leads the opposition; the bill passes the Senate, and the House postpones action on it till next session. A Democratic National Convention in Baltimore adopts the two-thirds rule, and unanimously nominates Van Buren for President ; Richard M. Johnson nominated for Vice-President. Wm. Henry Harrison and Francis Granger are nominated by several Whig State Conventions. Georgia and Tenn. nominate Hugh L. \Vhite and John Tyler; Mass. , Webster and Granger; Md., Harrison and Tyler; S. C., W. P. Manguin and Tyler. The national expenses for the year amount to $27,573,141; the value_ of imports aggregates $149,895,742, and of exports, 1836. Santa Anna sets out from Saltillo for the Rio Grande, where there are 8,000 troops, to drive the Americans out of Texas (1 Feb.); he attempts to excite the Indians against the Texans; the Mexican minister to the U. S. remonstrates against the] interference of the American people in a purely domestic ques- 1 tion of Mexico; the President of the U. S. sends Maj.-Gen. Gaines to command the troops on the Louisiana border, with orders to preserve a strict neutrality and to arrest any person exciting the Indians to war; Gen. Austin goes to the U. S. to obtain means for carrying on the war; Gen. Houston hastens to treat with the Indians, and Gov. Smith is removed from office; information is received (7 Feb.) that the Mexicans are advancing to the Rio Grande, and that a strong detachment is already at Matamoras; Col. Fannin notifies the provisional government, and calls for aid to protect Bexar; the colonists are dilator}-, and allow the Mexicans to concentrate on the heights of the Alesan (23 Feb.); the Texans, under William B. Travis, and numbering 150 men, retire to the Alamo, and sustain a bom- of ?4 ho?:?rs without losing a man; Travis wakes 144 History of the United Si cites. 1836. repeated appeals for aid; only 33 volunteers from Gonzalez come to Ills succor; the entire Mexican force of over 4000 men, under Santa Anna, surround the Alamo at midnight (6 March); they are twice repulsed in attempting to scale the walls, but a third time they succeed; only two persons, Mrs. Dickersori and a negro servant, escape the butchery that follows; among the slain are Travis, Maj. Evans, Col. James Bowie, and David Crockett, of Tenn. In the meantime a convention of the colonists, who now number at least 50,000, is held at Washington, on the Brazos., and (3 March) it unanimously agrees to a declaration of inde pendence; a constitution for the Republic of Texas is adopted (17), and David G. Burnett, of N. J., is appointed provisional president. Gen, Urrca, leaving Santa Anna near Bexar, proceeds along, the coast with a strong division; Capt. King, with a small detachment, falls in with the Mexican cavalry, and his whole party are captured and killed; Col. Fannin, not hearing from King, sends another detachment under Col. Ward to protect the families at the Mission of Refugio; Ward has two engage ments with the Mexicans; in the first he is victorious, but in the second he is overpowered and forced to surrender; Fannin begins a retreat from Goliad to Victoria (18 March), and is over taken the same day by the Mexicans; he repels all Urrea s charges until dusk, when a body of Indians crawl through the grass and attack him; Urrca is reinforced in the morning, and Fannin is obliged to surrender; the capitulation is violated by SantaAnna s orders (27 March), and all the prisoners, amounting to about 400, are put to death at Goliad, save a few who escape after the first fire. The army under Gen. Houston, numbering 783 men, crosses Buffalo Bayou (19 April), surrounds the Mexican force under Gen. Cos, numbering nearly 1,000 men, on the San Jacinto, makes a sudden attack (21), and nearly annihilates the enemy, killing 630, wounding 208, and taking 730 prisoners, with a loss on their own side of 8 killed and 17 wounded; Santa Anna himself is captured on the following day; President Burnett concludes a convention with Santa Anna (14 May), and the lat ter is nominally released, much against the popular sentiment, which demands that he be detained within Texas; subsequently the President of Texas releases him; he goes to Washington, D. C., has a secret conference with the President of the U. S. (18 Dec.), and leaves (26) in a war vessel for Mexico. The Seminoles attack Gen. Gaines near the Withlacoochee (29 Feb.) and kill a number of his troops; the Creeks begin depredations in Georgia and Alabama, attacking villages and causing the whites to flee; Gen. Scott wages a vigorous war against the Creeks, subduing them and sending several thou sands to their designated homes in the west; Gov. Call, of Ga., marches against the Seminoles with nearly 2,000 men (Oct.); a severe engagement occurs near the scene of Dade s massacre (21 Nov.), but without material results. Arkansas, formed from French territory, adopts a constitution (1 March), and is admitted into the Union by Act of 15 June; the OF THE TTNIVERSITT History of the United State*. 145 1886. same Act admits Michigan conditionally. By Act of 20 Aprft Wisconsin is formed as a Territory out of lands acquired from Great Britain and heretofore lying in the Territory of Michigan, Brigham Young is elected President of the Twelve Apostles, Mormons. The Union Theological Seminary (Presby.) in New York City is founded. The charter of the U. S. Bank expires by limitation. Ex-President James Madison dies (28 June). Aaron Burr dies (14 Sep.) The Treasury Department issues a circular (11 July) requiring all collectors of the public revenue to receive nothing but gold and silver in payments; the " Specie Circular" is denounced by business men generally. Congress authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to dis tribute all the public funds, except $5,000,000, among the dif ferent States on the basis of their representation; a mania for speculation sets in. Gen. Samuel Houston is elected the first constitutional Presi dent of the Republic of Texas, and Gen. Mirabeau B. Lamar, Vice-President (Sept.). Vice-President Martin Van Buren(Dem.), of N.Y., is elected President of the U. S., over William Henry Harrison (Whig), of 0.; H. L. White (Ind.), of Tenn.; and Daniel Webster (Whig), of Mass.; W Vice-President there is no electoral choice between Richard M. Johnson (Dem.), of Ky.; Francis Granger (Whig), of N. Y.; John Tyler (Ind.), of Va.; and William Smith (Whig), of Ala. The electoral votes are Van Buren, 170; Harrison, 73; White, 26; Webster, 14, and Mangum, 11; and for Vice-Pres., Johnson, 147 ; Granger, 77; Tyler,47; Smith, 23. The popular vote is : Van Buren, 761,549 ; the opposition, 736,656. The United States Patent Office is destroyed by fire, with all its contents (15 Dec.). In Mexico the Congress suspends the presidential authority of Santa Anna while a prisoner in Texas (20 May); Gen. Barragan, Vice-Pres., assumes executive functions, but dies shortly after. The anti-slavery question is assuming vast proportions; peti tions praying for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade are daily presented in Congress from the free States; the pre vailing sentiment is that Congress has no constitutional author ity to interfere in any way with the institution of slavery in any of the States. The distinguished actress, Ellen Tiee, makes ner first Ameri. can appearance in New York (12 Dec.). Philadelphia is now lighting her streets with gas. In Centreville, Mich., tobacco, for chewing purposes, is being cut very fine by machinery. Experiments in Pennsylvania have resulted in the belief that anthracite coal is more satisfactory than wood for locomotive fuel. Scientific people are elated over the erection of a building at Williamstown, Mass,, for astronomical observations. The national expenses for the ye*r amount to $30,934,664 140 History of the United States, 1836, the value of imports aggregates $189,980,085, and of exports $128,663,040. 1837. Senator Benton s persistency in seeking to have Mr. Clay s resolu tion of 28 March, 1834, condemning President Jackson for remov ing the deposits, expunged from the journal, meets with suc cess (16 Jan.), the resolution being expunged by a vote of 24 yeas to 19 nays, 5 absentees. Michigan, having complied with the conditions imposed upon her, is admitted into the Union, 26 Jan. Santa Anna reaches Vera Cruz, 20 Feb.; the lack of confi dence in him is so strong that he is forced to go into retirement; Gen. Bustamente is elected President; frequent declarations in favor of federation are made, but the government suppresses the disturbances with ease; Gomez Farias, stili in prison, is making strong efforts for the Presidency. The independence of the Republic of Texas is recognized by . the U. S. Government, 3 March. Martin Van Buren, eighth President, is sworn into office (4 March); lie appoints as his cabinet, John Forsyth, Secretary of State; Levi \Voodbury, Secretary of the Treasury; Joel K. Poinsett, Secretary of War; Mahlon Dickinson, Secretary of the Navy; Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General; and Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General. As none of the candidates for Vice-President received a majority of the electoral votes, the Senates goes into an election, and chooses Richard M. Johnson. The town of Chicago is incorporated as a city, 4 March. The Seminole campaign has continued through the winter; after several severe encounters with the troops, a number of chiefs call on Gen. Jesup, at Fort Dado (6 March), and sign a treaty which guarantees speedy peace, and the prompt removal of the Indiiins beyond the Mississippi; during the summer, however, Osceola reappears, urges the violation of the treaty, and renews the war; Osceola, with several chiefs and 70 war riors, appears at Jesup s camp, under a flag of truce (21 Oct.); exasperated by his former treachery, Jesup seizes all the Indians and places them in confinement; Osceola is sent to Fort Moul- trie, S. C., where he dies of a fever; nearly 9,000 troops remain in the State, engaging irregularly with the Indians till the close of the year; Col. Zachary Taylor inflicts a severe defeat upon them at Macaco Lake, 25 Dec. The results of last year s overtrading and -peculation are becoming alarming apparent; in New York City the mercantile failures already (March and April) amount to over $100,000,000, and in New Orleans to $27,000,000; in Boston 168 heavy failures occur within six months; a deputation from the merchants and bankers of New York call upon the President (May), and solicit him to defer the collection of duties on imported goods, rescind the " Specie Circular," and call an extraordinary session of Congress to adopt relief measures; the President accedes to the first request only; all the banks in New York suspend specie payments (10), and the Legislature authorizes the sus pension of specie payments for one year (16); the action of the New York banks is speedily followed by those in Boston,, Philadelphia, Albany, Hartford. Baltimore* Providence, anc, History of the United States. 14? 1837. elsewhere. Seeing that these suspensions will seriously embar- rasthe Government by rendering it unable to obtain gold and silver to discharge its own obligations, the President calls a special session of Congress, to convene 4 Sep.; in his message the President rug2;ests the entire disuse of banks as fiscal agents of the Government; the collection, safe-keeping, transfer, and disbursements of the public money by officers of the Gov ernment; and the employment of specie alone in its fiscal operations. He believes the exclusive use of specie a practicable operation, and holds that a demand for it will thus be created, and its exportation prevented; to supply tho existing deficiency in the Treasury he recommends withholding the last installment, $9,367,200, now on hand, which under^ the law should be deposited with the States in Oct. next. Congress meets accord ing to the call and sits forty-three days; many measures for relief are proposed; the President s recommendation for the establishment of an independent Treasury meets witli very strong opposition; a bill carrying out the suggestion passes the Senate but is lost in the House; both bodies pass a bill author izing the issue of f -easury notes to an amount not exceeding $10,000,000, and another postponing the deposit of the last instalment of the surplus revenue till 1 Jan., 1839. The Indiana Asbury Institute at Greencastle is organized. An open rupture occurs between the New School and the J,865 churches, 220,557 members. Roman Catholic Bishops are appointed for Nashville, Tenn., Natchez, Miss,, and Dubuque, Iowa. Rev. E, P. Lovejoy, publisher of an abolition newspaper at Alton, 111., is killed by a mob, and his property destroyed, 7 Ncv. The first regular session of the 25th Congress opens, 4 Dec.; m discussing the Sub-Treasury bill, Mr. Tallmadge, who has separated from his Democratic friends, pronounces the creed of the locofocos the destruction of the whole banking system of the country, the repeal of charters, anil the abrogation of vested rights; Messrs. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster make great speeches on the financial condition. A revolutionary movement is developed in Canada (Dec.), supposed to have in view a separation from Great Britain; William Lyon McKenzie leads the agitation in Upper Canada, and Louis Joseph Papineau, a large land-owner, that in the Lower Province; the movement excites the sympathy of Ameri cans in the northern States; the Governors of New York and Vermont issue proclamations warning their citizens from unlaw ful acts; the steamboat Caroline is seized at Schlosser, on the American side (29 Dec.), by a party of armed men who come from and return to the Canadian side; the crew are attacked, the boat is set on fire, and drifts over the Niagara Falls. Capt. John Ericsson successfully applies a screw for the pro pulsion, of steam vessels. 148 History of the United States. 1837, The total appropriations for the prosecution of the Seminole Indian war to the close of the year aggregate f 5, 100, 000. The national expenses for the year amount to $37,265,03?; the debt is $1,878,223; the value of imports, $140,989,217, and of exports, $117,419,376. 1838. President Van Buren issues a proclamation in regard to the Canadian excitement, 5 Jan.; Gen. Scott is ordered to assume military command on the border, and requisitions are made upon Gov. Marcy, of New Yo: k, and Gov. Jenison, of Ver mont, for such military force as Gen. Scott may need; Secretary;- of State Forsyth informs Mr. Fox, the British Minister, of the Caroline outrage; a bill to protect the frontier and preserve our neutral relations passes both Houses of Congress; the Canadian " patriot" forces are disbanded before the opening of spring; quite a number of Americans, taken prisoners by the Canadian troops, are tried under British laws, convicted, and either exe cuted or transported to Van Dieman s Land. The Republic of Texas applies for annexation to the U. S, (Jan.); a bill is introduced for the purpose, and read for debate (24 April); a motion to refer it to the Committee on Foreign Affairs is laid on the table; the Texan Minister formally with draws the application, Oct. The Medical College of Virginia is founded. A branch U. S. mint is opened at Dahlonega, Ga. The Mormon community at Independence, Mo., numbering 12,000 men and women, is attacked by the populace, who charge them with every crime in the criminal code; their printing office is destroyed, several of the Apostles "are tarred ami feathered, and a number of the "saints" are killed. None of the charges made against the Mormons are proven, the major ity are shown to be ridiculous and without foundation ; nevertheless, so strong- is the religious feeling aroused against the new Christian sect that they are driven from the State. Joseph Smith conducts them to Hancock County, Illinois, where they found the city of Nauvoo. In Mexico Gen. Mexia again attempts to overthrow the cen tral government; he advances toward the capital with a con siderable force, and is met near Puebla by Santa Anna, who has been entrusted by President Bustamente with the command of the government troops; Mexia is defeated, and being taken prisoner, is shot on the field of battle, without time for prayer. A French fleet attacks Vera Cruz on account of the rejection by Mexico of a French demand for reparation for the plundering of French residents and the violent collection of forced loans; Santa Anna commands the Mexican troops, and while following the retreating French, has a leg shattered by a cannon-ball. The Earl of Durham succeeds to the Governor-Generalship of all British America; having banished to Bermuda a number of prisoners taken in the insurrection, he is censured by the British Parliament, which induces him to resign before the close of the year; a fresh rebellion, which had been organized during the summer along the whol^ line of the American frontier, breaks out in the Montreal district, 3 Nov.; et Napierville, where om 4.000 insuiarerte bad beon collected, to keep Ci>fty History of the United States. 14k 1838. munications open with friends in the U. S., a conflict occurs in. which the insurgents are defeated by a party of loyalists; the latter are in turn attacked in Odelltown, but repulse the insur gents. Several hundred Americans sail from the vicinity of Sackett s Harbor and land near Prescott, where they are joined by many restless Canadians; the camp is attacked by govern ment troops (13 Nov.), and sustains the shock ; the party are again attacked by a larger force (16), when nearly the whole surrender; another invasion occurs from the American side (4 Dec.), when some 200 men cross from Detroit to Sandwich, rout a party of British, burn the barracks and a steamer, and are almost immediately dispersed by fresh troops; many of the prisoners are shot directly after the skirmish. McKenzie, who started the " patriot " rebellion in Canada, taking up his residence in the U. S., is, with Gen. Van Rense- laer, the commander of the united American and Canadian force, arrested, and tried and convicted before Judge Thompson, for a violation of the neutrality laws; both are sentenced to fine and imprisonment. Both Houses of Congress pass a joint resolution repealing the "Specie Circular" of 31 May, 1838. The Legislature of Pennsylvania passes an act for the pro motion of silk culture, 2 April; the National Silk Society is organized at Baltimore, 11 Dec. By Act of Congress (12 June) Iowa is formed as a territory from the territory of Wisconsin, and includes all the tract between the Mississippi and the Missouri Rivers and north of the northern boundary of Missouri. A convention is signed (Sep) between the U. S. and Mexico, by which it is agreed to refer the claims of the former upon the latter for injuries to the persons and property of our citi zens to a board of commissioners, two to be appointed by each party, and in case of a difference of opinion, the question to be submitted to the King of Prussia, or to an arbiter to be appointed by him; the ratifications to be exchanged on or before 10 Feb., 1839. Capt. Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., sails on his famous South Sea exploring expedition. Two steamers, the Great Western and the Sinus, propelled exclusively by steam-power, arrive at New York from London and Bristol respectively, and are the pioneers of Atlantic steam ship travel. The money bequeathed by James Smithson, of England, amounting to upwards $500,000, for the purpose of founding an advanced educational establishment in the U. S., is received at New York, and with it the Smithsonian Institute, at Wash ington, D. C., is created. Congress having ordered a new set of standard weights and measures, zinc is used in their manufacture, for the first time in the U. S. Solid head-pins have begun to be manufactured at Birming ham, Conn. Charleston, S. C., is visited by a fire which destroys 1,158 buildings, laying waste nearly half the city. 1 50 History of the United iStates. 1338. Over one hundred persons lose their lives by an explosion of the boilers of the Steamboat Moselle while en route from Cin cinnati to St. Louis. The manufacture of gold spectacles and silver thimbles is begun at Long Meadow, Mass., by Dimond Chandler. Patents are granted to Charles Goodyear, for making gum- elastic shoes; to Col. Stephen H. Long, U.S.A., for a suspension and brace bridge; and to Elisha K. Boot, Collinsville, Conn., for a machine for punching and forming the eyes of axes, hatchets, and hammers. The national expenses of the year amount to $39,455,438; the debt is $4,857,600; the value of imports, $113,717,404; and of exports, $108,486,616. 1839. Mexico fails (10 Feb.) to perform its obligation according to the convention of Sep., 1838; the House Committee on Foreign Relations report that the reasons for the delays are unatisfactory , and declare the determination of the House to sustain the Ex ecutive in any ulterior measures that may be adopted; Mexico assigns as a chief reason, a belief that the King would decline to serve; the President, in his message (Dec.), attaches little credence to this reason, but receives it as an explanation; he consents to a new convention and directs Mr. Ellis to resume diplomatic intercourse with the Mexican authorities for the pur pose. Charles Goodyear perfects his idea of vulcanizing or eboniz- ing India-rubber by means of sulphur (Feb.). W . F. Harnden, of Boston, initiates the express business in the U. S. (4 March), carrying packages from that city to New York. Gen. Macorab succeeds to the chief command of the U. S. Army (April); he induces a number of the Seminole chiefs to sign a treaty of peace (May), by which they are to remain in Florida until they can be convinced of the advantageous circum stances of their acquaintances who have emigrated West; the Indians almost immediately resume warfare upon the Whites, and the Government of the Territory offer a reward of $200 for each Indian killed or captured (June). While voyaging down the Pacific Coast from Alaska, John A. Sutter is stranded in what is now the Bay of San Francisco (July); he seeks the interior, obtains a Mexican grant of land, and establishes himself in the lumber business. The schooner L Amistad, bound from Havana to G! janaja, Port Principe, with fifty-four blacks on board, while lying near the coast of Connecticut, is seized by Lieut. Gedney, of the U. S. brig Washington, and taken into New London (Aug.); the blacks prove to be slaves, purchased at Havana, who, when they had been a few day.; out, rose in mutiny and killed the cap tain and three of the crew; Cingues, son of an African chief and leader of the mutiny, with 38 others, are committed for trial; a demand is made upon our Government by the acting Spanish Minister to the U. S., for the surrender of the vessel, the cargo, and the slaves to the Spanish authorities; before the U. S. Circuit Court in Hartford (Sep.) the counsel for Spain demands the release of the blacks; Judge Thompson denies the History oj the Vnitea Elates. 15 1 1839. motion: a long controversy ensues as to the jurisdiction of the district and circuit courts, in which is also involved the claim ot the officers and crew of the Washington for salvage; adjourn ments are had to Nov. and thence to Jan., next. Matthew Carey, the distinguished Protectionist, dies at Hula. (17 Sep ) The Republic of Texas sends a diplomatic agent to Vera Cruz to endeavor to establish amicable relations with Mexico, but the commandant-general threatens to imprison him if he lands. France recognizes the Republic and signs a treaty with Through" over-speculation in cotton the U. S. Bank is forced to suspend operations, 10 Oct.; this failure entails a loss of $2,000,000 in deposits upon the Government, and precipitates another financial panic; over 400 banks are obliged to close business wholly or in part; the South and West suffer the most John William Draper, M.D., L.L.D., is elected Professor of Chemistry in the University of New York (Nov.), and takes the first photographic portrait ever taken from life. At the western New York Anti-Slavery Society s meeting at Warsaw (13 Nov.) an abolition ticket is nominated, with James G. Birney of N. Y. for President, and Francis J. Lemoyne, of Penn., for Vice-President. The National Whig Convention is held at Harrisburg,Penn., Henry and Gen. Scott, 16; John Tyler, as a candidate for Vice-Presi- dent, receives all the votes cast, 231. Peaceful relations between the U. S. and Great Britain are en-. dano-ered by the excitement concerning the boundary between the State of Maine and the British Province of Now Brims wick; preparations are being made in botli places to settle the dispute by armed combat; Gen. Scott is hurried to the frontier and succeeds during the winter in restoring quiet. In his annual message (Dec.) the President again calls atten tion to his Sub-Treasury proposition, and Mr. Wright reports a bill in the Senate authorizing its establishment. It having been announced that a pack of blood-hounds have been imported from Cuba to aid in the capture of the Seminole Indians, many petitions are received in Congress remonstrating against the barbarity; before any action is taken the use of the dogs is abandoned because of ineifteiency. Freeman Hunt establishes the Merchant s Magazine. Messrs. Baldwin, Vail, and Hufty, of Phila., receive orders from English railroad companies for a number of locomotives from their works. The national expenses of the year amount to $37,614,930; the debt is $11,983,737; the value of imports $162,092,132, and of exports, $121,088,41(5. 1840. The independent Treasury bill, rejected at the special session of 1837, and renewed by Mr Wright upon th<> repeated argument OF THE UNIVERSITY \ 152 History of the United States. 2S4& m the President s message, passes the Senate (23 Jan.) and the House (30 June). In the case of the blacks captured on L Amistad, Judge ; Judson, of the District Court, decides (Jan.) that the jurisdic- 1 tion of the court has been established, that the seizers are I entitled to salvage, that the demand of the Spanish authorities for restoration cannot be entertained, and that the actual murderers, being black, must be set free; had they been white they would have been tried and executed as pirates; tli< Africans are to be delivered to the President under the Act oi 1819, to be returned to Africa; an appeal is taken from these decisions to the Circuit Court, where Judge Thompson affirms the decree; and to prevent any legal doubt the Government itself, at the request of the Spanish Minister, appeals to the U. Sr Supreme Court, which affirms the decision of the District Court except as to sending the blacks back to Africa, ordering, instead, their discharge from custody as free men; the British Govern ment intercedes with our Government in behalf of the blacks, and urges Spain to enforce the laws against the alleged owners of the slaves and all other Spaniards connected with the trans action. On the assembling of the 2Gth Congress the seats of five of the six members of the House from N. J. are contested; the event leads to an animated debate; the committee on elections are instructed (28 Feb.) to report forthwith which five of the claimants received the largest number of votes; a report is made (5 March) in favor of the administration candidates, Messrs. Philemon Dickerson, Peter D. Vroom, Daniel B. Ryall, William 11. Cooper, and Joseph Kille; these claimants are declared entitled to the seats < 10 March); after receiving further testi mony, the report of the committee declaring them duly elected is adopted, 16 July. Senator Benton introduces a bill from the military committee, to piovide for the armed occupation and settlement of that por tion of Florida infested by hostile Indians, by granting land to settlers, not exceeding 10,000 men able to bear arms, 320 acres each; but the bill is rejected. The National Democratic Convention is held at Baltimore (5 May); it unanimously nominates Martin Van Buren for a second Presidential term; no candidate for Vice-President is nominated, but subsequently Richard M. Johnson and James K. Polk are put in the field by different States. The terms "log-cabin " and " hard cider " are applied to the exciting campaign in compliment to Gen. Harrison, who had experienced pioneer life in the West, and usually treated his visitors to cider; log-cabins fire erected all over the country during the campaign, and a terrible amount of hard cider is drunk at the political meetings in them. Of the electoral votes at the Presidential election the Whig j candidates receive 234 each; Van Buren, 60; R.M.Johnson, for Vice-President, 48; L. W, Tazewell, of Va., 11; and James K. Polk, 1. Whig popular vote, 1,275,017: Democratic, 1,128,702. History of the United States. 153 1840. Samuel Cunard, of Halifax, starts the first of the line of ocean steamships bearing his name, the Britannia, from Liver pool (4 July), and it reaches Boston in fourteen days. In Mexico the Federalist party, headed by Gen. Urrea and Gomez Farias, create an insurrection in the capital city (July) and seize the President; after fighting twelve days a convention of general amnesty is agreed upon by the contending parties. Great Britain recognizes the independence of the Republic of Texas, and concludes a treaty with it (16 Nov.); Mexico agrees to receive a Texan agent and permit him to submit the basis of a treaty. The census shows the population of the U. S. to be 17,068,666. Alvan Adams begins carrying packages between Boston and New York in competition with W. F. Harnden, and thus founds the Adams Express Co. During the year 473 patents have been issued from the U. S. Patent office. Among the most important are : to William Rus sell, New York, for a method of laying wooden blocks on roads and streets; Samuel B. F. Morse, electric telegraph; John Ames, Springfield, Mass, a machine for making, ruling, and cutting paper; Norman T. Winans and Thadeus Hyatt, New York, machine for making splints for friction matches; and Ross Winans, Baltimore, an improved method of regulating the waste steam of locomotives. The national expenses of the year amount to $28,226,553; the debt is $5,125,077; the value of imports, $107,641,519; of ex ports, $132,085,936. 1841. General Harrison is inaugurated ninth President of the U. S. (4 March); he chooses the following persons as members of his cabinet: Daniel Webster, Mass., Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury; John Bell, Tenn., Secretary of War; George E. Badger, N. C., Secretary of the Navy; Francis Granger, N, Y., Postmaster-General; John J. Crittenden, Ky., Attorney-General; issues a proclamation (17) convening Congress in special session (31 May) to take action on the state of the currency and finances. After an illness of eight days the President dies (4 April) in the Executive Mansion ; Vice-President Tyler is notified at Williamsburg, and reaches Washington, where to dispel any doubt that might arise as to the validity of his oath as Vice- President, while acting as President, he takes the oath as Chief Magistrate before Judge Cranch (6) ; the funeral of the late President takes place (7) ; President Tyler makes no change in the Cabinet, The New York Tribune appears (10 April) as the avowed organ of the Whig party, edited by Horace Greeley, with the Assistance of Henry J. Raymond; the New Yorker and the Log Cabin are merged into the Weekly Tribune (July), and Mi*. Gree ley forms a partnership with Thomas McElrath. Alex jider McLeod, a Canadian, charged with having partici pated in the cutting out and burning of the Caroline, and sub sequently charged with the murder of Amos Durfee, who was on the boat at the time of the seizure, is taken from Lockport, N. Y., to New York City on a writ of habeas corpus (May}; tb fl 154 History of the Vni ted Mates. 18ll. Uritish (Jovernmeut demands his release; the case is discussed at the extra session of Congress, Mr. \\Ybster holding that McLeod should I M> discharged, and Mr. Adams sustaining the administration; the trial lakes plaee at I tiea, N. Y. (Oct.), al a special session of the Circuit Court, ordered by the Legislature Cor the purpose, nud results \\\ the acquittal of the prisoner. Congress assembles in special session (;>1 May) the Presi dent s message reports tho deficit in tho available iunds iu the Treasury to ineet tho wants of tho Government for tho year at nearly $1 1 ,500,000; John \Yhito, a Whig member from Ky., is elected Speaker of the House by a vote of 121 to 84 for John W. Jones, Va., and 16 scattering j tho Senate likewise has u Whig majority; a bill is introduced for tho repeal of the Suh- Troasury Jaw; it passes tho Senate (9 Juno} and the J louse (9 Aug.), and becomes a law by tho Presidents approval (1I>). The President expresses a desire that tho Secretary of the Treasury bo called upon for suggestions for tho establishment of a bank; tho llouso (3 .June) and the Senate (7) make a call, to which the Secretary responds (13): ho proposes tho incor poration of a bank in the District ol Columbia, with power to establish branches only with the assent of tho States, and to bo known as tho Fiscal Hank of tho IT. S. ; Mr. Clay reports a bill on tho Secretary s plan (21), which is debated up to 28 .July, when, with amendments, tho Senate passes it; tho House ((> Aug.) adopts it, and the President (10) vetoes it; a new bill is prepared, to overcome tho President s Objections.] the House (3IJ Aug.) and the Senate (;J Sept.) pass if, and the President returns it (!)) with his veto ; these actions produce great excite ment; all tho Cabinet but, Mr. Webster resign (11 Sept.); tho same day the AVhii> % members of Congress hold a meeting nnd appoint a committee to prepare an address to the citi/ens of the I . S., which (l!t) is issued; tho course of President Tyler is almost universally condemned by the Whig party. At this special session Acts aro passed providing for the dis tribution of the proceeds of the sales of public, lands among tho States, authorizing a loan of $12,000,000, and establishing a general bankrupt law. The vacancies in the Cabinet aro filled by the appointment of Walter Forward, Ponn., Secretary of the Treasury, John Mc Lean, Ohio, Secretary of War; Abel P. [Jpsheer, Ya., Secre tary of the Navy; Charles A. \YeklitTo, Ky., Postmasler-Ucn- eral; and Hugh s. Legare, S. C., Attorney-General. Judge McLean declines his appointment, and John C. Spencer, N. Y., is appointed in his place. President Lamar, of Texas, sonos three commissioners (18 June), under an escort of nearly -100 citi/.eus, to Santa 1 Y, for the purpose of opening trade with that city, and establishing the authority of the republic over all the territories east of the Kio(Jrande; being Intercepted by. a strong force of Mexicans, \he entire party surrender (17 Oct.)j :lll(l :11V bound together tfith ropes and Started OQ the march to Mexico City, 1,200 miles distant; they reach the capital (Dec.), where they are heavily chained ami condemned to labor in the streets as com mon scavengers. History <>f //// ffuiM State** t55 1841. Another revolution br-al< on! Aug.} In Mexico, and orrnr ill the rapilal and :if, V -ra Crn/, f,ho latter Ix-iti^ led by Santa Ann:i ; 1 heeapilal i >, bombarded , a mont II M ron- 1 t iti t he : In ! ; follow, and 1 r. -l:ni! u! e If forced from the . Pretident fl oMi<-e; ;i, military ronvenlion i-i h ld (Sep.), and (ho plan of Taeubaya, for an entire change hi the gOV6rHIH01lt, i-i adopted; Santo Ann* Again heroines President* An abolition riot occurs lit Cincinnati (Sep.), and ,-,ev<-ral hou.s<:H an; destroyed by tlio rnoh. Tim brig Creole leaves Uiclnnonrl for New Orleans (Oct.), witb 1U5 liftfefl on boufdj a inufiny <n < nr-, (7 Nov.), in wlii<-h u pai fc-ownor of tho H!JIV<:H (IIowcll) IH kill;l, and H<-v<-r;d of (ho crow arc injured! tho Hlavon take tlio }>rig to N:i :m, New Provi<lcn(;<;j tho Hritinh ni. iglHti atcH and the (I. S. c n-:ul liold an invcsligatlonj nineteen (>f tho HlavcH an; iinpri -<>n< -<\ hy the local autnoritioH for tho inutinv and murder; a d<-m;ind hy our consul that they bo surrendered to bo cnt to tho (I. S. for trial in rofiwod. Tlicodoro R. Timby (toriHtructM a model of a revolvin tower for harbor dcfciiKo. Amonff the 405 U* 8 l)at(;rit,K granted thin year ;tro one to Edwin M. (Jhad e*;, Camhridgepoif, Mart:-*., for the m:i.nul ;i<-1nr-o of hall.H of Jndia-ruhher, and one to Samuel Sloe-urn, X. Y., l -r a mschine for Htieking piim In papers. The naliorial expengen for the year amount to $ {1,7H7,: ,:;0; tho debt 5* $0,7:}7,M8; tho value of Import* f 127.940,1 17: ;md of expoits 1101,851368. 1842. Mr. Adam* present* to tiie Senate (24 Jan.) a jjetltlon, Klgned y citi/en of llaverhill, Mans., for the adoption of mefl peaceably tx> dinnolye tho Union, and MIOVCH It.H refer* -m <, to a goloct cxunmittee with instructiona to n;poit tb: why the prayer Bhould not ho granted; Mr. Gilrucr oJIers a re-:olu- tion or (xtn.suro upon Mr. Adarn.4 for nreHoriting such a p<:fi- tion; Mr. Marsball olF irK a Kubntitute f eelaring Mr. Ad:im. ac-tlon the deepcHt indignity to tho Homo and tho people; a violent debate en.sucH to 7 Feb., when the resolution-" are l:id on the table and the reception of the petition rofuHod. r rho Secretary of State (Mr. WobHter) Irmtructs our mini-N r to England (Mr. Everett, 29 Jan.) to prcHcnt the <;.-:<; of the HlavoH on thr: (J/wffi to the IJiiti-.b C/overnmrtnt, with :i. li-;tin<-t, declaration that " if the factrt turn out tth stated, our ^ov;rn- merit think it a clear case for Indemnification;" fho n^ie lion ralKCH argument In Parliament, where J^ord Jiroir-liiirn di from Mr. Webffter f View; It IH Agreed that there i-; no a.nthor- Ity to Hurrerider the fugitives, nor bold the inutino / -<, in < u-- tody, and orders are issued to tho lirltlsh authorili s :it N to rele;i-:e tli-in. J lie I lou-.e (Jotfitnitt -e on ni;i.nuf a-tiw<:s r<:\><>rt ( . ,1 Miirr;!^ that tho e -tim;ited e:-. p:n -. -, of the f ;overnm-nf. b.rthe ClUTent ve:i.r are !:!<;, 000, 000, whi-h will l<-;.ve a deli. -it, of ahont $14, 000,000, and th;it xonie penn;mont. firovi-ion foi-;in LlCreflted revenue i 4 - hldllpensable: the rommitteo Kubrnit the dmft. of a bill for u revision of the tariff; whilet.be bill H pending a bill a< ,,).. panylng the repojt of the Secretary of tlio Treasury 150 History of the United States. IS43. ted (10 June), to extend to 1 Aug. next all laws regulating duties existing and in force on 1 June, with a proviso that nothing therein contained shall suspend the distribution among the States of the proceeds of public land sales, the first distri bution being due 1 July; the bill passes both Houses and is sent to the President who (29 June) vetoes it, mainly because it abrogates the provisions of the Compromise Act, by continuing the existing duties for one month after 30 June, when a re duction was to take place; the tariff bill is taken up and after being amended is passed by the House (16 July) and the Senate (5 Aug.), and returned by the President (9) with his veto; another bill, the same as that just passed, except that the distribution clause is stricken out, is rushed through both Houses (passing the Senate by one vote) and is approved by the President; an independent bill, repealing the proviso in the Distribution Ace so as to allow the distribution to take place notwithstanding the increase of duties, is adopted, but is de feated by Presidential retention. Lord Ashburton, appointed Minister Extraordinary by Great Britain, for the purpose of negotiating an adjustment of the north-eastern boundary question, arrives in the U. S., 3 April; commissioners appointed by the Legislatures of Maine and Mas sachusetts, and by the Government of the Province of New Brunswick, participate in the important deliberations: a treaty of boundary is concluded, 9 Aug., ratified by Great Britain, 13 Oct., and proclaimed by the President, 10 Nov. The President sends a communication to the Senate, 10 May, proposing a method of settling the Indian troubles in Florida; a bill embodying his views is drawn up and passes both Houses; it offers to any head of a family or any single man over 18 years old, able to bear arms, and making an actual settlement, one quarter section of land on conditions involving the improve ment, of the land; 200,000 acres are thus granted during the year, and the hostilities cease. This war lias cost about $20,000,- 000. Lieut. John C. Fremont, U.S. Topographical Engineer, start" from Choteau s trading-house, beyond the western boundary of Missouri, on his first exploring expedition to the far West, 10 June; he has 21 Creole and Canadian voyageurs with him, besides Kit Carson, guide, Charles Preuss, topographical assist ant, and L. Maxwell, hunter; he takes his course along the bed of Platte river, through what becomes famous as the South Pass, and thence north to the Wind River Peak of the Kocky Mountains; the great achievement of the expedition, and one of the greatest feats ever accomplished by a traveler, is performed (15 Aug.) when he ascends this noted peak, the highest of tl>e vast chain, and plants his foot where never mortal foot had stood before; the party face homeward (17 Aug.) by way of the Loup Fork of the Platte river, reach St. Louis, Mo., 17 Oct., and Washington, D. C., 29; the entire expedition has been replete With hardship, danger, and inestimable scientific knowledge, and the gallant leader receives the highest praise of his country s legislators, and the cultured minds of the old and new worlds, for his phenomenal achievements. History vf the United States. 151 1842. The new Mexican Congress assembles (June), and Santa Anna declares in favor of a strong central government; the subsequent proceedings dissatisfy him and (Dec.) he dissolves the Congress without any authority, and convenes an assembly of notables in its place. . Work on the construction of the Croton Aqueduct in New York has proceeded so rapidly that the engineers are able to let water into the reservoir on Fifth Avenue (4 July), and the event is celebrated by an imposing procession. The sect of Adventists called Millerites, from William Miller, of Mass., who formulated the belief in 1838, claim that the second appearance of Jesus Christ on earth will occur m Oct.; thousands of believers throughout the U. S. dispose of all then- property, attire themselves in white robes, and congregate on the house-tops and in open fields in anticipation of the event, which they also believe will embrace then* own ascension to glory with Him. Prof S. F. B. Morse lays the first submarine telegraph wire, as an experiment, in New York Harbor, 18 Oct., anticipating by more than a year and a half the construction of the first land line. A treaty is concluded between the U. S. and Mexico (Dec.), for the purpose of settling the claims of our citizens, which amount to $2,026,079,independent of a large number unadjusted ; the first payment, $270,000, the interest on the sum awarded, is to be made 30 April, 1843, and the whole is to be paid in five years. Lieut, AVilkes, U. S. N., returns from his exploring expedi tion to the extreme Southern Ocean; he reports that he has sailed about 90,000 miles, and that he coasted along what he believes to be an Antartic Continent, a distance of 1,700 miles; the observations and discoveries made during the long voyage are pronounced of priceless value to the world at large. Durino- the year, 517 U. S. patents have been granted. The most important are: J. J. Greenough, Boston, for a sewing machine (the first mechanism of its kind on record); Cullen Whipple, Providence, K. I., for a machine for euttinar th -eads in wood screws; and William Becker, Utica, N. Y., for a machine for manufacturing from wood a substitute for curled hair in stuffing cushions. The Mormon city of Nauvoo, 111., is chartered by the State The national expenses for the year amount to $32,9^6,876, the debt is $15,028,486; the value of imports, $100,152,087; and of exports, $104,691,531. 1843. The difficulties in Rhode Island over an attempt to substitute a State Constitution of government for the Charles II. Charter are assuming a serious aspect ; Thos W. Dorr, who has been the most active in promoting the change, and is the leader of the Suffrage Party, is chosen Governor (18 April) at a Conven tion which frames and adopts a Constitution, and elects a Legis lature; the Law and Order Party take similar action about the same time, electing Samuel W. King Chief Magistrate; both parties meet (3, 4 May), and organize their respective Govern- 158 History of the United States. 1843. ments ; violent measures are taken by each ; Dorr leaves the State, but returning (16 May), his followers assemble under arms, and undertake to seize the State Arsenal; the other party rally in its defense, and, aided by Government troops, prevent the seizure ; Dorr, to avoid arrest, again leaves the State; the Suffrage Party make another appearance under arms, at Che- pachet, and are joined (25 June) by Dorr ; the whole State is placed under martial law, and the Dorr party are defeated and their leader is captured; he is tried and convicted of treason, and sentenced to imprisonment for life; the General Assembly pro vides for another convention to frame an acceptable constitu tion. The sentiment in favor of the annexation of Texas is growing very strong, particularly in the Southern States ; in Alabama the Legislature sends a petition to Congress favoring the project; in Mississippi the Legislature declares that protection to the best interest of the South (slavery) will be afforded by the an nexation ; in South Carolina resolutions are proposed asserting that Texas is already a part of the Union ; a secret correspond ence is carried on during- the year between the Secretary of State, Mr. Everett, our Minister to England, Mr. Thompson, Minister to Mexico, Mr. Murphy, our Charge in Texas, Mr. Van Zandt, Texan Charge at Washington, and others, concerning the scheme and the conditions to be imposed previous to the con summation of the Act ; in his message (Dec.) the President intimates a disposition to interpose by force of arms to put an end to the war between Mexico and Texas, and says that the U. S. has an immediate interest in the matter. The results of Lieut. Fremont s first expedition are so unex pected, and his success so extraordinary that the Government sends him on a second one; he is expressly charged to connect the exploration with the surveys of the Pacific Coast by Capt. Wilkes, U. S. Navy, so as to give a connected survey of the interior of our continent ; his second party number 39, and include the most trusty of his first squad; he proposes this time to go up the valley of the Kansas River, to the head of the Ar kansas River, and to some pass in the mountains, if any can be found, at its source, in order to lay out a new and more pleasant road to Oregon and California ; the party leave the town of Kansas, 29 May; after traveling over 1,700 miles he conies in sight of what he calls an Inland Sea (6 Sept.), subsequently .known as the Salt Lake ; the party reach Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia River, the appointed terminus of his journey, 4 Nov.; six days later they start on their homeward journey, in which he contemplates a circuit to the south and south-east, and the exploration of the great basin between the Rocky Moun tains and the Sierra Nevada. Daniel Webster resigns the Secretaryship of State (May); the President appoints Hugh S. Legare to succeed him (June) ; on the sudden death of Mr. Legare, while attending the Bunker Hill celebration (17), the President calls Abel P. Upshur to the Department of State. In Mexico the Assembly of Notables, convened by Santa Anna s order, draw up a new constitution, known as the bases fistory ojr tm United States. 1843. of political organization of the Mexican Republic, and (13 June) proclaim it; by it, the Roman Catholic religion is to be protected to the exclusion of all others; the President is to be elected for five years ; the rights of citizenship can only be enjoyed by those who have an annual income of at least f 200 ; the first Congress of the new Government is to assemble in Jan. next. The completion of the Bunker Hill Monument, at Boston, is celebrated with a grand demonstration (17 June); the President and his Cabinet participate, and Daniel Webster d*ltvers one of the greatest orations of his life. A Liberty Party National Convention at Buffalo (30 Aug.) nominates J. Gr. Birney and Thomas Morris. The Old School and New School branches of the Presbyterian Church enter upon their careers as distinct denominations; their relative strength is : Old School, 1,484 ministers, 2,092 congre gations; New School, 1,203 ministers, 1,496 congregations. The Wesleyan Methodist Church is organized as an inde pendent denomination at Utica, N. Y. ; it agrees in theology and internal discipline with the elder body, but excludes the Episcopacy and presiding elders, and provides lay representa tion. Screw propulsion is introduced into the IT. S. by the con struction of the Princeton, a steamship classed as a second- rate sloop-of-war ; she was built by Capt. Ericsson, and is the first screw steam war-vessel ever built. The U. S. Patent Office grants 531 patents during the year; among them are one to Benjamin Brandreth, N. Y., for an im provement in making vegetable drugs and pills; to Napoleon E. Guerin, N. Y.,*for a machine for hatching chickens by artificial heat; to John M. and Lyman Hollingsvvoith, Boston, for a method of making paper from manilla grass; and to Enos Wilder for the construction of a safe of heavy iron plates, filled with hydrated plaster of Paris ; this is the first safe that is able to stand the test of a big fire. The national expenses for the year amount to $12,118,105; the debt is $27,203,450 ; the value of imports, |64,753,799; and of exports, $84,346,480. 