M Hill 
 
 
OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
rt 
 
 ^ix >. 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN LOYALISTS, 
 
 OR 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OP ADHERENTS TO THE BRITISH 
 CROWN IN 
 
 THE WAR, OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
THE 
 
 AMERICAN LOYALISTS, 
 
 OR 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 OF ADHERENTS TO THE BRITISH CROWN IN 
 
 THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION; 
 
 ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED; 
 
 WITH A 
 
 PRELIMINARY HISTORICAL ESSAY. 
 
 BY LORENZO SABINE. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN. 
 
 MDCCCXLVII. 
 
Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1847, by 
 
 CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN, 
 in the Clerk s office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts, 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY THURSTON, TORRY AND CO. 
 31 Devonshire Street. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 OF the reasons which influenced, of the hopes and fears which 
 agitated, and of the miseries and rewards which awaited the Loyal 
 ists or, as they were called in the politics of the time, the Tories 
 of the American Revolution, but little is known. The most intelli 
 gent, the best informed among us, confess the deficiency of their 
 knowledge. The reason is obvious. Men who, like the Loyalists, 
 separate themselves from their friends and kindred, who are driven 
 from their homes, who surrender the hopes and expectations of life, 
 and who become outlaws, wanderers, and exiles, such men, leave 
 few memorials behind them. Their papers are scattered and lost, 
 and their very names pass from human recollection. 
 
 Hence, the most thorough and pains-taking inquirers into their 
 history, have hardly been rewarded for the time and attention which 
 they have bestowed. Were there books materially to aid such labor 
 ers, greater success would have attended their researches. But the 
 third volume of Hutchinson s History of Massachusetts, the Life of 
 Peter Van Shaack, the Journal and Letters of Samuel Curwen, and 
 Simcoe s Journal of The Operations of the Loyalist Corps called the 
 Queen s Rangers, comprise, I believe, all the published works, which 
 afford any considerable information of those of our countrymen who 
 adhered to the mother country in the momentous struggle which re 
 sulted in making us a free people. 
 
 My own pretensions are extremely limited. Yet, as my home, 
 from early manhood, has been on the eastern frontier of the Union, 
 
 13843336 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 where the graves and the children of the Loyalists are around me in 
 every direction ; as I have enjoyed free and continual intercourse 
 with persons of Loyalist descent ; as I have had the use of family 
 papers, and of rare documents ; as I have devoted years to the sub 
 ject, and have made journeys to confer with the living, and pilgrim 
 ages to graveyards, in order to complete the records of the dead ; 
 I may venture to say, that the BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES, which are 
 contained in this volume, will add something to the stock of know 
 ledge obtained by previous gleaners in this interesting branch of our 
 revolutionary annals. 
 
 Still, I have to remark, that I have repeatedly been ready to 
 abandon the pursuit in despair. For, to weave into correct and con 
 tinuous narratives,* the occasional allusions of books and State-papers; 
 to join together fragmentary events and incidents ; to distinguish per 
 sons of the same surname or family name, when only that name is 
 mentioned ; and to reconcile the disagreements of various epistolary 
 and verbal communications ; has seemed, at times, utterly impossible. 
 There are some who can fully appreciate these, and other difficulties, 
 which beset the task, and who will readily understand why many of 
 the NOTICES are meagre, and why, too, it is possible for others to be 
 in one or more particulars inaccurate. Indeed, I may appeal to the 
 closest students of our history, as my best witnesses, to prove that 
 entire, correctness, and fullness of detail, in tracing the course, and 
 in ascertaining the fate, of the adherents of the Crown, are not now 
 within the power of the most careful and industrious. 
 
 Of several of the Loyalists who were high in office, of others who 
 were men of talents and acquirements, and of still others who were 
 of less consideration, I have been able, after long and extensive re 
 searches, to learn scarcely more than their names, or the single fact, 
 that for their political opinions or offences they were proscribed and 
 banished. But I have deemed it best to exclude no one, whether of 
 exalted or humble station, of whose attachment to the cause of the 
 mother country I have found satisfactory, or even reasonable evi 
 dence. In following out this plan, repetition of the same facts, as 
 applicable to different persons, has been unavoidable. That I have 
 sometimes erred, by including among the Tories a few who finally 
 became Whigs, is very probable. To change from one side to the 
 other, both during the controversy which preceded the shedding of 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 blood, and at various periods of the war, was not uncommon; and I 
 have been struck, in the course of my investigations, with the absence 
 of fixed principles, not only among people in the common walks of 
 life, but in many of the prominent personages of the day. 
 
 For the present, my efforts to supply the deficiencies, and remove 
 the imperfections of this work, as now submitted to the public, will 
 be incessant. I desire to learn, and to communicate to my country 
 men, all that can be ascertained of the losers in the revolutionary 
 strife. But whether journeys to remote places, and visits to distant 
 public archives, are to be undertaken, in search of additional ma 
 terials, to correct, improve, and enlarge these NOTICES, will depend 
 almost entirely upon the degree of favor which is extended to them 
 in their present form. 
 
 These brief explanations will suffice. The reader will find in the 
 Preliminary Remarks, or Historical Essay, that follows, a general 
 view of the state of parties, and of the thirteen Colonies, at the com 
 mencement of the struggle ; which, it is hoped, contains thoughts 
 not only new, but truthful and just to all persons to whom they relate. 
 It may be proper to state, that some parts of it are borrowed from 
 my own contributions to the North American Review. 
 
 In conclusion, I would acknowledge the benefit derived from refer 
 ence to the four publications mentioned in this Preface. To Curwen, 
 and the biographical and historical matter added to his Letters and 
 Journal by his diligent and accomplished editor, I am particularly 
 indebted. Nor should I neglect to render my thanks to the literary 
 friends who have cheered me with their sympathy and advice amid 
 the discouragements of my task ; and to the descendants of Loyal 
 ists, who have afforded essential aid by lending me family and other 
 papers. 
 
 EASTPORT, MAINE, MAY, 1847. 
 
tix 
 l,J (/ j 
 
 yeut 
 
 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, 
 
 OR 
 
 HISTORICAL ESSAY. 
 
 SOME account of the Thirteen Colonies, and of the state of 
 Political Parties at the commencement of the Revolution, may 
 form a very proper Introduction to the Biographical Notices of 
 some of those, who, born and educated Colonists, preferred to 
 live and die in allegiance to the British Crown. 
 
 The thoughts and deductions, which I shall present, are 
 essentially my own, and I shall address the reader directly 
 and without reserve. Many things which are necessary to a 
 right understanding of the revolutionary controversy, have 
 been, as I conceive, wholly omitted, or only partially and 
 obscurely stated. It has been common, for example, to insist 
 that questions of "Taxation," that points of " Abstract Lib 
 erty," produced the momentous struggle, which resulted in 
 dismembering the British empire. To me, the documentary 
 history, the state-papers of the period, teach nothing more 
 clearly than this, namely, that almost every matter brought 
 into discussion was practical, and in some form or other re 
 lated to LABOR, to some branch of COMMON INDUSTRY. Our 
 fathers did indeed, in their appeals to the people, embody their 
 opposition to the Colonial System, or form of government, in 
 one expressive term " Taxation" " Taxation without 
 1 
 
2 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Representation." But whoever has examined the acts of 
 Parliament which were resisted, has found that nearly all of 
 them inhibited Labor. There were no less than twenty-nine 
 laws, which restricted and bound down Colonial industry. 
 Neither of these laws touched so much as the "south-west 
 side of a hair" of an " abstraction," and hardly one of them, 
 until the passage of the " Stamp Act," imposed a direct "Tax." 
 They were aimed at the North, and England lost the affection 
 of the mercantile and maritime classes of the northern Colo 
 nies, full a generation before she alienated the South. They 
 forbade the use of water-falls, the erecting of machinery, of 
 looms and spindles, and the working of wood and iron ; they 
 set the king s arrow upon trees that rotted in the forest; they 
 shut out markets for boards and fish, and seized sugar and 
 molasses, and the vessels in which these articles were carried ; 
 and they defined the limitless ocean as but a narrow pathway 
 to such of the lands that it embosoms as wore the British flag. 
 To me, then, the great object of the Revolution was to release 
 LABOR from these restrictions. .Free-laborers inexcusable in 
 this began with sacking houses, overturning public offices, 
 and emptying tar-barrels and pillow-cases upon the heads of 
 those who were employed to enforce these oppressive acts of 
 Parliament ; and when the skill and high intellect which were 
 enlisted in their cause, and which vainly strove to moderate 
 their excess, failed to obtain a peaceable redress of the wrongs 
 of which they complained, and were driven either to abandon 
 the end in view, or to combine and wield their strength, men 
 of all avocations rallied upon the field, and embarked upon 
 the sea, to retire from neither until the very framework of the 
 Colonial system was torn away, and every branch of indus 
 try could be pursued without fines, penalties, and imprison 
 ment. 
 
 Such are the opinions, at least, which I have formed on the 
 questions upon which, among the mass of the people, the con 
 test hinged ; which finally united persons of every employ 
 ment in life in an endeavor to get rid of prohibitions, that 
 remonstrance could not repeal, or even humanize. For a 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 3 
 
 higher or holier purpose than this, men have never expended 
 their money, or poured out their life-blood in battle ! 
 
 Leaving here this course of general remark, I propose to 
 take a view of the revolutionary controversy, and of the state 
 of parties, in each Colony separately and in course. And first 
 in Massachusetts Colony of Maine. Of the immense domains, 
 embracing almost the half of our continent, which, in 1620, 
 King James conferred upon those gentlemen of his court who, 
 in popular language, are known as the " Council of Plymouth," 
 Maine formed a part. Among the most distinguished mem 
 bers of this Council was Sir Ferdinando Gorges ; to whom, 
 and to John Mason, the Council, two years after the date of 
 their own patent, conveyed all the lands and "fishings" be 
 tween the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahock. Subsequently, 
 and rapidly, other grants covered the same soil, and angry 
 and endless contentions followed. But Gorges, bent on leav 
 ing his name in our annals, obtained of Charles the First a 
 grant for himself, individually, of the territory between the 
 Piscataqua and Sagahadock, and thence from the sea one 
 hundred and twenty miles northward. These were the ancient 
 limits of the " Province of Maine." Having now a sort of 
 double title, Gorges might reasonably hope that his rights were 
 perfect, and that he might pursue his plans without interrup 
 tion. But Massachusetts, on the one hand, insisted that her 
 boundaries were narrowed by the grants to Mason and him 
 self ; while the Council, on the other, with inexcusable care 
 lessness or dishonesty, continued to alienate the very soil 
 which he held, both from themselves and their common 
 master. Thus he was harassed his life long, and went to his 
 grave old and worn out with perplexities and the political 
 sufferings and losses of a most troubled period. He was a 
 soldier, and a tried friend of the Stuarts in their times of need, 
 of which their reigns were full, and was plundered and 
 imprisoned in their wars. 
 
