£B 5^ 352 LIBRARY UNJViRSITY or KDUCATIOE LIBB, \ 1/ Isi Swinton's Primary United States FIRST LESSONS IN OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY BY WILLIAM SWINTON ii AUTHOR OF "SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES " "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S HISTORY " " HISTORY OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC " REVISED EDITION J OHfl S. P RELL *6 'Mechanical Engin SAN FRISCO, CaT NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1872, By WILLIAM SWINTON. Copyright, 1894 and 1899, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. GIFT Eiis . i I* -it* AUTHOR'S PREFACE The extension of the study of United States History into the lower grades of our schools has suggested the need of a class-book fitted to their wants. Of histories which the child may read by the mother's knee there is no lack ; but this is not what is required for school study, which must not only convey impressions, but impart a certain amount of available knowledge. In the present manual, the author has sought to supply this want. In doing so, he has aimed at two things as desirable : — The first is, to bring out to prominent view the salient points of our country's history, and such only. In so great a mass of details, selec- tion was necessary; for when thousands of facts are put before the child's mind, and everything is made equally important, it simply results that everything becomes equally unimportant. Hence the author has endeavored to apply the principles of historical perspective to his treatment, — to subordinate minutiae of date and place and num- ber and circumstance, and bring to the foreground prominent and vital facts. The second thing the author has aimed at is, to be simple in the mode of presentation without falling into the prevalent sin of chil- dren's histories, to wit, silliness in point of matter. What the pupil finds difficult is rarely the thought : it is generally an abstract mode of 016 4 PREFACE expression or an elaborate structure of sentence. On this head the author's ideal has been to combine simplicity with sense. The teacher will notice that the questions are put in the margin of the page. It is believed that this arrangement will be found exceed- ingly convenient to both teacher and pupil. The questions have been made approximate enough to be a guide, not literal enough to be a servile rule. William Swinton. PUBLISHERS' NOTE This First Lessons has been revised and enlarged, reset and illus- trated anew, for the same reasons that led to the publication of the recent new edition of the Author's School History. Professor Swinton w r as peculiarly qualified by natural gifts, by predilection, and by years of research, to treat of " Our Country's History," and the two manuals, of which this book is the Primary, are the only Ameri- can Histories for school use prepared by this distinguished writer. Himself for many years a teacher, he was able to bring to his work a practical knowledge of class-room needs, and the continuing demand for these Histories among educators in all parts of the Union is at once a testimony to their excellence, and the best warrant for repro- ducing them in improved mechanical form. In the revision, carried on under the supervision of our Editorial Department, the narrative has been brought down to very recent times. CONTENTS PART I. — DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS PAGE I. Four Centuries Ago J II. The Voyage of Discovery lo III. How England and France Came to Claim Part of America " IV. Spanish Adventures and Conquests 26 Ponce de Leon ^ Ferdinand de Soto jr Fernando Cortes • • ^ V. The American Indians .... • J* VI. A Review Lesson ^ VII. Virginia and the Southern Colonies 40 Early History of Virginia -J-2 Indian Massacres ~ The Government of Virginia 46 Growth of Virginia Daughter Colonies of Virginia 48 Georgia ^ VIII. New England °* Plymonth Colony ^ Massachusetts Bay Colony jj4 Connecticut jj Rhode Island ?b New England Life and Growth °< IX. New York and the Middle Colonies 64 New Jersey Pennsylvania X. The Struggle with the French ?0 XI. A Review Lesson 5 CONTENTS PART II. — THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION PAGE XII. Why the Colonies Revolted 79 XIII. Campaigns and Battles of the Revolutionary War . 85 Operations around Boston 58 Lexington 86 Bunker Hill 86 Washington Chosen Commander 88 The Attack on Charleston 89 Washington Moves to New York 90 The Declaration of Independence 91 The Campaign in New York 92 The Retreat through New Jersey 93 The Victory at Trenton 94 The Pennsylvania Campaign 95 Burgoyne's Campaign 96 The French Aid America 98 England Asks for Peace 98 The Scene Shifts 99 The Massacre of Wyoming 99 The War in the South .100 The Treason of Arnold 102 The Siege of Yorktown 103 The Close of the War 104 The Constitution ' 106 The Principal Battles of the Revolution 107 XIV. Great Men of the Revolution 109 George Washington 109 Benjamin Franklin Ill Patrick Henry 113 Lafayette 114 Thomas Jefferson 115 Nathanael Greene 117 John Paul Jones 118 Other Distinguished Soldiers 120 XV. A Review Lesson 122 PART III. — THE UNITED STATES XVI. The Times of Washington 125 XVII. The Great West 129 Boone and Kentucky 129 Tennessee 132 CONTENTS 7 XVII. The Great West (continued). PAG r Ohio 132 Other States 133 XVIII. The Second War with England 134 Raids into Canada 135 Naval Operations 136 American Victories in Canada 138 The Battle of Lake Champlain 139 The British at Washington and Baltimore 140 The Battle of New Orleans 140 Peace 141 XIX. Growth of Our Country 142 Beyond the Mississippi 142 Hamilton and Burr 144 War with the Barbary Pirates 144 The First Steamboat 145 The Battle of Tippecanoe 146 Florida Purchased by the United States 148 Twenty-five Years after Washington's Death 148 Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 150 Jackson's Administration 150 Webster, Clay, and Calhoun 151 Independence of Texas 153 The First Telegraph 154 The Mexican War '. 155 The Conquest of California 158 The Discovery of Gold 159 The New Far West 160 The Slavery Struggle 161 The Election of Lincoln 162 Secession 164 XX. A Review Lesson 165 PART IV. — THE WAR OF SECESSION XXI. The War Begins — Fort Sumter 167 XXII. The Battle of Bull Run 169 XXIII. Battles and Campaigns of 1862 170 The Capture of Fort Donelson 170 The Battle of Shiloh 172 Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky 172 The Battle of Murfreesboro 173 McClellan's Campaign on the Peninsula 173 8 CONTENTS XXIII. Battles and Campaigns of 1862 (continued). pack The Battle of Antietam 174 The Battle of Fredericksburg . . . 174 The Capture of New Orleans 175 The Monitor and the Merrbnac 175 XXIV. Battles and Campaigns of 186:} 177 The Emancipation Proclamation 177 Vicksburg . 177 Battles at Chattanooga 178 Operations against Charleston 178 The Battle of Chancellorsville 180 The Battle of Gettysburg 180 XXV. Battles and Campaigns of 1864 182 Grant's Campaign in the East 182 Sheridan in the Valley 182* Sherman's March to the Sea 183 Farragut at Mobile 184 The Alabama and the Kearsarye . 184 XXVI. The Final Campaign 185 The Situation in the Spring of 1865 185 Sherman's Operations 185 Grant's Operations 186 The Assassination of Lincoln 187 Peace 187 XXVII. Facts and Reflections 188 XXVIII. A Review Lesson 190 PART V. — HISTORY SINCE THE WAR XXIX. Recent Administrations 193 Johnson's Administration 193 Impeachment of the President 195 The French in Mexico . 195 The Atlantic Cable . . 196 The Purchase of Alaska . 197 Grant's Administration 197 Hayes's Administration 200 Garfield and Arthur's Administration 201 Cleveland's First Administration 202 Harrison's Administration 203 Cleveland's Second Administration 203 McKinley's Administration 204 Reference List of the Presidents 206 Reference Table, showing Areas and Admission of the States 208 PART I DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS >xx< I. FOUR CENTURIES AGO 1. Every boy and girl knows that, in our day. what of the • ocean now- great steamers and stately snips sail over the vast and 40 ° > ./ j. years ago ? sea which surrounds the globe. But, four hundred years ago, the ocean, which enables us to go so swiftly from one continent to another, nearly stopped the movements of people ; so mariners could only sail timidly along the coasts. ***** ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ LANDING AT GUANAHANI 10 PRIMARY HISTORY What did men think about the shape of the earth? What can you tell of America at this time ? How long were Euro- peans igno- rant of the Western Continent ? Why did the ancients not know about America ? What of the compass ? Name some seafaring nations. Tell of their discoveries. 2. None but the most learned men, four hun- dred years ago, knew that the earth is round. If a sailor had been told that a ship might start from a port, and, by sailing onward for many months in the same direction, come round to its starting-point, he would have laughed at the idea. 3. At that time the prairies and forests of the Western World were the home of Indians, who hunted and fished and led a savage life in the wild freedom of nature. Europeans knew nothing about our continent till about four hundred years ago, when the New World was discovered by a bold Italian navigator, named Christopher Columbus. 4. The reason why the ancients did not know of the existence of America, is because the great art of navigation was then in a very rude state. 5. The first thing that enabled sailors to launch out boldly on the trackless sea was that wonderful invention, the mariner's compass, which came into use early in the fifteenth century. The Portu- guese, Spaniards, and Italians, who were then the great seafaring nations of Europe, began to ven- ture out on the Atlantic Ocean. The Azores Islands, which lie far out in the Atlantic, to the west of Europe, were discovered about this time. FOUR CENTURIES AGO 11 The western coast of Africa, also, was explored nearly down to its most southern point. 6. Columbus was born iust at the period when who was born at this these new enterprises were going on. His birth- ^ e ^ bout place was the city of Genoa, on the Mediterranean Rumbus Sea. It is related that when a lad he took to the gjj gg* water as though it had been his native element ; mg llfe * but this was not merely because he had a boyish love of adventure, for at the same time he was diligently studying all that was then known about geography and navigation. After he grew to be a man he continued to follow the sea : for many years he was captain of Genoese caravels, which were queer-looking, high-pro wed ships. 7. When Columbus was about forty years old, What was J J the bold voy- he came to the conclusion that he could make a ageCoium- bus thought far bolder voyage than had ever been attempted ^^^j^ before. His studies had led him to believe that believe? our earth, instead of being flat, as was thought, is a globe, and that by sailing due ivestivard from Europe across the Atlantic he would come round to the eastern coast of Asia. 8. Why did Columbus wish to reach Asia ? Give his J reason for The reason was that his countrymen, the Italian ^f/ 1 ^^ merchants living on the Mediterranean Sea, were 12 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell why India could not then be reached by the Cape of Good Hope. What bitter trials did Columbus have? carrying on a rich trade with. India ; but they had to bring the silks and spices and dyestuffs of the East overland by caravans, and it was dangerous and expensive to transport their goods by this route ; hence Columbus thought it would be a great thing if he could go to India all the way by sea. Columbus was also a religious man, and he longed to bring the unknown barbarous nations of the far East to a knowledge of the Christian faith. 9. The Italian merchants could not sail round the Cape of Good Hope to India, as it was not known at this time that a ship could sail round the southern point of Africa. The passage round the Cape of Good Hope was not discovered till two or three years after Columbus discovered America. 10. It generally happens that those who make great discoveries for mankind meet with a cold re- ception from the very people they wish to benefit. Columbus tasted this bitter cup. He longed to make a voyage that should decide whether he was right in his idea of reaching Asia by sailing westward ; but first he had to get some king or court to give him the means to fit out a vessel. He applied to vari- ous governments, and spent ten years of weary waiting ; but he received no encouragement. FOUR CENTURIES AGO 13 11. Finally, he went to Spain. The sovereigns ®JJtS^£e of Spain at that time were Ferdinand and Isabella. J^fP^* Columbus was well treated; but these monarchs »™ in Spain, did not care to spend money on a plan which was considered a wild dream. 12. Columbus waited seven years more, and Failing in " % Spain, where then, heartsore but undaunted, turned his back didhepro- pose to go on the court of Spain, ^?~^ stored resolving to apply to the f . \ Ten what king of France. While tH^^i said - on his way, he was over- taken by a messenger, sent by the queen to call him back. The dream of Columbus sud- denly seemed to Isa- bella a suggestion from Heaven,- and she ex- claimed : " I undertake the expedition for my own crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels to obtain the means ! " This speech showed the noble spirit of the queen. However, the sacri- fice of her jewels was not needed, because other means were found ; so, at last, after nearly twenty years of disappointment, Columbus was QUEEN ISABELLA 14 PRIMARY HISTORY Where was the fleet fitted out ? Name the ships. How- many per- sons were on board ? Give the date of sail- ing. gladdened by hearing the order given to fit out a fleet. 13. At a little seaport named Palos, three small craft, hardly bigger than the yachts of our day, were fitted out, and set forth August 3, 1 1492. Their names were the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina; and there were but one hundred and twenty persons on board. THE WORLD AS KNOWN BEFORE COLUMBUS 1 August 12 by the new, or Gregorian, style of reckoning, at present in THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 15 II. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 14. On the next page is a map of the voy- what map x ° x " and picture age of Columbus, and on page 9, is a picture of are spoken the landing of Columbus in the New World. 15. When Columbus left Palos, he steered to where did Columbus the southwest, and reached one of the Canary first sail? Isles, named Gomera. Beyond this was the mysterious, unexplored sea. What courage and faith it needed to launch out on this untried, trackless waste ! 16. It was the most wonderful voyage ever What is J ° said of the made. The ignorant fears of the sailors peopled 7 t ^ e / ears the ocean with awful dangers. The compass ors? hesail " pointed wrong, and the men thought that the trade-winds, which carried the ships swiftly west- ward, would prevent them from ever getting back. Columbus tried in every way to calm the fears of the sailors. Still, as day by day they were carried farther and farther away from home, their alarm increased. 17. At length they grew mutinous, and wanted ^at^did to turn back; but Columbus stood very firm. safior°s? he 16 PRIMARY HISTORY How did he know land was nigh ? He did not say he would turn back if they did not find land in three days (as you may have read in some books), — no, he declared that he was bound by the help of Heaven to go to India ! 18. Finally, after many days' sailing, the faith of the great captain was rewarded with signs that surely betok- ened land. Thus, the sound- ing-line readied the bottom of the sea, land-birds hovered about THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 17 the ships, and some of the sailors found floating in the water the branch of a tree with red ber- ries quite fresh. 19. Columbus now felt so sure of being near why did Co- r i -i -i i p r\ i 1 i lumhus cast land that on the evening; ot the 11th ol October 1 anchor? ° Tell about he ordered the ships to lie by. No man closed the night. his eyes that night, and all kept on deck, intently looking in the direction where they expected land. 20. About two hours before midnight, Colum- Ten about iiii flight, bus was standing; on the forecastle, when he ob- and the cry 8 § . of "Land!" served a light at a distance. A little after midnight the joyful shout of " Land ! Land ! " was heard from the Pinta. 21. When the morning dawned, the voyagers Relate what , they saw in saw an island about five miles to the north, — the morn- ing, and an island clad in lovely verdure, and which the ^no^did natives called Guanahani. All shed tears of joy, and raised a hymn of praise to God. Then they fell at the feet of Columbus, imploring his pardon. 22. Immediately the boats were all manned Give an ac- count of the and armed, and with colors displayed, and war- landing. like music, and much pomp, the crews rowed toward the shore. Columbus, in a rich dress, i October 20, New Style. SW. PRIM. HIST. — 2 18 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about the natives, and what they thought. What did Columbus name them, and why ? Continue the narrative of the voyage. When did Columbus start to go back? and with his drawn sword in his hand, was the first to step ashore, while his men followed. They set up a cross, and, prostrating themselves before it, returned thanks to Heaven for this prosperous ending of their voyage. Columbus then caused the royal standard of the Spanish monarchs to be set up, and thus took possession of the land for the crown of Spain on October 12, 1492. 1 23. While the Spaniards were thus employed, they were surrounded by the natives, who gazed with astonishment on the newcomers. They thought them the children of the sun, or visi- tants from some spirit world. Columbus named the natives " Indians," because he thought the island lay off: the coast of India, in Asia ; he had no idea that he had discovered a new continent. 24. Columbus and his men next sailed south- ward, and discovered the islands of Cuba and Haiti. All the natives they found were naked savages, who kissed the feet of the Spaniards, and exchanged their gold ornaments for beads, etc. 25. After spending some time in exploring the islands, Columbus, early in the new year (1493), turned his prows homeward. 1 October 21, New Style. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 19 26. It seemed as though the angry deep wished Give an ac- & & J r count of the to swallow up all proof of the grand discovery, ^S* did for a terrible storm arose, and the ships nearly Columbus foundered. Columbus, when he expected his ves- sels to go down, wrote an account of his voyage on parchment, inclosed it in a cake of wax, and the cake in a cask, which was thrown over- board. 27. But Heaven watched over the discoverer what of his of the New World. The ships reached Spain in home? THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS safety. Columbus had a grand reception, and the king and queen immediately ordered a large and fine fleet to be fitted out. 20 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell the story of the foolish courtier. Tell of the other voyages Columbus made. Repeat what you can of the last years of his life. 28. There were some people who pretended, after Columbus had made his daring voyage, that it was not so wonderful a thing, after all. It is related that at a banquet a foolish courtier said he did not think it was very hard to make the dis- covery that one could reach Asia by sailing west ward. Columbus thereupon asked him to make an egg stand on end, and when he had to own that he could not do it, Columbus broke the end of the egg, when, of course, it stood very readily. This was a courteous but severe rebuke to the pretender, was it not ? 29. Columbus made a second, a third, and a fourth voyage. During this time he planted several colonies in the West India Islands. He also reached the mainland of the American con- tinent, near the mouth of the Orinoco River, in the year 1498. 30. It was the lot of Columbus to receive injus- tice and neglect in return for the greatest benefits. His fame stirred up the jealousy and hatred of powerful men at the Spanish court. He was deprived of the government of the colony he had founded, and was sent home in chains. After the death of his friend, Queen Isabella, he was treated THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 21 still worse, and was allowed to die in poverty and neglect, at the age of seventy-two. 31. You would say — would you not — that the whatshouid J J the New New World should have been called Columbia? world have heen called ? But at first the new lands were supposed to belong jf America 1 to Asia, and so they did not receive any particular audwh y ? name for a number of years. Meanwhile, a Ger- man writer on geography called a part of the new world America, after Americus Vespucius, an Ital- ian who made several voyages to our continent soon after Columbus's first discovery, and who wrote a description of the countries he saw. Many years later, after Columbus and Americus were both dead, the name America was given to the whole of the western continent. 32. But no American can ever forget that the what undy- ing giory- way to the New World was discovered by Colum- hascoium- bus, the boldest sailor that ever trod a deck, and one of the greatest men that ever lived. 33. There is no portrait of Columbus that is what was his appear- known to be a true one, but we may form a pic- ance? ture of the discoverer in our minds from what his son Ferdinand tells us. Ferdinand says his father was above the middle height, with a face rather long, an aquiline nose, gray eyes, and light hair. 22 PRIMARY HISTORY III. HOW ENGLAND AND FRANCE CAME TO CLAIM PART OF AMERICA What effect did the discovery- have ? Who else made voyages ? Why did the English claim America ? What did Cabot ask of the king ? Tell of Cabot's voyage. 34. When the news of the discovery of lands beyond the Atlantic spread over Europe, many bold men made voyages to the western world. 35. We shall first learn about the English and the French explorations, because the English and the French said that their discoveries gave them a right to the soil of America. 36. The reason why the English said they had a right to settle in America is because they believed that North America was discovered by a navigator named John Cabot, an Italian, settled in Bristol, who sailed under the flag of England. 37. Cabot, as soon as he heard of Columbus's great discovery, applied to the king of England for permission to make a voyage to the lands beyond the western ocean. This was granted by Henry VII., and Cabot sailed with his son, Sebastian. 38. Cabot sailed on a line far north of the route of Columbus. He succeeded in reaching CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE Z'6 Tell of the voyager that gave the French a claim. the New World, — it is supposed at Cape Breton, — in June, 1497. 39. Cabot claimed all the land he discovered For whom did he claim for the crown of England; and hence, when the theland? English said that they owned a large part of North America, they de- clared it was theirs " by virtue of the right of first discovery by Cabot." 40. Now we must learn what was the foundation of the French claim to a part of North America. In the year 1524, the king of France sent a navigator named Verra- zano to America for the purpose of making dis- coveries. He sailed along the coast from Florida to Newfoundland. He set up the standard of the French monarch, and called the country New France. 41. But though England and France said that g idth e ° ° French or they owned a great part of the wilderness of North p/^tany America, they did nothing in the way of planting ^ nes colonies here for a long time. It was more than one hundred years after this before lasting French SEBASTIAN CABOT 24 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about C artier. About the southern settlements. Who was Raleigh? What grant did he re- ceive? Tell the story of the expedition. or English colonies were founded in the New World. 42. True, both the French and the English made some attempts to found settlements in their possessions. James Cartier tried to plant a colony along the St. Lawrence River in New France ; but he failed. In the far southern part of our country two colonies of French Protestants were formed : but the band that went to South Carolina became dis- couraged, and returned ; while the settlement in Florida was attacked by Spaniards and the people were put to death. 43. In the early English attempts at American set- tlement, Sir Walter Raleigh was the leader. Raleigh was a very accomplished courtier, and a great favorite with Elizabeth, the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign he lived. 44. Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a grant of a great tract of land in America. First, he sent out two ships to explore the country. The ex- pedition landed on Roanoke Island (N.C.). The JAMES CARTIER CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE 25 voyagers were kindly treated by the natives, and what was J & J J the country returned with glowing accounts of the land they named? had seen. Out of compliment to the " Virgin Queen " the country was named Virginia. 45. Raleigh was so delighted with the reports Ten the & • ° r story of the of the land beyond the sea, that he now sent out first colony. a band of colonists, who began a settle- ment at Roanoke. But the English- men got into trouble with the Indians, and came near starving ; so, when a fleet under the bold captain, Sir Francis Drake, happened to arrive off the coast, they were glad to forsake the country. SIR WALTER RALEIGH 46. Thus we see that all these attempts to what was the result of imd French or English coloni< during the sixteenth century failed. found French or English colonies in America j^ 1 ^? at ~ 26 PRIMARY HISTORY THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI IV. SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS what is 47. No sooner had Columbus planted a colony said of the Spaniards i n the West Indies than crowds of adventurous in America? countries 6 spirits passed over from Spain to America. They they seized. ^ QQ ^ p OSsess i on f a n the West India Islands, and SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 27 from there in a few years began to push off to the mainland. In this way the Spaniards dis- covered and took possession of the Isthmus of Panama, of Mexico, of Florida, and of the rich gold-land of Peru. 48. They everywhere set up the cross as the what two symbol of the Christian faith : but at the same things did J they do ? time they treated the poor natives with most unchristian cruelty ; for they enslaved them, and wore out their lives in merciless toil in the mines and on the plantations. 49. The history of the Spanish conquest of the what is J x said of the countries that are named above — and which Spanish conquests? together form what used to be called Spanish America — is full of tales of gallant exploits and of heartless conduct. Of the many adventures of the Spaniards, three are important to be re- membered because they have something to do with the history of our country. PONCE DE LEON 50. The first adventure is the voyage of Ponce Teiiwhy , J ° the first ad- de Leon to Florida. This is of interest, because venture is interesting. it led to the discovery by the Spaniards of a part of what is now the United States. 28 PRIMARY HISTORY What tale did De Leou believe ? Give an ac- count of his voyage. What was the result of his ex- pedition? 51. De Leon heard an Indian tale about a fountain, the waters of which had the power to keep one forever young. 52. To find this fabled fountain, he sailed from the West Indies in the year 1512. After some time he reached a land of flowers, which he called Florida. This was the same place we now call Florida, — which, you know, is the southern penin- sula of the United States. 53. De Leon was, of course, disappointed in his search for the " fountain of immortal youth." He went away, but afterwards returned and tried to take possession of the coun- try ; but his people were driven off by the Indians, and he was killed. PONCE DE LEON when was 54. Although after De Leon's expeditions a the first & § r Spanish number of Spanish explorers went to the coast settlement L *■ coun e try?