1844. Lieut. Fremont reaches the fi st waters of the great basin which has the Wahsatch and Riar River Mountains for its eastern, and the Siena Nevada for its western rim, a sheet of green water some 20 miles broad (10 Jan.); at first he bell-eves it to be Mary s Lake, but subsequently concludes it is an unknown body of water, and names it Pyramid Lake; he comes in sight of the valley of the Sacramento (6 Feb.), and encamps (20) on the summit of the pass in the dividing ridge, 1,000 miles by- traveled road from the Dalles of the Columbia ; this point is 2,000 feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains, and many peaks rise several thousand feet higher around him; Capt. Sutter s fort, on the Sacramento River, is reached (6 March), and a few days are given up to rest ; resuming the journey (24) Fremont proposes to avail himself of the pass at the head of the San Joaquin River, 500 miles south of Sutter s Fort, and thence to cross the rim of the great basin, so as to 160 History of the United States. 1944. reach the head of the Arkansas river OB the opposite side of the mountains ; on 23 May he reaches Utah Lake, finding himself at the end of eight months on the same sheet of water he left in Sept. previous, the Utah being the southern limb of the Great Salt Lake, of which he is now able to fix the points of its northern and southern extremities ; the party reach St. Louis (6 Aug.) and disband. Charges of sedition tyid disloyalty having been made against the new Christian sect at Nauvoo, which had rap idly grown and now numbered over 16,000 persons, Joseph Smith, his brother, Hyram Smith, John Taylor, and William Richards voluntarily surrender themselves to stand trial on the charges, at the suggestion of Governor Ford, who prom ises them protection. He places a guard over them in the Carthage jail, and the guard, 27 June, assassinate Joseph Smith and Hyram Smith. Taylor is seriously wounded and Richards escapes. Brigham Young succeeds Joseph Smith, and to escape the religious persecution of the States, the Mormons start out under his leadership to make a home for themselves in the great American desert on the shores of the recently explored great Salt Lake. There they build the city of Salt Lake. The new Mexican Congress assembles (Jan.), and votes a contribution of $4,000,000, with which to prosecute a war against Texas ; the opposition to Santa Anna is increasing rapidly throughout the country ; Congress reassembles (Dec. 7), when Gen. Herrera, the constitutional leader, is appointed provisional President, and a new ministry is formed ; great rejoicings follow the overthrow of Santa Anna s Government. The President and several members of the Government and their families make an excursion on the Princeton down the Potomac (28 Feb.), to witness the trial of a new gun; on the second discharge it bursts and kills several persons, including Mr. Upshur, Secretary of State, and Mr. Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy; the vacancies thus caused are filled by the appoint ments of John C. Calhoun, Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy. Alleged spirit-rappings are manifested to the Fox family, Hydeville, N. Y., 31 March. A treaty is concluded (12 April) by John C. Calhoun, Secre tary of State, on the part of the U. S., and Isaac Van Zandt and J. Pinckney Henderson, on the part of Texas, for the annexation of the Republic; i f is sent to the Senate (22) and rejected (8 June). The National Whig Convention assembles at Baltimore (1 May),. with Ambrose Spencer, N. Y., President; a resolution declaring Henry Clay, of Ky., to be unanimously nominated for the Presidency is carried by acclamation; Theodore Freling- huysen, N. J., is nominated for Vice-President. The National Democratic Convention meets at Baltimore (2X May); Mr. Van Buren has a majority on the first ballot, but a majority of two-thirds is required to nominate; after the eighth ballot his name is withdrawn, and on the ninth the vote is History of the Vnited States. 161 1844. unanimous for James K. Polk; Senator Silas Wright, N. Y., is nominated for Vice-President, but declines, and (28) George M. Dallas, Penn., is chosen. Caleb Gushing and Tysing conclnde a treaty (3 July) between the U. S. and China, opening a number of ports to American trade and residence. Messrs. Polk and Dallas are elected (NovO President and Vice-President respectively, having 170 electoral votes each to 105 for Messrs. Clay and Frelinghuysen; the popular vote for Polk is 1,335,834, and for Clay, 1,297,033. Bills are introduced (Dec.) in Congress, to provide for the annexation of Texas, and the establishment of a lemtorial During the year, 896*,790 pounds of silk, valued at $1,400,000, are raiser 1 in the U. S. Among to Charh goods, ai_ mowing or reaping machine. The national expenses for the year amount to $33,642,01 the debt is $24,748,188; the value of imports, $108,435,035; and of exports, $111,200,046. 1845. Several resolutions are introduced (Jan.) into Congress for the annexation of Texas; a joint resolution, which excites a great debate in the Senate, beginning 13 Feb., is adopted therein (37) and in the House (28), and is signed by the President, 1 March . Constitutions for State Governments having been presented by the Territories of Florida and Iowa, Acts are passed for their admission as States into the Union, and signed by the President,, In the* closing days of President Tyler s administration, an Act is passed establishing, as a uniform time for choosing Presi dential electors in all the States, the Tuesday next after the first Monday of November; also, one reducing postage to live cents on single letters carried not exceeding 300 miles; over that dis tance, ten cents. James K. Polk is inaugurated tenth President of the U. b., 4 March; in his inaugural Message, he declares his opposition to national banks " and other extraneous institutions, to control or strengthen the Government," ami pronounces in favor of a tariff for revenue merely, but so adjusted as to afford inciden tal protection to home industry. The new Cabinet is constituted as follows : James Buchanan, Penn., Secretary of State; Robert J. Walker, Miss., Secretary of the Treasury; William L. Marcy, New York, Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Mass., Secretary of the Navy; Cave Johnson, Tenn., Postmaster-General; John Y. Mason, Va., At torney-General. Mr. Almonte, the Mexican Minister, protests (6 March) against the admission of Texas as a State, gives notice of a termination of his mission, and asks for his passports. A large portion of the city of Pittsburg, Penn., is (10 April) destroyed by fire; the loss on 1,100 buildings, with then- con tents, is estimated at $10,000,000. 162 History of the United /States. 1845. The members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Slave- holding States, acting under the friendly "Plan of Separation," declare (1 May), at a convention at Louisville, Ky., the jurisdio tion previously exercised by the General Conference entirely dissolved^ and establish a separate ecclesiastical connection under the title of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. President Hen-era, of Mexico, issues a proclamation (4 June) declaring the rights of Mexico in Texas, and his determination to defend them at all hazards; on the same day, President Jones, of Texas, issues a proclamation asserting that Mexico will agree to Texan independence if her separate existence is maintained; the Texan Congress meets (16), and the President submits the annexation resolutions of the U. S. and the treaty Eroposed by Mexico; a convention of the people of Texas is eld, 4 July, and the act of annexation is consummated by an acceptance of our Government s terms. Ex-President Andrew Jackson dies (8 June) at the Hermit age, aged 78 years. President Polk, anticipating that the annexation of Texas will lead to hostilities on the part of Mexico, orders (July) Gen. Zachary Taylor, then in command of troops in the southwest, to proceed to Texas with his troops and take a position as near the Rio Grande as prudence will allow; this army of occupation aggregates 1,500 men; while Gen. Taylor is marching to Texas, a squadron of naval vessels, under command of Commodore Conner is ordered to the Gulf of Mexico to protect American interests there; Gen. Taylor selects Corpus Christi, on the west side of the Neuces, the extreme western settlement made by the Texans, for his camp, and goes into quarters (Sep.). Considerable excitement prevails in official circles on the Oregon question; in 1818, it was agreed between the U. S. and Great Britain, that each nation should enjoy equally the privi leges of all the bays and harbors on the coast for ten years; in 1827, this agreement was renewed for an indefinite period, with the proviso that either party might rescind it by giving the other party one year s notice; negotiations have been carried on between the two Governments for a settlement of the dispute, but as no agreement is apparent they are now abandoned; pro- parations like those for war are said to be in progress in Eng land, while here theory of the administration is, " the whole of Oregon or none; " in his Message (Dec.), the President recom- ; mends that the year s notice be given to Great Britain, as a step ; toward bringing the question to an issue, and a resolution is adopted in Congress accordingly. The President informs Congress (Dec.) that Mexico has paid i but three of the twenty quarterly instalments of indemnity ; money, and that seven of the remaining seventeen are now due; | claims of more than $3,000,000, left undecided by the original ; commission, have since been recognized by a treaty which has been ratified by our Government but not yet by Mexico; Mexico agrees to renew diplomatic relations, and Mr. Slidell, La., hes been sent there to settle all existing difficulties. % Fremont, now a Captain by brevet, starts on his third expedi tion, having for its object the survey of Oregon and Calif orniaj History of the United States. 1845. he advances westward to the pass of the Cascades, where the Columbia traverses the mountains which form the northern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, and explores that chain south ward in the depth of winter, passing over the last culminating ridge, and descending into the low country watered by the bac- ramento. Elias Howe completes his first sewing machine. The most important of the 502 patents granted this year is one to E. B. Bigelow, for a loom for weaving carpets. Congress ratines the Chinese treaty negotiated by Caleb The national expenses for the year amount to $30,490,408-; the debt is $17,093,795; the value- of imports, $117,254,564; and of exports, $114,646,606. 1846. In pursuance of orders from the Secretary of \\ ar (Id Jan.), tc advance from Corpus Christ! to a point on the Kio Grande opposite the city of Matamoras, because it was believed Mexican troops were gathering there for an invasion of Texas, General Taylor begins the march early in March, and camps at Point Isabel on the coast, 28 miles from Matamoras (25); he is im mediately notified by the Mexican authorities that he is on foreign soil; leaving his stores there with Major Monroe and a force of 450 men, he pushes the remainder of his army (28) to the bank of the Uio Grande, where, under the superintendence ot Capt. Mansfield, he erects a fort large enough to accommodate 2 000 men, and names it Fort Brown, in honor of Major Brown, who is placed in command there; the Mexican commandant fires the custom-house and other buildings at Point Isabel, on the approach of our fleet. Another revolution in Mexico removes Gen. HeiTera from the Presidency and places Gen. Paredes in power; he sends Gen. Ampudiato Matamoras with a large force to drive the Americans beyond the Neuces; reaching the city (11 April), Ampudia notifies Gen. Taylor the next day to withdraw his troops within 24 hours; Taylor refuses, and Ampudia, failing to carry out his instructions, is superseded by Gen. Arista, commaiider-in-clnet of the northern division of the Mexican army (24). A force of Mexicans cross the river above and below the American camp, cutting off communication between Gen. lay- lor and his stores at Point Isabel; Capt. Ker, with a squadron 01 drao-oons, is sent to reconnoitre between the camp and the mouth of the river, while another squadron, under Capt. Thornton, is sent above for the same object; the former returns without hav- ins-seen a hostile force, but the latter are suddenly surrounded (24 April) by a large body of Mexican infantry and cavalry, and after a skirmish in which sixteen Americans are killed, the remainder are made prisoners; this is the first engagement and tlie first shedding of blood in the Mexican war. Gen. Taylor leaves Fort Brown, garrisoned with a regiment of infantry and t ,vo companies of artillery (1 May), and marches the remainder of his army to Point Isabel, then threatened by a force of 1,500 Mexicans; the Mexicans bombard Fort Brown (3) but the Americans silence their batteries; another attack, with reinforcements, is made (6), during which Major Brown is 164 History of me United States. 1846. mortally wounded ; the signal (heavy guns) is given to warn Gen. Taylor of the attack, and Capt. Hawkins takes command. Hearing the signal, Gen. Taylor leaves Point Isabel (7), with a little over 2,000 men, to the relief of the garrison; he encoun ters a Mexican army, 6,000 strong, under Arista, drawn up on the prairie of Palo Alto (8), and gives them battle; the action lasts five hours; the Mexicans are unable to stand the destruc tive fire of Kinggold s, Churchill s, Duncan s, and Ridgeley s batteries, and fall back; Arista fails to maintain the battle, am! at dark the enemy give way and flee; the American loss is 4 men and 3 officers killed, with 37 wounded; and the Mexican, 200 killed, with 400 wounded. On the following day (9), the victorious Americans move toward Fort Brown; early in the evening they discover the enemy drawn, up in battle array in the ravine of Resaca de la Palma; a vigorous action immediately ensues; Capt. May dis tinguishes himself by leading a charge upon the enemy s artil lery and capturing it, along with Gen. La Vega, its commander; the infantry are ordered to charge the entire Mexican line; the Mexicans resist stubbornly for a while, but soon become panic- stricken, and precipitately flee; the Americans capture eight pieces of artillery, several standards, large military stores, and over 100 prisoners, and lose in killed and wounded 110, while the Mexican loss is estimated at 1,000; Fort Brown sustains a bombardment for 160 hours before Gen. Taylor reaches it; he crosses the Rio Grande, drives the Mexican troops front Mata- moras, and takes possession of the city (18). Early in the spring, Capt. Fremont leaves his companions in the valley of the San Joaqnin, and starts alone for Monterey, the capital of Upper California; when near the city, his advance is checked by a detachment of Mexican troops who order him to quit the country immediately; he refuses, seeks his men, and, retiring to the summit of Hawk s Peak, erects a rude fort, over which he hoists the American flag; after remaining here a brief spell, he resumes his journey up the valley of the Sacramento into Oregon; there he is surprised by a secret messenger from the Secretary of War, notifying him of the trouble with Mexico, and asking him to watch the Government s interests in Califor nia; he at once returns to California (June), arouses all the American settlers in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay, captures a Mexican fort and garrison, 9 cannon and 250 muskets, at Sonoma Pass (15), and advancing to Sonoma, defeats the Mexi can Gen. Castro, driving the Mexicans from that region; the American Californians, under his leadership, declare them selves independent (5 July), and place him at the head of their affairs; Commodore Sloat bombards and captures Monterey (7), and Commodore Montgomery takes possession of San Francisco (9); Commodore Stockton arrives (15), and with Fremont s force captures Los Angeles (17 Aug.); Gen. Kearney pushes forward to that city, and unites (27 Dec.) with Stockton and Fremont for the conquest of California. While these events are in progress, Congress declares (11 May) that by the act of the Republic of Mexico, a state of war exists between that Government and the U. S.; authorizes the History of the United States. I Co 1846. President to raise 50,000 troops, and (13) appropriates $10,000,000 to carry on the war; the Mexican Congress declares war against the U. S. (23): Santa Anna emerges from exile in Cuba, is per mitted by President Polk to pass the blockade, and, reaching the city of Mexico (15 Sept.), declines the proffered Presidency " and assumes the military command. invade New Mexico from Fort Leavenworth, and Old Mexico on the North from Texas. The President sends a message to Congress (4 Aug.) propos- ino- to open negotiations with Mexico, and asking an appropria- tion of money for the purchase of Mexican Territory if such shall prove essential to peace; a bill appropriating $2,000,000 for the purpose is offered in the House, to which Mr. Wilmot, of Penn., moves a proviso, declaring that slavery shall never exist in any part of the Territory so acquired, but both Houses of Congress adjourn without disposing of it. At Matamoras, Gen. Taylor receives reinforcements and pre pares to march into the interior; lie sends the first division of his army, under Gen. Worth, toward Monterey (20 May), and himself follows, with over 6,000 men (3 Sept.); the whole army encamps before the city (19); Gen. Worth opens the attack (20); on the following day it is renewed and several fortitled heights are taken; the heights above the Bishop s Palace are taken (22); the defences in the lower part of the city are evacu ated that night; a frightful carnage occurs in the upper part ot the city, lasting all day (23); the city is surrendered by Gen. Ampudia to Gen. Taylor (24); the American loss amounts to 12 officers and 108 men killed, 39 officers and 337 men wounded; the Mexican loss is much heavier; an armistice of eight weeks, subject to be revoked by either Government, is allowed by Gen. Taylor. Our Government orders the termination of the armistice at Monterey (13 Nov.); two days later Gen. Worth takes posses sion of Saltillo; leaving Gen. Butler hi command at Monterey, Gen. Taylor leads a march toward Victoria, with a view of attacking Tampico, on the coast, but, learning that Commodore Conner had captured it (14) with his squadron, he returns to Monterey; Gen. Wool joins Gen. Worth at Saltillo (20 Dec.), and Gen. Taylor takes possession of Victoria nine days later. The difficulties between the U. S. and Great Britain on the Oregon question are settled by a new treaty, according to which the northern boundary of the Territory is to be 49* N. lat. The Legislature of 111. revokes the charter of the Mormon settlement at Nauvoo, and Brig-ham Young leads an advance party in search of a new habitation. Capt. Biddle, U.S.Navy, sent to Japan with two vessels of war to open commercial relations, is refused negotiations. During the year, 619 U. S. patents are issued; the most im portant are to Elias Howe for a sewing machine; Prof. Morse, for his magnetic telegraph; Royal E. House, for a magnetic letter printing telegraph; Benj. F. Palmer, N. H., for artifi<>\al ICG History of the United States. 1846. legs and feet; and C. T. Jackson andW. T. G. Morton, Boston, for a combination of ether and other substances to prevent pain in surgical operations. The national expenses for the year amount to $27,632,282: the debt is $16,750,926; the value of imports, $121,591,797; and of exports, $118,488,516. 1847. Col. Fremont remains at Santa Barbara recruiting until 3 Jan.; he is informed (11) that Commodore Stockton has retaken Los Angeles; two daj S later, Mexican officers come to his camp to treat for peace; after a long consultation an agreement is signed (13) between Col. Fremont and Andres Pico, Chief of the national forces of California, at Couenga, which terminates the war as far as California is concerned. The trouble that has been brewing between Col. Fremont and Gen. Kearney, on the ques tion of their relative rank, now increases; Fremont is the choice of Commodore Stockton and the conquered Calii ornians for Governor, a position which Gen. Kearney claims by reason of superior rank; Fremont, having acted with Stockton, recognizes that officer in preference to Kearney. At this time it was uni versally recognized by officers of the U. S. Army and Navy, that, while J i a foreign port, the commanding of Hcer of the Navy ranked above the commanding officer of the Army, in which case Stockton was Kearney s superior, and Fremont was not merely justified, but in duty bound to recognize that fact. Kearney goes to Monterey and in conjunction with Commodore Sanbrick assumes (8 Feb.) the office of Governor and proclaims the annexation of California; Fremont is ordered to Washing ton, D. C., for trial on charges preferred by Kearney (22 Aug.), where he reports (17 Sept.); the trial opens 2 Nov., and proceeds until after the close of the year; between the date of reporting himself and the opening of the trial, he is presented by the citizens of Charleston, S. C., with a costly gold and silver mounted sword in recognition of his eminent services in Oregon and California. Gen. Scott, ordered to the chief command of all the forces in Mexico and to conduct an expedition against Vera Cruz, reaches the Kio Grandefe(l Jan.), makes a rendezvous at Lobos Island, and lands an army of 13,000 men near Vera Cruz (9 March); the city is at once invested under the engineering direction of Col. Totten; Scott summons the town and fortress to surrender (18), and meeting with refusal, opens a terrific bombardment from his batteries and the fleet; Gen. Landers makes overtures for peace (26), and articles of capitulation are signed and exchanged (27); Gen. Scott takes possession and raises the U. S. flag over the walls of the city and the strong castle of San Juan d Ulloa(29); 5,000 prisoners and 400 pieces of artillery are captured with the city; the Americans have about 40 men killed, and the same number wounded, while the Mexicans estimate then- loss in killed at 1,000. Gen. Taylor forms a camp of 5,000 men at AguaNueva, near Saltillo (Feb.), and learns (20) that SantaAnna, with 20,000 troops, has arrived within 30 miles of him; Taylor immediately breaks camp and falls back to Buena Vista, where he posts his army in a very strong position; the Mexicans appear on his front (22) History of the United States. 107 and demand hte surrender; Taylor declines; slight skirmishing follows : the Mexicans attempt (26) to force the American lines by charging repeatedly, but are completely repulsed, and after fiercely fighting throughout the day, the Americans remain masters of the field; "during the night the Mexicans abandon camp and retreat towards San Luis Potosi; the American loss in killed and wounded is 723, that of the Mexicans 2,000. Col. Doniphan, who, at the head of 1,000 Missouri volunteers, had forced the Nevada Indians to make a treaty of peace, invades the Mexican State of Chihuahua, defeats a Mexican force at Bracito, and hastens to join Gen. Wool; at the Pass of Sacramento his little band is confronted (28 Feb.) by 4,000 Mexicans, whom he completely routs; pressing forward, he takes possession of the important city of Chihuahua^ March), and raises his flag on its citadel. Gen. Scott allows his army a few days for rest, and (8 April), with an advanced force under Gen. Twiggs, begins the memor able march upon the city of Mexico, via Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla; at the mountain pass of Cerro Gardo the army encounters a Mexican forceof from 12,000to 15,000 men, under the personal command of Santa Anna; the Americans, num bering 8,500, boldly attack the strongly entrenched enemy (18), and in a few hours carry all the batteries and entrenchments by storm; the Mexicans flee, leaving in the hands of the victors 3,000 prisoners, from 4,000 to 5,000 stand of arms, and 43 Eieces of artillery; the Americans lose in the engagement 431 i killed and wounded; this victory is followed by the surren der of the city of Jalapa (19) and cf Perote, with its fortress, on the summit of the Cordilleras (22); the ancient walled and fortified city of Puebla, the most important in the country after the capital and Vera Cruz, is entered in triumph (15 May), and here a rest is taken, while reinforcements and supplies are being forwarded to the heroic army. Within two months, this army of 10,000 men has taken many of the most strongly fortified places on the continent, and captured 10,000 prisoners, 700 pieces of artillery, 10,000 stand of arms, and 30,000 shells and cannon- balls. Having received reinforcements, Gen. Scott arranges his avail able force of 10,748 men in four divisions, with a cavalry brig ade (6 Aug.); Gen. Worth is assigned to the command of the first division, Gen. Twiggs the second, Gen. Pillow the third, Gen. Quitman the fourth, and Col. Harney the cavalry; Gen. Twiggs begins the march (7), the other divisions following, 8, 9, 10; the grand duel for possession of the capital city opens (20), when two sanguinary engagements are fought; in the battlo of Tontreras 4,500 Americans assault, and in less than tvyenty minutes drive 7,000 Mexicans from their intrenchments, killing 700 and taking 813 prisoners; in the battle of Churu- busco, Antonio yields first, then Churubusco itself; Santa Anna abandons the field and flees to the capital; thus in one day, the Americans defeat an army of 32,000 men, make 3,000 prison ers, including eight generals, of whom two are ex-Presidents. and 205 other officers, killed or wounded 4,000 of all ranks, and 168 History of the Umted States. of 1847. captured 37 pieces of ordnance, at a total loss of 1,058 in killed and wounded . At this juncture, an armistice is granted Santa Anna (23), and Nicholas Trist, a special commissioner from the President, undertakes negotiations with the Mexicans for peace; the Mexi cans violate the terms of the armistice by erecting new fortifi cations, whereupon (7 Sept.) Gen. Scott resumes hostilities; a division under Gen. Worth (3,200 men) carries by storm the position of El Molino del Key, held by Santa Anna with 14,000 men (8), inflicting a loss of 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, at a total loss of 800. Now, only Chepultepec stands between the Americans and the Mexican capital; Scott attacks its lofty heights (12) with his batteries, and (13) orders a charge; the enemy are routed with great slaughter, Gen. Quitman pur suing them up to the gates of the Capital ; Santa Anna, the Congress, and Members of the Government flee from the city during the night, and 6,000 Americans, with Gen. Scott at their head, enter and take possession (14) without molestation; Santa Anna makes an effort to retrieve his misfortunes, but is defeated at Huamantla and Atlixco (18 Oct.), deserted by his troops, stripped of all authority, and forced to fly for his life; negotia tions for peace are at once begun, but no results are obtained up to the close of the year. Congress authorizes the issue of Treasury Notes and the nego. tiation of a loan to the amount of $28,000*000. Indianapolis, Ind., becomes a city, 1 May. An Indian outbreak occurs at Walla Walla, Oregon (Nov. 29), during which, a number of Americans are killed and over 50 taken captive; troops are speedily raised, and the Indians are thoroughly routed after several sharp engagements. Of the 572 U. S. patents granted during the year, the most important is that to liichard M. Hoe, for a cylinder printing- press. The existence of zinc, in paying quantities, is reported in Lehigh County, Penn. The national expenses for the year amount to $60,520,851; the debt is $38,926,623; the value of imports, $146,545,638; and of experts, $158,648,622. 1^48, Col. Fremont closes his defence before the Court-Martial, 26 Jan.; a verdict of guilty is rendered (31), and the accused is sentenced to be dismissed the service; the President approves the sentence, but in view of Fremont s previous meritorious and valuable services, lie remits the penalty of dismissal, and orders him to be released, to resume his sword, and to report for duty; con scious of not having done anything to merit the finding of the Court, Fremont resigns his commission in the army (19 Feb.), and with a name indelibly associated with the historical, geo graphical, scientific, and political history of his country, he retires to private life at the age of 34 years; in Oct. he sets out on his fourth exploring expedition, at his own expense, and with a view of establishing a home in the new State he had so recently emancipated. The Mexican Congress concludes a treaty of peace (2 Feb.) with the U. S.. at Guadaloupe Hidalgo; a long debate follows 7 Mistory of the United States. 169 1848, Its submission . to our Senate, and it is materially amended and in that form ratified; the Mexican Senate adopts it (25 May), and President Polk proclaims it, 4 July; the treaty pro vides for the cession of Upper California and New Mexico to the U. S., and the payment by the latter of $3,000,000 in hand, and $12,000,000 HI four annual instalments, besides assuming such debts as are due by Mexico to American citizens, to the amount of $3,500,000. While enlarging the race-way of a water-wheel connected with Capt. John A. gutter s saw-mill in the valley of the Sacra mento, John Marshall discovers virgin gold in the loose earth (Feb.). Ex-President John Quincy Adams is stricken with paralysis in the House of Representatives, 22 Feb., and dies the follow ing day. The National Democratic Convention meets at Baltimore, 22 May; Andrew Stevenson, of Va., is elected President, and the two-thirds rule adopted ; Gen. Lewis Cass is nominated for the Presidency on the fourth ballot by 179 votes to 38 for Mr. Woodbury, 33 Mr. Buchanan, and 3 Gen. Worth ; Gen. William 0. Butler, of Ky., receives all the votes cast for Vice- President. The Territory of Wisconsin, according to the boundary of 6 Aug., 184B, is admitted to the Union as a State by Act of 29 May. The Whig National Convention meets in Philadelphia, 7 June; John C. Morehead, of N. C., is elected President; much con fusion prevails because the mass of the paily favor the Wilmot Anii-Slavery proviso; Gen. Taylor, who is regarded as an available candidate, refuses to pledge himself to Whig prin ciples, and the friends of Mr. Clay are determined upon his nomination; the second ballot (9) results in the choice of Gen. Taylor by 171 votes, to 30 for Mr. Clay, 63 Gen. Scott, and 12 Daniel Web?ter; Millard Fillmore, of N. Y., is nominated for Vice-President. A State Convention of Barnburners is held at Utica., N. Y. (22, 23 June), Hon. Samuel Young presiding; notwithstanding Mr. Van Buren s refusal to be a Presidential candidate again, he is unanimous^ nominated, with Henry Dodge, of Wis. (who declines), for Vice-President. A National Convention of the Friends of Free Territory assembles at Buffalo, N. Y. (9 Aug.), nearly all the free and three of the slave States being represented; Charles Francis Adams, Mass., is chosen President, and strong anti-slavery resolutions are adopted; Mr. Van Bur en receives the nomina tion for President, with Mr. Adams for Vice-President. By Act of Congress (14 Aug.), the Territory of Oregon is formed out of the French cession, with an area of 288,345 square miles. About 300 buildings and property, valued at $1,500,000, in the business portion of Brooklyn, N. Y., are destroyed by fire, 9 September. Boston begin 3 using the Cochituate water- works system, 35 October. 170 History of the United States. 1848. A canal connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River, at La Salle-, is opened to navigation. A submerged cable, coated with gutta-percha as an experi ment, is laid across the Hudson River, teing a portion of the telegraph service between New York and Philadelphia. A suspension bridge, with a span of 1010 feet is completed over the Ohio River at Wheeling. Of the Presidential electors chosen (Nov.), 163 give then- votes for Taylor and Fillmore, and 127 for Cass and Butler; Ex- President Van Buren, the Free Soil candidate, receives 291,455 popular votes, but no electoral; thirty States vote this year, having 290 electors. The number of U. S. patents this year amount to 660; the most important are, to Horace H. Day, for a machine for preparing gutta-percha fabrics in imitation of leather; to William Easby, for a method of converting fine coal into solid lumps; and to Henry P. Westcott, for-a machine that will point as well as punch wooden pegs. The national expenses for the year amount to $60,655,143; the debt is $48,526,879; the value of imports, $154,998,928; and of exports, $154,032,131. 1849. Col. Fremont readies Taos, New Mexico, in Jan., after a, most perilous experience from the time he left Pueblos on the Upper Arkansas; leaving Socorro, Rio del Norte*, (24 Feb.), lie makes his way into California to look* after his Mariposas estate, and while engaged in searching for gold, he receives from President Taylor the appointment of Commissioner to run the boundary line between the U. S. and Mexico. Gen. Riley, the Military Governor of California, establishes a judicial system (Aug.), and appoints Peter H. Burnet, Chief Justice; he also summons a convention of delegates to assemble in Monterey to form a State Constitution; the citizens forestall him by meeting at San Fran cisco, voting against the admission of Slavery into the Territory, and laying the ground-work for a Constitution; the Monterey Convention is held 1 Sep., and a Constitution excluding slavery forever, is adopted; under this constitution, Edward Gilbert and G. H. Wright are elected delegates to the national House of Representatives; the Territorial Legislature meets at San Jose, inaugurates Judge Burnet as Governor, and (21 Dec.) elects Col. Fremont and William M. Gwin, U. S. Senators. California starts her first banking institution at San Francisco, 9 Jan. The U. S. S. Preble, sailing (Feb.) under orders to effect the release of a party of American sailors, shipwrecked on one of the Japan Islands, and subsequently imprisoned, succeeds only after threatening bombardment. By Act of Congress (3 March) Minnesota is forme^ as a Ter ritory out of land east of the Mississippi River ceded by Great Britain, which for some years hqd been a part of the Ter ritories of Iowa and Wisconsin; area, 165,491 square miles. A portion of the city of New Orleans is laid \vaste by an unusually severe fiood (March), which causes a damage of about 160,000,000. Gen. Zachary Taylor is inaugurated Nvelfth President of the History of the United States. 171 1849. U. S., 5 March; his Message is very brief, pledging himself to enforce a strict accountability on the part of all officers of the Government, and the utmost economy in all public expenditures. The President selects the following gentlemen for his Cabinet: John M. Clayton, Del., Secretary of State; William M. Mere dith, Penn., Secretary of the Treasury: Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of the Interior; George W. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of War; William B. Preston, Va., Secretary of the Navy; Jacob Collamer, Vt., Postmaster-General; Reverdy Johnson, Attorney-General. The rivalry between Edwin Forrest, the American tragedian, and Mr. Macready, the eminent English actor, is made the occasion for a popular outbreak (10 May) while the latter is playing Macbeth in the new Astor Place Opera House, New YoYk; a mob surrounds the building and attempts to prevent the performance; incensed at opposition, threats are made to burn the building, and Mayor Woodhull is compelled to call out the militia; fair warning being given and the mob paying no heed thereto, the military are ordered to fire; at the first volley the crowd turns upon the militia, and severely wounds nearly 200; the rioting lasts several hours, and before it i r suppressed several hundred persons are killed and wounded. The business portion of St. Louis is destroyed by fire, 17 May, involving a loss of $3,000.000. Father Theobald Matthew, the great Irish Temperance Reform-." lands in New York (June), and begins a series of public inures remarkable for their grand results. The Sun, Herald, Tribune, Express, Journal of Commerce, Courier, and Enquirer, form a syndicate for gathering news, under the name of the Nevy York Associated Press. A number of leading cities are visited this summer by the Asiatic cholera; it is particularly virulent at New Orleans, New York, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Nashville, Buffalo, Chicago, and Boston, the deaths in New York alone numbering 5,071. A great overland movement of miners, speculators, and adventurers sets in from the eastern and northern States (Sep.) for the newly discovered gold mines of California. Edwin Booth makes his debut as an actor at Boston, 10 Sep. Elizabeth Blackwell receives from the Geneva (N. Y.) Medi cal College the first doctor s diploma granted to a woman in this country. Congress assembles (3 Dec.); the organization of the House is delayed for twenty days, during which sixty-three ballots are taken, before a choice for Speaker is effected; the contest is chiefly between Robert C. Wmthrop, Whig, Speaker of the preceding Congress, and Howell Cobb, of Ga.; the two parties are very evenly represented, but the Free Soil Democrats cast their vote for Mr. Wilmot; after many ballots have been taken, it is determined to end the contest by a plurality vote, and on the next ballot Mr. Cobb receives 103 votes; Mr. Winthrop, 99; scattering, 20, of which Mr. Wilmot receives 8. The provisional Government of the people of Deseret (Mor mons) send a memorial to Congress, accompanied by a Constitu- 172 History cf tlie United States. 1849. tion and form of State Government, asking admission as a State, or, in case of refusal, to be formed into a Territory. During this year 1,076 U.S. patents are issued, the most import ant of which is that to George H. Corliss for an improvement in working the valves of steam engines. The national expenses for the year amount to $56,386,422: the debt is $64,704,693; the value of imports, $147,857,439; and of exports, $145,755,820. 1850. A number of Bills are introduced into Congress for organizing Territorial Governments in California, Deseret, and New i Mexico, and strong efforts are made to prohibit the extension A of slavery; at length (29 Jan.) Mr. Clay submits compromise J resolutions, proposing 011 amicable arrangement of the whole J slavery controversy; the resolutions are-opposed by the South ern Members, as making no concession to the South, and Mr. Calhoun asserts that the Union is in danger because of the dis content at the South; Mr. Webster, in a great speech, details the grievances of the North; Mr. Bell, of Term., presents a series of resolutions (28 Feb.) on the same subject, which are referred (17 April) to a select committee, of whom Mr. Clay is Chairman; the committee reports, (8 May) favoring the im mediate admission of California, the establishment of Terri torial Governments, without the Wilmot proviso, for New Mexico and^ Utah; the enactment of laws to secure the delivery of fugitive slaves escaping into the free States, and the prohibition of slavery in the District of Columbia; the Utah Territorial Bill passes (31 July); The Texas Boundary Bill passes, Senate, 10 Auo;., the New Mexico Bill, Senate, 14; both Bills are com bined in the House, and pass 6 Sept.; the Bill to admit Califor nia, passes Senate 13 Aug.; House 17 Sept.; the Fugitive Slave Bill passes both Houses 23 Aug.; the Bill for prohibiting Slavery in the District of Columbia the last of the "Omnibus Bill "passes Senate 14 Sept. and the House, 17; Congress adjourns 30 Sept.; the compromise acts are the chief features of this long Session. John C. Calhoun dies in Washington, D. C., 31 March. A Convention assembles in Philadelphia, 1 April, called for the purpose of promoting the construction of a national road to the Pacific Ocean, through the Territories of the U. S.; Col. Fremont, too ill to accept an invitation to be present, gives his views on the project in a long letter; he describes the country vividly, and proposes the belt of country lying between the 38th and 39th parallels of latitude as the most practicable for the projected road. Gen. Lopez, a native of Cuba, organizes an expedition in New Orleans, and invades Cuba (Cardenas, 19 April), expecting to head a revolution and wrest the island from Spain; failing to receive the support on the island he had anticipated, he returns to the U. S. and secretly begins preparations for a stronger invasion. Great alarm being felt as to the /re of Sir John Franklin, an English Arctic explorer, who sailed in May, 1845, in search of a north-west passage from Europe to the West Indies, and of whom nothing has since been heard, Mr. Henry Grmnell, of History of the United States. 173 1850. New York, at his own expense, sends two ships in search of him (May), under command of Lieut. DeHaven, IT. S. Navy. A treaty between the IT. S. and Great Britain, providing for the establishment of a communication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, by means of a ship canal, to be constructed by way of the River San Juan de Nicaragua and either or both of the Lakes of Nicaragua or Maragua, to any part or place on the Pacific Ocean, is promulgated by the President, 4 July. It is known as " the Clayton-Bui wer Treaty." President Taylor dies in the executive mansion, 9 July. Vice-President Fillmore takes the oath of office as President, in the presence of both Houses of Congress, 10 July; on the following day he is succeeded as President of the Senate by Senator King, of Ala. The new President reconstructs the Cabinet (15 July) as fol lows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas Cor win, of Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury; Charles M. Conrad, of La., Secretary of War; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy; Alexander H. 11. Stuart, of Penn., Secretary of the Interior; Nathan K. Hall, of N. Y., Postmaster-General; John J. Crit- teuden, of Ky., Attorney-General. Brigham Young, President of the Twelve Apostles, prophet and revelator of the Mormons, is appointed Governor of the new Territory of Utah. For the first time in its history, the Federal Government makes an attempt to ascertain the exact development of the productive industries of the country, leaving out all establish ments that do not produce at least $500 per annum; the fact is revealed that the capital invested in manufactures exceeds $550,000,000, and that the annual product has reached the sum of $1,019,000,000. The rates of postage ar# reduced to three cents on prepaid single letters, for a distance of 3,000 miles, and five cents if not prepaid; and double these rates for any greater distance. This is a -memorable year in the operatic and heatrical circles of New York; Mr. F. B. Conway, the English actor, makes his appearance (19 Aug.:; Mile. Jenny Lind arrives (1 Sep.), and gives her first concert in Castle Garden, 7; Teresa Parodi appears at the Astor Place Opera House, 4 Nov.; and Mine. Ponisi begins her first engagement at the Broadway Theatre. 11 Nov. llichard M. Johnson, Vice-President of the U. S. with Presi dent Van Buren, dies at Frankfort, Ky., 19 Nov. The national expenses for the year amount to $44,604,718; the debt is $64,228,238; the value of imports, $178,138,318; and of exports, $151,898,790. 1851. The Chevalier Hulseman, Austrian Minister to the U. S., issues a written protest against the policy of the U. S. in relation to the action of Austria against the Hungarians, to which Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, makes a vigorous reply, Jan. A World s Fair, held in an enormous building of glass and iron, erected in Hyde Park, London, under royal patronage, is opened by Queen Victoria, 1 May. A large part of the business portion of San Francisco, em- History of the United States. 1851. bracing 2,500 buildings, is destroyed by fire, 8 May, entailing a loss of |3,500,000; a second fire, 22 June, destroys 500 buildings, causing a loss of $3,000,000. The increase in the number of States and Territories has so swelled the size of Congress that the Legislative halls are found inadequate for the proper discharge of public business; an enlargement of the Capitol building having been authorized, the President lays the corner-stone of an addition, 4 July. Gen. Lopez renews the Cuban excitement in New Orleans, July; early in Aug., he sails from that city with nearly 500 followers, and lands (11) on the northern coast of the island; leaving Col. W. L. Crittenden, of Ky., in command there, with 100 men, he proceeds with the remainder of his party to the interior; the Crittenden party are captured, taken to Havana, and executed (1(5); Lopez is attacked (13), his followers desert him, he is arrested (18), taken to Havana, and garrotted (1 Sep.). The Pro-Slavery Party in California gain such an ascendency, that in the fall elections Col. Fremont is no longer in the ma jority, and a combination to prevent his re-election to th%U. S. Senate is successfully made. * Louis Kossuth, ex-Governor of Hungary, is permitted to emerge from exile at Kutahai, Asia Minor, and embarks (1 Sep.) on the U. S. S. Mississippi, selected, according to an Act of Congress, to bring the noted general to the U. S. ; refused permission to travel through France, and leavi the ship at Gibraltar, where he is handsomely receivec^fie makes a brief visit to London, sails for the U. S. (21 Nov.), and lands at New York 5 Dec.; he is banquetted in New York, pre sented to the President at Washington (31), and to the end of his visit is treated with marked distinction. An unprecedented emigration to the West sets in this year; the Government enlarges the domain of available agricultural land by purchasing several millions of acres in Minnesota from the Upper and Lower Sioux Indians; removes the Indians to another reservation, and opens the rich wilderness to white settlers. * Serious troubles are brewing in Utah; Governor Young and all the Mormon officers openly defy the Federal laws, and endeavor to thwart the U. S. authorities in executing them ; remonstrances are sent to Washington against Brigham Young s hostile conduct by Federal officials, and his prompt removal from office is urged. The rush to the California gold mines is unabated; gambling and deeds of violence are increasing at a fearful rate; so much lawlessness has been displayed in San Francisco of iate, that reputable citizens have, in self protection, formed a Vigilance Committee, to rid the community of the dangerous characters who throng the streets. Another great canal from Lake Erie, extending from Toledo to Evansville, Ind., on the Ohio Kiver, 467 miles, is completed and opened to navigation. Lola Montes, a dancer of European celebrity, makes her first appearance in the U. S., in New York, 29 Dec. ** The national expenses for the year amount to $48,476,104; History of the United States. 175 1851. the debt is $62,560,395; the value of imports, $216,224,933; and of exports, $218,388,011. 1852. At the close of the Session of Congress (March) an appropriation is made for the survey of three routes to the Pacific Ocean, with the view of obtaining further information as a basis of legislation for a national highway between the Mississippi val ley and that ocean; as soon as Col. Fremont, now in Paris, hears of this action, he determines to return, fit out an expedi tion on his own account, and complete the survey of the route which he had taken on his last journey, which he believes the only practicable route for a national road. The Austrian Minister to the U. S., formally protests against the reception of Louis Kossuth by Congress; no notice being taken of his protest he retires from his post, leaving his official affairs in the hands of August Belmont, of New York. A formal proposition for a joint agreement of perpetual renunciation, on the part of Great Britain, France, and the U. S. respectively, of any annexation designs on Cuba, is presented to our Government, 23 April; Edward Everett, the new Secre tary of State, makes a lengthy reply, 1 Dec., rejecting the over ture. The National Democratic Convention is held in Baltimore, assembling 1 June; Hon. John W. Davis, of Ind., ex-Speaker in Congress, is chosen, president; the two-thirds rule is again adopted; several days are spent in balloting for candidates; Franklin Pierce, of N. H., receives the unanimous vote, on the forty-ninth ballot, as Presidential nominee, and William R. King, Ala., is nominated for Vice-President. The Whig National Convention is held in Baltimore, begin ning 16 June; John G. Chapman, of Md., is chosen president; on the fourth day of the session and on the fifty-third ballot the result is: Gen. Scott, 159; Millard Fillmore, 112; and Daniel Webster, 21, Gen. Scott having a majority; William A. Gra ham, of N. C., is nominated for Vice-President. Henry Clay, on account of feeble health, resigns his seat in the U. S. Senate, to take effect 6 Sept., but dies 29 June, at the age of 75. The steamboat -Henry Clay, plying on the Hudson River Between Albany and New York, undertakes a race with an opposition boat, 27 July, despite the protests of the passengers, and when near Yonkers, takes fire and is burned to the water s edge, involving a loss of over seventy lives by drowning and the fiames. The nominating Convention of the Free Soil Democracy is held at Pittsburg, Penn., 11 Aug.; John P. Hale, of N. H., receives the nomination for President, and George W. Julian, of Ind., that for Vice-President. Considerable excitement is developed during the summer by the Canadian charge that American fishers are violating the treaty of 1818 by casting their nets within the three-mile limits of the shores; the British Government claims the right to draw a line from head land to head land of the bays in its Canadian possessions, and to exclude Americans from the waters within that line; as an armed naval force has been posted to sustain no History of the United States. 1862. this claim and seize any American vessel that does not comply, the U. S. sends the Princeton and Fulton, steam war-vessels, to the coast of Nova Scotia to protect American fishermen. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, dies at Marshfield, Mass.. 24 Oct., aged 70. Hon. Edward Everett is appointed Secretary of State to suc ceed Daniel Webster. The city of Sacramento, Cal., is visited by a fire, 2 Nov., which, burning over forty blocks, consumes 2,500 buildings, maimly residences, destroying property of an estimated value of over $5,000,000. The popular vote in the Presidential election gives Pierce 1,601,274; Scott, 1,386,580; Hale, 155,825; Pierce over Scott, 814,694; over Scott and Hale together, 58,896; in the electoral college Pierce receives 254 votes, Scott, 42, Hale none. Boston has adopted a method of communicating fire alarms by means of the magnetic telegraph. Willard P. Hall, of Mo., submits a bill in the House (Con gress), organizing the Territory of Platte, comprising a vast region westward of Missouri and Iowa, 13 Dec., and the bill is referred to the Committee on Territories; Mr. Atchison, of Mo., intimates (15 Dec.) that there is a Southern combination to prevent the organization, westward of the Missouri, of a new Territory in which slavery will be prohibited. The Government has begun the experiment of using lenses instead of reflectors in its lighthouses. The national expenses for the year amount to $46,712,608; the debt is $65,130,692; the value of imports, $212,945,442; and of exports, $209,658,366. 1(353. William A. Richardson, of 111., from the House Committee on Territories, to which was referred Mr. Hall s bill for organizing the Territory of Platte, reports (2 Feb.) a bill to organize the Territory of Nebraska, covering the same region; in the Com mittee of the Whole, the bill encounters strong Southern opposition, and (10) is reported from the Committee with a recommendation that it be rejected; the bill passes the House, and going to the Senate is laid on the table, 3 March. By Act of 2 March, Washington Territory is formed from the Territory of Oregon, with an area of 193,071 square miles. Franklin Pierce is inaugurated fourteenth President of the U. S.,.4 March; bi his Message he states that it is unlikely any institutions of the States will be endangered if the Govern ment confines itoslf to its constitutional powers; he holds that the compromise measures of 1850 are strictly constitutional and to be unhesitatingly carried into effect; and believes that involuntary slavery is recognized by the Constitution, and that the States where it exists are entitled to efficient remedies to enforce the constitutional provisions. The President appoints the following cabinet officers : Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of State; James Guthrie, Ky., Secre tary of the Treasury; Robert McClelland, Mich., Secretary of the Interior; Jefferson Davis, Miss., Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, N. C., Secretary of the Navy; James Campbell, History of the United States. 177 Penn., Postmaster-General; and Caleb Gushing, Mass., Attor ney-General. Vice-Preside nt William R. King dies 18 April, aged 68. The Government sends four men-of-war and a supply ship from Norfolk, Va. (May), the whole under command of Capt. Ringgold, U. S. Navy, to the eastern coast of Asia, via Cape Horn, for the purpose of exploring those regions of the Pacific Ocean which it is believed will soon be traveled by merchant men between our Pacific ports and the East Indies, and the whaling grounds of the Kamtchatka Sea and Behring s Straits. Another expedition is fitted out during the summer, consist ing of seven men-of-war, under the command of Commodore. Perry, for the purpose of carrying a letter from the President to the Emperor of Japan, soliciting the negotiation of a treaty of friendship and commerce between the two nations, and the opening of Japanese ports to American vessels for trade. Mr. Henry Grinnell announces his wish to fit out another expedition to the Polar regions in search of Sir John Franklin; the Government agrees to assist him and places two war-vessel? at his service; these, under command of Dr. Elisha K. Kane, the Surgeon of the first expedition, sail from New York in May; at the same time a similar expedition is despatched from England. Under the Act of Congress authorizing surveys for the con- struction of a railroad across the continent, four exploring parties get under way during the summer; one is assigned to survey from the upper waters of the Mississippi, at St. Paul, to Puget s Sound, on the Pacific; a second is to cross the Contin ent from the Mississippi, along the 36 parallel of latitude; a third from the same point by way of the Great Salt Lake, in Utah; while the fourth takes a course from the Lower Missis sippi to the coast of Southern California, at San Pedro, Los Angeles, or San Diego; Col. Fremont leaves Paris (June) for the U. S., and starts upon his fifth and last trans-continental expedition, at his own expense, with the same object in view as the other expeditions (Aug.). A World s Fair for the exhibition of the industry of all nations, is opened by the President of the U. S., 14th July, at the Crystal Palace, on Reservoir Square, near the distributing reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct, New York. The Commissioners appointed by the New York Board of Aldermen (5 Aug., 1851) to examine and report upon the various sites proposed for a large public park, express a choice for the tract of land bounded by Fifty-ninth and One Hundred and Sixth Streets and Fifth and Eighth Avenues, about two and a half miles long by half a mile wide, and comprising 776 71-100 acres; the report is approved, and (23 July) the Legislature passes an Act authorizing the purchase of the Central Park, and provides (17 Nov.) for the appointment of five Commissioners by the Supreme Court to appraise the land. John Mitchell, the escaped Irish exile, reaches New York, 29 Nov., and is given a grand reception in Brooklyn, 8 Dec., anil in New York, 19. 1.0 History of the United States. 1853. The first exploration of the Isthmus of Darien for a rihip- canal is made under the direction of William Kennish, of New York; the party is sent out by J. C. Provost, Commander of the British Steamship Virago, in pursuance of orders from the ; Commander of the British Squadron in the Pacific; a portion of the party are murdered by Indians, and the survivors return without practical results. The first Session of the Thirty-third Congress convenes 5 , Dec.; Lynn Boyd, Democrat, of Ky., is elected Speaker; ; Senator Dodge, of Iowa, gives notice of a bill to establisirthe ; Territory of Nebraska (5), introduces it (14), when it is referred to the Committee on Territories, whose chairmaiijMr. Douglas, > reports it (15) with material amendments. The national expenses for the year amount to $54,577,061; the debt is $67, 340,628; the value of imports, $267,978,647; and of exports, $230,976,157. 1864. Lieut. Strain, U. S. Navy, starts (Jan.) with a party of twenty officers and men to explore the Isthmus of Darien from the itlantic side. Senator Douglas, from the Committee on Territories, reports a substitute (23 Jan.) for the Nebraska Bill, providing for the erection of two Territories, Kansas and Nebraska, to be divided on the 40th parallel of latitude, and permitting the inhabitants ; to decide for themselves whether t hey will have the institution of slavery or not, thus annulling the Missouri Compromise of 1820; heated debate ensues, and public meetings in protestation are held throughout the Northern States; the bill passes the Senate 3 March, and goes to the House, where it acts as a fire brand during an entire fortnight; the final question is taken 22 May, and the bill passes; the Senate agrees to it in the amended (House) form ^25), and it is approved by the President (31). Col. Fremont s party, after having lived on horse-flesh for fifty days and been without food of any kind for two days, are rescued 8 Feb., by Col. Babbit, Secretary of Utah Territory, at a point four days journey from Great Salt Lake; Fremont reaches San Francisco, 1 May, greatly enfeebled, and has to decline a public dinner. The American steamship Black Warrior is seized, 28 Feb., in the harbor of Havana, and the vessel and cargo are declared confiscated; the President sends a messenger to Spain to demand immediate redress, but the Spanish Government justifies the Cuban authorities; a proposition is made in Congress to suspend the neutiaMty laws, when the Captain-General of Cuba releases the vessel and cargo on the payment, under protest, of a fine of $6,000. Chicago completes its great water-works system, Feb. A Homestead Bill, providing that any free white citizen, or any one who may have declared his intention to become one previous to the passage of the Act, may select a quarter section (160 acres) of land on the public domain, and by occupying and cultivating it five years, may receive a title to it in fee, free of cost, is adopted in the House, 3 March; this also leads to a lengthy discussion, during which the bill is amended by fixing a sliding scale of prices of all the public lands, and limiting rflstory of the Vhitetf States. 179 1864. the Individual claim to two quarter sections, and in this form it is adopted by both Houses. Having obtained charters from the British Colonial Govern ments for a monopoly of a line of telegraph between Newfound land and the American Continent for a term of fifty years, Cyrus W. Field, of New York, organizes the New York, New foundland, and London Telegraph Company, at his residence, 10 March: the company is composed of Messrs. Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall 0. Roberts, Chandler White, and Cyrus W. Field, with David Dudley Field as legal adviser. After Japan had been closed against foreign intercourse, commercial and religious, for nearly two centuries, during which time many efforts were made by influential nations to secure treaties for trade purpose, the country is practically reopened, 31 March, when Commodore Perry signs a treaty between the U. S. and Japan, amid extraordinary ceremonies at Yeddo. A fugitive slave named Burns is arrested in Boston (May), and a riot ensues; U. S. troops are sent from Rhode Island to sustain the officers of the law, and the local militia are called out to protect the court and its witnesses; the U. S. Commis sioner decides that the slave must be returned to his owner, and, owing to the intense xcitement, Burns is conveyed to Virginia in a Government vessel. The President issues a proclamation, 1 June, warning ^all persons against taking part in any way in any movement having for its object the invasion of Cuba. Capt. Ericsson makes a model of an iron tower on an armored vessel, whic i is the first practical design of an iron clad man-of-war. An enormous emigration from Missouri to Kansas sets in immediately after the passage of the Territory Act, and this is supplemented by streams from the North and East managed by emigrant aid societies opposed to the institution of slavery; the Eastern and Northern settlers are warned that no abolitionists will be tolerated in the Territory. A treaty is signed between the U. S. and Mexico fixing the boundary-line, and releasing the U. S. from the obligation to defend the frontier against the Indians; for this release as well as for additional territory ceded by Mexico, the U. S. agrees to pay $10.000,000. By direction of the President, 16 Aug., Messrs. James Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre Soule, U. S Ministers to London, Paris, and Madrid respectively, meet at Ostend, Bel gium, 9 Oct., to confer upon the best means of settling the dif ficulties about Cuba, and obtaining possession of the island; they address a letter to the U. S. Government, 18 Oct., from Aix-la-Chapelle, recommending the purchase of the island if possible, and if not, its acquisition by force. A terrible ocean disaster occurs 27 Sep., when the steamer Arctic from Liverpool, while passing through a dense fog, is struck by the iron vessel Vesta; the blow is so damaging to the Arctic that she quickly fills with water in spite of the efforts of 180 History of the United* States. 1854. officers, crew, and passengers, and, after a three hours strug gle, goes down, carrying with her over 350 persons. After years of costly litigation in the U. S. and abroad, Elisa Howe is this year rewarded by having his claims, as inventor of the sewing-machine, judicially established. The Academy of Music, New York, is formally opened 2 Oct., by Giulia Grisi and Signor Mario, who appear in the opera of "Norma." A discovery is made that Henry Meigs has forged warrant*, of the City Comptroller of San Francisco for over $1,000,OOOJ and has fled the country. The President appoints Andrew H. Reeder, of Penn., Gover nor of Kansas, and Daniel Woodson, of Ark., Secretary; they reach Fort Leaven worth in Oct.; an election for a Delegate to Congress is held (29 Nov.) by the Governor s order, and results in the declared choice of John W. Whitfield, a Pro-Slavery man, over J. A. Wakefield, a pronounced Free-State man; the friends of Wakefield claim the election of Whitfield illegal on the ground that several hundred non-residents (Missourians) were permitted to vote. Preliminary negotiations had been begun between the Gov ernments of the Sandwich Islands and the U. S., with the view of annexing the former to the latter, and a draft of a treaty was completed, when King Kamehameha dies, 15 Dec., and the new King, his son, immediately closes all negotiations on the subject. A carefully organized emigration movement to the Mosquito Country is developed late In the year; Col. H. L. Kinney leads the emigrants to a large tract of country, alleged to have been granted to some English subjects by the King, and proceeds to settle them; a protest is sent by the Government of Nicarar gua to that of the U. S. against this violation of the neutrality laws. The national expenses for the year amount to $75,473,119; the debt is $47,242,206; the value of imports, $304,562,381; and of exports, $278,341,064. 1855. The cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg and the town of Bushwick are consolidated, 1 Jan., making Brooklyn the third city in the Union, with a territory of 22 square miles, and a population of 200,000; George Hall, the first Mayor of Brook lyn after its incorporation (1835), is elected first Mayor of the consolidated city. Governor Reeder, of Kansas, causes a census of the Territory to be taken, Jan. and Feb., which shows there are 8,501 inhabi tants, of whom 2,905 are voters. The first trains over the new railroad across the Isthmus of Darien are run from Aspinwall to Panama, 28 Jan. The first attempt to build a bridge across the Mississippi River is successfully accomplished at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. Recruiting for the British Army, now at war with the Rus sians in the Crimea, is being carried on in several of our large cities in violation of our neutrality laws; as the British Minister to this country appears to be implicated in the matter, the President demands his recall; the British Government declines ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 1^0 History of the United* States. 1854. officers, crew, and passengers, and, after a three hours strug- gle, goes down, carrying with her over 350 persons. After years of costly litigation in the U. S. and abroad, Elisa Howe is this year rewarded by having his claims, as inventor of the sewing-machine, judicially established. The Academy of Music, New York, is formally opened 2 Oct., by Giulia Grisi and Signor Mario, who appear in the opera of " Norma." A discovery is made that Henry Meigs has forged warrants of the City Comptroller of San Francisco for over $1,000,000} and has fled the country. The President appoints Andrew H. Reeder, of Penn., Gover nor of Kansas, and Daniel Woodson, of Ark., Secretary; they reach Fort Leaven worth in Oct.; an election for a Delegate to Congress is held (29 Nov.) by the Governor s order, and results in the declared choice of John W. Whitfield, a Pro-Slavery man, over J. A. Wakefield, a pronounced Free-State man; the friends of Wakefield claim the election of Whitfield illegal on the ground that several hundred non-residents (Missourians) were permitted to vote. Preliminary negotiations had been begun between the Gov ernments of the Sandwich Islands and the U. S., with the view of annexing the former to the latter, and a draft of a treaty was completed, when King Kamehameha dies, 15 Dec., and the new King, his son, immediately closes all negotiations on the subject. A carefully organized emigration movement to the Mosquito Country is developed late in the year; Col. H. L. Kinney leads the emigrants to a large tract of country, alleged to have been granted to some English subjects by the King, and proceeds to settle them; a protest is sent by the Government of Nicarar gua to that of the U. S. against this violation of the neutrality laws. The national expenses for the year amount to $75,473,119; the debt is $47,242,206; the value of imports, $304,562,381; and of exports, $278,341,064. 1855. The cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg and the town of Bushwick are consolidated, 1 Jan., making Brooklyn the third city in the Union, with a territory of 22 square miles, and a population of 200,000; George Hall, the first Mayor of Brook lyn after its incorporation (1835), is elected first Mayor of the consolidated city. Governor Reeder, of Kansas, causes a census of the Territory to be taken, Jan. and Feb., which shows there are 8,501 inhabi tants, of whom 2,905 are voters. The first trains over the new railroad across the Isthmus of Darien are run from Aspinwall to Panama, 28 Jan. The first attempt to build a bridge across the Mississippi River is successfully accomplished at Minneapolis, Minn., Jan. Recruiting for the British Army, now at war with the Rus sians in the Crimea, is being carried on in several of our large cities in violation of our neutrality laws; as the British Minister to this country appears to be implicated in the matter, the President demands his recall; the British Government declines ABRAHAM LINCOLN. History of the United States. -181 1855. to accede, whereupon the President dismisses the Minister, and also the British Consuls at New York, Philadelphia, and Cin cinnati, all of whom are charged with encouraging the enlist ments. An election for Members of the Legislative Assembly is held in Kansas, 30 March; large companies of men are again sent into the Territory from Missouri to vote; the judges who refuse to let them vote without being sworn as to their residence are violently thrust out and more willing ones chosen; the Gover nor sets aside many of the returns and orders a new election in six districts to be held in May; the Legislature meets at Pawnee City, 2 July; seats are refused the Free-State men elected in March, and given to those elected in May; two days later a bill is passed removing the seat of Government to Shawnee Mission, .near the Missouri frontier; the Governor vetoes it, but it is repassed by a two-thirds majority, upon which (31) the Gover nor is notified of his removal from office. The great suspension-bridge across the Niagara River, below the Falls, begun in 1852, is completed in March, and opened for travel amid international rejoicings. The Government despatches an expedition under command of Lieut. Hartstein, U. S. Navy, 31 May, to rescue Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, and his companions, whom it is feared are either ice-bound or dead; the expedition returns to New York, 11 Oct., with Dr. Kane and all his pasty, except three dead; they had been frozen in at the most northerly point of Green land ever reached. Col. H. L. Kinney invites William Walker to assist him in developing the mineral resources of his Nicaragua grant; Walker leaves San Francisco with 300 men, and lands on the Nicara- guan coast, 27 June, where he announces his real purpose; the next day he attempts to capture the town of Rivas, but failing to receive the aid he expected, and being hard pressed by the Government troops, he is forced to retreat to the coast, whence the party escape in a vessel; lie again appears at the head of an armed force, in Nicaragua, in Aug.; his party assume indepen dence of Nicaragua and (5 Sep.) organize a civil government, with Col. Kinney as Chief Magistrate; taking advantage of a local insurrection, Walker attacks and defeats a body of Gov ernment troops at Virgin Bay, and inarching to the interior, captures Grenada, the capital, 12 Oct.; he places Gen. Rivas, a native, in the Presidential office, drives Col. Kinney from the Mosquito Country, and receives recognition of the new govern ment from the American Minister (John H. Wheeler) and the British Consul; Rivas sends a Minister (Parker H. French) to the U. S., but the Government declines to receive him. Owing to the great increase in immigration, necessitating the provision of some suitable place for the reception and tempor ary care of this class of foreigners, Castle Garden, New York s leading place of public amusement, is surrendered to the Com missioners of Emigration, and opened 1 Aug. for the reception of emigrants, who are landed there direct from quarantine. Cyrus W. Field has a submarine cable made in England, with which he intends connecting Cape Ray and Cape Bretonj ap. .182* History of the United States. 1855. attempt is made (Aug.) to my this line across the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but during the operation a gale springs up, and to save the steamer, the cable is cut, and some forty miles of it are lost, The Free-State settlers of Kansas hold their first general meeting at Lawrence, 15 Aug., to form a State Government and apply for admission into the Union; nUbonafide citizens are / requested to elect delegates to assemble in convention at Topeka, ; 19 Sept., to consider and determine upon all subjects of public interest; at the Topeka meeting arrangements are perfected to , hold an election in Oct., for delegates to a constitutional con vention; these are accordingly elected, and ex-Governor Reeder, who has acted with the Free-State Party since his removal from office, is chosen Delegate to Congress; the constitution adopted at the Oct. convention, is ratified by the people at an election, 15 Dec. Wilson Shannon, of Ohio, succeeds Andrew H. Reeder, as Governor of Kansas, and enters upon official work 1 Sept.; he endeavors to pacify the disturbing elements,but the storm gets beyond his control; a force of nearly 1000 armed men take possession of Leavenworth, and create a reign of terror, which causes the Governor to call on the President 1 Dec., for U. Sc troops to preserve peace. The renowned tragedienne Mile. Rachel makes her first appearance in America, in New York, 8 Sept. Toward the close of the year the Indians begin making war upon the white settlers in Oregon and Washington Territories ; Major Haller and his company, on surveying duty, are attacked by an overwhelming force of Indians, through which they suc ceed in cutting their wuy; troops are hastened to the disaffected parts, but as they fail to suppress the uprising, Gen. Wool is ordered from San Francisco to Portland, Or., to prosecute vigorous measures; during the winter the hostilities become so frequent, savage, and general that it is feared all the white settlers will have to leave. William M. Thackeray, the eminent English author, visits this country, and delivers his first lecture on George I, in Dr. Chapin s church, New York, 1 Nov. The first session of the 34th Congress convenes 3 Dec.; the House spends the remainder of the year in ineffectual efforts to organize by electing a Speaker; the President s message, received 31 Dec., deals largely with the constitutional rights of the States, and the interference of the Free -States in the domestic affairs of the Slave States. The national expenses for the year amount to $66,164,775; the debt is $39,969,731; the value of imports, $261,468,520, and of exports, $275,156,846. 1856. In Kansas, members of the State Legislature and State officers are elected, 15 Jan.; the Legislature assembles at Topeka, 1 March, and organizes a State Government; Dr. Charles Robin son, the Governor-elect, delivers his inaugural; Andrew H. Keeder and James H. Lane are chosen U. 3. Senators; a peti tion to Congress for admission is prepared; and an adjournment tak^n to 4 July; directly after the adjournment Gov. Robinson History of the United States. 183 1856. and several other leading citizens are arrested on a charge of high treason; in spite of demands for a trial they are confined four months, when Judge Lecornpte releases them on learning that Gen. Lane is about doing so by force; on the reassembling of the Legislature, 4 July, Marshal Donaldson has President Pierce s proclamation read, in which he declares that the laws of the Shavvnee Legislature will be enforced by the entire force of the Government; Col. Sumner, with a force of 200 men, appears, and asserts that he has come to disperse the Legisla ture; tlie members obey the order without attempting an organization; in the meantime the constitution frame*! at Topeka is presented to Congress, 7 April, a petition for admission as a State is rejected in the Senate and a special House Com mittee to investigate the Kansas troubles, consisting of John Sherman, Ohio, William A. Howard, Michigan, and Mordecai Oliver, Mo., report 1 July that the alleged Territorial Legisla ture was an illegally constituted body, that the elections under the organic law had been carried on by organized invasions from Missouri, that neither Whitfield, the sitting delegate, nor Ree.ler, the contestant, is entitled to a seat in the House, and tliat a fair election cannot be held without the presence of the U. S. troops at every polling place. The steamship Pacific, with forty-five passengers and nearly 150 officers and crew, leaves Liverpool for New York, 23 Jan., and as no tidings ar^ heard of her ; she is supposed to have foundered or been burned at sea. Nathaniel P. Banks, of Mass., is elected Speaker of the House on the 133d ballot, 2 Feb., receiving 103 votes to 100 for William Aiken, of S. C. The Central Park (New York) Commissioners appraise the land authorized to be purchased at $5,398,695, and their report is confirmed 5 Feb., and the purchase consummated, $1,658, 395 of the amount being levied on the adjoining property owners. On the 21 Feb., the Convention of the National American Party is held in Philadelphia; Ex-President Fill more, N. Y., who favored the compromise measures of 1850, is nominated for President, and Andrew J. Donelson, of Tenn., for Vice- President; the principal feature of the platform is that Ameri cans must rule America. The anti-Xebraska men, embracing all, of whatever party in the past, who condemn the repudiation of the Missouri Com promise, and who shortly assume the designation of Republi cans, hold their first Convention in Pittsburjy, Penn., 22 Feb.; their nominating Convention is held in Philadelphia, 17 June, under the presidency of Col. Henry S. Lane, of Ind.; Col. John C. Fremont, of Cal., is nominated for President on the first ballot; for Vice-President, William L. Dayton, of N. J., receives 259 votes, and Abraham Lincoln, of 111., 110, with 180 scattering, whereupon Mr. Dayton is unanimously nominated. California opens her first railroad, extending from Sacramento to Folsom, 22 Feb. Brigham Young is removed from the Governorship of Utah, in consequence of complaints from the Gentile office holders concerning the lax administration of the laws. 84 History of tlie United States. 1856. The movements of the American filibusters in last year led the other governments on the Isthmus to unite in an alliance against the new Government of Nicaragua; Costa Rica declares war against Nicaragua, and within a few days (10 March) Walker sends similar declarations to Costa Kica; all the Central American States are called upon to assist Costa Rica; the "war" opens 20 March; Costa llica invades Nicaragua, meets Walker s troops (11 April) and is quickly defeated and driven from the State; Ge.n. Rivas resigns the Presidency, and proclaims against Walker, who (24 June) is elected President, and (12 July) inaugurated; President Pierce recognizes Walker s Government and cordially receives his ambassador, Father Vigil, of theR. C. Church. In Washington Territory, the volunteers defeat a large body of hostile Indians, 10 March, while in Oregon the Indians (25 March) burn every building in Cascodes, as well as in the vicinity of Vancouver; Gen. Wool succeeds in putting an end to the troubles in Oregon during the summer, but disturbances continue elsewhere beyond the Rocky Mountains. A street railroad, connecting Boston with Cambridge, the first seen in New England, goes into operation 20 March. The Adriatic, the largest steamship afloat, is successfully launched at New York, 7 April, and attracts wide-spread interest. James King, editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, is killed by James P. Casey, editor of the Sunday Times, of the same place, 14 May; Casey is arrested and put into jail, whence he and another murderer are forcibly removed by the Vigilance Committee, tried, and executed on a public thoroughfare; the Governor calls out the militia to suppress the Com mittee, who, fortifying themselves, resist capture; having accomplished the object of its organization ridding the city of dangerous characters and enforcing a respect for law and justice the Committee disbands 13 Aug.; it was popularly sustained in illegally doing the city a grand service. Representative Preston S. Brooks, of S. C., makes a brutal personal assault upon Senator Simmer, of Mass., 22 May, in the Senate Chamber, on account of some words used by the Sena tor in a speech on Kaifsas affairs two days before ; the Senator is struck with a heavy cane while at his desk, knocked to the floor senseless, and there beaten, receiving injuries which made him an invalid for four years and affected him to his death; the House refuses to expel Brooks, and he resigns, but is soon re-elected; in a civil action he is fined $800 for the assault; great indignation meetings are held throughout the North, and general sympathy for the Senator is expressed. The last services are held in the Old Brick (Pres.) Church on Beekman Street, New York, a venerated victim to the march of improvement, 25 May. The village of Osawatomie, Kansas, is sacked and burned, 5 June, by a Pro-Slavery combination, headed by Gen. Whitfield; Leaveirvorth is seized (\ Sep.) by a large force, mainly from History of the United States. 1SS 1856. Missouri, who murder and plunder without material opposition. The National Democratic Convention is held 5 June, in Cin cinnati, 0.; James Buchanan, of Penn, ex-Minister to England, is nominated for President, and John C. Breckenridge, of Ky., for Vice-President. The first statue in modern New York, an equestrian one of Washington, is set up, July, at the lower end of Union Square; in the same month the Common Council authorizes the erection of a monument to Gen. Worth, on Fifth Avenue and Broad way; ground is broken for the Ridge wood (Brooklyn, N. Y.) water- works, 31. Hartford s (Conn.) historic pride, the Charter Oak Tree, is blown down, 21 Aug. Gov. Shannon, of Kansas, is informed, 21 Aug., of his removal from office; his successor, John W. Geary, appointed in July, reaches Fort Leavenworth, 9 Sep. Cyrus W. Field succeeds in establishing telegraphic com munication between Newfoundland and the U. S.; the project for the main line across the ocean is favorably considered by Great Britain and the U. S., who detail men-of-war to lay the cable; Mr. Field goes to England, organizes the Atlantic Tele graph Company, and starts the manufacture of the cable. The Rip-Rap riots break out in Baltimore, Md., 12 Sep., and are renewed 8 Oct., while a desperate political fight occurs on election day and night. The manufacture of condensed milk is begun in Coiwi. Charles P. Huntington, of New York, is discovered to have forged commercial paper to the amount ol over $15,000,000; insanity is set up in his defense. The second railroad bridge across the Mississippi River, 1582 feet long, is completed at Rock Island, 111. Congress makes a grant of public lands in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to assist in the building of railroads. A vessel makes the passage from Milwaukee to Europe, for the first time, via the great lakes, the Welland Canal, and the St. Lawrence River. Steel is produced by the Bessemer process at Phillipsburg, N. J., from Sussex County iron. In the Presidential election (4 Nov.), Mr. Buchanan receives 1,839,169 popular votes; Col. Fremont, 1,341,264; and Mr. Fill- more, 874,534; thirty-one States, with 296 electors, vote, giving Buchanan 174, Fremont 114, and Fillmore 8. The receipts of the post-office department for the year amount to $7,620,801, and the expenditures to $10,407,868. The national expenses for the year amount to $72,726,341 ; the debt is $30,963,909; the value of imports, $314,639,943; and of exports, $326,964,908. 1857. The Free-State Legislature of Kansas, under the Topeka Consti tution, meets at Topeka, 6 Jan.; a Deputy Marshal arrests seven members under a writ issued by Judge Gate, but they refuse to go with him; two days later the Marshal returns with assistance and arrests a dozen or more of the members with the presiding officers; the Members of both Houses meet in joint sesiiow, 186 History of the, United States. 1857. adopt a memorial to Congress* and adjourn to June; the Terri torial Legislature meets at Lecompton, 12 Jan.; it passes an Act to allow judges to take bail in all cases of crime, the Governor vetoes it, but it is re-passed; an Act is passed providing for a Constitutional Convention, the election to be in June and the Convention at Lecompton, in Sep.; this is vetoed and re-passed; Robert J. Walker, of Miss., is appointed Governor, to succeed J. W. Geary, and Frederick P. Stanton, of Term., Secretary; & nolle pros is entered, 11 May, on the indictments for treason; against Gov. Robinson and other members of the Topeka Legislature. Ihe city of New York is thrown into unusual excitement, 31 Jan., by the discovery that Dr. Harvey Burdell, a well-known dentist, living at 31 Bond Street, has been murdered in his bed room; Mrs. Cunningham, a widow who hires the house of tiie doctor and who claims to have been privately married to him, with Messrs. Eckel and Snodgrass, two of her lodgers, are cir cumstantially implicated and arrested, but nothing is ever proved against them. James Buchanan is inaugurated fifteenth President of the U. S., 4 March; he selects the following as his cabinet officers: Lewis Cass, Mich., Secretary of State; Howell Cobb, Ga., Sec retary of the Treasury; Jacob Thompson, Miss., Secretary of the Interior; Isaac Toucey, Conn., Secretary of the Navy; John B. Floyd, Va., Secretary of War; Jeremiah S. Black, Penn., Attorney-General; and Aaron V. Brown, Tenn., Post master-General. "> Dred Scott, a negro slave, had been taken from Missouri into Illinois by a former master, and after being held there a slave for two years, was removed to Minnesota, where he married a female slave of the same master; Scott, with his wife and daughter, was removed to Missouri in 1888 and sold to John F. A. Sanford; he then sued for the freedom of himself and family, and obtained judgment in his favor in the Missouri Circuit Court ; the Supreme Court of the State reversed the judgment, and the case was taken to tke U. S. Supreme Court ; Chief Justice Taiiey, on behalf of the majority of the Court, pronounces judgment (6 March), reversing the judgment of the District Court and directing the dismissal of the suit for want of jurisdiction ; he calls attention to the fact that negro slaves had no rights either before or after the adoption of the Constitution, that they have always been con sidered property, and cannot be naturalized as citizens. Employes of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad go on a strike (29 April), arid for .<.. veol days have stubborn fights with the police guarding the -uil r oad property; the Governor issues a prod uma r ion and cajs mit the State troops to quell the riots. The combination of the Central American States against Walker s Nicaraguaji Government proves effective; he is com pelled to surrender the remainder of his army, 20 May, at liivas, and with a few personal "followers is saved by Com modore Davis, U. S. Navy; landing at New Orleans he begins fitting out another expedition, and (25 Nov.) effects a landing at Puenta Arenas, where (3 Dec.) he is seized, with his army of History of the United States. 187 2857. 232 men, by Commodore Paulding, U. S. Navy, and taken to New York. The lines of canals and railroads constructed by the State of Pennsylvania, at a cost of upwards of $12,000,000, to con nect Philadelphia with Pittsburg(1831), are sold to the Pennsyl vania Railroad Company, 25 June, for $7,500,000. By Act of the Legislature, the Police Department of New York is transferred from the City to the State authorities; Mayor Wood determines to test the constitutionality of the Act and to resist its execution; he refuses to surrender police property or to disband the old force; conflicts ensue between the officers of the Metropolitan and the Municipal Police; the Seventh Regi ment stops at the City Hall while on its way to take the boat for Boston, and quells a riot there; Gen. Sandford orders nine regiments under arms to preserve the peace; the Metropolitan Police Act is declared constitutional (1 July) by the Court of Appeals; on the evening of the 3d, the city is plunged into the wildest disorder; the Dead Rabbits and the Bowery Boys begin a series of street fights in Bayard Street; the rioters drive off the police and barricade the streets; the Seventh Regiment is summoned home by telegraph, and all the militia are ordered out; the riot is quelled in the afternoon (4), but breaks out again the next day, when the militia disperses the crowd; fur ther outbreaks occur (13, 14), which the police suppress. The U. S. S. frigate Niagara, attended by the Susquehanna, detailed to lay one half of the Atlantic Cable, and the British frigate Agamemnon, attended by four men-of-war, detailed to lay the other half, receive their allotted quantity of wire; the Niagara lands the end of her cable at Valentia Bay, Aug. 5, and sets sail for mid-ocean, where the splice with theAgamem- non portion is to be made; during a heavy swell (11) the wire on the Niagara breaks and 400 miles length of it is lost. ( A great financial storm breaks upon the country; the Ohio Life and Trust Company suspends, 24 Aug., for the enormous sum of $7,000,000; this is followed by the suspension of the Philadelphia banks (25, 26 Sep.), and a general suspension in Pennsylvania, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Rhode Island; a run upon the banks leads the New York Legislature, 13, 14 Oct., to authorize a suspension of specie payments by the banks for one year; the city banks resume payment, 24 Dec., and on the same day the Massachusetts banks suspend; the panic becomes universal throughout the country, thousands of manufactories an compelled to stop work, and prompt measures are taken in the large cities to relieve the suffering of the unemployed and to guard against bread riots; the failures during the year amount to 5,123, arid the liabilities to $291,750,000. A national emancipation society is formed at Cleveland, O., 26 Aug., for the purpose of endeavoring to suppress slavery by getting the Government to purchase and liberate all slaves. The steamer Central America leaves Havana for New York, with 600 persons on board, 8 Sep.; the vessel springs a^leak in a heavy storm pi), fnd P ; \ hands have to work for their lives; & passing vessel takes oL about 100 persons (12), and shortly 188 History of the United States. 1857. afterwards the steamer goes down suddenly with over 400 per sons, besides treasure estimated at over $2,000,000. An emigrant party of 136 persons, provided with all the means of agricultural life, camps at Mountain Meadow, at the south end of Salt Lake Valley, Utah, Sep.; shortly afterwards they are as saulted by Indians and some whites, said to be Mormons under the direction of John D. Lee, and compelled to surrender all theii property; starting on their return to Cedar City, they are sud denly surprised, and 120 of their number are killed. President -Buchanan sends a large body of U. S. troops to Utah to compel an observance of the laws by the Mormons, and appoints Alfred Gumming and Judge Eckels, Governor and Chief Justice respectively; Brigham Young prepares to resist the military, and warns all bodies of armed men against enter ing the territory; the U. S. Grand Jury indicts Young and a number of the Mormon leaders for high treason. The first Session of the 85th Congress opens, 7 Dec.; James L. Or, Democrat, of S. C., is elected Speaker of the House, over Galusha A. Grow, Republican, of Penn.; in his Message, the President recommends a bankrupt law for banking institutions, a railroad to the Pacific, and the establishment of a Territorial Government over Arizona, incorporating with it portions of New Mexico. Gov. Walker, of Kansas, resigns his position, 15 Dec.; the election for voting upon the slavery clauses of the Lecompton Constitution is held, 21, the Free-State men not voting; the Con stitution with slavery receives .6,143 votes, and the Constitution without slavery, 569. The national expenses for the year amount to $71,274,587; the debt is $29,060,386; the value of imports, $362,890, 141; and of exports, $362,960,608. 1858. The Territorial Legislature of Kansas, convened by order of Gov. Stanton, had provided for an election to be held 4 Jan.; this results in 138 votes for the Constitution with slavery, 24 for the Constitution without slavery , and 10,226 against the Constitution ; on the same day State Officers, a Representative to Congress, and a Legislature are chosen under the Lecompton Constitu tion, the Free State Party again declining to vote. President Bucrict^an privately commends Commodore Pauld- ing for arresting the fillibuster Walker, but (7 Jan.) publicly condemns him In a message to Congress for violating the sovereigntjr of a foreign nation; Walker is released from arrest, and proceeds to Mobile to organize his third expedition. Messrs. Olmstead and Vaux begin the work of beautifying Central Park, April. A bill, which practically agrees to admit Kansas as a State immediately with slavery, but otherwise denies admission until the population reaches 93,340, passes both Houses of Congress, 30 April. An understanding is reached (March) l> tween the new Gov ernor of Utah and the Mormon leaders, i \> i*. Commissioners from the President, offering pardon to a 1 - Vlomons who will submit to Federal authority, arrive in Salt j ldfe City, May; the "Church" accepts the offer ff and peace Is *. op**reutly restored. History of the United /States. 189 1858. By Act of Congress, 11 May, Minnesota is admitted Into thfr Union as a Sfcate, with an area of 83,531 square miles. The United Presbyterian Church is formed in Pittsburg, Penn., 26 May, by a consolidation of the Associate and the Associate Reformed Churches of North America. Most of the conferences of the Methodist Protestant Church become intensely anti-slavery; they demand of the General Con ference which meets in Lynchburg, Va., in May, such legisla- lation as shall exclude slaveholders from the communion of the Church; as the General Conference refuses to comply, nineteen annual conferences send delegates to a convention which meets in Springfield, ()., 10 Nov., when all communication is suspended with other portions of the Church so long as they countenance slavery. Subsequently these conferences secede from the Methodist Protestant Church, and with a number of other zion- Episcopal Methodist bodies organize "The Methodist Church." The U. S. and British war-vessels sail from Plymouth Sou id, . England, with a new cable on board, 10 June; they meet with heavy weather, but (26) make the splice; it parts almost immedi ately, and a second splicing (28) has the same fate, the cable breaking twice on the Niagara and once (29) on the Agamem non y both vessels put back to Queenst own, whence they sail, 17 July; a splice is made in a few days, and the vessels part, the Agamemnon and Valorous heading for Ireland, and the Niagara and Gorgon for Newfoundland; landings are made (4, 5 Aug.), \ and messages are exchanged through the cable between Queen Victoria and President Buchanan, 16; the achievement is cele brated in New York, 1 Sep. by the grandest demonstration heretofore seen. The remains of President Monroe are removed from the Marble Cemetery, New York, 3 July, and escorted to Richmond, Va., by the Seventh Regiment. Determined that their shores shall no longer be used for quarantine purposes, the populace of Staten Island organize themselves, and, marching to the hospital buildings atCastleton, remove the sick from the wards, drive off the officers, and burn all the buildings. Cooper Institute, erected by Peter Cooper, at a cost of over $600,000, for the purpose of furnishing popular instruction free, is thrown open to the public. The Lecompton Constitution in Kansas is rejected in a special election, 2 Aug., the vote on the proposition, of Congress and admission being 1,788 for, to 11,088 against. Archbishop Hughes lays the corner-stone of the new Roman Catholic Cathedral, on Fifth Avenue, New York, 15 Aug. While attempting to fumigate the steamer Austria, bound from Hamburg to New York, with 425 passengers and 113 officers and crew on board, 13 Sep. the vessel takes fire and gets beyond control; ninety-nine persons are saved by passing vessels, but the rest are lost by drowning and the flames. The famous Crystal Palace, in New York, is destroyed by fire, together with a rich collection of the Fair of tuo Aniericaa Institute, on exhibition, 5 Oct. 190 Bistwy of the United States. 185fc. A mail conveyed overland from San Francisco in a little less than twenty-four days, reache? St. Louis, Mo., 9 Oct. An effort is made during the summer to re-open the African slave trade, a number of native Africans being landed on the Southern coast and placed at once in bondage. During the year, the Legislature of New York enacts that every slave brought involuntarily within its borders shall be set free, and the Legislatures of Maine, Massachusetts, Connecti cut, Michigan, and Wisconsin pass "personal liberty laws," 1 strongly favoring the freedom of the slave. Congress convenes 6 Dec.; the President states that the con troversy between the U. S. and Great Britain relating to the right of search has been amicably settled; that if Cuba can be acquired the slave-trade will instantly disappear; and that the condition of the Treasury demands an increase of duties, on which he recommends specific instead of ad valorem duties. The gold fever is stimulated by the discovery of the metal at Tike s Peak, Col. The national expenses for the year amount to $82,002,186; the debt is $44,910,777; the value of imports, $282,613,150; and of exports, $324,644,421. 1859. The Kansas Legislature convenes in Jan., and passes an Amnesty Act by which the various prosecutions for political offences which have been begun in the south-eastern counties are stopped; a bill to abolish and prohibit slavery is passed, and thy new Governor (Samuel Meclary, of O.) vetoes it; an election is held in March, when the proposed Constitutional Convention has a majority ot nearly 4000 votes; a Republican Convention is held at Osawatomie, 18 May, for the purpose of organizing a Republican Party; the Constitutional Convention assembles 5 July, and adjourns 27, after adopting a constitution, all the Democrats present voting against it; this constitution, which prohibits slavery, is ratified at a popular election (Oct.) by a majority of 4001); a Territorial election for Members of the Legislature and a Delegate to Congress is held in Nov., when the Republican candidate for Delegate and a majority of the Republican candidates for the Legislature are elected; under the new constitution Republican State officers and a Delegate to Congress are elected 6 Dec., by a majority of about 8000. By Act of Congress, 14 Feb., Oregon is admitted as a State into the Union, with an area of 95,274 square miles. John Brown, an enthusiastic anti-slavery man, leads a party of slaves from Missouri to freedom in Canada; he crosses the line at Detroit, 12 March, and assembles a secret convention of negroes and sympathetic whites at Chatham, Canada West, 8 May, by whom " a provisional constitution and ordinances for the people of the United States," drafted by Brown, are adopted. Brown, being chosen commander-in-chief, returns to the U. S. and enters upon his scheme to liberate the slaves; he makes a contract in Collinsville. Conn., for 1000 pikes, 3 June, and in the early part of July, lie rents a farm ivar Harper s Ferry, Va.; he decides to strike the first blow against slavery on the night of 24 Oct., but changes his rnind, . on the evening of Su;ul.-iy, 16 Oct., he moves his foiv.eof seventeen white ami five ^History of the United States. 