UC-NRLF 
 
 CAPTAIX GEO. PALMER, R.N., F.R.G.S. 
 
THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE 
 
 MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
ERRATUM. 
 
 In page 155, Qth line from bottom of page, for Gothic read 
 Sothic. 
 
THE 
 
 MIGRATION FROM SHINAR 
 
 OR, THE 
 
 EARLIEST LINKS BETWEEN 
 
 THE 
 
 OLD AND NEW CONTINENTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 CAPTAIN GEORGE PALMER, R.N., F.R.G.S., 
 
 AUTHOR OF "SCRIPTURE FACTS AND SCIENTIFIC DOUBTS," 
 
 "KIDNAPPING IN THE SOUTH SEAS," 
 
 ETC. ETC. ETC. 
 
 HODDER AND STOUGHTON, 
 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 MDCCCLXXIX. 
 
Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Printers, London and Aylesbury. 
 
THIS VOLUME 
 IS 
 
 IDeDicateD 
 
 TO 
 
 MY VERY DEAR WIFE, 
 
 ELLEN, 
 
 AND 
 
 3fn affectionate 
 
 HER ESTEEMED BROTHER, 
 
 JAMES DOUGLAS, ESQ., 
 
 04 / 
 
 TV 7 
 
 OF CAVERS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ""*HE following pages were, for the most 
 part, delivered as lectures to working 
 men in the schoolroom at Cavers, Roxburgh 
 shire, but were of necessity stripped of many 
 technicalities that would have been unsuitable. 
 
 The migrations of the human race, the 
 laws that regulate the ocean currents, as 
 well as those of the atmosphere, and the 
 unity of the human race, were the chief 
 subjects dwelt upon, together with personal 
 adventures at different places visited during 
 eight years cruising on the Pacific and 
 Australian stations. 
 
 M317398 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 What I have written has been the result 
 of many years careful study. Mr. Prescott, 
 speaking of the much-vexed question respect 
 ing the origin of the American nations, calls 
 it " that pans asinorum which has called 
 forth so much sense, and nonsense, on both 
 sides of the water ; and will continue to 
 do so, as long as a new relic or unknown 
 hieroglyphic shall turn up, to irritate the 
 nerves of the antiquary." Critical and Hist. 
 Essays, p. 227. 
 
 Whether these pages are to be classed 
 under the head of sense or nonsense, I 
 must leave the reader to judge ; but in 
 examining the various authors (a list of 
 whom is given), I have endeavoured to 
 collect as many facts as possible, hoping 
 thus to arrive at some probable conclusion 
 as to what nation or people of the Old 
 Continent first trod the shores of the New. 
 
 In a previous volume, I have shown 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 young students the necessity of holding fast 
 to the Bible as the revealed word of God ; 
 and in these days of ever-increasing sceptical 
 intellectualism, when human reason is exalted 
 and worshipped, and when the oracles of 
 the Living God are deliberately set aside, it 
 is necessary again and again to put them on 
 their guard. 
 
 New theories are always being launched 
 on the troubled sea of speculation, without 
 being brought to the balances of the Sanc 
 tuary, where alone they can be measured, 
 weighed, and proved ; and the Proceedings of 
 the British Association, unfortunately, from 
 time to time only give an impetus, like a 
 hydraulic ram, in assisting these wretched craft 
 off the stocks, where they would assuredly 
 have stuck fast, if not thus aided, to the 
 everlasting chagrin of their builders. 
 
 The late Dr. Norman Macleod, whom 
 nobody would call narrow-minded, once ad- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 vised some of these would-be scientific 
 gentlemen to rewrite the first chapter of 
 Genesis, somewhat after this fashion : 
 
 1. The earth was without form and void. 
 
 2. A meteor fell on the earth. 
 
 3. The result was fish, flesh, and fowl. 
 
 4. From these proceeded the British Asso 
 
 ciation. 
 
 5. And the British Association pronounced 
 
 it all tolerably good. 
 
 This is a fair specimen of the condescend 
 ing manner in which some men write and 
 speak of the word of God. 
 
 Bishop Colenso has just published the 
 seventh part of his " Examination of the 
 Pentateuch ; " and a more blasphemous and 
 silly work could hardly have been sent 
 forth by even Tom Paine : Voltaire would 
 certainly have treated it with the utmost 
 contempt as unworthy of serious notice. 
 
PREFACE. xi 
 
 The true Christian does not allow him 
 self to be carried away by arguments how 
 ever specious, or theories however plausible, 
 but is content to believe the testimony of 
 Jesus Christ Himself, when He said, "There 
 is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in 
 whom ye trust. For had ye believed Moses, 
 ye would have believed me, for he wrote 
 of me. But if ye believe not his writings^ 
 how shall ye believe my ivords ? " (John v. 
 
 45470 
 
 If the following pages shall in any degree 
 cause the student to examine for himself 
 the writings of those learned men who 
 believe in the word of God, and who are 
 as truly scientific as their opponents who 
 write against it, and thus prevent him from 
 abandoning his judgment blindfolded into 
 the hands of sceptics and free-thinkers, I 
 shall be more than satisfied, feeling con 
 vinced that no really unprejudiced person, 
 
xii PREFACE. 
 
 seeking for light and guidance from the 
 Holy Spirit, will be able to resist the testi 
 mony of " the word of God, which liveth 
 and abideth for ever." (i Peter i. 23.) 
 
 G. P. 
 
 April, 1879. 
 
WORKS EXAMINED. 
 
 Sir C. Lyell s Principles of Geology. 
 
 Antiquity of Man. 
 
 Ansted s Ancient World. 
 Ellis s Polynesian Researches. 
 Cook s Voyages. 
 Markham s Cuzco and Lima. 
 Malte Brim s Travels. 
 Beechy s Voyages. 
 Kotzebue s 
 Wallace s 
 
 Maury s Physical Geography of the Sea. 
 Humboldt s Cosmos. 
 
 Asiatic Researches. 
 
 ,, Antiquities of America. 
 
 Heeren s Historical Researches. 
 Squier and Davis, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 
 
 Valley. 
 
 Catlin s North American Indians. 
 Prescott s History of Mexico. 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Rivero and Tschudi, Peruvian Antiquities. 
 Mackenzie s Travels in North America. 
 Lord Kingsborough s Antiquities of Mexico. 
 Stephens Central America and Yucatan. 
 
xiv WORKS EXAMINED. 
 
 Mollhausen s Diary. 
 
 Davis s China. 
 
 Hue s Tartary. 
 
 Herodotus. 
 
 Faber s Horas Mosaicse. 
 
 Delafield s Antiquities of America. 
 
 Eadie s Oriental History. 
 
 Adair s North American Indians. 
 
 Southey s Brazil. 
 
 Royal Geographical Society s Proceedings. 
 
 Morton s Crania Americana. 
 
 Prichard s Physical History of Mankind. 
 
 Royal Physical Society s (Edinburgh) Proceedings. 
 
 Turner s Congenital Deformities of the Human Crania. 
 
 Bernard Davis on the Neanderthal Skull. 
 
 Wilson s Prehistoric Man. 
 
 Max Miiller s Science of Language. 
 
 Farrar s Families of Speech. 
 
 Brace s Manual of Ethnology. 
 
 Kirk s Age of Man. 
 
 Russell s Polynesia. 
 
 Prescott s Historical Essays. 
 
 Taylor s Natural History of Society. 
 
 Dawson s New and Old Worlds. 
 
 Douglas Errors of Religion. 
 
 Sir W. Jones Origin of Families and Nations. 
 
 Bryant s Analysis of Antient Mythology. 
 
 Hamilton Smith s Natural History of Man. 
 
 Rawlinson s Ancient Researches. 
 
 Smith s Ancient History. 
 
EXPLANATION OF MAP. 
 
 The three coloured stars in Asia Minor indicate the 
 country from whence radiated " the three sons of Noah ; 
 and of them was the whole earth overspread." (Gen. 
 ix. 19 ; Acts xvii. 26.) 
 
 JAPHETH (enlargement), yellow. 
 
 SHEM (possession), blue. 
 
 HAM (heat), red. 
 
 Red arrows (unfeathered) show the TRADE WINDS. 
 (feathered) COUNTER TRADES. 
 
 Black arrows (feathered) show the DIRECTION OF 
 
 CURRENTS. 
 
 Yellow lines denote the Aryan-speaking nations ; 
 
 Blue Semitic 
 
 Red Turanian 
 
 with the exception of the Phoenicians, who spoke a 
 Semitic language. 
 
 The dotted lines represent the probable tracks of 
 migration. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 II. THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR ... 27 
 
 III. EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA ... 57 
 
 IV. EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA (continued") 95 
 
 V. THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF MEXICO . 125 
 
 VI. THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF PERU . .163 
 
 VII. CRANIAL PECULIARITIES OF THE AMERICAN 
 
 NATIONS I99 
 
 VIII. CONCLUSION 225 
 
I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 r I ^HE Holy Scriptures, God s revealed word 
 to man, inform us that the human race 
 proceeded originally from one pair, namely, 
 Adam and Eve. The Holy Spirit, speaking 
 by Moses, says, " Adam called his wife s name 
 Eve, because she was the mother of all living " 
 (Gen. iii. 30). Also, after the destruction of 
 this race by the deluge, except eight persons, 
 which fact is attested by Job, Isaiah, St. Paul, 
 and St. Peter, and above all by our Saviour, 
 we read, " the sons of Noah, that went forth 
 of the ark, were Shem, and Ham, and Japheth : 
 and Ham is the father of Canaan. These are 
 the three sons of Noah ; and of them was the 
 whole earth overspread " (Gen. ix. 18, 19). 
 Later on, the same Spirit, speaking by St. 
 
4 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Paul, says, " And hath made of one blood all 
 nations of men, for to dwell on all the earth ; 
 and hath determined the times before ap 
 pointed, and the bounds of their habitation " 
 (Acts 17, 26). 
 
 Thus to every thoughtful and devout mind 
 the fact is for ever settled as to the unity of our 
 race, and the investigations of men of learn 
 ing and research have but tended to prove this 
 from time to time. 
 
 It is, however, the fashion among a certain 
 class of shallow minds to throw overboard 
 these plain and explicit statements, and to 
 treat with contempt those grand truths con 
 tained in the Bible. To such men it is useless 
 to appeal to the labours of Sir W. Jones and 
 Dr. Prichard, or to the works of Paley, Bryant, 
 or Faber, because they are " willingly ignorant," 
 and boldly set forth theories and opinions with 
 as much assurance as if they were facts and 
 truths. 
 
 The sceptical geologist, ethnologist, or com 
 parative anatomist, like his brother theologian, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 condescend to tell us that these learned men 
 we have mentioned were very well in their 
 day, but that now, with our superior light and 
 knowledge, the results of their investigations 
 are quite antiquated ; in fact, the science and 
 theology of these gentlemen, like the College 
 of Surgeons in Moliere s play of "The Mock 
 Doctor," proceed on an entire new principle/ 
 
 Much nonsense has been written on this new 
 principle, but there is nothing new under the 
 sun : men have cavilled at the Divine state 
 ments, and at those whose investigations in 
 science have proved them correct, from the 
 earliest times ; but in the present day they 
 seem to have grown somewhat bolder, and 
 make assertions with as much confidence and 
 gravity as if they were stating serious facts ; 
 and the result is, young students are entrapped 
 into the belief that they have an undoubted 
 and established authority for what they say, 
 and which is of course taken for granted when 
 " Professor " is prefixed or " F.R.S." appended 
 to their names. 
 
6 THE MIGRA TION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 f 
 The discussions upon arrow-headed flints, 
 
 ancient pottery, bones of extinct animals, and 
 human skulls, have been very ingenious, and 
 occasionally amusing, but the arguments of 
 those who are endeavouring to prove that 
 the human race existed upon this earth five 
 hundred thousand years ago, are not only far 
 from convincing, but in many instances simply 
 childish. 
 
 The Darwinian theory has its devoted fol 
 lowers, who go to far greater lengths than 
 Mr. Darwin himself. 
 
 Again, the Atomic theory is one of the 
 purest conjecture ; but, nevertheless, those who 
 believe that by some happy accident life was 
 conveyed to this planet in some chemical com 
 bination, are very numerous ; not that many 
 perhaps have really examined the matter very 
 closely, but have been content to take for 
 granted the monstrous statements which have 
 from time to time been advanced in its favour. 
 It often happens that pupils will outrun their 
 masters, and be quite content to take his hints 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 for assertions, and to dogmatize where he 
 only had advanced a conjecture. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is certain that Sir John 
 Lubbock, Professor Huxley, Mr. Darwin, and 
 Sir C. Lyell, together with many other learned 
 men, have much to answer for in leading the 
 youth of this country away from the solid 
 ground of true belief, into those dangerous 
 quicksands of speculative error which can only 
 end in the shipwreck of all their best hopes 
 when the day comes in which these dreams will 
 be put to the test, and when these miserable 
 cobwebs of so-called science will be swept away 
 by the judgment of the Great Day. 
 
 The Bible was not given us as a text-book 
 for astronomy, geology, or chemistry, but to 
 teach us our duty to our Creator, and to tell 
 us of the glorious salvation wrought for us 
 by our Saviour Jesus Christ, for all those who 
 believe in and accept Him as their Redeemer 
 and Advocate ; but, at the same time, it is 
 equally certain that all true science will but 
 confirm and establish what God has deigned 
 
8 THE MIGRA TION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 to reveal to us, for " the Scripture cannot be 
 broken ; " and despite all that has been written 
 against it, all the insinuations and sneers 
 launched in opposition to its truths, " the 
 word of our God shall stand for ever." 
 
 Speculative philosophy, like speculative theo 
 logy, grows every year more wild ; but as true 
 science is unfolded by careful and laborious 
 research, as each thread of the seemingly 
 tangled skein is patiently unravelled, so surely 
 do we find the works of God corresponding 
 with His word. 
 
 A well-balanced mind is content to examine 
 and wait, until fresh facts are accumulated 
 which warrant its arriving at some satisfactory 
 conclusion. 
 
 Perhaps no instance is more indicative of 
 warning in late years than that given by the 
 famous Neanderthal skull, or calvarium, and on 
 which such a hasty verdict has been given by 
 some who would certainly not have accepted 
 such solitary and unsupported evidence on any 
 point affecting their own interests. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Dr. J. Bernard Davis, in a most able pam 
 phlet, states that a skull in his possession 
 closely resembles that of the Neanderthal, and 
 which he believes to be no other than the 
 calvarium (z>., a skull wanting the lower jaw) 
 of a modern Englishman. He considers the 
 Neanderthal calvarium to be simply an abnor 
 mal example, and that it owes its peculiar 
 form to synostosis of the cranial bones before 
 the calvarium had attained its full development. 
 He remarks : 
 
 " In the investigation of skull-forms, for whatever pur 
 pose they may be studied, due weight should be given to 
 every kind and degree of deformative influence. Of 
 these influences there are various kinds morbid, de 
 velopmental, artificial, posthumous, of different species. 
 None are more fertile in producing deformities, often of 
 a very curious and bizarre appearance, than synostosis, 
 or the premature ossification of one or more of the 
 sutures between the cranial bones. The calvarium is 
 liable to the invasion of this deforming influence from 
 the earliest period of life. From it results, immediately, 
 an arrest of the development of the brain in the position 
 of the suture itself ; and, remotely, an increased develop 
 ment at some other point where the sutures are open and 
 allow expansion. A more precise law has been educed by 
 the investigations of Professor R. Virchow, that, by the 
 
io THE MIGRA TION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 too early ossification of a suture, the development of the 
 skull is arrested in the diameter perpendicular to that 
 suture." The Neanderthal Skull : Its peculiar Confor 
 mation explained anatomically. 
 
 And yet, on this, and on some other equally 
 unsupported geological data, the human race 
 is to be thrown back into the dark mists of 
 unknown centuries, even to so remote a period 
 as the Miocene epoch ! 
 
 The progressive development of animals and 
 plants may or may not be true, but until some 
 more satisfactory evidence is forthcoming than 
 we have at present, we must state our firm 
 conviction as to the falsity of the whole theory. 
 But be this as it may, none of these specula 
 tions hold good as to man : man stands alone 
 and distinct from the other creations of God, 
 and, as Professor Hitchcock truly observes, 
 
 "Could a single example be produced in which a 
 human embryo stopped at and became an insect, or a 
 fish, or a monkey, there might be some plausibility in 
 the supposition. But it is as certain to become a man, 
 as the sun is to rise and set ! and, therefore, the human 
 condition results from laws as fixed as those that regulate 
 the movements of the heavenly bodies." 
 
INTRODUCTION. 11 
 
 It is astonishing how much men will take 
 for granted in the writings of others when 
 coinciding with their own opinions, and the 
 encomiums that have been lavished on " The 
 Antiquity of Man," if bestowed solely on the 
 study and research it contains, would be fair 
 enough, but when applied to the conclusions 
 at which Sir Charles Lyell arrives are lament 
 able in the extreme. If the learned author 
 had been a devout believer in the Bible, all 
 his wonderful research and carefully gathered 
 evidence would have been used on the side 
 of truth ; but, unfortunately, the reverse is the 
 case, and his admirers and followers are blinded 
 as to the many absurdities that his work con 
 tains. These have been ably exposed by Dr. 
 Kirk, of Edinburgh, in his work called " The 
 Age of Man." In it he shows the fallacy of 
 the conclusions that Sir Charles arrived at ; and 
 lays bare, with no unkind hand, many of the 
 glaring inconsistencies and defective reasoning 
 of the late great geologist. 
 
 One in particular, " The argument from the 
 
1 2 THE MIGRA TION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 growth of Peat," is a fair specimen of the way 
 plain facts are distorted to suit a preconceived 
 theory. 
 
 The accumulation (growth is an incorrect 
 word to use) of peat has been nrade to serve 
 the purpose of throwing back the existence of 
 the human race long anterior to the seven 
 thousand years of the Bible account : indeed, 
 what with the deposits in caverns, and frag 
 ments of pottery, with an occasional skull or 
 two, man roamed the earth somewhere about 
 five hundred thousand years ago, according to 
 the computations of these learned men. Let 
 the following facts speak for themselves : 
 
 "To give the reader an intelligent view of the argu 
 ment which springs from the peat, it is necessary to 
 explain its formation. There is a large class of plants 
 whose roots are naturally converted into carbon, as 
 the plants themselves grow on the surface of land or 
 water. If you take up one of these plants with a good 
 long portion of its root, you find that the lower portion 
 of that root has become black, or, in other words, has 
 been carbonized. It is this black substance, or carbon, 
 which forms the special ingredient in all real peat. 
 When this has been formed by the natural growth of 
 the peat-producing plants, it has the effect of car- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 bonizing, to a great extent, all vegetable substances 
 around which it gathers. Even the heart of oak 
 that has got imbedded in it becomes black as coal, 
 and is preserved as a substance which is almost 
 entirely composed of carbon. There is thus a double 
 increase secured for the mass, which is all regarded as 
 a growing peat. So long as the peat-producing plants 
 are growing on the surface, these are adding their 
 carbonized roots to the bulk beneath ; and so long 
 as their stems and other proportions, together with 
 all additional vegetable matter that may mingle with 
 these, are falling or floating into the bog, so long the 
 peaty accumulation increases in volume. 
 
 " It will be carefully observed here, that the peat itself 
 (when once fairly formed by the carbonizing of its 
 living producers) does not grow. It no more does so 
 than the kindred substance of coal grows in the mine, 
 or the bed into which the mine is driven. 
 
 " If the plants on its surface are removed, or killed, 
 in any way, and no further supplies of vegetable matter 
 are introduced, the peat must remain as it is without 
 further increase. It is consequently untrue, in strict 
 language, that peat grows, though it is true that it is 
 increased, as it is produced, by the growth of vegetation 
 on its surface. 
 
 " Failing to observe this very obvious truth, as we 
 shall see, led Sir Charles Lyell, and his French friend, 
 M. Boucher de Perthes, into a very ludicrous mistake. 
 
 "When the black or carbonaceous matter, which is 
 properly called peat, has been formed, it mixes easily 
 with water, making that yellow, or brown, or black, or 
 
14 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 miry, so as to cause the mixture to be like thick tar 
 in appearance. 
 
 " In a part of Renfrewshire, what the country people 
 call grule peats are formed out of this mixture, by 
 being simply lifted in portions between the two hands, 
 and laid in order on the turf, to be baked by the heat 
 of the sun. In this state peat mosses, like other liquids 
 or semi-liquids, seek their levels, and flow from higher 
 on to lower beds, as the formation of the surface allows. 
 Hence a deep hollow is filled, not only by the growth 
 of the peat-producing plants on the surface of the 
 water or marsh immediately above, but from the flow 
 of peat from higher to lower ground. This causes the 
 surface of vast regions of peat to be quite flat, while 
 the bottoms on which they lie are very far from being 
 so. It causes also the thicknesses of the same mass of 
 peat to be extremely unequal. 
 
 "It accounts, too, for beds of peat passing down the 
 sloping beach, and getting beneath the sea, where no 
 peat- producing vegetation ever grows. 
 
 "It seems nearly incredible that a man of Sir Charles 
 Lyell s scientific standing should allow himself to reason 
 as if he were profoundly ignorant of all these obvious 
 conditions of peat formation. 
 
 " For example, when speaking of an accumulation of 
 peat, of which he makes a very great deal, he says : 
 The workmen who cut peat, or dredge it up from the 
 bottom of swamps or ponds, declare that in the course 
 of their lives none of the hollows which they have 
 formed, or caused by extracting peat, have ever been 
 refilled, even to a small extent. They deny, therefore, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 that the peat grows. This, as M. Boucher de Perthes 
 observes, is a mistake, but it implies that the increase 
 in one generation is not very appreciable by the un 
 scientific." Antiquity of Man, p. no. 
 
 " Only let us note this," says Dr. Kirk, " as a speci 
 men of the advanced knowledge and mode of reason 
 ing by which the Bible is to be removed from the 
 belief and confidence of man. . . . The workmen were 
 right, and they properly used the language, peat does 
 not grow. The unscientific happened, in this case, 
 to have retained their common sense, but the scien 
 tific were wrong the educated had allowed their 
 wits to go wool-gathering! And yet these are the 
 gentlemen we are invited to follow when we leave the 
 Bible, in order to enjoy the privilege of advanced 
 views ! " The Age of Man, pp. 67 70. 
 
 It is but fair to the memory of Sir C. Lyell 
 to state that he candidly acknowledged his 
 error to Professor Kirk. 
 
 The absurd conclusions at which many have 
 but too readily arrived, owing to hasty and 
 preconceived judgment, are clearly illustrated 
 by Dr. Duns, F.R.S.E., in a paper read by him 
 before the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 
 the I /th March, 1862, and four years before 
 Dr. Kirk wrote the "The Age of Man." It 
 goes far to show the need of caution and 
 
1 6 THE MIGRA TION FROM SH1NAR. 
 
 modesty in advancing theories about peat 
 accumulations. 
 
 The following extract is an account of a 
 landslip that took place in Scotland : 
 
 About 7 A.M. on Monday, August 12, 1861, 
 a young man about to cross the Auchingray 
 moss, Lanarkshire, heard all around him a 
 noise like that of the sea : 
 
 "Looking up the moss to the west, he was surprised 
 and alarmed to notice, as he said, the whole bog sinking 
 and rising in a wavy way for some minutes, and then 
 breaking up with a loud crash. " 
 
 Dr. Duns visited the place a few day later, 
 and made the following observations: 
 
 " The area set in motion may be roughly estimated 
 as about 300 feet broad at B B, and 1 320 in length from A 
 on the west to A d on the east. In its course it met with 
 elevations at C C. The most formidable of these lies on 
 the north side. This gave the flow a direction to the 
 south, and led to the deposit of the tongue marked D, 
 which is about 160 feet long by no feet broad, and is 
 made up of masses of peat from i foot to 4 feet thick. 
 
 " When the soil set in motion by the slip reached the 
 extreme south of the tongue marked D, it again turned 
 north, and, bending north by east, it met a plantation of 
 Scotch firs, which stretches from the highway down to 
 the stream which drains the moss. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
1 8 THE MIGRA TION FROM SHIN A R. 
 
 "A few of the trees have been carried several yards 
 forward, and now stand in an upright position, as if 
 they had not been moved from their place. Some 
 have been violently thrust top downwards into the 
 underlying clay. Others have been placed horizon 
 tally on the edge of arrested lumps of peat. The flow 
 at this point covered part of another cornfield. A 
 little to the north of A d t it filled a whinstone (trap) 
 quarry 15 feet deep at F. At the narrow neck E E, the 
 depth of the flow was more than 12 feet. Turning this 
 neck, it met the Limeridge railway a mineral traffic 
 branch of the Slamannan line swept part of it away, 
 covered a large portion of it, and did much damage to 
 a third cornfield lying north-east of the line. 
 
 " Turning from the Limeridge railway, the flow filled 
 a small natural basin, marked G G. Many of the lumps 
 left here were of great size. One measured 7 feet by 
 4 feet, and was nearly 6 feet deep. At H, on the east 
 of this basin, great quantities of flow were carried into 
 Binniehill Burn. As the stream at this point is confined 
 by steep banks, the floated peat must have been 6 feet 
 deep, judging from the traces it left on both sides. 
 
 "At I, it entered the haugh described (by a young lad) 
 1 as wide as Clyde at Broomielaw bridge. 
 
 " The next place favourable to the flow spreading, 
 occurs in the haugh (flat ground near a river) opposite 
 Binniehill House, which stretches down in the direction 
 of the Avon, on the east of Slamannan village. Here 
 it covered the highway at two points, and left in many 
 places about 2 feet of peat on the top of soil which 
 had been under cultivation. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 " On visiting the district last month, I noticed that 
 the part marked D on the plan has already begun to 
 lose many of the characteristic marks of disturbance, 
 and is fast assuming all the appearances of a regularly 
 formed gradual deposit. 
 
 " Now, were mining or other operations to lead to 
 the opening up of this sixty or seventy years hence, the 
 surface geologist might find in the section materials for 
 generalizations of the most startling kind. 
 
 " A section made to the surface of the trap would 
 reveal the following points, blue clay, several feet of 
 peat, a grey soil having embedded in it the straw and 
 grains of the common oat, and, on the top of all, peat, 
 say six feet thick. 
 
 " Peat, the observer might affirm, is deposited at the 
 rate of one foot in thickness in three hundred years. 
 This layer shows all the evidences of gradual deposit 
 through long centuries ! Six feet in thickness, it tells 
 the interesting tale of eighteen hundred years. 
 
 Our Caledonian forefathers must then have been much 
 misrepresented by the Romans. At the period of the 
 Roman invasion the Celts could not have been rude 
 savages. Proofs are before us which would satisfy the 
 most sceptical. They were devoted to agriculture. 
 Here are distinct traces of Avena satival That iron 
 instrument embedded in the grey soil a rude form, no 
 doubt, of our highly polished and curved harrow-tooth 
 bears witness to considerable progress in the useful 
 arts ! 
 
 " Such reasoning is not uncommon, based on data 
 almost as reliable as those furnished by the Auchingray 
 
20 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 landslip." Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 
 xvi., No. i, July, 1862. 
 
 The works of Dr. Lawrence and Colonel 
 Hamilton Smith on the Natural History of 
 Man, together with some others of less note, 
 have dene much harm in the unbelief they 
 display regarding the most explicit statements 
 of the Bible ; and although written some years 
 ago, have nevertheless been too often used as 
 text-books by those whose opinions unfortu 
 nately coincide with theirs in tacitly assuming 
 the Holy Scriptures are only partly inspired, 
 and that consequently the accounts contained 
 in them are not worthy of credence. 
 
 The former celebrated anatomist of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons in London, in his 
 lectures alluding to the difference in the races 
 of mankind, asks the questions, " Are these 
 all brethren ? Have they descended from one 
 stock ? or must we trace them to more than 
 one ? and, if so, how many Adams must we 
 admit ? " 
 
 He then quotes the opinion of Voltaire, who 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 he deems of far greater credit than Moses, and 
 adds : 
 
 " The Mosaic account does not, however, make it quite 
 clear that the inhabitants of all the world descended 
 from Adam and Eve. Moreover, the entire or even 
 partial inspiration of the various writings comprehended 
 in the Old Testament, has been and is doubted by many 
 persons, including learned divines, and distinguished 
 oriental and biblical scholars." Natural History oj 
 Man, pp. 209 213. 
 
 Colonel Smith does not so openly impugn 
 the Bible account, but he unmistakably lets us 
 know his opinion. He says : 
 
 " Although the existence of man upon the face of the 
 earth, to a very remote period, cannot be denied, it still 
 remains a question in systematic zoology, whether man 
 kind is wholly derived from a single species, divided by 
 strongly marked varieties, or sprung successively or 
 simultaneously from a genus having no less than three 
 distinct species, synchronising in their creation, or pro 
 duced by the hand of nature at different epochs, each 
 adapted to the peculiar conditions of its period, all en 
 dowed with the power of intermixing and reproducing 
 filiations, up to a certain extent, in harmony with the 
 intermediate locations which circumstances, soil, climate ? 
 and food necessitate." Natural History of the Hiiman 
 Species, p. 113. 
 
 Now, if there had been several centres of 
 
22 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 creation, to which pair does the account in 
 Genesis refer ? Which Adam and Eve is there 
 mentioned ? Did all the pairs of human beings 
 thus placed in different parts of the earth fall 
 into sin by disobeying God s command, and 
 were they all driven forth from their re 
 spective Edens ? Supposing these questions 
 answered satisfactorily, there is still the 
 Deluge to get over, which swept away all 
 these races. 
 
 I have pointed out in a previous book the 
 insuperable difficulties that exist in accepting 
 these theories, even on purely exegetical 
 grounds, and altogether apart from that faith 
 which is necessary to understand the Divine 
 records ; and I am not intending to go over 
 the old ground, except so far as quoting a few 
 passages that bear on the subject. The unity 
 of design throughout the whole Bible is so 
 marvellous, that those who reject it on the 
 grounds of its being a human composition, and, 
 consequently, not divinely inspired, must be 
 credulous indeed. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 Can any of these sceptics point out any 
 monuments, inscriptions, or records, that dis 
 prove a single statement in the word of God ? 
 Not one ; or they would most certainly 
 parade them incessantly before us in triumph ; 
 but not one single circumstance can be brought 
 forward. On the contrary, every monument, 
 inscription, and record, so far as we have 
 been enabled to decipher them, have only 
 confirmed its truth, and in the most re 
 markable manner ; nay, more they have 
 actually cleared up some of the Scriptural 
 difficulties which had for so long perplexed 
 us. 
 