 Thus, then, Maine was not founded by a Puritan. But 
 after the death of Gorges, his son deemed his possessions in 
 America of little or no worth, and took no pains to retain 
 
4 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 them, or to carry out his designs ; and his grandson, to whom 
 his rights descended, gave to Massachusetts a full assignment 
 and release for the insignificant consideration of twelve hun 
 dred and fifty pounds sterling a sum less than one sixteenth 
 of the amount which had been actually expended. By this 
 purchase, however, Massachusetts acquired only a part of 
 Maine as now constituted. France made pretensions to all 
 that part lying east of the Penobscot, and the Duke of York 
 to the part between the Penobscot and the Kennebec : nor was 
 it until the reign of William and Mary, that disputes about 
 boundaries were merged, and the St. Croix and Piscataqua 
 became the acknowledged charter frontiers. 
 
 Soon after the bargain was made with Gorges s heir, Massa 
 chusetts lost her own charter ; and it was not among the 
 least of the causes of Charles s anger against her, that she had 
 thwarted his design of procuring Maine for his natural son, 
 the Duke of Monmouth. The newly acquired Province was 
 thought valuable only for its forests of pine, and for the fish 
 eries of its coasts. But Massachusetts had objects beyond 
 cutting down trees and casting fishing lines. Her "presump 
 tion " in crossing the path of royalty has often been con 
 demned. But the citizens of Maine cannot too often commend 
 the indomitable spirit which she evinced in her struggle to 
 root out Gorges and the Cavaliers or Monarchists of his plant 
 ing, and to put in their place the humbler but purer Round 
 heads or Puritans of her own kindred. Had she faltered, 
 when dukes and lords signed parchments that conveyed away 
 soil which she claimed ; had she not sought to push her sove 
 reignty over men and territories not originally her own ; had 
 she not broken down French seigniories and English feoff- 
 doms, Maine, east of Gorges eastern boundary, might have 
 continued a part of the British empire to this hour. This 
 opinion is given considerately, and not to round out a period. 
 And whoever will consult the diplomacy of 1783, will learn ^ 
 that, even as it ioas^ the British Commissioners contended that 
 the Kennebec should divide the thirteen states from the colo 
 nies which had remained true to the crown. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 5 
 
 Yet fishing and lumbering continued to be the two great 
 branches of industry in Maine, until the Revolution. The new 
 charter, procured of William and Mary, confirmed Massachu 
 setts in her acquisitions east of the Piscataqua ; but it contained 
 several restrictions which bore hard upon both of these interests. 
 The most prominent I shall briefly notice, because they had a 
 direct influence in the formation of political parties. And 
 first, that instrument provided, that all pine trees, of the diam 
 eter of twenty-four inches at more than a foot from the ground, 
 on lands not granted to private persons, should be reserved for 
 masts for the royal navy ; and that, for cutting down any 
 such tree without special leave, the offender should forfeit one 
 hundred pounds sterling. This stipulation was the source of 
 ceaseless disquiet, and it introduced, to guard the forests from 
 depredation, an officer called the " Surveyor General of the 
 King s Woods." Between this functionary, who enjoyed a 
 high salary, considerable perquisites, and great power, and the 
 lumberers, there was no love. The officials of the day, who 
 were now of royal appointment, and not, as under the first 
 charter, elected by the people, generally ranged themselves on 
 the side of the surveyors, their deputies and menials ; while 
 the House of Representatives, as commonly, opposed their 
 doings, and countenanced the popular clamors against them. 
 Nor were the controversies, caused by the efforts of the sur 
 veyors to preserve spars for the royal navy, confined to the 
 halls of legislation in Massachusetts. For, besides these, and 
 the frequent quarrels in the woods and at the saw-mills, the 
 disputes between the parties were carried to the Board of Trade 
 in England. There seemed, indeed, in the judgment of several 
 of the colonial governors, no way for them to please their royal 
 master more, than by discoursing about the care which should 
 be exercised over the " mast- trees," and about the severity 
 with which the statute-book should provide against " tres 
 passers." In a word, prerogative and the popular sentiment 
 never agreed. Discussions about the forests of Maine, again 
 and again ended in wrangles. Friendships were broken up, 
 and enmities created for life. This is emphatically true of 
 1* 
 
6 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Shute s administration , when Cooke, the Counsellor of Saga- 
 dahock, and the champion of the " fierce democracy" as 
 his father had been before him involved the whole govern 
 ment of Massachusetts in disputes, which, in the end, drove 
 the Governor home to England. And so, subsequently, a 
 forged letter, probably written by " trespassers " or their friends 
 to Sir Charles Wager, first lord of the Admiralty, charging 
 Governor Belcher with conniving with depredators, though 
 seemingly aiding the king s surveyor, that " Irish dog of a 
 Dunbar," did its intended work. Shirley, Belcher s suc 
 cessor, when he pressed upon the House the necessity of 
 farther enactments to protect the masts and spars for the royal 
 navy, and to punish those who obstructed or annoyed the 
 royal agents, was tartly told in substance, by that body : " Our 
 laws are sufficient ; we have done our duty in passing them ; 
 let the crown officers do their duty in enforcing them." Hutch- 
 inson, for a like call upon the House, was in like manner 
 reminded, in terms hardly more civil, that there were already 
 charter and statute penalties for " trespassers," a surveyor 
 general and deputies, and courts of law; and that, provided 
 with these, he must look to the pines "twenty-four inches in 
 diameter, upwards of twelve inches from the ground," for 
 himself. The means for dealing with offenders, it must be 
 confessed, were ample ; the crown could try them in the Court 
 of Admiralty, where there was no jury : upon conviction for 
 a common trespass, a fine of 100 could be imposed ; and for 
 the additional misdeed of plundering the interdicted trees 
 under a painted or disguised face, twenty lashes could be laid 
 on the culprit s back ; while, more than all, convictions could 
 be had on probable guilt, unless the accused would, on oath, 
 declare his innocence. 
 
 But there was no such thing as executing these laws, when 
 it was the popular impression, that the woods were " the gifts 
 as well as the growth of nature ; " and that the king s right to 
 them was merely " nominal," at the most. The provision of 
 the charter was both unwise and unjust. To reserve to the 
 crown a thousand times as many trees as it could ever require, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. / 
 
 and to allow all to decay that were not actually used, was 
 absurd. Men of the most limited capacity saw and felt this ; 
 and to wean them from a power which insisted, in spite of all 
 remonstrance, in enforcing the absurdity, was an easy task. 
 And we can readily imagine, what indeed is true, that the 
 woodmen of Maine, when rid, by the Revolution, of the pres 
 ence of surveyor generals and their deputies, exulted as heart 
 ily as did the peasants of France, when the outbreak there 
 abolished forest laws somewhat dissimilar, but equally obnox 
 ious. 
 
 Again. The action of Parliament with regard to taxing 
 lumber, admitting it free, or even encouraging its exportation, 
 by bounties, was eagerly watched. The mother country pur 
 sued all of these courses at different times, and gave dissatis 
 faction, or created discontent, among the getters and dealers in 
 the article, as changes occurred in her policy ; just as she does 
 now, with those Colonial possessions which yet remain to her. 
 The " mast-ships" at the North, like the "tobacco-ships" at 
 the South, were the common, and oftentimes the only, means 
 for crossing the ocean ; and royal governors and other high 
 personages were occasionally compelled to embark in them. 
 In these clumsy, ill-shapen vessels, also went ladies and lovers 
 to visit friends in that distant land, which some Americans yet 
 call "home." Merchandise, fashions, and the last novel had 
 a slow voyage back; but men and maidens were models of 
 patience, and the arrival of the eleven weeks "mast-er" gave 
 as much joy when all was safe, as does the eleven days steamer 
 now. In port, while loading, the " mast-ships " were objects 
 of interest, and their decks and cabins the scenes of hilarity 
 and mirth. We read of illuminations, and firings of cannon, 
 of frolics and feasts. 
 
 The mast-trade was confined to England ; and the transpor 
 tation of spars thither, and of the sawed and shaved woods 
 required by the planter, to islands in the West Indies possessed 
 by the British crown, were about the only lawful modes of ex 
 porting lumber for a long period. By the statute book, the 
 " king s mark " was as much to be dreaded by the mariner and 
 
8 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 the owner of the vessel, as by the " logger" and the "mill- 
 man." But the revenue officers caused less fear than the sur 
 veyors of the woods, until fleets and armies were employed to 
 aid them; when the interdicted trade with the French and 
 Spanish islands, which had been carried on by a sort of pre 
 scriptive right, was nearly, if not entirely, broken up. No 
 enactments of the mother country operated to keep down 
 Northern industry so effectually, poorly as they were obeyed, 
 as the navigation and trade laws ; and on none did they bear 
 more severely than on that portion of the people, whose position 
 or necessities left them no choice of employments. There 
 were some, nor were they few, who were obliged to plunder 
 the forests, and to work up trees into marketable shapes, or 
 starve. Included with these inhabitants of Maine, were those 
 who lived upon the coasts the mariners, and the fishermen. 
 The interests of all these classes were identical ; and to them 
 the maritime policy of the government of England was cruel 
 in the extreme ; since it robbed unremitting toil of half of its 
 reward. Lumber and fish were inseparable companions in 
 every adventure to the islands in the Caribbean sea. Enter 
 prises to get either were hazardous, at the best ; and, as prac 
 tical men can readily perceive, all who engaged in obtaining 
 them, were obliged then, as they are now, to seek different 
 markets ; so that to shut some marts, when access to all, would 
 barely remunerate the adventurers, was, in effect, to close the 
 whole. These employments were, as they still are, among the 
 most difficult and severe in the whole round of human pur 
 suits ; and attempts to alleviate the burdens of parliamentary 
 legislation upon both were made in Massachusetts, long before 
 a whisper of discontent was elsewhere uttered in America. 
 The discussions in that Colony, in behalf of her citizens at 
 home and of those in Maine, who were engaged in getting and 
 transporting the products of the forest and of the sea, though 
 commenced without reference to separation from the mother 
 country, took fast hold of the public mind. When, then, Otis 
 at length spoke out, thousands who never heard or read his 
 reasonings, and might not have felt their force, if they had, were 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 9 
 
 ready, at the first call, to clear the woods, and docks, and ware 
 houses, and decks of vessels of the " swarms of officers " who 
 " harassed" them, and " eat out their substance." 
 