1*1 colored men into the village of Harper s Ferry, extinguishes the lights in the streets, takes possession of the workshops ami offices of the national armory, seizes the three guards and the watchman at the Potomac bridge, and posts a guard of armed men on the bridge; on the following day Brown arrests all the citizens who appear in the streets, offering to ransom them at a slave a piece, and proclaims his mission to be to " free the slaves by the authority of God Almighty: " the news of the seizure spreads rapidly; Gov. Wise commmilcates with the Government, and calls out the militia; Brown s force in the armory building is attacked by the citizens and compelled to flee to the engine-house; Col. Robert E. Lee reaches the scene in the afternoon with Government troops, and storms the engine- houss early the next morning; after a brief struggle, in which Brown is wounded in several places, the insurgents are cap tured; Brown, who had expected a general rising of the slaves at his approach, is indicted for exciting slaves to insurrection and for treason and murder; he is found guilty 29 Oct., and is hanged at Charlestown, Va., 2 Dec., in the presence of nearly 8000 militia and an immense concourse of people; Cook, Cop- poc, Copeland, and Green are hanged, 16 Dec., and Stevens and Hazlitt condemned to be hanged on the 16 March, 1860; five whites and one colored man effect their escape. Up to 30 Sep., the Government has disposed of 388,858,325 acres of public land, of which 147,088,273 have been sold for cash, $180,619,638, and 241,770,052 donated in grants to indi viduals, corporations, and States, 70,000,000 being for school purposes, and 50,000,000 for railroads and internal improve ments. Adelina Patti makes her d&jut in opera in New York, 24 November. The 36th Congress assembles 5 Dec.; the Senate is strongly democratic, but the House has no clear majority for any parry; directly after the opening of the Senate, Mr. Mason, ot Va., submits a resolution for the appointment of a committee to investigate the matter commonly known as " John Brown s raid, into Virginia; " this brings on a bitter political discussion, having slavery and State rights for its keynote, and is prolonged to the 14th, when the resolution is adopted. In the House, just as a second ballot is about being taken for Speaker, Mr. J. 13. Clark, of Mo., proposes a preamble and resolution, charging certain nominees for the Speakership with having recommended Helper s " Impending Crisis," and declaring the doctrines of the book insurrectionary; this, too, precipitates a lengthy debate on the slavery question, and complicates the contest for Speaker; on the 27 Dec., the House being still unorganized, the President sends his Message to each body; for several days John Sher man, of Ohio, receives votes lacking from three to five of a majority; but the Democrats and Americans will not unite, and the Anti-Lecompton or Douglas Democrats will not support an administration man. Col. E. L. Drake, of New Haven, Conn., sinks the first wefl for petroleum by boring at Titusville, Oil Creek, Penn. 192 History of the United States. IS59. Photo-lithography is introduced for the purpose of publishing maps in colors. The national expenses for the year amount to $83,678,643; the debt is $58,754,699; the value of imports, $338,768,130; and of exports, $356,789,641. 1860. Immediately after the holiday recess, the House resumes the slavery discussion and the contest for Speaker; Mr. Smith, of N. C., receives almost the whole democratic vote, 27 Jan., the* ballot being: Sherman, 106; Smith, 112; Corwin, 4; scattering 6; Mr. Sherman withdraws his name (30), and the republicans nominate William Pennington, N. J., who receives 115 votes, on three ballots, to 113 for Mr. Smith; the democrats substitute J. A. McClernand, 111., for Mr. Smith (31), and the eight weeks struggle terminates, 1 Feb., when Mr. Pennington receives the requisite number of votes, 117 to 85 for Mr. McClernand. The main building of the Pcmberton Cotton Mills, at Law rence, Mass., suddenly falls to the ground, 10 Jan., carrying with it all the machinery and several hundred operatives; afire breaks out in the ruins while efforts are being made to extricate the dying and wounded, throwing the city into great consterna tion; it is subsequently ascertained that 117 operatives were killed, and 112 severely and 200 more or less wounded, while of 89 others no tidings could be gathered. Mr. Coode, of Penn., throws a firebrand into the House, 5 March, by introducing two resolutions for the appointment of a committee to investigate whether the President or any other officer of the Government has, by money, patronage, or other improper means, sought to influence the action of Congress or any committee thereof, for or against the passage of ally law appertaining to the rights of any Territory, and also to investi gate the charges of improper use of money to carry elections and the reported Post-office and Navy-yard abuses; the resolu tions, after considerable opposition, are adopted, when (29) the President protests against the resolutions as violating his con stitutional rights and immunities; the committee makes an elaborate report (June). Ambassadors sent from the Emperor of Japan to ratify Com* modore Perry s treaty arrive at San Francisco, in the U. 8. Powhatan, 27 March; they are publicly received by the State authorities, 2 April; they proceed to Washington CM NewYoik in the U. S. S. Itoanoke, and are presented to the President, to whom they deliver the treaty for formal ratification, May; after a series of brilliant receptions they return to New York, where they are escorted to their hotel by the National Guard and are honored with a grand ball at Niblo s Garden, 18 June; they embark on the U. S. S. Niagara for Jay an, 29. The Democratic National Convention assembles at Charles ton, S.C., 23 April, and organizes on the following day with Caleb Gushing, Mass., as president; several platforms are introduced, 27, and referred; the platform modified by Mr. Samuels, Iowa, is adopted, 30, whereupon the Alabama delegation report that they are instructed not to acquiesce in or submit to any "squat ter sovereignty 5 platfoorm, but to withraw from the Conven tion ir case such a one should be adopted, and they accordingly Hictory of the United States. 193 1860. take their leave; the delegations from Mississippi, Louisiana (except two), South Carolina, Florida, Texas, Arkansas (apart), and Georgia follow the example; after fifty-seven ballotings, in which Senator Douglas received from 145 to 152 J votes, and Mr. Guthrie, of Ky., the next highest, 66$, the Convention adjourns, 3 May, to meet in Baltimore, 18 June; the seceding delegates assemble in St. Andrew s Hall, and after adopting the platform reported by Mr. Avery, adjourn to meet in Rich mond, 11 June. A Constitutional Union (late American) Convention is held in Baltimore, 9 May, under the presidency of Washington Hunt, N. Y.; the platform is embraced in the resolution, that it is the part both of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political principle other than the constitution of the country, the union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws; John Bell, of Tenn., is nominated for President, with Edward Everett> of Mass., for Vice-President. At the Republican National Convention, which assembles in Chicago, 16 May, all the Free States and the Slave States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and Missouri, the Territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and the District of Columbia are repre sented; George Ashmun, Mass., is chosen president; the plat form declares that the maintenance of the principles promul gated in the Declaration of Independence and the Federal Con stitution, is essential to the preservation of our Republican institutions, and congratulates the country that no Republican Member of Congress has uttered or countenanced the threats of disunion; the Convention decides to nominate by a majority vote, and proceeds to ballot, 18; three ballots are taken, in which William H. Seward and Abraham Lincoln receive the highest number of votes, the latter on the third ballot coming within two and a half votes of the requisite number; changes are made until Mr. Lincoln lias 854 of the 466 votes, when his nomina tion is made unanimous; Hannibal Hamlin, Me., is nominated for Vice-President on a second ballot, receiving 367 votes to 99 for all others. The seceders from the Charleston Convention meet at Rich mond, 11 June, and adjourn to Baltimore, holding their final meeting, 28; twenty-one States are represented; Caleb Gushing is chosen president; the Convention adopts Mr. Avery s Char leston platform, and nominates John C. Breckenridge, of Ky., for President, with Gen. Joseph Lane, Or., for Vice-President. Pursuant to adjournment, the National Democratic Conven tion re-assembles in Baltimore, 18 June; Benjamin F. Butler, Mass., announces the determination of a majority of the dele gates from his State to withdraw, and creates a sensation by the reason, that he will not sit in a convention where the African slave-trade is approvingly advocated; on the first ballot, Senator Douglas has 173| votes; Guthrie, 10; Breckenridge, 5; scatter ing, 3; on the second, Douglas has 181^; Breckenridge, 7^; and Gut brie, 5; whereupon a resolution is adopted formally nom inating Douglas for President; Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Ala., is nominated for Vice-President, but subsequently declines^ 194 History of the United States. 1860.~ when the National Committee substitutes Herschel V. Johnson, William Walker again starts with an expedition to Central America: he lands on the Island of Euatan, 25 June, and at Truxillo two days later; he issues a proclamation announcing his mission and prepares for an active campaign; the President of Honduras, at the head of an army of 700 men appears, 23 Auo- at the same time the commander of a British war-vessel in the harbor orders Walker to retire; he obeys and takes to the coast, where he is captured 3 Sep., taken to Truxillo, tried by court-martial, condemned, and shot (12 Sep.). The famous steamship Great Eastern arrives at New York from England, 28 June, and, mooring in the North Biver, is open to public inspection for several weeks. H B H the Prince of Wales reaches Newfoundland, 23 July, and after making an extended tour through British America, enters the U. S. at Detroit, 21 Sep. , and goes to Wash- ino-ton as the guest of the President (3-7 Oct.); he reaches New York City, 11, and is most enthusiastically received by the military (7000 troops) and civil authorities; a grand ball (12) and an immense torchlight procession (13) are given in his honor- he visits the West Point Academy (15), is entertained by the Governor at Albany, and by the State authorities and citizens of Massachusetts, at Boston, and takes his departure o a British man-of-war from Portland, Me., 20. Among the other notable visitors of the summer are the Prince d Joinville, uncle of the Comte de Paris and the Due de Chartres, and Lady Franklin, the latter coming particularly to thank the people of the U.S. for the interest they have shown for her unfortunate husband, the lost Arctic explorer. A number of slaves are captured by U. S. naval vessels during the summer, off Cuba, and some 1700 slaves are quar tered at Key West pending arrangements to send them to Liberia; the U. S. S. Mohican captures a single slaver oil the coast of Africa, with over 800 slaves on board. Central Park, New York, is thrown open to the public. The dawn of this eventful year had found the whole country astir with the gravest political excitement. It is election year, and the choice of the next President assumes all the importance of a crisis. The destinies of America are in the balance Political mi-ties are strangely divided. Up to this time there had been 1 ESr^lSS% Democrats and /Republicans ; these become sub-divided into four parties. .There ^the"feth- ern Democrats" led by John C. Breckenridge; and the "Nort hern Democrats "with Stephen A. Douglas * ^J^fcJS^ two panics had quarreledbecauseDouglasc aimed tt\atareiiito y had a right to vote that slavery should not exist with nuts boundaries if a majority of the people so willed it. On tl is a third party arose, known as the "Union and Constitutional Party," or the " Bell-Everetts," as they were called fiointne names of their leaders, John Bell and Edward Everett The fourth party is the "Republican " party-the party thntftf&r vears before had fought with such intense enthusiasm to .place Gen. John C. Fr&nont, the dauntless Pathfinder of the Rocky History of the United States. 195 I860. Mountains, at the head of the nation. An election campaign unrivalled in the history of America ensues; on both sides orators of the highest order take the platform, the pulpit, and the stump. Such men as Wendell Phillips, Henry Ward Bee- cher, and William Lloyd Garrison come out flat-footed as Abolitionists; and on the other hand such men as William L. Gancey urge the Southern sympathizers " by one organized, concerted action,to precipitate the Cotton States into revolution." Throughout the campaign the idea of Secession as a result of the election of Abraham" Lincoln is discussed freely in speeches, at public meetings, arid in the press of certain districts. The idea, at first merely hinted, steadily gains ground, and measures looking toward such an alternative are carefully considered. The Southerners inveigh loudly against what they call North ern duplicity; their complaint being that, while the Republicans profess that their anxiety is that Slavery should not be per mitted in any new State or Territory, they are in reality intent on destroying the Slave-system of the South, the system by which the chief industries of the South, the sugar and cotton culture, are conducted. As the day of election draws near, the conflict waxes more fierce; the South openly declares through her Senators and Congressmen, through her news papers, and in public and private meetings, that " the die is now cast, " and that if the Republicans elect their President, the " South will go out of the Union." After a campaign of tremendous excitement in all parts of Union, the Presidential election (7 Nov.) shows the following vital results: popular vote, Lincoln and Hamblin, 1,857,610; Douglas and Johnson, 1,291,574; Breckenridge and Lane, 850,- 082; Bell and Everett, 646,124; electoral vote, Lincoln, 180; Breckenridge, 72; Bell, 39; Douglas, 12. The Slave-States are said to be almost as much elated as the Republicans. The way is now clear for Secession. By pre vious arrangement the S. Carolina Legislature is in session in Nov., when Lincoln is elected, and is the first to take action in the direction of open rebellion; a Bill is introduced (10 Nov.) to raise and equip 10,000 volunteers, and (10 Nov.) a Convention is ordered to consider the question of Secession. The Georgia Legislature votes $1,000,000 to arm the State, and orders a Convention (18 Nov.); the Louisiana Legislature meets in extra session (10 Dec.), votes to elect a Convention, and appropriates $500,000 to arm the State. The S. Carolina Convention meets (17 Dec.) at Columbia, S. C., with D. F. Jamison as president, and unanimously adopts an ordinance of Secession, 20. The State seizes (28 Dec.) the Custom Souse, the Post Office, and the Arsenal, occupies Cas le nckney and Fort Mo"]tric, adopts (31 Dec.) an oath of abjuration and allegiance, sends Commissioners to the other Slave-States with a view to form a Southern Confederacy. The great chain of railways from Maine to Louisiana is com pleted (Jan.), making a continuous railway of over 2,000 miles, irom Bangor to New Orleans. The New York World makes its first appearance (June). This year is remarkable for the growth of the petrolevno 196 History of the United States. 1860 business: the Alleghany Iliver valley becomes a wilderness of oil derricks; it is estimated that in Pennsylvania alone 2000 wells are bored. The national expenses for the year amount to $77,055,125; the debt is $64,769,703; the value of imports, $362,162,541; and of exports, $400,122,296. 1861 The vear opens with dark forbodings. Trade is generally depressed. The greatest anxiety prevails concerning public affairs. Gov. Ellis, of N. C., takes possession of Fort Macon, at Beaufort (2 Jan.), the works at Wilmington, and the U. S. Arsenal at Fayetteville. On the same day, troops from Georgia seize Forts Pulaski and Jackson, and the U. S. Arsenal at National Fast-day by proclamation of the President (4 Jan.). Observed generally by North and Border States, but signifi cantly disregarded by the South. Fort Morgan, at the moutl of Mobile Harbor, and the U. S. Arsenal at Mobile, are seized by State troops at the command of Gov. Moore, of Ala. The Con vention of South Carolina agrees to send delegates to the forth coming " General Congress of the Seceding States." Steamer Star oftJteWest is chartered and sent from New York to Fort Sumter, to reinforce Major Anderson (5 Jan.). South Carolina Convention adjourns. State Conventions of Alabama and Mississippi meet (7 Jan.): meeting of the Legislatures of Tennessee and Virginia. Senator Toombs makes his famous secession speech. Forts Johnson and Caswell are seized (8 Jan.); Secretary Thompson retires from the Interior Department. First shot of the Rebellion fired (9 Jan.); t\\e Star of the West arrives off Charleston and is fired upon by the forts on Morns Island and driven back to sea. Mississippi secedes from the Union ; the Convention passes the ordinance oi Secession by 84 to 15. Florida secedes by a vote of 62 to 7 (10 Jan.). Ala bama secedes, the ordinance passing by 61 to 39 (11 Jan.). Seizure of U. S. Arsenal at Baton Kouge, Ports Phillip . and Jackson, and Port Pickens on Lake Ponehartrain , by Louisiana. New York Legislature votes to offer the President the whole military power of the State for the support of the Constitution. The Pensacola Navy Yard is seized by rebels, and the cutter Lewis Cass is seized at New Orleans (12 Jan.). The S. Carolina Legislature declares that any attempt to re inforce Fort Sumter would be accepted as an act of war (14 Jan.). The Senators from Mississippi withdraw from the Eftne Senate, Mr. Clark s resolution that the Constitution ought to be preserved and Secession put ilo, is earned in opposition to the Crittecden Compromise (18 *&:.) Arkansas and Missouri vote to hold a Convention. Maj.-Gen. Sanford of N. Y. City, tenders the President the services of the Jnrst Division of 7000 men for any service he may desire. Urt Uayne, in the name of Gov. Pickens, demands of the President t surrender of Fort Sumter; the President refuses to recognize the Col. in any official capacity* History of the United States. 197 1861. Batteries commanding the Mississippi are erected at Vicks- burg (17 Jan.). Georgia secedes, adopting the ordinance of Secession by 208 to 89 (19 Jan.). Alabama members of Congress resign, in consequence of which Jefferson Davis leaves the Senate (21 Jan.). The Louisiana Legislature passes the Secession ordinance by 113 to 17 (26 Jan.). The Texas Convention pass the ordinance of Secession by 166 to 7 (1 Feb.). Seizure of the Mint and Custom House at New Orleans (1). The Delegates of the " Free and Independent Sovereignties," as the Seceding States call themselves, meet at Montgomery, Ala. (4 Feb.), to organize a Confederate Government. Howell Cobb is chosen chairman. On the same day, ex-President Tyler presides over a Peace Congress in Washington. The Montgomery Convention organize a provisional government (9 Feb.), under the title of The Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis, of Mississppi, is elected President, and Alex ander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President. Abraham Lincoln leaves his home in Springfield, for "Wash ington (11 Feb.); many of his personal friends accompany him to the depot, where he gives a brief address that is as simple as impressive. The electoral vote is counted (13 Feb.\ and Lincoln and Hamlin are officially declared elected. Jefferson Davis is inaugurated President of the Confederate States of America (18 Feb.); he appoints his Cabinet (21 Feb.): Toombs, Secretary of State; Memminger, Secretary of the Treasury; L. P. Walker, Secretary of War. Several New York vessels are seized by order of the Gov. of Georgia. Abraham Lincoln travels by night from Harrisburg to Wash ington, to prevent an anticipated outrage in Baltimore (22 Feb.). Gen. Twiggs surrenders Government property in Texas, amounting to the sum of $1 ,200,000, to the Confederacy (23 Feb.), and is expelled from the army (1 March). Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated President (4 March). The oath of office is administered ty Chief Justice Taney. In his inaugural address, Lincoln expresses kindly feelings toward the people of every portion of the Republic; announces his deter mination to administer the Government impartially for the pro tection of every citizen and every interest; but at the same time declares that lie will enforce the laws, protecting public prop erty, and re-possess that which had been seized by insurgents. "Notwithstanding the unsettled state of affairs, the usual pageant of an Inauguration Ball is seen in the evening T*:C Ct-tC C~:r r ention declares Texas out of the Union (4). President Line >ln sends the following nominations for his Cabinet to the Senate (5 March): William H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury; Simon Cameron, Penn., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Conn., Secretary of the Navy; Caleb Smith, Ind., Secretary of the Interior; Montgomery Blair, Md., Postmaster- General; and Edward Bates, Mo., Attorney-General; the nooa- 198 History of the United States. 1861. Inatlons are confirmed by tfte Senate. Gen. Beauregard taxes command of the Rebel forces at Charleston (5). The vote of Louisiana for and against Secession is published (28 May): for Secession, 20,448; against, 17,296. The Virginia Convention refuses by a vote of 89 to 45 to sub mit a Secession ordinance to the people (4 April). Gen. Beauregard demands the surrender of Fort Sumter (11 April), to which Anderson replies that he will evacuate the fort in five days if he receives no supplies from his Govern ment. Fears are entertained concerning the possible seizure of Washington; troops are posted all about the Capitol, and the oath of fidelity is administered to the men. The Civil war begins (12 April); Gen. Beauregard at 4:30 a. m., opens fire with 30 heavy guns and 17 mortars on Fort Sum ter. The fort is defended by about 70 men, who fight valiantly, in the hope that the naval expedition which they knew had been sent for their relief may arrive in time to raise the seige. But a heavy storm prevents the succor arriving in time. The rebels fire at intervals all through the night, but Sumter re mains silent. About 7 o clock, a. m. (13 April), Fort Sumter opens fire. In two hours the quarters of the officers are all in a blaze; at 10 o clock the flag is shot down; by noon the whole fort is on fire, and the gravest anxieties are expressed concerning the gunpowder stored in the fort; 90 barrels are rolled into the sea; and now, hopeless of aid, without provisions, and utterly pow erless, Major Anderson agrees to evacuate the fort. Senator Wigfall bears the flag of truce. Major Anderson and his men march out of Fort Sumter (14 April) bearing the torn flag, the whole garrison retiring to the government vessels hovering outside the harbor. They sail immediately to New York. The news of the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sum ter creates the wildest excitement (15 April). President Lincoln issues a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers to repress the rebellion. He also commands all rebels to return to peace and loyalt> in 20 clays. All the country is in a fever of wild unrest. The Legislature of New York meets and votes 30,000 men and $3,000,000 to put down the rebellion. The Secretary of War issues a requisition to the several. States to send their prescribed quotas of the sinews of war. In every city, town, and village in the Free-labor States, the banner of the Union is raised. Public meetings are held, and every indication is manifest that the country at large realizes that the long-dreaded crisis has come. The Seceders are no less enthusiastic. Georgia, theCm-olinas, and Virginia ring with the cry, "On to Washing- "130H1 * Regiments are formed everywhere to resist snv attempt to fan e the seceded States back into the Union, l^e Ecy F^D Walker, Jefferson Davis s Secretary of War, prophecies con cerning the Confederate flag: "The flag that now flaunt* the freeze here will float over the dome of the old Capitol at Washington before the first of May. Let them try Southern chivalry, and test the extent of Southern resources*, QH(\ it may float eventually ovor Faneuil Hall, in Boston*" History of the United States. 199 1861. In the Virginia Convention It is resolved (17 April) in secret ses- gion, by a vote of 60 to 53, to submit the Secession Ordinance to the people. Jefferson Davis issues a proclamation offering Letters of Marque and Reprisal to all who wish to engage in privateering. The loyal troops passing through Baltimore on their way to Washington are assailed by a fierce and angry mob (19 April). After bearing for a time a storm of paving-stones and other deadly missiles, the 6th Massachusetts Regiment, under com mand of then* Colonel, fire on the mo b. A scene of indescribable confusion ensues. Two soldiers are killed and 7 wounded, while 11 rioters are killed and many wounded. The Mayor of Baltimore informs the President that no more troops can pass through Baltimore without fighting their way. The steamer Star of the West is seized off Indianola, Texas, by Confederates under the command of Col. Van Dorn. President Lincoln issues a proclamation by which the ports of S. Carolina,Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas are declared to be in a state of blockade (19). A great mass meeting is held in New York, under the presi dency of John A. Dix (20 April); Major Anderson is present. The Federal Government takes possession of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad (21 April). The Arsenal at Harper s Ferry is burned by its garrison (21 April). Governor Letcher proclaims Virginia a member of the South ern Confederacy (25 April). President Lincoln includes Virginia and N. Carolina in the blockade (27 April). The Maryland House of Delegates vote against Secession, 63 to 13 (29 April). The Connecticut Legislature votes $2,000,000 for public defense (3 May). President Lincoln calls for 42,000 three-years volunteers, 22,000 troops for the regular army to serve " during the war," and 18,000 men for the navy (3 May). Tennessee secedes (6 May). N. Carolina secedes (~0 May). Thirteen thousand troops cross the Potomac into Virginia (24 May). Alexandria is occupied by Federal troops. Col. Ells worth is shot and killed by Jackson, at Alexandria, and Jackson is killed by a soldier of Ellsworth s. Arlington Heights are oc cupied by Union troops. Gen. Butler declares all slaves con traband of war. All postal service in the seceded States is suspended. Hon. S. A. Douglas dies in Chicago (3 June); he was born at Brandon, Vt., 23 April, 1813. The Battle of Big Bethel is fought (10 June), and Major Win- throp is killed; the Union troops under General Pierce are repulsed. A Fast-day is observed in the Rebel States (13 June). The Confederates evacuate Harper s Ferry, after destroys}.^ all available property (14 June). A Western Va. Convention unanimously votes its 200 History of the United States. 1861. denee of the seceding section of the States (IV June). Six seceders are killed in a street fight in St. Louis. At the Battle of Booneville, Mo., the Rebels are routed with a loss of 60 (17). General Patterson crosses the Potomac at Williamsport (17 June). General McClellan assumes command of the army in Western Virginia (20 June). Forty-eight locomotives belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, valued at $720,000, are destroyed by the Confeder ates (23 .Tune). Balloon reconnaissances commence, 23. The Secession vote in Virginia (25 June) stands 128,884 for Secession, 32,134 against. Iowa votes a war loan of $000,000 (25). In a skirmish at Patterson s Creek, Va., 17 Confederates and 1 Union man are kUled (20 June). The first war loan of the U.S. Government is asked for, $250,- 000,000 (1 July). At the battle at Buckhannon, Va., the Con federates are routed, with 23 killed and 200 prisoners (1 July). Skirmish at Falling Water, Va. (1 July). Congress meets in extra session (4 July). New Hampshire votes a $1,000, 000 loan for the war (4). A great Union meeting is held in San Francisco (4). At the battle of Carthage, Mo., the Rebels lose 350 killed and grounded. The Western Department, consisting of Illinois and the States and Territories west of tbe Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains, is put under the command of General J. C. Fremont, with headquarters at St. Louis (6 July). At the battle of Carrickford, Va., General Garnett is killed (13). President Lincoln is authorized to call cut the militia, and accept the services of 500,000 men (13). The first skirmish of Bull s Run takes place (18 July) at Blackburn s Ford, between Union troops under General Tyler, and Confederates under General Beauregard* after three hours hard fighting, Gen. Tyler orders his men to fall back to . cntre- ville; the Union loss is 19 killed, 38 wounded, and 26 :-. The Confederate Congress meers at Richmond (20 Jv: y). The celebrated battle of Bull s Run is fought (21 July); Gen. Beauregard lies at Manassas with a Confederate force variously estimated at from 30,000 to 40,000 men. His position is on the banks of a little stream in a narrow wooded valley, the ground rising on either side into "bluffs" crowned with frequent patches of dense wood. Gen. McDowell, with an army of not less than 18,000 men, fords the narrow stream, and at about 10 o clock in the morning commences the attack; from the heights on the northern bank of the stream, the Federal army plays upon the Confederate troops; and the battle spreads far into the i:~"~"r. i; "^; woods. After fighting for ten hours, the Union army isontiie point of winning the day, when an unaccount able panic seizes the troops, and nearly the whole Federal force retreats toward Washington in the utmost disorder. The Union losses are 479 killed, 1011 wounded, and 1500 prisoners; Beau- regard reports the Confederate losses at 393 killed and 1200 wounded. The Southerners are exultant at this victory, and it as an omen of the final victory of their cause. History of the United States. 201 1861 General McClellan is placed in command of the Potomac army (22 July). The three-months volunteers begin to return home (22 July). The Confederates retreat from Harper s Ferry to Leesburg (1 Aug.). Gen. McClellan commences to reorganize the Fed eral army (1 Aug.). The war-tax and tariff bills are passed by Congress (2 Au<O ; 500,000 men are to be raised. The battle of Dug Spr?n<i Mo., is fought (2); the Confederate losses are 40 killed and 44 wounded ; the Union losses, 8 killed and 30 wounded. Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, is traitorously surrendered by Major Lynde with 750 men (2). Confederate vessels and stores are sunk in Pokomoke Sound (2). Congress passes the Confiscation Bill, and the bill for raising $20,000,000 by direct taxation (3 Aug.). Galveston is bombarded (5 Aug.). At the battle of Athens, Mo., the Confederates are defeated with a loss of 40 men (5). The extra session of Congress closes (6 Aug.). The battle of Wilson sCreek, near Springfield, Mo., is fought (10 Au<>\); Gen. Lyon, with 5200 men, attacks 24,000 Confeder ates under McCulloch; Gen. Lyons is killed while heading a charge; the Confederate loss is 420 killed and 1300 wounded; liiion loss, 203 killed, and 721 wounded. President Lincoln appoints 26 Sep. as a fast-day (12 Aug.}. The 7th Ohio regiment are surprised by the enemy during breakfast hour, but gallantly fight their way out (20 Aug.). The Kentucky Legislature meets (2 Sep.); in the Senate the vote is 27 for Union and 11 for Secession; in the House, 76 for Union and 24 for Secession. Massacre on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad (3 Sep.). The bridge at Platte is burned, and 17 lives are lost. President Lincoln makes certain modifications in Fremont 8 Emancipation proclamation (11 Sop.). General Fremont takes the field in the cause of the Union (27 -Sen ). Skirmishes take place at many places without any great loss on either side. Within one week, Black River, Gowans- ville Tuscrombia, Osceola, Papinsvillc, Hunter, Shanghae, in Missouri; Columbus, Barboursville, Ellcott s Mills, Smithland, Lucas Bend, and HopkinsviLle, in Kentucky; and Romney, Catoctin Mountain, Lewinsville, Chapmauville, Munson s Hill, and Great Falls, in Virginia, become scenes of conflict. Fifteen hundred Confederates attack Wilson s Zouaves at Santa Rosa Island (0 Oct.); the Zouaves, with the help of Fort Pickens, win the day. The Confederate ironclad Merrimac makes its first appear ance in sight of Fort Monroe (7 Oct.). The Confederate steamer Theodore, with Mason and giiaeu on I~oard, escapes from Charleston, S. C. Gen. Fremont and Secretary Cameron hold a conference. An attempt is made to burn the blockading fleet lying at the mouth of the Mississippi; the Confederate ram is disabled. Secretary Seward sends a circular to the Governors of States advising sea-coast and lake defences (14 Oct.). 202 History of the United States. 1861. The Confederates are defeated at Linn Creek, Mo. (15 Oct.). The battle of Edward s Ferry is fought (21 Oct.); Gen. Stone s division of 1500 men are attacked by double then- number dur ing a reconnaisance on the Potomac. After a fierce contest the Union men are driven back, and re-crossing the river in great confusion, many are drowned. Major Zagonyi, with part of Gen. Fremont s body-guard, makes a gallant charge upon and utterly routs a Confederate force of 2000 at Springfield, Mo. (26 Oct.). The second naval expedition, consisting of 80 vessels and 15,000 men, sails from Fortress Monioe (29 Oct.). The naval forces are under Commodore Dupont; the land forces under Gen. Sherman. Lieut.-Gen. Scott resigns as Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the U. S. (31 Oct.); Gen. McClellan is appointed in his place (1 Nov.). A party in Missouri pass an ordinance of Secession (2 Nov.}. Ma j. -Gen. Fremont is removed from his command (2 Nov.), and is succeeded by Gen. Hunter in the command of the West ern Department. Gen. Fremont returns to St. Louis, and is received there with the most enthusiastic tokens of regard. Capt. Wilkes, of the U. S. Navy, on the San Jacinto, stops the British inail-steamer Trent, and takes off Mason and Slidell, the Confederate Commissioners, as prisoners (8 Nov.), and takes them to Boston (19 Nov.). Gen. Fremont s staff are dismissed (12 Nov.). The Confederate Congress meets at Richmond (18 Nov.). Mason and Slidell are placed in Fort Warren (24 Nov.). A party in Kentucky pass an ordinance of Secession (30 Nov.). Gen. McClellan directs the observance of the Sabbath in all the camps of the U. S. Army (30 Nov.). Lord Lyons, the British Minister at Washington, is instructed by the British Government (80 Nov.) to leave America within 7 days, unless the U. S. Government consent to the unconditional liberation of Mason and Slidell. Jefferson Davis is elected President of the Confederate States for six years (30). Congress votes thanks to Capt. Wilkes for capturing Mason and Slidell (2 Dec.); the foreign envoys at Washington protest against this act (3 Dec.). News comes from England of a strong feeling concerning the arrest of Mason and Slidell (15 Dec.); the attitude assumed is threatening; troops are sent to Canada by the British Govern ment as a precaution against military trouble. Mason and Slidell are surrendered to the British Minister, Lord Lyons (27 Dec.). Banks in New York and elsewhere suspend cash payments (30 Dec.). The national expenses for the year are $85,387,313 ; the debt is $90,867,828; the imports are $345,650,153 ; and the exports, $228,699,486. 1862. Mason and Slidell leave Fort Warren and sail for England on the British steamer Hinaldo (1 Jan.). History of the United States. 203 1882. Waldo P. Johnson and Trustan Polk, of Missouri, are expelled from the Senate (10). Simon Cameron resigns his position as Secretary of War (11 Jan.); E. M. Stanton is appointed in his place. A gunboat action takes place near Columbus, Ky. (11). The Confederates burn the bridges on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (11). Thomas defeats the Confederates at Mill Springs, or Somer set, Ky.; the Confederate General, ZoLlicoffer, is killed (19). The Federals sink hulks filled with stone in the channels of Charleston Harbor (23 Jan.). The Federal Government decides that the crews of all captured privateers are to be regarded as prisoners of war (3 Feb.). The Confederate steamer Nashville is ordered to leave Southampton harbor, Eng.; the II. S. steamer Ttiscarora endeavors to fol- <* low, but is stopped by an English frigate. Commodore Foote, with 7 gunboats, attacks Fort Henry on the Tennessee River; the Confederate commander, Gen. Tilghman, surrenders the fort unconditionally (6 Feb.). Gen. Burnside captures 6 forts on Roanoke Island (7, 8 Feb.). Elizabeth City, N. C., is surrendered to Gen. Burnside s forces (10 Feb.). Grant captures FortDonelson, with 15, 000 prisoners (16 Feb.). The Confederate Congress meets at Richmond (19 Feb.). Grant captures Nashville, Term. (23 Feb.). Jefferson Davis is inaugurated at Richmond as President, and A. H. Stephens, as Vice-President, of the Southern Confederacy (22 February). Congress passes an Act for the additional issue of Treasury Notes (22 Feb.); by it, $10,000,000 in notes of less than $5 are authorized in addition to the $50,000,000 previously authorized. President Lincoln approves the Legal Tender Act passed by Congress (25 Feb.); by it, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to issue notes of not less than $5 to the amount of ^ $150,000,000, not bearing interest, payable in Washington and New York, the notes to be legal tender for all debts, public and private, and to be received and paid by the Government for all purposes except duties on inr-ports and interest on the public debt; those to be paid in gold. The Confederates evacuate Columbus (27 Feb.). The Fed erals occupy Chariest own, Va. (28 Feb.). Two Union gunboats and a Confederate battery have a fight at Pittsburg Landing (1 March). The Confederate iron-plated steamer Merrimae, in Hampton Roads, sinks- the Federal ship Cumberland, and compels the Congress to surrender (8 March); but is repulsed by the Federal iron-clad floating battery Monitor (9 March). Gen. McClellan takes command of the Army of the Potomac (11 March); Gen. Fremont of the Mountain Department, and Gen. Halleck of the Mississippi (11). A severe battle commences at Pittsburg Landing between the Federals under Grant and the Confederates under Johnston and Beauregard; and Grant is driven from his position with severe loss (6 "April). With the aid of Gen. Buell s reinforcements Grant recaptures (7 April) the camps from which he had been 204 History of the United States. 1862. driven. Over 100,000 men are engaged in this sanguinary battle, and about 10,000 are killed and wounded on each side, Gen. Johnston being among the killed. Congress passes a bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia (11 April); the Act provides for a Commission to remunerate loyal owners; not over $300 a slave is to be paid; and $1,000,000 is appropriated for the purpose; $100,000 are also appropriated for their colonization. An Act is also passed abolishing Slavery in the " Territories of the United States." The taking of New Orleans (24 April) by a naval force under Commodore Farragut, aided by a land force under Gen. But ler, is one of the most remarkable exploits of this eventful year. The city is strongly defended; 75 miles below it are two strong forts; and below these a chain is stretched across the river with earth- works at each end; between the forts and the chain are 5 rafts filled with inflammable material, besides 13 gunboats, an iron-clad floating battery, and an iron ram. Commodore Farragut cannonades the forts in vain, but saves his vessels from the burning rafts by seizing and extinguishing each as it floats down. At last he decides to attempt to run by the forts with his fleet. He accordingly gets under way, and while the forts, the steamers, and the battery all pour their fire upon the fleet, it steams steadily up the river till all danger is passed; the Union vessel Varuna alone sinks or disables 6 Confederate steamers; Farragut anchors off the quarantine station (24 April); and takes possession of New Orleans (25). Gen. Butler enters New Orleans with a land-force and pro claims martial law (1 May). Morgan, the Guerrilla Chief, captures the U"ion troops at Pulaski, Tenn. (2 May). President Lincoln visits Fortress Monroe (6 May). The Confederates evacuate Pensacola and destroy the Navy- yard (9 May). Battle at Farmington, Miss. (9). Gen. Hunter issues his emancipation proclamation (9). The iron-clad steamer Mcrrimac is blown up by the Confed erates to prevent its capture by the Union forces (11 May). Natchez, Miss., surrenders to Farragut (12 May). The Confederates are defeated and driven across the Chicka- hominy, at Bottom Bridge (17 May). The Seward-Lyons treaty between Great Britain and the U. S. for the suppression of the slave-trade is ratified (20 May). General Pope is assigned to the command of the Army of Virginia (26 June). The Confederates, under Gen. Robert E. Lee, attack McClellan s right wing at Mechanicsville (26). President Lincoln gives approval to an Act of Congress grant ing aid for the construction of a railroad from the Missouri to the Pacific Ocean (1 July); the Act grants a subsidy of $16,000 in Government bonds per mile, for the portion between the Missouri and the base of the Rocky Mountains; $48,000 a mile for a distance of 150 miles through the Rockies; $32,000 per mile between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada; $48,000 per mile across that range; and $32,000 per mile for the California section. The Act also grants to the Co. a right of way 400 feet in width for the whole distance, and a grant of History of the United States. 905 1862. 12,800 acres of land on the lino of the road, for eachjmfle of the railway constructed. President Lincoln, in response to the official requests of the Governors of 18 States, calls for 300,000 volunteers (1 July). The battle of Malvern Hills closes a seven days struggle with the repulse of the Confederates (1). Gen. Halleck is appointed Commander of all the land-forces of the U. S. (11 July). The Confederates capture Cynthiana, Ky. (17). President Lincoln sanctions a bill confiscating the property and emanci pating the slaves of all persons who 1 shall continue in arms against the Union for 60 days (17). Skirmish with slight loss to the Union forces at Memphis, Tenn. (19). Gen. Halleck orders Gen. McClellan to evacuate the Peninsula of Virginia (3 Aug.). The War Department issues an order (4 Aug.) for a draft of 300,000 more men for the service of the U. S., to serve for nine months, unless previously discharged; it is also directed that if any State shall not by the $5th of August furnish its quota of men, by volunteers, the deficiency shall be made up by a special draft froin-the militia. Gen. Robert McCook is murdered by Confederates, while wounded and riding in an ambulance (5 Aug.). Gen. J. C. Breckenridge makes an unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge, La. (5). The Habeas Corpus Act is ordered to be suspended (8 Aug.). Orders are also Issued for the arrest of all persons found dis couraging enlistments, prohibiting the issuance of passports, and enjoining newspaper correspondents from accompanying the armies (8). Battle of Cedar Mountain (9 Aug.). The Confederates are defeated and driven back in their attempt to cross the Rapidan (16). The Army of -the Potomac evacuates Harrison Landing (16). Gen. Wright is placed in command of the Department of the Ohio (19). The Confederates get possession of Manassas (26). The Federals are defeated at the second battle of Bull Run, and retreat under cover of the night (30). The terrible battle of Chantilly is fought in the midst of a thunder-storm (1 Sep.); Gen. Kearney is shot by a Confederate soldier of whom he made some enquiry by mistake, supposing him to be a Union soldier; Gen. Stevens is also killed. Gen. Burnside s army evacuate Fredericksburg (1). Union troops evacaate Lexington, Ky. (1). The Confederates are expected tc attack Louisville (1), and there is great excitement in Cia- cinnati. Gen. Lee, flushed with success, crosses the Potomac with his army (5 Sep.), and marches to Frederick, the bands playing 6t Maryland, my Maryland." Gen. Bragg enters Kentucky on bisgrand raid (5). The Confederates occupy Frederick (6). The Alabama captures the whaler Ocmulgee (6). 206 History of the United States. 1862. Gen. Banks is assigned to the command of the fortifications in and around Washington (7). Gen. McClcllan takes the field at the head of the Army of the Potomac (7). Cumberland Gap is evacuated by the Fedeials (7). The Confederates evacuate Frederick (9). McClellan enters Frederick (12), and secures a copy of Lee s orders to march; finding from the enemy s plans that Harper s Ferry is threatened, he moves slowly after their main body (12). Lee, at bay, takes a strong position behind Antietam Creek (14); a desperate struggle ensues at the Bridge, and both forces are nearly destroyed; reinforcements come up, and Harper s Ferry surrenders (If.); the Confederates attempt to blockade the Ohio (15); and then re-cross the Potomac into Virginia (18). President Lincoln issues his Emancipation Proclamation (22 Sep.) : " That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty- three, all persons held as slaves within any State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thence forth, and forever free ; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such per sons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any effort they may make for their personal free dom." The President expounds the meaning of this proclama tion in the following Message to Congress: " In giving freedom to the slave, we assure freedom to the free, honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve. We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last best hope of earth. The way is plain, peaceful, glorious, just a way which, if followed, the world will forever applaud, and God must forever bless." The slaves having been decided (Dred Scott s case) to be property, could be confiscated by the army, the same as any other property, as "contraband of war," and had been so de clared by Gen. Butler. After the capture and confiscation of this property, the question of its disposition becamie an embar rassing one to the generals in the field, and this proclamation made the captured slave a freedman. The proclamation ap plied only to slaves owned by persons in rebellion, captured and brought within the federal lines; but its political effect was to commit the Republican party to an emancipation policy. A Convention of loyal Governors is held at Altoona, Penn. (24 Sep.). President Lincoln vis-its McClellan s army and urges an im mediate movement across the ~\>tomac (1 Oct.); Gen. Buell s army leaves Louisville (1 ). The battle of Corinth (3). Drafting takes place in Boston and Baltimore (15). Gen. McClellan is relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac (5 Nov.), and is succeeded by Gen. Burnside (5). President Lincoln enjoins on the forces the orderly observ ance of the Sabbath (16). A general order is issued by the Government for the release of allState prisoners (22 Nov.). Gten. Banks s expedition sails for New Orleans (6 Dec.). History of the United States. 20? 1862. Fredericksburg is bombarded by the Union troops (11 Dec.), under cover of which they cross the Rappahannoek. Gen. Banks supersedes Gen. Butler at New Orleans (14 Dec.). The Sioux Indians, becoming dissatisfied with the payment of money claimed by them, take the war-path (26 Dec.); Little Crow and other Chiefs perpetrate barbarous outrages in Dakota, Iowa, and Minnesota; hundreds of the inhabitants are butch ered; and thousands, driven from their homes, see all they possess burned by these remorseless wretches. The savages are finally routed. Thirty-nine of them are tried, condemned to death, and hanged at Mankato, Minnesota (26 Dec.). The year closes darkly; in some parts of the Southern States especially, domestic life begins to feel the pitiless effects of civil strife. The money issued by the Confederate Govern ment has steadily depreciated in value. Flour brings $40 per barrel; salt $1 per lb.; a pair of boots, $50. Woolen clothing is scarce, and the army depend largely on captures from the more ample Federal stores. A spool of thread came to be worth $20, a pound of sugar, $75, and a pound of black-pepper, $300; coffee was a fabulous price, and ground-beans became almost equally costly; butter, eggs, and white bread became luxuries even for the rich. The national expenses for the year are $570,841, 700; the debt is $514,211,371; the imports are $205,771,729; and the exports, $213,069,519. 1863. President Lincoln issues his Emancipation Proclamation (1 Jan.), announced in Sep., 1862. It specifies Arkansas, Texas, Loui siana (certain parishes excepted), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, S. Carolina, N. Carolina, and Virginia (West Virginia and other portions excepted) as the Rebellious States to which the proclamation applies. The excepted parts are for the time being left precisely as if the proclamation had not been issued. It continues: " I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said States or parts of States are and henceforth shall be free, and that the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons. And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared free, to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that in all cases when allowed, they labor for reason able wages. And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable condition will be received into the armed service of the United States, to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the favor of Almighty God." The number of slaves made free by this proclamation is about 3,120,000. ^ Galveston, Texas, is captured by the Confederates under Gen. Magruder (1 Jan.); the gunboat Harriet Lane is captured, the WMtfield is blown up, Commander Renshaw is killed, and the Union garrison of 300 are captured. 208 History of the United States. 