 And yet we are asked to throw overboard 
 the word of God, and cling to the statements 
 of men, who, although possessed of great 
 talents, have set themselves in direct opposition 
 to the Bible ! 
 
 It is insulting to our reason and common 
 sense, to say nothing as to the utter shipwreck 
 of our faith, and of everything we hold dear, to 
 expect us to cast adrift from those moorings 
 
24 THE MIGRA TION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 so firm and secure, fixed on the Rock of Ages, 
 and to drift away, without chart, compass, or 
 rudder, on the dark and unknown sea of un 
 belief. 
 
fr0m 
 
II. 
 
 THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 r I A HE most ancient genealogical tree of the 
 human race is found in the fifth chapter 
 of Genesis " the generations of Adam ; " and 
 the next one that is given, namely, in the 
 tenth chapter, together with the first chapter 
 in the first book of Chronicles, will be the 
 one we now have to consider. The descend 
 ants of Noah were destined by God to over 
 spread the whole earth. " Be ye fruitful, and 
 
 multiply and replenish the earth And 
 
 you, be ye fruitful, and multiply ; bring forth 
 abundantly in the earth, and multiply therein" 
 (Gen. ix. i, 7). 
 
 We must go back to this old family record 
 for any true and reliable information we want 
 in regard to the descendants of Noah. 
 
28 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 It has been well pointed out that a careful 
 study of ancient history, based on the biblical 
 account, will show that " the material civiliza 
 tion of the world was begun by the race of 
 Ham, put to the highest uses by the race of 
 Shem, and, if the phrase may be allowed, popu 
 larized and made the handmaid of energetic 
 progress by the race of Japheth, to whom 
 Noah s prophecy gave the highest development 
 of worldly greatness." Smith s Antient History, 
 p. 48. 
 
 The post-diluvians were not to confine 
 themselves to any one particular district, as 
 they evidently wished to do : thus the Almighty, 
 to frustrate their intention, gave to each family 
 a different language, or three distinct offshoots 
 from the original tongue in which they had 
 spoken. 
 
 The researches of learned philologists con 
 firm this, showing that in course of years 
 branch dialects issued from these three. 
 
 Cuvier classes them as Caucasian, Mongolian, 
 and Ethiopian. 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 29 
 
 Prichard by cranial formation, as Oval or 
 elliptical, Pyramidal, and Prognathous. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith classes them as 
 i. Bearded type; 2. Beardless type; 3. Woolly- 
 haired type. 
 
 Dr. Latham, while making seven divisions, 
 classes them under three heads, as Atlantidoe, 
 lapetidae, and Mongolidse. 
 
 In like manner, with regard to language, 
 Sir William Jones classes them as Sanscrit, 
 Arabic, Sclavonic or Tartarian. Professor Max 
 Miiller, as Aryan, Semitic, and Turanian. 
 
 These authorities all agree that the human 
 race sprang from three branches of one parent 
 stock. 
 
 Sir W. Jones remarks, 
 
 "First, that the various languages of the world are 
 traceable to three primitive ones : that these are essen 
 tially different in their construction from each other ; but 
 that all the languages of Asia and of the world finally 
 resolve themselves into these. Second, that the several 
 nations of mankind are, in a similar manner, found to 
 have descended from three distinct races, or families. 
 And, thirdly, that there is ample reason for believing 
 that those several tribes of mankind, and those several 
 
30 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 primitive languages, are clearly traced to, and are found 
 to have emanated from, ancient Iran an important dis 
 trict, and which is geographically the same as that 
 described in the Scriptures as the plains of Shinar." 
 Origin of Families and Nations, vol. iii., pp. 34, 53, 
 178, 1 86. 
 
 The fallacy of supposing that different pairs 
 of human beings were originally placed by the 
 Almighty in different localities, is apparent to 
 every devout and intelligent mind. The Bible 
 not only most distinctly teaches the contrary, 
 but the learned researches of men, whose 
 writings cannot be gainsayed, also testify that 
 all races of men are brethren ; that we are 
 of " one blood ; " and that our common father 
 was made in the " likeness of God," " a little 
 lower than the angels ; " and instead of being 
 created in a low, savage, and barbarous state, 
 he was, on the contrary, endowed with the 
 greatest intelligence, moulded in perfect sym 
 metry and physical beauty, in fact, the last, 
 and certainly most wonderful, of the Creator s 
 handiwork. 
 
 Following the Septuagint text, which was 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 31 
 
 always quoted by our Lord and His apostles, 
 we find that the period during which the ante 
 diluvians possessed the earth was 2232 years; 
 and by the light of the fourth chapter of Genesis, 
 we find that they had made no inconsiderable 
 progress in the arts and sciences : 
 
 "The attainments of the antediluvians in the arts" 
 says Dr. Cox, " appear to have been considerable. The 
 smelting of metals is mentioned, and a sort of com 
 munity, (as we understand the sacred historian,) who, 
 in the time of Tubal-Cain, the seventh in descent from 
 Adam, were artificers in brass and iron (Gen. iv. 22). 
 At the same period, and in the same family, we read 
 of a remarkable proficiency in the science of music, and 
 the terms used are probably generic ; the word which 
 we render harp meaning all stringed instruments, and 
 
 the other, rendered organ, all wind instruments 
 
 Josephus," he continues, has some learned fabling on 
 the skill of Seth in the science of astronomy ; hierogly 
 phic pillars of his erection being, as that historian states, 
 extant in his own time. Certain it is, that of all the 
 sciences astronomy appears to have been early known 
 in great perfection. The astrology of the Chaldasans 
 was the daughter of the true science, we cannot doubt, 
 if its other parent was superstition ; and the Hindoo 
 observations which have been recently made known to 
 us, argue a very early acquaintance with the heavens. 
 The most unequivocal proof, however, of the state of 
 antediluvian science, is found in the celebrated work of 
 
32 THE MIGRATION FROM SKINAR. 
 
 Noah, the building of the ark. This vessel, reckoning 
 eighteen inches only to the cubit, by which it is described, 
 would be of the enormous burden of 42,413 tons, equal 
 to about the burden of eighteen of our first-rate men-of- 
 war. Now, though the command to construct such a 
 vessel in the heart of a continent might well be, as it 
 was, divine, and some directions were appended to the 
 command respecting its size and structure, we apprehend 
 that no person who has not been professionally accus 
 tomed to ship-building, in our own times, would very 
 successfully engage in the task of the patriarch, upon 
 his instructions ; and we have no reason to suppose 
 there was anything supernatural in his skill." Sacred 
 History and Biography, p. 36. 
 
 We may consider it certain that Noah and 
 his three sons were in possession of whatever 
 learning and knowledge then existed on the 
 earth. Moreover, we can well believe that that 
 " preacher of righteousness," on receiving the 
 command of God to prepare the ark, was suf 
 ficiently well skilled to direct those about him 
 in the execution of the work. 
 
 Adam died in the year of the world (i.e., in 
 the renovation of the earth from its chaotic 
 state, Gen. i. 3,) 930, and would consequently 
 be contemporary with Lamech, the father of 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 33 
 
 Noah, for a period of fifty-six years. In like 
 manner, Shem, the son of Noah, would be 
 contemporary with Isaac for fifty years. 
 
 " Thus, through the whole period of antediluvian 
 history, whatever knowledge was communicated to our 
 first parents, would have to travel but through one single 
 person, Lamech, to Noah." Sacred History, p. 39. 
 
 We contend that those who hold man to 
 have sprung from the ape, and endeavour to 
 prove that he gradually and painfully ascended 
 the scale of organized beings, have neither 
 religion nor science to support them. On the 
 contrary, everything is dead against such 
 shallow reasoning, if reasoning it can be 
 called. 
 
 Man has fallen from his high estate has 
 descended, instead of ascended ; and history 
 testifies to the long period that he requires 
 when once fallen to ascend the scale of civiliza 
 tion, and points at the same time, with corre 
 sponding accuracy, to the comparatively short 
 time that it is necessary for him to decline in 
 intellectual vigour, and sink by rapid steps to 
 barbarism. The reason is obvious, and summed 
 
 3 
 
34 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 up in one short sentence from the word of 
 God : " God saw the wickedness of man was 
 great in the earth, and that every imagination 
 of the thoughts of his heart was only evil con 
 tinually " (Gen. vi. 5). 
 
 Even after the Divine wrath had been 
 poured out upon a guilty world, and the 
 Deluge had swept away these races, we find 
 Ham, the youngest son of Noah, no better 
 than he was before. Sin dwelt within the 
 ark, and soon its effects were seen in those 
 who, we are told, were " of one language and 
 of one speech ; " and thus it came to pass that 
 from the plains of Shinar " the Lord scattered 
 them abroad from thence upon the face of all 
 the earth" (Gen. xi. 8). 
 
 In Genesis xi. I, we read that " the whole 
 earth was of one language and of one speech." 
 What language was this ? Was it the same 
 as that spoken by Jehovah to Adam when He 
 walked with him in Eden in the cool of the 
 day 
 
 Many philologists who scout the idea that 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 35 
 
 Hebrew was the primitive tongue of mankind, 
 simply on account of the comparative poorness 
 of its construction, " its utter vagueness and 
 mistiness, its almost penurious absence of moral 
 and temporal distinctions," would point to the 
 more perfect Aryan as being more worthy of 
 the language first given to man by his Creator, 
 while some would have us believe that Adam 
 derived his speech from imitating the cries of 
 the different animals around him ! 
 
 It is extraordinary that the author of the 
 " Life of Christ " should say, 
 
 " Whether ultimately all languages are not dialects of 
 one whether millenniums back, in the impenetrable 
 night of ages, there ever was a period when all the 
 representatives of the entire human family (if such 
 representatives there were) expressed themselves in the 
 same forms of speech is a question which will cer 
 tainly never be settled, and which as certainly there is 
 no shadow of linguistic evidence to prove." Families 
 of Speech, p. 56. 
 
 Surely Canon Farrar must have forgotten 
 the verse quoted above in Genesis xi. I, and 
 the history of the dispersion from Babel. 
 
 The matter has been settled by God Him. 
 
36 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 self, and placed on record, and all the philo 
 logists in the world cannot disprove it. 
 
 It however by no means follows that Adam 
 was given a language that to us seems the 
 most perfect, one bit more than he was given 
 a suit of broadcloth, or a handsome modern 
 residence to dwell in. He was clothed with 
 the skins of beasts, " coats of skins," and other 
 wise placed in a position to labour and earn 
 his bread by the sweat of his brow, whether 
 by agriculture or by hunting, and it is there 
 fore more probable that his language and that 
 of the antediluvians was of the simplest form, 
 in fact, belonging to what we should class 
 under the head of Turanian, perhaps approach 
 ing the monosyllabic Chinese, or the aggluti 
 nating Samoydic, from which in process of time 
 was born the stately Semitic and the flexible 
 and more perfect Aryan. 
 
 As we have already seen, the present 
 languages are classed under three heads, 
 namely, Turanian, Semitic, and Aryan. Some 
 confusion has arisen with rega rd to the former 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 37 
 
 name, as it cannot be said to belong to a 
 family, as a multitude of languages and dialects 
 are included under this class ; but it is a name 
 that has been adopted for want of a better : 
 the term Allophylian, however, used by 
 Prichard, can easily be bracketed with it, as 
 indicating the languages spoken by the human 
 family that cannot be classed as either Aryan 
 or Semitic. 
 
 The following are the three classes of 
 speech : 
 
 ARYAN 
 
 SEMITIC 
 
 TURANIAN, 
 
 or 
 ALLOPHYLIAN 
 
 From "lord," in the Sanscrit, or the 
 word AR, " to plough," consisting of 
 the Indie and Iranic tongues, and 
 belonging to the family of Japheth. 
 
 ( Consisting of those languages spoken 
 1 by the races that sprang from Shem, 
 j viz., Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, 
 \ and Aram. 
 
 So called from Turan, the barbarous 
 countries "outside" or beyond Iran 
 and the Aryans, consisting of all the 
 other languages, and springing from 
 both Ham and Japheth. 
 
 (See Map.) 
 
38 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Professor Max Miiller, in speaking of the 
 science of language, says, 
 
 "It leads us up to that highest summit from whence 
 we see into the very dawn of man s life on earth, and 
 where the words which we have heard so often from the 
 days of our childhood And the whole earth was of 
 one language and of one speech assume a meaning 
 more natural, more intelligible, more convincing, than 
 they ever had before." Vol. i., p. 409. 
 
 It would be well for those who have got 
 far ahead of the Bible, (if we are to judge 
 by their language) to ponder over the above 
 passage from the work of the greatest living 
 philologist. 
 
 " Whether," says Mr. Smith, " the Turanian race was 
 nearer to the Hamitic or to the Semitic family, is one 
 of the most difficult problems of Ethnology. The most 
 probable opinion seems to be that the Turanian was the 
 stage of speech which the different races carried with 
 them when they first left their primeval seats ; that it 
 was developed by the race of Ham, who, as the earliest 
 cultivators of science and art, would be the first to require 
 new forms of language, into the stage seen in the Hamitic 
 dialects of Africa and Southern Asia ; and that these 
 were again modified, by contact with Semitic races, into 
 the forms of speech called Semitic. The Aryan languages 
 seem to have passed out of the Turanian stage by a still 
 more direct process." Ancient History, p. 54. 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 39 
 
 This opinion is fully endorsed by Dr. Daw- 
 son, of Montreal, in his interesting papers 
 contributed to the Leisure Hour of 1874. He 
 says, 
 
 " The time is probably approaching when it will be 
 admitted that all languages are radically the same, and 
 that they all have their roots in those archaic forms of 
 speech to which we apply the term Turanian. Whence 
 this unity of speech ? Can it have sprung from the inde 
 pendent growth of thought and language in many centres, 
 or from the slow development of speech through count 
 less generations of semi-brutal and semi-articulate men ? 
 Does it not rather point to the formation of language at 
 no very distant date chronologically, and among rational 
 and thoughtful beings, and also to a time when the earth 
 was of one tongue and one speech ?" 
 
 If this be a correct view, it at once clears 
 away a multitude of philological cobwebs that 
 have been spun by different writers as to the 
 origin of the Basque language in Spain, the 
 Otomi of North America, and the Guaranee 
 of South America. 
 
 Thus the ancient Basques, or Iberians, who 
 are found surrounded by Aryan-speaking 
 nations, are in all probability of the same 
 origin as the Finns and Laps in Northern 
 
40 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Europe, and the remains of one great family, 
 now classed as Turanian, that anciently ex 
 tended all over Europe. 
 
 Taking the plain of Shinar (Gen. xi. i 9) as 
 our starting-point, we find the people engaged 
 in the singular project of defeating, if possible, 
 the Divine command, " Be ye fruitful and 
 multiply, and replenish the earth," by building 
 a city and tower, " lest we be scattered abroad 
 upon the face of the whole earth." 
 
 We know the result of their impiety, and 
 an interesting fragment in the Sibylline oracles 
 shows how widely was the cause of the dis 
 persion of the human race known : 
 
 " But when the judgments of the Almighty God 
 Were ripe for execution ; when the Tower 
 Rose to the skies upon Assyria s plain, 
 And all mankind one language only knew ; 
 A dread commission from on high was given 
 To the fell whirlwinds, which with dire alarm 
 Beat on the Tower, and to its lowest base 
 Shook it convulsed. And now all intercourse, 
 By some occult and overruling power, 
 Ceased among men : by utterance they strove, 
 Perplex d and anxious, to disclose their mind ; 
 But their lip fail d them ; and, in lieu of words, 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 41 
 
 Produced a painful babbling sound : the place 
 Was hence call d Babel ; by th apostate crew 
 Named from th event. Then sever d far away, 
 They sped uncertain into realms unknown : 
 Thus kingdoms rose ; and the glad world was fill d." 
 Bryant s Analysis of Ant. MythoL, vol. iii., p. 78. 
 
 These ancient oracles were fragments of the 
 patriarchal histories, and were destroyed about 
 a century before the Christian era, by fire at 
 Rome. Many of the particulars were, how 
 ever, re-collected, together with some fresh 
 ones, not considered authentic. (For which 
 see Bishop Horsley and Faber.) 
 
 The Semitic and Japhetic (z>., Aryan) 
 families moved off to the north, west, 
 and east, following the rivers and valleys : 
 gradually getting separated by increasing 
 numbers in course of years, and radiating 
 from their respective centres, new dialects 
 were rapidly developed as they became lost 
 to one another by the screen of the great 
 mountain ranges and their ever-increasing 
 distance. 
 
 Mizraim (Hamite) migrated to the south 
 
42 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 and south-east, while the younger son of Noah 
 remained about the locality of Shinar. 
 
 Nimrod, his grandson, the son of Cush, built 
 the city of Babel, afterwards called Babylon. 
 
 Thus we find both the Egyptian and Baby 
 lonian kingdoms, the first on record, and marked 
 by their massive buildings, were originally 
 Hamitic, and for many years quite distinct 
 from either Aryan or Semitic influence. 
 
 But this did not last ; the Hamitic races 
 were under the curse : " Cursed be Canaan ; 
 a servant of servants shall he be unto his 
 
 brethren Blessed be the Lord God of 
 
 Shem ; and Canaan shall be his servant, God 
 shall enlarge Japheth, and he shall dwell in 
 the tents of Shem ; and Canaan shall be his 
 servant" 
 
 How complete has been the fulfilment of 
 this wonderful prophecy, let history attest, to 
 the everlasting confusion of all infidels. 
 
 Since the fall of the two first monarchies 
 founded by the Hamites, namely, Babylon and 
 Egypt, we hear no more of them as a great 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 43 
 
 people : the Aryan and Semitic families come 
 in on all sides and take possession ; the pure 
 Hamites disappear, and become incorporated 
 with their more powerful brethren, who take 
 the lead in the world s civilization. 
 
 The two nations that were most advanced 
 in civilization in America at the time of the 
 Conquista, were the Mexicans and Peruvians, 
 but they had been preceded by at least one, if 
 not more, nations that had passed away, but 
 who had left indisputable evidence that they 
 were in considerable advance of those nomadic 
 tribes that were found in possession of the 
 country by the Spaniards, not only in archi 
 tecture, and in the working of metals, but in 
 general civilization. 
 
 We shall find that they possessed several 
 points of similarity to some of the Asiatic 
 nations, as well as to those of Egypt, all 
 pointing to a common origin. 
 
 The Indians who roamed the splendid 
 country through which flows the Mississippi 
 and Ohio in North America, the Gila and 
 
44 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Colorado in Central, and the Amazon and 
 Orinoco in South America, were rude bar 
 barians, destitute of civilization, their hand 
 against every man, and every man s hand 
 against them. 
 
 Not so those people who had gone before 
 them ; their remains were everywhere to be 
 found scattered throughout a vast extent of 
 country, in much the same way as the remains 
 of Roman encampments and earthenware are 
 found in Britain ; and Mr. Delafield, of the 
 Historical Society of Ohio, remarks that " a 
 map of North America, delineating each of 
 these ruins in situ, would exhibit a connexion 
 between the various groups of ancient walls, 
 by means of intermediate mounds, a signal on 
 which, by fire or otherwise, would transmit with 
 ease and telegraphic despatch the annunciation 
 of hostile approach or a call for assistance." 
 
 The earthworks at Marietta consist of 
 mounds and walls of earth in different forms. 
 The largest enclosure contains forty acres, 
 surrounded by an earthen wall thirty-six feet 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 45 
 
 broad at the base, and in some places even 
 now ten feet high. Circular mounds are seen 
 thirty feet in diameter and five feet high. 
 Some of these mounds display great skill in 
 engineering. One at Miami has bastions and 
 curtains which have been declared by compe 
 tent military authorities to be in accordance 
 with the proper rules of fortification. 
 
 In the Mammoth mound in Virginia, vaults 
 were found containing skeletons, with ivory 
 ornaments of peculiar construction about six 
 inches long, nearly two thousand ivory beads 
 (wampum), copper bands, and fragments of 
 isinglass. The ivory ornaments were similar 
 to those found in the graves of the Egyptians 
 and Peruvians. 
 
 Fragments of earthenware and plates of 
 copper have been taken from some of these 
 mounds, quite different from those in use 
 among the present Indians. 
 
 Smelting works have been found in the 
 present county of Washington, with large trees 
 growing on and around them, and situated 
 
46 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR 
 
 among hills abounding in iron ore. But at 
 the conquest the Indians knew nothing of iron. 
 The Rev. Mr. Harris remarks, " In some of 
 these mounds have been found plates of copper 
 riveted together, copper beads, various imple 
 ments, and a very curious kind of porcelain. 
 The Indians regard them with as much sur 
 prise as we do." 
 
 Sculptured stones have also been found, 
 which no one can decipher, as well as weapons 
 of brass, which the learned Humboldt remarks 
 " are indications that those very countries have 
 formerly been inhabited by industrious nations, 
 which are now traversed only by tribes of 
 savage hunters." 
 
 Again, we see in the ruined cities of Central 
 America remains of a more polished people 
 than existed at the time of its discovery, 
 although not so dissimilar as those of North 
 America ; while in South America the remains 
 of massive architecture attest the grandeur the 
 Indians of Peru had attained in that art pre 
 vious to the arrival of the Incas. 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 47 
 
 We shall have occasion to show, as we 
 proceed, the connexion between these early 
 races ; and that, so far from being indigenous 
 to the soil, as some writers have stated, they 
 were of the same blood as the rest of the 
 human family. There is no essential difference 
 between a red skin and a white or a black 
 one. 
 
 Dr. Prichard arrives at the following con 
 clusions, after summing up the investigations 
 of modern anatomists, " that there is no organic 
 difference between the skin of the European 
 and that of other races of men that gives 
 reason to imagine a diversity of species in 
 mankind ; but, on the contrary, that tran 
 sitions take place, to a certain extent, inde 
 pendently of the agency of climate and the 
 principal causes of variations, from the con 
 ditions of structure belonging to one race to 
 those which characterise the other." Natural 
 Hist, of Man, chap, x., p. 84. 
 
 We shall find that by applying the test of 
 language and religion, as well as comparing 
 
48 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 the similarity that exists in the different 
 manners and customs of the nations of the 
 Old and New Continents, that a common 
 identity can be satisfactorily established be 
 tween them. 
 
 All nations that have been found scat 
 tered abroad on the earth, have some tradi 
 tion regarding their religion, or that of their 
 ancestors, that are similar to the accounts 
 we find in the opening chapters of the book 
 of Genesis. Now it is not possible that the 
 accounts of the creation of the world, of the 
 first man and woman, the temptation of the 
 devil in the form of a serpent, the conse 
 quent fall and the expulsion from Paradise, 
 together with the account of the Deluge and 
 its subsequent events, could have been kept 
 secret, or that the various nations, when they 
 were scattered abroad, should not have pre 
 served many fragments of these accounts. 
 
 It would be egregious folly to imagine 
 that Noah and his family when they left 
 the ark were rude savages, or that events 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 49 
 
 that had happened before the Flood were 
 soon forgotten. 
 
 When Jehovah announced to Moses His 
 title, " I am that I am," it was treasured 
 up by both Egyptians and Hindoos, though 
 planted far apart, the former belonging to 
 the Semitic family, and the latter to the 
 greater and wider-spread Aryan race, com 
 monly called Indo-European. 
 
 On the veiled statue of Isis were inscribed 
 these words : " / am all that has been, is, and 
 ever shall be, and no mortal has raised my 
 veil." 
 
 In like manner, the Supreme Being is 
 represented as having addressed himself to 
 Brahma thus : " Even I was, even at first, 
 not any other thing ; that which exists un- 
 perceived ; supreme ; afterwards / am tJiat 
 which is ; and he who must remain am I." 
 Sir W. Jones On the Hindoos, vol. iii., p. 354- 
 Plutarch, De Tsid et Osirid, quoted by Bryant 
 in his Analysis of Ant. Mythology. 
 
 We see the recognition of the Supreme 
 
 4 
 
50 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Being in the Brahma of the Hindoos ; the 
 Belus of the Chaldaeans ; the Ormuzd of the 
 Persians ; together with Con amongst the 
 Peruvians, and Tezcatlipoca of the Mexicans. 
 
 In like manner, the temptation and fall 
 of our first parents are pictured in the 
 poisonous serpent Kali-naga, or Kaliya, of 
 the Hindoos ; the serpent god Naga, or 
 Nachash, in Chaldsea ; the serpent Ahriman 
 of the Persians, who stung to death the first 
 man ; together with the Chinese dragon, and 
 the serpent of the Mexicans, and the Scandi 
 navian Midgard serpent. 
 
 Likewise, we have no difficulty in tracing 
 the Deluge. Fohi was the Noah of China ; 
 the Fish-Avatar of Vishnou, Satyavrata of 
 Hindoostan, was saved in the ship Argha ; 
 in Chaldsea, Xisuthrus was preserved, with 
 his wife and children, in an immense vessel 
 with all sorts of animals ; the man-bull of 
 Persia was also saved in an Arg, and landed 
 on Mount Albordi ; the Osiris of Egypt, who 
 entered his ark on the seventeenth day of the 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 5 
 
 month Athyr (which exactly corresponds to the 
 day and month in Genesis, namely, the seven 
 teenth day of the second month, Jyar or 
 Zif) ; and we have also Cox-cox, or Tezpi, in 
 Mexico, whose description is identical with 
 that of Noah. 
 
 Again, the destruction of the Tower of 
 Babel, and the confusion of tongues, is repre 
 sented in the Hindoo writings by the sacred 
 mount Meru, by the tower of Belus in Chaldaea, 
 and by the pyramid of Cholula in America. 
 
 In fact, we find all the ancient nations 
 adoring a Supreme Being, although under 
 different names, and their cosmogonies en 
 veloped in fables. We find sacrifices, and 
 in some cases marriage, instituted ; traditions, 
 more or less obscure, respecting the early 
 history of our race, together with the de 
 struction of the animal world by a deluge ; 
 and we are therefore justified in coming to 
 the rational conclusion that all these tradi 
 tions emanated from one source, namely, the 
 Hebrew inspired writings. 
 
52 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Mr. Faber truly says, 
 
 " Had a single people only given an account of the 
 creation somewhat resembling that of Moses, or pre 
 served a tradition that one of their ancient kings escaped 
 from the waters of a deluge, we might then with jus 
 tice conclude that the former of these coincidences was 
 merely accidental, and that the latter related entirely 
 to a partial inundation. But when we find that nearly 
 all the pagan cosmogonies bear a strong likeness to 
 each other, though different deities may be represented 
 by different nations, as completing the work ; and when 
 we meet with some tradition of a deluge in every 
 country, though the persons saved from it are said, in 
 those various accounts, to have reigned in various dis 
 tricts widely separated from each other ; we are con- 
 stiained to allow that this general concurrence of belief 
 could never have originated from mere accident." 
 Horce Mosaica, chap, ii., p. 19. 
 
 With regard to some naturalists who insist 
 that man has gradually ascended the scale 
 of organization, that he has from some 
 unknown period struggled from something 
 lower than the ape, through long centuries, 
 to what he is now, we can only say that 
 such miserable theories are only fit for the 
 brains that boast of such an ancestry. 
 
 Professor Max Muller asks, 
 
THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 53 
 
 " Where, then, is the difference between brute and 
 man ? What is it that man can do, and of which we 
 find no signs, no rudiments, in the whole brute world? 
 I answer without hesitation : the one great barrier 
 between the brute and man is Language. Man speaks, 
 and no brute has ever uttered a word. Language is 
 our Rubicon, and no brute will dare to cross it. This 
 is our matter-of-fact answer to those who speak of 
 development ; who think they discover the rudiments 
 at least of all human faculties in apes ; and who would 
 fain keep open the possibility that man is only a more 
 favoured beast, the triumphant conqueror in the primeval 
 struggle for life." Science of Language, Lecture ix., 
 P- 367- 
 
 But we have higher testimony than this. 
 The word of God tells us, " So God created 
 man in His own image, in the image of God 
 created He him ; male and female created 
 He him" (Gen. i. 27). 
 
 St. Paul says, " Adam is the figure of Him 
 that was to come" (Rom. v. 14). 
 
 Again, quoting the eighth Psalm, the same 
 apostle says, " Thou madest him (man) a little 
 lower than the angels ; Thou crownedst him 
 with glory and honour, and didst set him 
 over the works of Thy hands " (Heb. ii. 7). 
 
54 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 In the following pages we shall have 
 occasion to notice how man, when left to 
 himself, always sinks to deeper degradation, 
 and final extinction, and that the savage 
 never rises in the social scale unaided. 
 
III. 
 
 EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 
 
 T3Y what people, and from what quarter, 
 ^"^^ was the continent of America first in 
 habited ? is a question that has never been 
 satisfactorily answered, although it has always 
 been one of deep and absorbing interest to 
 the antiquarian and philologist The veil that 
 at present surrounds with doubt and uncer 
 tainty those wonderful and interesting ruins 
 which at the present day exist in Central 
 America, as well as the ancient remains of 
 populous nations that formerly lived on the 
 plateaus of Mexico and Peru, races who pre 
 ceded the Aztecs and Peruvians, and who so 
 silently disappeared, is but as yet only parti 
 ally lifted. Whence came they ? The ruins 
 of their cities, now buried beneath the humid 
 
58 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 soil of Yucatan, and overshadowed by the 
 gigantic forest trees that have sprung up 
 amidst their courts and temples, sufficiently 
 testify that a race far advanced in civilization 
 once possessed the country, and ruled over 
 those lands where now in many places an 
 almost impenetrable wilderness exists. This 
 circumstance, however, is not peculiar to 
 America, for we have but to glance at the 
 Old Continent to find similar examples, par 
 ticularly in India ; but we possess more or 
 less information with regard to these remains 
 of civilization in Asia through the medium 
 of the Hindoo and other records. In like 
 manner, the past magnificence of Egypt and 
 Assyria have been gradually unfolded by 
 means of their graven monuments, but it 
 does not seem probable that the tablets of 
 hieroglyphics at Palenque, Copan, and Quirigua 
 will be so soon or so easily deciphered. 
 
 In all probability it is upon the Central 
 American monuments that any future dis 
 coveries regarding the primitive races, belong- 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 59 
 
 ing at least to that part of the continent, 
 mainly depend, for at present we have little 
 more than tradition to guide us, although there 
 are many indications that may serve to show 
 us the right quarter towards which to direct 
 our gaze. 
 