° ur °^ Florida and South Carolina, yet no settlement was made there till St. Augustine, in Florida, was founded in 1565, — the oldest town within the limits of what is now our country. SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 29 FERDINAND DE SOTO 55. We must now learn about the marvelous who dis- covered the adventures of Ferdinand de Soto, the discoverer Mississippi of the Mississippi River. 56. De Soto was the Spanish governor of one what did 10 De Soto do ? of the West India Islands. He collected there and in Spain a finely equipped force, and sailed to Florida. 57. From there the armor- clad and mounted warriors, under their fiery leader, plunged into the interior of the country. They traveled far north into what is now Georgia, but was then the land of the Cherokee Indians. Where did they go after landing in Florida? 58. De Soto had believed that he would find in what did De Soto the interior of the country rich treasures of gold find? and silver; but, instead, he met only savage In- dians, with whom he had to fight many battles. His men were compelled to hew their way through forests and swamps and they endured much sick- ness and suffering. 30 PRIMARY HISTORY What great discovery- did he make? Give an account of the march north from Ma villa. 59. However, he made one great discovery ; he found, not any treasures of gold or jewels, but he found the Father of Waters. The manner of the discovery was this : he went northwest from Mavilla, and, after a toilsome march of many weeks, finally came to a great stream, which the natives called Mesa-seba, — which is the same Supposed Route of De Soto. Winter QuartersA Longitude West ROUTE OF DE SOTO, 1541 mighty river we still call the Mississippi. he was met by a band of Indians, who came the river in a fleet of large canoes, and offered to ferry the Spaniards across. Here down who SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 31 60. De Soto did not give up his search for How long o ± ^ did De g oto treasures for many months, — in fact, not till most lo o ^ ? for of his grand array of armor-clad Spaniards had dwindled away. 61. Finally, the daring* discoverer became Teiiofhis j7 & # death and broken-hearted and died ; he was buried in the ^, rial \ 7 what be- mighty river which he was the first European to ^™ e ? of his behold. Those of his followers who survived, built rafts, and floating down the Mississippi, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico. Now, after learning these facts, you will find it very interesting to follow De Soto's route as shown on the map. FERNANDO CORTES 62. The third and most important of the Span- ish exploits in America is the conquest of Mexico by Cortes. 63. You must know that, at the time Columbus Ten about the ancient discovered America, there was in Mexico a numer- Mexicans, 7 and their ous and powerful people. These were the Aztecs. civilization - They differed from the other American natives, for they lived in cities containing great palaces and temples, and had a written language, and 32 PRIMARY HISTORY What ex- pedition did the Spaniards tit out? tilled the soil, semi-civilized. so we may say that they were 64. The Spaniards soon heard of this rich coun- try of the Aztecs, and its mines of gold and silver. Accordingly, an expedition was fitted out to con- quer it. A Spaniard named Fernando Cortes, able and daring, but very cruel, was made the leader. THE MEETING OF CORTES AND MONTEZUMA Relate the 65. In 1519 the expedition sailed from Cuba, early his- A tory of it. an d landed at Vera Cruz. Here the Spanish com- SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 33 mander burnt his ships to show his men that they must conquer or die. 66. Soon afterwards, Cortes marched upon the ^heredid capital of the Aztec emperor, whose name was ^^ as Montezuma. Near the city he was met by the of e the Sult Aztec ruler with a great deal of friendly pomp, struggei but this good feeling did not last long. After three years of warfare, the Spanish army captured the city of Mexico. 67. The Spaniards took possession of the whole How long * r . did the country, and it was ruled by Spanish governors for Spaniards three hundred years. They enslaved the natives jJowdid to feed their greed for gold. The mines of Mexico ^natives? and Peru became the prize of the Spanish conquest of America. But these were not the kind of men to found a great nation on the soil of the New World. 68. Twenty years after the conquest, parts of Did the Spaniards what is now our countrv were visited by Spaniards come north J •/ a from Mex- from Mexico. An explorer named Coronado, with ico? a thousand white men and Indians, marched across New Mexico and Arizona, and some think that they came as far north as the River Platte, in Nebraska. SW. PRIM. HIST. — 3 34 PRIMARY HISTORY INDIAN HUNTERS AND CAMP V. THE AMERICAN INDIANS What did the explor- ers notice ahout America ? What strange plants were found in America ? What ani- mals? 69. America was indeed a new world. Every- where the European explorers, as they landed on the coast or threaded their perilous way into the wooded interior, beheld novel scenes and objects. 70. For the first time, Europeans saw Indian corn, and tobacco, and potatoes — three plants that are natives of America, and which were not known in Europe till after the discovery of our continent. For the first time, also, they saw the buffalo, the llama, and the turkey. THE AMERICAN INDIANS 35 71. On the other hand, they observed with sur- Name some u \ animals they prise that many familiar European animals, such did not see- as the horse, cow, sheep, pig, and cat, were not to be found in America. 72. But the greatest novelty of all was the new what was ° J the greatest race of men. The people whom the Europeans novelty? found on this continent differed in appearance and customs from all the inhabitants of the Old World. They were a new family of mankind. 73. Probably every one of you has seen an Describe the natives. Indian. Now the red man of to-day is much like why were d they called his ancestors whom the early explorers of America "Indians"? met three hundred years ago. The Indian is tall, straight, and well formed. His skin is of a copper brown ; his hair long, black, and coarse. Colum- bus, you remember, gave the red men the name of "Indians," because he supposed the country that he discovered was a part of India. 74. The Indians were not a civilized race, why were they not a They lived mainly by hunting and fishing, and cul- civilized tivating patches of Indian corn, beans, potatoes, ^f m v a a n s . and melons. They could make bows and arrows, nerofll fe? and stone tomahawks, and mortars for pounding corn, and birch-bark canoes, and they could dress skins ; but that was about all they could do. 36 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about their gov- ernment. Describe their ways in war. What is said of the women ? State why the Indians were not to be civilized. 75. The Indians had no regular government. They were simply gathered together into tribes, each under its own chief, though sometimes several tribes united and formed a league or confederacy. 76. War was the great delight of these savages. The Indians scalped their foes, and cherished the scalps as trophies and used them as decorations for their girdles. If captured by an enemy, they never asked for their lives ; they would show no fear even at the sight of the fire that was to burn their bodies. 77. The women among the Indians were re- garded as drudges whose business it was to save man from the degradation of labor. The women dressed the food, tilled the little patches of ground, and took charge of the wigwams. 78. The Indians knew nothing of civilization. They had no sense of the obligation of law ; they had no experience of settled industry. To try to civilize them seemed to destroy their native virtues and to give them no others in their stead. " The Great Spirit," they said, "gave the white man a plow and the red man a bow and arrow, and sent them into the world by different paths, each to get a living in his own way." THE AMERICAN INDIANS 37 79. You must not think, from all this, that the were the Indians all Indians had no good qualities ; for under their bad? tawny skins beat human hearts, and in every human heart there is something divine. 80. They were often hospitable and generous, Mention some of giving with the thoughtless liberality of children, their good & ° & J qualities. When they were well treated, they were apt to show friendship and fidelity. They believed in God, whom they called the Great Spirit. Idolatry was rare among them. 81. But from the day that white colonists set Show how . . the arts of their foot on the soil ot North America, the na- the whites injured the tives of that soil were doomed to withdraw from Indians, it, or to perish. The guns which they got from the whites, only made them reckless in their de- struction of game, and rendered their petty wars more frequent and more bloody. The wearing of cottons and calicoes, which they learned to use in place of their own furs and deerskins, caused sick- ness and consumption among them. 82. It soon appeared that the two races could Teiiahout the bad feel- not live together. Then they began to hate each ingthat other. The white colonists were grasping and unfeeling in taking the lands of the Indians ; the natives became revengeful and murderous. 38 PRIMARY HISTORY 83, Tell what you see in the pictures, chapter shows a winter scene of Indian life. The picture that stands at the head of this The successful hunter, still wearing his snowshoes, has just returned to camp. Huddled about the fire are some of his companions, while in the back- ground stands their rude shelter, built of saplings, AN INDIAN VILLAGE SCENE brushwood, and bark. The picture on this page shows a group of wigwams, with the squaws busied in household duties. At the right are kitchen and laundry in the open air. The youngster in the fore- ground has been taking a bow-and-arrow lesson, and is running to find the answer to his last shot. A REVIEW LESSON 39 VI. A REVIEW LESSON 1. What have we gone over in the pre- vious chapters ? We have gone over the early period of our country's history, down to the time just before the English began to plant those colonies which afterwards grew to be the United States. 2. What space of time is included? From the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, to the found- ing of the first English colony, in Virginia, in 1607. 3. What may this period be called ? The period of discovery and ex- ploration. 4. What nations of Europe were mak- ing explorations and settlements in North America during this period ? The Spaniards, the English, and the French. 5. Mention some important Spanish ex- plorations and settlements. Very soon after the discovery of America, the Spaniards settled the West India Islands. In 1512, De Leon discovered the southern coast of what is now the United States, and called it Florida. In 1519-21, Cortes conquered Mexico, and twenty years later, Coronado headed an expedition into Arizona and New Mexico. In 1541, De Soto discovered the Mis- sissippi River. 6. What was this country called? The Spaniards called all North America, except Mexico, Florida. 7. What ivas the first exploration made by the English in America? That of Cabot, in 1497, the first discovery of North America. 8. Did the English try 'U make settle- ments in North America daring the six- teenth century f Yes ; but all these efforts failed. 9. Tell about the most important. Sir "Walter Raleigh, between 1584 and 1587, sent out three parties to Roanoke Island, in the region called by the English Virginia. 10. What caused the French to claim part of North America ? The exploration of the coast, in 1524, by Verrazano, who named it New France ; and of the St. Law- rence region, by Cartier, in 1534. 11. What did these discoveries by vari- ous nations lead to ? Rival claims to American territory. 40 PRIMARY HISTORY VII. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES what was 84. Colonies of England, — such was our coun- our country ° f U nc S ?"" ^ * n ^ s i n ^ anc y- Remember this fact, for it is very important. what part 85* We are now to see how those colonies were of our his- tory are we planted which afterwards became the United now to x learn? States, — how the brave pioneers of American settlement, struggling hard with savage nature and more savage man, succeeded at last in gain- * ing a firm foothold on the American coast ; how they felled the forests and cultivated the soil and established society and laws ; how they were gradually trained to the love of liberty ; and, finally, how they revolted from Great Britain and made themselves " free and independent " a hundred years ago. Name the 86. The first English colony in America was first English . colony. Virginia, — founded at Jamestown m 1607. who were 87. The leaders in the settling of Virginia were English noblemen and merchants, who formed a company called the " London Company." VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 41 88. The king; of England, James the First, what land & & 7 7 did the king gave these men a great part of the immense ter- Sy? th , em? . & & r Tell w j iat jt ritory which the English claimed in America. It included - took the name of South Virginia, and it included all that we now call Virginia and a good deal more. The king gave them a written agreement, called a charter. It bore the great seal of Eng- land, and was their title-deed to their possessions. 89. As soon as the London Company had re- Teiiwhat the London ceived their charter they sent a band of one hun- Company u now did. dred and five emigrants across the ocean to begin a settlement. 90. After crossing the Atlantic, the voyagers Describe the found themselves in Chesapeake Bay. Here they landing, discovered a fine river, which they named the James, in honor of the English king. They sailed up it for some distance, and began a settle- ment which they named Jamestown. 91. This settlement at Jamestown in Virginia For what is was the first permanent English settlement in townsettie- ment re- what is now the United States. You will find markabie? the place on the map on the next page. James- town was burnt during later colonial days, and all that is left is the crumbling church tower, of which a little sketch is given on the map. 42 PRIMARY HISTORY EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA vir a *n?aat *^ # When the 'Virginia pioneers landed, the this time? w hole country was covered with thick forests. The first thing the newcomers had to do was to fell trees and build . log-cab- ins for them- selves. 93. The set- tlers were not well fitted for the hard life in the woods. Most of them had not been used to work ; so when the provis- ions they had brought were used up they came near starving. Many, too, sickened and died be- cause the climate was new to them. 2t\ I J& Vl / \!S \^%~ X s V N ' " ■*>>*_* V ^ 8$*JP' if \ \ ^^» 'l > t£J ft ^ s \ s "?W \ •***/:& How did the settlers get along ? ffc=f ^ ? l«Pl«W~ ' -4 ^ ^ „Ruins or Jamestown \M$ai JAMESTOWN AND VICINITY why was 94, Besides this, the colony was very badly the colony J «/ «/ erned?° v " governed, because the councilors appointed by the London Company to rule over the colony turned out to be worthless men. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 43 95. There was one man among them, however, ? am ®.^ e who was very wise and skillful, and who, by his man> good management, saved the colony from ruin. This man was named John Smith. 96. You have, perhaps, read of Captain John Can you 7 A x ; L relate any- Smith in story books. He had passed his early caStaS!*" 1 * life in wild, romantic adventures among the Turks Smith? and in Africa. In fact, his experience had been just such as was needed to fit him to be a leader in the rough work of the wilderness. 97. Smith had been appointed one of the coun- Tell how he x x < was treated. cilors ; but the others became jealous of him and stripped him of his office. However, when things grew worse and worse, and the settlers were on the brink of starvation, they were glad enough to have him become their captain. 98. All this part of Virginia was at that time ^Jf^V 116 full of Indians. They were suspicious of the f^ t ^ ld white men and unfriendly to them. But Smith Sem? e had a wonderful knowledge of how to deal with the red men. He made treaties with them, and contrived to get corn and game enough to feed the wretched settlers. 99. Smith had many adventures with the Teiiofhis adventures. Indians. In one of his expeditions he was cap- 44 PRIMARY HISTORY When and how did Virginia lose Smith? What of the first five years ? How did things grow better? tured and carried before the chief, whose name was Powhatan. There is a story of how he was condemned to die, and his head already lay on the death -stone, when the chief's daugh- ter, named Pocahont- as, induced her father to spare Smith's life. Perhaps, though, this is only a story. 100. Captain Smith was the leading spirit in the colony for its first two years. Then he was wounded by an accidental discharge to return to England. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH of gunpowder, and had 101. The first five years of Virginia life were years of severe trial, and several times it seemed as though the colony would have to be given up. But new settlers arrived from England every spring, and the people began to get crops of corn, and women were brought over from the mother country to become the wives of the settlers, and at last Virginia was firmly planted. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 45 INDIAN MASSACRES 102. There were two terrible Indian massacres Give the date of the in the early part of the history of Virginia. The first Indiaa J x «/ o massacre. first was in 1622. 103. The crafty chief of the Indians arranged Ten about J & it. How that just at twelve o'clock of a certain day the ™£7 ere savages should fall upon all the settlements of the white men at once. In this way three hundred and fifty men, women, and children fell under the murderous tomahawk ; and more would have per- ished if a friendly Indian had not taken the trouble to go through the woods and warn some of the settlements. 104. This massacre roused the English to ven- Teiihowthe colonists geance. They went in bands and burned the revenged ° ^ themselves. wigwams of the Indians, and followed the savages through the forest, killing all they met, and driv- ing the rest to the backwoods. 105. The colonists of Virginia had peace for Give an ac- ° x count of the twelve years after this. Then the Indians again secondmas - v o sacre. swooped down on the scattered settlements. But this time the savages were so severely punished that at last they saw that it was useless to try to make headway against the colonists. 46 PRIMARY HISTORY What great blessing did the Virgin- ians enjoy ? How had the people been ruled ? Explain the change now made. What was the date of the first As- sembly ? When was another change made? What did Virginia now be- come ? THE GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA 106. One of the greatest of blessings came to Virginia when the people were allowed a share in making their own laws. 107. At first, the agents of the London Com- pany had ruled the people, and often treated them in a very tyrannical manner. But after twelve years (1619) the company allowed them to elect certain men called burgesses who were to meet and make laws for the inhabitants. 108. The first Colonial Assembly met at James- town in 1619. Thus representative government was established in Virginia. 109. There was another change in the govern- ment of Virginia, in 1624. The king of England took away from the London Company the control of matters in Virginia, and put it into the hands of a governor appointed by himself. Then the colony of Virginia became a royal 'province. How long was it till Indepen- dence ? GROWTH OF VIRGINIA 110. If you will count from 1624, when Virginia became a royal province, forward to 1776, you will find that it was just about one hundred and VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 47 fifty years down to the Declaration of Inde- what of the J J m ... colony all pendence. During this long period Virginia grew this while? in numbers and in prosperity, and became a great and flourishing colony. 111. Slavery was an important institution in when was J x slavery m- Virginia. It began there in 1620, when a Dutch troduced? ship brought a few negroes to Jamestown and the planters bought them as slaves. 112. About this time the Virginians began to what plant ° ° was now cultivate tobacco. There was soon a great de- f^'effect mand for it in Europe. This caused the planters diditb -ave? to buy large numbers of negroes, so that slavery increased very rapidly. 113. In those days a number of the people did Ten what was thought not think it right to hold slaves, but there were so about siav- ° 7 ery. many negroes in Virginia that the Virginians did not see what was to be done with them. Slavery lasted for nearly two hundred and fifty years. 114. Virginia was called the "Old Dominion," why was t < t Virginia because, during the civil war in England, two hun- f/^fj 1 ^ 116 dred years ago, when the king was deposed and minion " ? put to death, the Virginians continued faithful to the royal cause, and spoke of their colony as the " King's Ancient Dominion." 48 PRIMARY HISTORY why was it H5. Virginia was said to be "the best poor man's a good coun- ° x dSth^eo-* countr y m the world." The woods were full of pie raise? g ame anc [ the waters of fish, and the soil was very fruitful. The people cultivated corn and tobacco and cotton, and exchanged what they raised for goods from England and the West Indies. Ten about 116. The Virginians were* a very hospitable and the people. compare noble-hearted people. They were much more free them with L x \ the Puritans. i n their manners and opinions than the Puritans of New England, of whom we shall soon learn. On the other hand, they had fewer large towns and could not pay so much attention to education. What can you say of British op- pression ? 117. The people had to suffer often from the oppression of their British rulers. But this only trained them to a spirit of liberty. The result was that when the " alarm-bell of the Revolution " sounded, Virginia was one of the very first of the colonies to declare for independence. DAUGHTER COLONIES OF VIRGINIA What was the relation of Virginia to the other Southern colonies ? 118. Virginia was the mother of most of the other Southern colonies, — the hive from which population went out to make new settlements in the various territories of the South. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 49 119. Maryland was originally a part of Vir- Ten of the ° founding of ginia. It became a separate colony in 1632, when Maryland, the country around Chesapeake Bay was granted by the English king to Lord Baltimore. 120. It was settled principally by Roman Cath- By whom was it set- olics. Maryland was one of the first colonies in tle<1? For " what was it which the people were al- noteworthy? lowed to think as they pleased in religious matters. The result was that it grew rapidly. 121. Carolina was first ^jL„ Bi§fe> Give an ac - _JmE*f!\^~'''Zg%^ : .^^-" > ' count of the settled by emigrants irom ^KiffMmm-/^- = '- : '~~ r early history J & "^mf^S^^^ oftheCaro- Virginia. After a time the LORD BALT1MORE liu ^ king of England gave the whole region of Carolina, North and South, to a number of English noblemen. The government at that time was not good, and therefore the people were very glad when these colonies were taken from the " proprietors " and made royal provinces. 122. The Carolinas were rapidly settled by Eng- By whom were tlicv lish, Irish, and Scotch, and by French Protestants settled? called Huguenots. 8W. PRIM. HIST. £ 50 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about the introduc- tion of rice. Tell about the North Carolinians. 123. South Carolina was the first place in Amer- ica where rice was grown. It was introduced by a ship-captain, who brought some from Madagas- car. The rice-planters needed large numbers of field laborers ; hence slavery grew rapidly. 124. The North-Carolinians drew most of their wealth from their great forests of pine, which yielded tar, turpentine, and rosin. They were an industrious and upright people. Hence they pros- pered. GEORGIA What can 125, you say of SoSSSF teen Colonies. Who was the leader ? What was his object? Georgia was the last founded of the Thir- It was not settled till about forty years before the Declaration of Independence. 126. The leader in found- ing Georgia was James Ogle- thorpe, a benevolent and noble-hearted man. His ob- ject was to establish a colony where oppressed debtors in England might find a refuge, and a chance to begin life over again. A grant was obtained from King George II., and the colony was named Georgia after him. JAMES OGLETHORPE NEW ENGLAND 51 VIII. NEW ENGLAND PLYMOUTH COLONY 127. Pilgrim Fathers is the loving name by who were ? the Pilgrim which the New Englanders cherish the memory Fathers? of the brave pioneers who left their native land, and sought new homes in the wilds of America. 128. The Pilgrims belonged to a sect which had To what sect arisen in England, called Puritans. These people lon s ? did not like the forms of the Church of England. They wished for a much simpler mode of worship. 129. It was by a Puritan congregation that the what colony J . was begun first settlement in New England w T as made. This i^the Puri- was the beginning of Plymouth Colony, founded at Plymouth in 1620. 130. They first moved to Holland, where thev Iu what t , J " country had lived several years in the town of Leyden ; but J]^ ^en they did not like it, so they determined to seek free homes in the lands beyond the Atlantic. 131. First they sailed back to England, and Teiiwhat J ° they did. there took passage in a little craft called the May- r ^ ir num - flower. There were one hundred and one persons. 52 PRIMARY HISTORY What did the Pilgrims do before landing? Where and when did they land ? 132. After a long and stormy passage, the frail bark neared the rock-bound coast of New England. Before the Pilgrims landed, they drew up laws for the common good, which all agreed to obey. They had to govern themselves, for they did not come out with any charter from the king. 133. The coast was explored for some time, and finally it was resolved to land where Plymouth now is. The landing was made in 1620. A STREET SCENE IN LEYDEN what season 134. It was the depth of a New England winter. was it ? . and the ground was covered with snow. This was a cold welcome to receive in a new home, and you NEW ENGLAND 53 may believe that it required stout hearts — and not Ten of their d t sufferings. only stout hearts, but a lofty faith — to enable them to bear up under their terrible sufferings and privations. During the winter one half of their number sickened and died. 135. It was very fortunate that the Indians did what about J m the Indians? not trouble them that season. In the spring they came in from the back country ; but they behaved in a very friendly way, 136. There was one unfriendly chief, named Give the " story of Canonicus, who sent the settlers a rattlesnake-skin Canonicus. wrapped around a bundle of arrows. Governor Brad- ford returned the skin, filled with powder and ball, and Canonicus took the hint and kept the peace. 137. After the first two or three years of trial Did the set- ** tiers do the settlers got along better. They cleared away J^byY the woods and raised crops of corn, and they found abundance of fish and game. 138. The settlement now received the name of Name the colony. Plymouth Colony. It was small in numbers ; ^rtaSt? but its success was very important, because it led to the founding of a much larger settlement, — the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 54 PRIMARY HISTORY MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY who were 139. Massachusetts Bay Colony was started by the leaders f J colon ^ ay a numDer °^ wealthy Puritans, w T ho formed a com- pany to make a settlement in New England. How many- Puritans came in 1630? Where did they settle ? The govern- or? What be- came of Plymouth Colony? 140. King Charles I. gave them a charter, in 1629, granting them a large tract of land, and securing them the privileges of Englishmen. 141. The next year as many as fifteen hundred Puritans came over to America. They settled around Massachusetts Bay, and founded Boston, Dorchester, Salem, Lynn, and other places. John Winthrop, a wise and good man, was their governor. JOHN WINTHROP 142. After a while Ply- mouth was united with Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both came under one gov- ernment, and the whole w T as called Massachusetts. 