 The troubles which I have now enumerated, the disputes 
 which grew out of the question, whether, as the territories pur 
 chased of Gorges had never reverted to the crown, the sur 
 veyor general s duty did, in fact, require him to mark and 
 protect the mast-trees within its limits, and especially the 
 charter inhibition of grants east of the Kennebec without the 
 king s consent, kept out settlers, held titles in suspense, and 
 were sufficient not only to alienate the affections of the people 
 from the British crown, but to confine them to a narrow belt 
 of country. 
 
 Thus, as far down as 1719, no man of the Saxon race had 
 a habitation from Georgetown to Annapolis. Fifteen years 
 later, there were no more than nine thousand persons of Euro 
 pean origin between the Piscataqua and the St. Croix, and 
 thence northerly to the dividing and disputed " highlands," 
 where royalty last contended for the soil of Maine. In truth, 
 not a grant was made beyond the Penobscot before the year 
 1762 ; and Machias, though the oldest town on the French 
 claim, was not alienated prior to 1770, and had no corporate 
 existence until after the close of the Revolution. 
 
 The general state of the Colony, as the controversy came to 
 a crisis, may be summed up thus. The whole number of in 
 habitants was about equal to the present population of the 
 cities of Portland and Bangor. The Supreme Court held one 
 term at Falmouth now Portland and one at York, annu 
 ally. There were ten representatives to the General Court, 
 none of whom lived east of Brunswick or the Androscoggin 
 river. The number of clergymen was thirty-four. The six 
 counsellors or barristers at law, were William Gushing, James 
 Sullivan, David Sewall, Theophilus Bradbury, Caleb Emery, 
 and David Wyer ; all of whom were Whigs, except the last. 
 Of incorporated towns, there were twenty-five. The only cus 
 tom-house was at Falmouth. The patronage of the crown 
 was confined to the officers of the revenue, to a corps of civil 
 
10 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 functionaries by no means numerous, to a surveyor of the 
 king s forests and his deputies. 
 
 As may be supposed, the body of the people were Whigs. 
 Still, Maine had a considerable number of Loyalists or Tories. 
 To afford them a place of refuge and protection, was the prin 
 cipal object, as I have been led to conclude, of establishing a 
 military post at the mouth of the Penobscot. The descendants 
 of Loyalists who found shelter in the garrison at Castine, rep 
 resent that it was thronged with adherents of the crown and 
 their families ; and after the disgraceful discomfiture of Salton- 
 stall and Lovell, they were left in undisturbed quiet during the 
 remainder of the war. The names of all the Tories of Maine, 
 who were proscribed and banished under the act of Massachu 
 setts, as well as many others, will be found in their proper 
 connexions. 
 
 It has been a matter of some dispute, as to when, where, and 
 by whom, the great drama of the Revolution was opened upon 
 the sea, and it may not be amiss to state, that the honor belongs, 
 beyond all reasonable doubt, to the "loggers" and "sawyers" 
 of the ancient " Mechisses," now Machias, Maine. Soon after 
 the affair at Lexington, these prompt and hardy Whigs captured 
 in their own waters the king s armed schooner, the " Margra- 
 netto," mounting four guns and fourteen swivels. They were 
 themselves armed with such weapons as were within reach, 
 among which were tools of their calling. The action was 
 bloody ; and about twenty of their own and the vanquished 
 party were killed and wounded. They received the thanks 
 of the Provincial Congress, and commissions to cruise and cap 
 ture under their authority. 
 
 The patriotic spirit evinced by the same classes, may be fur 
 ther illustrated by the fact, that the inhabitants of some towns, 
 though destitute of money, voted quantities of shingles and 
 clap-boards in town-meeting, for the purchase of stocks of am 
 munition. And in conclusion, it may be remarked, that, as 
 Falmouth was the seat of the "mast- trade," so its destruction 
 in the autumn of 1775, grew out of matters directly connected 
 with its chief business. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 11 
 
 In passing from Maine to New Hampshire, we shall find the 
 general state of things very similar. The occupations of the 
 people of the two Colonies were much alike. New Hampshire, 
 though not an appendage of Massachusetts in 1775, had been 
 twice annexed to the mother of New England, and had thus 
 acquired much of her spirit. Collisions between the revenue 
 officers and the mariners and ship-owners of Portsmouth, and 
 between the guardians of the "king s woods" and the lumber 
 ers of the interior, had been frequent. Indeed the "loggers" 
 and "sawyers" had whipped the deputies of the surveyor 
 general so often and so severely, that the term, "swamp-law" 
 was quite as significant a phrase, as that of "lynch-law" of 
 our own time. Yet, as will appear, the Whigs had many and 
 powerful opponents in the Colony planted by Mason, the asso 
 ciate patentee of Gorges. 
 
 With regard to Massachusetts, it seems to have been taken 
 as granted, that because here the Revolution had its origin ; 
 that because the old Bay State furnished a large part of the 
 men and the means to carry it forward to a successful issue ; 
 and because, in a word, she fairly exhausted herself in the 
 struggle ; the people embraced the popular side, almost in a 
 mass. A more mistaken opinion than this has seldom pre 
 vailed. 
 
 The second charter, or that granted by William and Mary, 
 had several obnoxious provisions besides those which had pe 
 culiar reference to Maine, and its acceptance was violently 
 opposed. And Phips, the Earl of Bellamont, Shute, Burnet, 
 Belcher, Shirley, and Pownall, the several governors who were 
 appointed by the crown under one of these provisions, encount 
 ered embarrassments and difficulties, and some of them were 
 actually driven from the executive chair by the force of party 
 heats. In fact, the "old-charter," or "liberty-men," arrayed 
 on the one side, and the "new-charter," or "prerogative-men," 
 on the other, kept up a continual warfare. When, then, in 
 the quarrel, which was commenced with Bernard, which was 
 continued with Hutchinson and Gage, his successors, and 
 which finally spread over the continent and severed the British 
 
12 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 empire, the terms of "Whig" and "Tory" were employed, 
 they were not used to distinguish new parties, but were simply 
 epithets borrowed from the politics of the jnother country, and 
 did but take the place of the party names which had previously 
 existed, and under which, political leaders had long moved and 
 trained their followers. As the Revolutionary controversy 
 darkened, individuals of note did indeed change sides; but 
 though some of our writers have hardly mentioned that such 
 a state of things preceded the momentous conflict, the general 
 truth was as I have stated. 
 
 A few particulars will show the numbers and influence of 
 the royal party in Massachusetts. The "Protesters " against 
 the Whigs in Boston, were upwards of one hundred, and 
 among them were some of the most respectable persons in the 
 capital. On the departure of Governor Hutchinson for Eng 
 land, he was addressed by more than two hundred merchants, 
 lawyers, and other citizens of Boston, Salem, and Marblehead. 
 On the arrival of Gen. Gage, his successor, forty-eight persons 
 of Salem presented their dutiful respects; and when he retired 
 from the executive chair, he received the "Loyal Address from 
 gentlemen and principal inhabitants of Boston," as they 
 styled themselves, to the number of ninety-seven, and of 
 eighteen official personages and country gentlemen, who pos 
 sessed landed estates, and who had been driven from homes by 
 the violent proceedings against them. At Marshfield, the 
 "Associated Loyalists" consisted of about three hundred per 
 sons, who belonged to that town and the neighborhood,. At 
 Freetown and in the vicinity, many adherents of the crown 
 assembled and acted in a body against the Whigs, under the 
 direction of Col. Thomas Gilbert, a noted Loyalist of the county 
 of Bristol. Gage s "citizen s patrol," who wore badges dis 
 tinctive of loyalty, consisted of nearly three hundred. Briga 
 dier Gen. Ruggles, and the prominent men of Worcester, 
 Sandwich, and several other places, organized, in some form 
 or other, bodies of men more or less numerous, to oppose and 
 counteract the proceedings of the Whigs, of their respective 
 sections of the Colony. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 13 
 
 Our recollections of Charlestown are of an opposite and of a 
 most interesting nature. Thomas Danforth, a barrister at law, 
 was the only inhabitant of that town, who claimed or received 
 the royal protection. The course of the people of Nantucket, 
 on the other hand, is hardly to be passed without censure, 
 they took no part whatever for years, in the "unhappy war "- 
 as they termed the revolutionary struggle but finally, and 
 towards its close, were allowed by Admiral Digby to pursue 
 their peculiar branch of industry unharmed by the king s 
 fleet. This arrangement was effected after a statement of 
 their condition and distresses, and the neutral position which 
 they had assumed and maintained. They may justly claim 
 in excuse, that their religious faith allowed of no participation 
 in deeds of hostility, and that, as professed non-combatants, 
 they could shed no blood. But this plea will not account 
 for, or in any way explain, the secrecy which they observed, 
 as to the permission which they obtained of the royal ad 
 miral to catch whales and dispose of oil and bone in British 
 ports. 
 
 As some further details of the state of parties in Massachu 
 setts will be given in another connexion, a brief notice of the 
 Loyalists who abandoned their homes and the country will 
 serve my present purpose. Of this description, upwards of 
 eleven hundred retired in a body with the royal army at the 
 evacuation of Boston. This number includes, of course, 
 women and children. Among the men, however, were many 
 persons of distinguished rank and consideration. Of members 
 of the council, commissioners, officers of the customs and other 
 officials, there were one hundred and two ; of clergymen, eigh 
 teen; of inhabitants of country towns, one hundred and five; 
 of merchants and other persons who resided in Boston, two 
 hundred and thirteen ; of farmers, mechanics and traders, three 
 hundred and eighty-two. 
 
 Washington spoke of these "Refugees" in terms of extreme 
 
 severity. In a letter to his brother John Augustine, dated at 
 
 Boston, March 31, 1776, and immediately after the evacuation, 
 
 he said: "All those who took upon themselves the style and 
 
 2 
 
14 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 title of government-men in Boston, in short, all those who 
 have acted an unfriendly part in this great contest, have shipped 
 themselves off * * * * but under still greater disadvantages 
 than the King s troops, being obliged to man their own vessels, 
 as seamen enough could not be had for the King s transports, 
 and submit to every hardship that can be conceived. One or 
 two have done, what a great number ought to have done long 
 ago, committed suicide. By all accounts, there never existed 
 a more miserable set of beings, than these wretched creatures 
 now are. Taught to believe that the power of Great Britain 
 was superior to all opposition, and, if not, that foreign aid was 
 at hand, they were even higher and more insulting in their 
 opposition than the regulars. When the order issued, therefore, 
 for embarking the troops in Boston, no electric shock, no sud 
 den explosion of thunder, in a word, not the last trump could 
 have struck them with greater consternation. They were at 
 their wits end, and, conscious of their black ingratitude, they 
 chose to commit themselves, in the manner I have above de 
 scribed, to the mercy of the waves at a tempestuous season, 
 rather than meet their offended countrymen." 
 