 The gigantic and time-worn memorials of 
 these mysterious people are surely deserving 
 a more minute investigation than has yet 
 been bestowed on them. Mr. Stephens, in 
 his interesting work, describes them as being 
 worthy of comparison with those existing in 
 Egypt or India ! 
 
 Few and slender are the links of the chain 
 that connect the primitive races of the new 
 continent with their brethren of the old : still 
 they exist, although no western Rosetta-stone 
 has as yet been discovered that may enable 
 us to decipher the mysterious hieroglyphics of 
 Palenque and Copan, and it will be a matter 
 of the greatest difficulty, if indeed it be now 
 possible, to break through the spell which 
 for centuries has enveloped with doubt and 
 
60 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 uncertainty those interesting monuments of 
 ancient civilization. 
 
 It is necessary, while examining the different 
 conjectures that have been made as to the 
 early migrations of the three typical races of 
 the human family, to bear in mind that it is 
 possible the geographical aspect of our planet 
 has undergone considerable alteration during 
 even the historic period of some four thousand 
 five hundred years ; and although we have 
 satisfactory evidence that few of the great 
 mountain ranges or large rivers have under 
 gone any material change since the universal 
 deluge, still we have ample data to satisfy us 
 that many tracts of land have been the scene 
 of tremendous convulsions through the agency 
 of volcanic eruptions, when rivers have been 
 diverted from their courses, and turned into 
 different channels, vast portions of land up 
 heaved, and, on the other hand, large tracts 
 of country submerged. 
 
 We see instances of these disturbing causes 
 at the temple of Puzzoli, at the ruins of 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 61 
 
 Mahabalipuran, together with ancient Cutch 
 in India. 
 
 Old Callao was sunk beneath the waters of 
 the Pacific during the terrible earthquake in 
 1746. 
 
 In 1/62, a large river in India dried up, and 
 sixty square miles of land sunk down, along 
 the Chittagong coast, while at the same time 
 a large tract was raised at Cheduba, and in 
 the island of Ramree. 
 
 "According to the accounts of the Chinese and Japanese 
 chroniclers, several volcanoes have risen from the bed of 
 the sea on the coasts of Japan and Corea during the 
 historical period. In the year 1007 a roar of thunder 
 announced the appearance of the volcano of Toinmoura 
 or Taulo, on the south of Corea ; and then, after seven 
 days and seven nights of profound darkness, the mountain 
 was seen. It was no less than four leagues in circum 
 ference, and towered up like a block of sulphur to a 
 height of more than a thousand feet. More than this, 
 the celebrated Fusi Yama itself, the highest mountain in 
 Japan, is said to have been upheaved in a single night 
 from the bosom of the sea, twenty-one and a half centuries 
 ago." Paper read by Mr. H. Houuarth before the RL 
 Geo. Soc., vol. xliii., p. 256. 
 
 In the Neiv Zealand Herald of October 14, 
 
62 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 1878, information has been received from 
 Lieutenant Home, of H.M. Schooner Sandfly, 
 respecting the harbour of Port Resolution, 
 Tanna, in the New Hebrides, and given to 
 him by the Rev. Mr. Neilson, the resident 
 missionary : 
 
 "On the loth January, 1878, there was the very severe 
 earthquake, the land on the north shore rising some 
 twenty feet or more. On the I4th February there was 
 another very severe shock, when the same land rose 
 another twelve feet, as near as he could calculate ; also 
 a reef extending about two hundred yards in a north 
 easterly direction from Cook s Pyramid, a wash at all. 
 states of the tide ; at the same time the small bay to 
 the north of this harbour was filled in entirely by the 
 falling forward into the sea of upwards of a hundred and 
 fifty acres of earth and rock, making the coast line 
 almost straight, and about a hundred and fifty feet high. 
 For three square miles to the northward of Port Reso 
 lution, it is one mass of loose earth and rock, with 
 numerous hot-springs. The harbour is much contracted, 
 and the dangers much increased. When the second 
 shock took place, there was a surf from twenty to thirty 
 feet high, raised by the land falling into the sea ; this 
 rushed into the harbour, taking everything before it." 
 
 When visiting Tanna in March 1869, I 
 noticed the elevation of the coral beds some 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 63 
 
 forty feet above the sea level, showing they 
 had been upheaved. The volcano of Yasowa 
 was, as usual, in full activity, an explosion 
 taking place with great regularity every five 
 and a half minutes, when large pieces of rock 
 and a quantity of cinders were ejected. 
 
 The earthquake of 1822 raised the coast of 
 Chili, about Conception, two and a half feet, 
 and Captain Fitzroy found dead mussels ten 
 feet above high-water mark. Darwin s Nat. 
 Voyage, p. 310. The harbour of Wellington, 
 New Zealand, was raised four and a half feet 
 by the earthquakes of 1855. 
 
 There are two buried temples near Avan- 
 tipura, in Cashmere, which according to Sir 
 C. Lyell must have sunk down at some period 
 not later than the fourteenth century. 
 
 Professor Ansted, in alluding to the changes 
 of level in Asia, says, 
 
 " These changes are of comparatively recent date, many 
 of them having gone on even during the historic period. 
 Probably much of the low land of Central Asia has only 
 at a very recent period emerged from the sea." 
 
64 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Again he remarks, 
 
 " A chain of islands, nearly continuous, may then have 
 existed in what is now called the North Pacific Ocean, 
 bringing the islands east and south of the Philippines 
 into close relation with Australia, and, with the Archi 
 pelago, extending many hundred miles to the east of that 
 continent ; while Australia may also have been then 
 extended westward and northward between the tropics." 
 AnstecPs Ancient World, chap, xiv., pp. 315, etc. 
 
 In connexion with this last conjecture, it is 
 not a little remarkable that some of the South 
 Sea Islanders state that their islands were 
 formerly all united in one large continent, but 
 that the gods in anger destroyed it, and 
 scattered them over the ocean. Ellis s Poly 
 nesian Researches, vol. ii., p. 40. 
 
 The disruption of an isthmus like Suez or 
 Panama would have the effect of checking the 
 migration of tribes in earlier times, while the 
 drying-up of some large river, or even one 
 of its tributaries, would force whole tribes to 
 abandon that part of the country and move in 
 another direction in search of water. 
 
 In like manner, the disappearance of islands 
 in an ocean would have the effect of isolating 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 65 
 
 those that remained, perhaps for many hun 
 dreds of miles from the mainland, and thereby 
 cutting off all communication in the direction 
 the primitive inhabitants may have come from. 
 
 How Easter Island was peopled is still a 
 great puzzle, for it is twelve hundred miles 
 from any other group, and two thousand four 
 hundred and sixty miles from the mainland 
 of South America. These islanders, when dis 
 covered, possessed neither the means nor the 
 knowledge to construct anything similar to 
 the statues which still exist on the island, the 
 workmanship of which, according to Captain 
 Cook, was not inferior to the best piece of 
 masonry in England. 
 
 Some of these statues were lying overthrown, 
 and measure 27 feet, and 8 feet across the 
 shoulders, while others still standing appeared 
 much larger. The platforms on which they 
 stood averaged from 30 feet to 40 feet long, 
 1 2 feet to 1 6 feet broad, and from 3 feet to 
 1 2 feet high, all built of hewn stones in the 
 Cyclopean style, having no cement. 
 
 5 
 
66 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Although the inhabitants belong to the same 
 race as the Sandwich Islanders, Tahitians, and 
 New Zealanders, (for Cook found them speak 
 ing the same language, and having similar 
 features and colour,) they possessed only four 
 canoes, and these so small as to be incapable 
 of containing more than four persons. Mr. 
 Clements Markham says, " Captain Cook, in 
 writing of these remains, might be describing 
 the temple of Pachacamac, or the ruins of 
 Tiahuanuco, so marked is the resemblance." 
 Cook s Voyages, 1774 : Cuzco and Lima y chap, i., 
 p. 1 8. 
 
 These facts are the more singular when we 
 consider this island lies within the belt of the 
 south-east trade wind, which canoes would have 
 to encounter in order to get to the eastward 
 towards the mainland, being in lat. 27 8 S. ; 
 and, moreover, it is out of the influence of the 
 south equatorial current. 
 
 Ships coming from the northward which are 
 bound for Chilian or Peruvian ports, after 
 passing Easter Island, seldom get their heads 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 67 
 
 towards the coast much before lat. 35, making 
 a slightly curved course from lat. 32. 
 
 But notwithstanding the voluntary transits 
 different races may have made, and did make, 
 owing to unsuccessful wars, increase of numbers, 
 or from a spirit of enterprise, we have well- 
 authenticated instances of members of the 
 Polynesian family having performed forced 
 voyages, drifting about in canoes, owing to 
 being blown off their own coasts, and having 
 landed hundreds of miles distant from whence 
 they started. 
 
 Malte-Brun says: in 1696, two canoes 
 containing thirty people were thrown by 
 storms and contrary winds on the Philippine 
 Islands, eight hundred miles from their 
 homes. 
 
 Captain Beechey gives an interesting account 
 of three canoes, with natives from Anao, or 
 Chain Island, in the South Pacific, being dis 
 persed by the monsoon to several uninhabited 
 islands: he found them six hundred miles from 
 their own home, and took them back ; but 
 
68 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 many had perished, during their involuntary 
 voyage, from hunger. 
 
 Kotzebue tells us that Kadu and three of 
 his countrymen were driven from Ulea ; they 
 drifted about for eight months, sustaining 
 themselves with rain water and fish, and were 
 eventually cast upon the islands of Aur, their 
 distance from home in a direct line being no 
 less than fifteen hundred miles. 
 
 In 1721, two canoes, one of which contained 
 twenty-four and the other six persons, men, 
 women, and children, were drifted from an 
 island called Farroilep, to the island of Gua- 
 ham, one of the Marians, a distance of two 
 hundred miles. 
 
 Captain Beechey discovered forty natives of 
 Tahiti, cast on a desolate island, and named 
 by him Byam Martin Island ; and while Mr. 
 Ellis was at Tubai, a canoe from Tahiti, bound 
 to the Paumotu or Pearl Islands, had drifted 
 on shore with some of the islanders. Vol. i., 
 
 P- 55- 
 
 In 1767, Pitcairn Island was uninhabited, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 69 
 
 but in 1789 the mutineers of the Bounty 
 reached there from Tahiti with several women, 
 and when H.M.S. Briton touched there in 
 1814, forty-six people were found on it, and 
 some infants. In 1825 there were sixty-six; 
 and in 1831, when moved to Tahiti at their 
 own request, there were eighty-seven ; while 
 in 1855, when I visited them, they numbered 
 many more, and the younger portions of the 
 community were shortly after taken to Norfolk 
 Island. Again, in 1820, a canoe arrived at 
 Maurua, close to Borabora (Society Islands), 
 that had been nearly three weeks at sea, and 
 driven from Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands, 
 more than seven hundred miles to the south 
 east, and this was within the influence of the 
 south-east trade wind. There is only one way 
 of accounting for this, namely, by supposing 
 the canoe to have been swept down across the 
 south-east trade, and to the southward, when 
 it reached the calm belt of Capricorn and the 
 counter current ; and then, encountering the 
 north-west and westerly winds, was driven back 
 
70 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 into the trade. Or she might have been driven 
 across the trade wind to the northward, and so 
 have got into the counter equatorial current, 
 which carried her westward until she again 
 got into the influence of the trade. 
 
 We were set N. 73 W., fifty-three miles 
 in twenty-four hours, in H.M.S. Amphitrite, on 
 the 3Oth December, 1854, by this counter 
 current, while on the passage from the Sand 
 wich Islands to Raitea (Society group). 
 
 " On the most distant solitary islands discovered in 
 recent years, such as Pitcairn s, on which the mutineers 
 of the Bounty settled, and on Fanning s Island, near 
 Christmas Island, midway between the Society and Sand 
 wich Islands, although now desolate, relics of former 
 inhabitants have been found. Pavements of floors, 
 foundations of houses, and stone entrances have been 
 discovered ; and stone adzes or hatchets have been found 
 at some distance from the surface." 
 
 And with regard to the traditions of the 
 Society and Harvey islanders, and their in 
 voluntary voyages in canoes, the same writer 
 says, 
 
 " If we suppose the population of the South Sea Islands 
 to have proceeded from east to west, these events illus- 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 71 
 
 trate the means by which it may have been accom 
 plished ; for it is a striking fact that every such voyage 
 related in the accounts of voyagers, preserved in the 
 traditions of the natives, or of recent occurrence, has 
 invariably been found, from east to west, directly 
 opposite to that in which it must have been, had the 
 population been altogether derived from the Malayan 
 Archipelago." Ellis s Polynesian Researches, vol. iv., 
 pp. 124 126. 
 
 Bishop Selwyn has given his opinion (and 
 we could have no better on this subject) that 
 the larger groups of islands in the vast Pacific 
 Ocean seem to have " acted like great nets, 
 and caught the stray canoes that had been 
 drifting about before the storm." The migra 
 tions which took place, he remarks, were not 
 always accidental, for in the Caroline Islands 
 the natives started off in swarms in their 
 canoes to find a new home, their former homes 
 having become too crowded. 
 
 The Sandwich islanders it is almost certain 
 came from the Georgian group, and the New 
 Zealanders came from the Sandwich Islands to 
 the Navigators ; and in the memory of their 
 own traditions, according to Bishop Selwyn, 
 
72 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 " thirty or forty generations back, came to 
 New Zealand." 
 
 But the Pacific Islands are inhabited by two 
 distinct races of men, to which we shall have 
 occasion to refer. 
 
 Wallace mentions two instances, in 1682 
 and 1684, when some Esquimaux were driven 
 to sea in their canoes and reached the Orkneys 
 in safety. 
 
 But the most significant instance on record, 
 and nearer in approach to our subject, is the 
 fact that only a few years ago a Japanese junk 
 was picked up on the American coast near 
 the mouth of the Columbia river, and another 
 was driven ashore on the Sandwich Islands. 
 These vessels must have been driven off 
 their own shores while coasting, the Japanese 
 having no trade with other people at that 
 time, and carried to the places where they 
 were found by the prevailing westerly winds 
 and the " Black stream," or Japan current. 
 
 Professor Maury, speaking of this current, 
 says, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 73 
 
 " The natives of the Aleutian Islands, where no trees 
 grow, depend upon the drift-wood cast ashore there for 
 all the timber used in the construction of their boats, 
 fishing tackle, and household gear. Among this timber, 
 the camphor-tree, and other woods of China and Japan, 
 are said to be often recognized." Physical Geography 
 of the Sea, Art. 395, p. 196. 
 
 Behring s Straits are at the present day only 
 forty miles across, and may at some period 
 have been considerably less, if the two conti 
 nents did not actually unite. It is, however, 
 a communication easy for canoes, especially 
 as in clear weather the shores of the two 
 continents are distinctly visible. 
 
 A little further to the south, the chain of 
 the Aleutian Islands stretch across from what 
 was formerly Russian America to within a 
 hundred and thirty miles of the coast of 
 Kamtchatka, forming another probable means 
 of communication, aided as we have seen by 
 the prevailing winds and current. 
 
 When on the passage from the Sea of 
 Okhotsk to Sitka, in H.M.S. Amphitrite, we 
 experienced a south-easterly set nearly the 
 whole way across. This Japan current takes 
 
74 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 much the same course as the Gulf Stream in 
 the Atlantic, but does not possess either the 
 velocity or high temperature of the latter. 
 
 Looking at the probable means of early 
 transit on the Atlantic side, we find the nearest 
 communication with America is by the Faroe 
 Islands and Iceland. 
 
 The Scandinavian manuscripts inform us 
 that as far back as A.D. 875, voyages were 
 made between Iceland and Scandinavia, when 
 a settlement was founded by the Northmen, 
 and from whence they reached Greenland in 
 the year 983. But the Esquimaux, long 
 previous to this date, had spread along the 
 northern shores, as the Scandinavian adven 
 turers found them inhabiting Greenland, and 
 were told by them that another nation existed 
 further south, and occupied a large portion 
 of land. They described them as altogether 
 different from themselves ; that they wore 
 white clothing, carried long poles with cloth 
 on them, and uttered strange cries. 
 
 Humboldt says that " in the oldest sagas, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 75 
 
 the historical narrations of Thorfiun Karlsefne, 
 and the Icelandic Landnama books, these 
 southern coasts between Virginia and Florida 
 are designated by the name of the White 
 Men s Land." Cosmos, vol. ii., p. 236. 
 
 In the beginning of the tenth century, 
 Gunnbjorn, the son of Ulf Krake, a Norwegian, 
 discovered some large rocks due-west from 
 Iceland (the Skerries). 
 
 In 982 A.D., Erick the Red, with his father, 
 being outlawed for murder, fled westward, and 
 found land which he called Midjokul ; and 
 then he sailed in a southerly direction, seeking 
 for the nearest habitable land. The following 
 year (983), he came to Ericksfiord. In 985 
 he went back to Iceland, and in 986 returned, 
 and settled in this land, which he called 
 Greenland. 
 
 This account is taken from a most inte 
 resting paper, called " The Site of the Lost 
 Colony of Greenland determined, and Pre- 
 Columbian Discoveries of America confirmed, 
 from fourteenth-century documents," by R. H. 
 
76 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Major, F.S.A., and Secretary F.R.G.S., read 
 9th June, 1873. This paper contains an 
 account how one Nicolo Zeno, a member of 
 one of the noblest and most ancient families 
 in Venice, set forth in the early part of the 
 fourteenth century on a voyage of discovery 
 into the northern seas. He was wrecked on 
 what he describes as the island of Frislanda, 
 and rescued from the wreckers by the chief 
 called Zichmmi. 
 
 A long account is given of his adventures, 
 which had for many years been doubted, but 
 which Mr. Major proves to have been accurate. 
 He says, 
 
 " The Zeno document is now shown to be the latest 
 in existence, as far as we know, giving details respecting 
 the important lost east colony of Greenland, which has 
 been so anxiously sought for." 
 
 Among other things, he mentions the 
 existence of an island between Iceland and 
 Greenland, and Mr. Major says, 
 
 "In the 1507 edition of Ptolemy, is a most valuable 
 map of the world, made by a German named Johann 
 Ruysch, a map which would be eminently remarkable 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 77 
 
 as an engraved map if only for its very early date, but 
 it is pre-eminently so from the fact that it is the first 
 engraved map on which America is laid down." 
 
 And it is on this map that the destruction of 
 the island laid down on Zeno s chart is noted 
 as having taken place in the year 1456, by 
 volcanic eruption, where now exists a shoal 
 full sixty miles long from north to south, and 
 about twenty-five miles from east to west, 
 soundings being marked on it from twenty- 
 five to a hundred fathoms. 
 
 After the Norsemen had been some time 
 in Greenland, the Skroellings (Esquimaux), who 
 came from Northern Siberia, invaded Green 
 land in the middle of the fourteenth century, 
 and slaughtered all the Norsemen. 
 
 Ivar Bardsen was sent to succour the sister 
 colony, and to drive away the Skrcellings. 
 He found, however, on arriving there, neither 
 Christian nor heathen, but only some cattle 
 running wild, which his people took on board 
 their vessels and returned home. 
 
 It is still a matter of doubt whether Iceland 
 
78 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 itself did not receive its first inhabitants from 
 America, as in the oldest chronicles of that 
 island the first inhabitants are called " West 
 men, who had come across the sea." 
 
 The ancient Irish accounts all agree in 
 stating that letters and the arts of civilization 
 were introduced into their country by a people 
 called Phenians, who evidently were of a dif 
 ferent stamp from those foolish people who 
 have borrowed this name in the present day, 
 and by their silly attempts at rebellion have 
 done so much to check the prosperity of 
 their country. The ancient Phenians are sup 
 posed to have come from the Mediterranean to 
 Spain, and then to the British islands. It would 
 be interesting to know whether these early 
 settlers were a Phoenician or a Carthaginian 
 colony. 
 
 The extracts given by Heeren from the 
 Carthaginian commander Himilco, of the coun 
 tries of Europe beyond the Pillars of Hercules, 
 mention the " ^Estrymnide (Scilly) Islands," also 
 the " Holy Island (once so called), which lies 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 79 
 
 expanded on the sea, the dwelling of the 
 Hibernian race." 
 
 But it is possible the Carthaginians may 
 have been driven into that sea which Himilco 
 describes as having himself been on for four 
 months ; " for here no wind wafted the bark, 
 so motionless stood the indolent wave. Sea 
 weed abounds, and retards the vessel in her 
 course ; while monsters of the deep swarm 
 around." 
 
 We could not have a clearer description of 
 the " Sargasso Sea " westward of the Canary 
 Islands ; but he speaks again of the sea 
 " beyond the Pillars, on Europe s coast," into 
 which he says " no ship has yet ventured," 
 and where "thick fogs rest on the waters."- 
 Heeren s Carthage: Hist. Researches, vol. i., App., 
 p. 502. 
 
 A most interesting account from another 
 Scandinavian MS. makes mention of a vessel 
 that was driven off the coast of Iceland in the 
 year A.D. 999, bound for Sweden ; she was 
 reported to have been lost with all on board, 
 
8o THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 but some time after another vessel from Iceland 
 met with contrary winds and strong north-east 
 gales, which drove her on an unknown coast, 
 where the people on board discovered their 
 own countrymen whom they had supposed lost 
 at sea. One year later, Lief Eiricksson (Lief, 
 the son of Eric the Red) discovered America 
 Proper, about the coast of Rhode Island and 
 Connecticut, naming it " Vinland the Good." 
 Cosmos, vol. ii., p. 603. 
 
 The Phoenicians were undoubtedly the ear 
 liest maritime people of the old continent, and 
 we have seen them establishing colonies in 
 the countries north of the Straits of Gibraltar, 
 and working tin mines in Spain, Britain, and 
 probably Ireland ; and as the compass was then 
 unknown, (at least in Europe,) their voyages 
 were performed by coasting along the shore. 
 But they were not long in discovering the rich 
 peninsula of India by way of the Red Sea ; 
 and in the reign of Pharaoh-Neco they dis 
 covered the passage round the Cape of Good 
 Hope, twenty-one centuries before the Portu- 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 81 
 
 guese, Vasco de Gama, found the same way 
 to the Indies in 1497, and may probably have 
 reached America, not only by the medium of 
 the Faroe Islands and Iceland, but by way of 
 the Cape de Verde Islands and the Canaries, as, 
 independent of accidental discovery by being 
 driven across the North Atlantic, the same 
 spirit of enterprise that animated Columbus, 
 the same trade winds, and the same equatorial 
 current, may possibly have transported them 
 to the shores of Brazil, or the islands of the 
 Antilles. 
 
 The inscriptions on the Dighton rock, on the 
 east side of the Taunton river in Massachusetts, 
 has puzzled antiquaries not a little, some pro 
 nouncing them to be Phoenician characters, 
 others, amongst whom is Mr. Schoolcraft, Scan 
 dinavian. The learned Humboldt considers it 
 probable they are Carthaginian. The natives, 
 at the time of the first European settlement, 
 said that strangers in wooden houses had sailed 
 up the Taunton river, conquered the red men, 
 and engraved the marks on the rock, which 
 
 6 
 
82 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 is now covered with the water of the river. 
 Humboldfs Researches, vol. i., p. 152. 
 
 The sketch given, in the work of Messrs. 
 Squier and Davis, of a flint knife from a 
 Scandinavian barrow, and of a hornstone one 
 taken from a mound in Ohio, together with an 
 obsidian knife from the pyramid of Teotihuacan 
 in Mexico, all exhibit the most marked resem 
 blance. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 
 Valley, chap, xiii., p. 215. 
 
 Again, there is no doubt but that the Welsh 
 colony under Prince Madoc that sailed from 
 that country in ten vessels in the latter part 
 of the twelfth century, reached the shores of 
 America. They could not have been the 
 " white men " south of the Esquimaux, as the 
 latter had been spoken of four hundred years 
 before. Madoc probably reached the shores 
 of Florida, and established himself and com 
 panions on the banks of the Mississippi and 
 Ohio, travelling by degrees to the interior of 
 the continent, where their remains are now 
 found. Catlin, who gives a very minute 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 83 
 
 description of the Mandan tribe of Indians 
 (now extinct), says that he believes them to 
 be the remains of this lost colony, as he traced 
 them down from nearly 48 N. to the junction 
 of the Ohio with the Mississippi, a distance of 
 eighteen hundred miles. He found their remains 
 and fortifications on the Ohio, a hundred and 
 twenty miles eastward of the present town of 
 Cincinnati. He remarks : 
 
 " These ancient fortifications, which are very numerous 
 in that vicinity, some of which enclose a great many 
 acres, and being built on the banks of the rivers, with 
 walls in some places twenty or thirty feet in height, with 
 covered ways to the water, evince a knowledge of the 
 science of fortifications, apparently not a century behind 
 that of the present day, were evidently never built by any 
 nation of savages in America, and present to us incon 
 testable proof of the former existence of a people very 
 for advanced in the arts of civilization, who have, from 
 some cause or other, disappeared, and left these imperish 
 able proofs of their former existence." Catlings North 
 American Indians, vol. ii., p. 259. 
 
 The well-built huts of the Mandans, their 
 canoes, so similar to the early Welsh coracle, 
 together with their superior manufacture of 
 pottery, their light hair and eyes, show un- 
 
THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 mistakably their close connexion in early times 
 with a more civilized race ; and the following 
 list of Mandan and Welsh words give con 
 clusive evidence that Prince Madoc with his 
 followers reached this country. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 MANDAN. 
 
 WELSH. 
 
 PRONOUNCED 
 
 I 
 
 Me 
 
 Mi 
 
 Me 
 
 You 
 
 Ne 
 
 Chwi 
 
 Chwe 
 
 He 
 
 E 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 She 
 
 Ea 
 
 E 
 
 A 
 
 It 
 
 Ount 
 
 Hwynt 
 
 Hooynt 
 
 We 
 
 Noo 
 
 Ni 
 
 Ne 
 
 They 
 
 Eonah 
 
 Hwna (masc.) 
 Hona (fern.) 
 
 Hoona 
 Hona 
 
 Those ones 
 
 
 Yrhai Hyna 
 
 
 No, or There) 
 is not ) 
 
 Megosh 
 
 Nagoes 
 
 Nagosh 
 
 
 
 {Nage 
 
 
 No 
 
 . . 
 
 Nag 
 
 
 
 
 Na 
 
 
 Head 
 
 Pan 
 
 Pen 
 
 Pan 
 
 The Great 1 
 
 (Maho 
 
 Mawr Penacthir * 
 
 Maoor Panaether 
 
 Spirit j 
 
 } Peneta 
 
 Ysprid mawr f 
 
 Uspryd maoor 
 
 The old documents also mention a country 
 called Huitramannaland, or Whiteman s land, 
 and supposed to be the country of North and 
 South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 
 
 * To act as a great chief ; head or principal ; sovereign or 
 supreme. 
 t The Great Spirit. 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 85 
 
 There is a tradition among the Shawanese 
 Indians, who emigrated some years ago from 
 Florida and settled in Ohio, that Florida was 
 inhabited by white people who possessed iron 
 instruments. 
 
 " Perhaps," says Mr. Major, " the most interesting, 
 as showing the existence of Scandinavian people and 
 customs in America at that period, is the statement of 
 their making beer, which, as Zeno says, is a kind of 
 drink that northern people take as we do wine. "- 
 Journal Rl. Geo. So., vol. xliii., p. 201. 
 
 The traditions of many of the great Indian 
 tribes, now disappearing, attest their having 
 originally come from some other country. 
 
 The nation of the Chepewyan (sometimes 
 confounded with Chippeways) were formerly 
 a numerous and powerful people who in 
 habited the country between the parallels of 
 60 and 65 N., and 100 and 1 10 W. They 
 state that they originally came from another 
 country inhabited by a very wicked people ; 
 that they traversed a great lake which was 
 narrow, shallow, and full of islands ; they 
 suffered great misery as they were always in 
 
86 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 ice ; they landed at the mouth of a river 
 (the Coppermine ?) where the land was full 
 of copper. 
 
 Mackenzie says this people evidently came 
 from the western coast, and spread eastward ; 
 and a tribe of them is known to exist on 
 the upper part of the Saskatchiwine river. 
 
 The most powerful of all appear to have 
 been the great Ahaton nation, of which the 
 Algonquins, the Chippeways or Ojibbeways, 
 Pawnees, Choctaws, Hurons, Delawares, and 
 Cherokees, form a part. The name Ahaton 
 signifies " men who live about the great fall." 
 This is the fall of St. Anthony, on the north 
 branch of the Mississippi, and to the westward 
 of Lake Michigan. 
 
 The Delawares, many hundred years ago, 
 lived in the western part of the continent, 
 and migrated from thence about the same 
 time as the Iroquois or Kistenaux, which 
 means " chief of men." Mackenzie found 
 the whole of the country between the great 
 lakes and Hudson s Bay inhabited by them. 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 87 
 
 The Delawares and Iroquois both met 
 on the banks of the Mississippi, and drove 
 the inhabitants, the Alligervi, or Alleghans, 
 who dwelt on the eastern side of the river, 
 out of their territory, after many bloody 
 battles had been fought, the Alleghans re 
 treating down the river. 
 
 In like manner, the Cheyennes, the remnant 
 of a powerful nation, were driven by the Sioux 
 across the Missouri. The Sioux formed part 
 of the Dacotah nation, or " the nonpareils," 
 the Picanaux, Blood, Blackfeet, and Foxes 
 belong to this people. The Sioux Indians 
 display the least aptitude for civilization, or 
 for a fixed place of abode ; and from their 
 general appearance there is much to remind 
 us of the nomadic hordes of Tartary. They 
 ultimately drove the Cheyennes into the Black 
 hills, at the upper end of the Cheyenne river ; 
 and it was the circumstance of their being 
 found in that locality that made the French 
 traders give them that name. The original 
 name of the parent tribe was Shaway, which 
 
88 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Washington Irving states lived on a branch 
 of the Red River that flows into Lake Win 
 nipeg. 
 
 The North American Indians, although so 
 similar in their general appearance, are never 
 theless very diverse in many of their manners 
 and customs. For instance, we find the 
 Chinooks, belonging to the W T akash nation, 
 in Oregon and Vancouver s Island, compress 
 ing the heads of their children, and burying 
 their dead ; while the Tuckoli burn theirs, 
 and do not flatten the skull ; and yet both 
 are found to the west of the Rocky Moun 
 tains, and not far from each other. The 
 Tuckoli say they migrated from the sea- 
 coast, and they are totally distinct from the 
 surrounding tribes. 
 