143. We shall by and by learn something about Massachusetts historv. But first we must learn how the people spread out from Massachusetts and formed other colonies in New England. NEW ENGLAND 55 CONNECTICUT 144. Connecticut was first settled by emigrants when and . by whom from the Bay Colony, in 1636. The first band was Con- necticut 9 was headed by a Puritan pastor, named Hooker. settled 145. The emigrants made their way on foot Teiihow they jour- thrOUgll the woods, guided by the compass, and neyed. living chiefly on the milk of the herds which they drove before them. HOOKER'S PARTY JOURNEYING TO CONNECTICUT 146. They settled Hartford, Wethersfield, and what of J their settle- Windsor. At first they were under the protec- ™ e ^ n * nd tion of their mother colony, Massachusetts; but ment? they soon made a government of their own. 56 PRIMARY HISTORY what other 147. Later another settlement was made at New what^s 7 Haven. Subsequently both were united into one the cSy ? colony, and the whole became Connecticut. RHODE ISLAND what led to 148. The reason for the settlement of Rhode the settle- Island was the religious strictness of the Puri- ment of Rhode Island? Who was Roger Williams? Tell of his wanderings. tans. A clergyman named Roger Williams began to preach doctrines which the Puritans thought wrong; so they said he should be banished. WILLIAMS RECEIVED BY THE NARRAGANSETTS 149. Roger Williams went all alone through the woods, and received friendly shelter for the NEW ENGLAND 57 winter in the wigwams of the Indians. In the what place did he spring of 1636 the Indian chiefs gave him some found? land at the head of Narragansett Bay. Here he founded Providence. 150. Soon afterwards, a party of Williams's what other r < J settlement friends moved to an island in the same bay, was made? called Rhode Island. The two settlements were afterwards united. 151. Maine and New Hampshire became thinly what can 1 " you say of settled soon after the landing; of the Pilgrims. Mainland ° ° !New Hamp- During a good part of colonial times they were shire? under the same government with Massachusetts. NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND GROWTH 152. The cause of the settlement of Virginia Compare the settlement was commercial adventure. The cause of the of Virginia and New settlement of New England was the desire for England, religious freedom. 153. The Puritans were people of very strict what of the r r J Puritans? principles. They thought their whole life and government should be regulated by the Bible. 154. This fact gave rise to many regulations what did ° J ° this lead to ? and customs which we should now consider ridicu- JJJSaSd lous or repulsive. On the other hand, the Puri- character? 1 58 PRIMARY HISTORY Did they sometimes mistake their duty ? Give exam- ples of this. tans had wonderful heroism and were always governed by a sense of duty. 155. But this sense of duty sometimes took a wrong direction. Thus an offense against religion was treated as a crime against the government. Several bad results followed from this. For exam- A SUSPECTED WITCH pie, they persecuted the Quakers. Later (1692), a strange delusion about witchcraft broke out, and a number of persons were put to death because they were supposed to be " possessed with devils." 156. With the Indians, the people of New Eng- indianwars. i an( } nac [ many savage contests. The two greatest of these were known as the Pequot war and King Philip's war. Name the two great NEW ENGLAND 59 157. The Pequot war was waged in Connecticut Teiiof the Pequot war. the very first year after the settlement (1637). The matter was finally decided in this way : a band of armed men surprised the Indians inside of a palisade, and burned their wigwams. Nearly all the tribe perished in the names. 158. Kino; Philip's war broke out about fifty ofKing ° r J Philip's war. years after the settlement of Massachusetts (1675). It began in Massachusetts ; but finally extended to almost all the settlements in New England, and lasted over a year. 159. The principal fight, called the " Swamp Name the fight," took place in Rhode Island. The Indians and give the fe ' r , result. were completely defeated, losing one thousand men, and their crafty chief, King Philip. 160. New England suffered from Indian attacks When did ° New Eng- for a long time after this. Especially was this the knd^suffer case during three wars which the colonists, assisted Indians? by British forces, carried on against the French in Canada, who were aided by the Indians. 161. In these wars the Indian allies of the How did the Indians French would swoop down on the scattered New attack? England settlements, and tomahawk men, women, and children, or carry them off into captivity. 60 Tell about their mode of warfare. PRIMARY HISTORY 162. Their manner of warfare was very stealthy. They were ever present when a garrison or a family ceased its vigilance, and disappeared the moment the blow was struck. Relate the story of Mrs. Dustin. AN EARLY MORNING ATTACK BY INDIANS 163. Once a brave woman took terrible ven- geance on the savages. Hannah Dustin, of Ha- verhill, Massachusetts, with her nurse, and a boy, were carried off to an island in the Merrimac River. The boy said one day to his Indian master, " Where would you strike to kill instantly ? " The Indian, not suspecting his intention, told him just NEW ENGLAND 61 where and how to do it. Next night Mrs. Dustin, the boy, and the nurse rose secretly while the savages were asleep. There were twelve of them in the wigwam. Arming themselves with the tomahawks of the Indians, they killed ten of the twelve (leaving only a squaw and a boy), and, after long wandering, they reached their home in safety. 164. The darkest days for New England were when were New Eng- when one of the English kings, named James the la,ld ' s dark- ° ° ' est days? Second, took away their charters. These charters, why did the 7 J ' people cher- you must know, were of great importance; they j^rters? had been given to the colonies by former kings, and insured the colo- nists many privileges, and espe- cially the privilege of governing themselves and making their own laws. 165. Now, in 1685, King James, \^ what of i ti i • 1 n sir edmund andros King James who did not wish any tree govern- and the , . , . . -. , , tyrant he ment m his dominion, determined to take away sent out? their charters. He sent over a tyrant named An- dros to do this, and gave him power to rule over the people. Andros behaved in a very oppressive way, and made the people exceedingly unhappy. 62 PRTMAKY HISTORY "What colony would not surrender its charter? Tell about the Charter Oak. How was the rule of Andros ended ? Were the liberties re- stored ? 166. It is said that once, however, he was finely checkmated. He had commanded the people of Connecticut to surrender their charter ; but they would not obey. He then went to Hartford to seize the charter, but, the story goes, that while he was in the room the lights were suddenly put out, and the precious document was carried away by Cap- tain Wadsworth and hid in a tree, known from that time as the Charter Oak. 167. Fortunately the rule of Andros lasted only two or three years ; for his royal master was driven from power, and a better mon- arch, King William, came to the throne. Then most of the liberties of New England were restored ; and the Charter Oak gave up its faded but precious treasure. THE CHARTER OAK. For what were the people noted ? 168. The people of New England were noted for their industry, thrift, and good morals. After a time they became much less strict about little things than they had been at first. NEW ENGLAND 63 169. They were great lovers of education. They what of ed took care to establish good schools, ucation and In Massa- ^ssaf chusetts, Harvard College was founded in the f™ S( early days. In Connecticut, Yale College was established soon afterwards. Connecti- cut? 170. Our country owes a great deal to New what do we t owe to New England. Her hardy sons in after days began England? to spread out and people the Western wilder- ness, carrying with them steady habits, intelli- gence, enterprise, and the love of free government. 70 vm del. 64 PRIMARY HISTORY IX. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES Tell of the voyage of Hudson. What river did he dis- cover ? 171. Sailing along the American coast in a little craft called the Half-Moon, a sea-captain named Henry Hudson entered the Narrows, and dropped anchor in the magnificent bay now called the Harbor of New York. This was in 1609, two years after the settlement of Jamestown. After a short stay, he sailed up the beautiful river Hud- son, which he was the first to discover, and which is named in his honor. 172. Hudson was an Englishman ; but he was in the employ of the gov- Hence the Dutch claimed a right to the country between New England and Virginia. They named it New Netherlands. where was 173. Some years after this, in 1623, the Dutch the first set- , J tiement West India Company sent out a number of agents Who was Hudson? What did the Dutch claim? Name the colony. HENRY HUDSON ernment of Holland. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 65 and settlers to the island of Manhattan, or New Name the town. York Island. They bought the whole island from the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, and here they built a few rude houses. This was the begin- ning of the great city of New York. They called their town New Amsterdam. BUYING MANHATTAN ISLAND 174. Many Hollanders now began to emigrate to the Dutch colony. New Amsterdam be- came quite a trading-port. Far up the river they founded another trading-station called Fort Orange, — the beginning of the present city of Albany. 175. The Dutch ruled New Netherlands for about forty years. After this the English took it. During this period there were four Dutch governors. The last of them was named Stuy- vesant. He did a great deal for the good of the Tell about the growth of the col- ony. What other place was founded ? How long was the Dutch rule? How many Dutch gov- ernors? What of the last? SW. PRIM. HIST. — 5 66 PRIMARY HISTORY colony ; but at the same time he was a stubborn, cross-grained old man, and did not believe in allowing the people much free- dom. 176. This was very bad pol- icy ; for when an English fleet came along to seize New Am- sterdam, the people did not care to make any resistance. 177. Let us now see how the English came to seize the Dutch colony. The English king, Charles II., said that the whole country belonged to England ; so he gave it to his brother, the duke of York. Ten about 178. In 1664, the duke of York sent out a fleet the arrival of the fleet, to secure his colony. When the ships appeared, the old Dutch governor, Stuyvesant, was furious at the people for not resisting. He would not sign the articles of surrender till the town was actually in the hands of the English. What did the king say and do ? PETER STUYVESANT 179, What was the colony now called? English colony. Thus you see New Netherlands became an Its name was changed to New York in honor of the king's brother, the duke of York and Albany. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 67 180. After this, and down to the Revolution, with whom did the New the New Yorkers had a great many disputes £°^|_ with the governors sent out by the English kings. P utes? But the misrule of the governors could not hinder New York from becoming a great, wealthy, and populous colony. NEW JERSEY 181. The first white inhabitants of New Jersey How was J New Jersey were the Dutch, who made a little settlement settled? which they called Bergen, on the shore of New York Bay. At a later time many English colo- nists moved over to " the Jerseys," from Long Island and Connecticut. 182. The soil of New Jersey formed part of ^i^did^ the possessions which were given to the duke of E e n c X h an York. It became a separate English colony about colon y ? the same time as New York. PENNSYLVANIA 183. The name Pennsylvania means the Wood- ™%lnsy\- land of Penn. This noble man, William Penn, was mean?' a member of the society of Friends, or Quakers. 184. Now the kino; of England had owed Penn's How did o © t Penn get father, who was an admiral in the British navy, his land? a large sum of money. The son agreed to take 68 PRIMARY HISTORY What was Penn's purpose ? When did he come ? What did he wish ? Tell about the treaty. What of the Indians' love for Penn? What of Philadel- phia? as payment a great tract of land lying between New Jersey and Maryland. This received the name of Pennsylvania. 185. Penn's idea in doing this was to provide free homes in America for all those of his Quaker brethren who wished to emigrate to a land where they might have their own mode of worship. 186. A large number immediately crossed the Atlantic, and, in 1682, Penn himself came to the colony with two thousand settlers. 187. The peace-loving founder of Pennsylvania was very anxious that his people should be good friends with the Indians. He met the native chiefs in a council, and made a treaty with them. The In- dians loved and respected the gentle-hearted Quaker, and the highest praise they could give a white man was to say that he resembled " Onas," — the name by which the Indians called Penn. 188. Soon afterwards Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia, and gave it its name, which means WILLIAM PENN AT THE AGE OF 38 NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 69 brotherly love. He then returned to England, but Of Perm's . ... heirs? he continued to take a great interest in his colony. His heirs were the " proprietors " of Pennsylvania down to the Revolution. 189. Delaware was originally a part of the Ten about ° J x the found- srrants made to Penn. It subsequently became in s° f x J Delaware. separated from Pennsylvania, but the two prov- inces were under the same governor down to the end of colonial times. 190. Forty years before Penn came, a small Tell about the Swedes, band of Swedes had settled on the Delaware River, and the 7 name "Del- near where the city of Wilmington now is. They aware -" named their little colony " New Sweden," in re- membrance of their mother country. It is called Delaware in honor of an Englishman of that name. PENN'S TREATY WITH THE INDIANS 70 PRIMARY HISTORY X. THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH Tell about the French Lawrence and in the west. 191. While our country still belonged to Eng- settiements land, it had to carry on a severe struggle with the French in America. We must remember that about the time the English were settling Virginia and New England, the French were settling the northern country, — that is, along the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. They founded Quebec (1608) and Montreal. Gradually they spread westward along the great lakes with their trad- ing-posts and mission-stations. Father Marquette, in company with a fur-trader named Joliet, visited the Mississippi River near its source, ten years before La Salle sailed down that great river to the Gulf of Mexico, in 1682. New Orleans was founded soon afterwards. What did they claim? What did they then hegin to do ? 192. Finally the French claimed all the country watered by the Mississippi and the rivers that flow into it. Then they began to connect the New Orleans region (called Louisiana) with Canada by a chain of forts. In this way they tried to con- fine the English to the narrow strip of settlement along the Atlantic coast THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 71 193. In the early times, there were several wars Teiiof the ^ wars with between the English and the French settlers. The the French. English invaded the French territories, Canada and Acadia (Nova Scotia), and the French swept down on New England and New York. 194. These contests arose out of quarrels be- what caused these tween France and England, that did not really wars? have much to do with America. 195. But at length there came a great trial of when was ° ° the greatest strength. It is called the French and Indian ^ s f e War. It began in 1755, and ended in 1763. 196. This contest is of great importance because why was ° x this war it decided that our country should belong to the important? English, and not to the French. 197. The war began by some Virginians settling how did it on the Ohio River, where they had bought a large tract of land, and meant to trade with the Indians. 198. The French claimed that this part of the whatdid 1 the French country belonged to them by right of discovery claim? and settlement. Virginia said it was her soil. 199. Suddenly French soldiers marched down Tell of the movement from Canada to where the English had settled on °f the ° French. the Ohio, and carried off some of the traders pris- oners. This was in 1753. 72 PRIMARY HISTORY what did 200. When this was done, Governor Dinwiddie Didwiddie resolve on? f Virginia determined to send a messenger to the French commander, asking him what he meant, and telling him to inarch his soldiers away. 201. The messenger chosen by Governor Din- ddie was Washington. Who was the messen- ger? widdie was a young Virginian named George Speak of the character of 202. Washington was at that time only twenty- washmgton. one vears ]d . Du t ne was even then remarkable for his wisdom, dignity, and courage. He had educated himself as a land-surveyor, and had acquired skill and patience and self-reliance. He had also been an officer in the Virginia militia. Tell about his journey. What did the French officer say ? 203. Accompanied by two or three attendants, Washington made his way through the unbroken wilderness, till at last he reached the French head- quarters and delivered to the commander a letter from the governor of Virginia. The French officer refused to leave the country, and with this answer Washington set out to return. Give an 204. The horses which the party had brought account of ° ° the return, with them had given out, so there was no way for them but to return on foot. The day after Christ- mas, Washington, wrapping himself up in an THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 73 Indian dress, with his gun in his hand and his pack on his back, set out through the woods by the nearest way to the forks of the Ohio. He had but one companion. 205. It was a perilous journey. In passing Teiisom through the forest, an Indian, lying in wait, shot journey. AN INCIDENT OF WASHINGTON'S RETURN at Washington, but missed his aim. When they got to the Alleghany River they spent a whole day making a raft, which they launched. Before they were half over the stream, they were caught m the runnin § ice, and could not reach either 74 PRIMARY HISTORY What did Dinwiddie now do ? Where were the French fortified ? Tell about the march and the fight. shore. Putting out a pole to stop the raft, Wash- ington was jerked into the deep water, and saved himself only by grasping at the raft-logs. Finally they managed to reach an island, where they stayed all night, and in the morning the river had frozen over ; so they were able to cross it. 206. When Governor Dinwiddie received the message brought back by Washington, he raised four hundred troops, and sent them under Wash- ington against the French on the Ohio. 207. The French had built a fort named Fort Duquesne at the spot where Pittsburg now is. Washington's army made a long, wearisome march towards this place. Before they reached it, they were met by a party of French at a place called Great Meadows. Washington defeated this party. 208. Afterwards the main body of the French Washington made a very gallant fight, but was forced to surrender. 209. The English government now saw that it was necessary to come in and help the colonists conquer the French. Accordingly the next year (1755), General Braddock, with a force of British regulars, was sent out to America. What after- wards took place? came down on the little force. What did the English government do? Name their general. THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 75 210. The first thing Braddock did was to march what was ° his first act? against Fort Duquesne. Braddock, though igno- ™^ce ia rant of Indian warfare, would not take Washing- nac y ° ? bsti ' ton's advice. 211. The result was that the British force was JJJX^ suddenly ambushed by the Indians and French, ^"nte? who fired, unseen, from behind trees and rocks. The British regulars, not being used to this kind of warfare, were routed. Braddock was killed. It was only by Washington's coolness that the troops were able to retreat and reach Philadelphia. 76 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell what took place the next two or three years. Tell of Pitt. Name the most de- cisive event. What is said of Quebec ? Its com- mander ? Tell about the begin- ning of the expedition. 212. The British now saw that it would require very hard fighting to beat the French, so they sent over a large army. There was a great deal of fighting for the next two or three years. 213. But the war was not well carried on till the great English statesman, William Pitt, took charge of it. This was in 1759. The most decisive event of the war was the capture of Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River. 214. The French looked upon Quebec as one of the strongest places in the world. The citadel was built upon a high rock, so steep that no enemy could climb it. It was defended by a great many large cannon, and by a powerful French garrison, commanded by General Montcalm. 215. The force to take Quebec was put under a brave young English general named Wolfe. It consisted of Americans and British regulars, and sailed from Halifax to the St. Lawrence. What bold >lan did 216. Wolfe be^an bv trving; various unsuccess- pian am ° J J ° Wolfe think f u ] pi ans to take Quebec. At last he hit upon a plan so bold that the French never dreamed of it. He found that there was a place above Quebec where his troops might climb up the steep to the plains back of the city. THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 77 217. Accordingly, he had the ships sail up JjJSSfi the St. Lawrence ; then at night the troops out * dropped silently down stream in boats, to the spot selected, and known ever since as Wolfe's Cove. In the dark hours the soldiers secretly scaled the precipice. The morning light revealed to Mont- calm the whole British force drawn up in battle array on the plain. 218. A*s quickly as possible, the French com- ^ e f n tl ° e ut " mander went out to meet the English. The battle battle - began at ten o'clock, September 13, 1759. It was fought with great bravery on both sides; but the solid charges of the British grenadiers broke the ranks of the French, who finally gave way. 219. General Wolfe was mortally wounded. ^° W fed d ie? While he lay on the ground he heard some one M °ntcaim? say, " They fly." " Who fly ? " asked the dying hero. " The French," was the answer. " Then," said he, "I die in peace." Montcalm also was fatally wounded. 220. The capture of Quebec showed the French when was -i the war that they could not stand against the English in ^f^ at America. The war was closed by the treaty of ^ ance gave Paris, signed in 1763, and France surrendered to the English all her American possessions. 78 PRIMARY HISTORY XL A REVIEW LESSON 1. We have just finished xohat period of our country's history? The period of the colonies. 2. What time does this period cover? From the founding of the first colo- nies at Jamestown, in 1607, and at Plymouth, in 1620, down to the breaking out of the Revolutionary- War and the Declaration of Inde- pendence, 1775-76. 3. What were the tioo mother colonies? Virginia and Massachusetts. 4. Why do ive call these mother colo- nies ? Because most of the other colonies were daughters, or offshoots, from these. It was from Virginia that most of the South was colonized. It was from Massachusetts that people spread out all over New England. 5. What other colonies toere there? The middle colonies, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. 6. What can you say of New York and New Jersey ? They originally belonged to the Dutch, and were called New Neth- erlands. 7. When did that region fall into the hands of the English ? In 1664, when the duke of York sent out a fleet and compelled the Dutch to surrender. Then began the two colonies of New York and New Jersey. 8. How did Pennsylvania come to be founded? The territory of Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn, who in 1682 founded a settlement of English Quakers. 9. Under whose rule toere these colonies ? Under the rule of Great Britain, and governed by British governors. 10. What icas the French and Indian War? A struggle to decide whether the French or the English should govern America. It ended by a treaty in favor of the English, in 1763. THE BOSTON MASSACRE PART II THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION >x*< 221, XII. WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED It is now more than one hundred years what makes J the Revolu- since our forefathers rose up against British op- ^ s d ? ear pression, and after a struggle of seven long years won the independence of our country. More than a century has gone by, and those who fought that good fight have passed away, but still our hearts must ever beat with patriotic emotion at the 79 80 PRIMARY HISTORY words "American Revolution/' because it was through the sufferings and sacrifices of that strug- gle that our country became the United States. what is 222. In the countries of Europe from which the said about x government settlers of America came, it was said that the in Europe c y ourfore- d people could not govern themselves, and that ftod? rs kings had a "divine right" to rule over them. But when our forefathers came to America they were compelled to govern themselves. Very soon they found that they could make better laws than the king could make for them. Thus there was independence in the very air of America. what was 223. This was the deep cause of the revolt of the the cause of *■ the revolt? co lonies : Providence designed that on this conti- nent should be seen an example of democratic government, which means government " of the people, by the people, for the people." what other 224. But besides this deep cause, there was there? another reason why the Americans revolted. They said they would not submit to certain unjust laws made by the English. what law 225. The British rulers, so as to get money out was passed ? . Give the of the people of the colonies, passed a law that no name of this x L law. writing, such as a note or bond or deed, should be WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED 81 considered good in the courts unless it was written on paper that was stamped. The stamped paper had to be bought at a high price, and this law was called the Stamp Act. 226. In our own times, only a few years ao;o, why do we •/ * © 7 not object to all notes and deeds had to be stamped. But the suchtaxes? people made this law themselves, — that is, the law was made for the public good, by members of Congress, or representatives who were elected by the people, hence nobody objected to it. 227. The people of the colonies did not object ^^^ to paying taxes, but they claimed that they ought jjaiiy object not to be taxed without being consulted as to the reason for and the amount of the tax. As the British government would not allow the American colonists to have any voice in Parliament, the colonists said that such taxation was against all the principles of liberty. 228. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765. The w e h | n ta ^ a p s colonists thought it was a petty trick, intended ^^^ d7 to make them pay taxes whether they would or ^ people not. Hence they determined that they would not use the stamps. Public meetings were held all over the country ; and in various ways the people showed their indignation. 8W. PRIM. HIST. 6 82 PRIMARY HISTORY What was the effect ? Did the British give up their claim ? What was the next tax? What did the king say and do? What of the soldiers? Tell of the New York riot. 229. The result was that when the British government saw the terrible storm which the Stamp Act had raised in America, it had sense enough to do away with it. 230. But the British government did not give up its claim of a right to tax the Americans ; so, two years after this, a law was passed obliging the colonists to pay a duty on imported glass, tea, paper, and certain other articles. The Americans retaliated by not buying any of the taxed goods. 