 Other emigrations preceded and succeeded this; but they 
 consisted principally of individuals, or small parties of intimate 
 friends, or families and their immediate connexions. But the 
 whole number who embarked at different ports of Massachu- 
 etts, pending the controversy, and during the war, were, as I 
 am inclined to believe, two thousand, at the lowest computation. 
 The names and the fate of a considerable proportion of them 
 will be found in these pages. Most of them took passage for 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, where they endured great privations. 
 Many, however, subsequently, went to England, and there 
 passed the remainder of their lives. Of those who accompanied 
 Sir William Howe, in 1776, he thus wrote to Lord George Ger 
 main, in April of that year. "Many of the principal inhabi 
 tants of Boston under the protection of the army, having no 
 means of subsistence here [Halifax], apply to me to find them 
 a passage to Europe, which they cannot otherwise get than at 
 a most exorbitant rate. They have my assurance, that the 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 15 
 
 first transport that can be spared shall be given up for this 
 purpose. I am sorry to inform your Lordship, that there is an 
 absolute necessity of issuing provisions to the whole of them 
 # * * * from the King s stores, without any prospect of stop 
 ping it. It must be confessed, that many, having quitted the 
 whole of their property and estates, some of them very consid 
 erable in value, are real objects of his Majesty s most gracious 
 attention." * 
 
 It may be remarked, in conclusion, that Washington regarded 
 the property abandoned by the Loyalists in their flight, as 
 justly exposed to confiscation. He addressed the General 
 Court of Massachusetts on the subject, and transmitted a copy 
 of his letter to Congress, in order to ascertain the views of that 
 body as to its disposal, and "as to the appropriation of the 
 money arising from the sale of the same." 
 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut may be considered together. 
 There is but little to detain us in either. Both were governed 
 by charters like Massachusetts, and both were "pure democ 
 racies," since, says Chalmers, "the freemen exercised without 
 restraint every power deliberate and executive. Like Ragusa 
 and San Marino, in the old world, they offered an example to 
 the new, of two little republics embosomed within a great em 
 pire." In 1704, Mompesson, the Chief Justice of New York, 
 wrote to Lord Nottingham, that when he "was at Rhode Island, 
 they did in all things as if they were out of the dominions of 
 the crown." Of Connecticut, at the same period, Chalmers 
 remarks, that, " being inhabited by a people of the same prin 
 ciples though of a different religion, they acted the same poli 
 tical part as those of Rhode Island;" and he quotes from a 
 despatch of Lord Cornbury to the Board of Trade, the pithy 
 saying, that the inhabitants of these Colonies "hate every body 
 that owns any subjection to the Queen" [Anne]. 
 
 The Revolution, which so essentially affected the governments 
 of most of the Colonies, produced no very perceptible alteration 
 in those of either Rhode Island or Connecticut. After Wan- 
 
 * See Sparks s Washington, Vol. 3d, pages 325, 327, and 343. 
 
16 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ton, the governor of the first, was deposed, the Whigs suc 
 ceeded to power without turmoil, and in the ordinary course of 
 legislative action. Trumbull, the governor of the latter, was 
 a sound Whig, and occupied the executive chair from 1769 to 
 
 83 The charters of both Colonies were admirably adapted 
 to their wants and condition, whether regarded as dependen 
 cies, or as free States : and while Connecticut continued with 
 out any other fundamental law until the year 1818, Rhode 
 Island has hardly recovered from the disquiets and ani 
 mosities, occasioned by the very recent adoption of a Consti 
 tution. 
 
 Yet, though less restrained by charter provisions than Mas 
 sachusetts, and though in theory "pure democracies," and 
 bearing "hate" towards all who, in queen Anne s time, ac 
 knowledged her authority, there was no greater unanimity of 
 sentiment on the questions which agitated the country in 1775, 
 than elsewhere in New England. Indeed, I feel assured that, 
 in Connecticut, the number of adherents of the crown was 
 greater, in proportion to the population, than in Maine, Massa 
 chusetts, or New Hampshire. This impression is warranted 
 by documentary evidence, and is fully sustained by facts, 
 which have been communicated to me by descendants of Loy 
 alists of that Colony. Several Episcopal clergymen, in speak 
 ing of the political sympathies of their flocks, confirm the 
 testimony derived from the above-named sources, while the 
 fact, that most of the sect founded by Robert Sandeman were 
 "friends of government," leaves me in no doubt as to the cor 
 rectness of the conclusion at which I have arrived. Many of 
 the Loyalists of Connecticut emigrated to New Brunswick at 
 the close of the war. Of a part, there are now no memorials, 
 but of others, and of another class, who did not leave the 
 country, I have been able to ascertain something. 
 
 In passing from New England, we are to speak of American 
 Colonists of different origin, and who lived under different 
 forms of the Colonial system or form of government. Thus, 
 New York had no charter, but was governed by royal instruc 
 tions, orders in council, and similar authority communicated 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 17 
 
 to the governors by the ministers " at home." The governor 
 and council were appointed by the king, but vacancies at the 
 council board were filled by the governor. The people elected 
 the popular branch, which consisted of twenty-seven members. 
 To say, that the political institutions of New York formed a 
 feudal aristocracy -, is to define them with tolerable accuracy. 
 The soil was held by a few. The masses were mere retainers 
 or tenants, as in the monarchies of Europe. Nor has this con 
 dition of society been entirely changed, since the "anti-rent" 
 dissensions of the present time arise from the vestige which 
 remains. 
 
 Such a state of things was calculated to give the king many 
 adherents. The fact agreed with the theory. In some coun 
 ties, a Whig was a man rarely met with. Documents are extant 
 to show, that in 1776, no less than twelve hundred and ninety- 
 three persons acknowledged allegiance, and professed them 
 selves to be dutiful and well affected subjects, in the single 
 county of Queens. In the county of Suffolk, as Gov. Tryon 
 wrote to Lord George Germain, nearly eight hundred of the 
 militia appeared in one body, and were sworn to be faithful to 
 the crown. At White Plains, in the county of West Chester, 
 there were one hundred and sixty -one "protesters" against 
 the proceedings of the Whigs. In Tryon county, the signers 
 of a " Loyal Declaration " were numerous ; while in the town 
 of Jamaica, sixty-two persons affixed their names to a similar 
 paper. 
 
 But details may be spared. One circumstance will prove 
 the preponderance of the royal party beyond all doubt. It is 
 this. Soon after the close of the Revolution, a bill passed the 
 House of Assembly, which prohibited persons who had been 
 in opposition from holding any office under the State. 
 This bill, on being sent to the other branch of the legislature, 
 was rejected, and on the ground principally, because, if al 
 lowed to become a law, no elections could be held in some 
 parts of the State, inasmuch as there were not a sufficient 
 number of Whigs, in certain sections, to preside at or conduct 
 the election meetings. 
 2* 
 
18 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 While so large a proportion of the people of New York pre 
 ferred to continue their connexion with the mother country, 
 very many of them entered the military service of the crown, 
 and fought in defence of their principles. Whole battalions, 
 and even regiments, were raised by the great land-holders, and 
 continued organized and in pay throughout the struggle. In 
 fine, New York was undeniably the Loyalists strong-hold, and 
 contained more of them than any other colony in all America. 
 I will not say that she devoted her resources of men and of 
 money to the cause of the army ; but I do say, that she with 
 held many of the one, and much of the other, from the cause 
 of the right. Massachusetts furnished 67,907 Whig soldiers 
 between the years 1775 and 1783; while New York supplied 
 but 17,781. In adjusting the war balances, after the peace, 
 Massachusetts, as was then ascertained, had overpaid her share 
 in the sum of 1,248,801 dollars of silver money; but New 
 York was deficient in the large amount of 2,074,846 dollars. 
 New Hampshire, though almost a wilderness, furnished 12,496 
 troops for the continental ranks, or quite three-quarters of the 
 number enlisted in the " Empire State." 
 
 These facts show the state of parties in this Colony in a 
 strong light. One other incident, which presents the wavering, 
 time-serving course that prevailed, even after Washington had 
 been appointed to the command of the army, and when, of 
 course, the whole country was committed to sustain him, will 
 suffice. On the 25th of June, 1775, a letter was received by 
 the New York Provincial Congress, which communicated in 
 telligence that the Commander-in-chief was on his way to 
 head-quarters at Cambridge, and would cross the Hudson and 
 visit the city. "News came at the same time," says Mr. 
 Sparks,* " that Governor Tryon was in the harbor, just arrived 
 from England, and would land that day. The Congress were 
 a good deal embarrassed to determine how to act on this occa 
 sion ; for though they had thrown off all allegiance to the 
 authority of their governor, they yet professed to maintain 
 
 * Sparks s Washington, Vol. 3, p. 8. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 19 
 
 loyalty to his person. They finally ordered a colonel so to 
 dispose of his militia companies, that they might be in a condi 
 tion to receive " either the Generals, or Governor Try on, which 
 ever should first arrive, and wait on both as well as circumstances 
 would allow" Events proved less perplexing than had been 
 apprehended, as General Washington arrived several hours 
 previous to the landing of Governor Tryon." That a Congress 
 of Whigs should have been so irresolute and timid, after the 
 blood of their brethren had been poured out at Lexington and 
 on Breed s Hill, is unaccountable. If such was their conduct, 
 what must have been the state of feeling among the Tories, 
 what the courage and confidence which animated them ? To 
 this question, the machinations of the adherents of the crown, 
 the next year, may afford, perhaps, a satisfactory answer. In 
 June of 1776, when Washington had advanced to New York 
 with his army, a conspiracy was formed against him, which 
 excited the most serious apprehensions, and which, but for a 
 timely discovery, might have changed the course of the revo 
 lutionary outbreak. It was ascertained, that Governor Tryon 
 was at the head of the plot, and that the mayor of the city was 
 his principal agent. Other persons of note were concerned in 
 the dark enterprise, and even some part of the Whig troops, 
 and of Washington s own body guard, were engaged in it. 
 The mayor, several citizens and soldiers, were seized and con 
 fined ; and Thomas Hickey, a member of the guard, was 
 executed " for mutiny, sedition, and treachery." 
 