 Enough has been said to show that com 
 munication had taken place between the two 
 continents through the medium of Iceland 
 as early as the ninth century of our era, 
 and that at that time America was found 
 inhabited by two different people, namely, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 89 
 
 the Esquimaux, who are of the same family 
 as the Lapps of Europe and the Samoyedes 
 of Asia, and therefore are classed under 
 Turanian, and the " white men " spoken of 
 by the Esquimaux as inhabiting the country 
 (the " good vinland ") to the south of them, 
 and who may have been Phoenicians or 
 Carthaginians. 
 
 Humboldt says, 
 
 " In the west, the Canary Islands and the Azores, 
 (which the son of Columbus, Don Fernando, considered 
 to be the first Cassiterides discovered by the Cartha 
 ginians,) and in the north, the Orkneys, the Faroe 
 Islands, and Iceland, became the intermediary stations 
 of transit to the new continent. They indicate the 
 two paths by which the European portion of mankind 
 became acquainted with Central and North America." 
 Cosmos, vol. ii., p. 129. 
 
 It is necessary to bear in mind that nearly 
 all the traditions, so far as we can trace them, 
 point to the north as the quarter from whence 
 the Toltecs, Aztecs, and many other nations 
 came. Mr. Delafield in his interesting work 
 has a facsimile of an Aztec map, no less 
 than seventeen and a half feet long, which 
 
90 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 was obtained by Mr. Bullock from the col 
 lection of the unfortunate Boturini, repre 
 senting the history of their journeys. Anti 
 quities of America, p. 96. 
 
 Humboldt is of opinion that the Toltecs 
 derived their origin from the Huns. 
 
 Adair, who lived forty years among some of 
 the tribes, assures us their origin is Israelitish. 
 
 Cabrera labours to show that the Phoenicians 
 first peopled America. 
 
 Sandoval endeavours to prove that the new 
 continent received its first inhabitants from 
 Ceylon and India. 
 
 Lord Kingsborough, in his magnificent work 
 of nine folio volumes, is quite as positive as 
 Adair that they are of Hebrew origin. 
 
 Colunio assigns them a Gaelic origin, while 
 Charron assures us they are of Celtic ex 
 traction. 
 
 Robertson is of opinion, with Humboldt, 
 that we must look for their ancestors among 
 the Tartar tribes of Asia. 
 
 To the impartial and delightful pages of 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 91 
 
 Prescott, together with the keen judgment 
 of Humboldt, as well as to the interesting 
 works of Dr. Wilson, and Professor Dawson 
 of Montreal, we are most indebted in our 
 endeavours to arrive at some satisfactory 
 conclusion. 
 
 At one stage of our investigations we 
 imagine the right trail has been struck, only 
 to lose it again after a short time ; those 
 circumstances deemed so similar with regard 
 to two nations of the Old and New Conti 
 nents at the commencement, will be met 
 by equally dissimilar ones a little further on, 
 severing for the time all the imaginary ties 
 of relationship. Still, as here and there the 
 print of the mocassin, or a broken twig, will 
 direct the Indian on the war-path in pursuit 
 of his object, so we have corresponding 
 indications of being on the right track ; and 
 although actual proof is often wanting, we 
 nevertheless by patient investigation are able 
 to arrive at a fair and reasonable conclusion. 
 
 We turn first of all to the two nations of 
 
92 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 the New World who were found at the time 
 of the conquest by the Spaniards, the centres 
 of civilization in North and South America, 
 namely, those of Mexico and Peru. 
 
icjraticms f0 America, 
 
 (Continued.} 
 
IV. 
 
 EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 
 (Continued?) 
 
 T N the map that accompanies this volume 
 will be seen the routes by which the early 
 voyagers probably passed from the Old to the 
 New Continent. We know for certain that 
 the Northmen discovered Greenland, and the 
 land farther south, in the latter part of the 
 tenth century of our era ; and that they found 
 the Skrcellings, or Esquimaux, there before 
 them, with the account of still another race of 
 "white men" further south. These Skrcellino-s 
 
 o 
 
 being of the same race as the Samoyedes of 
 Northern Asia, must have come across either 
 by Behring s Straits or by the same way as 
 the Northmen themselves. The former way 
 is the most probable, as their stations can be 
 traced on the northern shores of Siberia and 
 
96 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 on Bank s Land and the Parry Islands in 
 North America. Mr. Markham says, "It is at 
 least certain that when Eric the Red planted his 
 little colony of hardy Norsemen at the mouth 
 of one of the Greenland fiords, in the end of the 
 tenth century, he found the land apparently 
 far more habitable than it is to-day." 
 
 We also know that the Welsh colony under 
 Prince Madoc reached the shores of America, 
 probably about Florida, in the early part of 
 the twelfth century. But it is to a far 
 earlier migration than either of these that 
 we have to look. Who were these " white 
 men " that had reached America before the 
 Scandinavians ? 
 
 When we look to the maritime exploits of 
 the Phoenicians, their voyages to the British 
 islands for tin, together with their circum 
 navigation of Africa, we see the probable 
 earliest discoverers of the New World from 
 the Atlantic side. 
 
 "The port of Gades (Cadiz)" says Heeren, "must be 
 regarded as the chief place, and as the new starting-point, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 97 
 
 for all these distant voyages. Gades was adapted for the 
 navigation of the ocean, whose boundless expanse seemed 
 to dare the hardy adventurer to the discovery of what lay 
 beyond." 
 
 Diodorus Siculus says they (the Phoenicians) 
 had discovered " an island in the ocean many 
 days sail to the west of Lybia (North Africa), 
 the romantic description of which almost forces 
 upon our remembrance some of the Fortunate 
 Islands of the South Sea." Hcerens Historical 
 Researches, vol. i., p. 103. 
 
 Was this island one of the Canaries, or 
 Cape de Verdes ; or was it possibly one of 
 the Antilles? 
 
 We are reminded of that poem of the 
 " Morgante Maggiore " by Luigi Pulci, which 
 was written before the voyages of Columbus, 
 and previous to the discoveries of Galileo 
 or Copernicus, and which Mr. Prescott has 
 quoted in his Critical and Historical Essays, 
 p. 293. The Italian poet predicts the dis 
 covery of another continent beyond the ocean, 
 and alludes to the theory of gravitation. 
 Dante, two centuries before, had expressed the 
 
 7 
 
98 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 same belief in an undiscovered quarter of the 
 globe. 
 
 The fiend, alluding to the vulgar superstition 
 entertained of the Pillars of Hercules, thus 
 addresses his companion : 
 
 " Know that this theory is false ; his bark 
 The daring mariner shall urge far o er 
 The western wave, a smooth and level plain, 
 Albeit the earth is fashioned like a wheel. 
 Man was in ancient days of grosser mould, 
 And Hercules might blush to learn how far 
 Beyond the limits he had vainly set, 
 The dullest seaboat soon shall wing her way. 
 
 Men shall descry another hemisphere, 
 Since to one common centre all things tend ; 
 So earth, by curious mystery Divine, 
 Well-balanced, hangs amid the starry spheres. 
 At our Antipodes are cities, states, 
 And thronged empires, ne er divined of yore. 
 But see, the sun speeds on his western path, 
 To glad the nations with expected light." 
 
 Canto xxv., stanzas 229, 230. 
 
 Yes, long previous to the Scandinavian dis 
 covery of the " good vinland," the Phoenicians 
 had in all probability crossed the Atlantic in 
 those latitudes where a fishing-smack can run 
 with the greatest ease, and where the gentle 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 99 
 
 trade winds and the equatorial current com 
 pensate the sailor for the hardships he has en 
 dured off Cape Horn, or in the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith alludes to the 
 similarity that existed between some of the 
 Carib institutions, together with words in their 
 language, to those of the Phoenicians. Nat. 
 Hist,, p. 259. 
 
 We find a very close resemblance between 
 the Phoenician characters and those of Central 
 America, and a glance at the accompanying 
 table will show this. 
 
 There has been considerable doubt among 
 philologists how to class the Phoenicians 
 whether as Hamites or Semites ; but with 
 regard to the language there can be no doubt 
 that it was a Semitic one, and most closely 
 allied with the Hebrew ; the language of the 
 Carthaginians must therefore also be of the 
 same branch. 
 
 But in the tenth chapter of Genesis we read 
 that " Canaan begat Sidon, his first-born," the 
 oldest of the Phoenician states, and this would 
 
loo THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 consequently class the Phoenicians as Hamites, 
 and not Semites. 
 Dr. Farrar says, 
 
 " If the Phoenicians were indeed pure Semites, they 
 form a most singular exception to the general peculiarities 
 of their race. Little of what we have said respecting the 
 Semitic race in general, applies to them. Unlike their 
 national kindred, the Phoenicians were energetic, they 
 were enterprising, they were artistic, they were grossly 
 immoral, they were freely polytheistic. In short, they 
 were almost everything that the other Semites were not, 
 and scarcely anything that the other Semites were. If 
 they were a pure race, they would go far (as do the 
 Mexicans in America) to shake to its very foundations 
 the conception of ineradicable race-distinctions which 
 have long prevailed among so many ethnologists. The 
 argument against their being Semites is in part derived 
 from the fact that the tenth chapter of Genesis classes 
 
 them among the children of Ham Perhaps the 
 
 true solution of the difficulties which meet us in finding 
 them possessed of a civilization wholly unlike that of the 
 other people who spoke their language, lies in the fact 
 indicated in the book of Genesis by the fraternal relation 
 of Ham to Shem : perhaps, in fact, we may assume that 
 there was at an early period a close intercourse and 
 rapid interchange of relations between the descendants 
 of Ham and those of Shem, and that, in consequence, 
 the Hamites sometimes adopted the language of the 
 Semites while they retained tendencies and institutions of 
 a wholly different character." Families of Speech, p. 101. 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 101 
 
 Mr. Smith, with many others, thinks the 
 Phoenicians came into Palestine as immigrants 
 from the East, displacing the older population 
 mentioned in the Bible by the name of 
 Rephaim, Zuzim, Zamzummim, etc., as the 
 native traditions of the Phoenicians derived 
 their origin from the shores of the Persian 
 Gulf. And if the Hyksos, or shepherd kings 
 of Egypt, who Manetho expressly calls Phoeni 
 cians, were a branch of this migration, it would 
 account for the similarity in the alphabetic 
 characters of the two nations. 
 
 Again, we know that the Phoenician differed 
 only as a dialect from the Hebrew, a Semitic 
 language. Abraham had no difficulty in com 
 municating with the sons of Heth (Gen. xxiii.) ; 
 but Joseph s brethren were obliged to have 
 recourse to an interpreter when they went 
 down into Egypt to buy corn (Gen. xlii.) 
 Thus, if the primitive Canaanites had been 
 driven out by the Phoenicians, they, becoming 
 incorporated with them to a great extent, 
 and following their wickedness and idolatry, 
 
102 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 became the second inhabitants of Canaan, and 
 therefore the Canaanites of the Bible history who 
 were devoted to destruction. 
 
 The curse of Noah was on Canaan, the sou 
 of Ham. Ham was nevertheless the founder of 
 the two great ancient civilizations, Egypt and 
 Babylonia, while the blessing pronounced on 
 Shem was delayed for a long period. The 
 curse on Canaan did not come into operation 
 for four hundred years, showing the goodness 
 and severity of God. 
 
 Thus in the earliest times we find un 
 mistakable evidence of the Hamitic race being 
 the civilizers of the human family ! It was 
 not till the kingdoms of Egypt and Babylonia 
 sank, that the Aryan and Semitic nations, 
 descended respectively from Japheth and Shem, 
 took the lead in the progress of mankind. 
 
 " Alphabetic writing, astronomy, sculpture, navigation, 
 agriculture, plastic art, and textile industry, seem, all of 
 them, to have had their origin from Egypt and Babylon, 
 Mizraim and Nimrod, both descendants of Ham." 
 Rawlinsotfs Ancient Researches , vol. i., p. 75. 
 
 In the Canary Islands traces have been dis- 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 103 
 
 covered of a race that bore, in some respects, 
 a strong resemblance to both the Egyptians 
 and Phoenicians. 
 
 These ancient people, called Guanches, are 
 supposed to have been of Semitic origin, and 
 their traditions state they were descended from 
 a great and powerful people. 
 
 Their crania are similar to those found near 
 Lake Titicaca in Peru. They embalmed their 
 dead like the Egyptians and Peruvians. 
 
 These Guanches made a gallant resistance 
 against their invaders in the beginning of the 
 fifteenth century. They are described as of 
 great stature, but of very simple habits. 
 
 It is undeniable that the Carthaginians, who 
 sprung from the Phoenicians, found an Asiatic 
 population already settled in North Africa when 
 they arrived, probably about B.C. 2400 or 2300, 
 as they continued paying a tax or tribute for 
 the site of their city of Carthage. 
 
 Mr. Smith says, 
 
 "These nations, the Maxyas, were a branch of the 
 great Berber race, which was spread then as now over 
 
104 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 the whole of North Africa, between the chain of the Atlas 
 and the sea. They were of Asiatic origin, and belonged, 
 like the Phoenicians, to the Semitic family. They sup 
 planted, and drove back into the interior, the African races 
 of the Libyans and Gastulians. Sallust has preserved a 
 curious tradition, which was translated to him from the 
 Punic books of King Hiempsal, of the immigration of the 
 new settlers from Asia. They formed, he said, a portion 
 of the army, composed of various races, which Hercules 
 led abroad to seek adventures. When the hero died in 
 Spain, his followers were scattered ; and bodies of them, 
 consisting of Medes, Persians, and Armenians, were 
 transported by their ships to the northern shores of Africa. 
 Here the Medes and Armenians, mingling with the 
 Libyans near the shores of the Western Ocean, founded 
 the nation of the Mauri, or Mauretanians ; the Persians, 
 mixing with the more warlike Gaetulians of the centre, 
 became the ancestors of the roving Numidians, and 
 established the most powerful of the native kingdoms, 
 Numjdia, the scene of that famous war which the his 
 torian related." Smith s Ancient History, vol. ii., p. 389. 
 
 Prichard says, " the extension of this race 
 (Berber) through the Canary Islands is a 
 curious and interesting discovery of modern 
 times." His conclusions are as follows : 
 
 " On the whole, the evidence appears to show that the 
 Berber is a Hebraso-African tongue, like the Ghyz and 
 the Amharic. With an enormous difference of vocabu 
 lary, its pervading genius is thoroughly the same ; and, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 105 
 
 following grammatical peculiarities as our guide, the 
 received doctrines on this subject would seem to justify 
 the inference that the Berbers are a race anciently con 
 nected by blood with the Canaanites and the Ethiopians." 
 Nat. History of Man, vol. i., p. 275. 
 
 Dr. Earth remarks that the Berbers are 
 clearly recognized as the Tamhu of the Egyp 
 tian monuments. They were of a light colour, 
 wore earrings, and had a peculiar curl on the 
 right side of the head. 
 
 Here, then, in the Canary Islands we find a 
 probable stepping-stone to the new world in 
 very early times by either the Carthaginians 
 or by the Berbers. 
 
 If, as Mr. Newman conjectures, the great 
 Berber race of North Africa was anciently con 
 nected by blood with the Canaanites and 
 Ethiopians, then we have good reason for 
 thinking that this ancient race furnished the 
 primitive population to the Canary Islands, 
 who in all probability found their way, whether 
 by accident or design, to the Antilles, and 
 thence to South America. 
 
 Dr. Prichard says there is sufficient evidence 
 
106 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 in the remains of the language of the Guanches 
 to prove their descent from the Berbers, and 
 gives twenty-one words in both languages. 
 Vol. ii., p. 36. 
 
 The word Charaibe, or Carib, means war 
 like people, and a remnant still remains on the 
 island of St. Vincent. The Caribs of the isles 
 were a fine, handsome race ; their tradition 
 states that their ancestors came from the 
 mainland, and killed all the males, but saved 
 the females, 
 
 "The Carib women spoke a different language from 
 that of their husbands, because the Caribs had killed 
 the whole male population of the Arawakes, and married 
 their women ; and something similar seems to have taken 
 place among some tribes in Greenland." Max Miiller, 
 Science of Language, quoting Hervas., Catalogo i., pp. 
 212 and 369. 
 
 The Caribs closely resembled the Goahiros, 
 and it is very probable that the marauders 
 were these people. The Goahiros who inhabit 
 the country between the Rio de la Hecha 
 and the Gulf of Maracaibo, are, according to 
 Sullivan, the only original tribe in the torrid 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 107 
 
 zone that retains its liberty. They bear a great 
 resemblance to * the Caribs, being fierce and 
 untamed, and they differ from the other tribes 
 in appearance. 
 
 Again, the Natchez tribe, which formerly 
 existed in Florida, but is now extinct, had a 
 tradition that their forefathers came from the 
 rising sun across the big salt lake, that the 
 voyage was long, and that they were nearly 
 perishing with hunger when they reached 
 America. They buried their dead in a crouch 
 ing posture, the chin resting on the knees ; and 
 Stephens found all the corpses in Yucatan 
 buried in the same manner. We shall also 
 see that in Peru the mummies were found in 
 the same posture. 
 
 Both Humboldt and Rivero refer to the 
 story of Votan, the personage mentioned in 
 the Indian MS. of Chiapa (Central America), 
 who called himself a " chivim," or serpent, and 
 lord of the " sacred drum," called in the Chiapa 
 language Tapanahuasec. 
 
 Humboldt remarks the similarity of the 
 
loS THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 great calendar stone of the Mexicans, and the 
 representations cut upon it, to the Kala, or 
 god of Time, amongst the Hindoos, and to the 
 Moloch of the Phoenicians, " from which very 
 country there can be but little doubt America 
 received a portion of its first inhabitants." 
 Researches in Ant. America, vol. i., p. 176. 
 
 We therefore think it highly probable that, 
 from the opposite shores of North Africa, one 
 of the first streams of human migration found 
 its way to the Antilles, and thence to Florida, 
 as well as to the coast of Brazil, and in course 
 of time dispersed itself along the great water 
 highways of the Amazon and Orinoco, and 
 through the Isthmus of Panama to Central 
 America. On the Pacific side, we have seen 
 the Skrcellings (Esquimaux) advancing by the 
 northern coasts from Asia to America. 
 
 Behring s Straits form the nearest communi 
 cation by which the Alleghans, Toltecs, Chichi 
 mecs, and Aztecs came across from Asia to the 
 great lake country of America. If the country 
 of Aztalan is really the " lake country," then 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 109 
 
 we find it took them four hundred and sixteen 
 years of wandering to reach the Mexican 
 plateau, during which time they had fifteen 
 halting-places, probably of many years duration. 
 
 That these nations followed each other by 
 successive waves of migration from the shores 
 of Asia, there is no reason to doubt. All their 
 traditions point to the north-west as the quarter 
 from whence their ancestors came. They 
 passed from about lat. 42 N. through Ohio, 
 Mississippi, and Illinois, and their remains still 
 exist in these regions ; none are found north of 
 the great lakes. 
 
 Colonel Hamilton Smith says the Finnic 
 and Tartar dialects resemble the Aztec, like 
 wise the Othomi. Captain Cook found the 
 language about Nootka sound similar to the 
 Mexican in the frequent ending of the words 
 in /, //, and z. 
 
 Mr. Prescott says, 
 
 "The languages spread over the western continent far 
 exceed in number those found in any equal population in 
 the eastern. They exhibit the remarkable anomaly of 
 differing as widely in etymology as they agree in organi- 
 
i io THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 zation ; and, on the other hand, while they bear some 
 slight affinity to the languages of the Old World in the 
 former particular, they have no resemblance to them 
 whatever in the latter." 
 
 But there is an exception in the Othomi 
 language, which was widely spoken ; and they 
 appear, in conjunction with the Totonacs, to 
 have inhabited the country " before the arrival 
 of the Chichimecs" 
 
 Dr. Prichard remarks on the Othomi as a 
 very remarkable people, from the circumstance 
 that, while all the other known languages of 
 American are polysyllabic, and abounding with 
 complicated constructions, the Othomi, as it 
 has been proved by a late writer, a native of 
 Mexico, Don E, Naxera, was a monosyllabic 
 dialect " It would seem to belong to the 
 same family of languages with the Chinese 
 and Indo-Chinese idioms." Nat. Hist, of Man, 
 vol. ii., p. 512. 
 
 This circumstance, coupled with the account 
 given by De Guignes, in a translation made 
 from the Chinese annals, of a voyage that had 
 been made by them to Foo-sang, a country 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. in 
 
 which by its geographical position must have 
 been the north-west coast of America, in the 
 fifth century A.D., proves that intercourse had 
 taken place between the Chinese and America 
 about A.D. 458, as it was in that year five 
 bonzes from Samarkand are said to have 
 preached Buddhism to the newly discovered 
 Americans. 
 
 The historian Robertson considers the 
 Othomies to have been the residue of the 
 original inhabitants of North America, that 
 is, of its first inhabitants ; if this be the 
 case, they must have been identical with the 
 Alleghans, or Mound-builders. 
 
 But further proof of communication between 
 the two continents is found in the striking 
 similarity that existed in the zodiacal signs of 
 the Aztecs and the Tartar nations. 
 
 Mr. Prescott says, 
 
 "The symbols in the Mongolian calendar are borrowed 
 from animals. Four of the twelve are the same as the 
 Aztec; three others are as nearly the same as the dif 
 ferent species of animals in the two hemispheres would 
 allow j the remaining five refer to no creature found 
 
ii2 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 in Anahnac. The resemblance went as far as it could. 
 The similarity of these conventional symbols among the 
 several nations of the East, can hardly fail to carry 
 conviction of a common origin for the system, as regards 
 them. Why should not a similar conclusion be applied 
 to the Aztec calendar, which, although relating to days 
 instead of years, was, like the Asiatic, equally appropriated 
 to chronological uses, and to those of divination ? " 
 Mexico, vol. ii., p. 487. 
 
 The cycles of the Asiatic nations differed, 
 however, from the American ; thus, the 
 
 Mexican, fifty-two years. 
 
 Peruvian, none. 
 
 Hindoo, sixty years. 
 
 Chinese, 
 
 Egyptian, 
 
 Chaldaean, 
 
 Persian, 
 
 But the Aztec number of lunar months of 
 thirteen days, contained in a cycle of fifty-two 
 years, corresponded precisely with the number 
 of years in the great Sothic period of the 
 Egyptians, namely, 1491, a period in which 
 the seasons and, festivals came round to the 
 same place in the year again. 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 113 
 
 The signs of the zodiac (as given on next 
 page) are copied from Humboldt s researches 
 concerning the institutions and monuments of 
 the ancient inhabitants of America. 
 
 Leaving for a moment these civilized nations 
 that were found at the conquest inhabiting the 
 Mexican plateau, we find unmistakable evi 
 dence of a returning tide of migration that had 
 taken place in the intertropical regions of the 
 Pacific. 
 
 The peculiar formation of so many of the 
 islands in that vast ocean tell the tale of 
 gradual subsidence : the barrier reefs that en 
 circle the vast majority of them show that for 
 many hundreds of years they have been slowly 
 sinking beneath the waters of the ocean, and 
 only here and there do we find evidence of an 
 upheaval having taken place. 
 
 This, however, is not the case on the western 
 coast of America ; for there we see in every 
 successive earthquake (and they occur rapidly) 
 the signs of the coast having been raised. The 
 forces that elevated the vast chain of the 
 
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ii4 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
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EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 115 
 
 Andes, and which have left so many terraces, 
 particularly in Chili, are still in operation, and 
 though perhaps reduced in force and frequency 
 from what they once were, are nevertheless strll 
 felt in the terrible throes of those active 
 volcanoes which are so numerous on the coast, 
 and which extend across to the Sandwich 
 Islands and Japan, and along the whole coast 
 of Kamchatka. 
 Mr. Ellis says, 
 
 "The natives of the eastern part of New Holland, and 
 the intertropical islands within 30 E., including New 
 Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and the Fijis, appear to be 
 one nation, and in all probability came originally from the 
 Asiatic islands to the northward, as their skin is black, 
 and their hair woolly and crisped, like the inhabitants 
 of the mountainous parts of the Asiatic islands. But the 
 inhabitants of all the islands east of the Fijis, including 
 the Friendly Islands and New Zealand, though they 
 have many characteristics in common with these, have 
 a number essentially different." Polynesian Researches, 
 vol. iv., p. 432. 
 
 The New Hebrides, lying north and south, 
 appear at some time or other to have been the 
 meeting-place of people of different types. 
 
n6 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 The vast number of islands that are scattered 
 over the North and South Pacific Oceans have 
 been divided into five groups, by Mr. Crawford, 
 namely, 
 
 1. Malaisia : this includes the East Indian 
 islands, comprising the Philippines, and Sumatra, 
 Java, Celebes, and Borneo; inhabited by Malays. 
 
 2. Melanesia : New Guinea, New Britain, 
 Solomon Islands, and New Hebrides; inhabited 
 by a dark, woolly-haired race. 
 
 3. Australia ; inhabited by a black race 
 with straight hair. 
 
 4. Micronesia : Pellew, Ladrone, Banabe, 
 and several small groups east of the Philippines, 
 extending from about 132 E. to 178 W. 
 longitude; and from 21 N. to 5 S. latitude; 
 inhabited by a mixed race. 
 
 5. Polynesia: East Pacific islands, as the 
 Navigators , Friendly, Society, Sandwich groups, 
 and New Zealand ; inhabited by a race like 
 the Malay. 
 
 With regard to the last-named group, Mr. 
 Ellis thinks that the Sandwich Islands were 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 117 
 
 settled before the Society, the Georgian, or the 
 Friendly, south of the equator ; and gives as 
 a reason, that their genealogies extend much 
 farther back. 
 
 Two races exist among the island groups, 
 one similar in many respects to the negro, 
 though superior ; the other resembling the 
 eastern Asiatics. 
 
 No one who has visited the different islands 
 can fail to be struck with the distinctive 
 character of these two peoples. Traces of 
 this mixture are plainly discernible even 
 among the New Zealand tribes, while the 
 Fijis seem to be a mixture of the Papuan 
 and Polynesian. 
 
 The Papuans are a magnificent race, with 
 black skin, crisp hair, and fine features, the 
 lips being much thinner than the negro. 
 
 The Polynesian race more nearly approach 
 the Malay, having a light copper-coloured 
 skin, strong slightly curled hair, and the head 
 short and broad, with a remarkably flat 
 posterior head like that of the American 
 
ii8 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Indians. Their language, however, is decidedly 
 of Asiatic origin. 
 
 It is generally admitted that the Malay, 
 Melanesian, and Polynesian, are all descended 
 from one stock ; and the Micronesians are a 
 mixture of all three, as their language proves. 
 
 The resemblance between the Indians of 
 Central America and the Polynesians is very 
 marked, and the stone images and platforms 
 found on many of the islands are so similar to 
 those of Peru, that there seems good reason for 
 believing the eastern islands of the Pacific were 
 peopled at one time from America, though 
 now fused with a Malay element. 
 
 The pyramidal structures of many of the 
 temples in the South Sea Islands lead one 
 insensibly to America. 
 
 The large building in Atehurn was 270 
 feet long, 94 feet wide, and 50 feet high : 
 a flight of steps led to the summit. The 
 outer stones of this pyramid, composed of 
 coral and basalt, were laid with great care, 
 and hewn or squared with immense labour, 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 119 
 
 especially the corner-stones. Houses for the 
 priests were in the enclosure, as well as for 
 those who kept the idols. 
 
 Ruins of temples are found in every direc 
 tion, on the summit of hills and in groves. 
 
 Again, in the Society group, the heads of 
 the children were compressed, not however for 
 beauty, but to add terror to their aspect when 
 they should become warriors. The forehead 
 and back of the head were pressed upwards. 
 
 Like the Peruvians, they embalmed their 
 dead at the Society and Georgian groups. 
 They did not last long, like the South Ameri 
 can mummies, as the humidity of the soil 
 prevented this, but the bones were afterwards 
 buried, and the skull preserved. 
 
 The system of taboo is generally regarded 
 as having its origin in Asia. It was change 
 able and arbitrary, though connected with 
 religion. Mr. Russell remarks that a piece 
 of land, a single tree, a whole herd or a 
 single animal, a house or a whole island, 
 could be tabooed. 
 
120 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 This at first sight appears very arbitrary, 
 but the more I examined into this singular 
 custom when among the different islands, the 
 more convinced was I of its reason and 
 usefulness, when not the result of caprice. 
 For instance, when at Nukahiva (Marquesas 
 Islands) all the chickens were under taboo 
 in the Hapa valley, and not a soul dared 
 touch one ; and upon making inquiries I 
 ascertained that there had been a great run 
 upon them by some whaling vessels a few 
 weeks back, and if precautions had not been 
 taken they would have had none left. 
 
 I have known a stream in New Zealand, 
 connecting two lakes, tabooed in like manner, 
 and putting us to great inconvenience, but 
 why was this ? It was the breeding season 
 of the different water-fowl, and the chiefs 
 showed their wisdom in not allowing them 
 to be disturbed. Our fishing Acts, and laws 
 with regard to the killing of game only at 
 certain seasons, are only taboo under a dif 
 ferent guise. 
 
EARLY MIGRATIONS TO AMERICA. 121 
 
 Taboo is not in use among either the Pellew 
 or Ladrone islanders. 
 
 A glance at the map will show the direction 
 of the winds and currents in the Pacific Ocean, 
 by means of which the numerous islands have 
 become peopled. 
 
 Mr. Ellis says, 
 
 "Whether some of the tribes who originally passed 
 from Asia, along the Kurile and Aleutian Islands, across 
 Behring s Straits to America, left part of their number, 
 who were the progenitors of the present race, inhabiting 
 these islands, and that they, at some subsequent period, 
 either attempting to follow the tide of emigration to the 
 east, or, steering to the south, were by the north-east 
 trade winds driven to the Sandwich Islands, whence 
 they proceeded to the southern groups ; or whether 
 those who had traversed the north-west coast of 
 America sailed either from California or Mexico across 
 the Pacific under the favouring influence of the regular 
 easterly winds, peopled Easter Island, and continued, 
 under the steady easterly or trade-winds, advancing 
 westward till they met the tide of emigration flowing 
 from the larger groups or islands in which the Malays 
 form the majority of the population, it is not easy now 
 to determine. But a variety of facts connected with 
 the past and present circumstances of the inhabitants 
 of these countries, authorise the conclusion that either 
 part of the present inhabitants of the South Sea Islands 
 
122 THE MIGRATION FROM SHIN A R. 
 
 came originally from America, or that tribes of the 
 Polynesians have, at some remote period, found their 
 way to the continent." Polynesian Researches, vol. ii., 
 p. 48. 
 