231. Then the king of England said the Ameri- cans were rebels, and he sent out large numbers of troops to overawe the people. These soldiers were stationed in New York, Boston, and other cities, and the people were forced to furnish them with quarters and fuel. 232. You may imagine how they hated the " redcoats," and it was not long before collisions began. In New York there was a riot, in which one man was killed by the soldiers and several were wounded. of the Bos- 233. In Boston, also, there was a street en- ton Massa- 7 cre - counter between the citizens and some British troops, and several patriots were killed or WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED 83 wounded. Both these riots took place in 1770; ^ s e e n r 7 e t r s e ? the one in New York in January, and the Boston Massacre in March. They caused tremendous excitement all over the country. 234. When the British rulers saw that the ^hftax Americans were in earnest, they grew alarmed, left? Why? and took off the taxes, — all except the tax on tea. They left the tax on tea just to show that they still claimed the right to tax the people. 235. Now what do you suppose the people did ? 5?^™^ Why, they did not import any tea. Then the controierey. great India Tea Company of London sent out ship-loads of tea on its own account, thinking the people would want the tea so much that they would be glad to pay the small duty, — only threepence a pound. 236. But the patriots were not to be tricked JSdtL*^ in this way. It was the principle of the tax P letake? they would not submit to. Hence they would not let the tea-ships land, but sent them back. 237. At Boston three ships full of tea arrived. gjj*!^ The British authorities were too strong for the party '" people to force the ships to leave ; so after dark, one night, a party of men, disguised as Indians, 84 PRIMARY HISTORY went on board, broke open the tea-chests, and pitched the tea overboard into the harbor. This was in December, 1773. How did 238. As soon as the British government heard England ° wimt a was °^ ^ S? ^ determined to punish Boston by for- of e thS? ct bidding any kind of goods to be landed there. This caused great distress in Boston, but like other unjust laws, it did more harm than good. It showed the country how base the British rulers were, and united the people against them. what did 239. It was such experiences as these that first the colonists n ? w ^V? 1 made the colonists think of armed resistance. of ? Tell continental ^ u ^ De f° re acting they resolved to consult to- congress. g^er. In September, 1774, delegates — that is, chosen spokesmen — from the colonies met at Philadelphia. This was what is called the first Continental Congress. The Congress made a "Declaration of Eights," and sent a petition to the king and to Parliament. what did 240. Even then, if the English government had the patriots ° ° at last see? been wise, the trouble might all have been settled. But it seemed as though Providence had made the British rulers blind. They were resolved to force the colonies into submission. Then, at last, the patriots saw that they must fight. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 85 XIII. CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR OPERATIONS AROUND BOSTON 241. The war of the Revolution began in Mas- ^heredid sachusetts. The first outbreak was in 1775, just ^^ ten years after the passage of the Stamp Act. 242. In the spring of that year Boston was ™ h s °^ e ? ld occupied by two or three thousand British soldiers, who had been sent there to overawe the patriots. General Gage, whom the king had made governor of Massachusetts, was at their head. 243. In the mean time the people had not been ™So£fS"r idle. When they saw that the king was bent on ™™™ ]e forcing them to obey his unjust laws, they began who took & . , mi the lead? to make serious preparations ior war. lxiey pro- vided themselves with guns and powder and ball, and they formed military companies, to be ready at a minute's warning. This is the reason why these companies were called " minute-men." A committee of safety, consisting of the wisest and best men of the patriots, took the lead in all these preparations. 86 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell how the first battle happened. Give the story of the march on Concord. Give an ac- count of the battle, of the retreat of the British, and of their pursuit by the Ameri- cans. LEXINGTON 244. The first fight of the war was the battle of Lexington. It happened in this way : General Gage sent some troops to destroy a lot of military stores which were at Concord. The patriots, hear- ing of this, called out the minute-men. 245. On the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, the British troops reached Lexington on their way to Concord. Here they met a •small party of Americans and killed several of them. They then went on towards Concord and destroyed the military stores at that place. 246. While the British were about this business the militia began to muster in force from the sur- rounding country, and they attacked the enemy at Concord Bridge. The red-coats were so severely worsted that they retreated towards Boston. The Americans followed; 1 and it was a long running fight, in which two hundred of the British were killed or wounded. BUNKER niLL whatwas 247. The news of the fight at Lexington set the effect of o o Lexington ? ^ ne wn °l e country in a blaze. Twenty thousand patriots surrounded the British army in Boston. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 87 248. The first important action was the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bunker Hill and ^Sutflii^S Find Boston on the map. Find Charles- town. What river is hetween them ? Where is Breeds Hill? Where is Bunker Hill? Remember that the battle was fought, not on Bunker Hill, but on Breeds Hill. THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL Breeds Hill, where the fight really took place, are gjgtbe on a neck of land opposite Boston. A part of the gg* , American army occupied the place, and erected jghthap- a fort. The British officer sent over a force in peB boats from Boston to take this fort. The result was the battle of Bunker Hill, of which this is a map. Tell 88 PRIMARY HISTORY ^u a sa Ca of 24 ^' Jt was a ver ^ nar( * fight. The British won and tafin- ^e day because they were stronger in number, and the Americans lacked ammunition. But the result was as good as a victory for the patriots, because it thoroughly aroused the whole country. WASHINGTON CHOSEN COMMANDER What im- 250. A little while before the battle of Bunker portant meetmg had Hill, the Continental Congress, which consisted place? f representatives from all the Colonies, had met again. This Congress was really the government of the United Colonies, as they were called. What did Congress do? When and where did Wash- ington take command ? What is said of the Amer- ican army? What was . Washing- ton's plan? 251. Congress voted to. raise an army of twenty thousand men, and it chose George Washington as commander-in-chief of the American army. Wash- ington went to Cambridge, near Boston, and there took command of the forces, just two weeks after the battle of Bunker Hill. The great elm under which he took command is still standing. 252. The American army was made up of brave, patriotic men, who were determined to fight for their country. But most of them were ignorant of war, and they were very poorly supplied with many things needed, especially powder. Hence Washington thought it was best to begin by teach- THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 89 ing them the art of war. Some people, wise in their own conceit, said he ought to rush right on the British in Boston ; but he knew better. 253. Washington hemmed in the British so what did ° Washington closely in Boston during the winter, that they ^ t f| n came near starving, and were forced to ask Bolton*. 16 ^ Washington to let them leave Boston. To this Washington consented. Then the British force sailed away to Halifax, and the Americans marched into Boston, — to the great joy of the people. THE ATTACK ON CHARLESTON 254. While the British were still occupying Bos- To what 1 J ° point did the ton, they sent a force in ships to attack Charleston, f^^ ^ in South Carolina. But Washington found out the plan, and sent General Lee to meet them. 255. When the British fleet arrived off Charles- JJJSdgJj" ton, it was found that the ships could not get into gJJJ^SSj the harbor on account of a strong fort which the abou/the patriots had built of earth and palmetto-logs. m °ent arc Then a tremendous bombardment of the fort was begun. The balls buried themselves in the soft palmetto-wood, and did little harm. On the other hand, the shot from the fort swept the decks of the British ships and played fearful havoc. 90 PRIMARY HISTORY So? ea of the ^^' ^ brave young sergeant named Jasper Jasper. distinguished himself very much during this fight. One of the enemy's shot cut down the flag-staff from which the colors of the patriots floated proudly. Jasper leaped over the breastwork, amid a storm of bullets, seized the flag, and, fastening it to a ramrod, placed it once more on the fort. Give the re- 257. The British continued the fight the whole suit of the & fight. d a y. A large number of their men were wounded, and many of their ships were disabled ; but they could not take the fort. So they sailed away. WASHINGTON MOVES TO NEW YORK where did 258. Soon after the British evacuated Boston, Washington to W o r ? s ° lve W asn mgton, w h did not know they were going to Halifax, but feared that they might attack New York City, determined at once to move his own army to that place. ?ount a S hTs 259, Washington left men enough to see that gomg. ^ ie B r itish should not take Boston again, and then he moved most of his army to New York. He began to arrange the defenses of that city ; that is, to build forts near the city and on Long Island and up the Hudson River. Name four events. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 91 260. The opening campaign of the war — which 5dewaL°the we may call the campaign in Massachusetts — jJSg^asue- had been successful for the Americans. Now see if you can remember its principal events : 1. Battle of Lexington in April, 1775. 2. Battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775. 3. Washington takes command of the army in July and besieges the British all winter. 4. Evacuation of Boston by the British, in March, 1776. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 261. Verv soon after Washington reached New Wha J g peat J ° event now York an event took place that was far more impor- took P lace? tant than any battle. This was the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 262. Why do we every year celebrate the 4th of July ? It is because on that day this country became a nation : it threw off the shackles of colonial dependence. 263. The Declaration of Independence was put who put 1 x forth the forth by the Continental Congress, which, as you ^n? ra ~who have already learned, was the real government when was it of our country at that time. It was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was a member of Congress, adopted 92 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell what took place when the Declaration was an- nounced. and who was afterwards President of the United States. The Declaration was adopted on the 4th of July, 1776. 264. The Continental Congress was at this time assembled at Philadelphia. When it was an- nounced that the Declaration had really been adopted, the old bellman, in the tower of Inde- pendence Hall, grasped the tongue of the great bell and hurled it forward and backward a hun- dred times, its voice proclaiming "liberty through- out all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." The patriots answered with bonfires and cannon. Where were Washing- ton and his army? Where and when did the British land? Where were the American intrench- ments ? THE CAMPAIGN" IN NEW YORK 265. You remember that Washington moved his army to New York alter the British left Boston. The British now determined to attack New York. In the month of August, 1776, they landed on Long Island. There was a large army of British regulars besides some troops called Hes- sians, whom the English king had hired to fight against America. 266. The Americans had thrown up intrench- ments on Long Island, where Brooklyn now stands. The British advanced and attacked the THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 93 Americans, who were beaten in the battle. Some S^battia say the Americans did not manage very well ; but at any rate the enemy was far stronger in numbers. 267. Washington, who had crossed from New ^shins- York during the battle, saw with grief that the a^co^n? field was lost. The Americans got back to their treat! re ~ fort on Brooklyn Heights, and defended them- selves there till the third night. Then Washing- ton very wisely withdrew the army in boats over to New York. There was a thick fog, and the boats were rowed with muffled oars. 268. In New York City, Washington did not CouidWash- J ° ington hold feel strong enough to risk a battle. He therefore £5L wYork? o & What next retreated up the island, and the British succeeded took P lace? in capturing Fort Washington, which was a very heavy loss to the patriots. There was nothing left for them but to retreat through New Jersey, and get behind the Delaware River. THE RETREAT TIIROUGII NEW JERSEY 269. The patriot army was now thinned in num- DidtheBrit- ish pursue ? bers, and oreatlv discouraged. The British pur- speakoftne ° J ° J- sufferings of sued them, so the Americans had to retreat through the P atnots - New Jersey. They were ragged and barefooted, and many a soldier, as he trudged along, left the bloody prints of his feet on the ground. 94 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about 270. Washington conducted the retreat with the retreat. ° Behindwhat wonderful skill. The enemy were not able to river did J ton retire? ca tch up with him. In this way he got down to British 116 the Delaware River, which he crossed into Penn- sylvania. As he took care to secure all the boats, the British could not cross when they got there. So Lord Cornwallis, the English general, resolved to wait till the Delaware should be frozen over. SURPRISE OF THE HESS ANS AT TRENTON THE VICTORY AT TRENTON Did the 271. Very soon after this, Washington gave British cross * -r* • • i i t • the Deia- the British a blow that made them think 01 some- ware ? thing else than crossing the Delaware. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 95 272. On the night of Christmas, 1776, Wash- ^JJjJJ^ ington with a picked force crossed that river and ^rTwhy suddenly fell upon a large body of Hessians at Hessians Trenton. They had been carousing during Christ- surpn ' mas night, and were completely surprised when they discovered that they were prisoners. 273. A few days after this, Washington de- SeXieri- feated another body of the British at Princeton. anot^Vio- Now the tables were completely turned. The tory enemy had to fall back and give up nearly the whole of New Jersey. THE PENNSYLVANIA CAMPAIGN 274. The object of the campaign of 1777 was ^at^as^ the capture of Philadelphia by the British. ^am- 1777? 275. The British general put his troops on board Where did ships, and sailed to Chesapeake Bay. Washington f^ on Y ash ' marched his army down into Pennsylvania, and ^sui^ofthe the two forces met at Brandywine Creek. Here B randy- the Americans were defeated (September 11) ? and the British took Philadelphia. 276. In fact, all the operations in Pennsylvania 2?Bi££ turned out badly for the Americans. At the end ^te?qim£ • • ters ? of that year, 1777, they took up their winter quarters at Valley Forge. 96 PRIMARY HISTORY ^ tfme! at id 2 ^' Those were dark days for the patriot army, Forge? — tne darkest of the war. The soldiers were mis- erably fed, and not half clothed. Many of them had no blankets or shoes. They had to keep themselves as warm as they could in their little huts or around the scanty camp-fires. BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN Where were 278. While Washington was engaged with the great events ° ° ° meanwhife? British in Pennsylvania, events of great importance were happening in the northern part of New York. British* the 279# In the s P rm g of 1777, General Burgoyne, Canada ? m a famous English officer, set out from Canada with the British & splendid army. He was to go to Albany by way of Lake Champlain. At Albany he was to be joined by another British force, which was to march up from New York City to meet him. This was a grand plan of the British to cut the " rebel- lion " in two, — separating New England from the rest of the country. taSewYork 28 °- Tne British army, after much trouble, got ?sh reach ?* as far south as Fort Edward on the Hudson River. sisteYtie The advance of the enemy had been skillfully re- sisted by the brave American General Schuyler. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 97 Soon afterwards the command of the American who was made coin- army was assigned to General Gates. mander? 281. While Burgoyne was at Fort Edward, he Ten about ° J the expedi- heard that the Americans had a large amount of JJ£#o n ^ en " stores at Bennington. He sent a force to seize them, which was met by Major Stark. 282. The British met a terrible defeat, and Whatwas g the result ? several hundred of them were taken. It is told g^L^f that in the fight Major Stark animated his soldiers stark * by exclaiming, " See there, men ! there are the red-coats ! before night they are ours, or Mollie Stark's a widow ! " 283. The main body of the Americans was at where was the Ameri- this time near the town of Stillwater, on the Hud- ^aiiai-my? J Where and son. Burgoyne advanced with his army and be- ^harcT •gan the attack. Two severe battles took place fought? at Bemis Heights, — the first on the 19th of Sep- tember, the second on the 7th of October, 1777. The British lost very heavily. 284. Burgoyne now retreated to Saratoga. He where did Burgoyne would have been very glad to escape to Canada, retreat? J ° r Tell ahout But the American army hemmed the British in. j£° The result was a great victory. Burgoyne, with his army of six thousand men, surrendered to General Gates, October 17, 1777. 8W. FKIM. HIST. 7 sur- render. 98 PRIMARY HISTORY whateffect 285. The news of the victory in the North on r wa?Mn g - greatly cheered the hearts of Washington and his ton's men? guffermg men ftt y alley Forge When ^ fo spatch came with the good tidings, he fell upon his knees, clasped his hands, and poured out his thanksgiving to the Almighty. THE FRENCH AID AMERICA what cheer- 286. The next spring (1778) a very cheering m P 8 P ? en who thing happened for America. The king of France this? ged agreed to help the Americans with ships and sol- diers and money. This was arranged by Benja- min Franklin, who had been sent over to ask the aid of the French. ENGLAND ASKS FOR PEACE What did 287. When the British rulers heard of the sur- the British now do? render of Burgoyne and what the French were going to do, they grew very anxious for peace. They sent over persons called commissioners, to say to the Americans that they would give up all claim to tax them, and allow them to send repre- sentatives to Parliament. Why did not 288. Congress refused to listen to the proposal. Congress ° x x heed the The offer had come too late. offer? THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 99 THE SCENE SHIFTS 289. The French were as good as their word. g idth u e , o French keep They immediately fitted out a large fleet with sev- promise? eral thousand troops, and sent them over to help Se English the Americans in the summer of 1778. The Eng- didthey * do? lish were now afraid that the French ships would come up the Delaware River, and shut them up in Philadelphia. Hence the British commander began to march his army to New York. 290. Washington, with his troops, forsook his where did % & ' l ' fight take log-huts at Vallev Forge, and pursued. There place, and D •/ o ? JT what was was a fight at Monmouth, in which the Americans ^^"did were the victors. But the British succeeded in iJiVStfe reaching New York. The American army now- encamped at White Plains, near New York City. 291. Soon afterwards the French fleet arrived: what of the 7 French but it did nothing that season, and at the end of fleet? the year it sailed for the West Indies. THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING 292. Nothing else that you need to remember whatmas- ° t sacre is nov happened during the year 1778, except what is spoken oi? called the Massacre of Wyoming. This was a beautiful valley in Pennsylvania. 100 PRIMARY HISTORY Ten about 293. A large party of Tories (as the American royalists were called) were angry because many of the men of Wyoming had gone to help Washing- ton. They joined with them a number of Indians, and attacked the peaceful inhabitants. All but sixty out of four hundred men were massacred. The women and children were scalped, and the houses and barns and crops were burned, leaving the beautiful vale a scene of utter desolation. walmntton 2 94. Washington punished the Indians severely. deed? ethis A short time afterwards he sent a force that attacked and defeated the savages in Pennsyl- vania and Western New York, and burned forty of their villages. THE WAR IN THE SOUTH Where was the war car- 295. From the year 1779 the war was carried i779? nafter on a l mos t entirely in the South. At first the British were the most successful. They took the city of Savannah, and overran the whole of Georgia. Charleston surrendered next, May, 1780. Then they had control of South Carolina. 177 Tell of two successes of the British. 296. Yet the British did not have everything their own way. A number of dashing leaders arose, like Marion and Sumter and Lee, who, by THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 101 their rapid and brilliant movements, annoyed the British terribly. With small bands of daring spirits, they would dash suddenly on detachments of the enemy, and cut them off. 297. During the summer of 1780, Congress sent ^ h a r n m was an army to South Carolina, under General Gates, t5i about ? A great battle took place at Camden, August 16. cam^en! 6 ° f Here the Americans were very badly defeated, C eeded UC " losing about two thousand men. Gates retreated rapidly into North Carolina. Soon afterwards, General Greene was put in command of the Southern army. 298. In 1781 the Americans began to have some where and o when was success at the South. The first success was at Cow- success? pens, South Carolina, where an American detach- nextaction? ment under Morgan defeated a British force led by the terrible Tarleton. The next action was at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. The losses in this fight were about equal. Where was the greatest 299. The greatest battle in the South was at Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. The British lost battle? eleven hundred men. In the mean time the en- terprising troopers, Marion, Sumter, and Lee, captured various posts held by the enemy. 102 PRIMARY HISTORY where did 300. The British now began to see that they the British ° J now go? could not conquer the South. They therefore re- tired to their stronghold at Charleston, and there they remained till the close of the war. THE TREASON OF ARNOLD 301. We are now to read a dark page in our history, — the treason of Benedict Arnold. Give an 302. Arnold was an American general, and had Arnold. distinguished himself for his bravery in many of the early battles of the Revolution. But his great- services were not well rewarded, inferior men were promoted over him, till finally in a spirit of re- venge he resolved to betray his country. what plan 303. Arnold knew that West Point, a strong did he form? e fortress on the Hudson, was so important a point that the British were anxious to gain possession of it. He therefore asked Washington for the command of that post, and Washington intrusted it to him. How did he 304. He then signified to the British his willing- try to carry outhispian? ness to give up the fort, and Major Andre, a young British officer, was sent up from New York by General Clinton to make a bargain with him. It was agreed that Arnold should put the British THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 103 in possession of the fort, and that they should give him in return fifty thousand dollars and a general's command. 305. Andre set out to return to New York City. Jeiihow J the plot was On the way he was stopped by three militia sol- dlscovered - diers. Thinking that they sided with the English, he told them he was a British officer. They then seized him and carried him off a prisoner. 306. Andre was soon afterwards hanged as a Whatbe- ° came of spy. But the great traitor, Arnold, escaped to ^Zia? ° f the English at New York City, and was soon afterwards fighting against his countrymen. THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN 307. We now come to the last battle of the war. It was fought at Yorktown, in Virginia. 308. In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis was where were the two at Yorktown with eight thousand troops. Wash- g^^Jm? 8 ington was near New York City, preparing to w e h r a ° fl781? attack that place, still held by Clinton. But he ^laoSd suddenly changed his plan and marched quickly to make?*By whom was Yorktown, reaching there at the end of September, he joined? He was joined by a large number of French troops that had just arrived in the Chesapeake, in a fleet commanded by Count De Grasse. 104 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about the siege. What was the date of Cornwallis's surrender? .2} ' flELD_OF V 309. The allied French and American armies now laid siege to Yorktown. You will see on the map the British works, and the parallels of the Americans ; you will see where the headquarters of Washington were and the headquarters of Rochambeau, the chief commander of the French MAP OF THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN trOOpS J yOU wUl observe, also, the French men-of-war on the York River to prevent the British from getting away by water. Cornwallis finally saw that his situa- tion was hopeless, and so on the 19th of October, 1781, he surrendered. THE CLOSE OF THE WAR What was the effect of this vic- tory? 310. This splendid success really closed the war. The British saw that the Americans could not be conquered. Then they began to speak about stopping the fighting. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 105 311. More than a year was spent in arranging what was a- treaty of peace, between commissioners of the ^f^Zl two countries. The treaty was signed at Paris, SjlS?* September 3, 1783, and Great Britain acknowl- edged the United States as an independent nation. WASHINGTON'S VIRGINIA HOME 312. Before the end of the year the last hostile state^hat ship had left our shores; the patriot soldiers of JgftjJJE the Revolution returned to their homes, and Wash- year * ington retired to his farm at Mount Vernon. 106 PRIMARY HISTORY What was the state of the country at the close of the war ? What was the worst evil of all? Was the confedera- tion a real union ? What step was taken ? Where did the conven- tion meet? "What was their plan called ? Tell ahout its adop- tion. When did it go into effect ? THE CONSTITUTION 313. The war of the Revolution left our country terribly exhausted. Thousands had been killed, and the land was filled with widows and orphans. All the arts of peace had been stopped during the war and our country was deeply in debt. 314. But the worst thing of all w r as that our country had no regular government. Congress had managed matters during the war, and the states had bound themselves by an agreement called Articles of Confederation. But it was not a real union of the states. " We are," said Wash- ington, "one nation to-day, and thirteen to-mor- row, — who will treat with us on these terms?" 315. The wise and good men of the country, seeing these evils, called a convention of delegates from each of the states to make a more perfect union. The delegates assembled at Philadelphia in 1787, and finally agreed upon a plan of govern- ment. This plan was named The Constitution. 316. The Constitution had to be adopted by two thirds of the states before it could become the law of the land. During the next year eleven out of the thirteen states agreed to it. It was to go into effect on the 4th of March, 1789. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 107 THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION Commanders When fought Where fought Army successful American British 1775 Lexington, Mass., Parker, Smith and Pitcairn, American. Ticonderoga, N.Y., Allen, De Laplace, American. Bunker Hill, Mass., Prescott, Howe and Clinton, British. Quebec, Can., Montgomery, Clinton, British. 1776 Fort Moultrie, S.C., Moultrie, j Clinton and Sir | 1 Peter Parker, ) American. Long- Island, N.Y., Putnam, Howe and Clinton, British. White Plains, N.Y., McDougall, Howe, British. Fort Washington, N.Y., Magaw, Howe, British. Trenton, N.J., Washington, Eahl, American. 1777 Princeton, N.J., Washington, Mawhood, American. Ticonderoga, N.Y., St. Clair, Burgoyne, British. Fort Schuyler, N.Y., St. Leger, American. Bennington, Vt., Stark, Baum, American. Bennington, Vt., Warner, Breyman, American. Brandy wine, Pa., Washington, Howe, British. Beniis Heights, N.Y., Gates, Burgoyne, Indecisive. Germantown, Pa., Washington, Howe, British. Bemis Heights, N.Y., Gates, Burgoyne, American. Fort Mercer, Pa., Col. Greene, Donop, American. 1778 Monmouth, N.J., Washington, Clinton, American. Wyoming, Pa., Zeb. Butler, John Butler, British. Ithode Island, 11. 1., Sullivan, Pigot, American. Cherry Valley, N.Y., Brant, British. Savannah, Ga., Robert Howe, Campbell, British. 1779 Sunbury, Ga., Lane, Prevost, British. Kettle Creek, Pa., Pickens, Boyd, . American. Brier Creek, Ga., Ash, Prevost, British. Stono Ferry, S.C., Lincoln, British. Stony Point, N.Y., Wayne, Johnson, American. Paulus Hook, N.J., Lee, American. Savannah, Ga., Lincoln, Prevost, British. 17S0 Monks Corner, S.C., Tarleton, British. Charleston, S.C., Lincoln, Clinton, British. Sanders Creek, S.C., Gates, Cornwallis, British. Fishing Creek, B.C., Sumter, Tarleton, British. Kings Mountain, B.C., Campbell, Ferguson, American. 17S1 Cowpens, S.C., Morgan, Tarleton, American. Guilford C. H., N.C., Greene, Cornwallis, British. Hobkirks Hill, B.C., Greene, Bawdon, British. . Ninety-Six, B.C., Greene, British. Fort Griswold, Conn., Ledyard, Arnold, British. Eutaw Springs, S.C., Greene, Stewart, Indecisive. York town, Va., Washington and De Grasse, Cornwallis, American. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 109 XIV. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION GEORGE WASHINGTON 317. The greatest character of the war of In- Greatest dependence was Washington. This means that f^ war? ° f he was great in every way, not only as a soldier, but as a statesman and a man. 318. Washington was born in Virginia, not far K^T 18 from the city now bearing his name. You have "^1^, already learned something of his early history, and When did Congress how he took part in the disastrous campaign of as com- mander? Braddock. Even then, as a young man, he was marked for his self-reliance, courage, and love of the right. When the Revolution broke out, and Congress was looking for a man to lead its armies, it was upon Washington that the choice fell. He was then forty-two years old. 319. There were, perhaps, in the American {Jf^^ 7 r r 7 Washington army, officers who were more dashing than Wash- ^tlfother ington ; but there was none that so united all the qualities which make a great captain. He was sometimes defeated, as at Long Island and on the Brandy wine. He was often compelled to retreat officers ? 110 PRIMARY HISTORY before the enemy, as in New Jersey and in Penn- sylvania. But he made the enemy pay dearly for any success. Give exam- 320. Sometimes he would turn upon them (as pies of his , conduct. at Trenton, after his retreat behind the Delaware), and deliver a stunning blow when the enemy least expected it. His march on Yorktown, after out- witting Clinton at New York, was a great stroke of generalship. what about 321. That which more than any thing else in ton's firm- the character of Washington tended towards the ness? ... success of the Revolution was his firmness in the worst times and places. In the painful retreat through New Jersey, and in the terrible, trying scenes of Valley Forge, he never for a single moment lost courage or faith in the cause he was serving. why was he 322. Washington was perfectly unselfish be- unselfish? ° . . tt * i cause he was truly patriotic. He refused to take any pay whatsoever for his services in the war. He refused to listen when his troops proposed to make him king. Ten about 323. The man at whose house he was quartered ton's refig- at Valley Forge said that one day, while walking ious charac- . . . . ter. in the woods, he heard a voice as in supplication. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 111 He drew near, and found Washington in prayer. Such was the character of the man who was called " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 324. Seventy years before the Declaration of JJ[£ ™ e8t Independence, Benjamin Franklin, the greatest g^fgj^ statesman of the Revolution, what of his was born. His father was a ffl m soap and candle maker in Bos- ton. After going to school for a little while, Benjamin helped his father ; but he did not like the business, and chose to learn printing with an elder brother. TXT1 . . . BENJAMIN FRANKLIN _ ., _ 325. When about nineteen SftSKS years old he went to Philadelphia, reaching it on ^£ dladd " foot, with his pockets stuffed with shirts and stock- ings, and a loaf of bread under his arm. 326. By hard work as a printer, and by study- {^j d a he ing early and late, Franklin soon became one of ]^n? g the leading men, not only of Pennsylvania, but of America. For many years before the Revolution he was renowned, even in Europe, for his writings 112 PRIMARY HISTORY What did he find out about lightning ? and discoveries in science. By flying a kite dur- ing a thunder-storm he brought the lightning down from the clouds. A key was fastened to the string of the kite, and when he saw the spark come from the key he made the discovery that lightning and electricity are the same thing. The great scientists of the day soon recognized the truth and importance of his discovery, and he became honored and respected all over the world. What was his greatest service ? 327. Franklin was one of the greatest patriots of the Revolution. His most valuable service to his country was getting the French to help the colonists. The plain. Pennsylvanian was a won- derful favorite at the brilliant capital of France. Court and people were alike charmed with his simple manners, his wisdom, and his remarkable tact. The French king finally agreed to send out ships and troops to America, and these helped greatly in the struggle. 328. Franklin was a leader in making the Con- constitu- stitution. Though then eighty years old, his wis- * AutoMog- d° m did much in laying deep the foundations of raphy"? Qur g 0vernm ent. Franklin wrote his life in a book called his "Autobiography," — a book which every boy should read. Did he help make the GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 113 PATRICK HENRY PATRICK HENRY 329. The leading orator, who excited the peo- ple to rise against the tyranny of Great Britain, was Patrick Henry. Henry was a Virginian. In his youth he led a rather wayward life. In after years, however, it was found that he was gifted with wonderful eloquence. 330. This was fully discov- ered in 1765, when he became a member of the Virginia Leg- islature. He was the first to offer a resolution against the Stamp Act, on which he made a splendid speech. 331. In the midst of the debate he exclaimed, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third" — "Treason!" cried the Speaker. Henry did not falter, but finished his sentence, — " may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it." 332. From this time, Patrick Henry became the idol of the people of Virginia. His influence was felt throughout the country. He headed the first military movement in Virginia (which was immediately after the battle of Lexington), and S\V. PRIM. HIST. — 8 Name the leading orator of the Revolution. What of his youth ? When and how was his gift shown ? Tell the in- cident in the debate. How did the people now look on him? What did he do? To what office was he elected ? 114 PRIMARY HISTORY drove out the royal governor, Dunmore. Shortly afterwards, Henry was elected the first governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Describe 333. Patrick Henry was nearly six feet hidi, his appear- J J o > ondsabur spare? witn a sun kurnt, sallow complexion, and a ties? face deeply furrowed. He was a natural orator of the highest order. As a statesman he was dis- tinguished for his boldness, and he did a great work, at the early stage of the Revolution, in rousing the people to the defense of their liberties. LAFAYETTE o?Lafay! aid 334 - The brightest example of those noble vol- unteers who came from Europe to fight in the cause of liberty was Lafayette. Born to high great LAFAYETTE 335 rank and a fortune in France, Lafayette crossed the ocean when he was but nineteen years old to give his sword to America. He had applied to the American agents GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 115 in Paris for passage ; but they were unable to fur- ^cdote 6 nish him with a vessel. " Then," said he, " I will ?S. the fit out a vessel myself " ; and he did so. 336. Lafayette arrived in America in 1777, and J^ h r e ^ d was made a major-general. He lived in the mili- nJ^washe tary family of Washington, who loved him as a recelved? son. His generosity was almost boundless. 337. Lafayette's most brilliant military opera- what was i i t t t r^ it his most tion was when he opposed Lord (Jornwallis m brilliant x L performance Virginia. Afterwards he was present at the siege m the war? of Yorktown, and led the storming of the redoubt in the most gallant manner. 338. After the fall of Yorktown, Lafayette re- Teii a b°ut J his last visit. turned to his native land. The last time he visited America was in 1824, when he was sixty-seven years old. He was called the guest of the nation, and passed through twenty-four states on a tri- umphal tour. THOMAS JEFFERSON 339. Jefferson was the great political phi- what is ° ■* •*■ meant by losopher of the Revolution. This means that he JJ^J™** was the ablest writer about the principles of our ^\^\\t&o-' government. pher? 116 PRIMARY HISTORY Give some account of him. What was his greatest public ser- vice? 340. He was a Virginian, and studied to be a lawyer. He was the best scholar of all the great men of the Revolution. He was a very accom- plished man, being a bold horseman, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, and well versed in many languages. 341. The greatest ser- vice which Jefferson did his country was in writing the Declaration of Inde- pendence. He was a men> ber of the famous Continental Congress, and that body appointed him to compose it. THOMAS JEFFERSON Give a pas- sage from the Deciara- created equal. firm What. J- tion. What did Jeffer- son after- wards become ? 342. The Declaration says that " all men are This is the foundation of democ- racy, which means governme?it by the people. All through the Revolution Jefferson w T as one of the leading patriots, and he afterwards became Presi^ dent of the United States. warj e a ffe e r- se 343 ' lju wil1 Merest the pupil to know that author 6 ? Jefferson was the author of our convenient deci- mal system of United States money, — the cent, dime, dollar, etc. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 117 NATHANAEL GREENE 344. Next to Washington, the greatest soldier of the Revolution was Nathanael Greene. Greene was the son of a Quaker preacher in Rhode Island. He led the Rhode Island vol- unteers to the siege of Bos- ton. Washington soon saw that he was a very fine offi- cer, and promoted him to a high command. He fought under Washington in most of the battles in the North. NATHANAEL GREENE 345. In the battle of Germantown an amusing Narrate the incident at Who was the greatest soldier after Washing- ton? When did he first dis- tinguish himself ? What did Washing- ton think of him? thing happened. Major Burnet wore his hair in German- a cue, which was cut off by a musket-ball. Greene, seeing this, said, " Don't be in haste, Major; just dis- mount and get that long cue." The Major did so. Just then another shot came whizzing so close to General Greene as to take from his head a large powdered curl. The British were hotly pursuing. " Don't be in haste, General," said Major Burnet; " dismount and get your curl." 346. The greatest thing General Greene did in what was ° ° > Greene's the war was his campaign in the Carolinas. He grea £j5L« 118 PRIMARY HISTORY was several times forced to retreat, but did so with wonderful skill. Then he would swoop back on the British and punish them severely. Thus by his fine generalship the enemy were at last forced to give up the whole South. JOHN PAUL JONES Who was the greatest naval war- tion wag j QHN p AUL J 0NEg? _ tlie mogt flaring Tell some of Jones's his- tory. The interesting fact about our flag. What of him during the next few years ? 347. The greatest naval warrior of the Revolu- >n was John Paul Jones captain that ever trod a deck. 348. Jones was a Scotchman, and went to sea when a mere lad. He came to this country about the time of the breaking out of the war. Congress gave him a commission in 1775, and the mast of the ship he was on, the Alfred, floated the first stars and stripes ever hoisted on any war vessel. JOHN PAUL JONES 349. During the next three or four years, in various vessels, he scoured the high seas, captur- ing and destroying scores of British ships, and GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 119 making descents upon the British coasts, where his name became a terror. 350. The most wonderful exploit of John Paul Mention his 1 greatest ex- Jones was his fight with the British ship Sera/pis. §^^^{2 The battle took place near the coast of Scotland. xSf about ? Jones's ship was called the Bon Homme Richard, mngofthe The Serapis carried heavier camion than Jones's ship. Jones, however, boldly lashed his vessel to the enemy's side. Then, beneath the pale light of the moon, began a fearful struggle. 351. The muzzles of the guns touched one Repeat what ° yon can of another, and the crews fought hand to hand, with the fight * musket and cutlass. Thrice both vessels were in flames. After two hours of carnage the British captain asked Jones if he had surrendered. The little commander replied, " I have only begun my part of the fighting." 352. At length, after the Serapis had lost over Ten about ° J- the snrren- two hundred men (Jones's loss being even greater), ^ridshca > her captain struck his colors. As the American whatbe- ship was leaking badly, Jones got his crew on Jones's board the captured vessel, and the next morning s ip the Bon Homme Richard went down. And thus ended the most daring and desperate combat in naval annals. 120 PRIMARY HISTORY For what is Gates fa- mous ? What of Putnam at the hegin- ning of the war ? At Bunker Hill? Relate the most nota- hle thing Wayne did. Tell of the hold act of Ethan Allen. OTHER DISTINGUISHED SOLDIERS 353. General Gates is famous for his campaign against Burgoyne in New York, in 1777. 354. General Israel Putnam was one of the dashing officers of the Revolution. He was a farmer in Connecticut, and was plowing the field when the news of Lexington came to him. He did not stay even to unyoke his oxen, but, mount- ing his horse, rode all the way to Boston that same day. Putnam was one of the lead- ing officers at Bunker Hill. As the British advanced, he told his men not to fire until they could see the whites of the enemies' eyes. He was not a great general, but he was a very brave one. 355. Another officer of great valor was General Anthony Wayne. The most notable thin°- which he did was the capture of Stony Point, an important stronghold on the Hudson. 356. One of the boldest feats of the early part of the war was accomplished by Ethan Allen. With a small party he got by stratagem inside ISRAEL PUTNAM GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 121 of the British fort of Ticonderoga before day- break. When he ordered the newly-awakened commander to surren- der, that officer asked by whose authority. " In the name of the Great Jehovah and of the Continental Con- gress ! " shouted Allen. The fort, with all its cannon, Avas given up. ■3 ETHAN ALLEN 357. Of the gallant . officers who were killed during the war, remember two names in partic- ular, — Joseph Warren, the noble patriot, killed at Bunker Hill ; and General Montgomery, who fell in an assault on Quebec. Name two gallant offi- cers killed during the war. 358. There is one other name which should be R^Je^jJor. cherished by every American. It is that of Robert Morris. He was not a soldier, but he did a great deal to supply what is called the sinews of war, that is, money. Morris managed the finances of the country during the war. It was he that enabled Washington to march and fight by furnishing him with funds and supplies. 122 PRIMARY HISTORY XV. A REVIEW LESSON 1. We have now gone over what period? The period of the American Rev- olution. 2. What ivas the cause of the Revolu- tion f The injustice of Great Britain in taxing the American colonies. 3. Where did the war break out f In Massachusetts. 4. Name the early battles and tell the results. Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, American success ; Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, the British held the field, but the battle was as good as a victory to the Americans. Washington took command in July, besieged the British, and forced them to evacuate Boston in March, 1776. 5. What is the date of the Declaration of Independence f July 4, 1776. 6. Give an account of the campaign in New York. It began in August, 1776, with the battle of Long Island, in which the British were victorious. Washington was then obliged to give up New York I City; he retreated up the Hudson, and the British took Port Washing- ton. The whole campaign in New York was a failure for the Americans. 7. Give an account of the campaign in New Jersey. Washington retreated through New Jersey, and retired behind the Delaware into Pennsylvania. But on Christmas night of 1776 he re- crossed the Delaware, captured a large body of the enemy at Trenton, and forced the British to go back to the northern part of the state. This campaign was, on the whole, a fine success. 8. Give an account of the campaign in Pennsylvania. In the summer of 1777 the British moved from New York by water to Pennsylvania. Washington's army marched overland, and the two met on the Brandy wine. The Ameri- cans were defeated. This enabled the British to take Philadelphia. The campaign was unsuccessful for the Americans. The army wintered at Valley Forge. A REVIEW LESSON 123 9. Describe Burgoyne's campaign. Burgoyne invaded New York from Canada, but was met by the Ameri- cans under General Schuyler, and afterwards under Gates. Two severe actions were fought near Saratoga, and Burgoyne surrendered his whole army at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 10. When did the French help the Americans f In 1778, by sending out war ves- sels and troops. 11. What was the effect of this ? The British gave up Philadelphia and retreated to New York. Wash- ington followed them, fighting one indecisive action at Monmouth, and then took position at White Plains, N. Y. Nothing important took place between the two armies in New York after this. 12. To what place was the war noio shifted f To the South. 13. Give an account of the campaign in the South. The British sent a large force to the South at the end of 1779. They captured Savannah and Charles- ton, and overran all Georgia and South Carolina. An army was sent down there under General Gates, in 1780, but the British were the most successful. General Greene then took command. He had often to retreat, but he managed very well, and finally cooped the British up in Charleston, where they stayed till the end of the war. 14. What was the final event of the war ? The siege of Yorktown, Virginia. 15. Tell about it. Lord Cornwallis was with an army at Yorktown. Washington moved rapidly from New York to that place. He was joined by a French force under Rochambeau and a French fleet under Count de Grasse. They besieged the British, and Cornwallis surrendered his whole army, October 19, 1781. 1G. What took place the next year ? Negotiations for peace. 17. When was the treaty of peace signed f September 3, 1783. 18. What was our government called at this time ? The Confederation. 19. When did the United States under the Constitution begin? March 4, 1789. PAKT III THE UNITED STATES ^c XVI. THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON 359. With the founding of the government JJJg^J under the Constitution begins the history of our united country as the United States. be|iu S ? 360. You will remember that our country was, g£™ e ^®_ first of all, under the rule of England, and con- Jjjj^j™ sisted of British colonies. Then, that the colonies hlstory * rebelled (1775), and declared their independence (1776). Finally, that the Constitution was made, and the Union was established, 1789. 361. Washington was the first President of the ^** n * United States. He was inaugurated, that is, he Eg^J 81 ™ 1 began to be President, April 30, 1789. The cap- rated? ital of the Union was at this time New York, and there Washington swore to support the Con- stitution. 125 126 PRIMARY HISTORY How many branches of the govern- ment are there ? What is the executive branch ? The legisla- tive? The judicial? Tell how the government began under Washing- ton. What was the great trouble ? What is said of Hamil- ton? 362. As you advance in your studies, you will be able to understand better about the govern- ment of our country. For the present,- try to remember that the United States government con- sists of three branches : — 1. The executive branch, — that is, the Presi- dent, who executes the laws. 2. The legislative branch, — wmich is Congress, consisting of the Senate and House of Representa- tives : this is the ]siw-?naking power. 3. The judicial branch, — which consists of the Supreme Court, and district courts whose duty it is to interpret the law. 363. Now, under President Washington, our government was put into operation very much as it is now, — that is, Congress, composed of repre- sentatives, elected by the people and chosen by the states, met to make laws ; and Washington, with his assistants (called his Cabinet), began to carry these laws into effect. 364. There were many difficulties in starting the government. One great trouble was that the country was very deeply in debt. 365. One of the great men of Washington's Cabinet was Alexander Hamilton. He was Sec- THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON 127 retary of the Treasury. He proposed a plan which Congress adopted, and by which the heavy debts of the Revolutionary war were paid, and money was raised for carrying on the government. 366. There were several other difficulties which had to be met, — difficulties about taxes, and, on the western frontier, trou- bles with the Indians, and disputes with England and France. But during Wash- ington's term of office these things were all settled. 367. The time for which a President is elected is four years ; but after this he may be chosen for a second term. Washington was reelected ; hence he was President for eight years. 368. The people would have been very glad to elect Washington for a third term ; but he would not consent. He retired to his home at Mount Vernon, where he died December 14, 1799. 369. The Second President of the United States was John Adams, who served one term, from 1797- 1801. Name some other diffi- culties. Were they all settled ? JOHN ADAMS How long was Wash- ington Presi- dent? Where and when did he die? Who was the second President? 128 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about the number of states then. The territory they filled. 370. In Washington's time there were but fifteen states, — the old thirteen, together with Vermont, admitted into the Union in 1791, and Kentucky in 1792. These filled hardly more than the narrow strip along the Atlantic seacoast, east of the Alleghanies ; whereas our country now stretches across the continent. Compare the number of 371. The population of the United States in and P now! eu Washington's time was only about four millions. This was not more than one sixteenth as many people as now inhabit our broad Union. What two great means of travel were lack- ing? What other mat- ters were in their infan- cy? 372. In Washington's time there was not a steamboat on any American waters. There was not a railroad or telegraph on any part of the con- tinent. The commerce of the United States was very small. The great mines of coal, iron, and cop- per, were not worked. Petroleum had not been discovered. No cotton was raised. 373. In fact, the United States was a young nation setting up for itself in the world, — not with a very large capital of either money or expe- rience, but rich in courage, energy, and virtue, and with a vast landed estate on which to work out its future. THE GREAT WEST 129 XVII. THE GREAT WEST BOONE AND KENTUCKY 374. The story of the pioneers who settled the where were * . the first great West is one of the most interesting; and settlements ° ° made m the romantic chapters in the history of our country. West? The first three settlements beyond the Alleghany Mountains were made in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. (See map, following page 160.) It was from these places that population gradually spread, and settled the whole West. 375. The first pioneer who besran a settlement who was ° the earliest in this wilderness was Daniel Boone. Being E*° n « er? & What can fond of a wild, free life, Boone left his home l^f 1 about six years before the American Revolution Boone? began, and with a few companions threaded his way to the country south of the Ohio River. 376. Standing; on the banks of that stream, he Giveade- scription of looked abroad over a vast landscape of stream, the country 1 7 he saw. wood, and hill. Over its face roamed great herds of buffalo. It was the home of many tribes of savage Indians ; but for these Boone was well prepared, being himself a mighty hunter. He , SW. PRIM. HIST. 9 130 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about his adven- tures. When and where did they settle down? Relate Boone's adventure with the Indians. wore a cap of fur and a buckskin dress and was armed with hunting- knife and rifle. 377. Boone had many daring adventures and hair-breadth escapes among the savages. He was several times captured, but he always managed to get away. His companions were not so fortunate, for three of them were killed by the Indians and one fell a prey to wolves; till Boone and his brother were left alone. They built themselves a cabin of poles and bark, and stayed there hunt- ing and fishing and surveying the broad country. 378. After two or three years of this wild life they returned home to bring out their wives and children, and were joined by several other families. In 1775 (the year of the battle of Lex- ington), they settled in Ken- tucky at a place which they called Boonesboro. 379. Two or three years after this, Boone was captured by the Indians. They took a great fancy to him and treated him kindly, but he made his escape, and after traveling 160 miles in four days rejoined his family. DANIEL BOONE THE GREAT WEST 131 380. The settlements at first suffered greatly JJSf^" 16 from the Indians, who were very hostile. Many dreadful deeds were done in early times. Ken- tucky used to be spoken of as " the dark and bloody ground," and such indeed it was in the times of Boone. EARLY SETTLERS IN KENTUCKY 381. You must not think that Kentucky was a was Ken- tucky then state at this time, for it was then under the gov- l^tate? ° When did it ernment of Virginia. After the war of the Revo- Jjne°? me lution, however, large numbers of people from Virginia and North Carolina went across the mountains into Kentucky, and in 1792 (which was in Washington's administration) it came into the Union as a state. 