1863. The Confederates commence their retreat from Murfreesboro (3 Jan.). Th@ Federal army withdraws from before Vicks burg (3). . A battle is fought at Springfield, Mo., lasting 10 hours (8 Jan.); losses equal. Union forces from Yorktown, Va., make a raid to the Pamunky River, destroy the ferryboat, a steamer, and the railroad depot, and return without loss (8). Gen. Burnside is relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac (28 Jan.), and Gen. Hooker is appointed in his place. Gen. Sumner and Gen. Franklin are also relieved from duty in the Army of the Potomac (28). A steamer and 300 Confederates are captured near Van Buren, Mo. (28). The Charleston blockading fleet is attacked from the harbor by three iron-clad steamers, and the Mercedita is sunk (31). The Federal ram Queeen of the West runs the blockade at Vicksburg (2 Feb.). The negro brigade take Jacksonville, Fla. (2). Mai. -Gen. Burnside is appointed to command the Depart ment of the Ohio (2). Mortar boats open fire upon Vicksburg (18 Feb.). A disloyal State Convention at Frankfort, Ky., is dispersed by the military (18). President Lincoln sanctions (3 March) a Financial Bill which has passed Congress, the first section of which authorizes a loan of $300,000,000 for the current fiscal year, for which bonds are to be issued, payable at such times as the Secre tary of the Treasury may elect, at not less than. 10 and not more than 40 years. A further clause provides for the issue of Treasury Notes to the amount of $400,000,000, to run not more than three years, to bear interest at six per cent. , and to be legal tender. Fractional currency is to be issued to the amount of $50,000,000. The exigencies of the war render the passing of the Conscrip tion Acf a necessity (12 March). By this Act, all able-bodied male citizens, and all persons of foreign birth who have declared their intention of becoming citizens, and who have voted, between the ages of 20 and 45, are made liable to be called into the ser vice of the country, unless specially excepted. The exceptions include the physically or mentally incapable; the only son of a widow, or of infirm parents requiring their son s labor fo- actual support; the only brother of children without fat her or mother, under twelve, dependent on him for support; and the father of motherless children under twelve dependent on him for support. The conscripts are divided into two classes: First, all below 35 years of age, and all unmarried persons between 35 and 45; second, married persons between 35 and 45. The second class are not to be called into the service till the first class are exhausted. It is estimated that, after allow ing for all exceptions, the President has 4,000,000 men he may call upon for service. The Act also provides that any per son drafted may be discharged by payment of a sum, not ex ceeding $800, to be fixed by the Secretary of War. Admiral Farragut, with seven of his fleet, passr i ort Hud son (14 March) after a fierce engagement, in w! "he #$?* is disabled, and then burned by the AdmirtL . orders* Hist&ry of the United States. 209 1863. The Federal soldiers burn down the office of the Jeffersonian newspaper, at Richmond, Ind. (15 March). Quantrell, the Guerrilla chief, attacks the Federals at Blue Springs, and wins a slight victory (22 March). A party of blockade-runners are captured at Poplar Greek, Ind. (29 March). Admiral Farragut, with the Hartford, Switzerland, and 4o. tross engages and passes the grand Gulf batteries (1 April): lie pursues his course (2 April) as far as Red River, destroying Confederate gunboats. At Richmond, Va., exasperated women create a bread not ^ At the battle of Bay Teche, La. (14 April), the Confederates are defeated, and three of their gunboats, the Diana, Hart, and Queen of the West, are destroyed. The Union loss is 3oO men; the Confederate loss is not estimated. Gen. Foster escapes from Washington, N. C-, by running the Confederate blockade in the steamer Escort (14). Indians give trouble, and a great battle with them is tought at Medalia, Minn. (16). Porter s fleet of 8 gunboats and several transports runs past the batteries at Vicksburg (16). The Confederates make a raid on Tompkmsville, Ivy. (22 April), and the Court-house is burned. In Cedar Co., Mo., the Guerrillas under Quantrell seize 7 Federal cavalrymen, and after shameless treatment, kill them (22). The Union troops rout the Confederates at Strasburg, Va., with a loss ot < m Gen. Grant s army lands near Port Gibson, Miss. (30 April); defeats the Confederates (1 May), taking 500 prisoners; and he begins his march to Vicksburg. It Monticello, Ivy., Gen. Carter, with 5000 men, attacks the Confederates under Pegram, and drives them from the field with great slaughter (1 May). The 6th and 7th Illinois Cavalry, known as "Grierson s Raid ers," reach Baton Rouge, La. (2 May), having covered nearly 800 miles in 16 days. They had set out on the morning ot 17th April 900 strong, under the command of Col. Garrison, had marched through the center of Mississippi, destroying as they went railroads, bridges, and stores of all kinds belonging to the Confederates. At many points in their adventurous mimrli the enemy had made great attempts to capture them, but had failed. They bring into Baton Rouge over 1000 horses and many head of cattle; and are followed by a band ot oOO jubilant negroes. The battle of Chancellorsville takes place between the armies of Hooker and Lee (2 May); after a very fierce battle, in which the illustrious " Stonewall " Jackson is wounded, by mistake, by his own men, the Federals are checked. "Stonewall" Jackson dies at Richmond, V.a. (iQ May), of wounds and pneumonia, aged 39. The ship West Florida is run ashore on Galveston Island by the Owasco and Kahtadin (10). Yazoo City, Miss., is captured 10 History of the United States. 1868. by gunboats (13); the Confederates flee, and property to the value $2,000,000 is destroyed. A battle between the Indians and Guerrillas is fought at Pontachula, and the Indian camp is utterly destroyed (13). At the battle of Champion Hill, Miss., Grant drives the forces under Pemberton as far as the Big Black River (16); and the Federals, under Grant and Porter, invest Vicksburg (18); they assault Vicksburg (22), and are repulsed aftei a very heavy fight, The Confederates are defeated at Senatobia, Miss. (25). The gunboat Alert is accidentally burned at Norfolk, Va.(31). Gen. Hunter is removed from the command of the Depart ment of the South (1 June), and is succeeded by Gen. Gilmore. Gen. Burnside lays an embargo on the press, and prohibits the circulation in the Department of Ohio of the N. Y> World and the Chicago Times (2 June). Three throusand Confederate prisoners arrive at Indian apolis (2). President Lincoln revokes the orders of Gen. Burnside con cerning the N Y. World and the Chicago Times (4). A large meeting of editois is held in New York, concerning the censorship of the press (9). Lee marches into Maryland (15 June); great excitement pre vails, arid President Lincoln calls for 100,000 men to repel the invasion. Lee advances as far north as Chambersburg (16); and Gen. Milroy makes another unsuccessful attack on Harper s Ferry (16). Federal cavalry under Col. Kilpatrick encounter Gen. Fitz- hugh Lee s cavalry brigade near Aldie, Va. (17). Rear-Admiral Foote dies in New York City (26 June). General Hooker, at his own request, is relieved frc" fne command of the Army of the Potomac (29 June), and is suc ceeded by Gen. Meade. Gen. Rosecrans drives Gen. Bragg from Tullahoma (29). The terrible battle of Gettysburg begins (1 July); Gen. Geo. G. Meade commands the Union forces, with an army of 80,000; Gen. Lee commands the Confederates, with an army equally great. This battle may be regarded as the turning-point of th war; Lee had resolved to invade the North; he staked every thing on this battle; his plans seemed to be perfect; and the valor of his men has not often been equalled in the annals of war. The magnificent charge of the Confederates is repulsed by the Federals; and after a loss of something like 20,000 men on each side, Lee retreats (3), and there is an end forever to any idea of invading the North. Gen. Grant negotiates with Gen. Pemberton for the surrender of Vicksburg, which up to this time has rendered the Missis sippi impassable for vessels, and is regarded as the most impor tant fortified place in the South-west, being on a high bluff, . thoroughly defended by batteries in all directions; Grant de mands its unconditional surrender (3). The celebration of Independence day is crowned by the con quest of Gettysburg, and the surrender of Vicksburg (4 July) lEstory of the United States. 211 with the forces under Pemberton s command. Gen. Lee retreats toward the Potomac. The terrible Draft Riot* of New York break out (13 July). The clause in the Draft Act which allowed a person drafted to purchase exemption for so small a sum as $800 found little favor with the people at large, and the laboring classes especial ly felt that this was a law for the rich against the poor. While a draft is in progress in the Ninth District, New York, a district largely inhabited by working-people, an armed mob attacks the Drafting Office, evidently in accordance with a well-laid and well-organized plan. The news of the attack spreads through the city like wild-fire, and excited mobs assemble at every street corner. The fact that the militia regiments had been sent to Pennsylvania to withstand a Confederate invasion had been taken advantage of by the rioters; and the police were wholly insufficient to defend the city, which was practically at the mercy of the mob. The first point of attack is the Drafting Office; the drafting- wheel is broken to pieces, the lists are scat tered, and the building is burned. The mob then assail the negroes; and with cries of "Down with the Abolitionists I Down with the nigger 1 Hurrah for Jell Davis ! " the negroes are hunted down, bruised, hung to lamp-posts, and many, after being fearfully mutilated, are brutally killed; men, women, and children share a common fate. An asylum for colored children is sacked and burned, the terrified orphans fleeing for refuge to whatever shelter they could find. Gangs of desperadoes patrol the streets, levying contributions on passers-by, and ordering men of business to close their stores. This dreadful reign of terror Ls at last put to an end, but not till hundreds of lives have been lost and millions worth of property has been destroyed. The draft is resumed. President Lincoln, urged by reports of the brutal treatment to which the Federal soldiers are subjected by the Confederates, issues an order for retaliation (30 July). Kentucky is again invaded (30). Kit Carson, with a part of the New Mexico regiment, defeats the Navajoe in a severe fight beyond Foil Canby (30). Hostile Indians are defeated in Minnesota by Gen. Sibley President Lincoln rejects the demand for the suppression of the conscription in New York State (7 Aug.). Quantrell, the Guerrilla chief, with 300 followers, surprises the town of Lawrence, Kan., in the middle of the night (20). The town is set on fire, 182 buildings are burned to the ground, $2,000,000 worth of property is destroyed; 191 persons are killed and 581 wounded. Quantrell lost about 80 of his blood thirsty associates. President Lincoln suspends the Habeas Corpus Act (15 Sep.). The Department of the Cumberland and the Mississippi are consolidated under Gen. Grant (20 Oct.). Gen. Rosecrans is succeeded by Gen. Thompson (20). Union prisoners in a state of starvation arrive at Annapolis from Richmond (29 Oct.); others had died on the journey. The first Fenian Convention is held in Chicago (7 Novj* 212 History of the United States. 1863. General Sherman s corps forms a junction with Gen. Thomas at Chattanooga (16 Nov.). The storming and capture of " Lookout Mountain " (24 Nov.); Hooker s celebrated " fight above the clouds: " Gen. Bragg is defeated (24 Nov.). Gen. Longstreet commences the siege of Knoxville (4 Dec.). Jefferson Davis issues his annual message (7 Dec.). U. S. Congress re-assembles (7). Longstreet s soldiers begin to desert at the rate of from 20 to 50 per day (23 Dec.). The national expenses for the year are $895,790,630; the debt is |1,Q98,793,181; the imports are $252,919,920; a*nd the exports, $305,884,998. 1864. A great meeting is held at Cooper Institute, New York, to celebrate the First Anniversary of Freedom (1 Jan.). Gen. Marston makes an extensive raid in Virginia, and cap tures large quantities of stores (12 Jan.). Scout reports are forwarded to the effect that 3000 Confeder ates at Port Pelee, Canada, are ready for a dash on Johnson s Island (17 Jan.). An attempt is made to burn down the house of Jeff. Davis in Richmond (19 Jan.). President Lincoln orders a draft for 500,000 men (1 Feb.). A large number of .prisoners, including Col. Streight, escape from Libby Prison, Richmond (9 Feb.). One thousand and twenty-five bales of cotton, worth $700,000, are burned at Wil mington (9). The Confederates flee from Jacksonville, after burning a steamboat and 270 bales of cotton (9). Gen. W. T. Sherman, with his troops, leaves Vicksburg ,J3 Feb.), and arrives at Meridian, Miss., on his great raid into the heart of the enemy s country (15 Feb.); he destroys the railway communications of the enemy and much stores. The Confederate Government, salt-works at St. Mark s, Fla., are destroyed by gunboats (1 March). Gen. Thomas, reinforced, marches against Dalton (1 >. Gen. Grant is appointed to the command of all the armies (9 March), under the title of Lieut-General. He plans two simul taneous movements: one against Richmond, Va., by the Army of the Potomac, under the command of Gen. Meade; the other against Atlanta, Ga., under the direction of Gen. W. T. Sher man, who undertakes to march an army across the interior of the rebellious States, from the mountains to the sea. The Governors of Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indi ana offer to raise for the General Government 85,000 men for a hundred days (23 April); the Government accepts the offer (26 April), and appropriates $20,000,000 for payment of the men. Grant s army moves across the Rapidan, toward Chancellors- ville and the Wilderness (3 May). The Bill for Reconstruction is passed (4 May). A draft is ordered in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Kentucky, and Maryland (5 May). Lee makes a series of unsuccessful attacks upon the Federal forces in the Wilderness (5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13 May); during the History of the United States. 213 1864. first two days, in the bloody fray that lasted from ; m Juwa of the 5th to sunset of the 6th, 15,000 men on ejwri wide are slaughtered. After the battle of Spottsylvania Court House (9-12 May), Grant telegraphs to Lincoln that he proposes to light it out on this line, if it takes all summer." Sherman moves from Chattanooga, Tenn. (8 May), on his advance to Atlanta. Nathaniel Hawthorne dies (16 May), aged 60. The S. Carolina Union Convention meets at Beaufort (17 May). Ewell s attack on the Union baggage train in rear of Grant s right flank is repulsed (18 May). Battle near Dallas j Hooker drives the Confederates two miles; losses, 1500 men on each side (25). Grant crosses the Pamun- key, occupies Hanovertown (27), and reaches Mochanics- ville (30). Grant s and Lee s armies confront each other from Hanover Court House to Cold Harbor (31). A Confederate attack on Hancock s forces is repulsed (5 Juae). Marmaduke, with 3000 men, is defeated at Columbia, Ar kansas (5). At the battle of Piedmont, A r a., the Confederates lose 1500 prisoners, 3 guns, 3000 stand of arms, and a great number of killed and wounded (5). The Philadelphia Sanitary Fair opens (7 June). Lincoln is re-nominated for President, an* Andrew Johnson for Vice-President (8 June). Gen. Hancock drives the Confederates from Bottom Bridge at the point of the bayonet (12 June). The Fugitive-Slave Law is repealed in the House of Repre sentatives (13 June). Grant s army crosses the James River (14 June). Gen. Leonidas Polk is killed at Pine Mountain, Gti. (14)$ Sherman advances toward Kenesaw (14). Confederate privateers have been for some time very destruO" tive to American merchant vessels; the Shenandoah has des troyed 34 whale-ships in the Arctic Seas, and the Alabama has taken 65 vessels. The Alabama is attacked (19 June) by the U, S. S. Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, off Cherbourg, France. During the action, the two vessels steam at the rate of 7 miles an hour, and swing round one another in circles so as to bring their broadsides to bear. After describing 7 of these circles, and coming within a quarter of a mile of each other, the Ala- lama is sunk, Captain Semmes and his men being picked up by an English yacht. Secretary Chase resigns (30 June), and Hon. William Fessen- den is appointed to fill the vacancy. The Confederates, under Early, invade Maryland (5 July). The Confederates take 5000 cattle and 1000 horses from Montgomery Co., and drive them into Virginia (15 July). Sherman s army crosses the Chattahoochee (16 July) In pur suit of Johnston. Johnston is superseded by General John & Hood (18), 14 History of the United /States. 1864. Hood makes a desperate but unsuccessful attack on Sherman s lines round Atlanta, losing not less than 20,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners (22 July); Gen. McPherson is killed by a Con federate at this battle. The Louisiana State Convention adopts the new Constitution abolishing slavery (22). A mine containing six tons of powder, under a Confederate fort at Petersburg, explodes, destroying the fort and garrison (80 July). Chainbersburg, Pa., is burnt by the Confederates (30). Admiral Farragut s ileet passes Forts Morgan and Gaines (5 Aug.) ; the Confederate ram Tennessee is captured, and several other vessels are destroyed; and Fort Gaines surrenders, and - Fort Powell is evacuated (5). Battle of Sulphur Springs Bridge (11 Aug.). Gen. Grant seizes the \Veldoii Railroad (18 Aug.). Fort Morgan surrenders (23 Aug.). McClellan is nominated for President by the National Demo cratic Convention at Chicago, and Geo. 11. Pendleton for Vice- President (29 Aug.). Federal troops take possession of Atlanta (2 Sep.). Milroy attacks 3000 Confederate cavalry near Murfreesboro, Tenn., and drives them towards Triune (3 Sep.). Sheridan s army moves forward from Charleston (3). The Confederate General John Morgan is killed near Green ville, Tenn. (7 Sep.). Sherman s army is concentrated at Atlanta (9 Sep.). Grant drives picket lines across Plank Road, and advances his permanent line half a mile (10). At the" battle of Winchester, Sheridan captures 5000 prison ers, all the wounded, and 5 guns (19 Sep.). The steamer Island Queen is captured and sunk on Lake Erie (19). Forrest captures Athens, Ala., and forces 500 Union soldiers to surrender (20). Gen. Grant advances his lines on the north side of the James River to within 7 miles of Richmond (28 Sep.). . The Confederates, under Gen. Sterling Price invade Mis souri (28). At the battle of Strasbourg, Longstreet and Sheridan fight for three hours with no advantage on either side (12 Oct.). Sheridan defeats the Confederates at Cedar Creek (19). The town of St. AJbans, Vt., about 15 miles from the Cana dian frontier, is raided by armed Confederates (19 Oct.); they overpower the employes of three banks, tire on and kill several persons, steal $200,000 in money, and, taking all the horses they can find in the streets or livery stables, escape to Ca. ada, where 13 of them are arrested (21). Detroit is alarmed (30 Oct.) by reports that a raid is to be made on the city during the night; the soldiers are called out, and depots and public buildings are guarded, but no raid takes place. Union troops recapture Plymouth (31 Oct.). The Presidential election takes place (8 Nov.); the Republican candidates, Abraham Lincoln, President, and Andrew John son, Vice-President, are elected, receiving the electoral votes of S8 States* 213 in all. The Democratic Party had nominated History of the United States. 215 1864. Gen. George B. McClcllaii for President, aud Geo. H. Pendleton for Vice-President. They secured only the votes of New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky, 21 in all. McClellan resigns his com mand in the army (8). General Sherman begins (16 Nov.) his great march from Atlanta to the sea, the army of 60,000 advancing in two columns under Generals Howard and Slocum, and largely sub sisting on what could be found in the fertile country through which it passed. Battle of Pulaski (21 Nov.). The Confederates are defeated at Liberty, La., losing 3 guns and 300 prisoners (21). At the battle of Franklin (30 Nov.), Hood is repulsed with a loss of 5000 men, guns, flags, and 1000 prisoners; the Union loss is 1500. The blockade of Norfolk, Fernandina, and Pensacola ceases (1 Dec.). Gen. Banks resumes the command of the Gulf Department (1). The second session of the 88th Congress meets (5 Dec.). Five hundred Indians are killed near Fort Lyon, by Ccl. Chivington s force (9 Dec.). Gen. Thomas defeats the Confederates under Gen. Hood near Nashville, Tenn. (14-16 Dec.). Sherman storms Fort McAllister (13 Dec.), and enters Savan nah (21). General Butler an i Admiral Porter are repulsed in an attack on Wilmington (2.4-25 Dec.). The national expenses for the year, including payments on loans, are $1,298,144,656; the debt is $1,740,690,489; the im ports are $329,562,895; and the exports, $320,035,199. 1865. The bulkhead of the Dutch Gap Canal explodes (1 Jan.). The U. S. sloop-of-war SunJacinto is lost off the coast of Florida (1). Massachusetts ratines the Constitutional Amendment (3 Jan.). Gen. Grierson arrives at Vicksburg (5 Jan.), having destroyed on his raid 70 miles of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, and 30 miles of the Mississippi Central Railroad, and having captured 600 prisoners and 1000 contrabands. Gen. Sherman resumes his great march northward (6 June). Writing of this march, he says: " Christmas found us at Sav annah. Waiting there only long enough to till our wagons, we began another march, which for peril, labor, and results, will compare with any ever made by an organized army. The floods of the Savannah, the swamps of the Combahee and the Edisto, the high hills and rocks of the Santee, the flat quag mires of the Pcdee and Cape Fear Rivers, were all passed in mid-winter, with its floods and rain, in the face of an accumu lating enemy; and after the battles of Averysborough and Bentonsville, we once more came out of the wilderness to meet our friends at Goldsboro." Fort Fisher is taken (15 Jan.). Edward Everett dies (15 Jan.), aged 71. The monitor Pafapsco is sunk off Charleston (17 Jan.). A meeting is held at Savannah to thank New York and Bos. ,jii for their generous supplies of food and clothing (25 Jan.). 216 History of the United States. 1865. A debate is held in the Confederate Congress concerning the enlistment of negroes (26 Jan.). Confederate incendiaries set fire to Savannah (27 Jan.). The Confederate Vice-President, Alex. H. Stephens, Senator R. M. T. Hunter, and Judge Campbell come as Peace Commis sioners within Grant s lines (30 Jan.). Sherman reaches Sav annah River, 50 miles above Savannah (30). President Lincoln arrives at Fortress Monroe to meet the Confederate Commissioners (2 Feb.); the meeting (3) is without result. At Richmond, gold is 4,400 per cent, premium (2). From 2000 to 3000 of Gen. Sherman s right column effect a landing on James Island (10 Feb.), two miles from Charleston. Gen. Lee assumes supreme command of the Confederate forces (17 Feb.), and recommends arming the blacks. Sherman captures Columbia, S. C. (17 Feb.). The Confed erates evacuate Charleston, and it is occupied (18) by Union forces under Gen. Gilmore; 200 pieces of artillery and a large supply of ammunition are captured; 6000 bales of cotton are destroyed; much ammunition stored in the railroad depot i. destroyed, arid many lives are lost by the explosion. Fort Anderson, N. C., is taken (19 Feb.). Schofield captures Wilmington (22). The Confederate Con gress decrees that the colored people shall be armed (22). Inauguration of President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson as Vice-Resident (4 March). In his inaugural address President Lincoln makes use of the following memorable words: " With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." The Confederate Congress adjourns sine die (17 March). The Confederates attack General Grant and are severely defeated (25 March). The three-days battle at live Forks begins (31); Sheridan turns Lee s flank and totally defeats him > (1 April); Lee retreats (2). Richmond is taken (2-3 April). General Lee and his whole army surrender to Gen. Grant at Appomattox Court House (8 April). The Union flag is hoisted over Fort Sumter (12 April). On the evening of 14th April, President Lincoln, Mrs. Lin coln, Major Rathbone, and Miss Morris occupy a box at Ford s Theatre, Washington; at about half-past nine o clock J.Wilkes Booth creeps stealthily into the box, shoots the President, rushes to the front of the box, brandishes a large knife, shouts "Sic semper tyrannis! The South is avenged," and leaps on to the stage; his spur catches in the American flag, and he breaks his leg. The ball enters just behind the left ear and todges in the brain; the President is at once removed to a private house opposite the theatre. About the same hour an attempt is made to assassinate Sec retary Seward and his son, both being wounded. President Lincoln dies at 22 minutes past 7 o clock, a. m. (15 April). Johiisou fekes tlie path of office as President (15). History of the United States* 21? J.Wilkes Booth, the murderer of the President, after 10 days wandering and misery, is tracked to a barn near Bowling Green, Va., and refusing to surrender, is shot (26 April). Jefferson Davis is captured (10) at Irwinsville, 75 miles south of Macon, Ga., by the 4th Michigan cavalry, under Col.Pritchard of Gen. Wilson s command; also his wife, mother, Postmaster- General Regan, Col. Harrison, private secretary, Col. Johnson, and others. The Confederate Governor, Watts, of Alabama is arrested (19). The ram Stonewall is surrendered (20 May) to the Spanish authorities in Cuba. President Johnson proclaims the opening of the southern ports (22 May). Kirby Smith surrenders (26 May), and the last armed Con federate organization succumbs. President Johnson proclaims an amnesty, with certain excep tions (29 May). The Confederate Gen. Hood and Staff surrender (31 May). President Johnson rescinds the order requiring passports from all travelers entering the U. S. (22 June). The trial of Payne, Atzerott, Harold, and Mrs. Surratt for complicity in the assassination of President Lincoln is concluded (29 June); they are found guilty (29), arid executed (7 July). The President orders the 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 14th, 15th, 17th, 20th, 23d, and 24th army corps to be discon tinued as organizations (1 Aug.). The trial of Captain Wirz, the Andersonville jailor, begins (21 Aug.). A great Fenian meeting is held in Philadelphia 16-24 Oct.), and the Irish Republic is proclaimed. A National Thanksgiving for peace is held (2 Nov.). All restrictions on southern ports are removed (1 Sep.). Proclamation of the President putting an end to martial law in Kentucky (12 Oct.). Pardon of Alexander Stephens and other Southern officials (12). The Confederate privateer SJienandoah surrenders at Liver pool (6 Nov.), after having destroyed about 30 vessels; the crew are released on parole (8), and the vessel is given up to the American Consul (9). Captain Wirz is executed (10 Nov.). The Habeas Co / pus Act is restored in the Northern States (1 Dec.). The correspondence between the British and U. S. Govern ments respecting the depredations of the Alabama, Shenandoah, etc., begun in April, closes 2 Dec.; the Earl of Clarendon maintains that" no armed vessel departed during the war from a British port, to cruise against the commerce of thelJ. S." The 39th Congress meets, 4 Dec.; the Republican Party pre dominate, and move resolutions against the restoration of the Southern States to the Union; 85 members from the Southern States are excluded from Congress. The national expenses for the year, including payments on on loans, are $1.897,674,224; the debt is $2,682,593,026; the imports are $248,555,652; and the exports, $323,743,187. 218 History of tfo United States. 1866. The celebration of the centenary of American Methodism opens on the first Sunday in Jan., anil closes on the last Sunday in Oct. ; during this period, tne sum of $8,032,755 is collected for Church purposes. The U. S. Government, having notified France that a longer continuance of French troops in Mexico will be disagreeable to it, is informed, 9 Jan., that the Emperor will withdraw a por tion in Nov., and the remainder early next year; our Ministei to France is subsequently informed that military reasons will prevent any withdrawals this year. Gen. Ortega, a pretender to the Presidency, after spending several months in the U. S., leaves New Orleans, 30 Oct., and with his suite is arrested at Brazos Santiago, 3 Nov., by order of Gen. Sheridan, 3 Nov. Gen. Sherman and Judge Campbell, special commissioners to tender the sympathy and support of the U. S. to the Republican Government of President Juarez, leave New York on the U. S. S. Susquehanna, 11 Nov., and reach Vera Cruz, 27. The civil authority held by the Provisional Governor of Florida is transferred to the Governor elected by the people (Gen. Walker), 17 Jan. Congress passes a bill to enlarge the operations of the Freed- men s Bureau, 6 Feb.; the President vetoes it, 19, and Congress passes it over the veto, 16 July. The President declares his hostuity to Congress and denoun ces the Reconstruction Committee in a speech at the Executive Mansion, 22 Feb. The Legislature of Georgia appropriates $200,000 to purchase corn for the indigent poor of the State, 12 March. Congress passes the Civil Rights Bill, ^6 March; it is vetoed Vy the President, 27, and passed over his veto, 9 April. A proclamation is issued by the President, 2 April, declaring the insurrection in the Southern States, excepting Texas, at an end. An expedition for the invasion of Canada is fitted out in New York by the Fenian Brotherhood, April; an invading force of 500 men gathers at Eastport, Maine; a schooner with a cargo of arms from New York is seized on its arrival; Gen. Meade is placed in command of the frontier, and British troops are hur ried to the front; a few days later the expedition is abandoned. Head-Center Stephens arrives in New York, 10 May, and tries to reconcile the O Mahony and Roberts factions; the latter, under Gen. Sweeney, prepare another expedition; U. S. Cus toms officers seize 1200 stands of arms at Rouse s Point, 19, and 1000 at St. Albans, 30. A party of frou 1200 to 1500 cross the Niagara at Buffalo, 1 June, and seize Fort Erie; a conflict with Canadian volunteers occurs, 2, in which many Fenians are taken prisoners; the remainder, attempting to return to the U. S., are arrested by the U. S. gunboat Michigan] over 1500 are paroled, the officers giving bail to answer a charge of violating the neutrality laws. Over 1000 Fenians cross the line and march on St. Armand, 7, and two days later are attacked and routed; Gen. Sweeney and staff are arrested at St. Albans, President Roberta at New York, and several other leaders at Buffalo. The History of the United States. 219 1866. sentence of the Fenian prisoners, condemned to death, is com muted by the British Government on an appeal from Secretary Seward. A riot occurs in Memphis, Tenn., between the whites and the soldiers of the Third (colored) artillery, 1, 2 May, in which 24 negroes are killed and $120,000 worth of property is destroyed. Jefferson Davis is indicted for complicity in the assassination of President Lincoln, by the Grand Jury of the U. S. Circuit Court of Va., 8 May; Judge Underwood declines to release him on bail, 11 June. A new Atlantic cable is finished early in May, and success fully laid by the Great Eastern, 27 July; the lost cable of 18G5 is picked up, 1 Sep., spliced, 2, and laid without accident. Congress adopts the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, 13 June. Orders are issued, 15 June, to garrison the newly established military posts along the new route of travel to Montana, Forts Reno, Kearny, and Smith; the Indians warn the troops that they will resist the occupation of the territory, and, 21 Dec., they kill the whole company at Fort Kearny. A Commercial Convention between the U. S. and Japan is signed, 25 June. Portland, Me., is visited by a fire, 4 July, which destroys property valued at over $10,000,000. By Act of Congress, 23 July, Tennessee is formally restored to the Union. Congress creates the grades of Admiral and Vice- Admiral in the navy and revives that of General in the army, 25 July; Farragut is promoted to Admiral, Porter to Vice-Admiral, Grant to General, and Sherman to Lieutenant-General. A riot breaks out in New Orleans, 80 July; Gen. Baird, U. S. A., proclaims martial law; Gen. Sheridan reports, 1, 2 Aug., that the Mayor suppressed a convention by the use of the police, who attacked the members and a party of 200 negroes with fire-arms, clubs, and knives. A National Union Convention, held at Philadelphia, 14 Aug., under the presidency of Senator James R. Doolittle, adopts resolutions endorsing the President. A Convention of workingmen, held at Baltimore, 21 Aug., demands an eight-hour law. The corner-stone of a monument to the late Stephen A. Douglas, is laid at Chicago, 6 Sep., in the presence of the , President and many distinguished persons, Gen. John A. Dix delivering the oration. George Peahody makes another visit to the U. S., and assists in the inauguration of the Peabody Institute at Baltimore, 24 Oct.; during fins visit he increases his gifts to the Baltimore Institution to $1,000,000, and gives $150,000 for the founding of an Institute of Archaeology at Cambridge, $150,000 for a Department of Physical Science at Yale, and $2,100,000 to a fooara of trustees for the promotion of education in the South, irrespective of race. 220 History of the United States. 1866. A gold medal, purchased by the subscriptions of 40,000 French citizens, for Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, is delivered by a commit tee to U. S. Minister Bigelow, at Paris, 1 Dec. A bUlgranting the elective franchise to citizens of the Dis trict of Columbia, irrespective of race or color, passes Congress, 14 Dec. The U. S. frigate Ironsides, famous for her services during the Civil War, is destroyed by fire, at League Island, Penn., 10 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $520,809,416; the debt Is $2,783,425,879; the imports are $445,512,158; and the exports, $550,684,277. 1867. The President vetoes the District of Columbia Bill, 7 Jan. On the same day, Representative Ashley, of Ohio, charges him with the commission of acts which are high crimes and misde meanors, for which lie pug! it to be impeached; and a resolu tion instructing the Judiciary Committee to investigate the sub ject is adopted by a vote of 137 to 38. A National Convention of colored soldiers and sailors assem bles in Philadelphia, 8 Jan., and votes thanks to Congress for the exertions in their behalf, despite the oppressive measures of the President; a National Equal Rights League Convention of colored men assembles in Washington, 11, and adopts an address to Congress, which is presented to the Reconstruction Committee. The Bill for the admission of Colorado into the Union is adopted, but the President vetoes it, 28 Jan.; the Bill for the ad nission of Nebraska is also adopted; it is vetoed, 29 Jan., and passed over the veto, 1 March. The Trustees of the Peabody Southern Educational Fund meet in New York for organization, 19 Jan.; the funds are transferred to them, 23 March, when they appoint Rev. Dr. Barnas Sears, president of Brown University, superintendent of the fund. The Evangelical Alliance of the U. S. is organized in New York, 30 Jan., with William E. Do;lge as president. Mexico City is evacuated by the French, 5 Feb.; Maximilian suddenly leaves La Teja, and unites his small force with the armies of Miramon and Mejia at Queretaro, where with 8000 adherents they are besieged by Gen. Escobedo during March and April; by the treachery of Gen. Lopez, the Emperor s bosom friend, the Liberal troops are admitted to the city, 15 May, and take the entire Imperial force prisoners, 15 May; a court-martial for the trial of Maximilian and Gens. Miramon and Mejia assembles, 13 June, and condemns them to be shot, 16; despite the protest of the Prussian Minister to Mexico and the appeals for clemency of Secretary Seward, the sentence is carried out, 19; the body of Maximilian is given to the Consul. General of Austria, and after being embalmed is conveyed to Austria on an imperial steamer. Thaddeus Stevens, of Penn., introduces the " Military Recou- struction Bill," providing for the division of the insurrectionary States Into five military distr-irts, into Congress, 6 Feb.; it passes the House, 13, and the Senate, with amendments, 16? r/ a* Uhiteg 3titi$s> 221 3987. txrth Houses concur in it, 2 March, the President vetoes It the game day, and Congress passes it over the veto. Subsequently the President appoints the following commanders: First district (Va.), Gen. J. M. Sehofield; Second (N. C. and S. C.), Gen. D. E. Sickles; Third (Ga.,Fla., and Ala.), Gen. John Pope; Fourth miss, and Ark.), Gen. E. O. C. Ord; Fifth (La. and Texas), Gen. P. H. Sheridan. An Act designed to restrict the exercise of the power of appointment and removal by the President is adopted by Con gress, 2 March, vetoed by the President the same day, and passed over the veto. Congress adopts a national bankruptcy bill, and establishes a Department of Education, 2 March; Henry Barnard, LL. D., President of St. John s College, Annapolis, is appointed and confirmed Commissioner of Education, 16. The 40th Congress convenes, 4 March; Schuyler Coif ax is elected Speaker of the House for the third time, and Edward McPherson is re-elected Clerk; a supplement to the Reconstruo- tion Act is concurred In, 19, vetoed by the President, 23, and passed over the veto. A treaty is signed between the U. S. and Russia, 80 March, for the transfer of the tract of land known as Russian America Alaska) to the U. S. for the sum of $7,200,000; ratifications re exchanged. 20 June, and the formal transfer is macle to Gen. Rousseau, at New Archangel (Sitka), Oct. An International Exposition of ait, science, manufacture, and Industry is opened at Paris with grand ceremonies, 1 April. An Indian war breaks out on the line of the Imion Pacific Railroad, 7 April; military operations are carried on against the hostiles throughout the year without satisfactory results; in the meantime, 20 July, Congress passes an Act |o establish peace with the hostile tribes, under which commissioners are appointed; they have interviews with a number of chiefs, sign a treaty with the Kiowas, Comanches, and Apaches, 20 Oct., and at Fort Laramie, Nov., effect an arrangement by which Red Cloud, the great Sioux chief, will meet the commissioners In the spring, alfhostilities to cease tn the meantime. Jefferson Davis is taken to Richmond, Va. f 18 May, on a writ ot habeas corpus, and on the application of his counsel is admitted to bail In the sum of $100,000, to appear at Richmond, 26 Nov. The following act as sureties on the bond: Horace Greeley, Augustus Schell, N. Y.; Aristides Welsh, David K. Jackman, Phila.; W. H. McFarland, Richard B. Haxall, Isaac Davenport, Abraham Warwick, G. A. Myers, W. W. Crump, James Lyons, J. A. Meredith, W. H. Lyons, John M. Botts, Thomas W. Boswell, and James Thomas, Jr., all of Virginia; on 26 Nov. the examination is adjourned to March next. An international monetary conference is opened at Paris, 17 June, and closed, 9 July; the creation of a unitary common coin of gold is agreed to, and all the governments represented are asked to give a definite answer to the proppsitipn before *5 Feb., 1868. President laya tHiJ emi^$@nft of e new Ma*onte T 222 History of ihe Umted States. 1867. President Johnson asks Secretary Stanton to resign, 5 Aug.: the Secretary declines, and the President removes him, 12, and appoints Gen. Grant Secretary of war pro tern. ; Stanton retires under protest; the President gives the Senate his reasons for removing the Secretary, 12 Dec. The President issues an amnesty proclamation which covers nearly all the whites of the Southern States, 7 Sep. A large number of American Episcopalian Bishops take part In a Pan-Anglican Synod, held in London, 24-27 Sep. The King of Denmark announces, 25 Oct., his resolution to cede the islands of St. Thomas and St. John, in the West In dies, to the U. S. A convention of manufacturers at Cleveland, O.,18, 19 Dec., demands the full and just payment of the national debt. The national expenses for the year are $357,542,675; the debt is $2,692,199,215: the imports are $417,831,571; and the exports. $440,722,228. 1868. The Senate refuses to approve of the President s suspension of Secretary Stanton, 13 Jan., and it thereby becomes void; Gen. Grant immediately vacates the office and Mr. Stanton takes pos session; on 21 Feb. the President again removes Mr. Stantoii and appoints Adjutant-General I^renzo Thomas, U. S. A., Secretary ad interim} the President notifies the Senate, and Mr. Stantoii the House, of the action the same day; Mr. Stanton refuses to vacate the office, and lias Gen. Thomas arrested, 22; the House resolves, 22, by a vote of 126 to 47, that Andrew Jofinson be impeached of high crknes and misdemeanors; Messrs. Thaddeus Stephens, Perm.; Benj. F. Butler. Mass.; John A. Bingham, Ohio; George S. Boutwell,Mass.; James F. Wilson, Iowa; Thomas Williams, Penn.; and John A. Logan, 111., are appointed managers, on tiie part of the House, Mr. * Butler being selected as chief prosecutor, 29; the articles of im peachment are accepted by the House, 2 March; the Senate organizes as a high court of impeachment, vvitli Chief Justice Chase presiding, 5; the President is summoned to the bar, 7, and appears by counsel, 13; ten days are granted to prepare an answer to the indictment; the House denies every averment In the answer, 93, and the trial opens, 30; the examination of witnesses closes, 22 April; the arguments of counsel are finished, 6 May, and the entire Senate votes, 26, when 35 pronounce the President guilty and 19 not guilty; he is therefore acquitted by one vote. Mr. Stanton retires from office the same day, and Gen. John M. Scholield is appointed and eonnrined Secretary of War. Chicago has a $3,000,000 fire, 28 Jan. Barnaul s Museum, N. Y., is destroyed by fire, 3 March. A riot occurs between Irish and German emigrants on Ward s Island, N. Y., 5 March. Kev. Stephen H. Tyng, Jr., is publicly admonished by Bishop Potter, of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese of New York, after tria^ for having officiated in a Methodist church, 14 March. Hon. George W. Ashburn, of Columbus, Ga., is assassinated by members ot the Ku-IUux-Iilan, 31 March. History of the United States. 223 1868. An Embassy from the Emperor of China, headed by Hon. Anson Burlingame, the American Minister, reaches San Fran cisco, 81 March; after a short stay the members proceed to Washington, via New York, and enter upon negotiations for a special treaty, containing additions to the treaty of 18 June. 1858; the new treaty is signed, 4 July, and ratified by the Seix ate, 16; during the stay of the Embassy in the U. S., Mr. Bur lingame and the Chinese princes are the recipients of grand ovations. A terrible disaster occurs on the New York and Erie Railroad. at Carr s Kock, by which over 100 passengers are killed, burned to death, or severely injured, 15 April. The President unveils the memorial monument and statue of Abraham Lincoln, at Washington, D. C., 15 April. The Union League Club, of New York, gives its dedicatory reception in its new building, 16 April. A fire destroys the Ohio Female College, near Cincinnati, under exciting circumstances, 23 April. A Soldiers and Sailors Convention, in Chicago, pronounces in favor of Gen. Grant for the Presidency, 19 May. The National Republican Convention is held in Chicago, assembling 20 May; Joseph R. Hawley, of Conn., is chosen permanent president; the platform denounces all forms of repudiation of the national debt, and condemns the course of President Johnson; Gen. Grant is nominated for the Presidency, receiving 650 votes; on the sixth ballot for Vice-President, Sclmyler Coif ax is nominated, receiving 522 votes. Congress passes a Bill, 12 June, to admit North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida to representation; a Bill to admit Arkansas is vetoed by the Presi dent, 20, and passed over the veto. The corner-stone of the Masonic Temple, Philadelphia, is laid, 24 June, with imposing ceremonies. The National Democratic Convention is held in New York, convening 4 July; Horatio Seymour is chosen permanent presi dent, 6; the platform demands the immediate restoration to all the States of their rights in the Union, amnesty for all past political offences, reform of abuses in administration, payment of the public debt, and the subordination of the military to the civil power; on the 22d ballot,, Horatio Seymour is nomin ated for President, receiving the entire vote, 317; Gen. Frank P. Blair receives the nomination for Vice-President. A Soldiers and Sailors Convention, held in New York, 4 July, under the presidency of Gen. William B, Franklin, pledges its delegates to support the Democratic Presidential nominees. An amnesty proclamation is issued by the President, 4 July, pardoning all persons in the Southern States except those under presentment or indictment in any court of the U. S. having competent jurisdiction. Secretary Seward issues a notice of the adoption of the 14th Amendment to the C#Q9$gpg by ^ majority of tue State*, 80 History of the United States. 4868. Baltimore and its vicinity are visited by an unprecedented flood, 24 July. Congress passes a Bill for the payment of the national debt and the reduction of the rate of interest thereon, 25 July. Wyoming Territory is organized from portions of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah, with an area of 93,107 square miles, 25 Gen. Grant, as General-in-Chief of the armies, issues a pro clamatioii, 28 July, declaring that so much of the Reconstruct tion Acts as provided for the organization of military districts has become inoperative. A tidal-wave, following an earthquake, at Arica, Peru, 13 Auo-., capsizes the U. S. storeship Fredonia, destroying $1,800,- 000 worth of naval stores, and carries the U. S. S. Water ce half a mile on to land. The American yacht Sapplio is beaten in an international yacht race, around the Isle of Wight, Eng., 25 Aug. A severe earthquake visits the Pacific Coast, 21 Oc ., doing much damage in San Francisco. The Rev. James McCosh, D. D., LL. D., of Scotland, is installed as President of the College of New Jersey (Princeton), In the Presidential election, 3 Nov., Grant and Colfax receive 3,015,887 popular and 214 electoral votes, and Seymour and Blair 2,703,249 popular and 80 electoral votes. Fort Lafayette, New York harbor, is destroyed by fire, 1 Dec. The President issues a second amnesty proclamation, 25 Dec., declaring unconditionally and without reservation, a full par don and amnesty to every person who participated in the late ThTcotton crop for the year yields $250,000,000, or $90,000,- 000 more than in 1860. The national expenses for the year are $377,340,284; the debt is $2,636,320,964; the imports are $371,624,808; and the exports, $454,301,713. 1869. The new suspension bridge, connecting the village of Niagara Falls with that of Clifton, Canada, having the longest span in in the world, is opened, 1 Jan. Operations are begun for the removal of the obstructions at Hell Gate, on the East River, New York, 11 Jan. The 15th Amendment to the Constitution, giving the right of suffrage to all citizens of the Republic, without regard to race, color, or previous condition, is recommended by a .pint - resolution of Congress, 26 Feb.; it is subsequently ratified by the requisite number of States. Gen, U. S. Grant is inaugurated eighteenth President el tbfl U S 4 March: the 41st Congress assembles at noon, the sama 4ay." The Senate, 0, confirms the following cabinet appoint? " lenta i Secretary of State, E, B. Washburne, Jll.j Secretary of ie Treasury: T. &te^art, ^ y . Secretary of War, Ge;| 5hn -A . Rav/linc, 111.; Secretary of fhe Navy, Adolph E, Bovi^ filing D- =. -. y pf t hq Jnterlpr, Gen, Jacob P, POX, Uhlo| \\m^& History of the United States. Stewart being illegal, on account of his business occupation, his name is withdrawn and that of George S. Boutwell, Mass., substituted; Mr. Washburne declines, and Hamilton Fish, N. Y., is appointed; Mr. Borie soon retires, and is succeeded by George M. Robeson, N. J.; and Gen. Ravvlins, dying, 6 Sep., is succeeded by Gen. W. W. Belknap, Iowa. The President recommends and Congress sanctions the appointment of a number of members of the Society of Friends as Government agents among the Indians, April. Dr. Thomas Durant and Gov. Leland Stanford drive the last spikes connecting the Union and Central Pacific Railroads, at Promontory Point, Utah, 10 May. An expedition, fitted out in New York, consisting of a large body of volunteers and a heavy cargo of cannon, muskets, and ammunition, under command of Gen. Jourdan, lands on the northern coast of Cuba, 12 May. During the month of June, a lay vote Is taken In all the Methodist Churches in the U. S., on the long-agitated question of lay representation; the total vote cast is about 250,000, of which 170,000 are cast in favor of the change, and about 80,- 000 against. President Grant appoints Gen. Babcock, 2 June, a special agent to obtain information concerning the Dominican Repub lic; on his return from the island, he renders a report favorable to the project of annexation; he is again sent to the island to assist the U. S. Commercial Agent, Raymond 11. Perry, to ne gotiate for the annexation of the whole territory of the Repub lic to the U. S.; a treaty for the annexation of the territory, and a convention for the lease of the Bay and Peninsula of Bamana are concluded, 29 Nov.; the Senate rejects the treaty after an exciting debate. George Peabody again lands at New York, 10 June; he now endows the Peabody Museum, at Salem, Mass., with $150,000: srives $30,000 to Newburyport for a library; $80,000 to Phillips Academy, Andover; $20,000 to the Massachusetts Historical Society; $20,000 to the Maryland Historical Society; $25,000 to Kenyon College; $10,000 to the Public Library at Thetford, Vt.; $60,000 to Washington College, Va.; and adds $1,400,000 to his Southern Education Fund.