 Mr. Russell also remarks that, notwith 
 standing the obscurity which continues to 
 hang over the subject, "when all the circum 
 stances are duly weighed, it may not seem 
 unreasonable to conclude that the southern 
 islands have been colonized both directly, 
 through the medium of the Malay establish 
 ments on either side of Torres Straits, and 
 also by means of casual migrations into the 
 northern parts of America, and a subsequent 
 departure from the same continent in a lower 
 latitude." Russell s Polynesia, p. 36. 
 
^ntlmi f nfjdritefs 0f 
 
V. 
 
 THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF MEXICO. 
 
 / nr*HE Mexican traditions all agree that the 
 Toltecs, who were the first known tribe 
 that appeared in Anahuac, together with the 
 Chichimecs and Acolhuans who followed them, 
 came from a northerly direction ; and Mr. 
 Prescott remarks that, among several of the 
 neighbouring tribes, traditions of a north-west 
 origin exist, and that the Mexicans themselves 
 preserved, both orally and by hieroglyphic 
 maps, the different stages of their migration 
 from the northward. 
 
 Unfortunately, the Romish bigots at the 
 time of the conquest of this country destroyed 
 everything they could lay their bloodstained 
 hands upon ; amongst these fanatics, Zu- 
 marraga, the first Archbishop, played a con- 
 
126 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 spicuous part by burning a numerous collection 
 of these paintings ; and well may the accom 
 plished American historian doubt which had 
 the strongest claims to civilization, the victors 
 or the vanquished. 
 
 It appears that the Toltecs remained in 
 the Mexican valley for four centuries, and 
 then mysteriously disappeared, owing to their 
 being reduced by pestilence and unsuccessful 
 wars. Prescotfs Mexico, vol. i., chap. i. 
 
 According to Fuentes, the chronicler of the 
 kingdom of Guatemala, the kings of Quiche 
 and Kachiquel were descended from the 
 Toltecs, who when they came into the latter 
 country found it entirely inhabited by people 
 of different nations. 
 
 The manuscript of Don Juan Torres, the 
 grandson of the last king of the Quiches, 
 and obtained by Fuentes from the historian 
 Father Francis Vasques, states that the Toltecs 
 themselves were descended from the house of 
 Israel ! who after the exodus from Egypt fell 
 into idolatry. In fear of Moses, they separated 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 127 
 
 from him under a chief named Tanub, and 
 crossed from one continent to the other, (in 
 what manner is not mentioned,) to a place 
 they called " the seven caverns," not far from 
 the Mexican lake, and where they founded 
 the city of Tula. From the Hebrew chief (?) 
 Tanub sprang the kings of Tula and Quiche. 
 The fifth monarch, it is said, was directed by 
 an oracle to leave Tula with all his people, 
 who had multiplied exceedingly : they took 
 a southerly direction, and, after wandering for 
 some years, settled near the lake Atitlan in 
 Guatemala, and built a city, calling it Quiche. 
 
 Another document, from a person calling 
 himself Votan, and said to have been found 
 in a cavern in charge of certain Indians of 
 Soconusco, in Central America, was destroyed 
 by another Spanish bigot, named Nunez de 
 la Vega, in 1690; but a copy is reported by 
 Doctor Pablo Felix de Cabrera to have been 
 in the hands of Don Ramon de Ordonez y 
 Aquiar in Ciudad Real. 
 
 Votan says he travelled from one continent 
 
128 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 to the other, (how he does not say,) and had 
 met seven families of the Tzequil (his own) 
 nation ; he also states that he led seven other 
 families from a city he calls Valum Votan, 
 but he does not mention on which continent 
 this city was. He says he is a serpent, for 
 he is a chivim, which Cabrera thinks means 
 Givim, or Hivim, i.e., a descendant of Heth, 
 the son of Canaan. The city of Tripoli was 
 anciently called Chivim, therefore he thinks 
 the expression of Votan, interpreted, would 
 mean, " I am a Hivite of Tripoli," a city 
 which he calls Valum Votan. Cabrera thinks 
 that the thirteen serpents mentioned by Votan 
 are the thirteen Canary Islands ! 
 
 Mr. Stephens, in his work on Central 
 America and Yucatan, mentions that another 
 manuscript in the possession of the Indians 
 of San Andres Xecul, relates that when 
 Montezuma, emperor of Mexico, was taken 
 prisoner by Cortez, he sent a private ambas 
 sador to his ally and relation Kicah Tanub, 
 king of Quiche, for assistance, stating that 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 129 
 
 white men had taken him prisoner, and that 
 the whole strength of his empire was unable 
 to resist them. 
 
 Clavigero, in his history of Mexico, alludes 
 to this document, and states that among the 
 Chiapanese Indians in Central America, an 
 ancient MS. was discovered in the language 
 of that country, in which Votan is mentioned 
 as having been present at that great building 
 which was made by order of his uncle, in 
 order to mount up to heaven, and that then 
 it was all people were given their language. 
 This allusion to the tower of Babel, in imita 
 tion of which it is very probable the pyramid 
 of Cholula was built, is not a little singular. 
 
 Humboldt is of opinion the Canary Islands 
 were early known to the Phoenicians ; and 
 it is equally certain the ancient inhabitants of 
 the Canaries, called Guanches, had traditions 
 of being descended from a great and powerful 
 nation, as we have previously noticed ; and the 
 similarity existing in their mummies to those 
 of Egypt is alluded to by many writers. 
 
 9 
 
130 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Humboldt remarks that Votan reminds us of 
 the Scandinavian Wodan, or Odin, whose name, 
 according to Bede, "gave kings to a great 
 number of nations." Humboldfs Researches, 
 vol. i., p. 175. 
 
 At present we have to trace the Aztec 
 migration after their arrival in America, and 
 we at once pass from mere conjecture to 
 some certainty, as according to Prescott this 
 migration commenced from the country of 
 Aztalan, about A.D. 778, and continued during 
 a period of four hundred and sixteen years, 
 until they reached the Mexican lake. Whether 
 we shall ever ascertain with certainty where 
 the country of Aztalan was situated in which 
 the Aztecs first settled on arriving in America, 
 is doubtful, but Humboldt places it about 
 the North American lakes, in lat. 42 N. 
 "Atl" signifies "water," and thus Aztalans, 
 or Aztecas, would mean " people of the 
 lakes." 
 
 He gives the following places as their 
 halting stations : 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 131 
 
 1 . Place of humiliation, called " the grot 
 
 toes." 
 
 2. Place of fruit trees. 
 
 3. Place of herbs and broad leaves. 
 
 4. Place of human bones. 
 
 5. Place of eagles. 
 
 6. Place of precious stones and minerals. 
 
 7. Place of spinning. 
 
 8. Another place of eagles, called Quanktli 
 
 Tepee. 
 
 9. Place of walls, or " the seven grottoes." 
 i o. Place of thistles, sand, and vultures. 
 
 1 1. Place of obsidian mirrors. 
 
 12. Place of water. 
 
 13. Place of the divine monkey, Teozo- 
 
 moco. 
 
 14. Place of the high mountain, called Cho- 
 
 paltepec, or " mountain of locusts." 
 
 15. Came to the vale of Mexico, and saw 
 
 an eagle perched on a cactus tree. 
 The country passed through is supposed 
 to be that of the present Ohio, Mississippi, 
 and Illinois ; and they state the cause of their 
 
132 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 migration to have been owing to warriors 
 from the north and north-east driving them 
 south by force of arms. 
 
 If their " Divine book," Teoamoxtli, which 
 is said to have been in existence at the time 
 of the conquest, should ever come to light, 
 we may hope, and not before, to arrive at 
 some satisfactory conclusion. It is said this 
 book was compiled by a Tezcucan doctor 
 towards the close of the seventh century, and 
 gave an account of their religion, arts, and 
 sciences, as well as a history of their migration 
 from Asia ! 
 
 It was, however, never seen by a European, 
 and Mr. Prescott evidently disbelieves in its 
 existence. 
 
 If their Toltec predecessors journeyed over 
 the same countries, or some portion of them, 
 then the " seven caverns " mentioned in the 
 Torres MS. may be identical with the " seven 
 grottoes " in the Aztec account ; and if the 
 former document be authentic, we can then 
 account for the disappearance of the Toltecs 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 133 
 
 from the Mexican plateau, when they again 
 wandered south into Central America, and 
 once more settled down near the water, 
 namely, the lake Atitlan in Guatemala. 
 
 The tracks of these early people are 
 distinguishable by the remains of buildings 
 that exist on the rivers Gila, Colorado, and 
 Rio Grande, together with those in the 
 country lying to the north and north-west of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Mollhausen, speaking of them, particularly 
 those on the Rio Grande, says, 
 
 " The diffusion of the Aztec names of localities, from 
 the interior of the Mexican highlands Coahuila, Chihua 
 hua, and Michuacan, to Guatemala, Nicaragua, Hon 
 duras, and Costa Rica ; the numerous Aztec words to be 
 found in the primitive language of Sonora, as well as 
 that now spoken on the Island of Omotepec, in the 
 great lake of Nicaragua, declare how extensive were the 
 wanderings of the ancient inhabitants of Anahuac. 
 Among the ruins that are found at various parallels 
 between the valley of the Rio Grande and the Pacific, 
 it is very obvious that the further south they lie, the 
 more culture and artistic skill they exhibit. The ancient 
 towns of the south have not fallen so completely into 
 decay as the more northerly, and the unlearned observer 
 
134 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 cannot but ask, amongst whom should these ruins have 
 originated, but amongst the ancient races, who, during 
 a journey that lasted for centuries, were doubtless making 
 progress in civilization ; and when they left one halting- 
 place to build new dwellings elsewhere, applied the 
 experience they had gradually acquired to the improve 
 ment of their mode of architecture. In this manner may 
 perhaps be explained the difference between the mere 
 heaps of ruins on the little Colorado, the better preserved 
 Casas Grandes on the Gila, and the temples and other 
 highly artistic structures found in Mexico." Mollhauserfs 
 Diary of a Journey from the Mississippi to the Coasts of 
 the Pacific, vol. ii., pp. 77 79. 
 
 If Humboldt read the Toltec paintings 
 aright, they would appear to have come from 
 the north-west of the river Gila, from a place 
 called Huchuctlapallan, about the year 544 
 of our era ; at which period, the total ruin 
 of the dynasty of Tsin had occasioned great 
 commotions among the nations in the east of 
 Asia ; " thus if the Toltecs named the cities 
 they built in Anahuac after those they were 
 obliged to abandon in the unknown northern 
 country, then, if we shall at any time discover 
 in North America a people acquainted with 
 the names of Huchuctlapallan, Aztlan, Teocol- 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 135 
 
 huacan, Amagnemecan, Tehuajo, and Copalla, 
 their origin will be ascertained." Humboldfs 
 Researches, vol. i., p. 170. 
 
 With regard to the Hebrew origin of 
 some of the American nations, advocated so 
 strongly by Lord Kingsborough and Adair, 
 we know that the deepest obscurity still 
 enshrouds the lost ten tribes of Israel, as 
 only those of Judah and Benjamin returned 
 to Jerusalem on the invitation of Cyrus in 
 536 B.C. 
 
 The ten tribes probably spread through the 
 East, as Grosier makes mention of a large 
 body of Jews that had reached China 200 B.C. ; 
 and Mr. Davis, in his work on China, quotes 
 a letter from the Jesuit Pere Gozani regarding 
 a people called by the Chinese Taio-kin-kaio 
 (the sect that divides the sinew), in allusion 
 to the practice of circumcision. 
 
 Again, the Affghans call themselves the 
 Beni-Israel, have strongly marked Jewish 
 features, and several very similar customs to 
 the ancient people of God, although their 
 
136 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 language is not a Semitic one, but an Aryan 
 dialect called Pushtu. 
 
 The Kareens, formerly masters of Burmah, 
 are also very like the Jews ; but we must class 
 their language under the head of Turanian or 
 Allophylian. 
 
 The head-dress of buffalo horns found in 
 use by nearly all the chiefs and braves of 
 the north-western tribes of North America, 
 reminds us of the Jewish " keren/ a symbol 
 of power and command (Deut. xxxiii. 1 7 ; 
 Job xvi. 1 5) ; and Catlin says this head 
 dress is only used on great occasions, and is 
 emblematical of dignity and strength among 
 them." Catlin s North American Indians, vol. i., 
 p. 104. 
 
 The rite of circumcision that existed among 
 some of the North American tribes long ago, 
 is interesting, but not convincing, as we know 
 that rite existed among the Egyptians, Ethi 
 opians, and Colchians from time immemorial, 
 according to Herodotus. Euterpe, 104. The 
 Phoenicians and Syrians learnt it from the 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 137 
 
 Egyptians. Though Noah was worshipped 
 under the Indo-Sythic name of II, this ap 
 pellation was also given to Abraham by the 
 Phoenicians, this " identical II, who devoted 
 his only son as a sacrifice, is said to have first 
 adopted the rite of circumcision, and to have 
 imposed it upon his followers." Faber s Horcz 
 Mosaiccz, vol. i., p. 180. 
 
 The infidel Voltaire considers the origin of 
 this mysterious rite to rest with the Egyptian 
 priests of Isis and Osiris, through whom every 
 thing on earth was productive ; and further 
 remarks that it was necessary to be circum 
 cised to become a priest of Egypt ; the natural 
 conclusion to his mind being that the Jews 
 borrowed it from their taskmasters when in 
 Egypt. 
 
 Now, what are the real facts ? Abraham 
 was commanded, 2000 B.C., not only to circum 
 cise those born in his house, but also every 
 one that was bought with money, and who 
 was not of his seed (Gen. xvii. 9 14). Living 
 as he did surrounded by the Canaanitish 
 
138 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 nations, many of whom were his servants, 
 (Hagar, Sarah s maid, was an Egyptian,) and 
 travelling as he afterwards did into Egypt, we 
 can understand how it came to pass that the 
 rite of circumcision spread to the neighbouring 
 nations. 
 
 There is little doubt but that the worship 
 of the Phallus among the Greeks at the festival 
 of Bacchus (Euterpe, 49), on which occasion 
 Plato says he has seen the whole city of Athens 
 drunk at once, as well as the obscene worship 
 of the Lingum in India, originated from the 
 corruption of the Hebrew rite by the Egyptians 
 and Phoenicians. Consequently we cannot take 
 it as evidence that because circumcision existed 
 among certain tribes in North America, that 
 therefore they were Jews. 
 
 But at the same time we must confess to 
 many extraordinary similarities that did exist 
 between several of these tribes and ancient 
 Israel. The following are perhaps the most 
 singular. 
 
 The Indian high-priest wears a breastplate, 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 139 
 
 made of a white conch-shell, and around his 
 head, either a wreath of swan feathers, or a 
 long piece of swan skin doubled, so as to show 
 only the snowy feathers on each side. These 
 remind us of the breastplate and mitre of the 
 Jewish high-priest. They have also a magic- 
 stone which is transparent, and which the 
 medicine-men consult ; it is most jealously 
 guarded even from their own people, and 
 Adair could never procure one. Is this an 
 imitation of the Urim and Thummim ? 
 
 Again, they have a feast of first-fruits, which 
 they celebrate with songs and dances, repeat 
 ing, " Halelu Halelu Aleluiah," and then, 
 " Aleluiah Haleluiah Alelu-yah," with great 
 earnestness and fervour. They dance in three 
 circles round the fire that cooks these fruits on 
 a kind of altar, shouting the praises of Yo He 
 Wah (Jehovah ?). 
 
 These words are only used in their religious 
 festivals ; and they have no image of the 
 Supreme Being from Hudson s Bay to the 
 Mississippi. 
 
HO THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 In examining the ponderous volumes of 
 Lord Kingsborough, rich as they are in detail 
 of the manners, customs, and hieroglyphic 
 MSS. of the Aztecs, we cannot but perceive 
 a very strong bias in favour of establishing 
 the lost tribes of Israel on the American 
 continent. 
 
 He mentions the following coincidences as 
 the most remarkable. 
 
 The Mexican chronology being based upon 
 that of the Toltecs, their computation of time 
 began in the year called Ce Tecpatl, or " One 
 Flint." This corresponds with one of the Nac- 
 shatras or Lunar Houses of the Hindoos, called 
 " Razor." This is significant enough when we 
 remember the Aztec knives were made of flint 
 or silex. 
 
 The sun stood still for one entire day, in 
 the year " seven rabbits," which in the Aztec 
 chronology corresponds with the year 2555 
 after the Creation, and which is only two years 
 different from the date assigned by Usher and 
 Blair to Joshua s command on that memorable 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 141 
 
 day, 1451 B.C., when the "sun stood still in 
 the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go 
 down about a whole day" (Joshua x. 13). 
 
 The Aztec deluge was also indicated by 
 " one flint." Cox-cox and his wife are repre 
 sented together in a boat floating on the waters 
 at the foot of a mountain. The waters rose 
 to the height of " caxtolmalictli," which is 
 fifteen cubits, the exact height mentioned in 
 the Bible : " fifteen cubits upwards did the 
 waters prevail ; and the mountains were 
 covered " (Gen. vii. 20). 
 
 The neighbouring people of Michuacan had 
 a still further tradition, namely, that Tezpi and 
 his wife Xochiquetzal, and several children, 
 were saved from the universal flood on a raft, 
 with various animals and birds. After some 
 time, a hummingbird was sent out from it, 
 and returned with a twig in its mouth. 
 
 We find the Indians of Chiapa also pre 
 served the name of their Noah, Teoponahuatl, 
 or Teponahuaste, which means " the lord of 
 the hollow piece of wood ; " this, according to 
 
142 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Dupaix, is shaped like a canoe. Vol. viii., pp. 
 24 26. 
 
 The old Sabsean worship, originating from 
 the Chaldsean shepherds, appears to have been 
 the religion of the Toltecs. According to 
 Veytia, their earliest temples were dedicated 
 to the sun, moon, and stars. The moon they 
 regarded as the wife of the sun, and the stars 
 as his sisters. The statue of the sun, described 
 by Boturini, was situated on the largest pyra 
 mid of Teotihuacan, and that of the moon on 
 an inferior one ; several of smaller dimen 
 sions being dedicated to the stars. The Aztec 
 traditions state they found these temples on 
 their entrance into Anahuac, and that the prin 
 cipal ones were re-dedicated to Tonatiuh, the 
 sun, and Meztli, the moon.- Prescotfs Mexico, 
 Book i., chap, vi., and note. 
 
 We now come to notice an historical event 
 which influenced more than one nation of the 
 new world. 
 
 In the eleventh century of our era, certain 
 white men with long flowing beards, made 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 143 
 
 their appearance on the American continent. 
 Quetzatcoatl in Mexico, Mango Capac in Peru, 
 and Bochica in Brazil, all gave laws, and in 
 troduced a new religion to the inhabitants of 
 these countries, which they engrafted on that 
 which already existed. 
 
 The former of these personages, Quetzat 
 coatl, first claims our attention. He arrived 
 in the Mexican valley and taught the 
 Toltecs agriculture and the art of working 
 metals, remaining amongst them twenty years ; 
 he then re-embarked in his canoe on the 
 Atlantic Ocean for the unknown land of Tlap- 
 allan, promising to return at some future time 
 with his attendants. Tlapallan, according to 
 Dupaix, signifies " red country," on account of 
 the colour of the soil, and he supposes the 
 country about Sonora and California to be 
 that of Tlapallan. Antiquities of Mexico, p. 27. 
 But as this would take us to the Pacific and 
 not the Atlantic coast, it is difficult to accept 
 this statement of his. 
 
 There is, however, no doubt but that this 
 
144 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 personage appeared among them, for it was 
 owing to his last words that the handful of 
 Spaniards under Cortez ever obtained a footing 
 in the country. The Mexican emperor, Monte- 
 zuma, in several signs believed he read the 
 downfall of his empire, and that the de 
 scendants of Quetzatcoatl were about to take 
 possession of the land ; and the first question 
 that greeted the Spaniards was, whether they 
 had come from the East, so deeply rooted in 
 their minds was the promise of his return. 
 
 In like manner, the Tezcucan king, Neza- 
 hualpilli, when advised by the astrologers to 
 take away the life of his infant son, who, 
 they predicted, would league himself with his 
 father s enemies, replied, " the time had arrived 
 when the sons of Quetzatcoatl were to come 
 from the East to take possession of the land." 
 Pr escott s Mexico, Book v., chap. vii. 
 
 A splendid pyramid was erected at Cholula 
 to him by the Toltecs, according to some 
 accounts, but I am inclined to think the temple 
 on its summit only was dedicated to him, as 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 145 
 
 the main structure was of very ancient date, 
 and in all probability erected, if not for the 
 same purpose, at least in imitation of the tower 
 of Belus in Chaldaea. It was 1423 feet at the 
 base, and 177 feet high : its sides faced the 
 cardinal points of the compass, like that of 
 Belus and the Egyptian pyramids. It was for 
 a long time supposed to be solid, but in the 
 year 1805 a road was cut through it, when a 
 chamber was discovered built of stone ; two 
 skeletons were also found, together with nume 
 rous vases. 
 
 It is to be deeply regretted that no pains 
 were taken to preserve these relics of a past 
 age ; but in a country like Mexico, groaning 
 as it always has done under the rule of mili 
 tary robbers and ignorant priests, nothing can 
 be expected. The spirits of Nunez de la 
 Vega and Zumarragua still remain in the 
 ascendant. 
 
 What renders the pyramid of Cholula the 
 more remarkable, is the tradition attached 
 to it similar to the history of the tower of 
 
 10 
 
146 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Babel. Humboldt gives the following account, 
 taken from a Mexican MS. in the Vatican 
 library : 
 
 " Before the great inundation, which took place four 
 thousand eight hundred years after the creation of the 
 world, the country of Anahuac was inhabited by giants. 
 All those who did not perish were transformed into fishes, 
 save seven, who fled into caverns. When the waters 
 subsided, one of the giants, Xelhua, surnamed the Archi 
 tect, went to Cholula, where, as a memorial to the 
 mountain Tlaloc, which had served as an asylum to 
 himself and his six brethren, he built an artificial hill in 
 form of a pyramid. He ordered bricks to be made in 
 the province of Tlamanaclo, at the foot of the Sierra 
 Cocotl ; and to convey them to Cholula, he placed a file 
 of men, who passed them from hand to hand. The gods 
 beheld with wrath this edifice, the top of which was to 
 reach the clouds. Irritated at the daring attempt of 
 Xelhua, they hurled fire on the pyramid ; numbers of the 
 workmen perished ; the work was discontinued, and the 
 monument was afterwards dedicated to Ouetzatcoatl, 
 the god of the air ." Humboldt s Researches, vol. i., 
 p. 96. 
 
 At the time of the conquest, this pyramid 
 was still called " the mountain of unbaked 
 bricks," and Faber truly says, if the Spanish 
 priests had been the authors of this legend, 
 we may be morally certain that the pyramid 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 147 
 
 of Cholula would never have been pronounced 
 to be a studied copy of the diluvian mount 
 Tlaloc. 
 
 This pyramid has a broader base than any 
 other edifice of the kind on either continent, 
 being twice as long as the great pyramid of 
 CJieops. But a smaller one that existed to the 
 east of Cholula, and nearer the Mexican Gulf, 
 had six stories, and was, according to Hum- 
 boldt, more tapering than any other monument 
 of the kind in America. It had three stair 
 cases leading to the top, and was built entirely 
 of hewn stone. 
 
 Whether the Aztecs, on arriving in Mexico, 
 improved on these structures that they found 
 left there by the Toltecs, or whether the 
 pyramidal form of temple was their own kind 
 of architecture, it is certain that the builders 
 of the Cholulan pyramid had no knowledge of 
 the arch, as the chamber discovered when 
 making the road from Puebla to Mexico was 
 built of stones overlapping each other, similar 
 to the ruins discovered by Stephens in Central 
 
148 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 America, and which also has been found in 
 several Egyptian edifices. 
 
 In the structure of the pyramidal " teocallis," 
 or houses of God, in Mexico, we find the 
 strongest resemblance to that of Belus in 
 Chaldsea ; and Humboldt remarks, 
 
 " It is impossible to read the descriptions which Hero 
 dotus, or Diodorus Siculus, have left us of the temple of 
 Jupiter Belus, without being struck with the resemblance 
 of that Babylonian monument to the teocallis of Mexico." 
 Humboldfs Researches, vol. i., p. 82. 
 
 There were several hundreds of these in 
 Mexico, and all of a pyramidal form. On the 
 top was the stone of sacrifice, and two towers, 
 the sanctuaries of the presiding deity, together 
 with the altars containing the sacred fire, which 
 was never allowed to go out except once in 
 fifty-two years, the duration of the Aztec 
 cycle. 
 
 The numerous remains of mounds of earth 
 which lie (or did so formerly) over the country 
 of Virginia, Florida, and all over the Missis 
 sippi valley, are very similar to the Mexican 
 ones. 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 149 
 
 Messrs. Squier and Davis, who minutely ex 
 amined these structures, remark, 
 
 "The pyramidal structures are always truncated, 
 sometimes terraced, and generally have graded ascents 
 to their summits. They bear a close resemblance to the 
 teocallis of Mexico ; and the known uses of the latter 
 are suggestive of the probable purposes to which they 
 were applied." Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi 
 Valley ) chap, i., p. 3. 
 
 The Toltecs were taught by Quetzatcoatl to 
 sacrifice only fruits, flowers, and scented gums ; 
 and we have no evidence that they ever sacri 
 ficed human beings ; this horrid custom not 
 being introduced into Anahuac until the early 
 part of the fourth century, or about two hundred 
 years before the coming of the Spaniards. 
 
 This barbarous custom soon reached a fearful 
 height in the Aztec worship, and, according to 
 Prescott, the yearly sacrifices throughout the 
 empire amounted to thousands. Zumarragua 
 and Torquemada estimate them at twenty 
 thousand ; Herrera and Acosta at the above 
 number in one day. Ixtlilxochitl enumerates 
 eighty thousand four hundred annually ; and 
 
150 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 in the year of the conquest it exceeded a 
 hundred thousand. 
 
 The companions of Cortez, we are informed, 
 counted no less than a hundred and thirty- 
 six thousand skulls in one of the buildings 
 kept for the heads of those that fell in sacri 
 fice. Bernal Diaz himself says he counted 
 a hundred thousand, all piled and arranged in 
 order. 
 
 For like examples we have to go to Asia, 
 when Timour and other Tartar kings piled 
 up skulls in vast numbers, not, however, to 
 commemorate religious sacrifices, but as trophies 
 of their conquests. 
 
 The former, on one occasion, ordered seventy 
 thousand from Ispahan, and ninety thousand 
 from Bagdad, to be piled in the form of a 
 pyramid ; and one of the caliphs, in like 
 manner, caused an immense number of skulls 
 to be collected and piled in an apartment of 
 the convent of Saba. 
 
 In their rites of sepulture we are at a loss 
 for any comparison between any one particular 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 151 
 
 nation of the old continent, as in Mexico the 
 dead were as often buried as burned. The 
 monarch was generally burned ; his ashes 
 being deposited in a golden vase with some 
 jewel or precious stone, which forcibly reminds 
 us of a like ceremony among the Hindoos. 
 Again, in Tartary the bodies of rich people 
 are burned, while those of the poorer class 
 are interred. Hue s Tartary, chap, iii., p. 70. 
 
 Sometimes the Aztecs buried the deceased 
 together with all his treasures, while slaves were 
 always sacrificed at the death of a noble. 
 
 A custom very similar to the Chinese 
 existed among the Aztecs, namely, that of 
 strewing the body with pieces of white paper. 
 In China this ceremony occurred in spring 
 and autumn, when the tombs of relations were 
 visited. 
 
 The Aztecs were only cannibals at their 
 religious festivals. We do not find them 
 banqueting on human flesh, like the ferocious 
 Goths, the Polynesian islanders, or the Nootka 
 Sound chiefs, merely to gratify their degraded 
 
152 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 appetite ; but the body of the victim was served 
 up as a religious feast, together with delicate 
 and choice viands, and attended by both 
 sexes, who, as Mr. Prescott remarks, conducted 
 themselves with all the decorum of civilized 
 life. 
 
 We cannot trace this strange custom to 
 any other nation, although a faint resemblance 
 is found in Tahiti, when at a certain ceremony 
 the eye of the human victim was offered to 
 the king by the priest, who appeared to eat 
 it, but invariably passed it to an attendant. 
 Ellis s Polynesian Researches, vol. i., p. 336. 
 
 The war god of the Aztecs, called Huitzilo- 
 potchli, was supposed to have been born of 
 a virgin, like Buddha in India, and Sammon- 
 codon in Siam. This tradition, derived from 
 the early promise of a Messiah to the Jews, 
 was perpetuated amongst the primitive nations, 
 by means of the Hebrew prophecies, frag 
 ments of which had crept into the Sibylline 
 oracles, that a Deliverer was to be born of a 
 virgin. 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 153 
 
 Now it is certain Buddha, meaning " the 
 Sage," and supposed to be the ninth incarna 
 tion of Vishnu, appeared in India a thousand 
 years before Christ, and the Nestorian doctrines 
 did not reach China until nearly six hundred 
 years after Buddhism had penetrated from 
 India ; consequently this doctrine, originally 
 springing from a true source, became (like so 
 many others) corrupted by priestcraft, and the 
 true advent of the promised " seed of the 
 woman," who was to "bruise the serpent s 
 head," and ultimately to triumph over all His 
 enemies, was thus by the cunning craftiness 
 of men, anticipated by lying tradition, con 
 sequently rendering the promise of no effect 
 to their miserable dupes. 
 
 But in the Aztec system of astronomy we 
 find much similarity to some of the Asiatic 
 nations. Like the Egyptians, they added five 
 complementary days to make up their year 
 to three hundred and sixty-five days ; while, 
 together with the Persians and Egyptians, they 
 used the figure of a serpent as the symbol of 
 
154 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 an age. Their cycle of fifty-two years was 
 denoted by a wheel. 
 
 According to Humboldt, a serpent with its 
 tail in its mouth, forming a circle, surrounds 
 the wheel, and denotes by four knots the 
 four indications, or tlalpilli. This emblem 
 is similar to the serpent, or dragon, which 
 among the Egyptians and Persians represents 
 the century, a revolution, or aevum. 
 