132 PRIMARY HISTORY TENNESSEE be e ion eS ed e to 382, Tennessee at first belonged to North Caro- wii^ settled ^ na - I* was se ^tled by a colony of people who where? Aed from the ill treatment of the British in the Carolinas, during the war of the Revolution. They found a home on the Cumberland River, near where Nashville now is. were other 383. Tennessee became a state in 1796, and states set- tled from her settlers formed many other states in the Tennessee ? J great valley of the Mississippi, — in particular, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas. OHIO who settled • 384. Ohio was settled by a company from New Ohio? Tell J r J how they England. There were about fifty in the band emigrated, ° * the^leuied. which was led by Rufus Putnam (a son of General Putnam). In the year 1787 they reached Pitts- burg, where they built a boat which they named the Mayflower. Launching her on the Ohio these new Pilgrims sailed down stream for five days, and made a settlement at a place which they named Marietta. oTpeopif 385# Other emigrants from New England soon them? joined them. They were intelligent, hardy, and THE GREAT WEST 133 upright people, and Washington took great inter- est in this first settlement of the Northwest. 386. At this time the woods and prairies of Ohio swarmed with Indians, hostile to the whites. War soon broke out. Several battles took place, in which the Indians were successful. Afterward General Anthony Wayne was put in command. 387. Little Turtle, who was chief of the Indians, said that the whites had now a leader who never slept, and advised the tribes to make peace. But they would not. In a great battle the savages were defeated by Wayne, who, in 1795, forced them to make a treaty, giving up the whole of Ohio. In the year 1803, Ohio came into the Union. Tell about the Indians in Ohio. Who was put in com- mand? Tell of Little Turtle ; his defeat; the treaty. When was Ohio made a state ? GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE OTHER STATES 388. Thousands of settlers now moved to the what other . . states were West, and Indiana was added to the Union in founded? 1816, Illinois in 1818, Missouri in 1821, Arkansas in 1836, Michigan in 1837, Iowa in 1846, Wiscon- sin in 1848, and Minnesota in 1858. 134 PRIMARY HISTORY XVIII. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND What two nations of Europe were at war ? What orders did England and France make in re- gard to American ships ? How long 389. The United States were not much more was it he- second" war ^ an twenty years old before they had to go to war iand? EDg " w ^ n England a second time. This war was called the War of 1812, because it began in that year. 390. Now you must try to understand the cause of this contest. For several years before it began, France, headed by the great Napoleon, was at war with England. The United States said that they would not side with either nation, that is, they would be neutral. But Napoleon would not have American ships trade with the British. England also was not willing to have American ships trade with the French. Napoleon made an order closing British ports to American vessels, and England did the same with regard to the French ports. why did the 391. England pretended that American vessels British ° x SnVou^ were not obe y m g tnis order, and so British men- ships? of- war began capturing them. Hundreds of Ameri- can merchant ships were thus taken. Tell what was done. 392. Besides this, England said that she had a right to search American vessels to see if they THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 135 had on board of them any sailors belonging to Great Britain. On this pretense our ships were searched, and many seamen were taken from them and forced to serve in the British navy. In some cases the sailors taken had been naturalized (that is, adopted as citizens of our country, although born in foreign lands); others were American- born citizens. The Eng- lish naval officers behaved in a very insolent way. 393. At last the Amer- ™™vlL i l l JAMES MADISON m^nt fWlnrft ican government would ™r? not put up with this high-handed conduct any longer, and in 1812 declared war against England. James Madison was then President. RAIDS INTO CANADA 394. The Americans began by making raids w . hat .°I the o J o raids into into Canada, but these had very little effect. Canada? On the other hand, the British captured Detroit. 395. In the second year of the w r ar, General Teiiwhat * places the Dearborn, the American commander-in-chief, sent ^ok hfisk a force which took York (now Toronto) . Another 136 PRIMARY HISTORY What of these places afterwards ? What of sea-fights ? Name some of the great sailors. Tell the story of Lawrence. Which was the grandest victory ? What of the two fleets? Name the flag-ship. force moved against Fort George, at the mouth of ' the Niagara River, and captured it. After a while most of the troops were taken elsewhere. Then the British recaptured Fort George, and made several raids into Northern New York, plundering and burning settlements. 396. While most of the land ojoerations of the years 1812 and 1813 did not turn out well for the Americans, our navy performed a number of bril- liant exploits. Such gallant sailors as Porter and Decatur and Bainbridge captured many a British war-ship. 397. Captain Lawrence, in the frigate Chesa- peake, attacked the British frigate Shannon near Boston Harbor. Lawrence was mortally wounded but his dying order, "Don't give up the ship," be- came the rallying cry of the American sailors. NAVAL OPERATIONS 398. The grandest naval victory of the war was gained September 10, 1813, by Commodore Perry on Lake Erie. The American fleet con- sisted of nine vessels, the British of six, but these carried more cannon than our ships. 399. Perry's flag-ship was the Lawrence, named in honor of the brave commander of the Chesa- THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 137 FERRY'S VICTORY ON LAKE ER'E peake. A flag bear- ing that hero's dying words, " Don't give up the ship," was dis- played as the signal for action, and the fight began. 400. The British vessels leveled most of their g^^the liritish tire guns at the Laivrence which carried the commo- ship heflag " dore's pennant. For two hours they poured in their broadsides, till her cannon were dismounted, and she lay upon the water almost a wreck [38 PRIMARY HISTORY What had now to be done? Describe Perry's deed. Give an account of Perry's attack and the British surrender. 401. It was now clear that Perry must make his way to another vessel, — a very dangerous thing to do. Taking his battle-flag with him, he descended into an open boat and made his way to the Niagara, under fire of the whole fleet of the enemy. 402. The hearty cheers with which the American sailors greeted Perry's deed were followed by heavy broadsides from their ves- sels. In fifteen minutes the entire British squadron surrendered, and Perry was able to write his pithy and famous despatch, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." COMMODORE PERRY AMERICAN VICTORIES IN CANADA SAmeri- 403# In tlie summer of 1814, the Americans ^cr n C ada es won several victories on the Canadian frontiers. Chippewa and Lundys Lane were the most im- portant. In the latter battle General Winfield Scott, who, at a later time, led the Americans in the Mexican war, greatly distinguished himself. 404. These successes drove the British from the Niagara frontier. ' THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 139 THE BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN 405. In September, 1814, Lake Champlain, in ^ e e n re w ™ d Northern New York, was the scene of another great navaf fight? naval combat. PLAN OF THE BATTLE 406. The American fleet was under Commo- who were the com- dore McDonough, the JjRvJk H* I S"c- "D *x* u J n "~tJj ^BA * \ ^ count of the British under Commo- *^ - 0% %>% \ ^ fight. doreDownie. For more than two hours the hos- tile squadrons poured their fire into each other. Nearly all the British ships were sunk or taken, and when the action closed there was not a mast standing in either fleet. 407. The victory of the Americans was hailed w £g d r £ t the with shouts of joy by thousands of spectators victor y ? gathered on the shore. 408. During this battle the British land forces jjjg^$ at attacked the Americans at Plattsburg, which was Plattsbur s- near by. They were repulsed, and when the fleet surrendered, the British army beat a hasty retreat, leaving behind their sick and wounded and large quantities of military stores. 140 PRIMARY HISTORY THE BRITISH AT WASHINGTON" AND BALTIMORE Give an ac- count of the attack on Washington. Where did the British next go ? What of "The Star- Spangled Banner"? 409. In August, 1814, a British force marched against Washington, which then had no troops to defend it. They burned the Capitol and other public buildings, and went back to their ships. 410. The British then sailed to the neighbor- hood of Baltimore, and bombarded Fort McHenry without success. There was also a skirmish- near Baltimore, but as the British general, Ross, was killed, the enemy retreated to their ships and sailed away. 411. It was at this time that our beautiful national song, " The Star-Spangled Banner," was composed by Francis S. Key. Which was the last battle ? Give an ac- count of it. THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 412. The last action of the war was the famous battle of New Orleans. A force of twelve thou- sand of the best English troops under Sir Edward Packenham approached that city, January 8, 1815. It was defended by General Andrew Jackson, with six thousand militia. 413. Jackson had intrenched his men behind a long embankment. As the British lines advanced, they were met by a deadly fire. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 141 414. It was an overwhelming defeat to the who was . ° victorious? British. Their commander fell, and over two thousand of them were killed or wounded. The American loss was only thirteen. THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS PEACE 415. The battle of New Orleans was fought Had a treaty after a treaty of peace had been made. The ^de d ? ybeen treaty had been signed at Ghent, in Belgium, a fortnight before, but the news had been slow in reaching this country. 142 PRIMARY HISTORY XIX. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI What was the Louisi- ana Pur- chase ? 416. In 1803 the. United States bought from France a vast territory west of the Mississippi River and extending from Canada on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. This is called the " Louisiana Purchase." What pow- ers had it, and when? 417. The whole country west of the Mississippi whobought nac ^ been claimed by Spain, bat in the year 1802, Spain gave up her right to France. At this time, Napoleon the Great was ruler of France. He offered to sell Louisiana to the United States for fifteen million dollars. Jefferson, who was Presi- dent at the time, bought it in 1803. Name the first state 418. The first state formed out of this purchase (£ rm Th e from was Louisiana, which came into the Union in 1812. But this was not all. You will see what a great thing this purchase was for the United States, when you learn that it covered what afterwards became the great states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Arkan- sas, and Louisiana, besides parts of the states of other states afterwards formed from this pur- chase. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 143 Montana, Minnesota, Wyoming, and Colorado, and all of Indian Territory and Oklahoma. 419. Besides this, the purchase of Louisiana ^at^ther gave the United States control of both sides of the ^Vwfit 6 Mississippi and of all the great rivers that flow into feon^Sy? it. Napoleon said about it: " This strengthens v T MAP OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE forever the power of the United States, and I have just given to England a maritime rival that will humble her pride." This prophecy came true in the war of 1812, as you have seen. duel. What be came of 144 PRIMARY HISTORY HAMILTON" AND BURR dllXaused 42 °* Tn 1804 a g reat sensation was made in the f n r | a ? tfeel " country by the death of Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. Aaron * 421. Aaron Burr,' then Vice-President of the about ? thJ eU United States, a very talented but bad man, was a rival of Hamilton's. He challenged him to fight a duel, and Hamilton was killed. 422. Burr now disappeared from public view, Burr? but he afterwards went to the West, where he is said to have been engaged in a conspiracy to separate the Western States from the Eastern. He was arrested and tried for treason, but as he could not be proved guilty, he was set free. WAR WITH THE BARBARY PIRATES ^Barb'ar 423# In tlie nortnern P art of Africa, on the whlTof shores of the Mediterranean Sea, are the Barbary piStes? States, as they are called. For a long time these were the home of pirates, who used to capture vessels On the Mediterranean, and sell their crews into slavery. what did 424. For a number of years the United States our govern- " Stout it? P a ^ ^hese P eo pl e a certain sum of money every GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 145 year so that they would not trouble our ships. But at last the pirates of Tripoli (one of these states) became so insolent that President Jefferson in 1803 sent a naval force under Commodore Preble to punish them. 425. One of the American fleet, the frigate Tell about & the Phila- Philadelphia, while chasing a small craft of the ^iphia. enemy, ran upon a rock, and was captured. 426. This was a great prize for the pirates, but Give an ac- o I L count of the in February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur entered the deed of De- J ' catur. harbor of Tripoli in a small schooner at night, Xewar? ded boarded the Philadelphia, and burned her. After this, Commodore Preble several times bombarded Tripoli, and finally in 1805 the governor, or bashaw, as he was called, made peace. THE FIRST STEAMBOAT 427. The first steamboat in the world began to Ten about ° the first run on the Hudson River in the year 1807. The steamboat. J What can steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton, a Penn- JSt5n?°HiB sylvanian, who was born ten years before the SraSelne 11 breaking out of the Revolution. He was at first a painter ; but he went to Europe, and became interested in the steam-engine. He made a little steamer on the river Seine in France : this was a success as an experiment ; so he came to New York SW. PRIM. HIST. 10 146 PRIMARY HISTORY Tell about the trial- trip of the Clermont. Was she like our steamers ? and built what was thought at that time to be quite a large steamboat. 428. The name of this boat was the Clermont. She made her trial-trip to Albany in thirty-six hours, — a great improvement on the river-sloops, which took a week or more. As she steamed up the river, the people hailed her with great delight. 429. Of course she was very different from the steamers you now see on our rivers and lakes, or in our great seaports ; but when you behold these, remember that, giants though they are, they are merely improvements upon the little Clermont of Robert Fulton. Tell about the Indians of theNorth- TIIE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE 430. You remember that General Wayne taught the Indians of the Northwest a severe lesson. But after a while they forgot it. Just before the United States declared war with England in 1812, British agents went among the Indians and stirred them up to break their treaty. What about Tecumseh t n M li \ was brother ? 431. At the head of the Western Indian tribes the famous chief Tecumseh, a giant in strength, and noted for his craft and eloquence. He had a brother named " The Prophet." dian mes- .9 GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 147 432. Tecumseh went off to rally the tribes, £££ ™ and the Prophet collected his followers at the was'gov- mouth of the Tippecanoe River, in what was then € called Indiana Territory, where it was supposed no white man could ever be victorious. William H. Harrison, afterwards President of the United States, was governor. 433. Harrison wisely concluded not to wait till ^ a h r a r ^ d Tecumseh had marshaled his tribes ; so he pushed ^° as t ^ e in- forward against the In- dian army on the Tippe- canoe. He was met by spokesmen of the Indi- ans who said they wanted peace, and would make a treaty the next day. 434. That very night G[ye ?VS» J ° WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON COUnt Of the the savages, not keeping SS^Ieii their word, attacked the Americans. Concealed ^^ arri " in the long; prairie grass, they shot their deadly the date a of rifles into the American camp. But Harrison was prepared for them, and as soon as it was dawn he charged upon them, and routed the Indians with great slaughter. And this was the famous battle of Tippecanoe, fought November 7, 1811. the battle ? 148 PRIMARY HISTORY FLORIDA PURCHASED BY THE UNITED STATES Who first settled Flor- ida ? When was it pur- chased ? 435. Florida, as you remember, was taken pos- session of by the Spaniards soon after the dis- covery of America. It did not become a part of the United States till 1819, when our government bought it of Spain. James Monroe was then President and remained such until 1825, when he was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. JAMES MONROE TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER WASHINGTON'S DEATH 436. Let us pause here, and see what had been the growth of our country during the quarter of a century after the death of Washington. This would be from 1799 to 1825. 437. John Quincy Ad- the son of John Adams, had just become President. In addition to the states already men- tioned Mississippi had be- Who was now Presi dent ? How o m n many stars cllllfe ' were there in our flag? What was our popula- tion? JOHN QUINCY ADAMS GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 149 come a state in 1817, Alabama in 1819, and Maine in 1820, so that there were now twenty- four stars in our flag. The four millions of pop- ulation had increased to over twelve millions. 438. Our country was at this time very prosper- ^hau>f the ous. Agriculture and commerce were flourishing. ^Xmadl The extensive cultivation of cotton (made profita- ri C f h | 0Uth ble since the invention, by Eli Whitney, of a ma- chine called the cotton-gin) had enriched the South. 439. The North was now beginning to engage ™i why largely in manufactures. To encourage these, ^™ff eda President Adams was in favor of what is called ^riff? 8 * a tariff, which means taxes laid on articles manu- passed by • t • Congress? factured abroad and brought into this country, its effect? Such a tariff was made by Congress in 1828. This enabled the people of the Northeastern States to make great profits out of their manufactures. But the people of the South were much opposed to the tariff, because they were not a manufactur- ing people, and they naturally wished to buy manufactured goods as cheaply as possible. 440. It was about this same time that great works w ^fbulit" 1 like canals and railroads began to be built. ^ The Name the* Erie Canal, which connects Lake Erie with Hudson 8 River, was opened during Adams's administration. 150 PRIMARY HISTORY fiSt a ra°ii- the 441* Then, too, the first railroad was constructed road? ^ PpesiJe^ Adams's own town of Quincy in Massachusetts), — the beginning of the vast net- work of iron roads now covering our country. The first railroad for carrying passengers was the Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1829. DEATH OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON bie h coinci?" ^^" ^he fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration penedhl^ of Independence, July 4, 1826, was made remark- about th e e se able by the death of John Adams and Thomas men gre Jefferson, the second and third Presidents. Jef- ferson was the author of the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; Adams, its great supporter in Congress. The last words of Adams were, " Thomas Jefferson still survives " ; but Jefferson was already lying dead in his home at Monticello. jackson's administration jlcSonbe- 443 ' 0n the 4th of March > 1829 > General An- dent e ? P \vbat drew Jackson became President. You have already abou y t°him? learnt something about General Jackson, and know that he was the hero of the battle of New Orleans. He was a man of great energy and firmness. 444. The most important matter bearing upon the national welfare that came up in Jackson's GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 151 time was what is called " nullification." To un- derstand this, remember what was said about the Southern people's opposing the tariff. Well, in 1832, Congress increased the taxes on foreign goods. South Carolina said that these taxes should not be collected in her harbors. This was called nullifying, or making null or use- less, the laws of the United States. ANDREW JACKSON What im- portant matter hap- pened in Jackson's administra- tion? Tell what you can ahout nulli- fication. 445, Jackson declared that he would enforce ^* d n id the law, and sent General Scott down to Charles- and do? How was ton to see about it. But in the mean time the settled ? ter matter was settled to the satisfaction of the South. Henry Clay had persuaded Congress to pass a law arranging for the gradual lessening of the duties. WEBSTER, CLAY, AND CALHOUN 446. Our three greatest orators and statesmen Name three o orators and during the first half of the present century were statesmen. Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. 447. Daniel Webster was born in New Hamp- ^Jjj^f shire, in 1782. His father was a humble farmer; earl y liffc - 152 PRIMARY HISTORY What of him as an orator ? What was the date of his death ? Give an ac- count of Clay's early- life. To what office was he elected ? Relate the anecdote of him. What was the date of his death ? but he managed to send his son to college. Daniel afterwards studied law, and in 1812 he was elected to Congress from Massachu- setts. He was one of the grandest orators that ever lived. His greatest speeches were made in favor of pre- serving the Union. He died in 1852. DANIEL WEBSTER 448. Henry Clay was born in Virginia, but moved early to Kentucky. The little schooling he got was in a log-cabin ; but soon his genius showed itself. He was elected to the Senate, and came to have a commanding voice there. When he proposed the " Mis- souri Compromise" law, which we shall learn about later on, his friends said it would lessen his chances for the presidency. " I would rather be right than be President," was Clay's noble reply. His manners were win- ning, and no statesman was ever more loved, died the same year as Webster, in 1852. HENRY CLAY He GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 153 449. John C. Calhoun was born in South Carolina, in 1782. He was the greatest states- man of the South. For forty years he was in public life, and had much influence, especially in the South. He was noted for the keenness of his intellect and the force of his logic. Calhoun was a powerful ad- vocate of the doctrine of the right of a state to secede (that is, to withdraw) from the Union. This made his name disliked in the North; but he was a man of unspotted integ- rity and sincerity. He died in 1850. 450. These three great men were all candidates for the presidency and were all unsuccessful. JOHN C. CALHOUN When and where was Calhoun horn? What doc- trine did he advocate ? What effect had this ? What was the date of his death ? INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS 451 From the time of the Spanish conquest, what had X cxas heen ? what we now call the state of Texas had been what of the American claimed as a part of Mexico. However, many settlers? Americans had settled in that region. They did not like the way the Mexican government treated them, so, in 1835, they rose up and declared Texas an independent state. 154 PRIMARY HISTORY Who forced the Mexi- cans to sur- render ? What did our govern- ment then do? 452. War now broke out. General Houston led the Americans, and in 1836, Santa Anna, the Mexican commander, had to surrender. Then our government acknowledged the independence of Texas. During the administrations of Van Buren, Harrison, and Tyler, 1837-1845, the Texan question was the most important issue. MARTIN VAN BUREN THE FIRST TELEGRAPH Where was the first 453. The first telegraph ever built was stretched telegraph? between Washington and Baltimore, in 1844. who in- 454. The telegraph was invented by Samuel vented it ? ° L J what of the F. B. Morse, a native of Massachusetts. He con- telegraph y now? structed an apparatus in 1835 by which he sent despatches a short distance. Congress gave him thirty thousand dollars to try if his invention would work. It was a perfect success, and now there are more than two hundred thousand miles of telegraph in the United States alone. The principal European powers sent gold medals to Morse, and they gave him, besides, eighty thou- sand dollars as a reward for his service. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 155 THE MEXICAN WAR 455, In 1845, just before the close of Tyler's g^ d # ay administration, Texas was admitted into the Union. Vexation? Henry Clay said this annex- ation would cause war with Mexico. A war with that country broke out in 1846, which lasted two years, and resulted in the complete success of the United States. James K. Polk, of Tennes- see, was President during the war with Mexico. JOHN TYLER 456. There were three reasons for this war : (1) The Mexicans being angry about the annexa- tion abused the Texans. (2) The Southern States were hostile to Mexico because it was a refuge for runaway slaves. (3) The Mexicans were continually disputing about the boun- dary between their terri- tory and Texas. The United States proposed that a line should be fixed What were the causes of the war? What did our govern- ment pro- pose ? Was it accepted? JAMES K. POLK 156 PRIMARY HISTORY State what our govern- ment now did. Did this lead to war? What did Congress do? What of Taylor by commissioners appointed from each country. This proposal the Mexicans' rejected. 457. In these circumstances, our government, in the spring of 1846, ordered General Taylor, afterwards President of the United States, to advance with a force to the Rio Grande. This immediately led to a conflict. Two actions took place, and General Tay- lor was victorious in both. 458. When the news of these battles reached the United States, the whole country was ex- cited. Congress declared war, raised an army, and put it under General Scott. ZACHARY TAYLOR 459. In the mean time, Taylor defeated the meanwhile? Mexican general at Monterey and Buena Vista. 460. General Scott began his campaign (March, 1847) by capturing Vera Cruz. He then com- menced his march towards the Mexican capital. uTefirst was 461 ' The first °PP os iti on me t with was at the opposition? roc ky pass of Cerro Gordo, where Santa Anna was GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 157 intrenched. This position was carried by storm, and the army continued its march up the high table-land of Mexico. 462. Reaching the crest of the Mexican range, Describe the . . „ scene from the army saw m the distance a magnificent pano- the crest. rama of snow-capped mountain-peaks, while in the beautiful valley below lay the ancient capital of the Montezumas. It was the very scene on which Cortes and his armored Spaniards had gazed more than three hundred years before. How was the city of Mexico pro- tected ? GENERAL SCOTT 463. For the de- fense of the city, the Mexicans had a num- ber of fortresses and castles, beginning about fifteen miles outside its limits. The first of these strongholds was Churu- busco, which was taken by assault. After this there remained the massive citadel of Chapultepec. 464. After a heavy bombardment, a storming Describe the J 7 ° attack. column was thrown forward. With a shout and rush the Americans made their way up the steep 158 PRIMARY HISTORY What was the effect of the fall of Chapul- tepec ? Of the cap- ture of the city? What were the date and nature of the treaty ? rock, and leaped over the intrenchments, sweeping away the Mexicans. 465. Chapultepec had been their main reliance, and when it was taken they lost all hope. Next day, September 14, 1847, the American army entered the city of Mexico. 466. The capture of the Mexican capital ended the war. In February of the next year a treaty of peace was made. By this treaty the Mexicans agreed to give up to our government the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah, besides parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. (See map, following page 160.) What did Fremont hear and do? What was the result ? THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA 467. Just before the breaking out of the Mexican war, Captain John C. Fremont, who was in Oregon, heard that the Mexicans in California were giving trouble to some Americans who had settled there ; so he went into California and led the Americans. They defeated the Mexicans in several little engage- ments, and took some of the California seaports. 