- He leaves for London, 80 Sep., and dies there, 4 Nov.; tlie funeral services are held in Westminster Abbey, 12, and the body is placed on the British turret-steamship Monarch for transportation to the U. S 11 Dec. A great musical jubilee, projected by Patrick S. Gilmore, to commemorate the resto-dtion of peace in the U. S. is held !n Boston, 15, 16, 17, 18, l;; June. Two U. S. revenue cuttt-rs capture the tugs Code and Webb, with Cuban expeditionists and munitions ot war on board, in Long Island Sound, 26 Jan.; it is believed that a much larger force, under Col. Rya n, is hiding in the vicinity of Gardiner s Island. A soldier s national monument, erected on the battle-field of Gettysburg, is dedicated, 1 July, Gen. Meade, the hero of the fight, making the address. 226 History of the United States. 1869. A colossal equestrian statue in bronze of Washington, in the Public Gardens, Boston, is unveiled, 3 July. Miss Ida Lewis, the American Grace Darling, is presented with a testimonial life-boat, at Newport-, 11. I., 5 July. The U. S. end of the Franco-American cable is landed at Duxbury, Mass., 23 July. Col. Joseph Docld breaks ground in the City Hall Park, New York, for the new post-office building, 9 Aug. A Harvard College crew is defeated by an Oxford crew by a length and a half, in an intercollegiate boat-race, at London, 27 Aug. Tiie shaft of the Avondale coal-mine, Penn., takes fire, 6 Sop., and all the men at work in the mine, over 100, perish, as there are neither means of escape nor rescue while the fire rages. A gold clique in New York produces a panic, 24 Sep., by forcing the price of gold; it sells in the morning at 150, and by noon at 162^; the most intense excitement prevails, until the Government announces that it will relieve the market by selling gold, when the price falls to 133. An equinoctial storm is followed, 4 Oct., by unusually dis astrous Hoods along the entire Atlantic coast. Pere Hyaeinthe, the noted French priest, arrives at N. Y., 18 Oct., and is introduced to the American public by Henry Ward Beeelier, 24. The steamer Cornwall is burned on the Mississippi River, below Cairo, 28 Oct., and 200 lives are lost. A bronze monument to Bishop Brownell, founder of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., the gift of George W. Burnham, is unveileil on the college green, 14 Nov. The Spanish Government has 30 gunboats built inNewYork; they are seized by U.S. Marshals on a charge of being intended for war against a friendly nation, Peru; Judge Blatchford releases them, 14 Dec., and 18 leave under convoy of a Spanish frigate, 19. An (Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church, to which a large number of American prelates have been sum moned, is opened in Rome, Italy, 2 Dec. Daring the year, the President appoints J. Lothrop Motley, U. S. Minister to Great Britain, vice lie verdy John son, recalled: John Jay, Minister to Austria; Andrew G. Cuitin, Minister to Russia; Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, Minister to Spain; and Moses 11. Grinneil, Collector of the Port of New York. The national expenses for the year are $322, 8(55, 277; the debt is $2,588,452,213 : the imports are $437,314,255; and the exports, $413,961,115. 1870. H. li. H. Prince Arthur, son of Queen Victoria, arrives in New York and is welcomed by Mr. Thornton, the British Minister, 21 Jan.; the Prince is presented to President Grant, at Wash ington, 24; a grand ball is given in his honor, 27; and the citi zens of Now York give him a reception, 1 Feb. The U. S. S. steamer Oneida is struck by a steamer of the Peninsula and Oriental S. S. Line, about 20 miles from Yoko- >Kstory of the United States.^ 227 1870. hama, Japan, 23 Jan., and sinks with over 100 of her officers and crew. The remains of the late George Peabody arrive at Portland, 1 Me., on the British man-of-war Monarch, which is convoyed into the harbor by the U. S. S. Miantonomah, Terror, and Ply mouth, 26 Jan.; the remains are bulled at Peabody, formerly South Danvers, Mass., 1 Feb. Hiram R. Revels, of Miss., the first colored man ever elected to the U. S. Senate, is sworn in, 25 Feb. The President issues a proclamation announcing the ratifica tion of the 15th Amendment by the States, 30 March. The floor of the court-room in the Capitol building, at Rich mond, Va., while crowded with people awaiting an important legal discussion, gives way without warning, and precipitates the people and debris into the Hall of Delegates, a distance of 25 feet, 27 April; over CO persons are killed and 125 injured. Fenians begin congregating in force at different points along the Canadian border in New York and Vermont, 22 May. The present campaign contemplates a movement info Wyoming Territory, the capture of the cannon and arms of the British expedition against Louis Riel, and a raid on the eastern frontier between Kingston and Montreal. President Grant issues a warn ing proclamation, 24 ; over 1000 men gather at Burlington, and nearly 3000 at St. Albans, Vt.; Gen. O Neill orders a Fenian advance early in the morning, 25, and shortly after wards an engagement occurs at Cook s Corners, St. Armand; after an hour s skirmishing, O Neill orders a rest, and retires to a neighboring building, where he is arrested by Gen. George Foster, U. S. Marshal; O Neill threatens resistance, but Foster forces him into a carriage at the point of a pistol, and drives him through his men to St. Albans, where he is lodged in jail. Fighting is resumed, but the Fenians are soon forced to fall back ; an engagement occurs at Trout River, 27, in which the invaders are routed. The subsequent arrest of the leaders of both movements puts an end to the scheme. Edward Payson Weston walks 100 miles within 22 hours in New York, 25 May. . The corner-stone of a monument to Baron Steuben, of Revo lutionary fame, is laid 1 June, Horatio Seymour delivering the oration. The corner-stone of a new Masonic Temple in New York is laid, 8 June, in the presence of many thousand members of the fraternity. Charles Dickens dies at Gad s Hill, Eng., 9 June. Attorney-General Hoar and Secretary of the Interior Cox resign, 20 June, and Amos T. Akerman , of Ga., and Columbus Delano, of Ohio, are appointed their successors respectively. By Act of Congress, 8 July, the statutes relating to patents and copyrights are revised, consolidated, and amended. In the (Ecumenical Council, at Rome, Archbishop Spaulding, of Baltimore, advocates, and Archbishop Renrfck, of St. Louis, opposes, the Dogma of the Infallibility of the Pope, which is adopted, 18 July. 228 History of the Wilted States. 1870. M. Prevost-Paradol, newly appointed French Minister to the U. S., commits suicide a few clays after his presentation to the President, 26 July. An ocean race between the English yacht Cambria and the American yacht Dauntless, from Queenstown harbor to New York, results in a victory for the former, which arrives, 27 July, the time being 23 days, 5 hours. Benjamin Nathan, a highly-respected and wealthy Hebrew citizen of New York, is found murdered in his residence, 29 July; the mystery of the crime remains unsolved. A most exciting yacht race occurs, 8 Aug., when the Cambria, of the Royal Thames Yacht Club, Eng., competes with the vessels of the New York Yacht Club, in a challenge contest for the America s Cup, held in the U. S. since 1851; "the course is around the southwest Spit, NewYork Bay, and the Magic comes in the winner of the race. The Kansas Pacific Railroad to Denver, Col., is completed, 15 August. Admiral David G. Farragut, U. S. N., dies at Portsmouth, N. H., 15 Aug., aged 69; the funeral is held in NewYork, 30 Sep. President Grant and other distinguished officers of the army and navy participating. Upon the breaking out of the Franco-Prussian war, President Grant issues a neutrality proclamation, 22 Aug.; recruiting in New York for the French armies, and the presence there of several French war-vessels, lead him to issue another, 8 Oct., particularly defining the duties of citizens of a neutral nation. Gen. Robert E. tee, Commander-in-chief of the Confederate armies, dies at Lexington, Va., 12 Oct., aged 62; the funeral is held at Washington and Lee College, of which he had been President since 1866, 15. An earthquake, manifesting itself throughout the New Eng land, Middle, and Western States, and the Canadas, occurs, 20 Oct.; in New York City, the earth vibrates rapidly, causing great excitement, particularly in the public schools, by the trembling of the buildings. A convention is held in Cincinnati, 0., 25 Oct., and the ques tion of the removal of the National Capitol from Washington to some western city is warmly discussed. J. H. Rainey, of S. C., the first colored man ever elected to the U. S. House of Representatives, is sworn in, 12 Dec. In the U. S. Senate, Mr. Morton introduces a resolution tor *the appointment of commissioners to proceed to San Domingo and inquire into all the facts bearing on the question of annexa tion, 12 Dec.; in the House the same day Mr. Banks offers a joint resolution for the appointment of commissioners to nego tiate a treaty with San Domingo for the acquisition of all its territory by the U. S.; Mr. Morton s resolution is laid on the table, but is taken up, 20, and, despite Mr. Sumner s bitter opposition, is passed by a vote of 32 to 9, 30 being absent; Presi dent Grant appoints Hon. Benj. F. Wade, Ohio; President A, D. White, of Cornell University, and Hon. S. G. Howe, Mass., commissioners to proceed immediately to San Domingo, and i^^^/^t^^ m OP THK (UNIVERSITY \ OHH\N History of the United States. 229 1870. the U. S. S. Tennessee is ordered into commission to convey the party thither. George Holland, the comedian, dies in New York, 20 Dec. When his friends call upon Rev. Dr. Sabine to officiate at the funeral and open his church for the purpose, he refuses, and directs them to "the little church round the corner" (the Church of the Transfiguration, on 59th St., east of 5th Ave.); the actor is buried therefrom, the Rev. Dr. Houghton readily consenting and officiating. During the year, Congress charters the Northern Pacific Railroad, and restores Georgia, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia to representation. The national expenses for the year are $309,653,560; theciebt is $2,480,304,797; the imports are $460,377,587; and the exports, $499,092,143. 1871. James W. Smith, the first colored boy who had passed the exami nation for admission to the U. S. Military Academy, is placed on trial by court-martial, 7 Jan.; the trial closes, 12, when the accused delivers his own defence to the charge. The enumeration of inhabitants of the U. S. which began 1 June, 1870, is completed, 9 Jan.; it shows returns covering 38,555,983 persons. The Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives receive a delegation of prominent ladies, who claim the right to vote on the basis of the 14th and 15th Amendments, 11 Jan. The U. S. frigate Tennessee sails from New York with the San Domingo Commissioners and suite, 17 Jan., and arrives at Samana Bay, 24; the Commissioners separate and visit every part of the Republic, each being accompanied by members of the scientific corps detailed to aid their researches; returning, they land at Charleston, S. C., 26 March; an elaborate report is prepared and submitted to Congress, with a special message from the President, 5 April. By Act of Congress, the income-tax law is repealed, 86 Jnrt. Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister to the U.S., under instructions from his Government, proposes to Secretary Fish a joint commission for the settlement of the troubles between the U. S. and Great Britain growing out of the fisheries ques tion, 26 Jan.; Mr. Fish replies, 30, expressing the desire of the President that the Alabama claims shall also be discussed, to which the Minister assents. The President, 9 Feb., nominates Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State; Robert C. Schenck, U. S. Minister to Great Britain; E. R. Hoar, Attorney-General; Justice Samuel Nelson, U. S. Supreme Court- and George H.Williams, U. S. Senator, as Commissioners on tne part of the U. S.; they are confirmed by the Senate, 10. Queen Victoria appoints the Earl de Grey and Ripon, Sir Stafford Northcote, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir John A.Macdonald, and Prof. Montague Bernard, Commissioners on the part of Great Britain. The High Joint Commission begins its sessions in Washington, 27, Lord Ten- terden and J. Bancroft Davis, Assistant Secretary of State, acting as joint protocolists A treaty is signed by the Commis sioners, 8 May, providing for the settlement by the arbitration of a mixed commission of all the questions at issue; this treaty 230 History of the United States. 1871. is promptly ratified by both Governments, and they join in asking the Emperor of Brazil, the King of Italy, and the Presi dent of the Swiss Confederation to appoint each an arbitrator. The Mixed Commission, consisting of Charles Francis Adams, U.S.; Sir Alexander Cockburn, Great Britain; ex-President Staempfli, Switzerland; Count Sclopis, Italy; and Baron Itajuba, Brazil, meets in Geneva, and organizes early in Dec. The British-American Claims Commission, for other claims, is com posed of Russell Gurney, Great Britain; Judge J. R. Fraser, U. S.; and Count Corti, of Italy; the tribunal adjourns to 15 June next. The Franco - Prussian war producing great destitution in France, A. T. Stewart sends a $50,000 cargo of flour from New York to Havre direct, 25 Feb.; the U. S. Government offers the Supply and the frigate Worcester to convey American contribu tions; the former is fitted out at New York and the latter at Boston, and both sail early in March. Congress passes a Bill for the celebration of the Centennial of American Independence, 3 March. A provision for a Civil Service Commission, contained in the Appropriations Bill, is adopted by Congress, 3 March, in accord ance witli which the President appoints George William Curtis, Alex. G. Caltell, Joseph Medill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Ellicott, Joseph H. Blackfan, and David C. Cox members of the first Civil Service Commission. Great excitement, politically, is produced, 9 March, by the removal of Charles Sunnier from the Chairmanship of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. German residents in the U . S. celebrate the victory of Prussia over France, by grand demonstrations, 10 April. President Grant approves the " Ku-Klux " Bill, 20 April. The new Museum of Natural History, in Central Park, New York, is opened, 27 April. Edward H. Ruloff, an extraordinary philologist, is hanged for murder, at Binghampton, N. Y., 18 May. Commander Selfridge, U. S. N., returns from a surveying expedition across the Isthmus of Darien, and reports a feasible route for a ship canal, July. New York City is convulsed with an Orange riot, 12 July, in which the police and militia have several conflicts, attended by fatal consequences, with the Irish populace. The boiler of the Staten Island ferryboat Westfield explodes, 30 July, at Whitehall, New York, causing a large loss of life. A mass-meeting of the citizens of New York is held, 4 Sept., to consider the mismanagement of the city and county finances and the exposures of the Tweed Ring; a committee of seventy eminent citizens is chosen to investigate the frauds, and Charles Conor is selected as legal adviser; indictments are found against Mayor Hall, William" M.Tweed, Commissioner of Public Works, Peter B. Sweeney, Commissioner of Parks, Coniptrollei Connelly, and others; they are arrested, 26 Oct. and admitted to bail; Connelly flees the country, and Tweed is again arrested, 15 Dec., on a charge of felony. History of the United States. 1871. Chicago has a $1 ,000,000 fire, 7 Oct. On the following evening another conflagration breaks out, causing a loss of 250 lives and the destruction of 17,500 buildings; more than 2000 acres of space are burned over, including the business part of the city; upwards of 98,000 are rendered homeless; the total loss is computed at nearly $200,000,000; the whole country and many European cities respond quickly and nobly to the cries for relief. The Grand Duke Alexis, of Russia, arrives at New York with a fleet of war vessels, 19 Nov.; during his stay in the U. S., he is the recipient of extraordinary attentions in official and social circles. The national expenses for the year nre $292,177,188; the debt is $2.303.211,332; the imports are $541,493,708; and the exports, $562518,651. 1872. Col. James Fisk, Jr., is shot in the Grand Central Hotel build ing, New York, by Edward S. Stokes, 6 Jan., and dies two days later, aged 37. Gov. Warmouth, of La., in his message to the Legislature, 8 Jan., charges enormous frauds upon the House of Represen tatives and its Speaker, Col. Carter; the Carter party withdraw and begin a movement for the removal of Gov. Warmouth and the seizure of the State House; the Governor places all the military and police-force of the State under the command of Gen. Longstreet; Carter calls upon the people to arm and rally at the Clay statue, 11, but the insurrection is checked by a notice from Gen. Emory, U. S. A., that he will interfere in case of a riot. The Rev. Abraham de Sola, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental history in McGill University, Montreal, the first foreign clergyman ever so invited, opens the National House of Repre sentatives with prayer, 9 Jan. Munitions of war from New York are landed in Cuba by the Cuban steamer Hornet, 10 Jan. The first Liberal Republican mass-meeting is held at Jefferson City, Mo., 24 Jan. , The M. Rev. Martin J. Spaulding, Roman Catholic Arch bishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Church in America, dies, 7 Feb., aged 62- he is succeeded by the Rt. Rev. James R. Bay ley, of Newark, N. J. A Labor Reform Convention is held in Columbus, Ohio, 21 Feb.; Judge David Davis, of the U. S. Supreme Court, is nom inated for President, and Judge Joel Parker, of N. J., for Vice- President; both of these gentlemen subsequently decline, and Charles O Conor, of N. Y., is nominated for President, tho second place being left vacant. Congress passes a bill creating the Yellowstone Valley, in Montana and Wyoming Territories, a national park, 27 Feb. The reduction of the public debt from 1 March, 1869, to J March, 1872, amounts to $303.697,000. President Grant appoints 4. -4. Humphreys, U. B. A,, PTO Benj". Pierce, ~IJ, 6, Ooaft |iyer, andp^pt p.anjel 4uim0, \l & #., a commission to aj&rofoi ftH pti . -* 232 History of the United States. 1879, The IT. S. Centennial Commissioners and alternates meet in Philadelphia, 4 March, and organize by electing Joseph R. Hawley, president; Orestes Cleveland A. T. Goshorn, William M. Byrd, J. D. Creigh, and Robert Lowrey, vice-presidents; Lewis M. Smith, temporary secretary; an executive committee and a solicitor. Subsequently John L. Campbell is chosen per manent secretary, and A. T. Goshorn, director-general. An imperial Japanese Embassy, numbering 114 persons, is officially presented to the President at the Executive Mansion, 4 March. The directory of the Erie Railroad Company is reorganized. 11 March, after a tedious legal fight, and Gen. John A. Dix is elected president in place of Jay Gould; a sudden rise in the stock, 25, gives Wall Street a day of speculative frenzy, Henry M. Stanley, of the New York Herald, having founO Dr. Livingstone, the English African traveler, alive and well at Ujiji, in the centre of the continent, takes leave of him. 14 March, and returns to London and New York with important documents. Prof. S. F.B.Morse, "the father of the telegraph." dies in New York, 2 April, aged 80; memorial services are held in his honoi in the National House of Representatives, 16. The remains of Gen Robert Anderson, the hero of FortSum- ter, having been returned to the (I. S., are given an unostenta tious funeral in New York, 3 April. Father Thomas Burke, an eloquent Do:ninican friar, comes to the U. S. early in April. The National Liberal Republican Convention assembles in Cincinnati, 0., 1 May; Hon. Carl Schurz is chosen permanent president; the platform calls for civil service reform, a judicious system of taxation, and the speedy resumption of specie payments; on the sixth ballot, Horace Greeley, of the New York Tribune, is nominated for President; Gov. B. G -atz Brown, of Mo., is elected candidate foi Vice-President; the nomination of Mr. Greeley being deemed injudicious by many Republicans, tlw disaffected ones hold a meeting in New York, 30, and nom inate William P. Groesbeck, of Ohio, for President, and Fred erick L. 01 instead, of N. Y., for Vice-President. Niblo s Theatre, in New York, is destroyed by fire, 6 May. Congress completes the political reorganization of the country by passing an Amnesty Bill, 22 May; on the following day, for the first time since the winter of 1861, every seat in Con gress is legally occupied. James Gordon Bennett, founder and proprietor of the New York Herald, dies, 1 June, aged 77. The regular National Republican Convention assembles in Philadelphia, 5 June; Hon. Thomas Settle, of N. C., is chosen permanent president; the platform insists on the most complete equality in the enjoyment of civil, political, and public rights, and that Congress and the President have fulfilled an impera tive duty in their measures to suppress the treasonable organi zations in the lately rebellious States; President Grant is renonv inated by acclamation; and on the first ballot, Hon. Wilson, of M$ss f , is eta^QHrflfttta &r Ylee-rsW History of the United States. 233 1873. The Geneva Tribunal reassembles, 15 June; it holds its final session, 14 Sep., when its decision is rendered, awarding the U. S. 115,500,000 in liquidation of the Alabama claims and those arising from the depredations of other^ Anglo-Confederate ves sels. The World s Peace Jubilee is opened in Boston, 17 June. The abolition of the import duties on tea and coffee takes effect, 1 July. The National Democratic Convention is held in Baltimore, 6 July; Hon. James K. Doolittle, of Wis., is chosen permanent president; the Convention adopts the Liberal Republican plat form, and nominates Messrs. Greeley and Brown. The Extreme Democrats hold a convention in Louisville, Ky., 3 Sep., and nominate Charles O Conor, of N. Y., for President, and John Quincy Adams, of Mass., for Vice-President; both candidates subsequently refuse to serve. The Cuban war-vessel Pioneer is seized by the U. S. revenue cutter Mocvaxin, at Newport, 11. I., 20 July. The 25th anniversary of the pastorate of Henry Ward Bee- cher over Plymouth Church, is celebrated, 7 Oct. Hon. William H. Seward dies at Auburn, N. Y., 10 Oct., aged 70. James Anthony Froude, the English historian, is received by the Lotos Club of New York, 12 Oct. During the fall, he engages in a series of historical debates with Father Thomas Burke. The Presidential election takes place, 5 Nov.; Grant and Wilson receive 3,592,984 popular and 300 electoral votes, and Greeley and Brown, 2,833,847 popular, equal to 74 electoral votes. Gen. George G. Meade, the hero of Gettysburg, dies, 6 Nov., aged 56. Boston is visited by a conflagration, 9 Nov., which burns over 60 acres of ground, and destroys property of an estimated value of $75,000,000. Horace Greeley dies in a private insane retreat, 29 Nov., aged 61. Edwin Forrest, the great tragedian, dies in Philadelphia, 12 Dec., aged 66. During the year, the Government negotiates $200,000,000 in 5 per cents., and redeems $200,000,000 in 6 per cent. 5-20s. The national expenses for the year are $277,517,962; the debt is $2,253,251, 328; the imports are $640,338,766; and the exports, $549,219,718. 1873. Gen. John A. Dix is inaugurated Governor of New York, 1 January. Edward S. Stokes is sentenced to death for the murder of Col. James Fisk, Jr., 4 Jan.; he is subsequently granted a new trial and acquitted. Hon. Ward Hunt is appointed Judge of the U. S. Supreme Court, on the retirement of Judge Nelson, Jan. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, U. S. A. is appointed Com- of tas Military ^iyisioa of Oio Atlantic, with 234 History of the United States. 1873. quarters at New York; the Army and Navy Club give him a reception, 8 Jan. William M. Tweed is placed on trial on an indictment for violation of duty in auditing fraudulent claims against the city of New York, 8 Jan.; the jury fails to agree, 30; a second trial opens, 13 Nov., and he is found guilty on 204 counts, 19; Judge Davis sentences him to 12 years" imprisonment on Blackwell s Island and to pay a fine of $12,705. Congress passes a bill to abolish the franking privilege, 22 Jan., to take elFect 1 July. Matthew F. Maury, the distinguished nautical observer and author, dies at Lexington, Va., 1 Feb., aged 67. Hon. James L. Or, of S. C., is appointed U. S. Minister to Russia, 1 Feb.; he dies at his post, 5 April; the remains are brought to this country in the summer. Gen. James YV. Geary, ex-Governor of Penn., dies at Hams- burg, 8 Feb. An amendment to the appropriation bill, offered bj r Mr. B. F. Butler, providing that on and after 4 March, the President Shall receive a salary of $50,000 per annum; the Vice-Presi dent, $10,000; the Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, $10,500; the Associate Justices, each, $10,000; the Cabinet offi cers, each $10,000; the Speaker of the House, $10,000; and the Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, including those of the 43d Congress, each, $7,500, besides the actual expense of travel from residence to Washington at the beginning and close of each session, is adopted in the House, 24 Feb. and the Sen ate 1 March. A political riot breaks out in New Orleans, 1 March, and the police and military lire upon the rioters in Jackson Square. Gen. jorrant is again inaugurated President, 4 March; he sel <ets his second cabinet as follows : Secretary of State, Ham ilton Fish; Secretary of the Treasury, William A. Richardson; Secretary of War, William W. Belknap; Secretary of the Navy, George M. Robeson; Secretary of the Interior, Colum bus Delano; Postmaster-General, John A. J. Creswe 1; and Attorney General, George H. Williams. The White Star steamer Atlantic strikes upon Marr s Rock, off Nova Scotia, at an early hour, 1 April, and becomes a total wreck; of the large number of passengers, officers, and crew on borfrd at the time, 429 are saved and 547 lost. T uring a peace talk in the lava beds of Oregon between a i, umber of Modoc Chiefs and the U. S. Commissioners, 11 Af * .!, the Indians, under Captain Jack, suddenly attack the Coyimissioners, kill Gen. E. R. S. Canby, U. S. A., and the Rev. Drj Thomas (Commissioner), and seriously wound Commis sioner Meacham; a military expedition is gent against the Indians and the leaders are captured; Captain Jack. Black Jim, Boston Charley, and Schonchin are hanged at Fort Ivlamath, Or., S Oct. John Anderson, of Hew YorK, presents tho island of Peni , in Buzzard s Bay, with $50,000 in bonds, to Prof. o History of the United Slates. 235 1873. Hon. James Brooks, of N. Y., a distinguished politician, traveler, and author, dies, 80 April, aged 60. Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase dies suddenly in New York, 7 May, aged 65; Congress holds funeral ceremonies over the remains in the Senate Chamber, 11. Hon. Oakes Ames, M. C. from Mass., and "father" of the Credit Mobilier sensation, dies, 8 May, aged 69; he made his disclosure of the names of parties to whom he had given stock and dividends, before the Congressional Investigating Com mittee in Feb. last. Frank II. Walworth shoots his father, Mansfield Tracy Wai- worth, son of the famous Chancellor, in New York, 3 June, to protect his mother from assault; on the trial, lie is acquitted of murder on the ground of emotional insanity. During the first week in June, Chicago celebrates the rebuild ing of the burnt part of the city in nineteen months. The National Rifle Association opens the Creedmore Range, on Long Island, 21 June. The Navy Department despatches the Juanita and Tigress to the Arctic Regions to rescue the survivors of the Polaris Expe dition, 24 June. Hiram Powers, the American sculptor, of "Greek Slave 1 fame, dies in Florence, Italy, 27 June, aged 58. Baltimore is visited by a fire which burns over ten acres of ground, causing a loss of $500,000, 25 July. Rev. Gardiner Spring, D. D., for 43 years pastor of the Old Brick (Pros.) Church, in New York, dies, Aug., aged 89. Shreveport, La., is scourged by yellow fever during themonth of Sep. i Jay Cooke & Co., bankers of New York, fail, 18 Sep., with heavy liabilities; a financial panic is precipitate*.!; the New York Clearing House is forced to suspend; the Secretary of the Treasury comes to the aid of the banks by purchasing govern ment bonds; the presidents of all the banks meet in council to devis(? ways of relief. President Grant comes to I/he city, but declines to accede to the bankers request to aid the banks with the Treasury balance of $44,000,000; runs are made on banks and private bankers, and many strong houses fall during the ensuing ten days. The Evangelical Alliance of the World, on the invitation of the American branch, holds a session in New York, 1-12 Oct.; the distinguished foreign delegates are received -Ciy the Presi dent, 15. The Cuban war-steamer Virginius, under conrnz-spd of Capt. James Fry, which left New York for Cuba, 8 Oct. -is captured by the Spanish steamer Tornado, 31; the officers a .d 175 volun teers are taken to Santiago de Cuba, where Gen. W. A. C. Ryan, Bernabe Varona, Pedro Cespedes, and Jesu:- del Sel are tried, convicted, and shot for piracy, 4 Nov.; Capt. Fry and 36 of the crew are shot, 7; 12 more suffer the same fate, 8; and 57, 10; the news of the capture produces great rejoicing in Havana and intense indignation in the U. S. The Government puts a strong naval force into commission, whereupon Spain ~~ to surrender the Virginius and the remainder of liejr 236 History of the United States 1873. crew; this is done, 16 Dec., and while the vessel Is being con. voyed to New York, she suddenly sinks off North Carolina; the survivors are given a great reception by their compatriots upoa their return. The French steamship Ville du Havre, with a large passenger list from New York, collides with the British ship Loch Earn, 23 Nov., and sinking, carries down 226 persons. Prof. Louis J. 11. Agassiz, the eminent scientist, dies at Cam bridge, Mass., 14 Dec., aged 67. Mayor Hall, of New York, is acquitted of the charges against him, 24 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $290,345, 245; the debt is $2,234,482,993: the imports are $663,617,147; and the exports, $649,132,563. 1874. An amendment to the appropriation hill, to reduce the President s salary to $25,000 per annum oil and after 4 March, 1877, is lost in the Senate, 12 Jan. The Communists of New York make a red-flag demonstra tion in Tompkins Square, and are dispersed by the police, 13 January. Chang and Eng, the Siamese twins, die at their residence near Salisbury, N. C., within two hours of each other, 17 Jan., aged 63. Hon. Morrison R Waite is appointed and confirmed Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 21 Jan. " Mother" Stewart and a number of temperance women inaugurate a remarkable whiskey crusade throughout Ohio, 1 February. Prince David Kalakaua is chosen King of the Hawaiian Islands, 14 Feb.; he makes an American tour, reaching Wash ington, 12 Dec., and being presented to the President, 15. James Gordon Bennett gives $30,000 for the relief of the poor of New York, and a number of Bennett Soup Kitchens are opened, 18 Feb. Ex- President Millard Fillmoredies at Buffalo, N.Y., 8 March, aged 74. Hon. Charles Sumner dies at his residence in Washington, 11 March, aged 63, after enjoining Senator Hoar not to let the Civil Rights Bill fail; funeral ceremonies are held in the National Capitol and at the State House, Boston. A great demonstration of the U. S. naval vessels at Key West, Fla., terminates in a land drill, 23 March. The Senate Committee on Finance report a bill to provide for the redemption and issue of U. S. notes, which fixes the maxi mum limit at $382,000,00 ^, 23 March; Senators Conkling (N. Y.), Stewart (Nev.), Anthony (R. I.), and Thurman (0.), enter vigorous protests against any inflation of the currency; the bill, considerably amended, passes by a vote of 29 to 24 19 being absent; the House passes it, 14 April, by a vote of 140 to 102 48 being absent; the President vetoes the bill, 22 April, and the Senate fails to pass it over the veto. The steamship Europe, of the Prencn transatlantic line, lg found in a sinking condition in mid ocean, by the steamship Onece-, 2 April, and over 40C passengers are rescued. History of the United Stales. 237 1874. Jesse Pome -oy, "the boy with the pink eye, of Boston, commits his first known murder, 22 April, his victim being littte Horace W. Milieu. A political warfare breaks out in Arkansas between the adher ents of Joseph Brooks, who claims to have received the largest number of votes in the gubernatorial election, and Joseph Baxter, who has taken possession of the office; each leader musters an armed force to maintain his claim, and several fatal j skirmishes occur, April. Henri Rochefort, the French Communist, who escaped from 5 the penal settlement of New Caledonia, reaches the IT. 8. m Way; he delivers his first public lecture, in .New York, 5 Jur.e. The dam of the large reservoir on Mill River, Mass., suddenly breaks, 16 May, and a tremendous body of water dashes in a destructive flood down the valley; the manufacturing vil lages of Williarnsburgh, Skinnerville, iiaydenvilie, and Leeds are destroyed, and nearly 200 lives lost. President Grant lays the corner-stone of the new building of the Ameiican Museum of Natural HL-ioiy in Central Park, N. Y., 2 June. The corner-stone of the new Post-office and Custom House building in Chicago is laid, 24 June. Little Charley Ross is mysteriously abducted from his father s residence in Germantown, Penn., 1 July; his father spends a large fortune searching for the missing boy, but never learns of his fate. A fire breaks oat in Chicago, 14 July, and before it is checked it destroys over 1000 buildings, including 4 hotels, 6 churches, and 7 public buildings, among which are the Post-office, the Fine Art Institute, Aiken s Theatre, a school-house, freight depot, and a savings bank; the loss is estimated at $4,000,000. The shore end of a new Atlantic cable is landed at Rye Beach, N. H., 15 July. A terrible rain-storm sweeps over the hills around Pittsburg and Allegheny City, Penn., 20 July, destroying several hun dred houses, and causing a loss of loO lives; the damages are estimated at $900,000. Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, appoints a committee to inves tigate the charges preferred by Theodore Tilton against Henry Ward Beecher, of having seduced Mrs. Tilton. Mr. Tilton reads a sworn statement, detailing his charges and specifying the actions of Mrs. Tilton and Mr. Beeeher during (he past two years, before the committee, 28 July; on the following day, Mr. Beecher declares Mrs. Tilton s innocence, and Mrs. Tilton makes a statement in her own defence. William J. Gay nor causes the arrest of Mr. Tilton on a charge of having libeled Mr. Beecher, but t he suit is not pressed. Mr. Beecher makes an elaborate statement to his congregation, 14 Aug., denying al) charges of immorality; Mr. and Mrs. Tilton are subjected_to ?., severe cross-examination by the committee; and, at the joint request of Mr. Tilton and Mr. Beecher, Mr. Francis D. Moulton, a mutual friend and the custodian of many letters bearing upon the trouble, also appears before it. The committee announces the results of its investigations ut the weekly prayer-meeting d 238 History of the United States. 1874* the church, 28 Aug. Mr. Beecher is acquitted of the charge, and Mr. Moulton is so strongly denounced that the police have to protect him from assaults by Mr. Beecher s friends on leav ing the building. In the meantime, Mr. Tilton institutes a civil suit against Mr. Beecher for $100,000 damages, his summons being issued 19 Aug. The cause is delayed from week to week until, on 17 Oct., Judge Neilson grants an order for the plaintiff to furnish a bill of particulars; this leads to further complica tions and appeals, in which William M. Evarts appears for Mr. Beecher, and Gen. Roger A. 2*ryor for Mr. Tilton. The Court of Appeals reverses the decision of the General Term, so f av as to assert the power of the court to grant the bill of particulars, 7 Dec., when a new motion for the bill is made and granted. An immense number of the citizens of New Orleans asseirble around the Chiy statue, 14 Sep.; a committee is appointed to request Gov. Kellogg to abdicate; upon his refusal, the White League troops are posted about the city, and the metropolitan police and the State troops are marched into line of battle: the White Leaguers attack the police, driving them through $ie Custom House, in which Gov. Kellogg, Collector Casey, ? J n3. other officers have taken refuge: on the following morning, the White League pickets find the Capitol abandoned and take pos session. On orders from Washington, Gen. Emory, U. S. A., takes possession of all the captured property, and notifies (~:>v. Kellogg, 18, that he is prepared to restore him to his office, A fire breaks out at Granite Mill No. 1, at Fall River, Mass., 19 Sep., at an hour when there are over 400 women and chil dren, besides the male operatives, in the building; an intense panic follows the discovery of the llames; the elevator refuses to work, and the operatives are forced to jump from the fourth and fiftii story windows; 40 persons lose their lives and 80 are more -or less severely injured. The Lincoln monument at Springfield, 111., is dedicated, 15 Oct., and the remains of the President are placed in a new case and deposited in the crypt. The first baloou wedding on record takes place above Cin cinnati, 19 Oct., when the Rev. H B. Jeffries marries Miss Mary Walsh and Mr. Charles M. Colton. The centennial of the burning of the Peggy Stewart, with a cargo of 2330 pounds of tea, in the harbor of Annapolis, Md., is celebrated, 19 Oct. John D. Lee, the leader of the Mormons in the Mountain Meadow massacre, in 1857, is captured, 1 Nov.; he is lodged in jail at Beaver, Utah, and indicted for murder. Hon. Ezra Cornell, founder of Cornell University, at Ithaca, N. Y. (cost $700,000), dies, 9 Dec., aged 67. James Lick, of San Francisco, deeds his immense estate to a board of trustees, and charges them to devote $700,000 to the erection of an observatory; $300,000 to found and endow the California School of Mechanical Arts; $250,000 to the erection of a group of bronze statuary, representing the history of the State; $100,000 to the building of an Old Ladies Home in San Francisco; $150,000 to the building and maintenance of free ; f 150,000 to the erection of apronzse monument to ey, History of the United States. 239 1874. the author of the " Star Spangled Banner; " $25,000 in gold to the Protestant Orphan Home, San Francisco; $25,000 to found an Orphan Home in San Jose ; and $10,000 to the purchase of scientific works for the Mechanics Institute, San Francisco. The national expenses for the year are $287,133,873; the debt is $2,25 1,690,468; the imports are 5=595,861,248; and the exports, $693,039,054. 1875. The case of Theodore Tilton against Henry Ward Beecher is called before Judge Neilson in the City Court, Brooklyn, N.Y., 4 Jan. Gen. Roger A. Pry or, ex-Judge Fullerton, William A. Beach, and S. D. Morris appear as counsel for Mr. Tilton; and Hon. William M. Evarts, Gen. B. F. Tracey, and Thomas G. Shearman for Mr. Beecher; the opening address for the plain tiff is made, 11, and the first witness is called, 13. Mr. Tilton takes the stand, 29, when Mr. Evarts objects to his being sworn. Several days are spent in arguing the question; the court decides in the plaintiff s favor, and the examination begins, 2 Feb. Mr. Tilton s testimony is completed, 17; the case for the defence is opened, 25, and the first witness is called, 2 March; the mem bers of the church investigating committee are called as wit nesses, 29; Mr. Beecher takes the stand, 1 April, and declines to swear on the bible; his direct examination is closed, 13, and the cross-examination opened; he leaves the stand, 21, the re direct closing at recess; the defense rests, 30; the rebuttal testi mony is then taken; Mr. Tilton a^ain takes the stand, 11 May, and denies all the testimony in defense; the taking of evidence closes, 13; the total number of witnesses examined is 111, and the time consumed in the examinations aggregates four and a half months; Mr. Evarts occupies eight days in summing up, and other counsel for the defense six more; Mr. Beach occupies nine days in his argument for the plaintiff; Judge Neilson charges the jury, 24 June; after a consultation of eight days, the jury come in and report that they are unable to agree upon a verdict, 2 July. The State House at New Orleans is guarded by police early in the morning of 4 Jan., the day appointed for the opening of the Louisiana legislature. The Democrats charge frauds upon .the Returning Board, and the Republicans charge intimidation upon the Democrats; Mr. Wiltz is chosen chairman, against the protests of the Republicans, who attempt to withdraw, but are prevented- in the afternoon, Gen. De Trobriand enters the House with U. S. troops, and Mr. Wiltz and several Members, who are claimed to have been irregularly seated, are taken into custody and marched out of the Hall; the Democratic Members then withdraw and the Republicans proceed to effect an organ ization; in the meantime, a second Congressional Committee, consisting of George F. Hoar, William A. Wheeler, William P. Frye, and Samuel P. Marshall, is sent to New Orleans, 2 Jan. Mr. Wheeler proposes a plan for adjusting the difficulties, to the effect that the Assembly will not disturb the State Govern ment, but accord Gov. Kellogg all legitimate support, and that the House as constituted on the award of the committee shall x not be changed; the plan is accepted, twelve Members excluded by the Returning Board are admitted, a conservative Speaker 240 ffistory of the United States. 1875. is chosen, and both branches of the Legislature proceed to work, Samuel J. Tilden is inaugurated Governor of New York, and pledges himself to an administration of reform, Jan. Senator Sherman s Bill providing for the resumption of specie payments on 1 Jan., 1879, is passed in both Houses, and ap proved by the President, 14 Jan. William H. Aspinwall dies in New York, 18 Jan., aged 67. Ex-President Andrew Johnson is elected U. S. Senator from Term., Jan., and dies, 31 July, aged 67. The first train passes through the Hoosac Tunnel, Mass.j 9 Feb. Congress authorizes the improvement of the passes at the 1 mouth of the Mississippi under the direction of James B. Eads^ at a cost of $5,200,000. A civil suit is begun against William M.Tweed, in New York, to recover $6,198,950, April; he is discharged from his eumula-> tive sentence, 22 June, and immediately re-arrested and held to bail in $15,000 on a criminal suit and in $3,000,000 on the civil suit; he escapes from the officers of the Ludlow-Street Jail, ":ile on a visit to his house, 4 Dec. Archbishop John McCloskey is invested with the berretta of a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, in St. Patrick s Cathedral, New York, 27 April. The various officials of Baltimore take possession of the new City Hall, 12 April. Prof. S. R. Wells, the phrenologist, of New York, dies, 13 April, aged 55. Oshkosh, Wis., is destroyed by fire, 28 April. Hon. George S. Batcheller, of Saratoga, N. Y., is appointed Presiding Judge of the new Supreme Court of Egypt, April. The railway bridge at Portage Falls, N.Y., the longest wooden viaduct in the world, is destroyed by fire, 5 May. The Masonic Temple in New York is dedicated, 2 June. Rev. Dr. Wood, of Philadelphia, receives the pallium of an Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church, at the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, 17 June. An American team, consisting of Col. IT. A. Gildersleeye, Col. John Bodine, Major Henry Fulton; Gen. T. S. Dakin, George W. Yale, and R. C. Coleman, win the International Rifle-match at Dolly mount, Ireland, 29 June. Hon. Horace Binney, the oldest lawyer and the oldest college graduate in the U. S., dies at Philadelphia, 12 Aug., aged 80. The Bank of California, at San Francisco, suspends, 36 Aug.; on the following day, the Gold and Merchants Banks suspend, and William C. Ralston, President of the Bank of California, and one of the wealthiest and most popular citizens of fcan Fran cisco, commits suicide by drowning. P The old post-office in New York is grotesquely vacated, 28 Aug., and the mail-matter and archives are transferred to the new structure. Samuel D.Tillman, Ph. D., LL.D., dies in New Yort , 4 Sep., aged 62. Com. Perry s flag-ship, the Lawrence, is raised from the bot tom of Lake Erie, where it had lain for over 60 years, 14 Sep, History of the United Stales. 241 18*85. The U. S. S. Swatara leaves the Brooklyn Navy-yard, 30 Oct., for Para, Brazil, to bring back ex-Confederate refugees. The steamship Pacific, plying between San Francisco and Portland, Or., founders, 4 Nov., causing a loss of 200 lives. Hon. Henry Wilson, Vice-president of the U. S., dies at Washington, D. C., 22 Nov., aged 62; funeral services are held in the rotunda of the National Capitol and nt Natick, Mass. Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, of Mich., President pro Urn of the Senate, becomes Acting Vice-President. William B. Astor dies in New York, 24 Nov., aged 83. Hon. M. C. Kerr, democrat, is elected Speaker of the House at the opening of the 43d Congress, 6 Dec. Hon. Benjamin H. Bristow, having been appointed to succeed Mr. Richardson, as Secretary of the Treasury, institutes a determined war on the frauds which have robbed the Govern ment of an immense amount of revenue. His disclosures of the whiskey frauds in the west, which have cost tlie Govern ment a loss in taxes of $1,050,000 in ten months produces a great sensation] John A. Joyce, Special Revenue Agent at St. Louis, and John MacDonald, Supervisor of Internal Revenue there, are convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary, and Chief Clerk Avcry, of the Treasury Department, and Gen. O.K. Bab- cock, the President s private secretary, are indicted for com plicity, the former being convicted, Dec. The centennial anniversaries of the early events in the Revo lutionary war arc appropriately observed during the year as they occur. The national expenses for the yeararo $274,023,302; the debt is $2,180,395,067; the imports are $553, 900,153; and the exports, $643,094,707. 1876. Dr. Samuel G. Howe surgeon-general of the fleet in the Greek insurrection, a San Domingo Commissioner and philanthropist, dies at South Boston, 9 Jan., aged 75. Rev. and Hon. E. D. Winslow, of Boston, is discovered to have committed extensive forgeries, 24 Jan.; he flees the coun try, is arrested in England, and after along correspondence between the U. S. and English Governments, he is released. Gen. O. E. Babcock, the President s private secretary, is placed on trial at St. Louis, for complicity in the great whiskey frauds, 7 Feb., and is acquitted. Hon. Reverdy Johnson, ex-U. S. Minister to England, dies suddenly at Annapolis, Md., 9 Feb., aged 79. The Old Oak on Boston Common is blown down in a gale, 15 February. An Advisory Council of Congregational Churches meets in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 Feb., to settle points of difference in church polity, arising from the course of Mr. Bee- cher s congregation. Charlotte Cushman, the tragedienne, dies at Boston, 18 Feb., aged 50. The House of Representatives Committee on Expenditures in the War Department, having had its attention directed to alleged abuses in the management of the post-tradership at Fort Sill, I, T., compels the attendance of Caleb P. Marsh, of 242 Ifixhry of the United Mates. 1876. New York, who had received the appointment in 1870; he acknowledges the regular payments of money to Gen. Belknap, the Secretary of War, in consideration of the appointment. The Committee summons tli3 Secretary before it, 1 March, when lie confesses the truth of the statements; he personally tenders his resignation to the President, 2 March, and it is immediately accepted. The same day the Committee ask the House for his impeachment, and a Committee is accordingly appointed and the Senate notified. The Secretary is arrested and released in $25,000 bail, 8 March; he is tried by the Senate on the House charges and his own confession, and acquitted by a vote of 35 to 25, 1 Aug. Hon. Richard H. Dana, Jr., of Mass., is nominated for U. S. Minister to England, in place of Gen. K. C. Schenck, resigned, 6 March; the Senate rejects the nomination, 4 April. Hon. Alphonso Taft, of Ohio, is appointed Secretary of War, 7 March. Sister Harriet, the Mother Superior of the Protestant Episco pal Order of All Saints in the U. S., dies in Baltimore, Md., 12 March. Hon. A. 0. P. Nicholson, Chief Justice of Tennessee, dies at Columbia, 22 March, aged 08. Alexander T. Stewart, the millionaire merchant of New York, dies, 10 April, aged 73; the remains are interred in a vault in St. Mark s churchyard, on Second Avenue, 13; his will, which bequeaths all his property to his widow, excepting $1,000,000 given to Judge Henry Hilton and various sums nominated for his most faithful employes, is contested by James Bailey, claim ing to be a cousin, June, but is subsequently probated. Dom Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, accompanied by the Em- press Theresa, arrives in New York. 15 April; they are pre sented to the President,.? May, and, declining national atten tions due their rank, they make a rapid and extended tour of the country as private personages, and embark for Liverpool, 12 July. President Grant vetoes a bill to reduce his salary to $25,000, 18 April. The Centennial Exhibition, in Fab-mount Park, Philadel phia, is offlciallv opened, 10 May; Theodore Thomas s famous orchestra leads the ceremonies; Bishop Simpson, of the Method ist Episcopal Church, offers a prayer; the President of the Board of Finance formally presents the buildings to the U. S. Cen tennial Commission, by whose President, after the singing of Sidney Lanier s Cantata, they are presented to the President of the U. S., who declares the exhibition opened. President Grant and the Emperor of Brazil then start the gigantic Corliss engine, and all the machinery in the vast place moves. The buildings cover a space of 75 acres, and aggregate 190 in number, including the five grand structures and the buildings of the States and Territories and foreign nations, representing a cost of $4,444,000, of which $1,500,000 were loaned by the U. S. Government. The Exhibition closes 10 Nov.; it has been visited by 9,790,151 persons, of whom 7,897,789 paid $3,761,607; th History of the Vnitecf states. 