 The same learned author shows the re 
 markable resemblance between the Tartar and 
 Mexican zodiacs : 
 
 MANTCHOU-TARTARS. 
 
 Pars Tiger. 
 Taaulai Hare. 
 Mogai Serpent. 
 Petchi Ape. 
 Nokai Dog. 
 Tukai Bird, hen. 
 
 MEXICANS. 
 
 Ocelotl Tiger. 
 Tochtli Hare, rabbit. 
 Cohuatl S erpent. 
 Ozomatli Ape. 
 Itzcuintli Dog. 
 Quanhtli Bird, eagle. 
 
 " If," says he, " we consult the works composed at the 
 beginning of the conquest, by Spanish or Indian authors, 
 who were ignorant even of the existence of a Tartar 
 zodiac, we shall see that at Mexico, from the seventh 
 century of our era, the days were called tiger, dog, ape, 
 hare or rabbit, etc., as throughout the whole of Eastern 
 Asia the years still bear the same name in the Thibetan, 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 155 
 
 Mantchou-Tartar, Mongol, Calmuck, Chinese, Japanese, 
 Corean, and all the languages of Tonquin and Cochin- 
 <3nn&. n -Humbold?s Researches, vol. i., pp. 289, 345. 
 
 But the Mexicans had calculated their year 
 with such nicety as to come nearer the mark 
 than the European nations. 
 
 Their epoch was reckoned from our year of 
 A.D. 1091, and soon after they had migrated 
 from Aztlan. The calendar of the priests, 
 which they constructed for themselves, and 
 which was called a lunar reckoning, although, 
 as Mr. Prescott points out, it had no accom 
 modation to the revolutions of the moon, cor 
 responded precisely with the number of years 
 in the great Gothic period of the Egyptians, 
 namely, 1491, when the seasons and festivals 
 came round to the same place in the year 
 again. 
 
 Like so many of the nations of the old 
 world, the Aztecs had the " serpent worship " 
 engrafted in their religious system ; the " coat- 
 pantli," or wall of serpents, enclosed the area 
 in which stood the great teocalli of Mexico. 
 
156 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 The goddess Cioacoatl, or serpent- woman/ 
 the first goddess that brought forth, and " by 
 whom sin came into the world" had doubtless 
 the same origin as the serpent Typhon of 
 the Egyptians, the Ahriman of the Persians, 
 who stung to death the first man, together 
 with the Naga, or Nachish, of Chaldaea, and 
 the Kali-naga of the Hindoos. 
 
 All these traditions emanated from one 
 source, and, as I have pointed out in " Scrip 
 ture Facts and Scientific Doubts," are but 
 corrupt offshoots of the true patriarchal and 
 Mosaic accounts of the temptation and fall of 
 our first parents through the medium of the 
 serpent " that old serpent the devil." 
 
 The hieroglyphic paintings of the Mexicans 
 represent the four cycles, or ages, in which 
 famine, fire, wind, and water are successively 
 depicted as destroying the human race ; and 
 are similar to the four ages of the Hindoos, 
 and mentioned in the Bhagavita Pourana. 
 
 Mr. Delafield thinks they refer to real and 
 not imaginary events, namely, 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 157 
 
 1st. The cycle ending m famine, as the same 
 that happened during Joseph s time in Egypt, 
 that " seven years" when, we read in Genesis, 
 " all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for 
 to buy corn ; because the famine was so sore 
 in all lands." 
 
 2nd. The cycle of fire, which represented 
 the destruction of the cities of the plain. 
 
 3rd. The cycle of wind represented the de 
 struction of the Tower of Babel as mentioned 
 by Josephus, when hurricanes were sent by the 
 Almighty : several traditions are corroborative 
 of this, although no mention is made of it in 
 Genesis. 
 
 4th. The cycle of water represented the 
 universal deluge. Antiquities of America. 
 
 Mr. Delafield was puzzled at these events 
 being in reversed order, but he was not then 
 aware that the Mexican hieroglyphics are read 
 from right to left, and therefore the order of 
 the cycles are correct, and place that of water 
 first. Faber made the same mistake at first 
 from following the Spanish historians. This, 
 
158 THE DISPERSION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 however, proves them to be genuine, and free 
 from priestly cookery. 
 
 Enough has been now said to show that 
 analogies existed, more or less clear, between 
 the Mexicans and some of the Asiatic nations ; 
 and it is almost certain that the early tribes, 
 such as the Toltecs and Chichimecs, migrated 
 from some locality north of Anahuac, probably 
 the region of the Great Lakes, but not farther, 
 as Adair agrees with Squier and Davis that 
 no ancient buildings, pyramidal mounds, or 
 tumuli, exist north of the Lake country. 
 
 Along the valley of the Mississippi, however, 
 and particularly in the present state of Ohio, 
 these remains lie thick, ten thousand tumuli 
 having been discovered in Ross county alone ; 
 and they are, or rather were, scarcely less 
 numerous in Virginia, while larger pyramids 
 are found of great size : that in the vicinity 
 of Miamisburgh, Montgomery county, Ohio, is 
 68 feet in perpendicular height, and 852 feet in 
 circumference at the base, containing 311,353 
 cubic feet. Another at Cahokia, Illinois, a 
 
ANCIENT MEXICO. 159 
 
 truncated pyramid, was 90 feet high, and 
 upwards of 2,000 feet in circumference, having 
 a level summit several acres in extent. 
 
 It appears also probable that these early 
 nations came originally from the shores of 
 Asia ; and although it is a favourite and con 
 venient plan to land the lost tribes of Israel 
 in America, still we have good grounds for 
 thinking a portion of them may with reason 
 be included amongst the numerous tribes that 
 in course of time found their way through 
 Persia and Chinese Tartary to the New Con 
 tinent. 
 
* learnt Inhabitants 0f |)ent 
 
 ii 
 
VI. 
 
 THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF PERU. 
 
 "\ X 7HEN we consider the wise, firm, and 
 politic sway of the Peruvian Incas, 
 their admirably regulated empire, their laws 
 and institutions which provided for the 
 meanest of their subjects, and contrast them 
 with those of the fierce Aztec emperors, who 
 governed more by the sword than by justice 
 and policy, and who made their vassals 
 tremble at the remotest corner of their 
 empire, we see that the two nations had 
 but little in common, if indeed they were 
 acquainted with one another. 
 
 But it is necessary to. bear in mind that 
 the early history of Peru, like that of Mexico, 
 is clearly divided into two parts. In the 
 latter country, the peaceful and industrious 
 
1 64 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Toltecs appear first, and the conquering 
 Aztecs follow them, engrafting their religion 
 on that of Quetzatcoatl ; so in like manner 
 in Peru, we find on the western or Pacific 
 side of the Andes a similar revolution when 
 the Incas subdued the tribes around the 
 shores of Lake Titicaca, the ancient worship 
 of the Sun being re-established by Manco 
 Capac. 
 
 The ancient edifices on Lake Titicaca were 
 in existence at a period long prior to the 
 Incas ; and, like the Aztecs in Mexico, they 
 superseded a more ancient race. The pyra 
 mids of Cholula and Teotihuacan, Toltecan 
 monuments, were found by the Aztecs when 
 they arrived on the Mexican plateau, and 
 both they and the remains on Lake Titicaca 
 were anciently dedicated to the Sabsean 
 worship. Mr. Markham says, " It seems cer 
 tain, from various emblems found carved 
 upon the ruins, and from tradition, that the 
 worship of the Sun and Moon was established 
 amongst the Aymaras for ages before the 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 165 
 
 conquest of their country by the Incas of 
 Cuzco." Travels in Peru and India, p. 113. 
 
 The temple of Pachacamac, near Lima, ap 
 pears to have been dedicated by the Chinchas 
 to their god of that name, signifying, "He 
 who sustains and gives life to the universe." 
 No image represented him, who they wor 
 shipped as the son of Con, the Supreme 
 Being ; and it was not until the arrival of the 
 Incas as conquerors from the eastern slopes 
 of the Andes, that the actual worship of the 
 Sun was introduced. A gorgeous temple 
 dedicated to that luminary was then erected 
 close to that of Pachacamac, and the natives 
 were told that their god Pachacamac was the 
 son of the Sun himself. Rivera s Peruvian 
 Antiquities, p, 149; Prescotfs Peru, Book i., 
 chap. iii. 
 
 This temple was built of adobes, or sun- 
 dried mud bricks, though of great size and 
 durability in a comparatively rainless region, 
 while the more ancient edifices on the shores 
 of Lake Titicaca were of stone. 
 
166 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 It is worthy of notice that Manco Capac 
 in Peru, Quetzatcoatl in Mexico, and Bochica 
 in Brazil, all appear about the same time on 
 the American continent. And it will be 
 remembered that the discovery of the middle 
 and southern parts of North America by 
 the Scandinavians, which we have previously 
 noticed, occurred about the same time, as 
 the earliest date assigned to Manco Capac s 
 arrival was about 1021 A.D. ; but these early 
 adventurers had reached the coast of New 
 foundland, under Bjarm Herjulfson and Lief 
 Ericson, about 986 or 1000. 
 
 That both the Aztecs and Peruvians were 
 visited by stranger reformers is certain ; but 
 whether they both came from the same 
 quarter is not so certain, for while we find 
 Quetzatcoatl inculcating only the sacrifice of 
 fruits and flowers among the Toltecs, there is 
 every reason to believe the Incas introduced 
 human sacrifices into Peru, for previous to 
 their arrival we do not find any trace of 
 it, either among the Collas, Aymaraes, or 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 167 
 
 Chinchas. As Quetzatcoatl departed from the 
 Toltecs, so probably did Manco Capac from 
 the Aymaraes, after having established a form 
 of government based on their religion, and im 
 parting to them the blessings of civilization. 
 Rivero says, 
 
 " Our minute and recent investigations go to prove 
 that the Incas do not derive their origin from the 
 legislator above named (be his name Manco Capac 
 or any other) by a succession of blood, but from a 
 native family established in the royal dignity by the 
 stranger reformer." Peruvian Antiquities, p. 67. 
 
 Mr. Markham is also of this opinion. 
 After dividing the ancient empire of the 
 Incas into five regions, namely, Ynca, Collao, 
 Chinchasuya, Quitu, and Yunca, he divides 
 the Ynca region into the six following tribes, 
 Yncas, Canas, Quichuas, Chancas, Huancas, 
 and Rucanas. He says, 
 
 " The above six nations were closely allied, and seem 
 
 to have a common origin The Ynca country 
 
 was bounded on the west by the precipitous gorge of 
 the Apurimac, and on the east by the Pancartampu 
 river. North and south it extended along the valley 
 of Vilcamayu, which passed through its centre, from 
 Ouequesana to the fortress of Tampu. 
 
1 68 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 " It thus consisted of a rich and fertile central valley, 
 enjoying an Italian climate, and yielding corn and fruit 
 in abundance, and a mountainous tract on either side 
 with pastures and rugged heights. Cuzco is on the 
 western highland, between the central valley and the 
 Apurimac. The district is about seventy miles by sixty 
 miles in extent. 
 
 " The proper name for the aboriginal people of this 
 tract is Ynca. All the chiefs, or rather heads of Aylhis, 
 or lineages, were called Yncas, and it was not until 
 later times that the name was assumed as the special 
 title of the royal family." 
 
 He further remarks that "there is no evidence for 
 the belief that the Yncas originally came from a dis 
 tance." Paper read before the RL Geo. Soc., July 10, 
 1871. 
 
 Mr. Markham also goes into a somewhat 
 long dissertation on what he calls " the 
 blunder " of authors calling the Collao natives 
 by the name of Aymara, but it is only a 
 few years ago since he himself made the 
 same mistake. 
 
 It is, however, now ascertained that the 
 people of the Collao were not called Aymaras 
 at or before the Spanish conquest ; that the 
 real Aymaras were a small Quichua tribe 
 living in a part of Peru remote from the 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 169 
 
 Collao ; and that the people inhabiting the 
 basin of the Lake Titicaca, properly the 
 Collao district, should be called Collas. For 
 the future, we trust no author will again 
 commit such a " blunder " as to call the Collas 
 natives Aymaraes, although they may not have 
 the opportunity of examining all the Spanish 
 writers, who we think knew very little about 
 the subject. 
 
 Mr. Prescott does not seem to place any 
 credence in the legend of Manco Capac and 
 his sister-wife, and thinks it was devised " at 
 a later period, to gratify the vanity of the 
 Peruvian monarchs, and so give additional 
 sanction to their authority by deriving it from 
 a celestial origin." Conquest of Peru, vol. i., 
 p. ii. 
 
 The first Inca, Manco Capac, began to reign 
 (it is said) A.D. 1021 ; and the last Inca, 
 Atahualpa, died on the scaffold, by order of 
 Pizarro, in 1533: the other four were Incas 
 only in name. These dates give a period of 
 five hundred and twelve years for the Inca 
 
i;o THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 dynasty, which is manifestly too long for only 
 fourteen sovereigns. It is generally supposed 
 that Manco Capac did not reign more than 
 two hundred and fifty years before the coming 
 of the Spaniards, perhaps about the close of 
 the thirteenth century. 
 
 In Peru, wives and domestics were sacrificed 
 at the tombs of their lords, and at the funeral 
 obsequies of the Inca Huayna Capac, a thousand 
 men alone are said to have been slain ; and 
 Sarmiento says four thousand victims suffered 
 on that occasion. 
 
 The Egyptians and Chinese appear to be 
 the only nations of the Old Continent that 
 were exempt from the barbarous custom of 
 human sacrifice ; there is, however, a tradition 
 that a young virgin was annually sacrificed to 
 the Nile, and Josephus asserts the Hindoos 
 anciently offered up a youth or maiden to the 
 Ganges. In Peru, young virgins and children 
 were sacrificed to the Sun, but only on extra 
 ordinary occasions ; and the immolation of 
 human beings appears to have been reserved 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 171 
 
 chiefly for their funeral ceremonies, like the 
 ancient Scythians ; the Peruvians were not 
 cannibals, like the Aztecs. 
 
 Both the Pharaohs and Incas were elabo 
 rately embalmed. The latter monarchs, with 
 their Coyas (queens), were found in a wonder 
 ful state of preservation ; so that when the 
 Spaniards removed some of these royal 
 mummies from Cuzco to Lima, they appeared 
 as if but just dead. They were found de 
 posited in the Temple of the Sun at Cuzco, 
 seated on their thrones ; while their Coyas were 
 placed in that part of the edifice dedicated 
 to the Moon, which was considered the wife of 
 the Sun. Their intestines were hermetically 
 sealed up in jars of gold. 
 
 The corpses of the common people were not 
 embalmed, but were universally found in a 
 sitting posture, the head generally resting upon 
 the hands, which were placed on the knees. 
 In Egypt, however, the bodies are found in a 
 recumbent posture. 
 
 We learn from Herodotus that the Scythian 
 
i;2 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 kings were embalmed ; and at their funeral 
 obsequies, one of the royal concubines was 
 strangled, and, together with the principal ser 
 vants and horses, buried with him. Melpo 
 mene, 71, etc. 
 
 We find again a great similarity that existed 
 between the Peruvians and Egyptians in the 
 system of caste : all occupation descended 
 from father to son. But the most singular 
 resemblance to the Egyptians was that of their 
 Penates, called Canopas by the Peruvians, and 
 Canopa, or Canoba, by the latter ! They were 
 used precisely for the same purpose, the 
 sepultures of both people containing them. 
 Peruvian Antiquities, p. 172, and Note. 
 
 Again in Peru, as in China and Egypt, the 
 Inca combined the office of high-priest and 
 monarch. 
 
 The ancient Pharaohs exercised the functions 
 of the priesthood ; but as the empire became 
 extended, this was impossible, and the monarch 
 had recourse to deputies, still retaining, how 
 ever, the chief regulation of the rites and 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 173 
 
 ceremonies used for the worship of the dif 
 ferent gods. 
 
 Amongst other ceremonies, we find the Inca, 
 with all his court, going forth to pierce the 
 earth with a golden instrument, which is exactly 
 similiar to the Chinese emperors, who, when 
 the sun reached the fifteenth degree of Aquarius, 
 ploughed up a small portion of the ground in 
 the enclosures round the temple dedicated to 
 the Earth. Davis s China, chap. ix. ; Peruvian 
 Ant., p. 194. 
 
 At their principal feast of Raymi, which 
 occurred at the summer solstice, multitudes 
 flocked to Cuzco to take part in the cere- 
 monies : nobles and plebeians, rich and poor, 
 came in their gala dresses. The Inca pre 
 sided ; and on the first beams of the rising 
 sun, returning as it then was to the north, he 
 took two golden cups, filled with the sacred 
 chicha prepared by the Virgins of -the Sun, and, 
 pouring one out before the luminary as a 
 libation, drank part of the other to the health 
 and prosperity of his family, they each receiving 
 
174 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 a small portion of it in smaller vessels of gold. 
 A young llama was then sacrificed, generally 
 of a black colour, and auguries sought for in 
 its entrails. 
 
 It is difficult to ascertain the truth with 
 regard to the kindling of the sacred fire by 
 means of a burnished metallic mirror whether 
 it was done at this feast of Raymi, or at that 
 celebrated at the vernal equinox, at which 
 time the Inca went through the ceremony of 
 inauguration for those youths who were eligible 
 for the honour of bearing arms, and had 
 passed an examination, having arrived at man s 
 estate. They had their ears bored with a 
 golden bodkin ; and after kissing the hand of 
 the monarch, received from him richly orna 
 mented sandals, and woollen drawers, together 
 with a girdle for the loins. All these cere 
 monies have great resemblance to those of the 
 ancient Persians. 
 
 Again, we find a similarity to the Persians, 
 Egyptians, and Assyrians in the incest practised 
 by the Peruvian monarchs. The Coya, or 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 175 
 
 legitimate queen, was his sister ; it could not 
 be otherwise, as a son of the Sun he could 
 not ally himself to a mere mortal ; and yet the 
 Incas found it agreeable to have several hun 
 dred concubines picked from the most beautiful 
 of the Virgins of the Sun, by whom they con 
 descended to beget a numerous posterity, some 
 of them leaving as many as three hundred 
 children. 
 
 Incest existed in Egypt long before the 
 Ptolemies ; and, according to Heeren, this 
 custom probably arose from a desire to pre 
 vent strangers from succeeding to the throne. 
 Historical Researches, vol. ii., p. 332 ; and 
 Eadie s Oriental Hist., chap, iv., p. 156. 
 
 In vain do we seek in the few hieroglyphics 
 that have been found on the Peruvian monu 
 ments for similarities with those of any other 
 nation. They, like the Aztecs, had no alpha 
 bet ; the quippus, consisting of knotted coloured 
 threads, was principally used by them. This 
 method of conveying signs by different coloured 
 thread was not original in Peru, and it is sup- 
 
1 76 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 posed was introduced by the first Inca, Manco 
 Capac. The coloured threads composing the 
 quippus had different meanings : thus, yellow 
 signified gold ; white, silver ; red, soldier, war ; 
 green, maize, etc.; but so insufficient were 
 they to express the intelligence sent from a 
 distant province, that the quippu-camazoc (de 
 cipherer of quippus) was always necessary to 
 accompany them. The word quipu signifies a 
 knot ; and appears to be similar in use to the 
 wampum belts of the North American Indians. 
 
 This practice, according to Humboldt, was 
 in use among the ancient Asiatic tribes, and 
 also among the Canadians. 
 
 The wampum belts described by Catlin 
 consisted of various coloured shells, cut into 
 little bits, and strung on deer s sinews, some 
 times worn round the neck, but also interwoven 
 with the waist-belt. 
 
 Among some of the North American tribes, 
 the keeper of the wampum answered to the 
 decipherer of the quippus in Peru. 
 
 Adair says of the tribes adjoining the 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 177 
 
 Mississippi, that " they count certain very 
 remarkable things by knots of various colours 
 and make, after the manner of the South 
 American aborigines." 
 
 Although the maguey (Argave Americana) 
 is indigenous to both North and South 
 America, the Peruvians never used it for 
 picture-writing, like the Mexicans ; and this 
 Mr. Prescott considers decisive evidence that 
 the two nations were not acquainted with each 
 other. But Humboldt saw bundles of these 
 writings among the Panoes of South America ; 
 and Castelnau and Rivero state they were 
 written on plantain leaves, and said to contain 
 the history of their ancestors ! Boturini found 
 some real Mexican quippus in the country of 
 the Tlascaltecks ; and the Urrequenas Indians 
 on the Rio Negro in Brazil also used them. 
 Adair s North American Indians, p. 75 ; 
 Southey s Brazil, p. 723 ; Catlin, vol. i., p. 222, 
 and Note. 
 
 The language spoken in Peru was for the 
 most part the Quichua, but it was by no means 
 
 12 
 
1 78 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 the only one. It is said the Incas had a 
 secret language of their own, but this is 
 generally doubted, as no traces of it have yet 
 been discovered. A few words of the Quichua 
 have been seized hold of by different writers as 
 resembling corresponding ones in the Sanscrit, 
 Hebrew, Chinese, and Carthaginian, but without 
 much result. 
 
 The Aymara language of Bolivia very much 
 resembles the Quichua, and Rivero considers 
 them to have the same root. 
 
 The Puquina language, spoken in some of 
 the valleys on the coast, is radically different 
 from any other American idiom. This fact is 
 not confined to the Puquina, for the Guaranee 
 race are found in Paraguay, with a language 
 almost monosyllabic, and which, according to 
 Professor Leoni Levi, bears a close analogy 
 with the Chinese. " How came they," he asks, 
 " to be in the centre of South America ? Are 
 they remnants of the Inca race of Peru ? " 
 
 The Quichua language has several dialects, 
 namely, the Quiteno, the Lamana, the Yunca, 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 179 
 
 and some others. In the south of Peru is the 
 Cusquefios, "which alone," says Rivero, "should 
 be taken as the standard by the student." It 
 is the pure Quichua. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the empire 
 of the Incas extended far beyond the present 
 republic of Peru. It stretched to the south 
 into Bolivia, Chili, and the Argentine Republic, 
 and on the north to Ecuador. 
 
 But the Incas could never succeed in making 
 progress south of the Maypocho river, and the 
 Spanish conquerors Almagro and Valdivia fared 
 no better when attempting to subdue the Arau- 
 canians of Chili, and they were acknowledged 
 independent from sheer necessity. 
 
 On crossing the Chilian Andes by the Us- 
 pallata pass, in 1858, I passed the " Inca s 
 Lake," about ten thousand feet above the sea 
 level, and on the Argentine side bivouaced by 
 the " Inca s Bridge." 
 
 According to Velasco, the Incas, on arriving 
 with their conquering legions at Quito, were 
 astonished to find a dialect of the Quichua 
 
i8o THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 spoken there, although it was unknown over 
 much of the intermediate country ; " a singular 
 fact, if true," adds Mr. Prescott. Conquest of 
 Peru, vol. i., p. 115, and Note. 
 
 The Quichua language was the language of 
 " the court, the capital, and the surround 
 ing country, the richest and most compre 
 hensive of the South American dialects." 
 Although Von Tschudi, Pickering, Turner, and 
 others, have done much to unravel the multi 
 tudinous skein of languages and dialects of 
 South America, much still remains to be done, 
 and we strongly suspect that the number of 
 radically different languages will be found to 
 be small. 
 
 It is remarkable that neither the Peruvians 
 nor Mexicans ever discovered the use of iron, 
 which was so plentiful about them ; in this 
 respect they resembled the Egyptians, whose 
 instruments for cutting stone were composed 
 only of copper and silex. Rivero found those 
 in Peru to contain from five to ten per cent, 
 of the latter substance in the different chisels 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 181 
 
 and hatchets he analyzed. Some of their 
 weapons of war, such as the club, were the 
 exact counterpart of those used by the New 
 Zealanders, and were made from the chonta, a 
 hard species of palm. 
 
 The Peruvian balsas, or rafts, on Lake Titi- 
 caca, were propelled by rush sails ; and, accord 
 ing to Castlenau, identical with those of Egypt as 
 used on the Nile, and which may be seen sculp 
 tured on the tomb of Rameses III. in Thebes. 
 
 Again, we find a marked resemblance in the 
 architecture of the Peruvians and Egyptians. 
 Among the ruins of old Huanuco, near the 
 town of Aquamiro in Peru, the sides of the 
 doors approximate each other, and support 
 a stone lintel. The walls are a yard and a 
 quarter in thickness, and of cut stones well 
 cemented together. Signer Rivero, speaking 
 of them, says, 
 
 The architecture of these ruins is singularly distinct 
 from that of the other edifices in the time of the Peruvian 
 emperors, and according to all appearances derives its 
 origin from an era more remote than the dynasty of the 
 Incas. Peruvian Antiquities^ p. 277. 
 
1 82 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 The Peruvians acknowledged that the ruins 
 of Lake Titicaca existed long before the 
 coming of Manco Capac. But Rivero is wrong 
 in saying they knew how to construct the arch, 
 and, singularly enough, quotes Mr. Stephens 
 work on Yucatan in support of his opinion, 
 when the very reverse is the case. The 
 nearest approach to the arch was the two 
 sides rising and meeting each other, and 
 then covered with a coping-stone at the 
 top. 
 
 In all the ancient ruins in America, whether 
 North or South, no true arch with its keystone 
 has yet been discovered. The early Theban 
 caverns were partly arched in like manner, but 
 the Egyptians themselves never attained to 
 the true one. 
 
 Heeren traces the Egyptian architecture to 
 its true source, namely, in Meroe in Ethiopia, 
 where comparing the pyramidal architecture of 
 that country to Egypt, he says, 
 
 " We shall see another proof of what has already been 
 partly established; namely, that what had its rise in 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 183 
 
 Ethiopia was perfected in Egypt, of which we shall still 
 see further proofs." Heererfs Hist. Researches, vol. i., 
 P- 394- 
 
 The description given by Ciea de Leon of 
 the temples that existed on the island of 
 Lampuna, cannot fail to strike the reader with 
 its resemblance to those buildings so graphi 
 cally described by Mr. Stephens in Yucatan. 
 The obscurity of the interior, the hideous 
 sculptures covered with hieroglyphics, together 
 with the large sacrificial stone or altar in the 
 centre, are all similar ; coupled with the fact 
 that a statue at Quirigua, near Copan, in 
 Central America, twenty feet high, with the 
 front part resembling a man, and the back part 
 a woman, was exactly identical to another 
 image found in Peru about two leagues from 
 the town of Hilavi, where a sculptured stone 
 three times the height of a man, represented 
 a male figure on one side facing the west, and 
 a female on the other looking east. Will it 
 be believed that the Jesuit Arriaga employed 
 more than thirty persons for three days to 
 
1 84 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 demolish this most interesting monument ? 
 See a description of both in Stephens Yucatan, 
 vol. i., chap, vii., and Rivero s Peruvian Ant^ 
 pp. 167 246. 
 
 The Inti-huasi, or " House of the Sun," at 
 Cuzco, shows a superiority over any other 
 building on the New Continent, and Sarmiento 
 says he had never seen throughout Spain, 
 except in Toledo and Cordova, anything to 
 be compared with its walls, and the laying of 
 its stones. 
 
 The fortress of Cuzco, which was built during 
 the reign of the Inca Pachacutec, or his son 
 Yupanqui, of huge polyangular stones, fitted 
 so perfectly, that no mortar or cement was 
 necessary. These immense stones were quite 
 rough, except at the joints, which were polished. 
 Some of them were fifty feet in length, twenty- 
 two in height, and six in width. Only in the 
 ruins of Baalbek do we find such gigantic 
 masonry. 
 
 The roads and canals made by the Incas were 
 the wonder and admiration of the Spaniards, 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 185 
 
 carrying water along the sides of the sierras 
 for more than a hundred and twenty leagues, 
 in aqueducts from six to eight feet in height. 
 
 The Peruvian knowledge of astronomy was, 
 however, very poor compared with the Mexican, 
 or even that of the Musycas, who inhabited the 
 same southern plateau as themselves. These 
 latter people regulated their calendar on the 
 same general plan of cycles and periodical 
 series as the Aztecs. 
 
 The Hindoos, Chinese, Egyptians, Chaldaeans, 
 and Persians, all had cycles of sixty years, 
 while that of the Mexicans contained fifty-two 
 years ; the Peruvians, however, had none. 
 
 Their huata, or year, was divided into twelve 
 months, and at Cuzco it began in the winter 
 solstice, while at Quito it commenced in the 
 summer. 
 
 Their religious festivals were regulated by 
 the solstices and equinoxes, like the Chinese ; 
 and Garcilasso de la Vega mentions eight 
 towers that were erected in Cuzco, four to the 
 east and four to the west of the city, in order 
 
1 86 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 to mark the exact time of the summer and 
 winter solstices by the sun s shadow. But they 
 were deficient in any astronomical calculations 
 which were of importance. 
 
 Similar ceremonies to baptism, confirmation, 
 and extreme unction were in existence among 
 the ancient Peruvians, and, like the cross dis 
 covered in the island of Cozumel, Gulf of 
 Mexico, which was dedicated to Tlaloc, the 
 " god of rain," puzzled the Spanish priests not 
 a little. 
 
 A few days after the birth of the child, the 
 father and mother, with the amauta (priest), 
 washed it with water, pronouncing some mys 
 tical words, in order to conjure away all evil 
 influences that might in future be exercised 
 over it. 
 
 Confirmation was the second naming of the 
 child when it had arrived at the age of puberty ; 
 feasting and dancing followed this ceremony, 
 the hair and finger-nails being cut off, and 
 offered to the family Canopus, or household 
 gods. In like manner, before their principal 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 187 
 
 feasts, they confessed their sins, having pre 
 viously fasted several days, when penance was 
 enjoined. 
 
 The ceremony of extreme unction was 
 nothing more than the priest muttering some 
 words over the dying person, in order to drive 
 away the devil, or any other evil spirit that 
 might be hovering about. 
 
 The former rite, resembling baptism, was 
 also practised by the Aztecs ; and although it 
 had no reference to the Christian ceremony, 
 it was doubtless derived from Asia, as the 
 Egyptians, Hindoos, and Persians all had a 
 similar rite. Prescotts Mexico, Book i., chapter 
 iii., and App. ; Prescotfs Peru ; Peruvian Anti 
 quities, pp. 1 80 182. 
 
 These purely pagan ceremonies ought not 
 to have surprised the Spaniards, at least the 
 intelligent portion of them, by their similarity 
 to their own rites : if they had only taken the 
 trouble to examine the source they sprang 
 from, they would have found them identical 
 in that respect. 
 