468. The result was, that when the war closed, California was part of the territory which the Mex- ican government gave up to the United States. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 159 THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD 469. Very soon after California was given up to the United States, a great discovery took place there. This was the finding of gold in large quan- tities. The gold was found accidentally on the American River (a branch of the Sacramento). 4-70. When the men began to look farther, they found the precious metal in great abundance. Soon the news spread. From the Eastern States, and in fact from almost all parts of the world, thousands of people flocked to the El Dorado, as it was called, or " the land of gold." 471. The growth of Cali- fornia was wonderful. Soon San Francisco became a great city, and it is now the center of all our com- merce with Japan and China. California now pro- l „ i l it • MILLARD FILLMORE duces not only gold in great abundance, but also wheat, wool, and fruits. What great discovery- took place in Califor- nia, and when? What took place when the news spread ? What of the growth of California ? What does it now produce ? into the Union when was it admitted ? 472. California was admitted as a state in 1850. Millard Fillmore, of New York, was President at this time. 160 PRIMARY HISTORY THE NEW FAR WEST SSJghtto 473, Wnen y° ur parents were your age, the formlr^f*' West used to be Ohio an d Illinois; but every year now? 61 people moved farther and farther west, and now we have a new "Far West" beyond the Mississippi. 474. It was more than forty years ago that When were Kansas and settled? a Kansas and Nebraska began to be settled. Kan- mitted? d " sas was admitted into the Union in 1861, and Nebraska in 1867, What led to the settle- ment of Nevada? 475. The discovery of silver in Nevada led to the settlement of that country, and in 1864 it came into the Union as a state. The gold and silver of Colorado attracted large numbers there, and it was admitted into the Union in 1876. of Oregon? 476. The great rush of people to the Pacific coast soon settled Oregon, and in 1859 it came into the Union as a state. What can you say of the great plains now? 477. Now the vast plains beyond the Mississippi, which used' to be crossed with such toil by the emigrants, with their slow-moving ox-trains, are traversed by the great Pacific railroads, and it is possible to go from New York to San Francisco in seven days ! "West from 90 Greenwich \& * V» MAP SHOWING THE TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED_STATES The figures under the Slate names indicate the dates of their admission into the Union; or, in the case of the Original Thirteen States, the date of their ratification of the Constitution. SCALE OF MILES 6 "Too 20IP 300 400 500 3 #v °o ...>■*■■" Longitude "West 13 from Washington GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 161 THE SLAVERY STRUGGLE 478. Almost from the beginning of our govern- what suh- ° ° ject had ment, the subject of slavery gave great trouble in aiway s our country. In the old colonial times there were trouWe? negro slaves in the North as well as in the South. But in the North they were few in number, and gradually they became fewer and fewer. 479. In the South slavery nourished greatly, why did This was owing to the great demand for negroes to f h ° e u ^ th n ? work on the plantations, cultivating tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice. 480. About seventy-five years ago, there began when did , , the feeling to be quite a strong feeling against slavery on the against part of many people at the North. This showed gin? itself very strongly in the year 1820, when it was proposed to admit Missouri as a state. The South wanted it to be a slave state ; the antislavery people, that is, the people opposed to slavery, de- sired that it should come in as a free state. 481. The matter was finally arranged by a law How was J ° . ,, tne matter that was called the "Missouri Compromise." In arranged? this it was agreed that slavery should be allowed in Missouri, but forbidden further west in the region north of the northern line of Arkansas. SW. PRIM. HIST. 11 162 PRIMARY HISTORY when and 482. Thirty-four years afterwards (in 1854), mis S e C dSne r °" wnen ^ was proposed to make Kansas a terri- awaywith? tory, those who favored slavery succeeded in hav- ing this compromise done away with. Congress passed a law that in Kansas the people themselves should decide whether they would have slaves or not. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was President at this time. what took J^iM 4:83. Now began a great place? HI k jg jj$r # & & rush into Kansas of those who opposed and those who favored slavery. There was quite a long "border warfare" there. what other 484. After this there were several things, which things made ° bad feeling? y 0U w [\\ l earn about when you are older, such as the " Fugitive Slave Law " and the " John Brown raid," which stirred up a great deal of bad feeling. THE ELECTION OF LINCOLN 485. Such was the state of the country in the year 1860, when the time came to name candidates for the presidency to succeed James Buchanan, who had been elected President in 1856. FRANKLIN PIERCE GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 163 486. The man nominat- ed by the Republican party (which was opposed to slavery being spread any farther) was Abraham Lin- coln. The people voted on the 6th of November, I860, and Lincoln was elected President. Who was nominated by the Re- publicans? When was the vote ? Who was elected ? JAMES BUCHANAN 487. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, J e ^5^f out but when he was a young man he moved with his Lmcoln - parents to Illinois. He had very little schooling. How- ever, he studied law and was elect- ed to Congress. When the Repub- lican party arose, he took that side very strongly. Lin- coln was tall and gaunt in person, with a sad, care- worn face. ABRAHAM LINCOLN 164 PRIMARY HISTORY SECESSION Did most of 488. At the time of Lincoln's election, there the people 7 unfon h at is no doubt that most of the people, both in the wimtdi 6 / North and in the South, loved the Union, that sionis e ts es " is, wanted the states to stay united as one great nation. But there were violent men on both sides. In the South there were the Secessionists, who said that when the people of the North voted for Mr. Lincoln it showed that they were bent on abolishing slavery. which state 489. The secession leaders soon set the whole States fo? at South in a blaze - Soutn Carolina took the lead, lowed? and in December, 1860, seceded, that is, left the Union. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed within a month. These were the seven cotton states. what was 490. In February, 1861, these states formed a the Southern government government of their own called the Confederate p!es°iS? S tates - Tne v elected Jefferson Davis President, what was it 49i # it W as now plain that the government now plain ± D done? be must either allow the seceded states to go out, or fight to bring them back. You will see how out of these troubles grew a tremendous war, — the War of Secession, sometimes called the Civil War. A REVIEW LESSON 165 XX. A REVIEW LESSON 1. What part of the history of our coun- try have we now studied? The period from the founding of the government of the United States, to the War of Secession. 2. What is meant by the founding of our government ? The Union of all the states, in 1789, under one body of laws called the Constitution. 3. How many branches (or distinct parts) of the government are there ? Three : the executive branch, that is, the President and the officers he appoints ; the legislative branch, that is, the Senators and Representatives who make laws in Congress ; and the judicial branch, that is, the Judges of the courts of the United States. 4. Where were the first settlements west of the Alleghany Mountains? In Kentucky and Tennessee, both settled from North Carolina, and in Ohio, settled from New England. 5. When was the second war with Eng- land? It began in the year 1812, and so is called the War of 1812. It grew out of wars between England and France, but was mainly caused by the overbearing conduct of the English, in searching American ships on various pretenses. G. Tell about the land operations. In the first year of the war (1812), the British captured Detroit. The next year (1813) the Americans took Toronto. In 1814 our countrymen won the battle of Lundys Lane, and the British captured Washington and burned the capitol. In January, 1815, General Jackson won a great victory over the English at New Orleans, neither side knowing that peace had already been made. 7. What about the naval battles ? In nearly all of these the Americans were victorious. Two great naval actions were fought upon the Lakes. Commodore Perry defeated the Brit- ish on Lake Erie, in 1813, and Com- modore McDonough won a great vic- tory on Lake Champlain, in 1814. 8. Tell about the Louisiana Purchase. Nearly all the country that lies be- tween the Mississippi River and the 16ff PRIMARY HISTORY Rocky Mountains was bought from France in the year 1803. The French name for this whole region was Louisiana. Eight states of our Union, and parts of four others, have been formed out of this territory. 9. Give an account of the tariff, and the disagreements about it. The tariff is a system of taxes on goods brought into our country from foreign lands. Taxing them tends to keep them out of our country, and to raise the market price of such goods. Our tariff laws had helped the factory-people of the North- eastern States, but the South was a farming region, with few factories, and the Southerners wanted to buy manufactures where they could buy them cheapest, even if they had to get them from Europe. 10. What was the nullification trouble ? It grew out of the tariff law of 1832. The people of South Carolina were unwilling to pay the tariff taxes. They wanted to make null, that is, of no effect, the law that had been passed, but finally the matter was settled. 11. Give an account of the Mexican war. Texas, once a part of Mexico, be- came independent in 1836, and was admitted into our Union as a state in 1845. A dispute about the south- ern boundary of Texas led to war between our country and Mexico in 1846. First General Taylor, and afterwards General Scott, won many victories over the Mexicans, who were commanded by General Santa Anna. The city of Mexico was captured in 1847, and peace was made in 1848. By the treaty of peace, most of the region that lies between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean be- came part of the United States. 12. Tell about the slavery struggle. Before the Revolution there were slaves in all the colonies. In the North they were few, and finally these were set free. In the South they were many, and by the year 1860 they had increased to four millions. The Southerners wanted slavery in Mis- souri and Kansas. The Northerners opposed this. Missouri became a slave state, and Kansas a free state. For many years, from 1820 to 1860, there were debate, dispute, and bitterness over this question. Finally, the Re- publicans, who wanted to prevent the spread of slavery and the increase of Southern influence, succeeded in elect- ing Abraham Lincoln to be Presi- dent, whereupon many Southern States seceded from the Union. 13. What is meant by the War of Seces- sion f The great war that resulted from the attempt of some of the states to leave the Union, and so break it up. PART IV THE WAR OF SECESSION >XKc XXL THE WAR BEGINS — FORT SUMTER 492. Abraham Lincoln became sixteenth Presi- How many states had dent of the United States on the 4th of March, sece ded ? 7 What had 1861. Seven Southern States had seceded from s|o e n f s e t s es ' the Union. The Secessionists had seized the forts done? and arsenals and navy-yards in the South. 493. At the time President Lincoln took office what South- ern fort did Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was almost ^ejJnited 7 7 States hold ? the only fort in the South where the United Southern States forces had a foothold. It was defended by forcedone? a small garrison under Major Robert Anderson. A large Southern force under General Beauregard had built batteries to fire on the fort. 494. The bombardment began in the morning Tell about ° ° the bom- of April 12, 1861, and at the end of thirty-six bardment. hours the fort was surrendered. 167 168 PRIMARY HISTORY What effect 495. The news of the bombardment of Fort did the news sumter aU ° f Sumter caused the greatest excitement throughout Sumter have? What did Lincoln call for? How many other states had mean- while se- ceded ? What city was their capital ? Who was the Union comman- der ? What did Scott do? the North. WAR. It was plain that there was now to be 496. The President immediately called for sev- enty-five thousand volunteers. This call was answered with the greatest zeal, and from all quarters armed men hastened to Washington. 497. In the mean time four other slave states had seceded. The Confed- erate government, having Jefferson Davis for its President, made Kichmond its capital, and soon there was a large Southern force in Virginia. 498. The commander-in-chief of the Union army was the veteran General Scott. He sent troops across the Potomac into Virginia. JEFFERSON DAVIS THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN 169 XXII. THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN 499. The people of the North now raised the where was L l the Southern cry of "On to Richmond!" The Southern force army? was at Bull Run, south of Washington. 500. The Union army moved to attack the Con- ^attk! federates. There was a fierce conflict on Sunday, July 21, 1861. Both sides fought bravely, and up to three o'clock the result was indecisive. 501. Then fresh troops came to help the Con- ^ u ^ e f r r n esh federates, and the Union soldiers began to retreat. l ^^ me They fled and soon the rout became a panic. took place ' 502. The principal effect of the battle of Bull ^J^ Run was to show the whole country that a terrible Bun Run? Wha each do? What did war was upon it, — not a bnei ^j^^ each side affair. Both sides now set to work forming great armies. Presi- dent Lincoln called for half a million troops. The whole South, also, rushed to arms. 503. General George B. McClel- G ™ H — N ™o™ ion Ian was now made general-in-chief. He passed derT the winter in organizing the Northern army. comman- 170 PRIMARY HISTORY XXIII. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 Were there many bat- tles during the war? 504. During the long war of four years which now followed, there were so many battles that you would not be able to remember the names of half of them. You may hereafter read the history of the war in larger books ; but for the present it is only needful for you to know the principal battles and their result. What was the first 505. In 1862 the war opened at the West. of e i862? ent ^ le ^ rst i m P or tant event was the capture of Fort Donelson. Where was Donelson ? Why impor- tant? What force and fleet moved against it ? Tell about the siege. THE CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON" 506. Fort Donelson was a stronghold of the Confederates on the Cumberland River, in Ten- nessee. It was the key-point in a line of defenses to guard the Southwestern States against invasion from the North. (See map, next page.) 507. A Union force, under General U. S. Grant, supported by a fleet of gunboats, moved against Fort Donelson. It was besieged by land and bom- barded from the river till the Confederates surren- dered (February 16, 1862). 172 PRIMARY HISTORY Ten about 508. The effect of the capture of Donelson was the effect * ture hecap " ver y important. It encouraged the North, and compelled the Southern army to leave Nashville. THE BATTLE OF SHILOH Name the 509. The next great battle in the West was next great ° blttie e . rn fought at Shiloh, on the Tennessee River. Gen- erals Grant and Buell commanded on the Northern side, and Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and Beauregard on the Southern. which side 510. It was the Confederates who made the made the TeUabout at, tack (April 6). At first they were successful, the battle. an( j d rove the Union force down to the river's brink. But General Johnston was killed, night came on, fresh troops for the Union side arrived, and next morning the Southerners retreated. BRAGG'S INVASION OF KENTUCKY Describe the 511. In the summer of 1862, a large Southern movements ofBragg's army, under General Bra^g, moved northward army. J 7 & °' from Chattanooga into Kentucky. The Union army had to fall back to the Ohio River. After the Southern troops had gathered a great quantity of supplies, they retreated. There was no great battle with this army till December, 1862. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 173 THE BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO 512. This was a very hard contest, and lasted Ten about the next bat- three days. The Union army held the battle-field, tle - and hence it was a sort of victory ; but both sides lost terribly. 513. You see, then, that the principal battles of what were t the three the West, in 1862, were Donelson, Shiloh, and Wfftern Murfreesboro. 18G2? McCLELLAN S CAMPAIGN ON THE PENINSULA 514. In the East, the first important event of state the x nrst impor- 1862 was the campaign on the peninsula between enseaiS* the York and James rivers, in Virginia. McClellan the East ' moved his army there from Washington by water, in the spring. The object was to take Richmond. 515. The Confederates, commanded by General Wne / e were J the Southern Robert E. Lee, were met behind earthworks at tro °P smet? Yorktown, the very place where Cornwallis had surrendered to Washington. Here there was a siege of a month, and then the Southern army fell back towards Richmond. 516. Several battles took place in the vicinity what took £ T> • 1 1 T> 1 TT • P laCe there ? oi Kichmond. Uut the Union army was not sue- where was J theNorth- cessful, and was forced to retreat to the James ernarm y now sent f 174 PRIMARY HISTORY River. The Northern army was now ordered back to Washington. What did 517. While this was going on, General Lee Lee do while . . this was go- marched northward with his army. He defeated ing on ? J a Union force under command of General Pope, and then crossed the Potomac into Maryland. THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Tell about 518. In Maryland, one great battle took place the great J & r tookpface Detween Lee and McClellan. This was the bat- inMaryiand. tle of Antietam (September 17, 1862). It was very bravely fought and resulted in great loss of life. In consequence of this battle, Lee was forced to recross the Potomac into Virginia. THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG Describe the 519. The next great battle in Virginia was at next great ° ° vlr tl,e ia Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock River. It was fought in December, 1862. The result was a terrible defeat to the Union army. Name the 520. You will see, then, that the principal chief battles of 1862 in events in the East in 1862 were the campaign on the East. L ° the York Peninsula, the battle of Antietam, and the battle of Fredericksburg. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 175 THE CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS 521. One of the greatest events of the war was what is said ° of New Or- the capture of New Orleans. The Confederates leans? had forts on the river below New Orleans. 522. In the spring; of 1862, a large fleet of when did 1 ° 7 ° the fleet go war-vessels, under Admiral Farragut, went to the ^[ e J hat Mississippi to attack New Orleans. The fleet d?d r . ragut steamed up the stream till it came to the South- ern forts. These Farragut bombarded in vain. He then determined to run past the batteries. river, was the result ? 523. The Confederates had stretched a stout Describe the passage up chain across the river to prevent the passage of %\^ the ships. Farragut destroyed the chain, and on April 24 his fleet steamed past the forts, and destroyed the Confederate squadron. Then the Union fleet forced the surrender of New Orleans. THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC 524. One of the most remarkable battles ever what re- markable fought was between the Monitor and the Merrimac. ? iaval , batt l e o © is spoken of i 525. The Merrimac was a Confederate iron-clad what was the Merri- war-vessel built at Norfolk. In March, she sud- macf denly attacked a fleet of Union war-vessels, near 176 PRIMARY HISTORY What did she do ? What craft arrived dur- ing the night? the mouth of James River. She ran against and sank the Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress to surrender. Next day she was to destroy the rest of the wooden fleet. 526. But during the night there arrived from New York a strange new iron craft, which had just been built, and was called the Monitor. ACTION BETWEEN THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC Tell ahout the Monitor. Give an account of the hattle. 527. It was a revolving iron tower on an iron- plated hull, a few inches above the water. 528. In the morning, the Monitor attacked the Merrimac y and compelled her to steam, disabled, into Norfolk. Later the Merrimac was blown up by the Confederates to prevent her capture. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 177 XXIV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 THE EMANCIPATION PKOCLAMATION 529. On New Year's Day of 1863, President what was J the Emanci- Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation. J^Xon 100 " This declared all the. slaves within the borders of f s ^d? en the Confederacy to be free. VICKSBURG 530. The capture of New Orleans opened the Where had . . ~ , th e Confed- lower Mississippi; but the Confederates had a eratesstma 1 l 7 stronghold? stronghold at Vicksburg. Here their batteries pre- vented the Union fleet from passing up or down. 531. The task of taking; Vicksburg was given Ten what & & & Grant did to General Grant. During; the early part of 1863. ??**• what ° J r did he at he tried several ways of capturing the place ; but Jf f n th ? ink ol all failed. Finally, he thought of running past the batteries with the ships, and marching his army down beloiv and in the rear of Vicksburg. 532. The place withstood a siege of two months ; Ten about but on the 4th of July, 1863, it had to surrender, the sur- render. Port Hudson, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, followed. Then the great river was clear all the way to the sea. BW. PRIM. HIST. 12 178 PRIMARY HISTORY BATTLES AT CHATTANOOGA Teli about 533. In the summer of 1863, General Rosecrans the advance ofRose w, x marched south from Murfreesboro. The Confed- crans. What p?ace? t00k erates ^ en Dac k to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Rosecrans followed. Near Chattanooga the battle of Chickamauga was fought in September. It was a defeat for the Union army. Ten what 534. Soon after this, General Grant took corn- Grant did. mand of the army at Chattanooga. In November, he attacked the Southern army at Missionary Ridge, and forced it to retreat. (See map.) OPERATIONS AGAINST CHARLESTON what is said 535. One of the principal strongholds of the of Charles- r l o ton? Confederates was Charleston. In the spring of 1863, a fleet of iron-clads, under Admiral Dupont, went to attack Fort Sumter. The fleet was re- pulsed, and the attack failed. Ten what 536. After this General Gillmore built batteries, Gillmore the'union d w ^h g rea t guns, on the islands near Charleston cHe^ton? Harbor, and bombarded Fort Sumter for months. It was at last battered into a heap of ruins; but the Union army was not able to take the fort or Charleston. These did not surrender till near the end of the war. MAP OF OPERATIONS \ V IK THE EAST GULF F MEXICO 180 PRIMARY HISTORY Give an ac- count of the battle of ville. THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE 537. You remember that the last battle fought in Virginia was at Fredericksburg in December, 1862 (page 174). 538. In May, 1863, the Union army crossed Chancellors- tlie Rappahannock River. The Confederates met them at Chancellorsville, about ten miles from Fredericksburg. Here a desperate battle took place. The result was that the Union army was defeated with great loss, and had to recross the Rappahannock in very bad spirits. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG 539. The greatest battle of the whole war was fought at Gettysburg, Pa. 540. General Lee had defeated the Union army in Vir- ginia several times ; so he thought he would carry the war into the North. With a powerful What did Lee propose? Tell where he marched. GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 181 and high-spirited army he crossed the Potomac into Maryland. The Union army marched to Frederick City, Maryland. Lee then advanced northward into Pennsylvania, and it is supposed that he meant to go to Philadelphia. 541. General Meade, who had lately been made what did J > Meade do? commander of the Armv of the Potomac, hurried where did J the armies forward to meet Lee. The two armies met at meet? Gettysburg, in Southern Pennsylvania, and the result was the tremendous battle of Gettysburg. 542. The Union army was strongly posted on what took J ° J L place the a hill-side near the town. The battle began on £ rstda y? ° lhe second the 1st of July with a partial Southern success. da ^ ? On the second day, the Confederates again at- tacked, but could not move the Union army. 543. The third day there were nine hours of Give an ac- d count of the desperate fighting, and then the Southern army b ^ r t i e day ' s was driven from the field. The loss on both sides was over fifty thousand. 544. After the battle of Gettysburg, General what move _,__.., . ments were Lee retreated into Virginia, and took position south now made r of the Rapidan River. The Union army followed up to the north side of that stream ; but noth- ing of importance took place there during the remainder of the year 1863. 182 PRIMARY HISTORY XXV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 grant's campaign in the east Teli of the 545. The spring of 1864 saw two great Union two Union ° armies and armies in the field. General Grant had been put LIlGir COlIi~ -1- manders. i n command of all the United States forces. He left the Western army under the care of General Sherman, while he himself took command of the Army of the Potomac, in Virginia. GranTbe-an 546# In May ^ rant crossed the Rapidan, and mentanf stacked the Confederates under Lee in what is what ne did. called the Wilderness. The battle was not deci- sive. Grant advanced and engaged Lee again, and so kept fighting all the way to the James River. did Grant 58 547# Wnen Grant got to the James River, he lay siege to? proceeded to lay siege to Petersburg and Rich- mond. Several important actions took place ; but there was nothing decisive till the spring of 1865. SHERIDAN IN THE VALLEY SifatS 548# Tn tlie summer of 1864, General Lee sent ^washing- a f orce to attack Washington. They assaulted the works around the capital, but were repulsed and then retired to the Shenandoah Valley. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 183 549. Grant now sent an army under Sheridan Mjpt against the Confederates in the valley. He won victories. victories at Winchester and Cedar Creek. Sherman's march to the sea 550. We must now turn to the West, same time that Grant advanced against Lee (May, 1864), Sherman attacked the Confed- erates in Georgia. At the What gen- eral in the West moved when Grant did? GENERAL SHERMAN 551. As Sherman advanced, he fought the army opposed to him, and won his way to Atlanta, a very im- portant point. 552. The Confeder- ates now started to invade Tennessee, so as to force Sherman to retreat. 553. But Sherman, sending only one half of his army to Tennessee, marched through Georgia to the seacoast, and captured Savannah. Mean- while, General Thomas met and defeated the Con- federate army at Nashville. What city- did Sher- man finally reach ? Why was Tennessee invaded? What did Sherman do ? What had Thomas done mean- time? 184 PRIMARY HISTORY FARRAGUT AT MOBILE "What place was at- Farragut ' Tell what was done. 554. In July, 1864, a powerful fleet, under Ad- flSmider a miral Farragut, was sent against Mobile, the har- bor of Avhich was defended by two strong forts. 