 New Jersey, says Chalmers, was "a scion from New York, 
 and either prospered or withered, during every season, as the 
 stock flourished or declined." Again he says, that " planted 
 by Independents from New England, by Covenanters from 
 Scotland, by conspirators from England, such scenes of turbu 
 lence were exhibited * * * age after age, as acquired * * * the 
 characteristic appellation of The Revolutions. Chalmers 
 was fond of strong and pointed expressions, and some of his 
 statements are to be received, therefore, with allowance. He 
 saw as the students of our history well know designs to 
 throw off allegiance, to " set up for independency," and to effect 
 
20 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 " Revolutions," in the common quarrels between the Colonial 
 Assemblies and the Governors, and in the ordinary peti 
 tions to the mother country, for redress of real or supposed 
 wrongs. 
 
 New Jersey was indeed politically annexed to New York, 
 and the connexion was dissolved and renewed several times 
 prior to 1738. So, too, that part of it, which was originally 
 known as "East Jersey," was at one period assigned to Wil 
 liam Penn; while both " East and West Jersey" were subse 
 quently added to the jurisdiction of New England. In 1702, 
 the " Jersies" were united under one government, and received 
 the present name ; and from 1 738 to the Revolution, New Jer 
 sey had a separate Colonial government. William Franklin 
 who, though the only son of the great philosopher, was a Loy 
 alist was the last royal governor. The king s party formed 
 a considerable body, and three battalions were raised and placed 
 in the field, under the command of Cortlandt Skinner, the 
 attorney general of the Colony ; but yet, the great mass of the 
 people were undoubtedly Whigs. The losses of New Jersey, 
 in proportion to her population arid wealth, were greater, prob 
 ably, than in any other member of the Confederacy. Her 
 soldiers, who entered the service of Congress, gained enviable 
 renown ; and within her borders are some of the most memora 
 ble battle-grounds of the Revolution. It was in New Jersey, 
 that Washington made his best military movements, and dis 
 played his highest qualities of character ; it was there, that he 
 encountered his greatest distresses and difficulties, and earned 
 his most enduring laurels. 
 
 From the horrid warfare, which the Tories of New Jersey 
 countenanced, in which they participated, and which the royal 
 generals permitted, I turn in disgust. But yet, its general 
 character should be mentioned. Instead of using words of my 
 own, or the digested statements of our historians, I prefer the 
 record of contemporary witnesses ; and to guard myself against 
 unfairness, I quote from both Whig and Tory. Governor Liv 
 ingston, in his speech to the General Assembly, in 1777, thus 
 spoke: The Royalists "have plundered friends and foes; 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 21 
 
 effects, capable of division, they have divided ; such as were 
 not, they have destroyed. They have warred upon decrepid 
 old age, warred upon defenceless youth ; they have committed 
 hostilities against the professors of literature, and the ministers 
 of religion, against public records and private monuments, 
 books of improvement, and papers of curiosity ; and against 
 the arts and sciences. They have butchered the wounded, 
 asking for quarter, mangled the dead, weltering in their blood, 
 refused to the dead the rites of sepulchre, suffered prisoners to 
 perish for want of sustenance ; violated the chastity of women, 
 disfigured private dwellings of taste and elegance ; and, in the 
 rage of impiety and barbarism, profaned edifices dedicated to 
 Almighty God." 
 
 In more general terms, this dreadful detail is fully confirmed / \ 
 by Joseph Galloway, the leading Loyalist of Pennsylvania, 
 who, at the first, was a Whig. In his reply to Sir William 
 Howe s "Observations," and after he retired to England, he 
 remarks, that; " All and more than I have said, in my letters 
 to a nobleman, respecting indiscriminate and excessive plunder, 
 is known to thousands within the British lines, and to a num 
 ber of gentlemen now in England ; and in respect to the rapes, 
 the fact alleged does not depend on the credit of newspapers ; 
 a solemn inquiry was made, and affidavits taken, by which it 
 appears, that no less than twenty-three were committed in one 
 neighborhood in New Jersey ; some of them on married women, 
 in presence of their helpless husbands, and others on daughters, 
 while the unhappy parents, with unavailing tears and cries, 
 could only deplore the savage brutality." 
 
 Deeds like these ; the merciless warfare of Sir John Johnson, 
 who ravaged extensive districts in New York, and who did not 
 spare the people in the neighborhood of his own former home ; 
 the burning of Danbury and Fairfield, and the sacking of 
 New Haven, by Tryon ; the destruction of New London, and 
 the massacre there, by the traitor Arnold ; the doings of that 
 incarnate devil, John Butler, at Wyoming and elsewhere; these, 
 and other similar enormities, which were the works, partially 
 or wholly, of our countrymen who adhered to the royal cause, 
 
22 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 and who either entered the regular military service, or assem 
 bled in predatory bands, together with the sad fate of Jane 
 McCrea, who was the daughter of one Loyalist, and was to have 
 become the bride of another, and who was the victim of her 
 parent s and lover s Indian allies, speak of Tory guilt, and of 
 the horrors of civil war, in tones which will ring in the ears of 
 men for centuries to come. 
 
 We come now to the " proprietary government " of Penn 
 sylvania ; and a proprietary government in America was a 
 monarchy in miniature. Its outlines at first were these ; all 
 legislative powers were vested in the governor and freemen of 
 the Colony in the colonial council, and a general assembly. 
 The governor had a treble vote in the council, which consisted 
 of seventy-two members, chosen by the people. The assembly 
 embraced all the freemen, but as the Colony increased, the 
 number was limited to five hundred.* This system was par 
 tially changed or modified from time to time, as circumstances 
 required ; and some years prior to the commencement of the 
 revolutionary controversy, a strong eifort was made to effect 
 an entire abolition of the "proprietary" form, and establish 
 another. Among the leaders of this movement was Franklin. 
 But though the measure failed, the disquiets which caused it 
 to be attempted, never ceased while Pennsylvania was governed 
 by deputies appointed by the proprietaries who usually re 
 sided in England and while the other obnoxious features of 
 the system existed. 
 
 The proprietary governors were not, generally, bad men, 
 but the rapacity of some of them was unbounded. Chalmers 
 quotes the remark as a shrewd saying, that "a dignitary of 
 this description had two masters ; one who gave him his com 
 mission, and one who gave him his pay ; and that he was, 
 therefore, on his good behavior to both." Several, I suspect, 
 cared very little for either of their two masters ; and he who 
 said, that they had three things to attend to, " First to fleece the 
 people for the king, then for themselves, and lastly for the pro- 
 
 * The reader will find some further particulars of the nature of the political 
 institutions of Pennsylvania, in the biographical notice of John Penn. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 23 
 
 prietaries their employers," told more truth, and had more wit, 
 than the person cited by our well-informed but much prejudiced 
 annalist. 
 
 It is perhaps true, that, as a body, the party of which 
 Franklin was a member, in these dissensions, was the Whig 
 party of the Revolution. Yet, there were exceptions ; and 
 some of his warmest personal and political friends were found 
 among the adherents of the crown ; while old opponents 
 ranged themselves by his side, and did good service during the 
 trying scenes which preceded deeds of hostility. For a time, 
 the course of Pennsylvania was extremely doubtful. Besides 
 the differences which existed elsewhere, the religious faith of 
 the people was opposed to the adoption of forcible means to 
 dissolve their connexion with the mother country. Hence, 
 as in New York, timidity and indecision were evinced among 
 the most prominent Whigs. To me, the line of conduct pur 
 sued by John Dickinson is a perfect riddle. His various, elo 
 quent, and able tracts and essays, and the important papers 
 and addresses, which came from his pen between the "Stamp- 
 act Congress" in 1765, and the close of the first Continental 
 Congress, in 1774, gave him a wide and just fame. But in 
 the Congress of 1776, he opposed the passage of the Declara 
 tion of Independence with great zeal; and as John Adams was 
 its " great pillar and support," and "its ablest advocate and 
 champion," so he, of all others, was the uncompromising an 
 tagonist of the lion-hearted patriot of the North. The voice 
 of Pennsylvania, was, however, in favor of the Declaration, 
 though uttered under circumstances highly painful ; since her 
 delegates were equally divided, and Morton, on whom the re 
 sponsibility of rejecting or adopting the measure was cast, 
 never, it is confidentially said, had a day s peace after 
 wards, and died the next year, in consequence of anxiety 
 of mind and depression of spirits, occasioned by the part 
 which he had taken. Dickinson and Morton are but exam 
 ples. 
 
 Other Whigs fell off entirely ; and joining the royal side, 
 became objects of dislike or contempt to the consistent and 
 
24 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 faithful, not only of the party which they abandoned, but of 
 that to which they finally adhered. Of this description were 
 Galloway and Allen ; both of whom were members, and 
 Duche, the chaplain, of the Continental Congress. The sub 
 lime, the appropriate prayer framed by the latter, and uttered 
 by him in his official capacity, moved men s hearts as often as 
 he bent to repeat it, and it will move the hearts of all who read 
 it now. But events show, that his own spirit was not touched 
 by its fervent petitions to Almighty God, to sustain and redeem 
 his country. Not content merely to go back to the power, 
 which, in eloquent tones, he had exhorted his countrymen to 
 oppose, his memory is loaded with the infamy of an attempt 
 to sap the integrity of Washington. 
 
 I have been able to ascertain so little of a definite character, 
 of the political condition of Delaware and Maryland, at the 
 period to which these remarks relate, that I shall detain the 
 reader in neither, and we pass to the " Old Dominion." Vir 
 ginia, like New York, was a feudal aristocracy. But there, a 
 large proportion of the land-holders, unlike those of New 
 York, were Whigs, and, of course, favored the revolutionary 
 movement. Yet, it does not appear, that, upon the questions 
 of dissolving her relations with the mother country, she was as 
 ready as, from her early and firm opposition to the Stamp Act, 
 might be expected. Indeed, there is the highest possible evi 
 dence for believing, that Virginia broke her Colonial bonds 
 with hesitation. Early in March, 1776, Colonel Joseph Reed,- 
 of Pennsylvania, in a letter to Washington,* observed, that 
 there was "a strange reluctance in the minds of many, to cut 
 the knot which ties us to Great Britain, particularly in this 
 Colony and to the southward" In writing again on the 15th 
 of the same month, he was more explicit. "It is said," 
 are his words, " the Virginians are so alarmed with the 
 idea of independence, that they have sent Mr. Braxton on 
 purpose to turn the vote of that Colony, if any question on 
 that subject should come before Congress. Washington, in his 
 
 * Spark s Washington, Vol. 3, p. 347. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 25 
 
 reply to the letter of the 15th, admits, that the people of Vir 
 ginia, "from their form of government, and steady attachment 
 heretofore to royalty, will come reluctantly into the idea of in 
 dependence" but says, that " time and persecution bring many 
 wonderful things to pass," and that, by private letters which 
 he had lately received, he found Paine s celebrated essay, 
 called " Common Sense," (which recommended separation,) 
 was " working a powerful change there in the minds of many 
 men." 
 