248 1876. largest attendance on any day was on 28 Sept., when 274,919 persons passed the gates. The Prohibition Reform Party hold a convention at Cleve land, Ohio, 17 May, and nominate Gen. Green Clay Smith, of Ky., for President. A National Greenback Convention is held at Indianapolis, Ind., 18 May; Peter Cooper, of N. Y., is nominated for Presi dent, and U. S. Senator Booth, of Cal., for Vice-President; the latter declines, and Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio, is substituted. Most Rev. James B. Purcell, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cincinnati, celebrates his golden jubilee, 21 May. Edward Dubufe s celebrated painting of the " Prodipil Son," valued at $100,000, is destroyed at the burning of Melodeon Hall, Cincinnati, 26 May. Hon. J. Donald Cameron is sworn in as Secretary of War, and ex-Secretary Taft as Attorney-General, 1 June. Hon. Edward F. Beale is confirmed as U. S. Minister to Aus tria, 1 June. The Grand Commandery of the U. S. Knights Templar make a great procession in Philadelphia, 1 June. Rev. William A. Stearns, D.D., LL.D., President of Amherst College, dies suddenly, 8 June, aged 71. Com. Vanderbilt makes an additional gift of $300,000 to the trustees of the Vanderbilt University, in Tennessee, bringing his total donations up to $1,000,000 for buildings and endowments, 13 June. The Republican National Convention assembles at Cincin nati, 14 June; Marshall Jewell, Conn., O. P. Morton, Ind., Benj. H. Bristow, Ky., James G. Blame, Me., Roscoe Conkling, N. Y., Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio, and John F. Haiti auft, Penn., are nominated us candidates for the Presidential nomi nation. The first ballot shows a strong preference for Mr. Blaine; but on the seventh, the Convention compromises on the least known of the candidates, Mr.Hayes, giving him 384 votes, and then unanimously elects him. Hon. William A. Wheeler, of N. Y., is nominated for Vice-president. Discovering that official secrets concerning prosecutions on account of revenue frauds have been communicated to impli cated parties, Gen. Bristow resigns his position as Secretary of the Treasury, 17 June. A determined warfare against the Sioux Indians is begun early in June; Gen. Crook attacks them on Rosebud River, 17; a camp of 2000 lodges on the Little Horn is attacked, 25, when Gen. Custer, his two brothers, a nephew, and brother-in-law, with 305 officers and men are killed. Gen. MacKensie sur rounds the camp of Red Cloud and Red Leaf, capturing the whole force without a shot, 23 Oct.; the next day, Gen. Crook assembles the Indians at the Red Cloud agency, deposes Red Cloud, and proclaims Spotted Tail chief of all the Sioux. Gen. MacKenzie captures a hostile Cheyenne village of 200 lodges, with 500 warriors, 25 Nov. William Cullen Bryant is presented with a memorial vase of hammered silver, valued at $5,000, by his friends, in New York, SO June, 344 History of the United States. J876. A. II. Wyinan is nominated and confirmed as Secretary of the Treasury, 20,29 June. The Democratic National Convention meets in St. Louis, 28 June, and organizes by electing Hon. John A. McClernand per manent president; Messrs. Samuel J. Tilden, N. Y.; Thomas F. Bayard, Del.: William S. Allen, Ohio; Judge Joel Parker, N. J.; and Gen. W. S. Hancock, U. S. A., are proposed for the Presidential nomination; on the first ballot, Mr. Tilden receives 403 votes in a total of 817, and before the result of the second ballot is announced, his nomination is made unanimous. Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, of Ind., is nominated for Vice-President. William M. Tweed, after his escape from the officers in New York, goes to Cuba, and sails thence in the Carmen, for Vigo, Spain, 27 July; on entering the harbor of Vigo, the Carmen is boarded by the Governor, 6 Sep., and Tweed is arrested; the Spanish Government agrees to return him to the U. S. without the usual formalities, and he sails on the U. S. S. Franklin, then homeward bound, 26; he arrives in New York, 23 Nov., and is at once lodged in jail: in the meantime, Sheriff Brennan is pun ished for neglect in permitting the escape. An extraordinary illumination and midnight torcnlight pro cession take place in New York, 3-4 July. Colorado is admitted into the Union as a State, 4 July; John L. lioutt, its first Territorial Governor, is elected first Governor of the State, Oct. Gen. Green B. Raum is appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 26 July. The New York yacht Madeleine wins the first of three races for the America s Cup with the Canadian yacht Countess oj Duffer in, 11 Aug., by ten minutes, and the second, 12, by 27 minutes. The Secretary of War, upon the order of the President, instructs Gen. Sherman to dispose of the available troops in such a manner as to prevent and punish fraud at the polls on election day, 15 Aug. Hon. M. C. Kerr, Speaker of the National House of Repre sentatives, dies at Rockbridge Springs, Va., 19 Aug., aged 49. A bronze statue of Lafayette, the gift of the French Republic, is unveiled in New York, 6 Sep. Hon. Henry A. Wise, ex-Governor of Va., dies at Richmond, 12 Sep., aged 70. Rev. Edmund S. Janes, D. D., senior and presiding Bishop of the M. E. Church, dies in New York, 18 Sep., aged 69. Gen. John Newton, U. S. A., blows up the Hallet s Point obstructions in Hell Gate, N. Y., 24 Sep. James Lick, the California millionaire, dies in San Francisco, 1 Oct., aged 80. The first cremation furnace in the U. S., is completed at Washington, Penn., 1 Oct.; the body of Baron De Palm is the first one cremated, 6 Dec. The President declares S. Carolina to be in a state of insur rection, and orders troops sent there to preserve the peace attilQ elections, 17 Get, History of the United Slates. 245 1876. The State and National elections are the most exciting of any ever held. Federal troops are plentifully scattered throughout the Southern States, and strong forces are congregated in Wash ington, D. C. and in New York City. In S. Carolina, Gen. Wade Hampton, Democrat, and Daniel H. Chamberlain, Republican, are declared elected Governor and both are sworn in as such; the State has a dual Legislature, with two Speakers trying to preside at the same time, and the members of its Returning Board are arrested and committed to the Columbia jail. In Louisiana, both political parties invite prominent gen tlemen of the North, and the President sends a committee to witness the counting of the votes by the Returning Board; while another Presidential Committee is appointed for a like service in Florida. The popular vote in the Presidential election, 7 Nov., according to the official returns, is: Tilden, 4,284,265; Hayes, 4,033,295; Cooper, 81,737; Smith, 9,522; giving Mr. Tiki en a popular majority over all others of 157,397 votes. The Return ing Boards give Mr. Hayes 185 electoral votes and Mr. Tiklen 184; the votes of Florida, Louisiana, and S. Carolina, given to the Republicans, are disputed by the Democrats. The year closes on the greatest political tension ever known in the country ,with the leaders of both parties urging forbearance. Congress meets, 4 Dec.; Hon. Samuel J. Randall, Penn., is elected Speaker of the House over Hon. James G. Blaine; a number of bills proposing a more satisfactory method of count ing the electoral votes for President and Vice-President are in troduced in both Houses, but there is an aversion to action until the Visiting Committees return from the South and report. During a performance of " The Two Orphans " in the Brook lyn (N.Y.) Theatre. 5 Dec., a fire breaks out on the stage; a terrific panic is created; the building is entirely destroyed, and over 300 persons lose their lives by burning, suffocation, or being crushed in the stampede; the remains of 100 unrecognized bodies are buried in one large grave in Greenwood Cemetery. The national expenses for the year are $258,459,797; the debt is $2,180,395,067; the imports are $476,677,871; and the exports, $644,956,406. 1877. Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt dies at his residence in New York, 4 Jan., aged 82; he wills five of his daughters $2,500,000 each in railroad bonds, and, after providing for his other chil dren and a number of old friends, bequeaths the remainder of his great fortune which is said to aggregate $100,000,000 to his son, William H. Mrs. La Bau, one of his daughters, in behalf of Cornelius, a brother, begins proceedings to set aside the will, before the Surrogate, 14 Nov. Messrs. Nicholls (Dem.) and Packard (Rep.) are each inau gurated Governor of Louisiana, at New Orleans, 8 Jan.; the Democrats gain possession of all the public buildings except the State House, 9, and during that week the Democratic Legisla ture gains large accessions from the Republican body. In ac cordance with President Hayes s " Southern Policy," the U. S. troops are officially withdrawn from service in the city, 34 April, 246 , History of the United Stales. 1877. Both parties in Congress compromise, in the matter of the disputed electoral returns, in an arrangement which takes shape in a bill providing for the appointment of an Electoral Com mission, to whom shall be referred all over one set of returns f ron; any one State, and all single returns that may be disputed by either party, for decision as to the lawful vote; the bill, originating in the Senate, is passed, 25 Jan., by a vote of 47 to 17, and in the House, 26, by a vote of 191 to 86, and it receives the President s approval, 29. The Commission is selected, accord ing to the provisions of the bill, 1 Feb., as follows: the Senate elects Messrs. Edmunds, Morton, Frelinghuysen,Thurman, and Bayard; the House, Messrs. Payne, Hunter, Abbot, Garfleld, and Hoar; the U. S. Supreme Court chooses Justices Clifford, Miller, Field, and Strong, and these choose for the fifth, Justice Bradley; politically, the commission stands, Republicans, 8, Democrats, 7. The Commission begin sits sittings in the Supremo Courtroom, 1 Feb., and on the same day both Ho uses of Congress meet in joint session to receive the electoral returns from the States; the following counsel appear for the Republican elect ors: Messrs. William M. Evarts, N. Y.; Stanley Matthews, O.; Edwin B. Stoughton, N. Y., and Judge Shellabarger, Ohio; for the Democratic electors, Messrs. Charles O Conor, N.Y. ; Judge Jeremiah Black, Penn.; Lyman Trumbull, 111.; and Richard Merrlck, D. C.; the votes of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, and Delaware are read and counted; three certificates are presented from Florida, and referred to the Co in mission, which, after hearing the objectors and counsel, decides in favor of the Republican electors by a vote of 8 to 7, 12 Feb. The case of Louisiana is settled by the Commission in the same manner, and the two Houses of Congress count the vote for the Republicans, 20. The next contest is on the Oregon vote, objections < being raised to the counting of either certifi cate; the Commission decides by the same party vote that Messrs. Odell, Watts, and Cartwright are the legally appointed electors, and the vote of the State is counted for the Republicans. The S. Carolina case is argued, 26 Feb., with a similar decision, and sent to Congress, 28. Violent debates occur in each House, the joint-meeting separating twice during the day. Early in the evening the votes of this State are counted for the Republicans. The counting of the votes is concluded, 2 March, when the result is officially announced, Messrs. Hayes and Wheeler being given 185 votes and Messrs. Tilden and Hendricks, 184; the for mer are then declared duly elected. Justice David Davis, of theU. S. Supreme Court, is elected U.S. Senator from Illinois, 25 Jan., and resigns from the bench. Col. John O Mahoney, the Irish agitator, editor, and trans lator, dies in New York, 6 Feb.; the remains are taken to Ire land and refused burial from Dublin Cathedral. Rear- Admiral Charles Davis, U.S. N., Superintendent of the U. S. Naval Observatory, diqs at Washington, D. C., 18 Feb., aged 70. Hon. John Welsh, President of the Centennial Boajd of History of the United States. 1877. Finance, Is presented with a check for $50,000 by personal friends in Philadelphia, which he immediately gives to the University of Pennsylvania, to endow a chair of history and English literature, 22 Feb. Gen. Rutherford B. Hayes and Hon. William A. Wheeler are inaugurated nineteenth President and Vice - President respectively, 5 March. Congress assembles the same day in special session and confirms the folio wing cabinet appointments: Secretary of State, William M. Evarts, N. Y.; Secretary of the Treasury, John Sherman, Ohio; Secretary of War, George W. McCrary, Iowa; Secretary of the Navy, Richard W.Thoinpson, Ind.; Secretary of the Interior, Carl Schurz, Mo.; Postmaster- General, David M. Key,Tenn.; and Attorney-General, Charles Devins, Mass. Prof, A. Graham Bell gives an exhibition of his newly invented telephone before a gathering of scientific men, by which conversation is carried on between Salem and Boston, 15 March; at another exhibition, 2 April, a piano concert in Phila delphia is distinctly heard in Steinway Hall, New York. The President appoints Frederick Douglass, the -well-known colored orator, U. S. Marshal for the District of Columbia, 19 March. John D. Lee, convicted for complicity in the Mountain Mea dow massacre of emigrants by Mormons, is executed by shoot- Ing on the scene of tlie tragedy, 23 March. After a conference with Gen. Wade Hampton and Dav.M II. Chamberlain, both claiming to have been legally elected Gov. ernor of S. Carolina, the President orders the withdrawal of U. S. troops from Columbia, 2 April; the troops march out of the city, 10, and Mr. Chamberlain surrenders the Governor s office and papers to Gen Hampton. The Westminster Kennel Club gives the first bench show of dogs, in New York, 7-11 May. Gen. U. S. Grant, accompanied by his wife and one son, leaves Philadelphia for an extended European tour, 17 May; he is entertained at luncheon by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool, 29; after being dined by the United Service Club and a number of distinguished Englishmen and Americans, he is presented with the freedom of the City of London, 15 June, and entertained by Queen \ r ictoria at Windsor Castle, 26. During July and Aug., he visits Brussels, Cologne, Frankfort, Homberg, lays the corner-stone of an American Episcopal Church, at Geneva, makes the tour of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, and receives the freedom of the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and of the boroughs of Ayr and Elgin; he goes to Stratford-on-Avon, 28 Sep., and leaves Eng land for France, 24 Oct. He is received by Marshal MacMahon, the President, 25, dines with him, 27, and is given a most bril liant banquet by U. S. Minister Noyes, 29; leaving Paris, 30 Nov., he visits Lyons, Marseilles, and Nice, embarking at the latter place, 15 Dec., on the U. S. S. Vandalia, for visits to Gib raltar, Algiers, Constantinople, Athens, Alexandria, Genoa, Palermo, Naples, and Malta. History of the United States. The business center of Galveston, Texas, is destroyed by fire, 8 June, involving a loss of $1,525,000 The Nez Perces Indian war brea^, tHa, 10 iime, in Idaho; Gen. Howard fails to capture or surprise Chief Joseph; but Gen. Miles, with a picked force, follows the Indians so pertinaciously that after a severe engagement, the whole war party surrenders to him, 5 Oct. Eleven " Mollie Maguires," condemned for murder in the coal regions of Pennsylvania, are hung at Pottsville, 21 June. Right Rev. Bishop Littlejohn lays the corner-stone of the Cathedral of the Incarnation, a memorial of the late A. T. Stewart, at Garden City, L. I., 28 June. A marble reredos, erected in Trinity Church, New York, at a cost, of $26,000, in memory of the late William B. Astor, is dedicated, 1 July. In consequence of a reduction of 10 per cent. in wages, the en gineers, firemen, conductors, brakemen, switchmen, and other employes of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad go on a strike, 1 July; by the close of the week, the strike extends to the New York and Erie, the Pittsburg, the Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, the Pan-Handle, and Pennsylvania Central Railroads. State troops are called out in Maryland, Oiiio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania, and Federal troops in West Virginia. Engagements between the strikers and their friends and the soldiers occur in Baltimore, 20, in which several persons are killed and a large number wounded, and at Martinsburg, West Va. In Pittsburg, Penn., the troops Wave encounters, 17 and 21; on the latter clay, the strikers captmo a car filled with coke, saturate the mass with petroleum, and igniting it, push the car to the Round House, which soon becomes a mass of flames with all its contents; between 200 and 300 lives are lost at Pittsburg, 125 locomotives are destroyed, and 3500 cars are burned. Bloody riots occur in Chicago, 25, 26, that of the second day being a pitched battle in which artil lery is freely used. By the close of the second week, the strike extends to all the northern roads, and six States are under arms, the troops being used in protecting property and attempting to move trains. During the second week, the backbone of the strike is broken, and compromises between the railroad officials and the disaffected employes lead to a gradual reopening of traffic, the withdrawal of the troops, and the return of 84,000 railroad men to duty. The Pennsylvania Railroad suffered more severely than any other, its losses at Pittsburg alone ag gregating $12,000,000, for which it subsequently sues the county. A canal constructed by the National Government around Des Moines, Rapids, on the Mississippi, at Keokuk, at a cost of $4,281,000, is opened, 22 Aug. Brigham Young, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, dies at Salt Lake City, Utah, 29 Aagust, aged 76. Prof. Asaph Hall, of the U. S. Naval Observatory, discovers the moons of the planet Mars, Sep., and excites the profound History of the United States 249 1877. interest of scientific and astronomical circles throughout ihe world. Most Rev. James R. Bayley, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Church in the U. S., dies at New- ark, N. J., 3 Oct., aged 63; he is succeeded by the Right Rev. James Gibbons, his coadjutor. Gen. George B. McClellan is elected Governor of New Jersey, 6 Nov. George S. Bangs, originator of the fast mail service, and Superintendent of the Railway Mail System, dies suddenly at Washington, D. C., 16 Nov., aged 52. Moses H. Grinnell, who fitted out Dr. Kane s expedition la search of Sir John Franklin, dies in New York, 24 Nov , aged 63.- The U. S. sloop-of-war Huron is wrecked In a gale near Ore- gon Inlet, N. C., 24 Nov., and over 100 lives are lost. The President and Mrs. Hayes celebrate their silver wedding in the "White House, 29 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $238, 660,008; the debt is $2,205,301,392; the imports are $492,097,540: and the exports, $676,115,592. 1878. Gen. Grant sails from Malta on a trip to Egypt and the Nile, 1 Jan; at Alexandria, 6, the Khedive offers him the use of his palace and a steamer to navigate the Nile. He reaches Con. stantinople, 2 March, is dined by the British Minister, 4, and arrives at the Piraeus, escorted by three ironclads, 8; the Gen eral and his wife are received by the King and Queen of Greece, at Athens, 9, and the ruins of the ancient temples and the Par thenon are illuminated in his honor, 11; two days later, with his wife, he entertains the King and Queen of Greece on the U. S. S. Vandalia. The party reach Rome, 20, where they are pre sented to the Pope by Cardinal McCloskey and received with marks of high distinction, 30. Tne King of Italy gives a din ner, 13 April, at which all his Ministers attend. Florence ig reached, 15, and the remainder of the month is spent in various parts of Italy. The General returns to Paris, 9 May, to attend the World s Exposition, and then goes to Holland, where the Government has made extensive arrangements for his enter tainment; seven days are passed in this interesting country, and he then departs for Germany and Russia, reaching St. Peters burg, 30 July, and being received by the Czar Alexander on the day following. He is enthusiastically received at Vienna, 21 Aug., and after spending a few days in" the leading cities of Austria, he departs for a lengthened tour of Spain, Portugal, and Algiers, and another visit to Paris. Previous to the contem plated trip to China, Japan, and India, the party start for Ire land at the close of Dec. Samuel Bowles, for many years editor and proprietor of the Springfield (Mass.) Republican, dies, 16 Jan., after a lingering Illness. Gold declines to 101 Jin New York, 23 Jan., the lowest figure quoted since 1862. The steamship Metropolis > bound from Philadelphia for Bra Z -l With ft large sargo of frot and & party of engineers, art 250 History of the United States. 1878. and laborers, for railroad work, is wrecked near Kitty Hawk, N. C., 31 Jan., and about 100 lives are lost. Edward K. Collins, founder of the first American line of steamships, dies in New York, 22 Jan., aged 76. Congress having made an appropriation for the representation of American art and industry at the Paris Exposition, Hon. Richard McCormick.is appointed Commissioner-General, and U. S. S. Supply, Wyoming, and Constitution are placed at his dis posal for the transportation of American exhibits; the Supply loads at New York, the Wyoming at Washington, D. C., and the Constitution at Philadelphia, and all get under way in the latter part of Feb. The U. S. Senate, after rejecting the free-coinage clause and providing for a conference of the Latin Union States to fix a common ratio between the values of gold and silver, passes the Bland Silver Bill, 16 Feb.; the House concurs in the amend ments, 21; the President vetoes the bill, and both Houses pass it over the veto. The Greenback National Convention meets in To edo, Ohio, 22 Feb., and organizes a National Party, with Judge Francis W. Hughes, as president; the platform advocates a National currency which shall be a legal tender for all purposes, and op poses land grants, prison contract labor, and Chinese immigra tion. Gen. Thomas C. Anderson, a member of the Louisiana Returning Board, charged with forgery, is sentenced to two years imprisonment at hard labor and costs, at New Orleans, 25 Feb.; on the same day, a motion is filed to transfer the cases of Messrs. Wells, Kenner, and Casenave, the other members of the Board, to the U. S. Court. The Supreme Court of the State decides, 18 March, that the Vernon Parish returns are not sus ceptible to the charge of forgery, and orders the discharge of Gen. Anderson; the Attorney-General moves for a rehearing of the case, which the Supreme Court refuses, whereupon Gen. Anderson is released and action against the other mem bers abandoned. Henry Ward Beecher is sworn in as Chaplain of the 13th Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y. (Brooklyn), 1 March. Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, ex-President of the U. S. Senate, dies at Jefferson, Ohio, 2 March, aged 77. - Daniel O Leary, of Chicago, wins the great pedestrian con test in London, 18-23 March, walking 520 miles and two fur longs in 139 hours, 10 min. Albert E. Church, for forty years professor of mathe matics in the U. S. Military Academy, dies at West Point, 30 March. Secretary Sherman makes a contract in New York for the sale of $50,000,000 of the 4 per cent. Bonds for gold, 11 April. William M. Tweed dies in Lucllow Street Jail, New York, 12 April. A bill to repeal the bankrupt law passes the House, 25 April, by a vote of 206 to 39, and the Senate, 10 May, by a majority of 5; the bill takes effect, 1 Sep. When it becomes evident that the law will be repealed, an enormous number of petitions in History of the united Mates. 251 1878. voluntary bankruptcy are filed in the Northern and Eastern States. The first train on the Gilbert Elevated Railroad in New York is run through Sixth Avenue, 29 April, and the first one on the New York Elevated Railroad (east side) is run, 15 Aug. John Morrissey, formerly a noted prize-fighter, but latterly a New York State Senator and Member of Congress, dies at Sara toga, N. Y., 1 May, aged 47. By the explosion of inflammable gases, five steam flouring- mills at Minneapolis, Minn., are destroyed, 2 May, with a loss of 18 lives and $1,500,000 in capital. William S. O Brien, of the California firm o*Flood & O Brien, the famous Bonanza kings, dies in San Rafael, 2 May, ao-ed 52. Joseph Henry, LL.D., Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute, dies at Washington, D. C., 13 May, aged 80. A $300,000 music hall is opened in Cincinnati, Ohio, with a grand musical festival, 14 May. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations submits an elab orate report, 28 May, on the work of the Fisheries Commis sion, which, under the treaty of Washington, assembled at Hali fax, 15 June, 1877, and awarded, 23 Nov., the sum of $5 500 - 000 in gold to be paid by the U. S. to Great Britain in compensation for the fisheries privileges held to have been accorded citizens of the U. S. above those granted the subjects of Great Britain by the Treaty. The Committee regards the award as exorbitant, expresses a hope that the British Govern ment will fully review the case, and recommends the adoption of a bill for the payment of the award. Considerable excitement prevails throughout the month of May by the arrival of the steamship Oimbria at Southwest Har bor, Me., with 660 Russian naval officers and seamen on board, the purchase of three fast steamships by Russian agents in the U. b., and the mysterious movements of the British frigate Sirius, which is evidently watching the Cimbna. The Potter Investigating Committee, charged with the inves tigation of alleged election frauds in the South, begins its ses sions in Washington, 1 June. Messrs. Blackburn, Reed, and bprmger are appointed a sub-committee to take testimony in .Louisiana, and Messrs. Hunter, Steuger, and Hiscock in Fla. William Cullen Bryant, the distinguished poet-iournalist dies in New York, 12 June, aged 84. The report of the examining committee of Plymouth Church on the charges preferred against Mrs. Theodore Tilton for slandering Mr. Beecher, is adopted, 21 Jan., and Mrs. Tilton is formally excommunicated. The Rev. John Dowling, D. D., a Baptist minister, best known for his " History of Romanism," dies at Middletown N. Y., 4 July, aged 70. The first resident embassy of the Chinese Empire accredited to the U. S., consisting of Chin Lan Pin. the chief, Yung Wing associate, and 36 others, reaches San Francisco, 25 July. Evert A. Duyckinck, the popular author, dies in New York, 18 Aug., aged 62. 252 History of the United States. 1878. Rev. John H. Raymond, D. D., President of Vassar College, dies at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 14 Aug., aged 64. A yellow fever epidemic, in New Orleans, Memphis, Vicks- burg, Grenada, Port Gibson, and other Southern cities and towns, has caused a loss of 3400 lives up to 1 Sep.; by 20 Oct., the cases in New Orleans alone aggregate 12,792, of which 3828 have terminated fatally. Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D., is elected president of the Ameri can Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions, at Milwaukee, 3 Oct. The Manhattan Savings Institution in New York is broken into by masked burglars, 27 Oct.; the janitor is forced to sur render the keys and the combination of the lock, and $2,747,700 in bonds and $11,000 in cash are stolen. Thomas A. Edison, of Menlo Park, N. J., creates a sensation in Oct., by announcing that he has at length discovered a method of dividing the electric current and its light Indefinitely, and has perfected a practical system for light jg dwellings and public buildings by means of this current. The remains of the late Alexander T. Stewart are mysteriously abstracted from the vault in St. Mark s church yard, New York, 8 Nov.; by direction of Mrs. Stewart, Judge Hilton oft ers a reward of $25,000 for the return of the body and information that will convict the thieves; the reward is subse quently doubled. Gold sells at par on Wall Street, New York, 17 Dec. Hon. Bayard Taylor, the well-known author, and U. S. Min ister to Germany, dies at Berlin, 19 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $236, 964,320; the debf is $2,256,203,892; the imports are $466,872,846; and the exports, 722,811,815. 1879. The U. S. Government resumes specie payments, 1 Jan., without embarrassment to itself or the public. Hon. Caleb Gushing dies at Newburyport, Mass., 2 Jan., aged 79. Gen. Grant and party arrive in Dublin, 3 Jan., and leave Ire land for London, 9. While on the way to Marseilles to take passage for India, the General and his wife pay a farewell visit to Paris, and, 16, are dined at the Palace d Elysee, by President MacMahon, who invites a distinguished company to meet them. Leaving Marseilles, 23, the party pass Suez, 1 Feb., Aden, 6, and land at Bombay, 13, receiving distinguished attention from the British and native authorities; departing from Allahabad, 22, the party make stoppages at Agra, Delhi, Cawnpore, Luck- now, Benares, and Calcutta, reaching the latter city, 10 March, and leaving it, 17, for Rangoon and Singapore; the arrival in Siarn is made 1 April, when the American Consul at Bangkok, with one of the princes and an aide-de-camp of the King, meets him with a Government steamer in the Gulf , and escorts the party to the capital. The King showers honors of an unprece dented character upon the General. Hong Kong is reached 1 May, and the entire month is passed in China, considerable time being occupied by the G meral and Prince Kung in discus- or THK UNIVERSITY History of the United States. 253 1879. sing the question of the status of the Chinese in the U. S., and the means of enlarging the commercial relations of the |wn countries. The Emperor of Japan appoints a committee of dtsr- nitaries to receive and entertain the General in his behalf, and places the summer palace in readiness for his use. The com mittee sail from Yokohama, 14 June, and meet the General and party at Nagasaki, 3 July; preteeding direct toTokio, the Gen. is personally welcomed by the Emperor, 4, with a warmth oJ cordiality unusual in Japanese court life. Two months a passed in this country, where the citizens vie with the Govern ment in the elaborateness of their entertainments, and on 3Seo. the party sail from Yokohama for San Francisco, where they arrive, 20, thus ending the most remarkable pleasure-tour nil record. The Hon. Morton McMichael, of Philadelphia, "father of Fairmount Park," and editor of the North American, diea, 6 Jan., aged 72. Mrs. Ada L. Anderson accomplishes the feat of walking 2700 quarter-miles in that number quarter-hours, at Brooklyn, N.Y., 13 Jan., making her last quarter-mile in 2:37| the quickest time of the walk. Chief Justice Charles P. Daly, of New York, is elected Presi dent of the American Geographical Society, 14 Jan. A bill providing for the payment of arrears of pensions, hav ing passed both Houses of Congress, is signed by the President, 25 Jan.; the lowest estimate of the amount required to pay all claims under it is $80,000,000. The subscriptions to the new 4 per cent. Government loan during Jan. amount to $158,851,150; during the same period Secretary Sherman has called in bonds to the amount of $150,- 000,000 % The U. S. Centennial Commission closes its financial affairs and adjourns sine die, Jan.; the total receipts from all sources were $11,161,611, and the expenditures, including the return of the Government appropriation of $1,500,000 and dividends to stockholders, about $150,000 less. A billiard tournament for the championship of the world, the champion vase, and a purse of $1,000, is won in New York, by Jacob Schaefer, 7 Feb., with a score of seven games and an average of 85. Thomas Lord, the New York millionaire whose marriage with Mrs. Hicks created a sensation in American and European society circles, dies, 8 Feb., aged 85. The degree of Doctor of Laws is conferred upon Peter Cooper by the University of the State of New York. 12 Feb., Mr. Cooper s 88th birthday. A bill to restrict the immigration of Chinese to the U. S., by making it unlawful for the master of any ve&sel to bring to this country more than 15 Chinese passengers, which has passed the House after a heated debate, is passed in the Senate, 15 Feb. by a vote of 39 to 27; the President vetoes the bill, 1 March, and Congress fails to pass it over the veto. During the debate in th Senate, 14 ? Senator B. JK, Bniw occupies the chajr, being tka 254 History of the United States. 1879 first colored man who sat oificially in the seat of the President of the U. S. Congress meets In extra session, 18 March; Samuel J. Ran dall is elected Speaker of the I^ouse; in the reconstruction of th* Senate Committees ail the chairmanships except three go to the Democrats, viz: Finance, Mr. Bayard; Foreign Relations, Mr. Eaton; Commerce, Mr. Gordon; Judiciary, Mr. Thurman; Appropriations, Mr. Davis (West Va.); Patents, Mr. Kernanj and Privileges and Elections, Mr. Saulsbury. The South fur nishes 30 of the 43 Democratic Senators, of whom ID are ex- Confederate officers. Gen. John A. Dix dies at his residence in New Yprk, 21 April, aged 81. Both Houses of Congress pass a bill prohibiting the use of Federal troops on election days, May; toys President vetoes it a9 conflicting with his constitutional prerogatives and as nullifying the laws of 1792; the bill fails to pass the veto. A great Mormon demonstration takes place in Salt Lake City, Utah, 6 May, in honor of Daniel H. Wells, first counselor to the Twelve Apostles, for his refusal to reveal the secrets of the En dowment House before the U. S. Court. William Lloyd Garrison, tho noted Abolitionist, dies in New York, 24 May, aged 75. St. Patrick s Cathedral, on Fifth Avenue, New York, is dedi* cated with imposing ceremonies, 25 May. President Hayes vetoes the Legislative Appropriation Bill, 29 May, and the House refuses to pass it over the veto, by a vote of 113 to 91; under a suspension of the rules, the House passes it, 9 June, by a vote of 188 to 22, the negative votes be ; ng Democratic. A great sensation is produced in New York, 11 June, by the finding of the dead body of Mrs. Dr. Alonzo G. Hull, a prom inent society lady, at her residence, under circumstances sug gesting a mysterious murder; the detectives are baffled in their search for the murderer, and appear to be trying to weave a circumstantial net around Dr. Hull himself, when a negro, Chastine Cox, is arrested in Boston, 23, and led to confess that he committed the murder in an attempt at burglary. He is brought to New York, indicted, tried, and subsequently hanged for the crime. Mrs. Sarah Dorsey dies, Jqjy, and leaves by will her beautiful house at Beauvoir, Miss., several valuable plantations, and all her personal property to Jefl erson Davis. Secretary Schurz makes a visit to the Spotted Tail Agency, and personally investigates the Sioux grievances, Aug.-Sep. Daniel Drew dies suddenly at his residence in New York, 18 . Sep., aged 82. An Indian outbreak occurs at the White River Agency, in Colorado, 29 Sep., when the Utes kill Indian Agent N. C. Meeker and several of his assistants, carry the women and children into captivity, and kill Major Thornburgh, who had been sent to the Agent s relief , with many of his command; the surviving troops intrench in a gulch and sustain a heavy fire from the bluffs until 2 Oct., when Captain Dodge and 40 colored History of the United States. 255 1879. soldiers cut their way through the Indian force and relieve Captain Payne s beleaguered garrison. Gen. Merritt reaches the scene, 5, to relieve the command, having marched 170 miles in a little over two days. Gen. Adams brings the women into camp, 24, with proposals for peace and a promise from Ouray, the head Chief, to arrest the murderers of Mr. Meeker and his men. Henry C. Carey, the foremost American political economist, dies at Philadelphia, 13 Oct., aged 86. Mai. -Gen. Joseph Hooker, U. S. A., dies suddenly at Garden City, L. I., 31 Oct., aged 64. Hon. Zachariah Chandler, U. S. Senator from Michigan, is found dead in bed at a hotel in Chicago, 1 Nov., aged 66. The Rev. Lovick Peirce, D. D., the Nestor of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, dies at Sparta, Ga., 10 Nov., aged 94. The national expenses for the year are $266,947,883; the debt is $2,219,782,408; the imports are $466,073,775; and the exports, $717,093,777. 1880. Contrary to general expectation, the Legislature of Maine is organized at Augusta, 7 Jan.. without bloodshed, but not with out scenes of great excitement. Gen. Chamberlain assumes control of all the public property and institutions, 9, promising to hold them for the people until Governor Garcelon s successor is legally elected and qualified. The officers of the New York Society for the Prevention oi Cruelty to Children rescue a number of children from starvation and cruel treatment at the Shepherd s Fold, 17 Jan., and pro secute the Rev. Edward Cowley, the manager, to a conviction and imprisonment. Hon. Alexander H. Stephens makes a memorable speech in the House of Representatives, 19 Feb., against the Democratic policy of attaching political riders to appropriation bills. Congress passes a joint resolution authorizing the Secretary of the Navy to transport contributions for the relief of the suf fering poor of Ireland, Feb.; he accordingly selects the U. S. S. Constellation for the mission, and she is put into commission, 18 March. Hon. Levi P. Morton, James Gordon Bennett, and Hon. W. R. Grace volunteer to contribute each a fourth part of all the cargo she can carry. M. Ferdinand de Lesseps is received by the American Society of Civil Engineers, at New York, 26 Feb., where he delivers an address on his Suez Canal labors and his projected canal across the Isthmus of Darien. Denis Kearney, the sand-lots agitator of San Francisco, is sentenced to six months imprisonment and to pay a fine of $1,000 for disturbing the peace and using language tending to incite riots, March. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is formally opened, 30 March. The Egyptian Obelisk, presented by the Khedive to the city of New York, is successfully embarked at Alexandria, 31 March. A rumor gains credence that William H. Vanderbilt has engaged to pay Commander Gorringe, U. S. N., $75,000 upon the arrival of the sluif t at New York, for the expense of taking 256 History of (lie tnrted States. 1880. it down and transporting it; the shaft reaches New York, 18 July, and is erected in Central Park. The centenary of the birth of Win. E. Channing, the apostle of Unitarianism, is celebrated at Newport, II. I., 7 April, by the laying of the corner-stone of a memorial church. rostrnaster-General Key resigns his office, May, and is sue- ceeded by Hon. Hoi-ace Maynard, the U.S. Minister to Turkey,, whose diplomatic position is filled by the appointment of Gen* James Longstreet, of Confederate fame. A Republican Anti-Third-Term Convention is held at St. Louis, 6 May, under the presidency of Gen. John B. Henderson, to protest against the renomination of Gen. Grant for the Presi dency. The centennial anniversary of the settlement of the city of Nashville, Tenn., is observed, 17-24 May, the chief event being the unveiling of an equestrian statue of Gen. Jackson, erected by popular subscription on the Capitol grounds, 20. The first national meet of American bicyclists is held at New port, R.I., 31 May, when 31 clubs are represented by 160 wheel men; the parade of 145 machines awakens a strong interest in this new method of exercise and sport. The taking of the Census of 1880 begins simultaneously in every city, town, village, and hamlet in the U. S., except ir. Alaska and the Indian Territory, 1 June; the reports, witt the above exceptions, show the population to be 50,152,866. The Republican National Convention meets in Chicago, 2 June; Senator George F. Hoar, of Mass., is chosen permanent president. The platform is adopted, 5, and the first ballot for a Presidential candidate is taken, 7, with the following result: U. S. Grant, 304; James G. Blaine, 284; John Sherman, 93; George F. Edmunds, 34; Elihu B.Washburne,30; and William Windom, 10. The 36th and final ballot is taken, 8, when Gen. James A. Garfield, of Ohio, is nominated, he receiving 399 votes to 307 for Grant, 42 for Blaine, 3 for Sherman, and 5 for Washburne. Gen. Chester A. Arthur, ox New York, is nom inated for Vice-President on the first ballot, receiving 468 votes to 193 for Washburne, 44 for Marshall Jewell, of Conn., 30 for Horace Maynard, of Tenn., 5 for Senator B. K. Bruce (colored), of Miss., 2 for Judge Davis, of Texas, 4 for J. L. Alcorn, of Miss., 1 for Judge Settle, of N. C., and 1 for Stewart L. Wood- ford, of N. Y. The Greenback National Convention is held in Chicago, 9 June; the balloting for candidates begins 11, the first being in informal one in which Gen. J. B. Weaver, of Iowa, receives &24i votes; HendriLk B. Wright, of Penn., 126; Stephen B. Dillaye, of N. J., 119; Gen. B. F. Butler, 95; and Solon Chase, )f Me., 89. Gen. Weaver is declared unanimously elected, and Jen. J. B. Chambers, of Texas, is nominated for Vice-Presi- lent. The Prohibition National Convention is held at Cleveland, 17 fune; Neil Dow, of Me., is unanimously nominated for Presi- tent, and A. M. Thompson, of Ohio, for Vice-President. Convention esaembks in Ciafifn- History of the United States. 2 nati, 22 June. The New York delegation present a letter from 1880. Samuel J. Tilden, positively declining to allow the use of his name in connection with the Presidential nomination. Hon. John W . Stevenson is elected permanent president, and the Tammany Hall delegation from New York are rejected. On the third ballot, 24, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, U.S. A. is nomi nated for President, receiving 705 out of 788 votes, and Hon. William H. English, of Ind., is nominated for Vice-President on the first ballot. Tbe bicentenary of the discovery of {he falls of St. Anthony, by the Franciscan friar Louis Ueurepm, is celebrated ~t Min neapolis, Minn., 3 July. Dr. Henry S. Tanner, of Minneapolis, Minn., completes the feat of abstaining from food for forty consecutive days, during which he lives on water alone, at New York, 7 Aug. Gen. A.T. A. Torbert, the famous Union cavalry officer in the civil war, is lost at the foundering of the steamship Vera Cruz, off the Florida coast, 29 Aug. Tbe 250th anniversary of the settlement of the city of Bos ton is appropriately observed, 17 Sep. The 150th anniversary of the settlement of the city of Balti more is celebrated with imposing historical and industrial demonstrations, 11-16 Oct. The PiesMential eUction takes place, 2 Nov.; the returns show a popular jtet&ttticaii vote of 4,450,921; Democratic, 4,447,888; Greenback, 307,740; and Prohibition, 10,305; the electoral votes aie? Rep iblican, 214; Democratic, 155. Mrs. LucretU USAott. ^Inlanthropist, reformer, and preacher, dies in Montgomery Co., Penn., 11 Nov., aged 87. Prof. James B. Jtogell, John F. Swift, and William H. Tres- cott, Commissioners Plenipotentiary sent to China in March to negotiate a treaty which shall restrict the immigration! of tha Chinese to the U S., conclude their negotiations and sign two treaties at Pekin, 7 Nov., one being exclusively commercial. The Rev. Edwi .1 H. Chapin, D.D., one of tbe most noted of American clergy nen, dies in New York, 26 Dec., aged 66. The national <? Kpenses of the year are $267,642,957, the debt is $2,121,481,475 , the imports are $760,989,056; and the exports, $833,294,246. 1881. An Internationa] Sanitary Conference, attended by representa tives of 19 govf rnments, assembles at Washington, D. C., 5 January. The Egyptia i obelisk is set in its permanent position in Cen tral Park, New York, 22 Jan. The Rev. Joh i S. Macintosh, D. D., one of the most eminent preachers in th(c Irish Presbyterian Church, accepts a call of the Second Presbyt erian Church, of Philadelphia, Jan. Hon. Fernando Wood, M. C. from New York, and Chairman of the House Jommittee of Ways and Means, dies at Hot Springs, Ark., 13 Feb., aged 68; the Committee elect Mr. Tuc ker, of Va., to succeed him as Chairman. Hon. James A. Garfield is inaugurated President of the U. 3 } 4 March. Th > inauguration ball is held in the new building of the Nationa 1 Museum, th completion of which has been 258 History of the United States. 1881. hastened for the occasion. The Senate meets in special execu tive session immediately after the inaugural ceremonies. The new President submits the following cabinet appointments, 5 : Secretary of State, James G. Elaine, Me.; Secretary of the Treasury, Wiliiam Windom, Minn.; Secretary of War, Robert T. Lincoln (son of the martyr President), 111.; Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt, La.; Secretary of the Interior, Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa; Postmaster-General, Thomas L. James, N. Y.; and Attorney-General, Wayne McVeagh, Penn. The President renews President Hayes s nomination of Hon. Stanley Matthews for the vacancy in the U. S, Supreme Court, 14 March, and the nomination is confirmed after a spirited debate, 12 May, Postmaster-General James presents a paper to the President, 28 March, in whicli Vice-President Arthur, the Postmaster- General, and U. S, Senators Conkling and Platt, of N. Y., pro test against the removal of Gen, Merritt from the Collectorship at New York, and the appointment of Mr. Robertson, and claim that the Senators from New York should have been consulted, by courtesy, in reference to the contemplated appointments in that State. As the President does not recede from his posi tion, Messrs. Conkling and Platt announce their resignation in the Senate, 16 May; their letters of resignation are presented to the Legislature of New York, 19, an I balloting for their, successors begins, 31; both Senators and their friends labor to secure their re-election, and disgraceful scenes attend the pro gress of the balloting, which continues until 23 July, when Elbridge G. Lapham is elected to succeed Mr, Conkling, and Warner Miller to succeed Mr, Platt, Ex-Secretary of State William M, Evarts and ex-U, S. Sena tors Allen G. Thurman and Timothy Howe sail for France, 5 April, to attend the International Mone<%ry Conference in Paris, as representatives of the U. S. Postmaster-General James begins an investigation into the alleged "Star-Route" frauds in the conveyance of the mails, March. He issues an order forbidding any increase of service or compensation on any of the mail routes without his sanction, depriving his assistants of the power of granting increases at discretion. The publication of the manner in which the Star- Route service has been " expedited " creates a great sensation. Gen. Thomas J. Brad} r , Second Assistant Postmaster-General, under these exposures, resigns, 20 April; J, L. French, one of his clerks, is removed, 26; and Mr. Me Grew, the Sixth Auditor of the Treasury Department, who has had charge of the Post Office accounts, resigns, 2 June; a number of Senators, Con gressmen, and other prominent men are implicated in the frauds; the prosecution of the Star-Route ease is placed in the hands of the Attorney-General, who is assisted by W.A. Cook, of Wash ington, D. C., Bsnj. II. Brewster, of Philadelphia, and (after the accession of President Arthur) George Bliss, of New York; the case is dismissed by Judge Cox, 10 Nov., on the ground that the proceeding by information cannot be sustained. Mrs. Vinnie Ream-Hoxie s heroic bronze statue of Admiral Farragut, the first statue ever cast by the Government, and the History of the United States. 259 1881. only statue of a naval officer ever ordered by it, is unveiled at Washington, D. C., 25 April. Prof. Henry Youle Hind, of Windsor, N, S., an authority on the subject of the Canadian fisheries, creates an excitement, April, by appealing to the British Foreign Office for permission to substantiate his charge of fraud and forgery preferred ao-ainst the Canadian officials who prepared the Canadian statis tics on which the Halifax Fishery Commission made the award of $5,500,000 against the U. S. The "(Edipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles is performed in the original Greek, with classic scenery and costumes, by the students of Harvard at the University, 17 May. The U. S. Senate adjourns sine die, 20 Way, after confirming all the important nominations made by the President except that of William E. Chandler for Solicitor-General, which is rejected by a vote of 19 to 24. The Navy Department dispatches the steam whaler Rodgers-- from San Francisco, in seach of the Jeannette and other missing Arctic vessels, 15 June. Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, attempts to " remove " President Garfield by assassination, in the waiting- room of the Baltimore and Potomac Kailroad Depot at Wash- ino-ton, D. C. As the President is about taking the cars to spend a ?ew days with his sick wife at Long Branch, N. J., 2 July, Guiteau fires two shots at him, one of which takes effect; he is immediately arrested and lodged in the District Jail; and letters found in his pockets show that he has premeditated the murder of the President. The wounded President is removed to the White House, and several physicians and surgeons make an examination of his injuries and pronounce them liable to terminate fatally within a few hours. The intelligence pro duces consternation throughout the country, and all prepara tions for the celebration of the 4th of July are abandoned. The surgeons in attendance are . Drs. L. \V. Bliss, J. K. Barnes, J. J. Woodward, and Kobert Keyburn, of Washington, D. C.; the chief nurse is Mrs. Dr. Edson, of the same city; and Drs. Hayes Agnew, of Philadelphia, and Frank H. Hamilton, of New York, are summoned as consulting surgeons. Amidst the prayers of Christendom for his recovery, the condition of the President improves and relapses by turns until the close of August, when it is determined to remove him from the malarial influences of the national capital to the ocean-purified shore of Long Branch. A special train is prepared and the journey is made, 6 Sep., the distance being covered in about 7 hours, or at the rate of 55 miles per hour. He stands the transit well, and becomes cheerful when placed in a room in the Francklyii Cot tage facing the ocean. While apparently recovering with rapidity, he is suddenly seized with chills, 16, which last until the morning of 19, when even the confident Bliss abandons hope; at 10 o clock :hat night he awakens from a sound slum- ber, complains of a ,:cvere pain around his heart, and expires 10:36, after an 80-day struggle for life, in the 50th year of his age. The remains are taken from Long Branch, 21, and lie in state in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington until 23, 2 GO History of lite United Slates. 1881. when funeral services are held. They reach Cleveland, Ohio, 24, and lie in state in a memoria [pavilion erected on Monument Square until 26, when public funeral ceremonier ^re held, and the body is temporarily placed in the receiving ^inlt of Lake View Cemetery. A few moments after the deaf ft cf the Presi dent, the members of the Cabinet at Long Branch notify Vice- President Arthur, in New York, of the event, and urge him to take the oath of office without delay; this oath is accordingly administered to him at his residence by Judge John R. Brady, between 2 and 3 o clock on the morning of 20 Sep. The new President hastens to Washington and makes a call of condo lence upon Mrs. Garneld. He issues a proclamation designating 26 Sep. the day of the funeral as, a day of fasting and prayer throughout the country. Guiteau, in his cell, attempts to murder one of his guards, William McGill, 7 Aug. He is fired at by one of his guards, Sergeant John Mason, 13 Sep. He is indicted for murder, 7 Oct?, and brought to trial before Judge Cox, 14 Nov., in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. The prosecution is conducted by IT. S. District Attorney George B. Corkhill, and George M. Scoville appears as Counsel for the defense; the trial is continued during the remainder ot the year, the prisoner bein^ all the time demonstrative and abusive. Hon. Ambrose E. Burnside, soldier, Governor, and U. S. Senator, dies suddenly at Bristol, R. I., 13 Sep., aged 57. Hon. Charles J. Folger, Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals, is sworn into office as Secretary of the Treasury, 15 Nov., succeeding Mr. Windom, who returns to the U. S. Senate. Secretary Blame resigns, 15 Dec., and is succeeded by ex-CJ. S. Senator F. T. Frelinghuysen, of N. J.; and Attorney- General McVeagh resigns, and is succeeded by Hon. Benjamin H. Brewster, of Penn., 16 Dec. The centennial of the surrender of the British army under Lord Cornwallis is celebrated at Yorktown, Va., 19 Nov., with elaborate ceremonies, in which the descendants of French and German officers who served with Washington participate. The national expenses for the year are $254,817,363; the debt is $2,018,869,697; the imports are $753,240,125; and the exports, $898,153,891. 1882. The steam whaler Rodgers, which left San Francisco, 15 June, last, in search of the Arctic exploring steamer Jeannette, is burned and sunk at her winter-quarters in St. Lawrence Bay, 1 Particulars are received early in Jan. of the crushing of the Jeannette in the ice, in latitude 77, longitude 157, on the 11 June last. The crew then embarked in three boats, but were soon separated by wind and fog; Engineer Mellville, with 11 men, reached the mouth of the Lena lliver in one boat, 19 Sep.; subsequently a second boat, with Commander De Long, Dr. Ambler, and 12 men, reaches another part of the same river. Mellville s party make their way to Irkutsk, and in Get,, two sailor s of DeLong s party arrive at Bulcour in search of aid; the sailors join Mellville s party, and all set off to rescue De - nothing further is heard until a telegram is received from History of the United States. 2C1 1882. Mellville, under date of 24 March, of this year, announcing that he has found De Long- and his party, all dead, and is continuing in search of Lieut, Chipp and the crew of the third boat. i Hon. Timothy 0. Howe is confirmed as Postmaster-General, 5 Jan., succeeding Mr. T. L. James. Ex-Judge John K, Porter becomes associated with the prose cution of Guiteau; during the examination of witnesses the murderer grows more violent and abusive, and is frequently threatened by Judge Cox with removal from the court room. Judge Porter begins his final address, 23 Jan.; Judge Cox charges the jury, 25, and within half an hour a verdict of guilty as indicted is agreed upon, The tragedy terminates 30 June, when Guiter.u is hanged in the District Jail, The Rev. Henry W. Bellows, D. I)., a distinguished Unitarian minister and president of the U. S. Sanitary Commission during the civil war, dies at New York, 80 Jan., aged 67. Congress passes a bill giving Mrs. Garfield a pension of $5,000 per annum, which the President approves, 1C Feb. A fire destroys the business part of Haverhill, Mass., 17 Feb., entailing a loss of $2,250,000, and affecting 282 firms and busi ness houses. President Arthur nominates ex-Senator Roscoe Conkling to be an Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 24 Feb. The nomination is confirmed, but Mr. Conkling declines three days after confirmation, 3 March. The vacancy is filled by the nomination of Judge Samuel Blatchford, of the U, S, Circuit Court, who is unanimously confirmed. Hon. James G. Elaine delivers a eulogy upon the late President Garfield at the national memorial services held in the hall of the House of Representatives. Washington, D, C., 27 Feb. Congress passes a bill for the apportionment of representa tion on the basis of the census of 1880, Feb., which increses the number of Representatives to 325. The second trial of the Star Route cases is called in the crimi nal court at Washington, 9 March; Gen, Brady s bail is fixed at $20,000, and that "of the minor conspirators at from $500 to $5,000. Attorney-General Brewster promises to lead a vigorous prosecution, aided by George Bliss, of New York; Col, Robert G. Ingersoll, a personal friend of the incriminated ex-Senator Stephen \V, Dorsey, is chief counsel engaged for the defence. On the trial the jury render a verdict of guilty against several of the alleged minor conspirators, and fail to agree on the guilt of the principals, 11 Sep, The Government makes another effort to convict the principals in Dec., and the case is hardly opened at the close of the year, > Congress passes an anti-Polygamy Bill, drafted by Senator Edmunds, of Vt,, 22 March, which provides for the punishment of polygamy by fine and imprisonment upon conviction, and also for the disfranchisement of polygamists. Henry W. Longfellow, the world-popular poet and man of letters, dies at Cambridge. Mass., 24 March, aged 75, 262 History of the United States. 1882. Jesse James, the notorious desperado of the West, is killed by the Ford brothers, at St. Joseph, Mo., 3 April, President Arthur vetoes an anti-Chinese Bill, restricting Chinese immigration to the U. S. for 20 years, and providing for the registration of all Chinamen now in the country, 4 April. A second and modified bill limiting the restriction to 10 years is approved by the President, 6 May. Captain H. W. Howgate, of the U, S, Signal Office, arrested on a charge of having embezzled funds of the U. S. in his keep ing as disbursing officer, escapes from custody, 13 April, and successfully eludes capture. Judge Hunt, Secretary of the Navy, resigns, April, and is appointed U. S. Minister to Russia. William E, Chandler, of N, H., is nominated as his successor in the Navy Department, and the nomination encounters strong opposition in the Senate, which, however, confirms it. Secretary of the Interior Kirkwood also resigns, and is succeeded by Hon. Henry M. Teller, of Col, Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the most realistic of American authors, dies at Concord, Mass,, 27 April, aged 79. A bill for the appointment of a Tariff Commission passes both Houses of Congress, and the President, 5 May, appoints Messrs, Henry W, Oliver, Jr,, Robert P, Porter, Jacob A, Ambler, John W. H. Underwood, John L. Hayes, Duncan F. Kenner, and Austin M. Garland as the Commission. They submit an exhaustive report to Congress, 4 Dec., which is referred to the Committee on Finance in the Senate and the Committee of Ways and Means in the House. A bill to extend the charters of the national banks is signed by the President, 12 July. The President vetoes a bill appropriating nearly $19,000,000 for the improvement of rivers and harbors, I Aug., and it is passed over the veto on the following day. Congress appropriates $57,000 for compensation of President Garfield s medical attendants, and an aggregate of $11,413 for the extra pay of the White House employes during his illness. Baltimore institutes an oriole festival, similar to the Mai-di Gras of New Orleans, 12-14 Sep. Philadelphia celebrates the bicentennial of the landing of William Penn, 22-27 Oct. The German astronomers, Profs. Muller and Deichrnnller, observe the transit of Venus, at the observatory of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn., 6 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $254,009,448; the debt is $1,920,467,603; the imports are $767,111,964; and the exports, $776,720,003. 1883. The House bill to reduce internal revenue taxation having been adopted, is sent to the Senate, where it is recommitted to the Committee on Finance, who report it, 4 Jan., with amendments embracing a thorough revision of the tariff based upon the report of the Tariff Commission ; after several conferences the bill is adopted by both Houses, 3 March. The Newhall House Hotel in Milwaukee, Wis., is destroyed by fire, in which 100 lives are lost. 10 Jan. History of the United States. 263 Willis-m E. Dcdge, a prominent merchant and philanthropist pf New York, dies, Feb ., aged 77, Hon. Marshall Jewell, of Conn , ex-Governor and ex-Post master-General, dies, 10 Feb. Hon. Edwin D Morgan, war Governor of New York, dies in New York City, 14 Feb., aged 72 ; his will bequeaths $795,000 to various charitable and educational institutions. Hon. Alexander H. Stephens. Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy and (after the war) & member of Congress from Georgia, dies Governor of the State, at Atlanta, 4 March, aged 72. The Grand Jury of Washington, D. C., finds indictments against Gen. Brady and ex-Senator Kellogg, of La., for com plicity in the Star-Route frauds, 27 March ; the taking cf evi dence in the new trial closes, 12 April; W.W. Ker sums up for the Government, and is followed by Mr. Bliss, also of the prose cution, who speaks seven days, concluding 8 May ; the charge to the jury is delivered, 12 June, and the jury bring in a verdict of not guilty as indicted, 14. James Gilfillan, U. S. Treasurer, resigns, 1 April, and Assist ant Treasurer A. U. Wyman is appointed his successor. Peter Cooper, the well-known philanthropist and founder of the Cooper Institute, dies in New York, 4 April, aged 92 As Governor of Massachusetts, Gen, Butler begins a crusade against the administration of the Tewksbury Poor-house, charging revolting acts upon the officers, 18 April ; in a subse quent trial his charges are not sustained. A treaty between the U. S. and Corea is ratified at Seoul, 15 May. S. G. W. Benjamin ill appointed first Minister resident and Consul-General of the U. S. in Persia, May, and reaches Teheran in June. ^ great suspension bridge, spanning the East River from New York to Brooklyn, is formally opened, 24 May. Designed by John A, Roeblirig, C, E., work upon it was begun 3 Jan., 1870, and prosecuted, after the death of Mr. Roebling, under the direction of his son Washington A. Roebling, C, E. The total length from the City Hall, New York, to Sand Street, Brooklyn, is 5,989 feet; the length of the main span is 1,595 ft., the towers are 27G feet high, and the floor of the bridge at the centre is 135 feet above high- water mark; each cable is 15| inches in diameter, and is composed of 6,000 wires, each one- eighth inch in diameter; the total cost is about $15,500,000, which is borne equally by the two cities, Through the liberality of W.W. Corcoran, the millionaire of Washington, D. C., the remains of John Howard Payne, the author of "Home, Sweet Home," who died U, S. Consul at Tunis, 1 April, 1852, are brought to the U, S.; after im pressive services, in which the President of the U, S,, his Cabi net, and other distinguished personages take part, the remains are finally deposited in Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D C., 8 June, The U. S, S, Yaniic and the Arctic steamer ProUu* leave St, 264 History of the United States. 1883. Johns, Newfoundland, for the relief of the Greely scientific expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, 29 June. At the close of the fiscal year, 30 June, there are 303,658 pensioners on the Government rolls, of whom 198/648 are army invalids, 74,374 army widows, minor children, and dependent relatives, 2,468 navy invalids, 1,907 navy widows, minor chil dren, and dependent relatives, 4,831 survivors of the war of 1812, and 21, 336 widows of men who served in that war; the amount of all the pensions is $32,245,193.43; the total amount paid on pension account during the fiscal year was $60,064,-^ 009.23, nearly one-half of which was for arrears. The reduction in the interest-bearing debt during the year is $125,581,250, v which secures a permanent annual reduction in the interest charge of $5,923,401; the annual charge on interest account is now $51,436,709, a reduction of $99,541,291 in 18 years, during which the principal of the debt has been reduced $1,205, 340,- 864. The total coinage at the Philadelphia mint during the yeai amounts to 80,691,282 pieces, valued at $21,483,759. * The 333d year of the existence of Santa Fe, New Mexico, is historical I/ observed, 2 July. Captain Matthew Webb, the famous English swimmer, is drowned in an attempt to swim through the whirlpool at Niagara Falls, 24 July. Enoch Pratt executes a deed of the property of the Pratt Free Library to the city of Baltimore, and gives his check for $833,333 to be invested for the support of the library, July. President Arthur opens a Southern Industrial Exposition at Nashville, Tenn,, 1 Aug. The city of Gal veston, Texas, celebrates the centenary of its incorporation, 13 Aug. The celebration of the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad is begun at St. Pauls, Minn., 3 Sep. ; the last spike is driven at Independence Gulch, western Montana, 8. President Arthur officially receives the Corean Ambassadors In the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York, 18 Sep. The reduction in the rate of letter postage from tnree cents to two goes into effect, 1 Oct. The centennial convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America is held in Christ Church, Philadelphia, Beginning 3 Oct. The Exposition buildings at Pittsburg, Penn., v/ith all their contents, are destroyed by fire, 3 Get , involving a loss of $150,- 000 on buildings and $800,000 on exhibits. The bicentennial of the first German settlement In the U. S, is celebrated at Germantown, Penn. , 6 Oct. The U. S. Supreme Court pronounces a number of the provisions of the Civil Rights Bill unconstitutional, 15 Oct. The command of the armies of the U. S. is transferred from Gen. W. T. Sherman, retired jpon age-limit, to Lieut. -Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, 1 Nov. Dr. J. Marion Sims, the great surgeon and founder of the Women s Hospital in New Yor*, dies, 13 Nov., aged 70. A remarkable e*aUlev@r bridge is constructed acros* tbo ERSITX History of me WtitecF States. 265 1883. Niagara River, and a test train of 22 locomotives and .22 loaded gravel cars passes over in safety, 22 Dec. The importations of crocke?y during the year are estimated at $8,000,000, an increase of $2, 000, 000 over the previous year, due, it is claimed, to the construction of the recent revision of the tariff on crockery, which practically gives the English manufacturers the advantage of a 10 per cent, reduction in the duties. The national expenses for the year are $258,570,604 ; the debt is $1,873,415,924; the imports are $751,670,305; and the exports, $825,846,813. 1884, Dr. Edward Lasker, the distinguished German Liberal, dies in New York, 4 Jan ; funeral services are held in the Temple Ernanu-El, 10; resolutions of condolence with the German people are adopted in the National House of Representatives and forwarded to Prince Bismarck, to be laid before the Parlia ment ; declining to do so for political reasons he returns the resolutions with an explanation, 16 Feb. Julius Hallgarten, a wealthy banker of New York, dies at Davos, Switzerland, 7 Jan.; his will disposes of $3,000,000 to charitable and educational institutions, The steamship City of Columbus leaves Boston for Savannah, 16 Jan., and is wrecked off Gay Head, southwest end of Mar tha s Vineyard, Mass., 18; of 126 officers, crew, and passeng ers, only 29 are saved. A bill to restore Gen. Fitz John Porter to the army and retire him with the rank of Colonel passes the House, 1 Feb., and the Senate, 13 March; it is vetoed by the President, 2 July. Wendell Phillips, the veteran Abolitionist and orator, dies at Boston, 2 Feb., aged 72. Congress appropriates $300, OOu for the aid of the sufferers by the western floods, 11 Feb., and grants $200,000 additional, 15. A commercial convention between the U. S. and Spain is signed, 13 Feb. The remains of the victims of the Jeannette Arctic disaster, Lieut. -Commander George W. DeLong, U. S. N.; Jerome J. Collins, meteorologist; James M. Ambler, surgeon; Walter Lee, George W. Boyd, Heinrich Knaack, Carl A. Gortz, Adolf Dressier, and Nelse Ivorson, seamen; and Ah Sam, Chinese cook, in charge of Lieut. Harber and Master Schnetze, U. S. N., reach New York, 20 Feb.; the official reception takes place, 22, when the bodies are taken, in a most impressive procession, to the Brooklyn Navy-yard, via the East River Bridge; funeral ceremonies are held in the Church of the Holy Trinity, New York, 23, after which interments are made according to the wishes of the relatives of the deceased. A treaty between the U. S. and Mexico is ratified DJ our Sen ate, 1 March, and by the Mexican Congress, 15 May. Cincinnati has a three days reign of mob rule and terror, 28-30 March; the trouble originates in the maladministration of justice, the particular case being the rendition by a jury of a verdict of manslaughter against William Berner in the face of ihe clearest evidence convicting him of the brutal murder of William Kirk. The mob first attack and fire the jail, and then 286 History of the Unlteti States. 1884, burn and gut the Court-house in spite of the presence and bul lets of the militia; 42 are killed, and 120 wounded. The steamship Bear sails from the Brooklyn Navy-yard for the relief of the Greely Arctic Expedition, 24 April, and is followed by the Alert and the Thetis. Brig.-Gen. D. (Jr. Swaiai, Judge Advocate-General of the army, is charged with having attempted to defraud a bank ing firm in Washington, and with failing to report an army officer who had duplicated his pay account; a court of inquiry is ordered, 22 April, and it reports, 10 June, in favor of a trial by court-martial; the trial opens, 10 Sep., and the accused is sentenced to suspension from duty for twelve years on half pay. Charles Conor, the distinguished lawyer, dies at Nantucket, 12 May, aged 80. The National Anti-Monopoly Convention is held at Chicago, 14 May, and Gen. B. F. Butler receives the Presidential nomi nation; he also receives the nomination in the National Green back Convention, 28. , The month of May is one of the great financial sensations in New York. First comes the intelligence of the failure of James K. Keene, who is said to have lost a fortune of $4,000,000; in the following week, the Marine Bank, of which James D. Fish is president, fails with heavy liabilities; this causes the suspen sion of the firm of Grant and Ward, in which Gen. Grant is supposed to be a silent partner, almost immediately, with liabili ties estimated at $8,000,000; and the Metropolitan Bank suc cumbs, 14, The Grant and Ward failure causes the most excite ment as the astounding methods of Ferdinand Ward, the active member, come to light, and the connection of James D. Fish with the firm is developed. Gen. Grant is induced to bor row $150,000 of William H. Vanderbilt, for one day, but the money is received too late to save the bankrupt firm. The Gen. mortgages all his property to Mr. Vanderbilt, and is said to have lost his entire savings. A relief fund is at once started for his benefit, Mr. Vanderbilt generously offering to cancel the General s indebtedness to him for Mrs. Grant s benefit, but the General and his wife decline. Fish and Ward are subsequently arrested, and locked up in Ludlow Street jail. The National Republican Convention is held at Chicago, con vening 3 June; Gen. John B. Henderson, of Mo., is chosen permanent president. Messrs. Joseph K. Hawley, Conn.; John A. Logan, III.; James G, Blaine, Me. ; President Arthur, N.Y.; John Sherman, Ohio; and oreorge F. Edmunds, Vt., are pro posed as candidates for the Presidential nomination. The fourth and last ballot gives Blaine 541; Arthur, 207; Edmunds, 41; Hawley, 15; Logan, 7; and Robert T. Lincoln, 2; Mr. Blame s nomination is then made unanimous. Gen. John A. Logan receives the nomination for Vice-President. B. F. Jones, of Penn., is elected chairman of the National Committee, and J. B. Chaffee, of Col. , chairman of the Executive Committee. The Arctic relief squadron, consisting of the J5e#r,the Thetis, and the Aleri, which sailed from New York in May under com mand of Commander W. S. Schley, U. S, N., to rescue History of the United States. 26 T 1884. A.W. Greely, U. S, A., and the members of his scientific expe dition to Lady Franklin Bay, find Lieut. Greely, Sergt. Brain- ard, Sergeant Fredericks, Sergeant Long, Hospital-Steward Beiberbeck, and Private Connell alive near the mouth of Smith s Sound, 22 June; Sergt. Ellison is among the survivors, but he dies shortly after the rescue; all the rest of the party are dead. The relief squadron reaches Portsmouth harbor on the return, 1 Aug,, where the Secretary of the Navy, with several war- vessels, is in waiting to greet the survivors; a grand land demonstration in honor of the rescue takes place, 4; the bodies of the dead are brought to Governor s Island, New York, when, after affect ing ceremonies, the relatives and friends take possession of them for burial. The National Democratic Convention is held at Chicago, opening 8 July; Hon. William F. Vilas, of Wis., is chosen permanent president. Messrs. Thomas F. Bayard, Thomas A. Hendricks, Allan G. Thurman, John Gr. Carlisle, Grover Cleve land, Governor Hoadley (Ohio), and Samuel J. Randall are presented as candidates for the Presidential nomination. On the first ballot Mr. Cleveland receives 392 votes; Mr. Bayard 170; Mi*. McDonald, 56; Mr. Randall, 78: Mr. Thurman, 88; Mr. Carlisle, 27; Mr, Hoadley, 3; and JVlessrs, Hendrick^, Tilden, and R. P. Flower, 1 each. On the fourth day, the second ballot gives Mr. Cleveland 683; Mr. Bayard, 81 1; Mr. Hendricks, 45; Mr. Thurman, 4; Mr. Randall, 4; and Mr. McDonald, 2, where upon the nomination of Goy. Cleveland is made unanimous. Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks is elected candidate for the Y r ice- Presidency. Hon, William H. Barnum, of Conn., is elected chairman of the National Committee, and U. S. Senator Gor- ham, of Md., chairman of the Executive Committee. A conference of the Independents is held in New York, under the presidency of Charles R. Codrnan, of Mass., 22 July, at which the declaration is made that the Independent Repu 1 *- Mcans will labor for the success of the Democratic nominee.-* The Prohibitionists hold their National Convention in Pitts- burg, Penn., 28-24 July, and nominate ex-Gov. John P. St. John, of Kan., for President, and William Daniel, of Md., for Vice-President. The National Labor Party declare then* intention of support ing the Democratic nominees, 30 July. The corner-stone of M. Bartholdi s statue of " Liberty Enlightening the World," on Bedloe s Island, New York harbor, is laid with Masonic ceremonies, 5 Aug. Messrs.. Fisher and Mulligan publish the Blaine letters, 16 September. The Prime Meridian Conference is opened in Washington, D.C.,10ct. Judge Gresham, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns and is appointed Circuit Judge for the Seventh U. S. Circuit, 28 Oct.; ex-Secretary Hugh Me Cullough succeeds him in the Treasury Department. The Presidential ejection is held, 4 Nov., and results in the ilcction of Messrs. Cleveland and Hendricks. The Democratic receives 4,9U,01T oi>ular and 31 Sectoral votes; the m History of the United States 1884^ Republican, 4,848,334 popular and 182 electoral; the Greenback and Anti-Monopoly (Butler), 133,825 popular; and the Prohibi tion (St. John), 151,809 popular; the Democratic ticket has & plurality of 62,683 votes. A reciprocity treaty between the U. S. and Santo Domingo is signed at Washington, 4 Dec, The marble cap-stoi?.e, which completes the famous Washing ton Monument at the national capital, is set, 6 Dec, The third Roman Catholic Plenary Council of Baltimore,, which was opened 9 Nov., with Archbishop Gibbons as Apostolic Delegate and President, closes its sessions, 7 Dec. The New Orleans Exposition is formally Opened, 16 Dec. The national expenses for the year are $254,228,263; the debt is $1,915,647,059: the import* ve $695, 123,955; and the exports, $807,646,992. 1885, Hon. Schuyler Colfax, ex-Vice-?resident of the U. S , dies suddenly in the railroad depot at Mankato, Minn, 13 Jan., aged 61. A bill to place Gen . Grant on the retired list of the army is passed in the Senate, 14 Jan , but is lost in the House, 16 Feb.; the House passes the bill, 4 March. ^Lucille Yseult Dudley, an English woman, attempts to kill Jeremiah Donovan Rossa, by shooting him in Chambers St., New York, 2 Feb ; he recovers; she is tried for the assault and acquitted on the ground of insanity, 30 June. The Washington Monument, at the national capital, is dedi cated, 21 Feb., the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop delivering the chief oration. Hon. Grover Cleveland is inaugurated 22d President of the U. S., 4 March. The U. S, Senate meets in special executive session the same day. The President nominates his cabinet officers, 5, as follows: Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bay ard, Del.; Secretary of the Treasury, Daniel Manning, N. Y.; Secretary of War, William C. Endicott, Mass.; Secretary of the Navy William C.Whitney, N.Y.; Secretary of the Interior, L. Q,C. Laniar, Miss.; Attorney-General, A. H. Garland, Ark. j Postma ter-General, William F. Vilas, Wis.; the nominations are confirmed, 6, The President withdraws the Nicaragua Canal and Spanish reciprocity treaties from the Senate for further consideration, 12 March, He issues a proclamation, 13, warning all white set tlers off the Oklahoma country, Indian Territory . The Senate approves the convention witli Mexico for rectify ing the boundary and for prolonging the term for ra^fying the treaty of commerce, 19 March. ** Secretary Whitney asks for an accounting from John Roach,, and institutes an investigation, 20 March, of the Navy Depart ment; this action is followed by the suspension of Mr, Roach, The U. S. Supreme Court declares the constitutionality of _tha Edmund s anti-polygamy bill, 23 March. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Salvador form an alliance t#> resist the President of Guatemala, who crosses the frontier of Salvador with 16,000 men, 2S March; the insurgents burr. AA* pinwall, I April, and U* 8. troops and marines fcjpfc i*u* ?ii i History of the United Stales. 209 1885. to protect the communications between Aspinwalland Colon, %> The Central American Republics conclude peace, 16. A treaty between the U. S. and the Government of Colombo for the joint preservation of order on the Isthmus is concluded, 3 May. Gen Prestan is executed for the burning of Aspinwall, 25 Aug. James D. Fish, president of the suspended Marine Bank, of New York, and secretly connected with the firm of Grant and Ward, is found guilty on charges of misappropriation of funds, 11 April, and is sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, at hard labor, at Sing Sing, N. Y., 27 June. Anthony M. Keiley, of Va., is appointed U. S. Minister to Italy, 30 April. The Italian Government expresses its umvil- lingness to receive him, whereupon the Presided appoints him Minister to Austria; that Government also declines to receive him, upon which the nomination is withdrawn and the mission left vacant, Ferdinand Ward is indicted for his notov oiis actions as active member of the suspended firm of Grant and Ward, 4 June; he pleads not guilty, 5; is tried, convicted, and sen- tenced to 10 years imprisonment at hard labor, at Sing Sing, N. Y., 1 Nov. A diplomatic under-standing is effected between the U. S. State Department and the British Minister at Washington for the extension of the privileges; secured by the fishery clause of the treaty of Washington throughout the season now opened, Official notice of which is given, 25 June. Gen. U. S. Grant, ex-President of the U. S., dies at Mt. McGregor, N.Y., S3 July., aged 63. He had been suffering several months with a cancer on the tongue, and his removal from his New York residence to Mt. McGregor was for the pur pose of enabling him to recuperate sufficiently from the shock of the disastrous failure of Grant and Ward and the loss of his own fortune to complete the personal narrative of his military career, which he designed for the support of his family. The remains are taken from Mt. McGregor, 4 Au<>\ and lie in state in the City Hall, New York, 6; Gen. W. S. Hancock is placed in command of the funeral ceremonies, which take place, 8, the remains being deposited in a temporary tomb erected on a eite in Riverside Park, selected by the family and presented by the city of New York. An attack is made upon the Chinese at Rock Springs, Wyo ming Territory, 2 Sep., when a mob massacres 50 of them, and forces others to flee for their lives; fuither assaults are made upon them both at Rock Springs and Seattle, Washington Territory, 8; the representatives of the Chinese Government at Washington demand that the ring-leaders be punished; 5 Chinamen are murdered in Idaho, 21, and a second outbreak occurs in Washington Territory, 29; the Grand Jury of Rock Springs fail to find indictments against the perpetrators of the murders, 7 Oct.; the President issues a proclamation against Chinese outrages on the Pacific coast, 7 Nov. : the Seattle Grand Jury indict 13 persons for anti-Chinese disturbances, 12 William Page, the well- known artist, dies at Totte&viUd J& E, 1 Oct. aged 74, 270 , History of the United States. 1885. Flood Rock, near Hallett s Point, East River, New York, is successfully blown up by Gen. John Newton, U. S. A., 10 Oct. r Gen. George B. McClellan, formerly Cominander-hi-Chief of the armies of the U. S. and latterly Governor of New Jer sey, dies suddenly at his residence on the Orange Mountains, 29 Oct., aged 58. Galveston, Texas, has a $2,500,000 conflagration, 13 Nov. Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, Vice-President of the U. S., dies at Indianapolis, Ind., 25 Nov., aged 66. The first session of the 49th Congress is opened, 7 Dec.; Hon. John Sherman, of Ohio, is elected president pro tern of the Senate, and Hon. John G. Carlisle, of Ky., speaker of the House. William H. Vanderbilt, favorite son of the Commodore, dies- suddenly at his New York residence, 8 Dec., aged 64; he leaves a fortune estimated at $200,000,000. Senator Hoar s Presidential Succession Bill is passed by the Senate, 17 Dec. Congress votes a pension of $5,000 per annum to the widow of ex-President Grant, 18 Dec.- Prof. John C. Draper, of New York, dies, 20 Dec., aged 50. The national expenses for the year are $255,859, 012; the debt is $1,907,540,580; the imports are $620,719, 173; and the exports, $784,406,414. 1886 Senator Hoar s Presidential Succession Bill is passed in the House by a vote of 183 to 77, 15 Jan., and is approved by the Presi dent, 19. The NewYork State Senate appoints a committee, 26 Jan., to investigate the methods by which Jacob Sharp and others obtained consent of the Board of Aldermen of New York City to the construction of the Broadway Surface Railroad; the com mittee engage Hon, Roscoe Conkliiig as chief counsel, and enter upon the investigation promptly. It is learned, 19 Feb., that 10,000 shares of the Broadway and Seventh Ave. Railroad Co. s stock have been sold by the directors to a Philadelphia syndi cate; on the following day an injunction is served upon the directors to prevent the transfer. A resolution is introduced into the Assembly, 23, asking the Attorney-General to take steps to have the charter of the Co. annulled. A witness before the Senate Committee, 27, testifies that Jacob Sharp has boasted that he has " fixed " the Aldermen, and the sum of $400,000 is mentioned as the price. Judge Gildersleeve charges the new Grand Jury strongly on the subject of bribery, 2 March. The Senate Committee make a preliminary report, 9, charging cor ruption and bribery against the promoters of the road. Four bills are immediately introduced to annul the charter, Henry W, Jaelme, Vice-President of the Common Council, is arrested on a bench warrant, 18, for having confessed to Police Inspec tor Byrnes that he had received $20,000 for voting for Jacob Sharp s Broadway surface road on 30 Aug., 1884; he is indicted placed on trial, 10 May, convicted, 15, and sentenced, 20, to imprisonment for 9 years and 10 months at hard labor at > Sin- Sino-, Ex- Alderman Charles B. Waite is taken before the District-Attorney, 1 April, and after a secret interview, William History of the United States. 271 1886. P. Kirk, president of the Council when the franchise was voted, and James Pearson, an Alderman, are arrested and indicted for bribery. William H, Miller is arrested in Florida, and James A. Richmond, and Messrs. Michael Duffy, A. J. Mc- Quade, R, A. Fullgraff, Louis Wendel, Thomas Cleary, Thomas Shells, Patrick Farley, H. L. Sayles, John O Neii, and Francis McCabe, of the Board of 1884, are arrested, 13, and Charles H. Reilly, 14; all are indicted for bribery and required to furnish $25,000 bail. Under the direction of the Attorney-General, John J. O Brien is appointed receiver of the road, 17 May, The House passes a bill to increase the pensions of widows x and dependent survivors of Union soldiers from $8 to $12 per month, 1 Feb. Gen. Winfleld Scott Hancock, U. S. A. commanding the Military Department of the Atlantic, and one of the most strik ing figures in the civil war on the Union side, dies on Govern or s Island, New Xork, 9 Feb., aged 62. Hon. Horatio Seymour, ex-Governor of New York, dies at Utica, 12 Feb., aged 75. A growing discontent among the horse-car drivers and con- ducters in New York is developed early in Feb.] the men on the Fourth Avenue line strike against a new time and pay schedule, 17, and secure their demands in a few hours; the Eighth and Ninth Avenue lines are tied up by order of the Empire Protective Association, 18. A more general strike occurs 4 March, and several roads determine to run the cars at all haz ards, and a few are run with great difficulty under police pro tection; on the following day all the surface roads are tied up. State Kailroad Commissioner O Donnell effects an understand ing between the companies and their employes, but it proves merely temporary; by the middle of April, the strike so extends that only two lines are running. The most determined stand is against the Third Avenue line, which discharges all its striking employes, hires new ones, and runs its cars with two police officers on each, to the close of the strike. John B. Gough, the famous temperance orator, dies at Frank fort, Penn., while on a lecturing tour, 17 Feb., aged 68. The U. S. Senate passes a bill appropriating $25,000 for a monument to ex-President Grant, to be erected in Washington. 23 Feb. President Cleveland sends a message to the Senate, 1 March, forcibly stating his views as to the right of that body to demand from the Executive the various papers considered by him in connection with removals from office, claiming that all such information is of a strictly confidential character, to be used only for the benefit of the country as an aid to the Executive in discharging his duty in the matter of appointments and removals. The Senate, under the lead of Senator Edmunds, decides by a majority of 1, that it has the right to call for all such docu ments. The President sends a message to Congress, 2 March, con cerning the outrages committed upon the Chinese at Rock Springs, Wyoming Territory, stating, as his opinion, that the 272 History of the United States. "1886. U, S. is not liable either by treaty or international law for the loss of life and property, at the same time suggesting that it would be in harmony with the common sentiment of humanity for Congress to indemnify the sufferers. The U. S, Senate passes the Blair Educational Bill, which provides for an appropriation of $79,000,000 to be distributed among the States on the basis of the illiteracy of persons over 10 years of age, except in the cases of the white and colored schools, where it is to be distributed on the basis of illiterate persons of school age, 5 March. A general order is issued, taking effect 6 March, directing the Knights of Labor to boycott the Gould Railroad System in the southwest; as a result fatal conflicts between the striking rail road men, on the one side, and county officials and State militia, on the other, occur at Fort Worth, Texas, 1 April, and East St. Louis, 9. Boycotting is resorted to very generally throughout the U. S. during March and April, the Knights of Labor order ing the majority of working-men to strike for increased wages, shorter hours, or both. The Cunard steamship Oregon, with 846 persons on board, is run into and sunk by a heavily loaded three-masted schooner, supposed to be the (jharle* H. Morse, of Philadelphia, off the Long Island coast, 14 March; the strange craft sinks almost immediately after the collision, all the passengers, the crew, and some of the mail of the Oregon are transferred without accident to the steamship Falda, and sent to New York. The U. S. Senate passes a bill for the admission of Washing ton Territory as a State, 10 April, John H. Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, dies at Niagara Falls, 13 April, aged 74. A n eight-hour demonstration is made by 40,000 workingmen in Chicago, 1 May; this is followed by a general strike, every railroad being crippled and hundreds of manufactories closed; the anarchists parade the streets with red flags, indulge in incendiary language, and, precipitating a riot, explode a dyna mite bomb, with fatal effects, in the midst of the police. The mob is repressed, 15, and a number of the most violent anarch ists are arrested and charged witli the murder of the police officers, and with inciting to riot. . Hon. Grover Cleveland, President of the U. S., is married to Miss Frankie Polsoin, by the Rev. Dr. Byron G. Sundeiiand, in the Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., 2 June. Most Rev. James Gibbons, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore and Primate of the Church in the U. S., is created a Cardinal in the consistory of 17 June, and is solemnly invested with the berretta in his Cathedral, 30. Albany celebrates the bicentenary of its incorporation as a city with imposing ceremonies (16-23 July). Samuel J. Tilden, ex-Governor of New York, and Demo cratic candidate for President in 1876, dies at Grey stone, his country seat on the Hudson, near Youkers, N. Y., 4 August, aged 72. History of the United States. 273 1886. The amount paid by the U. S. Government for pensions during the year ending 30 June is $63,797,831, to 365,783 pensioners. The 1st session of the 49th Congress adjourns (5 Aug.), hav ing passed 987 bills and joint resolutions, and voted $264,783,579 for appropriations. President Cleveland has vetoed 115 bills, 102 being for private pensions and 6 for public buildings. Eight of the Chicago anarchists are found guilty of murder (20 Aug.); 7 are sentenced to be hanged, and one to be imprisoned for life. A hurricane in Texas kills 38 persons (20 Aug.). A U. S. citizen named Cutting, having been arrested in Mexico and convicted and sentenced for .violating a Mexican statute for the punishment of any foreigner who, in a foreign country, commits a crime against a Mexican citizen, Secretary of State Bayard notifies the Mexican Government that the application of such a law to a U. S. citizen will not be tol erated ; and he demands Cutting s release. The Mexican Government, without withdrawing its claim to try a U. S. citizen for an offence committed in the U. S. against a Mex ican citizen, releases Cutting (23 Aug.), as having been already sufficiently punished by his im prisonment. The inter national question is thus left unsettled. An earthquake shock is felt throughout a large part of the U. S., east of the Mississippi (about 10 P.M., 31 Aug.). It is particularly severe at Charleston, S. C., where many build ings are destroyed and 61 persons are killed. Other shocks take place during Sep. and Oct. ; a large part of the city is destroyed, millions of damage being done, and thousands of people rendered homeless. Subscriptions for their relief are taken up all through the U. S. Geronimo and a number of Apaches surrender (4 Sep.) to Gen. Miles, on Skeleton Canyon, Arizona, and are imprisoned at Fort Marion, St. Augustine, Fla. State elections give : in Arkansas (6 Sep.), 20,000 Dem. majority : in Vermont (7 Sep.), 18,000 Rep. majority ; and in Maine (13 Sep.), 13,000 Rep. plurality. In an international contest at New York and Sandy Hook, for the America s cup, the Boston sloop Mayflower defeats the British cutter Galatea in two consecutive races (7, 11 Sep.). A collision on the N. Y., Chicago, and St. Louis R. R., 30 miles west of Buffalo, N. Y., kills 23 persons (14 Sep.). John Esten Cooke, author, dies at "The Briars," near Boyce, Va. (27 Sep.). A great gale in the Gulf of Mexico causes inundations, and Sabine Pass, Texas, and Johnson s Bayou, La., are destroyed by the waters, 247 lives being lost (12 Oct.). "Jake" Sharp, James W. Foshay, James A. Richmond, and Thomas B. Kerr, of N. Y. City, are arrested (19 Oct.) on a charge of bribery in connection with the Broadway franchise, N. Y. City. Bartholdi s statue of " Liberty Enlightening the World," on Bedloe s Island, N. Y. Harbor, is formally unveiled with 274 History of the United States. 1886. imposing ceremonies, including a grand naval parade and a procession on land (28 Oct.). Elections are held (2 Nov.) in all States except Maine, Ver mont, and Oregon. The result is that the 50th Congress will probably stand : Democrats, 167 ; Republicans, 154 ; Labor, 3 ; in place of Democrats, 184 ; Republicans 141, as in the present (49th) Congress. An exciting election in N. Y. City for mayor results as follows : Hewitt (Tammany and County Democracy), 90,552 ; George (Labor and Irving Hall Demo crat), 68,110; Roosevelt (Republican), 60,435; Ward well (Prohibition), 582. The circulation of the N. Y. World (3 Nov.) is 267,020 copies of 12 pages each, weighing 47,069 Ibs. The Sunday edition, 12 Sep., is 255,100 copies, weighing 84,580 Ibs. ; the edition for 12 Dec. weighed 94,222 Ibs. ; that for 19 Dec., 107,876 Ibs. These figures surpass anything in the history of journalism. Arthur J. McQuade, ex-alderman of N. Y. City, is tried for bribery in connection w r ith the Broadway franchise (15-24 Nov.) ; the jury disagree. A second trial is had (27 Nov.- 15 Dec.), and he is found guilty, and is sentenced (20 Dec.) to seven years in the State prison and to pay a fine of $5000. Chester Allan Arthur, Ex-President of the U. S., dies at N. Y. City (18 Nov.), aged 56. Gen. John Alex. Logan, G. A. R., senator from Illinois, dies at Washington, D. C. (26 Dec.), aged 60. 1887. The official count on the Minnesota State ticket for Governor ffiTes (3 Jan.): A. R. Gill (Rep.), 107,034; A. A. Ames (Dem.), 104,464; T. E. Childs, (Proh.), 18,966. Bishop Horatio Potter dies in New York (2 Jan.), aged 84. Edward Livingston Youmans, editor of the Popular Science Monthly, dies in New York, (18 Jan ), aged 65. Senator Edmunds lays his report on the Canadian Fisheries Question before the Senate (19 Jan.\ and introduces a Retalia tion Bill. John O Neil, ex-Aldernian of New York, is tried for bribery in connection with the Broadway franchise, found guilty (1 Feb.), and sentenced (11 Feb.) to 4 years imprisotf ment in Sing Sing, and to a fine of $2,000. A terrible railway accident occurs on the Vermont Centra* Railroad near White River Junction (5 Feb.), 35 being killed and 35 injured. Boycotting is declared illegal in two cases: one in the United States Circuit Court in New York City; the other in the Supreme Court of Connecticut (Feb.) The 49th Congress adjourns (4 Mar.), having passed the Inter- State Commerce Bill (21 Jan.); the Canadian Retaliation Non-intercourse Bill; the Trade-Dollar Bill (19 Feb.); and the Anti-Polygamy Bill (Feb.), all of which become law. John Cleary, ex- Alderman of New York, is tried (1-23 Mar.) for bribery in connection with the Broadway franchise; the jury disagree (23 Mar.), and Cleary is released on bail. The Rev. Henry Ward Beecher dies in Brooklyn (8 Mar.), of apoplexy, aged 73. History of the United States. 275 John G. Saxe, one of our most popular poets, dies (17 April). International Sunday School Union holds its Fifth Con vention in Chicago (1, 2, and 3 June). General rejoicings (21 June) amongst English residents of all the chief cities of America on account of the jubilee of Queen Victoria. Terrible railroad disaster at Chatsworth, 111. (11 Aug.). An excursion train bound for the falls of Niagara is wrecked by running over a burning trestle. Not less than 130 lives were lost. The international yacht race (28 Sept.) results in an easy vic tory for the American center-board sloop, Volunteer, over the Scotch cutter, Thistle. President Cleveland and Mrs. Cleveland make a three weeks tour of the Western and Southern States (1-22 Oct.) visiting St. Louis, Chicago, Madison, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Sioux City, Omaha, Kansas City, Memphis, Nashville, Montgomery and Asheville, N. C. The Eli Bates Lincoln Monument is unveiled in Lincoln Park, Chicago (22 Oct). The Hon. Elihu B. Washburne, eight years United States Minister at the Court of France, dies (22 Oct. ) at Chicago. Louis Lingg, one of the condemned anarchists, who was proved to be the manufacturer of the bombs, commits suicide (9 Nov.). Gov. Oglesby commutes the sentences of Samuel Fielden and Michel Schwab to imprisonment for life in the state prison at Joliet(10Noy.). August Spies, Adolph Fischer, A. R. Parsons and George Engel, condemned anarchists, are hanged (11 Nov.) in Cook County Jail, Chicago. The immense menagerie of P. T. Barnum burns in its winter quarters (20 Nov.) loss $500,000. The poet Whittier celebrates (17 Dec.) his 80th birthday. Ex-Secretary Manning dies (27 Dec.) in New York. 1888. A. Bronson Alcott dies in Boston, (4 Mar.) aged 89. Louisa M. Alcott, his daughter, dies (6 Mar.). German Americans mourn the death (9 Mar.) of William I., Emperor of Germany. Terrific snow-storm and blizzard in New York (11-12-13 Mar.). Business suspended: many lives lost. Hon. Roscoe Conkling, who was one of the sufferers in the great New York blizzard (March 11, 12, 13), dies of pneumo nia contracted in that terrible storm (April 18). He was one of New York s most honored Senators. James Freeman Clarke, the popular pastor of the Church of the Disciples, Boston, dies (June 14) at Jamaica Plains, Mass. He was a voluminous writer, and for many years a leader among the Unitarians of the East. Gen. Philip Sheridan dies at Nonquitt (July 6). He will be handed down to fame as the hero of Sheridan s immortal ride. Rev. Edward P. Roe, one of the most popular and volumin ous of American novelists dies at his home on the banks of the Hudson (July 23). 276 History of the United States. 1888. Prof. Richard A. Proctor, the renowned astronomer and scientist dies (Sept. 11) in New York from Yellow Fever. The Presidential election takes place (Nov. 6), resulting in the election of Gen. Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana, to the office of President, and of Levi P. Morton, of New York, to the office of Vice-President. 1889. James Russell Lowell receives congratulatory letters from leading literary men from all parts of the world on (Feb. 22) the day on which he attained his seventieth year. Gen. Benjamin Harrison is inaugurated President of the United States (March 4). By proclamation of the President of the United States, that part of the Indian reservation known as Oklahoma becomes at noon to-day (April 22) a Territory. Vast numbers of enter prising people take up land in this newly opened region. Centennial of the inauguration of George Washington is celebrated (April 30) throughout the whole country. Public worship is held in the churches, the scholars of the public school each receive a medal memorial of the day. Public meeti, s are held and orations are delivered in all the cities and villages of the nation, 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. --n-> OP REC D LD OCTdU 2/Ocf R c-D gEC D LL> JAN 4 65 -6PM 1982 ~ I D FEB 8 1982 REC/D JUL 29 1950 -,%.v v LD 21A-50w-4, 59 (A1724slO)476B General University c Berk 17?