1 88 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 It is a well-known fact that when Caprini, 
 who was sent by Pope Innocent IV., in 1246, 
 to the East, examined the rites and ceremonies 
 of the Chinese Buddhists, he was astonished 
 at their similarity to the Romish ones ; and 
 again in 1253, when Rubrugnis reached the 
 court of the Great Khan, he also was struck 
 with the marked resemblance in the forms of 
 worship of the Lama and the Pope. 
 
 " That they should count their prayers," says Gutzlaff, 
 " by means of a rosary, and chant masses for both the 
 living and the dead ; that they should live in a state of 
 celibacy, shave their heads, fast, etc., might be perhaps 
 accounted for as a mere coincidence of errors into which 
 men are prone to fall ; but their adoration of Tien-how, 
 Queen of Heaven, (called also Shingmoo, the Holy 
 Mother, ) must be a tenet engrafted upon Buddhism from 
 foreign traditions." Davis s China, chapters xii., xiv. 
 
 We can trace an analogy between the Chinese 
 goddess Tien-how and the Carthaginian virgin 
 goddess Ccelestis, also Urania and the Moon, 
 and who is probably alluded to by the prophet 
 Jeremiah in chap. vii. 1 8, and chap. xliv. 1 7 2 5, 
 of his prophecy ; this " Queen of Heaven " is 
 doubtless identical with the Greek Iphigenia, 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 189 
 
 daughter of Agamemnon, to whom the Scythian 
 Tauri sacrificed all who suffered shipwreck. 
 Herodotus, Melpomene, 103. 
 
 When some Arabian Christians (?) made a 
 goddess of the Virgin Mary, the mother of our 
 Lord, and offered a cake to her as to the Queen 
 of Heaven, Epiphanius condemns their heresy 
 as " impious and abominable," and during the 
 reign of Constantine, the " doctrine of demons," 
 or devils, mentioned by St. Paul to Timothy, 
 was established in the professing Christian 
 Church under the worship of saints and 
 angels. 
 
 How it came to pass that the same temples 
 and altars of Jupiter, Venus, and Bacchus were 
 re-dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Peter, Paul, 
 etc. ; how the same ceremonies in use among 
 the pagans, such as the lighting of lamps and 
 candles in broad daylight, hanging up votive 
 offerings, together with the canonization of 
 deceased worthies ; carrying images in pompous 
 processions ; confessions, penances, celibacy of 
 sexes, etc. ; how these tenets of heathenism 
 
190 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 crept into the early Church, and how error 
 after error sprang from this amalgamated 
 worship until the whole culminated in Popery, 
 is a matter of history, and a most interesting 
 study for the unbiassed student. 
 
 According to the Litany of the Tibetan 
 Buddhists, Godama professed to have taken 
 upon himself the nature of man, in order to 
 suffer for the good of all living beings ; and 
 that, when himself free from sin, he also 
 desired to free the world from sin. See hymn 
 translated by Csoma Karosi, Prinsep s Tibet, 
 
 P- 153. 
 
 If, as some suppose, the Buddhist religion 
 
 emanated from the ten tribes of Israel, carried 
 captive into the regions about the Caspian 
 Sea, then we can understand how the promise 
 of a deliverer became engrafted on the Jewish 
 worship, intermingled as it had become with 
 the pagan worship of Baal, Ashtoreth, Milcom, 
 and other heathen deities. The Jewish pro 
 phecies relating to the Messiah were in all 
 probability better understood and appreciated 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 191 
 
 by them when in captivity than they ever 
 were in the days of prosperity ; and like their 
 brethren who returned under the edict of Cyrus 
 to Palestine, idolatry was for a time at least 
 abandoned, until, by the constant intercourse 
 with the surrounding heathen nations, paganism 
 again took firm root among them. 
 
 It has been pointed out that the Peruvians 
 had one Buddhistic notion prominent in their 
 creed, namely, the successive incarnations of 
 Deity in the persons of their rulers. Dr. 
 Cooke Taylor says, 
 
 "There is a perfect similarity between the attributes 
 of the Incas of Peru and the Lamas of Tibet. It 
 deserves to be added, that in the provinces where the 
 empire of the Incas was not established, human sacri 
 fices were as common as in Mexico." Nat. State of 
 Society t vol. i., p. 302. 
 
 The Sakai (Buddhists) arrived in India 
 about a hundred years after the return of the 
 Jews from Assyria to Palestine : this would 
 consequently be 436 B.C., reckoning from 606, 
 Usher s date for their being carried into 
 captivity. 
 
192 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 Their remains may be traced from Bactria, 
 a district of Persia, close upon the eastern 
 borders of the Caspian Sea, where the Israelites 
 were carried away captive by Hoshea, king 
 of Assyria, who placed them " in Halah and 
 in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the 
 cities of the Medes " (2 Kings xvii. 6), through 
 Mongolia and Tibet to China, and through 
 India to Ceylon, Burmah, Siam, and the 
 islands of Formosa and Japan. 
 
 In Cashmere, the Sakian era, or the new 
 religion of Prince Asoka, appears to have 
 commenced about 307 B.C. 
 
 " It should be remembered," says Dr. Moore, " that 
 Buddhism, as it now exists in India, Ceylon, and the 
 Indo-Chinese territories, does not fairly represent that 
 form of it which originated with Sakya. It has been 
 corrupted by various pagan additions, and has assumed 
 shapes according to the idolatries it has encountered, 
 until at length but little of the original creed appears 
 in its pure form. For instance, the celibacy of the 
 priests of Buddha is now universal, and yet, according 
 to their own records, it appears that Sakya himself was 
 married twice, and that he gave his disciples precepts 
 concerning the qualities which should determine their 
 choice of a wife." The Lost Tribes, p. 198. 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 193 
 
 We see the same perversion of true Chris 
 tianity in Popery, which age after age has 
 glossed over, and added to, the pure faith 
 once delivered to the saints. The human 
 heart is the same, whether in India or Italy ; 
 and Paganism, Judaism, and Christianity are 
 mixed up from time to time, and presented 
 as the true religion, to those who are thirsting 
 for the pure water of life. 
 
 We have thus glanced at some of the most 
 striking analogies that existed in the religion 
 and architecture, as well as the manners and 
 customs, of the Aztecs and Peruvians ; but it 
 will be mainly on language that we shall have 
 to depend for ascertaining with any degree of 
 certainty the exact quarter from whence these 
 two civilized people originally came. 
 
 As the great water highways of South 
 America, the Amazon and Orinoco, with their 
 numerous tributaries, become better known, 
 philologists will doubtless be able to ascertain 
 with more certainty than at present many 
 interesting facts regarding the language of 
 
 13 
 
194 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 those tribes that hunt and fish on their banks ; 
 and the time may not be far distant when 
 the remnants of a once polished people will 
 be brought to light, and the true origin of 
 the Inca race of Peru be no longer a question 
 of doubt. 
 
 To the enterprising traveller no subject can 
 be more interesting than such a search, and 
 we shall look with confidence to men like 
 Chandless, Church, and Simson, together with 
 the members of the South American Mission, 
 who will be actuated by very different feelings 
 from those of the Romish bigots at the time 
 of the Spanish conquest, who destroyed all 
 the valuable manuscripts and interesting monu 
 ments they could possibly collect together, and 
 vied with each other in the magnitude of these 
 literary bonfires. Anything like light and 
 truth was to them intolerable, being utterly 
 foreign to their nature ; and whether it was 
 wantonly destroying a valuable monument, 
 consuming a pile of hieroglyphic paintings, or 
 roasting a few dozen Indians before breakfast, 
 
ANCIENT PERU. 195 
 
 these wretches appear to have been equally 
 in their element ; and we cannot wonder at 
 the Indian noble at the stake replying to his 
 Christian tormentors, who were as usual urging 
 their blasphemous dogmas upon him at the 
 last moment, that he would prefer remaining 
 out of heaven if he thought he would meet 
 any Spaniards there. 
 
Cranial mtliarrfas rrf 
 
VII. 
 
 CRANIAL PECULIARITIES OF THE 
 AMERICAN NATIONS. 
 
 of the most singular customs that 
 prevailed on the American continent was 
 that of compressing the heads of the children ; 
 it was not, however, universal ; but most of 
 the Indian tribes both in North and South 
 America practised it. 
 
 The only people on the Old Continent 
 addicted to this singular custom, were the 
 Macrocephali, on the shores of the Euxine. 
 In Tahiti the heads of youths were com 
 pressed, and the Caribs also appear to have 
 done the same ; but while in Tahiti it was 
 to strike terror into the enemy, in America 
 it was considered a mark of beauty. 
 
 This strange custom was doubtless be 
 queathed to them, and has been retained in 
 
200 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 memory of a race that possessed elongated 
 heads, and which possibly may be the same 
 as those whose high-nosed profiles and re 
 ceding foreheads are still seen depicted on 
 the Central American ruins, a race, perhaps 
 a master one, that has passed away. 
 
 The extraordinary flat-crowned and elon 
 gated crania discovered by Mr. Pentland in 
 Bolivia would tend to lead to this conclusion ; 
 and although it is the opinion of some 
 anthropologists that these Titicacan skulls 
 had never been subject to artificial pressure, 
 it has since been conclusively proved, to my 
 mind at least, that they have. 
 
 Dr. Prichard, a high authority on this 
 subject, says, 
 
 " The custom was very general throughout North and 
 South America, and the same practice prevailed among 
 the ancient Peruvians ; consequently, it is more than 
 probable that the ancient skulls of Titicaca owed their 
 strange configuration to a process which we know is 
 capable of explaining the phenomena, than that they 
 constituted an original race, a circumstance of which 
 we have no other evidence than that derived from the 
 shape of the cranium. Professor Scouler has given 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 201 
 
 the sketch of an infant skull of one of the Columbran 
 tribes, which is as much elongated as the skulls brought 
 by Mr. Pentland from Titicaca." Physical History of 
 Mankind, vol. i., p. 220. 
 
 When at Vancouver s Island in 1856, I 
 procured two skulls, one belonging to the 
 Chinook tribe, the other unknown ; the former 
 was most extraordinarily flattened in front, 
 the whole skull being considerably broadened 
 and thrown back, but it had not the elongated 
 appearance that is the principal characteristic 
 of the Titicaca crania, and I have invariably 
 noticed this excessive width in the heads of 
 the living chiefs among the Chinooks in con 
 tradistinction to the length of those skulls 
 brought from the highlands of Peru. 
 
 It might reasonably be supposed that if 
 the practice of flattening the head was uni 
 versal among the ancient Peruvians that 
 inhabited the elevated region about Lake 
 Titicaca, it would account for the elongated 
 crania found in their huacas ; but Signer 
 Rivero and Dr. Von Tschudi, after having 
 examined hundreds of crania, inform us many 
 
202 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 of these skulls are natural, and have not been 
 artificially subject to pressure. 
 
 According to them, three distinct races in 
 habited that part of the South American con 
 tinent before the coming of the Incas. The 
 first, called the Chinchas, dwelt between the 
 tenth and fourteenth degrees of south lati 
 tude, and occupied the shores of the Pacific 
 as far inland as the Cordilleras. The skulls of 
 this race are only sometimes found artificially 
 flattened. 
 
 The second race, M. D Orbigny calls the 
 Aymaraes ; they inhabited the Peru-Bolivian 
 plateau, and it is said that in this race com 
 menced the dynasty of the Incas ; their 
 crania exhibit a peculiarity different from the 
 other, particularly in their remarkable arch. 
 
 The third race is called the Huancas, which 
 inhabited the territory between the Cordilleras 
 and the Andes, and extended from the ninth 
 to the fourteenth degree of south latitude. 
 There is not so much positive information 
 about this race as the other two, but the 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 203 
 
 characteristic formation of their crania distin 
 guishes them from the others by the depressed 
 frontal bone. 
 
 Von Tschudi says, 
 
 " Those philologists are undoubtedly in error who 
 suppose that the different phrenological aspects offered 
 by the Peruvian race were exclusively artificial. This 
 hypothesis rests on insufficient grounds ; its authors 
 could have made their observations solely on the crania 
 of adult individuals, as it is only a few years since two 
 mummies of children were carried to England, which, 
 according to the very exact description of Dr. Bellamy, 
 belonged to the tribe of Aymaraes. The two crania 
 (both of children scarce a year or two old) had, in all 
 respects, the same form as those of adults. We our 
 selves have observed the same fact in many mummies 
 of children of tender age, who, although they had cloths 
 about them, were yet without any vestige or appearance 
 of pressure of the crania. 
 
 " More still : the same formation of the head presents 
 itself in children yet unborn ; and of this truth we have 
 had convincing proof in the sight of a fcetus, enclosed 
 in the womb of a mummy of a pregnant woman, which 
 we found in a cave of Huichay, two leagues from 
 Tarma, and which is at this moment in our collection. 
 Professor D Outrepoint, of great celebrity in the depart 
 ment of obstetrics, has assured us that the fcetus is one 
 of seven months age. It belongs, according to a very 
 clearly defined formation of crania, to the tribe of the 
 Huancas." Peruvian Antiquities, p. 35. 
 
204 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 I have quoted this authority at length to 
 show how easy it is to build a theory on 
 a solitary and isolated point. This alleged 
 proof would not be conclusive as to the 
 natural formation of this race, even supposing 
 this fcetal cranium to have been the normal 
 condition of the child when so found. But 
 when we consider the manner in which the 
 Peruvians buried their dead, the whole case 
 falls to the ground. 
 
 In common with all the American Indians, 
 they invariably placed their corpses in a 
 crouching posture, with the knees drawn up to 
 the chin, and the whole position constrained 
 and unnatural, thus rendering it more than 
 probable that the pressure in this way exerted 
 on the abdominal region of the mother imme 
 diately after death must have produced the 
 elongated formation of the fcetal head described 
 in this solitary instance, the unnatural position 
 of the corpse rendering it certain that an 
 undue pressure, and that of a very consider 
 able nature, must have been brought to bear 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 205 
 
 against the foetus, described as being one of no 
 less than seven months, and which the sketch 
 given by Dr. Von Tschudi fully corroborates. 
 
 Again, due allowance should be made for 
 cases where malformation occurs (and these 
 are not a few) ; but in any case such a soli 
 tary instance as the one quoted cannot 
 establish the fact that this remarkable cranial 
 configuration was the normal condition of this 
 ancient people. 
 
 It is, however, very certain that the Peruvians 
 at the time of the conquest were found com 
 pressing the heads of their children, as they 
 were forbidden by Spanish law to do so ; 
 while the same practice appears to have 
 been adopted by tribes remote from each 
 other in both North and South America, such 
 as the Chinooks and Choctaws, inhabiting 
 the former portion of the continent, and the 
 Omaguas and Red Caribs, the latter. Adair 
 says, the Choctaws do it to beautify them 
 selves, and call the white traders " long-heads " 
 by way of contempt. 
 
2o5 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 We find the Indian tribes round South 
 Carolina, and all the way to New Mexico, 
 following the same custom : 
 
 " To effect this, they fix the tender infant on a kind 
 of cradle, where his feet are tilted above a foot higher 
 than a horizontal position ; his head bends back into a 
 hole made on purpose to receive it, where he bears the 
 chief part of his weight on the crown of his head upon 
 a small bag of sand, without being in the least able to 
 move himself. The skull, resembling a fine cartilagi 
 nous substance in its infant state, is capable of taking 
 any impression." Affair s American Indians, p. 8. 
 
 This is somewhat similar to the way in which 
 the Chinooks compress the head, which is done 
 by placing a board upon the frontal bone. 
 
 While in Vancouver s Island, a mother held 
 her infant up for me to sketch, the flattening 
 bandage having been just removed. It is con 
 sidered a mark of beauty and distinction, and is 
 confined almost entirely to the sons of chiefs. 
 
 This custom may have descended from the 
 old Aturian Paltas, or Flatheads, now extinct 
 in Peru and Brazil, but recognizable on the 
 sculptures of Palenque in Central America, and 
 still practised by the miserable remnants of a 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 207 
 
 once powerful and prosperous nation who have 
 wandered further to the northward. 
 
 In Tahiti, the forehead and back of the head 
 were pressed upward : this practice has been 
 discontinued for many years in the Society 
 group, but it will be necessary to remember 
 that it did once exist. 
 
 Catlin found the Minatarees, in North 
 America, with very receding foreheads and 
 aquiline noses, but they did not compress their 
 children s heads. He says, 
 
 " I recollect to have seen in several publications on the 
 antiquities of Mexico, many rude drawings made by the 
 ancient Mexicans, of which the singular profiles of these 
 people forcibly remind me, almost bringing me to the 
 conclusion that these people may be the descendants 
 of the race who have bequeathed those curious and 
 inexplicable remains to the world, and whose scattered 
 remnants, from dire and unknown necessities of those 
 dark and unveiled ages that have gone by, and have 
 been jostled and thrown along through the hideous and 
 almost impenetrable labyrinths of the Rocky Mountains 
 to the place of their destination where they now live." 
 Catlings North American Indians, vol. i., p. 193. 
 
 It is also well known that the Natchez tribe, 
 who migrated from Mexico at two different 
 
208 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 periods, also flattened the heads of their 
 children. 
 
 On examining the crania from the North 
 American mounds, and comparing them with 
 some of those found in Peru, great similarity 
 is observable, especially in the flattened occiput, 
 but there is no proof that this peculiarity arises 
 from anything but artificial causes. 
 
 The question will naturally be asked, Are 
 these ancient and peculiar crania found only 
 in the highlands of Peru ? 
 
 An essay by Dr. Warren, of Boston, U.S., 
 answers this conclusively ; and an extract is 
 quoted by Mr. Delafield in his work on 
 " American Antiquities " : 
 
 " The crania found in these mounds (i.e., ancient 
 mounds of North America,) differ from those of the exist 
 ing Indians, from the Caucasian and European, and, in 
 fact, from all existing nations, so far as they are known. 
 The forehead is broader and more elevated than the 
 European ; the orbits are small and regular : the jaws 
 are sensibly prominent, less so than in the Indian, but 
 more so than in the European, owing principally to a 
 greater breadth of the palatine plate of the os palati. 
 But the most remarkable appearance in these heads is 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 209 
 
 an irregular flatness in the occipital region, evidently 
 produced by artificial means." 
 
 "The Aztecs," says Humboldt, "who do not now dis 
 figure the heads of their children, represent their prin 
 cipal divinities, as their hieroglyphic manuscripts prove, 
 with a head more flattened than any I have seen among 
 the Caribs." 
 
 It is necessary to be on our guard against 
 an extraordinary statement made by Dr. 
 Tschudi. After describing the three different 
 Peruvian tribes, he says, 
 
 " In conclusion, it may be proper to notice an osteo- 
 logical anomaly, very interesting, which is observed in the 
 crania of all the three races ; and it is this : that those 
 children of tender years, in the first months after their 
 birth, present an interparietal bone (ps interparietale) 
 perfectly distinct ; a bone which, as its name indicates, 
 will be found placed between the two parietals, and 
 having a form more or less triangular, whose sharpest 
 angle is above, and is bounded by the posterior edges of 
 the parietal bones, while its base attaches itself to the 
 occipital bone by a suture which runs from the angle of 
 union of the temporal with the occipital bone, a little 
 above the upper semicircular line, to a similar angle on 
 the opposite side. It follows that this interparietal bone 
 occupies precisely that part of the occiput which in the 
 other crania is occupied fay the upper portion of the 
 occipital, and which is connected with the parietals by 
 the lambdoidal suture. 
 
 14 
 
210 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 " At four or five months this bone is regularly united 
 to the occipital, and the union begins at the middle of 
 the suture, and advances by little and little towards both 
 sides ; although even after a year it is not found com 
 pletely effected, but in the middle only : a furrow shows 
 the trace of the suture ; this furrow is not obliterated 
 even at the most advanced age, and may be easily 
 recognized in the crania of all these races. 
 
 " Dr. Bellamy was the first who made mention of this 
 bone, which he had occasion to remark in one of the 
 mummies before mentioned. Among the numerous 
 crania which we had the opportunity to examine in 
 Peru, we have had the means of convincing ourselves 
 that this suture is invariably found either open, or closed 
 in part, or completely united to the occipital bone, and 
 well indicated by a furrow very clearly marked. 
 
 " It is a circumstance worthy of the attention of learned 
 anthropologists, that there is thus found in one section 
 of the human race a perpetual anomalous phenomenon 
 which is wanting in all others, but which is characteristic 
 of the ruminant and carnivorous animals." Peruvian 
 Antiquities, p. 37. 
 
 After such a positive and minutely described 
 characteristic, I was hardly prepared to find it 
 most flatly contradicted by several learned men, 
 one of whom, Dr. Archibald Smith, had resided 
 at Lima for a considerable time. 
 
 While in Peru, I took with my own hands a 
 skull from an ancient huaca near the ruins of 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 211 
 
 Pachacamac ; the lower part of the mound had 
 fallen out, and several skulls were easily obtain 
 able. The one I got had no mark of any 
 interparietal suture, although a ridge did exist 
 across the lower part of the occipital bone, but 
 which is simply that caused by muscular action, 
 traces of which may be found to exist, more or 
 less distinct, in the crania of every race of man, 
 and has nothing to do with any ossified suture 
 whatever. 
 
 Dr. James M Bain of Edinburgh kindly gave 
 me his opinion on this skull, and the following 
 are extracts from a paper read by him before 
 the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh in 
 April 1863. 
 
 After detailing the opinions of Dr. Tschudi 
 and Signer Rivero on Peruvian crania, together 
 with Dr. Bellamy s notice to the British 
 Association in 1841, and the allusions made 
 by Colonel Hamilton Smith and Dr. Lund on 
 the same subject, he said, 
 
 " The skull in my possession appears to have belonged 
 to a young person, the sutures being open and distinct, 
 
212 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 and only fourteen teeth being present in the upper 
 jaw. 
 
 " The ossa wormiana extend in the line of the lamb- 
 doidal suture, from an inch above the posterior inferior 
 angle of the parietal bone, and are nearly an inch in 
 breadth. The skull belongs to the brachycephalic type, 
 and is somewhat prognathous. 
 
 " The occipiti-frontal diameter is 6 T % inches, the inter- 
 parietal diameter is 5^ inches, and the vertical height, 
 measured from the middle of the sagittal suture interiorly 
 to the anterior edge of the occipital foramen, is about 
 5 inches. 
 
 " The horizontal circumference of the skull, extending 
 from the glabella along the upper margin of the squamous 
 suture, and over the occipital protuberance, is 19^ inches. 
 The skull, without the lower jaw, weighs 21^ ounces of 
 millet seed, the anterior portion 10^ ounces, and the 
 posterior 26 ounces, which is nearly in the ratio of one 
 to three. 
 
 "It is unnecessary to enter into further details, as the 
 above are sufficient for comparison with other crania." 
 
 He went on to say, 
 
 " I have thus briefly referred to the authorities and 
 statements upon which the hypothesis of a distinct race 
 of man has been founded, and hitherto pretty generally 
 accepted. The chief osteological characters are the 
 peculiar flattening of the skull, and the assertion of the 
 constant presence of an interparietal bone, or os Incce, 
 as it is termed by Von Tschudi, in compliment to the 
 nation in which the peculiarity is said alone to be iound. 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 213 
 
 The question has been ably and successfully investigated 
 by Dr. Archibald Smith, whose long residence in Lima 
 afforded him favourable opportunities for that purpose. 
 He applied to Dr. Lorenti, one of the best authorities 
 in Peru on such subjects, who assured Dr. Smith that 
 Tschudi s statement was utterly untrue. Dr. Smith 
 afterwards went to the museum, and saw native Indian 
 skulls from ancient tombs in which the sutures were 
 visible, but only one showed signs of a wormian bone 
 at all. The so-called interparietal bone, represented as 
 characteristics of the skulls of the Peruvian Indian race, 
 is not even traceable in any one of the Jive skulls in the 
 Lima museum. A skull from the ruins of Pachacamac, 
 in the Edinburgh museum, has no such peculiarity, 
 neither have two skulls from the Chinchas, in the 
 possession of Professor Simpson, the osteological cha 
 racter in question, and therefore, none such can be said 
 to be typical of the Peruvians as a race." Proceedings 
 of the Physical Society, Edinburgh, Session 1862-63, 
 P- 75- 
 
 Dr. M Bain kindly took me with him when 
 he examined the skulls from South America 
 deposited in the Phrenological Museum of 
 Edinburgh, but only two were found with the 
 wormian bones situated at the occipital spine 
 in the line of lambdoidal suture, namely, those 
 marked 297 and 301 ; and five had no wormian 
 bones at all. 
 
214 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 On examining the crania marked Peruvian 
 at the Museum of the Royal College of 
 Surgeons in London, I found only one had 
 an open suture extending the whole way 
 across the occipital bone, as described in 
 the foregoing quotation from " Peruvian 
 Antiquities ; " and it is not a little singular 
 that the only Peruvian skull in the British 
 Museum, labelled Lima, possessed the same 
 characteristic. The height of this bone 
 (wormian, super-occipital, or interparietal ?) 
 from the base to the apex, is in the former 
 skull 2 inches, and in the latter i 6 inches ; 
 the frontal bones in both skulls are apparently 
 artificially flattened. 
 
 It will be seen that the statements of Signer 
 Rivero and Dr. Tschudi are based on excep 
 tional cases, and that the desire to establish 
 a distinct race of man as having at one time 
 inhabited the highlands of Peru is untenable. 
 We see that some few of the Peruvian crania 
 do possess this remarkable characteristic ; but 
 so far as I have been able to ascertain, it is 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 215 
 
 not found in any of the elongated Titicaca 
 skulls, where it might with most reason be 
 suspected to exist. 
 
 But this peculiarity is not confined to 
 Peruvian skulls only. Those who have care 
 fully examined Dr. Morton s work on " Crania 
 Americana " will have noticed the same feature 
 in a Cayuga skull (Plate 35) of North 
 America, which tribe formed one of the 
 Iroquois nation, whose cautiousness and cun 
 ning were proverbial even among the sur 
 rounding Indian nations. This skull has the 
 occipital bone divided in a horizontal direction, 
 the suture being as distinctly marked as any 
 of those previously alluded to. 
 
 A Clatsap skull (Plate 46) also exhibits 
 the same feature : this cranium has been 
 evidently subjected to unequal pressure, a 
 greater force having been used on the right 
 side of the frontal bone. 
 
 A Chinook skull (Plate 43) and a Huron 
 (Plate 37) also present the same peculiarity ; 
 but the suture, although dividing the occipital 
 
2i 6 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 bone horizontally, is situated higher up towards 
 the union of the parietals. 
 
 But we have further proof that this 
 characteristic is not peculiar to any particular 
 race of man, which has been so confidently 
 asserted ; for Mr. Turner, the Senior Demon 
 strator of Anatomy in the University of 
 Edinburgh, states in a paper to the Edinburgh 
 Medical Journal of July and August 1865, on 
 the " Congenital Deformities of the Human 
 Cranium," that this interparietal bone is not 
 confined to American crania. 
 
 " Variations," he says, " also occasionally occur in the 
 mode of ossification of the cerebral part of the occipital 
 bone itself. One of the best known of these consists in 
 the presence of a transverse suture extending from one 
 side of the lambdoidal suture to the opposite, and 
 separating the whole, or a great part, of the supra-spinous 
 from the cerebellar portion of the occipital bone. The 
 interparietal bone thus formed was at one time supposed 
 to be a characteristic feature of the Peruvian crania, 
 and was named by Von Tschudi, in accordance with this 
 view, os Inccz. But it is now known that this opinion 
 was based on imperfect observation ; for not only is the 
 interparietal bone of exceptional occurrence even in the 
 Peruvian skull, but it may exist as an individual 
 peculiarity in the crania apparently of men of any race. n 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 217 
 
 It will thus be seen how cautious we should 
 be in accepting conclusions based on solitary 
 instances of cranial development, or peculiar 
 formation, or upon those that have been 
 framed in order to support preconceived 
 theories. 
 
 In seeking for a resemblance among the 
 nations of the Old Continent that were in 
 the habit of compressing the skull, the 
 Macrocephali do not seem to stand alone. 
 Hippocrates, Strabo, and Pliny speak of them, 
 and the former writer says they considered 
 those most noble who had the longest heads, 
 and this was achieved by compressing the head 
 in infancy. Bat this custom was also preva 
 lent in the region about Mount Caucasus and 
 the Caspian, as well as on the shores of the 
 Black Sea ; and from various sources we find 
 that the nations east of these regions were in 
 the habit of practising it. 
 
 Dr. Wilson says an ancient medal struck in 
 the time of Attila the Hun, in the year 452, 
 shows this singular configuration : 
 
218 THE MIGRATION FROM SH1NAR. 
 
 "On one side is represented the ruined city, and on 
 the other the bust of the Hunnish leader in profile, with 
 the same form of head as that shown in the supposed 
 Avar (Hun) skulls." 
 
 Several of these skulls have been found 
 in Savoy, one near Lausanne, and another 
 in Fuersbrunn in Austria. One at Villy, in 
 Savoy, exhibits " the profile with the singular 
 vertical elongation which appears to have 
 constituted the ideal type of masculine beauty 
 among the Asiatic followers of Attila, as among 
 the Natchez, the Peruvians, and other tribes 
 and nations of the New World." 
 
 Speaking of their " bestial deformity," these 
 fierce Avars " became a synonym for inhuman 
 monster, under the various forms of German 
 Hunne, Russian Obri, French Bulgar, or Bougre, 
 and the English Ogre. Such were the people 
 whose macrocephalic, or rather obliquely de 
 pressed skulls, are believed to have been 
 recovered, in recent years, in Switzerland, 
 Germany, and on the shores of the Euxine, 
 presenting strange abnormal proportions, so 
 singularly corresponding to those of the New 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 219 
 
 World, that the experienced traveller and 
 physician, Dr. Tschudi, has claimed one of 
 the most characteristic of them as no true 
 European discovery, but a lost relic from some 
 ancient Peruvian tomb. Not to Europe, how 
 ever, do they really belong, but seemingly to 
 the nomad Mongols and Ugrians of the great 
 steppes of Northern Asia, in the vast wilds of 
 which we lose them as they spread away 
 eastward towards the Okotsk Sea, the Aleutian 
 Islands, and Behring s Straits." Prehistoric 
 Man, vol. ii., pp. 300 302. 
 