 This correspondence, as will be seen, occurred but a little 
 more than three months previous to the time when Congress 
 actually declared the Thirteen Colonies to be free and indepen 
 dent States ; and the opinions of persons so well informed, so 
 intimate in friendship, and occupying so responsible public 
 stations, are to be regarded as decisive. 
 
 Again.* If the rule, which may be fairly applied to the free 
 States, be used to measure the patriotism of Virginia, her claims 
 to distinction will hardly be manifest. Thus, between 1775 
 and 1783, Connecticut, with a population far smaller, furnished 
 the Whig army of regulars with 32,039 men ; while the num 
 ber from Virginia, during the same period, was but 26,672. 
 She was likewise deficient in a small sum of her quota of 
 money. Yet Washington, Henry, the Lees, Jefferson, and 
 Bland, were, undoubtedly, the true exponents of her principles. 
 
 The Colonial history of North Carolina, as far as it is per 
 tinent to our purpose, may be related in a few words. It was 
 long united in the same government with South Carolina, and 
 was known as the "County of Albermarle; " but finally by 
 
 * The concession to Virginia indicated in the text, is not made of right, 
 inasmuch, as her ability to furnish a much larger number of troops was as 
 serted by Congress. For the years 1777, 1778, 1781, and 1782, the quotas 
 to be provided by Massachusetts and Virginia were precisely the same in the 
 number of battalions and men ; yet in these years, the former placed at the 
 disposal of the commander-in-chief, 22,981, while his native State, though 
 bound to enlist an equal number, actually enlisted but 13,403, or 9,578 
 less than Massachusetts. The difference would have formed a respectable 
 army. 
 
 3 
 
26 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 its present name. It enjoyed a separate House of Assembly 
 as early as the year 1715, and was formed into an entirely 
 distinct Colony twelve years afterwards. As late down as the 
 reign of George the First, Chalmers avers, that " this wretched 
 province was continually branded as the general receptacle of 
 the fugitive, the smuggler, and the pirate ; as a community, 
 destitute of religion to meliorate the heart, or of laws to direct 
 the purpose of the will." In speaking of the state of society 
 in the succeeding reign, he indulges in similar strong expres 
 sions, all of which are to be qualified. 
 
 The institutions of North Carolina were decidedly monarch 
 ical from the first. Political or social disorder seems to have 
 prevailed, to some extent, throughout her colonial existence. 
 After the final overthrow of the Stuarts, many of the adherents 
 of the last of that name who sought the British throne, fled 
 for refuge to America, and settled within her borders. And it 
 was singular was it not ? that most of them were Loyalists, 
 that men who had become exiles for the part which they had 
 taken against the House of Brunswick, should here, and in 
 another civil war, espouse its cause, and, a second time the 
 losers, go a second time into banishment. Equally remarka 
 ble in the politics of this Colony, was the course of those who, 
 in 1771, rose in insurrection, and were known as "Regulators/ 
 These men complained of various oppressions, but especially 
 of those which attended the practice of law ; they appeared in 
 arms, and were determined to prostrate the government. Gov 
 ernor Try on totally defeated them, and left three hundred of 
 their number dead on the field. They were the earliest revo 
 lutionists in America as far as hostile deeds were concerned 
 and, it might be reasonably concluded, became Whigs. But 
 disappointing expectation, like the followers of the Pretender, 
 above mentioned, a large majority joined the royal party, and 
 enlisted under the king s banner. 
 
 North Carolina, then, originally monarchical, and adding to 
 her native Loyalists, the survivors of the large emigration 
 from Scotland, was nearly divided. Some of her leading 
 Whigs, as well as their descendants, have endeavored to prove, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 27 
 
 that the popular party was much in the majority. Facts, as 
 it seems to me, hardly sustain them. The Whig regulars, for 
 the whole period of the war, were barely 7,263, or only 1,355 
 more than from Rhode Island, the smallest State in the confed 
 eracy. With a population considerably more than double to 
 that of New Hampshire, how did it happen, that the number 
 of continental troops furnished, was 5,233 less? But without 
 relying upon this test as in fairness, perhaps. I should not, 
 when speaking of any slave State what are the results ob 
 tained by an examination of separate counties? Tn Anson 
 county, Governor Martin had two hundred and twenty-seven 
 " Loyal Addresses; " in Guilford county, he had one hundred 
 and sixteen ; in Rowan and Surry, one hundred and ninety- 
 five ; and it is indisputably true, that the banks of the Cape 
 Fear river, the vallies of its remote sources, and the ter 
 ritory bordering on the Deep and Haw rivers, which em 
 brace the present counties of Moore, Orange, Chatham, Guil 
 ford, and Randolph, and then, as now, comprising the very 
 heart of North Carolina, were overrun with Tories. And, be 
 sides, in the county of Cumberland, the adherents of the crown 
 so far outnumbered the Whigs, as to ravage their estates with 
 impunity, and carry off their slaves and cattle, long before a 
 British " regular " set his feet on the soil, to aid or countenance 
 the lawless proceedings. 
 
 In another essential particular, how was it ? In the battle 
 of Moore s Creek, Colonel Caswell defeated a body of troops, 
 and made eight hundred and ninety-four prisoners, every man 
 of whom, officers and soldiers, were Loyalists. On no 
 other field of battle, as far as I have knowledge, was there 
 so large a capture of adherents to the crown, during the war, 
 if those who submitted at King s Mountain be excepted. 
 These facts show, then, not only the strength, but the deeply 
 hostile spirit of the royal party, and leave the conviction, that 
 their opponents could have been scarcely their superiors in 
 point of numbers. 
 
 Again. How was it with a portion of the Whigs ? There 
 is proof, that many were as unstable as the wind. If the sky 
 
28 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 was bright, and a Whig victory had been obtained somewhere, 
 and if, above all, no king s troops were near, why, then, these 
 changing men were steadfast for the right; but if news of 
 reverses reached them, or the royal army came in their midst, 
 then they "supported," and, by their own account, "always 
 had supported, their lawful sovereign, his most gracious ma 
 jesty." 
 
 I would willingly do the Whigs of North Carolina no injus 
 tice ; on the other hand, I would relieve them from all impu 
 tations which cannot be sustained by ample and the most 
 unobjectionable testimony. It is in this spirit, that I dissent 
 from some of the declarations of Mr. Jefferson. That distin 
 guished man, in a written statement made a few years before 
 his decease, distinctly alleges, that William Hooper, one of 
 the delegates in Congress from that State in 1776, was a rank, 
 an out and out Tory. Mr. Hooper was bom in Massachusetts, 
 and was educated at Harvard University. His father, and 
 nearly all of his relatives, were, indeed, Loyalists. But he 
 was a student of James Otis, and imbibed his political senti 
 ments ; nor did he leave New England until after parties were 
 formed, and until after the "Stamp-Act" difficulties had 
 passed away. I have read several of his confidential letters 
 to his friends, while he was in Congress ; letters in which, if 
 he possessed the political sympathies attributed to him by Mr. 
 Jefferson, the inclinations of his mind would have been shown. 
 That he was a timid man, like Morton of Pennsylvania, is very 
 probable. Yet, I submit, that no defence is necessary. Hooper 
 signed the Declaration of Independence, and of all documents 
 to which a " Tory " would have affixed his name, that, cer 
 tainly, was among the very last. 
 
 It is grateful, now, to turn to the brighter side, and to bestow 
 words of praise. The original Whig party of North Carolina 
 embraced a large proportion of the wealth, virtue, and intelli 
 gence of the State. In the county of Bute, especially, the 
 king had no friends, except a few Scotch merchants, and 
 vagrant pedlers ; while the number of wavering Whigs was 
 so small, as that the county was nearly unanimous in favor 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 29 
 
 of the change which the leaders advocated, and put their for 
 tunes and lives at hazard to obtain. Nor should it be for 
 gotten, that in the county of Mecklenburgh a Declaration of 
 Independence was passed, more than a year before the more 
 celebrated instrument of the same name was adopted by the 
 Continental Congress at Philadelphia. As late as the year 
 1819, Mr. Jefferson made a labored argument, to prove that 
 no such document exists. But that such a paper was written, 
 considered, signed, and promulgated, is now as well established 
 as is any event in our history. It is known, moreover, that 
 Colonel Thomas Polk * originated the measure, and that the 
 Declaration itself was from the pen of Dr. Ephraim Brevard. 
 
 South Carolina, at first, and for about half a century, was 
 a proprietary government, and like Pennsylvania, therefore, a 
 sort of hereditary monarchy in miniature. In 1719, the people 
 abolished this form, took from the proprietors the power of 
 appointing governors, and erected a temporary republic. This 
 change was but for a moment; and two years after, a regal 
 government was established, which continued until the Revo 
 lution. As in all the Colonies, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and 
 Pennsylvania excepted, the governor was appointed by the 
 king. In other respects, the British constitution was the 
 model. In all the essential features, then, the institutions of 
 South Carolina were thoroughly monarchical, from the begin 
 ning to the end of her Colonial existence ; and the principal 
 object of the inhabitants, in 1719, seems to have been, rather 
 to transfer the power of appointing the governor from the pro 
 prietaries to the crown, than to obtain and exercise the right of 
 electing their executive for themselves. When, in 1775, the 
 government passed from Bull, the royal lieutenant-governor, 
 into Whig hands, a provisional constitution was adopted, 
 which was new modelled after the declaration of indepen 
 dence. 
 
 The public men of South Carolina of the present generation, 
 claim that her patriotic devotion in the revolution was inferior 
 
 * Col. Polk was. I think, the great uncle of the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 3* 
 
30 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 to none, and was superior to most of the States of the Confed 
 eracy. As I examine the evidence, it was not so. The popula 
 tion, composed as it was of emigrants from Switzerland, Ger 
 many, France, Ireland, and the Northern Colonies of America, 
 and their descendants, was, of course, deficient in the necessary 
 degree of homogeneity or sameness of nature, to insure any 
 considerable unanimity of political sentiment. It is true, 
 however, that individual men took an early, a noble, and a 
 decided stand against the oppressive measures of the British 
 ministry. It is equally true, that South Carolina was the first 
 State of the thirteen, to form an independent constitution, and 
 that she overpaid her proportion of the expenditures of the 
 war, in the sum of 1,205,978 dollars. She sent some gallant 
 Whigs to the field, and several wise ones to the council. But 
 to use the apt sayings of e very-day life, " One swallow does 
 not make a summer," nor " One feather make a bed ; " and 
 so, a Laurens, father and son, a Middleton, a Rutledge, Ma 
 rion, Sumpter, and Pickens, do not prove that the Whig leaven 
 was diffused throughout the mass of her people. 
 