555. Farragut lashed his vessels together in pairs, stationed himself in the main-top of his flag-ship, and thus ran past the forts, with the loss of but one ship. He engaged and captured the Confederate iron-clad Tennessee, and with the assistance of a land force, took the forts. From what did North- ern com- merce suf- fer? Which was the most destructive ship ? Give an account of the fight with the Kearsarge. THE ALABAMA AND THE KEARSARGE 556. During this year immense loss was caused to Northern commerce by Confederate cruisers built in England. From the beginning of the war, Southern privateers had been so active that hardly a Northern merchant-ship could sail the seas. 557. The most destructive of these vessels was the Alabama, commanded by Captain Kaphael Semmes. She had captured or burned more than sixty ships, but in June, 1864, the United States war-vessel Kearsarge, commanded by Captain John Winslow, attacked her off the coast of France, and after a brilliant fight of an hour sank her. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN 185 XXVI. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN THE SITUATION IN THE SPRING OF 1865 558. In the spring of 1865, it was clear that what was x ° plain in the the end of the Confederacy was nigh. Sherman ^ n ? g ^ f h ? had gone through the Southeast like a whirlwind of destruction. The United States war-vessels stood sentinel at every Southern seaport to pre- vent supplies from going in, and the resources of the South were nearly exhausted. Sherman's operations 559. The final campaign was begun by Sher- Tell about man. From Savannah his army began its advance g^{j n f jj£ m northward (February 1, 1865) to join Grant's army in Virginia. 560. The Confederates had nothing; to oppose g?w far did ° x x Sherman ad- to the advance of Sherman except a feeble rem- wherJeise nant of an army under General Joseph E. John- ^entfhap- ston. The Union army marched northward penmg - through South Carolina and into North Carolina. Just at this time Grant was beginning in Virginia a series of operations which ended the war. 186 PRIMARY HISTORY Where was Lee at this time ? How did Grant begin his operations ? What took place next day ? State the result. Tell about the pursuit. When and where was the sur- render ? Tell what took place between Sherman and John- ston. When was the war at an end? GRANT S OPERATIONS 561. In the spring of 1865, General Lee was still holding Richmond and Petersburg, but with an army much reduced in strength. General Grant began his operations April 1, by sending a force to attack the Confederate defenses of Peters- burg, at a point called Five Forks. 562. Next day, an assault was made along the whole line of works in front of Petersburg. The result was that Lee, seeing that he could hold Petersburg and Richmond no longer, abandoned those places, and began a retreat westward. 563. Immediately there began a hot pursuit which lasted for a week with frequent righting. Lee could do nothing against the force which attacked him; so he surrendered his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 564. In the mean time, Sherman had engaged Johnston at Raleigh, which city he entered April 13. At this time Johnston heard of Lee's surren- der. As he knew that resistance was now hope- less, he surrendered to General Sherman April 26. By the end of May, all the Southern forces had laid down their arms, and the civil war teas at an end. THE RETU11N OF PEACE 187 THE ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN 565. The tidings of Lee's surrender caused great whatterri- ° ble event joy throughout the North. But in the midst of gggj** the rejoicings a terrible event happened. Presi- dent Lincoln was assassinated in a theater at Washington. The man who did the deed was a desperate and probably insane person, named John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln died the next morning. Booth fled, but was overtaken and shot. PEACE 566. At the end of May, a two days' re- view of the ar- mies of Sherman and Grant took place at Wash- ington. These armies num- bered about two hundred thou- sand men. The disbanding of the troops now began, and the soldiers retired to the pursuits of peaceful life. THE FINAL REVIEW OF THE ARMY Tell of the coming of peace. 188 PRIMARY HISTORY XXVII. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS why was 567. You have now learned the principal facts this war a £ . x x lamentabie ot the great civil war in the United States. It was one of the most lamentable contests in the history of the world, because it arrayed in strife the two sections of a people who had previously been the most happy and prosperous on earth. what should 568. When you grow up, and come to study the n?|about dg ~ nist0I 7 of our country more fully, you will learn the war? fl^ ^q seeds of this contest were sown long before the men who waged the war were born. And this is a fact which we must never forget in thinking about this awful war. oTsfa t vlry a ? id 569, The P rmci P al caus ^ of the war was slavery. ^ofeffe h c e t r Tae g rea test result of the war was the abolition hadthewar? Q f g ] aveiy> Thig hag proyed ft benefit ^ the peQ . pie of the South. Another good effect of the war is, that it has brought the people of the North and the South to understand each other better, and respect each other more. SdtfcJ™ 570# Tne war was yer y costl y? both in treasure cost? and in blood. At its close, the North had a debt FACTS AND REFLECTIONS 189 of nearly three billions of dollars. The finances of the South were utterly ruined and the Con- federate notes issued during the war soon became absolutely worthless. 571. On the Union side, it is believed that three How many were killed hundred thousand men were either killed in battle ^both^ or died from disease. Four hundred thousand Sldes? more were crippled or disabled for life. It is probable that, on both sides, over one million of men were either killed or received wounds dur- ing the war. But we must remember that the war saved the Union, which is far beyond the worth of money or of lives. 572. During; the war two new states were ad- what about & ( WestVir- mitted into the Union. The western part of s inia? Virginia, which had remained loyal to the Union, was admitted as a state, under the name of West Virginia, in 1863. 573. Nevada was admitted into the Union as when was Nevada ad- the thirty-sixth state near the end of 1864. The mitted? name Nevada is Spanish for " snow-covered," and was derived from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Nevada was the third state formed from the terri- tory that was once part of Mexico, the other two being Texas and California. 190 PRIMARY HISTORY XXVIII. A REVIEW LESSON 1. Tell when the War of Secessio7i began, how long it lasted, and when it closed. It began with the firing of the Con- federates on Fort Sumter, in Charles- ton Harbor, April, 1861, lasted four years, and ended with the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House, April, 1865. 2. What was the effect of the bombard- ment of Fort Sumter ? It showed both sides that war was inevitable. 3. What were the immediate results ? The President issued a call for sev- enty-five thousand volunteers, and four other slave states seceded from the Union. 4. What was the first important battle? The battle of Bull Run, Virginia, in July, 1861. It was a Union defeat. 5. What effect did this battle have ? It showed both North and South that a great struggle had begun, and both started to organize immense armies. 6. Who was put in command of the Union army ? General George B. McClellan. 7. What was the first important event in the West in 1862? The capture of Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, in February, by General U. S. Grant. This was important because the fort was the key-point to a line of defenses pro- tecting the Southwestern States from invasion, it encouraged the North, and compelled the Confederates to leave Nashville. 8. Name other important events that took place in the West in 1862. The battle of Shiloh, on the Ten- nessee River, in April, — not decisive; and the battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in December, — a Union success. 9. What was the first important event in the East in 1862 ? McClellan's campaign against Gen- eral Robert E. Lee on the Yorktown peninsula, — unsuccessful. A REVIEW LESSON 191 10. After this campaign, what did Gen- eral Lee do f He marched northward with his army, defeated a Union force under General Pope, and crossed the Poto- mac into Maryland, where the great battle of Antietam was fought, in September, 1802, Lee being forced to retreat into Virginia. 11. Name the next great battle fought in Virginia. The battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, — a Confederate vic- tory. 12. Name the most important naval operations of 1862. In the West, the opening of the lower Mississippi and the capture of New Orleans by Admiral Farragut. In the East, the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac, at the mouth of the James River, which saved the Union fleet there from de- struction. 13. What was the first great event of 1863? The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation by the President, de- claring all slaves within the seceded states to be free. 14. What was the greatest military suc- cess in the West in 1863 ? The surrender of Vicksburg to General Grant on the 4th of July, after a two months' siege. This, with the capture of Port Hudson (which followed), resulted in opening the whole of the Mississippi River, and cutting the Confederacy in two. 15. What battles were fought in Tennes- see in 1863? The battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, resulting in the retreat of the Confederate army. 16. What battle took place this year near Fredericksburg f The battle of Chancellorsville, in May, the Union forces being defeated and forced to retreat. 17. What was the greatest Union success in the East in 1863 ? The battle of Gettysburg, fought July 1, 2, and 3, the Confederates be- ing commanded by General Lee, and the Union force by General Meade. The loss on both sides was very large. 18. Why icas this battle so important? Because the Confederates had in- vaded the North iu strong force, hav- ing previously beaten the Union army at Chancellorsville, and, if Lee had been successful at Gettysburg, he could have captured Philadelphia and Washington. 19. What changes took place in the com- mand of the army early in 1864? General Grant was put at the head of all the United States forces. He made General Sherman commander of the Western army, and himself took command of the army in Virginia. 192 PRIMARY HISTORY 20. Give an account of the operations in Virginia in 1864. In May, General Grant crossed the Rapidan River, attacked the Confed- erates under Lee, and fought the battle of the "Wilderness, which was not decisive. Grant then fought his way to the James River, and laid siege to Petersburg and Richmond. 21. Give an account of Sheridan's cam- paign in the Shenandoah Valley. General Lee had sent a force to at- tack Washington, but it was repulsed, and retired to the Shenandoah Valley. Here the Union army, under Sheridan, in September, 1864, defeated the Con- federates at Winchester, and again at Cedar Creek in October. 22. Give an account of Sherman's march to the sea. General Sherman advanced and fought General Johnston in several great battles. He forced the Confed- erates to retreat, and captured At- lanta. The Confederate army then moved north into Tennessee, to force Sherman to abandon his march. But Sherman sent half his army in pur- suit under General Thomas, who won a great victory at Nashville. In the meantime, Sherman had marched through Georgia and captured Sa- vannah. 23. Tell about the naval victories of 1864. Admiral Farragut captured the forts at Mobile. The Alabama, a Confed- erate cruiser, was taken by the Kear- sarge. 24. Give an account of the campaign that ended the war. In February, 1865, General Sherman marched northward through South Carolina and North Carolina, defeated the small Confederate army in several actions, and entered Raleigh on April 15. Grant, in April, made an attack on the lines of Petersburg and Rich- mond. Lee evacuated these places, and retreated westward. The Union army pursued the Confederates, and Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. John- ston surrendered to Sherman, April 26. PART V HISTORY SINCE THE WAR >*Kc XXIX. RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION 574. The Constitution says that when a Presi- what is said about a President dying in Vice President shall take * ^ office? Who dent dies in office, the his place. At the time of Lincoln's death, Andrew Johnson was Vice Presi- dent, and a few hours af- terwards, April 15, 1865, Johnson took the oath of office. now became President? ANDREW JOHNSON 575. President Lincoln lived to see the war what great task had ended, but not the Union restored. The great now to be 7 ° done ? task before our government now was to arrange to bring back the Southern States to their place in the Union. This was called Reconstruction. SW. PRIM. HIST. — 13 193 194 PRIMARY HISTORY State what the Presi- dent re- quired of the South. Did the South do these things ? What diffi- culty arose ? What did Congress want ? What of Johnson and the South? 576. President Johnson immediately set about doing this work. He told the Southern States that they must, (1) blot out their decrees of seces- sion ; (2) declare void (or worthless) the Confed- erate debt ; and, (3) adopt an amendment to the Constitution (called the Thirteenth Amendment), doing away with slavery forever. 577. In the course of the year 1865, the South- ern States did all these things. Slavery was blotted out. And now the South was ready to send representatives to Congress, and become once more a part of the United States. 578. But here a difficulty arose. Johnson had acted without consulting Congress, which was not in session at the time; and when Congress did meet in December, 1865, there was great dissatis- faction expressed for what he had done. 579. Congress was not willing that the South should come back on the President's terms, but wanted a Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitu- tion, which should give the negroes certain privi- leges. Johnson was opposed to this, and the Southern States would not adopt the Fourteenth Amendment; so they were kept out, and Con- gress appointed military governors to rule them, RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 195 580. Between President and Congress there was Between whom was now a bitter struggle, which lasted two or three ^ r e ^ g a le? vears. The policy of Congress was at last carried which J r J ° policy suc- OUt, and the South did all that was required. ceeded? IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT 581. The quarrel between Congress and the what did x ° the quarrel President led to Johnson's impeachment in 1868. lead to? The impeachment of a President means accusing him of breaking the law, and trying him before the Senate. If he is found guilty, he is removed from office. 582. Congress said that Johnson had broken why did ° Congress the law by attempting to remove Stanton, the ^£JJJjJ ? Secretary of War, from office. After a long trial, 2J£j£ ? the President was acquitted. THE FRENCH IN MEXICO 583. The relations of the United States with ^hatques- France, with regard to Mexico, proved another l arose important question in Johnson's administration. ^French During our war, the French sent an army, which defeated the Mexican Republicans, in 1863, and the Archduke Maximilian was made Emperor of Mexico. 196 PRIMARY HISTORY Give an ac- count of what the United States did. 584. At the close of the war the United States demanded the recall of the French troops. The Mexicans then rose against Maximilian and his soldiers, and conquered them. What tri- umph of science is mentioned ? Tell about the cable. THE ATLANTIC CABLE 585. In 1866, science had a grand triumph in the completion of the Atlantic Cable. It was laid by the steamer Great Eastern, and stretches under the sea from Valencia Bay, Ireland, to Heart's Content, Newfoundland, a distance of 1800 miles. LANDING THE CABLE AT HEART'S CONTENT RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 197 THE PURCHASE OF ALASKA 586. By a treaty made in March, 1867, with Teii about J J the purchase the Russian government, the United States bought of Alaska, the territory of Alaska. It is valuable for its furs and fish ; the price paid for it was $7,200,000. GRANT S ADMINISTRATION 587. When the time came to choose a President Name the candidates to take the place of Johnson, the Republicans fonhe^resi- named as their cam v^m^mm^^^^^^^^^^^m who was didate, General U. S. Grant, who was elected, and on March 4, 1869, be- came President. 588. As General Grant agreed with the Republican party, the dispute between Congress and President was at an end. u_ysses s. grant 589. One of the most important events during Grant's administration was the adoption of the What dis- putes were now ended ' 198 PKIMA11Y HISTORY theFif Was Fifteentl1 Amendment to the Constitution (March, Kid- 1870 )- % illis law the negroes of the South ment? were made citizens and voters. Tell what took place during Grant's first year. What is a census ? What did that of 1870 show? Who was chosen President in 1872? Name some great men who died from 1870 to 1874. 590. During the first year of President Grant's administration the last of the seceded states was restored to the Union. The South began to re- cover rapidly from the wounds of the war. 591. In the year 1870 there was a counting of all the people in the United States. This count- ing — called the census — takes place every ten years. It showed that the population of our country in that year consisted of more than thirty-eight million inhabitants. 592. In the fall of 1872 the time came for another presidential election. The choice again fell upon General Grant, who entered on his sec- ond term as President, March 4, 1873. 593. During the time in which Grant was Presi- dent many eminent men died: — in 1870, General Robert E. Lee, the great Southern soldier in the War of Secession, and Admiral Farragut, who took a distinguished part on the Union side ; — in 1872, William H. Seward, the statesman, and Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph; — in 1873, Chief Justice Chase ; — and in 1874, Charles Sumner, a 11ECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 199 United States senator from Massachusetts, who for many years was a most eloquent opponent of slavery. 594. One of the most disastrous financial panics Tdldgut^ in the history of the country took place in the 1873. year 1873. It caused wide-spread failure and dis- tress among all classes. 595. The great event of the year 1876 was the ^hat™. celebration of the Centennial, or hundredth birth- ^ ? howit day of the United States. In honor of this event ™ s te c f- an "international exposition/' or World's Fair, was held at Philadelphia. It was open from May till November, 1876, and was visited by millions of people from all parts of our own country and from other lands. 596. A hundred years is not a very great while Repeat what in the life of a nation ; but a most marvelous ^™ th progress had taken place during the century from j£T pula ' 1776 to 1876. The thirteen stars in our flag had Inai increased to thirty-eight. The three millions of population had swelled to over forty millions. The area of settlement, widening out far beyond the narrow limits of the Atlantic seaboard, had stretched out until it covered the continent from ocean to ocean. 200 PRIMARY HISTORY Who was President Tell of the railroad strike in 1877. hayes's administration 597. The next President after General Grant after Grant? was Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. 598. A great railroad strike took place in the summer of 1877. The workmen on many of the roads in the Middle States refused to work because their employers had cut down their wages ; and they not only refused to work, but they would not let trains be run. Troops were called out to put down the rioters, but at Pittsburg (in Pennsylva- nia) more than a hundred persons were killed. 599. In the far Southern States a dreadful dis- ease, called yellow fever, comes nearly every sum- mer. In the summer of 1878 it broke out worse than ever. It spread from New Orleans north and through the cities on the Mississippi River, and thousands died of it. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES Tell about the yellow fever in the South. Tell of the tenth census. 600. The tenth census taken in 1880 showed a population of more than fifty millions. RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 201 GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION JAMES A. GARFIELD 601. The twentieth President of the United States was James A. Gar- field. He was born of poor parents, and as a lad was employed to drive mules on the tow-path of a canal. But he worked hard and became first a teacher, and then a brave general. 602. When General Garfield became President it was hoped that the country would be happier than it had been for many years. But just at this time the President was shot by a man who was probably in- sane, and on the 19th of September, 1881, he died. Chester A. Arthur, the Vice President under Garfield, Chester a. arthur thus became President. 603. No great political events took place during Mention Arthur's term, but there occurred several matters during Ar- thur's term. How did the President act? Tell of his death. Who now hecame President ? 202 PRIMARY HISTORY Who suc- ceeded Arthur ? What pofnt of interest was there in the elec- tion of Cleveland ? Tell of Gen. Grant's death. Name three notable deaths in 1886. of much interest to the people. Among these were : the lowering of letter postage from three cents to two cents and the completion of the splendid Brooklyn Bridge, which spans the East River and connects New York with Brooklyn. Cleveland's first administration 604. When the people came to elect a President in 1884 there were sev- eral candidates of differ- ent parties. The choice fell on G rover Cleveland, the candidate of the Dem- ocratic party. He was in- augurated March 4, 1885. 605. The Republican party had controlled the national government for twenty-four years, — ever since Buchanan's term. Hence much interest was felt when a Democratic President was chosen. 606. An event that caused grief throughout the whole country was the death of General Grant (July, 1885). The following year was made mem- orable by the death of several distinguished men, — of Vice President Hendricks, and of the two illustrious soldiers, McClellan and Hancock. GROVER CLEVELAND RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 203 HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION 607. Benjamin Harrison, a Republican, became whorac- President on March 4, 1889. Cleveland? 608. Near the close of the previous term, Mr. what about the tan ft ? Cleveland had told Congress that the tariff taxes were too high. The Republicans thought they were not high enough, and so, after Harrison be- came President, the tariff was increased. BENJAMIN HARRISON 609. In this term six ■ KBR » ^,;,t™.> • j i i ''ill II pi'' The new lK'W States cailic mtO t lie* Wgrn^^g^ Wf territory? T T . TT r t • -vi W Jf Wr Population 9 Union : Washington, Mon- tana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Idaho, and Wyo- ming. Also, part of Indian Territory was thrown open to settlers and formed into a new territory - Oklahoma. The eleventh census, taken in 1890, showed a population of sixty-three millions in the United States. Cleveland's second administration 610. In 1892 the Democrats again elected Cleve- ^j£ e £p re& . land, and he became President March 4, 1893. law? n 201 PRIMARY HISTORY What party now con- trolled the govern- ment? Tell about the Chicago Fair. Tell about Utah. 611. The Democrats also elected a majority of the members of the House of Representatives. The Senate had also passed into the control of the Democrats, so that now, for the first time since the civil war, the law-making power was wholly in the hands of that party. As a result, a law was passed, making the tariff taxes a little lower. 612. In 1893 a great World's Fair was held at the city of Chicago. It was called " the World's Columbian Exposition," in memory of the dis- covery of America by Christopher Columbus. 613. In this term Utah was admitted to the Union, making the number of states forty-live. Mckinley's administration Who was the next President ? What about the tariff? 614. The twenty-fifth President was William McKinley, a Republican, who took office March 4, 1897. 615. As the Republicans also controlled the Con- gress, the tariff taxes were now made higher a«;ain. WILLIAM McKINLEY 616. In the year 1898 our country waged a war RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 205 with Spain, in order to make the island of Cuba w^enand free from her harsh rule. The righting was all the war with Spain done in Cuba and the other Spanish colonies. fought? 617. In the Philippine Islands our war ships what hap- L l pened in under Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish ^PMiip- ships near the city of Manila. About three months later, Manila itself was captured by these ships and a United States army. 618. In the West Indies our army under General gjgjj*** Shafter did some hard fighting before taking the city of Santiago, in Cuba ; but the island of Puerto Rico was easily seized. A powerful Spanish fleet was destroyed by our ships as it tried to escape from Santiago. 619. The main results of the war were to Teiithere- suits of the make Cuba free, and to add Puerto Rico and the war. Philippines to our possessions. During the war the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific were peaceably annexed by our country. REFERENCE LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS >j**:c First President, — George Washington, of Virginia. Two terms, 1789 to 1797. Second President, — John Adams, of Massachusetts. One term, 1797 to 1801. Third President, — Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. Two terms, 1801 to 1809. Fourth President, — James Madison, of Virginia. Two terms, 1809 to 1817. Fifth President, — James Monroe, of Virginia. Two terms, 1817 to 1825. Sixth President, — John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. One term, 1825 to 1829. Seventh President, — Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. Two terms, 1829 to 1837. Eighth President, — Martin Van Buren, of New York. One term, 1837 to 1841. Ninth President, — William H. Harrison, of Ohio. Was inaugurated March 4, 1841, and died within a month. Tenth President, — John Tyler, of Virginia. Had been Vice Presi- dent under Harrison, on whose death he became President ; served till 1845. Eleventh President, — James K. Polk, of Tennessee. One term, 1845 to 1849. Twelfth President, — Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana. Was inaugu- rated March 4, 1849, and died in office, 1850. 206 REFERENCE LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS 207 Thirteenth President, — Millard Fillmore, of New York ; Vice President under Taylor, and served till the end of the term, 1853. Fourteenth President, — Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. One term, 1853 to 1857. Fifteenth President, — James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. One term, 1857 to 1861. Sixteenth President, — Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois. Served from 1861 to 1865. Keelected, but assassinated in April, 1865. Seventeenth President, — Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee ; Vice Presi- dent under Lincoln, and served till 1869. Eighteenth President, — Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Two terms, 1869 to 1877. Nineteenth President, — Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. One term, 1877 to 1881. Twentieth President, — James A. Garfield, of Ohio. Inaugurated March 5, 1881, and died by assassination September 19, 1881. Twenty-first President, — Chester A. Arthur, of New York; Vice President under Garfield, on whose death he became President, 1881 to 1885. Twenty-second President, — Grover Cleveland, of New York. First term, 1885 to 1889. Twenty-third President, — Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana. One term, 1889 to 1893. Twenty-fourth President, — Grover Cleveland. Second term, 1893 to 1897. Twenty-fifth President, — William McKinley, of Ohio. 1897 to REFERENCE TABLE Showing Areas, Settlement, and Admission of the States States 03 When, Where, and by Whom Settled