 Again, let it be borne in mind that a 
 posthumous compression is by no means an 
 impossibility, when the corpse was placed in 
 a particular soil without coffin or protection, as 
 a perfectly symmetrical skull is the exception, 
 and not the rule. 
 
 In Dr. Morton s large collection of skulls, 
 there is but one that can be called symmetrical 
 in those classed Peru. 
 
 Dr. Wilson, in his able and interesting 
 work on " Prehistoric Man," quotes the follow- 
 
220 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 ing remarks from Dr. Meigs, who divides the 
 American crania into three primary classes : 
 
 "ist. The protuberant occiput, which is exhibited 
 among the nations of the New World by the Esqui 
 maux, Chippeways, Hurons, and more or less among 
 thirty- six different American tribes or nations. 
 
 " 2nd. The vertically flattened occiput he assigns as 
 more or less prevalent among sixteen tribes, and charac 
 teristic of the majority of the Mound-builders. 
 
 " 3rd. The full and rounder or globular occiput cha 
 racterizes nine American nations or tribes, and occurs 
 occasionally in a great number. 
 
 " But the final summary of Dr. Meigs goes even 
 further than this ; and treating, as it does, not solely 
 of the American, but of the human occipital formation, 
 it very effectually deals with all theories of radical diver 
 sities of human varieties or distinct species, in so far 
 as this important subdivision of osteological evidence 
 is concerned, by affirming, as the result of observations 
 made on eleven hundred and twenty-five human crania, 
 that there is a marked tendency of these forms to 
 graduate into each other, more or less insensibly. None 
 of these forms can be said to belong exclusively to any 
 race or tribe. None of them, therefore, can be regarded 
 as strictly typical ; for a character or form to be typical 
 should be exclusive and constant. " Vol. ii., p. 265. 
 
 Independent of the fusion of different families 
 of the human race, and the consequent variety of 
 cranial formation which must be the inevitable 
 
CRANIAL PECULIARITIES. 221 
 
 result, we find that climate and soil, coupled 
 with different modes of life, produce in the 
 course of years marked changes in the human 
 race. 
 
 A close observer cannot fail to be struck 
 with the tendency that the New Englander has 
 of approximating to his Indian neighbours, not 
 in degenerating, but in physical appearance. 
 The high cheek-bone, the sallow complexion, 
 together with the long straight hair, all indicate 
 a tendency to graduate into those characteristics 
 which mark those races who inhabit the New 
 Continent. 
 
 The Indians themselves know at a glance 
 an Englishman from an American, as the latter 
 have found to their cost. 
 
 In concluding these few remarks on the 
 cranial peculiarities of these early races, enough 
 has been said to show that a race of people 
 who very early found their way to the New 
 World, were different in some physical respects 
 to the majority of the nations that were found 
 inhabiting the same regions by the Spaniards ; 
 
222 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 that they artificially flattened the skull, and 
 were in an advanced state of civilization as 
 compared to the other races who succeeded 
 them; and it is highly probable that the pre 
 sent Indian tribes in both North and South 
 America who flatten the skull are descended 
 from that people whose singular profiles are 
 portrayed on the tablets of Central America. 
 
FROM THE REV. C. FORSTEFS 
 HARMONY OF PRIMEVAL ALPHABETS. 
 
 Hebrew Alphabet 
 and Characters 
 from Ethiopia. 
 
 Phoenician Alphabet 
 
 from 
 Ruins of Citium Cyprus. 
 
 Alphabet from Monuments 
 of Central America. I 
 
 A 
 B 
 G 
 D 
 
 Y 
 Z 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 C 
 
 L 
 
 M 
 N 
 
 
 F 
 
 Ts 
 
 K 
 
 R 
 
 Sh 
 T 
 
 X 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 D 
 s 
 
 3?ff 
 
 n 
 
 100800 
 
 HF 
 
 H 
 
 999 
 
 fti* 
 
i 
 
 VIII. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 N endeavourine to arrive at some sort of 
 
 conclusion regarding the early migrations 
 of the nations of the Old Continent to the 
 New, we cannot fail to be struck with the 
 many singular analogies that are presented 
 to us, and it is a matter of astonishment that 
 so many writers have persisted in looking 
 only to one quarter namely, Asia as the 
 country from whence America received her 
 first inhabitants. 
 
 First, with regard to language, we must 
 class the American nations generally under 
 the now commonly called Turanian, or, more 
 strictly speaking, Allophylian, although we 
 find slender traces here and there of Aryan 
 dialects. These nations, distinct for the most 
 
 15 
 
226 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 part from either Aryan or Semitic affinities, 
 were nomads, and their remains are found 
 in Europe as well as Asia by their numerous 
 tumuli, containing hunting implements, such 
 as flint arrow-heads and bone knives, together 
 with fragments of pottery. They were gene 
 rally ignorant of agriculture, and subsisted by 
 hunting and fishing. 
 
 According to Mr. Delafield and Dr. Dawson, 
 the Alleghans and Toltecans are the oldest 
 North American people of whom we have any 
 record. 
 
 " In North America," says Dr. Dawson, "a compara 
 tively civilized and well-developed race would seem to 
 have had precedence of all others, a statement which 
 we shall find may apply to Europe also, notwithstand 
 ing the mythical notions of a paleolithic age of barba 
 rism" 
 
 These Alleghans, or Mound-builders, as they 
 have been called, can be traced right across 
 Siberia by their tumuli and mural defences ; 
 and Mr. Delafield believes them to have been 
 Cushites. 
 
 When found in America, they inhabited the 
 
CONCLUSION. 227 
 
 rich and fertile country between the Rocky 
 Mountains and the Alleghanies, and their 
 remains are found near Lake Superior, where 
 they worked the copper mines of that dis 
 trict. 
 
 They seem to have come from the north 
 western quarter, and we must therefore place 
 them in the van of those Asiatic tribes that 
 were the first to cross Behring s Straits, or 
 by the chain of the Aleutian Islands, but who 
 were driven out of their country by the ever- 
 advancing swarms from the same direction of 
 which the Chichemees, Tlascallans, and Aztecs 
 played so important a part, and whose empire 
 was found consolidated in Mexico at the time 
 of the Spanish conquest. 
 
 The features of these old Alleghans denote 
 a people with rounded, short, and sometimes 
 high heads and features, which, while American , 
 were less marked and softer than those of 
 the more barbarous tribes that soon poured 
 in from the north, and drove them away south, 
 as the same cast of countenance appears on 
 
228 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 fragments of pottery that have been found in 
 the mounds attributable to the Toltecans and 
 Central Americans. 
 
 Two very distinct types are found in the 
 old mounds of North America, " one short 
 and high, with a respectable frontal develop 
 ment ; another, low-browed, and retreating in 
 the frontal aspect." 
 
 Two forms of skull are also found in Peru, 
 one rounded or globular, the other elongated. 
 These elongated crania are declared to be the 
 oldest of the two races, but both are clearly 
 of the Turanian class. 
 
 Mr. Brace, speaking of the Turanians, says, 
 " though generally Mongol in features, they are 
 sometimes found clearly resembling Negroes, 
 and at others almost Aryan in physical 
 beauty." Manual of Ethnology, p. 113. 
 
 This is accounted for by the fact that 
 only a portion of the family of Japheth con 
 stitute the Aryan proper, namely, the south 
 eastern branch which emanated from the 
 fertile region of Bactriana, of which the Indie 
 
CONCLUSION. 229 
 
 and Iranic families are the representatives, and 
 from which sprang the now dead languages of 
 the Sanscrit and Zend respectively. 
 
 " It is a common popular statement," says Dr. Dawson, 
 "that all the languages of the American continent are 
 innumerable, and mutually unintelligible. In a very 
 superficial sense this is true, but profound investigation 
 shows that the languages of America are essentially one. 
 Their grammatical structure, while very complex, is on 
 
 the same general principles throughout Further, 
 
 a very slight acquaintance with these languages is suffi 
 cient to show that they are connected with the older 
 languages of the eastern continent by a great variety 
 of the more permanent root words, and with some 
 even in grammatical structure. So persistent is this 
 connexion, that pages might be filled with modern 
 English, French, or German words which are allied to 
 those of the Algonquin tribes, as well as to the oldest 
 tongues of Europe and the East." The New World 
 and the Old (Leisure Hour, 1874,) p. 796. 
 
 These Algonquin tribes it is almost certain 
 came into America from the south-east, and 
 therefore by the Atlantic ; and I believe them 
 to have been the Berber tribes of North 
 Africa, who were afterwards followed by the 
 Phoenicians and their Carthaginian descend 
 ants. (See Map.) 
 
230 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 It is ascertained that the Finnic and Tartar 
 dialects (Allophylian or Turanian) resemble 
 the Aztec, but neither the Knisteneaux or 
 Algonquin languages have any words ending 
 in tl ; therefore, says Mr. Dawson, 
 
 " both in language and religion, such special affinities 
 as exist connect the Algonquin tribes with the Aryan 
 races, or rather with the Pelasgic elements which 
 formed the front of the Aryan wave, and were perhaps 
 as much Turanian as Aryan. In like manner, the 
 same indications connect the Toltecans, Peruvians, and 
 Alleghans with the south of Asia. Still, all these elements 
 must have been nearer to each other than they have 
 been in historic times, when the early migrations to 
 America took place." The New World and the Old, 
 p. 527. 
 
 Thus it is more than probable that America 
 received its first inhabitants when the Turanians 
 were still in the ascendant ; and the traces of 
 Aryan words that are found in the languages 
 of some of the tribes, like the Algonquin 
 and Othomi, must be the result of a later 
 migration, but probably long before the one 
 we know took place in the tenth century A.D. 
 by the Scandinavians, and again by the Welsh, 
 
CONCLUSION. 231 
 
 (both of whom were Aryan-speaking nations) 
 in the fourteenth century. And if, looking to 
 Asia, Quetzatcoatl, Bochica, Mango Capac, etc., 
 were Buddhist priests, then we have a fresh 
 importation of an Aryan language. 
 
 "The very name of Buddha, changed in Chinese 
 into Fo-t o and Fo, is pure Sanskrit, and so is every 
 word and every thought of that religion." Max Miiller, 
 p. 149- 
 
 "The religion of the Turanian races," remarks Dr. 
 Dawson, may be expected to be the least mixed with 
 the later ideas of revelation, and most stamped with 
 the impress of its earlier truths, as well as with the 
 general features of natural religion," 
 
 and it is just this feature which strikes us in 
 the primitive races of America. 
 
 They are Turanian in features, language, 
 religion, and customs ; and a careful study of 
 them reveals the same characteristics as those 
 of the early nations of Europe, Asia, and 
 North Africa, as they existed before the 
 advancing waves of the Aryan and Semitic 
 races swept over them. 
 
 The Alleghans probably became incorpo 
 rated with the peaceful and industrious Toltecs, 
 
232 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 as both people seem to have been driven 
 from their country by the fiercer tribes that 
 poured in from Asia. They retreated south 
 into Central America, and some travellers think 
 that their descendants still survive. Captain L. 
 Brine, R.N., in a paper read before the Royal 
 Geographical Society in 1870, "On the Ruined 
 Cities of Central America," remarks, 
 
 " It is only in the interior, and in the secluded valleys 
 among the mountains, and in the districts adjacent to 
 the ancient ruined cities, that the descendants of the 
 aboriginal Toltecan race are to be found ; and these can 
 be traced partly by language, partly from a peculiar type 
 of feature, but chiefly by the wonderful persistency with 
 which they retain certain ancient superstitions and certain 
 household usages. There is quite sufficient evidence to 
 enable it to be clearly assumed that the descendants 
 of those advanced races which raised the temples of 
 Palenque and Uxmal, and which built the fortress and 
 mounds of the interior, are still existing in the neighbour 
 hood." 
 
 "With respect to the affinities," he continues, "between 
 the Palenquian and Mexican hieroglyphics which have 
 been so much denied, it seems to me impossible for an 
 impartial investigator not to ?dmit that great similarities 
 do exist. In fact, there can be no doubt but that the 
 builders of the ruined cities of Central America, and the 
 builders of the great altars and Teo-calli of Mexico, were 
 
COWCLUSfON. 233 
 
 originally of cognate races under slightly different con 
 ditions of civilization." 
 
 It must be remembered that any difference 
 that may exist between the hieroglyphics of 
 Central America and those of Mexico, has 
 been pointed out by Mr. Stephens in his work 
 on Yucatan, as consisting in the former being 
 cut on stont) while the latter are drawn on the 
 A^atv JfcrttttJia, as seen in Lord Kings- 
 borough s collection. 
 
 He further says, in regard to the buildings 
 and monuments, 
 
 " They are not the works of a people who have passed 
 away, and whose history is lost, but of the same races 
 who inhabited the country at the time of the Spaniards 
 conquest, or of some not very distant progenitors. w - 
 Yucjtait) vol. ii., p. 445. 
 
 Gulindo says that Copan was a colony of 
 Toltecas. Its king held dominion of the 
 country extending to the eastward from that 
 of the Magas, or Yucatan, and reaching from 
 the Bay of Honduras nearly to the Pacific, 
 containing on an average about ten thousand 
 square miles, now included in the modern 
 
234 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 states of Honduras, Guatemala, and Salvador, 
 and possessing several populous and thriving 
 towns and villages. The aborigines of this 
 kingdom still use the Charti language, being 
 a mixture of the Toltec dialect with some 
 other still more ancient in those parts. 
 
 If a purely Aryan or Semitic people had 
 reached America alone, there would be little 
 difficulty in tracing their origin, as in all 
 probability they would have possessed a 
 written language. But we find no written 
 language in either North or South America, 
 only hieroglyphic paintings, quippus, wampum, 
 and totems ; and consequently the dialects 
 are not only multitudinous, but ever-changing 
 and increasing: thus it is not uncommon to find 
 in close proximity to each other, and bearing 
 all the marks of a common ancestry, tribes 
 not able to understand each other. 
 
 The same is the case in the New Hebrides 
 in the South Pacific, where in a cluster of 
 islands lying within thirty or forty miles only 
 from each other, the languages are quite dif- 
 
CONCLUSION. 235 
 
 ferent in some instances radically so ; while 
 on the large islands of the same group there 
 are tribes which are only separated by a 
 range of hills, that cannot communicate with 
 each other by speech. 
 
 With regard to Semitic customs that are 
 found among some of the North American 
 Indians, we have already alluded to the works 
 of Catlin, Adair, and Lord Kingsborough, in 
 which those writers conclude the Jews had 
 at an early period reached America ; but we 
 have great difficulty in believing that they 
 did so in any numbers, first, because they 
 were not a maritime nation ; and, secondly, 
 because the analogies that existed may be 
 applicable to any of the primitive Semitic 
 nations that had contact with the chosen 
 people, or any of the neighbouring nations 
 like the Egyptians, Babylonians, or Phoeni 
 cians. 
 
 But it is not at all improbable that after 
 the dispersion of the ten tribes into the cities 
 of the East, many of this interesting people 
 
236 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 again fell under the yoke of a still more savage 
 tyranny than that from which they had 
 escaped, and had exchanged their Assyrian 
 masters only to be found as slaves in the 
 train of those Mongol chieftains who eventu 
 ally passed over to the New Continent and 
 the islands of the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Notice has been made of the returning 
 current of migration among the islands of 
 the Pacific, namely, from east to ivest. It 
 is possible that the now isolated group of 
 the Sandwich Islands, in the North Pacific, 
 were peopled from Asia in the first instance, 
 and then afterwards from America ; be this 
 as it may, there can be little doubt that the 
 Marquesas, Society group, and New Zealand 
 received a considerable portion of their in 
 habitants from the Sandwich Islands, and that 
 Easter Island caught stray canoes from the 
 Society Islands, or direct from the mainland 
 of America. We think the latter the most 
 probable, from the circumstances already mein 
 tioned in a previous chapter, and that a 
 
CONCLUSION. 237 
 
 continuous chain of islands probably existed 
 right across the South Pacific. 
 
 It is supposed by Prichard that the differ 
 ences in the New Zealanders may be caused 
 by the mixing of the Polynesian on a Papuan 
 stock, and which latter existed on the islands 
 previously : thus the darkest of these people 
 would be descended from the aborigines. 
 
 With regard to South America, and more 
 especially the empire of the Incas, there are 
 unmistakable evidences of an early migration 
 from Africa. But at the same time there is 
 an equal similarity in many of the Peruvian 
 and Muscayan customs that point to Asia. 
 
 The " bearded white men," when they ap 
 peared amongst the primitive inhabitants of 
 Bolivia and Peru, who had spread to these 
 elevated regions up the great rivers Amazon 
 and Orinoco, taught the people a religion 
 and gave them a form of government very 
 analogous with that of Japan and Tibet. 
 
 Iraca, in Bogota, the city where the reformer 
 Bochica is last heard of, was like Cholula to 
 
238 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 the Mexicans, and Pachacamac and Cuzco to 
 the ancient Peruvians and Incas a holy city. 
 There were two chiefs in Iraca, a temporal 
 one, and the pontiff, like in Japan. The word 
 sua y or zuha, denotes in the Muscayan language 
 both the day and the sun. It was one of the 
 surnames of Bochica, and the word sue, meaning 
 a European or white man, is derived from it. 
 Hnmboldfs Researches, vol. ii., pp. 107 110. 
 
 Prescott remarks that the calendar of the 
 Musycas was very similar to that of the Aztecs. 
 We cannot fail to observe many similarities in 
 the primitive inhabitants of both North, Central, 
 and South America. The mark of the red hand 
 mentioned by Stephens as being found on the 
 Central American ruins, was also noticed by 
 Catlin among several North American tribes. 
 He also mentions that some of the figures 
 sculptured on the walls of Chichen Itza, in 
 Yucatan, are very similar to those discovered 
 on the stone dug up in the Plaza at Mexico, 
 where the great teocallis, in the time of 
 Montezuma, stood. 
 
CONCLUSION. 239 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft informed Mr. Stephens that 
 the red hand is used by the North American 
 Indians to denote supplication to the Deity, 
 or Great Spirit ; and it stands in the system 
 of picture-writing as the symbol of strength, 
 power, or mastery thus derived. Blake also 
 mentions this mark on Peruvian mummies. 
 
 Humboldt says, 
 
 " Perhaps the ancient inhabitants of Peru had already 
 passed over the elevated plain of Mexico ; in fact, Ulloa, 
 who was well acquainted with the style of Peruvian archi 
 tecture, was struck with the great resemblance certain 
 old edifices of Western Louisiana bore, in the distribution 
 of doors and niches, to the tamboes built by the Incas ; 
 and it is not less singular, according to the traditions 
 collected at Lican, the ancient capital of the kingdom 
 of Quito, that the quippus were known to the Purnays 
 long before they were subdued by the descendants of 
 Manco Capac." Humboldfs Researches, p. 169. 
 
 We think it probable that the Alleghans 
 and Toltecans, when driven south, passed into 
 Central and South America, but that the Incas 
 came in from the Atlantic, and were of the 
 same nation as the Algonquins who entered 
 North America, both people coming from 
 North Africa, and being of Berber origin. 
 
240 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 It is very remarkable that the obelisk from 
 Luxor, now at Paris, has sculptured on it the 
 same figures as are found on the tablets of 
 Palenque in Central America, viz., a king, or 
 god, seated on a throne, holding in one hand 
 a rod grasped in the middle, having on its top 
 the figure of a small bird. The arm holding this 
 is extended towards a person resting on one 
 knee before him, and offering from each of 
 its hands that which is either food, drink, or 
 incense, to the one on the throne. The head 
 ornaments are of the most fantastic description. 
 
 The same, although much larger, but with 
 out variation, is cut in the stones of the ruined 
 city of Central America in many places. 
 
 This circumstance, combined with their ela 
 borate system of embalming, the identical use 
 of the Canopa, or household deities, and 
 the similarity of architecture, together with 
 the unnatural practice of incest, point to an 
 early intercourse, if not relationship, between 
 the Peruvians and the Egyptians, or a* race of 
 people very closely allied to the latter. 
 
CONCLUSION. 241 
 
 But all these customs could only have been 
 engrafted on much earlier ones which the 
 Incas found in existence when they crossed 
 the Andes, just as we have seen the worship 
 of Pachacamac superseded by that of the 
 Incas themselves. 
 
 There is one point which has been much 
 insisted upon by some recent scientific writers 
 that must not be left unnoticed in these con 
 cluding remarks ; and that is, the oft-repeated 
 assertion that the human race has gradually 
 developed from a very low type, something 
 akin to the ape. 
 
 We should much like to know on what 
 grounds these writers base their belief. The 
 authority of Holy Scripture is dead against 
 them, and in like manner the testimony of 
 the earliest traces of man which have hitherto 
 been discovered^ points to a directly opposite 
 conclusion. 
 
 If we had not the light of the sacred page 
 to guide us in this matter, we should never 
 theless have to confess that when a tribe or 
 
 16 
 
242 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 nation is found in a savage or barbarous 
 state, it is because it has degenerated from its 
 primitive condition, and not that it is slowly 
 emerging from barbarism. 
 
 This can be proved. 
 
 Look at the Portuguese penal colony in 
 Fernando Noronha ; the Spaniards of unmixed 
 blood in Equador ; the Arabians in Socotra 
 and Nubia ; the Irish in Sligo and North 
 Mayo ; and the Weddas of Ceylon ; all. these 
 are instances, in the historic period, how soon 
 a people withdrawn from the blessings of 
 religion and civilization, and subject during 
 successive generations to " hunger and igno 
 rance, the two great brutalizers of the human 
 race/ will rapidly degenerate. 
 
 On the other hand, it is proved that religion 
 and civilization will elevate and ennoble the 
 type, whatever it may be, and wherever it may 
 be found. 
 
 The negro, for instance, in a state of freedom 
 and in contact with a pure religion, becomes 
 improved in every respect ; and the testimony 
 
CONCLUSION. 243 
 
 of different missionaries is to the effect that in 
 the third generation the heads of the children 
 begin to change to a higher type. There can 
 be no doubt that in the course of centuries 
 a new physical type is produced, according to 
 the climate, soil, and habits of the people 
 transplanted. 
 
 With regard to the negro being found por 
 trayed on the Egyptian monuments 2000 B.C., 
 with the same physiognomy as at the present 
 day, why should it be thought necessary to 
 suppose five hundred thousand years or so to 
 have elapsed before such a change could be 
 produced ? 
 
 From the Deluge (taking the mean of the 
 date of the Septuagint, Hales, Jackson, and 
 Josephus, viz., 3,179 years) to the time when it 
 is probable the Theban sculptures were executed 
 (about 2000 B.C.), is a period of nearly twelve 
 hundred years, which gives ample time for 
 the negro race to have been developed, and 
 the curse of Noah to have taken effect, even 
 supposing we are to put on one side the 
 
244 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 possibility of a miraculous interposition with 
 regard to the posterity of Canaan, of whom 
 it was said, " Cursed be Canaan ; a servant of 
 servants shall he be unto his brethren," and 
 this is three times repeated. 
 
 Professor Kitchen Parker, F.R.S., says 
 
 " These race distinctions of character took place 
 rapidly, I have no doubt. Your Yankee is a good sub 
 species already, and a fine new type he is good luck to 
 him ! but he has lost for ever the full form, fresh colour, 
 mild expression, and quiet self-possession of that happiest 
 of all breeds, the Anglo-Saxon." Transactions of the 
 Victoria Institute, Vol. x., No. 37. 
 
 But, apart from these considerations, when 
 we examine the most ancient remains of our 
 race that have yet been discovered in the caves 
 of Europe, what do we find ? Men of splendid 
 physique, and of a high intellectual type. 
 
 One of the oldest skeletons, that of Cro- 
 Magnon, belongs to an old man six feet in 
 height the skull very long, but of propor 
 tionate breadth, so that Dr. Dawson remarks, 
 
 " The brain was of greater size than in average 
 modern men, and the frontal region was largely and well 
 developed. In this respect, this most ancient skull fails 
 
CONCLUSION. 245 
 
 utterly to vindicate the expectations of those who would 
 regard prehistoric men as approaching to apes." 
 
 This, it will be seen, is no abnormal skull like 
 the Neanderthal, which we have before noticed, 
 but that of a man of a high organic type. 
 
 The same testimony is before us in the 
 ancient skeletons of other caves, as those of 
 Lesse and Dordogne, men who hunted and 
 fished in Southern France, and from certain 
 indications are supposed to have been con 
 temporary with the last period of the mammoth 
 in Europe. Certain it is that these cave-men 
 hunted the reindeer, the bear, and probably 
 the mammoth, as their bones are found 
 mixed together. There is, however, some 
 doubt whether these remains may not be 
 antediluvian, as they are found in many in 
 stances washed together with sand and gravel. 
 Whether this is the case or not, we nowhere 
 find man in a low, debased form, or with any 
 characteristics approaching the ape ; on the 
 contrary, the very reverse is the case. 
 
 " The gigantic palaeolithic men of the European caves," 
 says Dr. Dawson, " are more probably representatives of 
 
246 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 that fearful and powerful race who filled the antediluvian 
 world with violence, and who reappear in postdiluvian 
 times as the Anakim and traditional giants, who con 
 stitute a feature in the early history of so many countries. 
 Perhaps nothing is more curious in the revelations as 
 to the most ancient cave-men than that they confirm 
 the old belief that there were giants in those days 
 (Genesis vi. 4)." 
 
 The same evidence is repeated in the most 
 ancient skeletons of America. Prof. Swallow, 
 of Missouri, informed Dr. Dawson that he 
 had opened two burial-mounds in that state, 
 " on which vegetable soil two feet thick had 
 accumulated, and around which six feet of 
 alluvial silt had been deposited." In this 
 alluvium was found the tooth of a mastodon. 
 
 " Perhaps," says Dr. Dawson, " no American interment 
 can lay claim to greater antiquity, and the bones of buried 
 corpses had been resolved almost entirely into dust. Yet 
 earthen vessels found with them showed the Alleghan 
 type of features, and the only skull secured was of the 
 same type." The New World and the Old, p. 185. 
 
 That bones of men and animals are found 
 mixed together in great confusion in certain 
 caverns, and under circumstances that lead to 
 the conclusion that water was the agent that 
 
CONCLUSION. 247 
 
 placed them there, no one can doubt ; but 
 these deposits in caverns are not necessarily 
 so ancient as some writers would have us 
 imagine. 
 
 There is a passage in the seventh chapter of 
 Genesis and eleventh verse, which seems to 
 have escaped the observation of these gentlemen, 
 if, indeed, they condescend to read Genesis 
 at all, and that is, " the same day were all 
 the fountains of the great deep broken up ; " and 
 again in chapter viii. 2, 3, "T/ie fountains also 
 of the deep and the windows of heaven were 
 stopped, and the rain from heaven was re 
 strained ; and the waters returned from off the 
 earth continually ; " and again in the fifth verse, 
 "and the waters decreased" (were in-going and 
 decreasing) " continually until the tenth month." 
 
 Does not this language tell us that water 
 welled up from the bowels of the earth in vast 
 quantities, in addition to the terrible down 
 pour from the skies, when God destroyed man 
 and beast from off the earth at the Deluge ? 
 and does not this account also tell us that 
 
248 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 when the waters abated, they returned again 
 into the bowels of the earth from whence they 
 had issued ? And if so, does it not follow as 
 a natural consequence that the remains of men 
 and animals were washed into caverns by the 
 currents that were then put in motion on this 
 awful occasion ? 
 
 Professor Challis, F.R.S., considers that " the 
 separation of the neolithic age from the palae 
 olithic, as indicated by geological phenomena, 
 was caused by a cataclysm identical with the 
 Deluge of Scripture." Paper read April 5, 
 1875, Transactions of the Victoria Institute, 
 Vol. x., No. 37. 
 
 But at the same time I do not think we 
 have to go back so far for many of the 
 breccia that have been found, as they may be 
 equally accounted for by the action of rivers 
 that have rolled through these caverns and 
 deposited their burden in them, as witness the 
 Sicilian caves ; and Professor Kirk points out 
 that " the very alterations which change a 
 system of caverns from being the bed of a 
 
CONCLUSION. 249 
 
 running stream to tie the comparatively dry 
 bed of a fossiliferous deposit, as we have seen, 
 occur in a week, or even in a day, as the effect 
 of an earthquake, and cannot possibly indicate 
 anything as to the age of the relics they 
 enclose." Age of Man, p. 167. 
 
 Thus we find the remains of man on both 
 continents indicating the truth of the Bible 
 statement, that " God made man upright ; but 
 they have sought out many inventions " (Eccles- 
 vii. 29), that " God created man in His own 
 image" (Gen. i. 27), that he fell from his high 
 estate, and although permitted to discover (or, 
 was perhaps divinely taught) many useful arts 
 (Gen. iv. 21, 22), still "God saw that the 
 wickedness of man was great in the earth, and 
 that every imagination of the thoughts of his 
 heart was only evil continually" (Gen. vi. 5). 
 
 In these pages we have not once spoken 
 of faith that faith without which it is impos 
 sible to please God (Heb. ix. 6). We have 
 appealed to common sense alone ; but there 
 is a limit even to common sense a boundary 
 
250 THE MIGRATION FROM SHINAR. 
 
 line over which reason cannot pass. It is just 
 here that faith in the revealed word of God 
 steps in and offers to be our guide. This 
 faith is the gift of the Holy Spirit, and must 
 be asked for ; but we know that it will not 
 be asked for in vain (Luke ii. 1 3). When, 
 therefore, we are exercising the measure of 
 reasoning powers that God has given us, we 
 at the same time cling with childlike faith 
 to the truths of His word and His word 
 is truth (John xvii. 17), then, and not till 
 then, shall we find that " the crooked shall 
 be made straight, and the rough places plain. 
 (Isaiah xl. 4.) 
 
 The unity of our race is indubitably marked 
 with one sad stamp, namely, sin, and which is 
 the birthright of every child that is born ; but 
 let us thank God for the wondrous remedy He 
 has provided for all who will accept it the 
 sacrifice of His beloved Son Jesus Christ 
 when, on the cross of Calvary, the just suffered 
 for the unjust ; where justice and mercy met, 
 justice being satisfied, and mercy flowing out 
 
CONCLUSION. 251 
 
 to all, for " where sin abounded, grace did 
 much more abound " (Romans v. 20). 
 
 Thus we have the full assurance of God s 
 love to the fallen race of Adam that nothing 
 can undermine ; and like the Israelite in Egypt, 
 we are securely sheltered behind the blood of 
 the accepted sacrifice, for " the blood of Jesus 
 Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin " 
 (i John i. 7). 
 
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