 The whole number of regulars enlisted for the Continental ser 
 vice from the beginning to the close of the struggle, was 231,959. 
 Of these, I have once remarked, 67,907 were from Massa 
 chusetts ; and I may now add, that every State, south of Penn 
 sylvania, provided but 59,493, or 8,414 less than this single 
 State; and that New England now, I grieve to say, con 
 temned and reproached equipped and maintained 118,350, 
 or above half of the number placed at the service of Con 
 gress during the war.* I would not press these facts to the 
 
 * The following table of the number of troops furnished by each State 
 during the Revolution, has been formed from the statements and statistics 
 contained in the Report of General Knox, secretary of war, to Congress, in 
 1790. The number of regulars, or of continentals, was derived by him from 
 the official returns deposited in the war office, and is, therefore, correct. It 
 will be seen, that one class of the militia is conjectural; the first column of 
 this kind of force is accurate, as stated in the Report, and the second 
 (in which, probably, there is not much but " conjecture ") shows the supposed 
 contributions of each State, in addition to the continentals, and the returned 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 
 
 31 
 
 injury of the Whigs of the South. The war, after the evacu 
 ation of Boston, I am aware, was transferred from New Eng 
 land to the Middle and Southern States; and these States, 
 accordingly, required bodies of troops to be kept at home to 
 protect themselves. But as it is to be presumed, that most of 
 such bodies composed a part of the regular force employed by 
 Congress, and were, therefore, included in the Continental 
 establishment and pay, the argument is, in no essential par 
 ticular, weakened by the admission, that the Whigs of the 
 South were of necessity employed in the defence of their own 
 fire-sides. For, were this the truth of the case, the numbers 
 in this service, as well as in other, would still appear, in mak 
 ing up the aggregate force, enlisted from time to time, in each 
 State. The exact question is, then, not where were the battle 
 grounds of the Revolution, but what was the proportion of 
 men, which each of the thirteen States supplied for the contest. 
 
 militia. A similar table was published in the New Hampshire Historical 
 Collections, Niles s Register, and American Almanac, which gives the regu 
 lar force at 231,791, the number of militia at 56,163, but omits the quotas 
 required of each State, and the conjectural militia. The continentals of that 
 table and the following nearly agree. 
 
 
 Quotas fixed 
 
 Aggregate 
 
 STATES. 
 
 and required Troops furnished by each State. 
 
 SO & 
 
 torce rur- 
 
 
 by Congress. 
 
 
 nished by 
 
 
 
 
 Estimated, or 
 
 each State, 
 
 
 
 Continentals. 
 
 ,.... . conjectural, 
 Militia re- in addition to 
 
 including 
 
 
 
 
 turned. continentals 
 
 the conjec 
 
 
 
 
 
 and militia 
 
 tural 
 
 
 
 
 
 returned. 
 
 militia. 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 10,194 
 
 12,496 
 
 2,093 
 
 3,700 
 
 18,289 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 52,698 
 
 67,907 
 
 15,145 
 
 9,500 
 
 92,552 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 5,694 
 
 5,908 
 
 4,284 
 
 1,500 
 
 11,692 
 
 Connecticut . . . 
 
 28,336 1 32,039 
 
 7,238 1 3,000 
 
 42,277 
 
 New York 
 
 15,734 
 
 17,781 
 
 3,866 
 
 8,750 
 
 30,397 
 
 New Jersey . . . 
 
 11,396 
 
 10,727 
 
 6,055 
 
 2,500 
 
 19,282 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 40,416 
 
 25,608 
 
 7,357 
 
 2,000 
 
 34,965 
 
 Delaware .... 
 
 3,974 
 
 2,387 
 
 0,376 \ 1,000 
 
 3,763 
 
 Maryland .... 
 
 26,608 
 
 13,832 
 
 3,929 
 
 4,000 
 
 21,761 
 
 Virginia .... 
 
 48,522 
 
 26,672 
 
 4,429 
 
 21,880 
 
 52,981 
 
 North Carolina . 
 
 23,994 
 
 7,263 
 
 3,975 
 
 12,000 
 
 23,238 
 
 South Carolina . . 
 
 16,932 
 
 6,660 
 
 0,000 
 
 25,850 
 
 32,510 
 
 Georgia .... 3,974 
 
 2,679 
 
 0,000 
 
 9,900 
 
 12,579 
 
 288,472 
 
 231,959 
 
 58,747 
 
 105,580 
 
 396,286 
 
32 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 In considering the political condition of Virginia and North 
 Carolina, it was admitted, that these States were not able to 
 provide troops according to their population, as compared with 
 the States destitute of a " peculiar institution." The same 
 admission is now made in behalf of South Carolina. Yet, did 
 6,660 Whig soldiers exhaust her resources of men ? Could 
 she furnish only 752 more than Rhode Island, the smallest 
 State in the Confederacy ; only one fifth of the number of 
 Connecticut ; only one half as many as New Hampshire, then 
 almost an unbroken wilderness ? She did not ; she could not 
 defend herself against her own Tories ; and it is hardly an 
 exaggeration to add, that more Whigs of New England were 
 sent to her aid, and now lie buried in her soil, than she sent 
 from it to every scene of strife from Lexington to Yorktown. 
 
 South Carolina, with a Northern army to assist her, could 
 not, or would not. even preserve her own capital. When news 
 reached Connecticut, that Gage had sent a force into the 
 country, and that blood had been shed, Putnam was at work 
 in his field ; leaving his plough in the furrow, he started for 
 Cambridge, without changing his garments. When Stark 
 heard the same tidings, he was sawing pine-logs, and without 
 a coat ; shutting down the gate of his mill, he commenced his 
 journey to Boston in his shirt-sleeves. The same spirit ani 
 mated the Whigs far and near, and the capital of New Eng 
 land was invested with fifteen thousand armed men. 
 
 How was it at Charleston ? That city was the great mart 
 of the South ; and, what Boston still is, the centre of the ex 
 port and import trade of a large population. In grandeur, in 
 splendor of buildings, in decorations, in equipages, in shipping 
 and commerce, Charleston was equal to any city in America. 
 But its citizens did not rally to save it, and Gen. Lincoln was 
 compelled to accept of terms of capitulation. He was much 
 censured for the act. Yet, whoever calmly examines the cir 
 cumstances, will be satisfied, I think, that the measure was 
 unavoidable; and that the inhabitants, as a body, preferred 
 to return to their allegiance to the British crown. The people, 
 on whom Congress and Gen. Lincoln depended to complete his 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 33 
 
 force, refused to enlist under the Whig banner ; but after the 
 surrender of the city, they flocked to the royal standard by 
 hundreds. In a word, so general was the defection, that per 
 sons who had enjoyed Lincoln s confidence joined the royal 
 side, and men who had participated in his councils bowed 
 their necks anew to the yoke of Colonial vassalage. Sir Henry 
 Clinton considered his triumph complete, and communicated 
 to the ministry the intelligence, that the whole State had yielded 
 submission to the royal arms, and had become again a part of 
 the empire. To the women of South Carolina, and to Marion, 
 Sumpter, and Pickens, the celebrated partisan chiefs, who kept 
 the field without the promise of men, money, or supplies, it 
 was owing, that Sir Henry s declaration did not* prove entirely 
 true for a time, and that the name and the spirit of liberty 
 did not become utterly extinct. 
 
 Again ; what was the nature of the conflict between the two 
 great parties in South Carolina? Did the Whigs and their 
 opponents meet in open and fair fight, and give and take the 
 courtesies, and observe the rules, of civilized warfare ? Alas, 
 no ! They murdered one another. I wish it were possible to 
 use a milder word ; but murder, is the only one that can be 
 employed to express the truth. Of this, however, the reader 
 shall judge. I shall refrain from a statement of my own, and 
 rely on the testimony of others. 
 
 Gen. Greene thus spoke of the hand to hand strifes, which I 
 stigmatize as murderous. "The animosity," said he, " bet ween 
 the Whigs and Tories, renders their situation truly deplorable. 
 The Whigs seem determined to extirpate the Tories, and the 
 Tories the Whigs. Some thousands have fallen in this way, 
 in this quarter, and the evil rages with more violence than ever. 
 If a stop cannot be soon put to these massacres, the country will 
 be depopulated in a few months more, as neither Whig nor 
 Tory can live" 
 
 It is scarcely necessary to say, that, after Washington, Greene 
 was the ablest man in commission, that his character was with 
 out blemish; or that, as he was on the spot, his declarations 
 are to pass unquestioned. Still, as the late Chief Justice 
 
34 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Marshall confirms his narration, though in more general terms, 
 an extract from the Life of Washington may serve to remove 
 all fear, that the Northern general was influenced by sectional 
 feeling. The people of the South, says the eminent jurist, 
 " felt all the miseries which are inflicted by war in its most 
 savage form. Being almost equally divided between the two 
 contending parties, reciprocal injuries had gradually sharpened 
 their resentments against each other, and had armed neighbor 
 against neighbor, until it became a war of extermination. As 
 the parties alternately triumphed, opportunities were alternately 
 given for the exercise of their vindictive passions." 
 
 It were a hard duty to determine, from an examination of 
 the details of the contest thus vividly portrayed, which party 
 was guilty of the greatest barbarities ; and I dismiss the sub 
 ject with the remark, that, whatever the guilt of the Tories, 
 the Whigs disgraced their cause and the American name. 
 Nor was it in South Carolina only, that deeds of shame were 
 done. There were those among the Whig officers who served 
 in other sections, nor were they all of inferior rank, who 
 took life without necessity, and for the sake, apparently, of 
 merely enjoying the death-scene of a trembling, shrieking Tory. 
 Others, mayhap, there were, who 
 
 " Traded in the blood of innocence, and plead 
 Expedience as a warrant for the deed." 
 
 Georgia, the remaining Colony, was in its infancy, and 
 Oglethorpe, its founder, lived until after it became an indepen 
 dent State. The designs of himself and his associates in its 
 settlement, were highly benevolent and generous; and the 
 public purse contributed a considerable sum to aid their under 
 taking. By their charter, the king was to model the govern 
 ment at the end of twenty-one years; and accordingly, in 1752, 
 at the expiration of this period, a royal government was estab 
 lished similar to that in the Carolinas, which existed until the 
 Revolution. Georgia sent no delegates to the first Continen 
 tal Congress ; and that she was represented in the second, was 
 owing, I am led to conclude, principally to the zeal and ex 
 ertions of Lyman Hall, a native of Connecticut, who, having 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 35 
 
 graduated at Yale College, and fitted himself for the practice 
 of medicine, removed to Sunbury. His ardor in the Whig 
 cause exposed him to the indignation of his opponents, and 
 after the royal army penetrated Georgia, his property was 
 seized and confiscated. The Rev. Dr. Zubly, another of the 
 delegates, proved himself unworthy of confidence, and lost his 
 estate at the hands of his former friends and associates. To 
 form a party of "liberty- men" within the borders of Georgia, 
 to organize this party and commit it in favor of the "rebellion," 
 which was fast hastening to " treason " and Revolution in 
 other parts of the continent, was attended with difficulty, and 
 required time and labor. But such a party finally existed and 
 acted ; and the AMERICAN CONFEDERACY was thus completed. 
 
 Though overrun by the king s troops, and governed by 
 military law during a considerable part of the war, Georgia 
 overpaid her quota of money in a small sum, and furnished 
 2,679 men for the Continental service. If, then, it be consid 
 ered, that her population was small, her resources limited, that 
 Sir James Wright, the last royal governor, was an able and 
 popular man, and rallied a considerable body of Loyalists, and 
 that, in the course of events, the Whigs were compelled to flee 
 into the neighboring States for safety ; her efforts and sacri 
 fices are entitled to commendation.* 
 
 From this rapid survey of the Thirteen Colonies, it has ap 
 peared that the adherents of the crown were more numerous 
 
 * Georgia was, however, regarded as highly loyal. One of the ablest and 
 best informed of the Loyalists, thus speaks : " Georgia had not only been 
 recovered out of the hands of the insurgents, in 1779, but the province was 
 put at the peace of the king by his Majesty s Commissioners, and the king s 
 civil government restored, and all the loyal inhabitants required by proclama 
 tion to return to their settlements, and an Assembly called, and actually sub 
 sisting, and all the civil officers in the exercise of their functions, when 
 orders came in 1782, to evacuate the country, and deliver it up to the rebels, 
 which was done accordingly, without any stipulation in favor of the attainted 
 Loyalists, or their confiscated properties, although the rebel force in that 
 country was so inconsiderable, that the Loyalists offered to the king s general 
 to preserve the province for his Majesty, if he would leave them a single egi 
 ment of foot, and the " Georgia Rangers," to assist them." 
 
36 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 at the South, and in Pennsylvania and New York, than in 
 New England. Neither in the regulations of the crown, nor 
 in the enactments of parliament, had there been much either 
 to offend the feelings or check the industry of the planters and 
 agriculturists. Towards the Colonies that sold raw produce, 
 the policy of the mother country had been mild, perhaps lib 
 eral. They were the Round-heads, and not the Cavaliers, 
 who met her upon the ocean and in the work-shop ; hence, 
 it was to them that she showed the most odious features of 
 the Colonial system. But taunted, for a century and a half, 
 with the heresy of their faith, and impeded in all their enter 
 prises ever after the death of Cromwell, the people of the 
 North were driven to invoke the sympathy of their Colonial 
 brethren whose religion and pursuits had been the more fa 
 vored objects of her regard ; and when their joint appeals to 
 her justice and magnanimity failed to shake her purposes, then, 
 by the union of counsel, arms, and effort, all the Colonies 
 together broke from her dominion. If, therefore, the war of 
 the Revolution had its origin in a long course of aggression 
 upon the rights of the North, its successful issue was due in 
 some measure to the more meritorious, because more disinter 
 ested, exertions of the South. If, too, this course of aggression 
 gradually diffused a spirit of resistance throughout the coun 
 try, so that Episcopal and monarchical Virginia at last furnished 
 a commander for the Puritan and republican soldiers of Mas 
 sachusetts, the conclusion becomes irresistible, that the wrongs 
 which united men of so different characters and pursuits, were 
 far too deep and grave to be excused or extenuated. 
 
 We enter now upon a brief inquiry to show the divisions in 
 the different classes and avocations of Colonial society. And 
 first, those who held office. Nearly all the officials of all 
 grades adhered to the crown. This was to have been expect 
 ed. Men who lived in ease, who enjoyed all the considerations 
 and deference which rank and station invariably confer, and 
 especially in monarchies, and who, therefore, had nothing to 
 gain, but much to lose, by a change, viewed the dissensions 
 that arose between themselves and the people, in a light which 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 37 
 
 allowed their self-love and their self-interest to have full play. 
 " They were appointed and sworn to execute the laws, and in 
 obeying the instructions of the ministry at home to enforce 
 the statutes of the realm, they did but perform common acts 
 of duty." These were the arguments, and they were neither 
 the first nor the last persons in office who have reasoned in the 
 same manner, and who have kept their places at the expense 
 of their patriotism. Besides, they affected to believe, that the 
 Whig leaders were mere needy office-hunters, and that the con-/ 
 tests between them were in some measure personal. The de 
 scendants of Loyalists, whose homes are across our northeastern 
 border, in conversations with citizens of the republic, continue 
 to repeat the tale. They have been answered, that, were the 
 charge true, our fathers were still the more patriotic of the two: 
 since, upon this issue, it would seem that theirs, who were the 
 fat and sleek possessors, would not give up the much coveted 
 stations to the lean and hungry expectants and claimants, even 
 to preserve the British empire from dismemberment. They 
 have been answered farther, that they derive no benefit from 
 the averment, even though Washington, and John Adams, and 
 Jay, were just objects of the world s scorn, and though every 
 associate they had were an Arnold in motive, and for the ob 
 vious reason, that separation from the mother country is still 
 to be triumphantly defended on the ground of absolute neces 
 sity. For, without a dissolution of the connexion, the Saxon 
 race in the New World could neither have developed the re 
 sources of the continent they occupied, nor have become great 
 and happy. It has been said, too, that if it be admitted that 
 the younger Otis actually did vow he would set Massachusetts 
 in flames though he should perish in the fire, because his father 
 was not appointed to a vacant and promised judgeship ; that, 
 as has been alleged, John Adams was at a loss which side to 
 take, and became a "rebel," because he was refused a com 
 mission in the peace ; that Samuel Adams was a defaulting 
 collector of taxes, and paid up his arrears of money, in abuse 
 of honest men ; that, as his enemies say, Hancock possessed 
 neither stability nor principle, and that wounded vanity caused 
 4 
 
38 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 his opposition to the king s servants ; that Joseph Warren was 
 a broken man, and sought amid the turmoils of civil strife to 
 better his condition ; that Washington was soured because he 
 was not retained in the British army, in reward for his services 
 in the French war; that the Lees were all unsound men, and 
 that Richard Henry was disappointed in not receiving the 
 office of stamp distributor, which he solicited ; that Franklin 
 was vexed at the opposition to his great land-projects and plans 
 for settlements on the Ohio ; and that a large majority of the 
 prominent Whigs of every Colony were young men who had 
 their furtunes to make, and distinction to win ; that, if all this 
 be admitted, what then ? The argument is as two edged as 
 at the first, and though it be granted that one side of the blade 
 wounds the Whigs, the other still cuts deep the Tories. For, 
 upon this ground it ,may be asked, what claim to perpetuity 
 had the institutions which denied to a man like John Adams 
 the humble place of a justice of the peace; and to George 
 Washington, an opportunity to display his qualities of character 
 on the great field which the Being who made him intended for 
 him? And if the thought ever obtruded itself upon John Mar 
 shall, that by living and dying a Colonist, he should live and die 
 undistinguished and without leaving his name in his country s 
 annals, I know not that the emotion was blameable. The des 
 tiny marked out for him, was to found the jurisprudence of a 
 NATION ; and has the world been the loser because he ful 
 filled it? 
 
 The children of the Loyalists, though thus met, complain 
 because the offices at the close of the conflict passed from 
 the "old families" into the hands of "upstarts." It has been 
 replied to this, that, revolution or no revolution, it was high 
 time the persons stigmatized as " upstarts," had a share of 
 the royal patronage ; first, to break up the practice of bestow 
 ing upon the son, however unworthy or incompetent, the 
 place held by the father ; and secondly, to introduce faithful 
 ness and responsibility, and to dismiss arrogant and disobliging 
 incumbents. 
 
 The allegations thus noticed, are proved, as those who 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 39 
 
 make them sagely imagine, by the fact, that the Whigs, at the 
 peace, received the executive chairs of the several States, 
 the judgeships, the collectorships, the great law offices, and 
 other public situations, previously held by their opponents. 
 This argument is sufficient to disturb the gravity of a man 
 who never smiled in his life ; and yet it is sometimes soberly 
 urged by the intelligent and well informed, and enforced in 
 strong and impassioned tones. 
 
 But, it is time to inquire, what became of the office-holders 
 whom the Revolution expelled? Did they, did the adherents 
 of the crown, generally, evince an unconquerable aversion to 
 public employment, after their retirement or banishment from 
 the United States? The answer to these questions will be 
 found in these pages. It will be seen, that they not only filled 
 all the principal offices in the present British Colonies, but 
 that their places descended to, and are now occupied by their 
 sons, connexions, and relatives. In no point of view, then, 
 are the Loyalists entitled to become the accusers of the Whigs; 
 since it is the innocent only who can properly cast stones at 
 the offending or the faulty. Nor is it to be overlooked, that 
 offices under the British crown are, in many respects, of the 
 nature of life-estates or life annuities, since the practice which 
 prevailed in the " old thirteen," of perpetuating official dis 
 tinctions in families, still continues to a very great extent, since 
 the term " Family Compact," in Colonial politics, has refer 
 ence to this fact, and since, too, while places are not thus lost 
 and won at every turn of the political wheel as with us, the 
 salaries, fees, and emoluments are much greater than are paid 
 either under our State or national governments. Collectors of 
 the customs, judges of courts, treasurers, attornies and solici 
 tors general, in British America, for example, commonly 
 receive double the sums for their services, that are allowed to 
 officers of the same names and duties in the United States ; 
 and several Colonial chief-justices enjoy larger official incomes 
 than any member of our highest Federal Court. Instead, 
 therefore, of our being compelled to defend the Whigs against 
 the charge of undue or of improper love of office, the Loyal- 
 
40 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ists, and those of their descendants who repeat their fathers 
 accusations, are to he turned upon in quiet good nature, and 
 to be put upon their own defence. 
 
 We pass to consider the course pursued by the commercial 
 class. The claims of the merchants and ship-owners have 
 never, as it seems to me, been fully or fairly stated. They 
 were undoubtedly the first persons in America, who set them 
 selves in array against the measures of the ministry. The 
 causes of their opposition have already incidentally appeared, 
 but some farther notice should now be taken of their efforts 
 to obtain the right of free navigation of the ocean. Nothing 
 in my judgment is clearer, than that the British Navigation 
 Act and the Laws of Trade, which were a part of the system 
 it was meant to enforce, contained the germs of the Revolution. 
 The Stamp Act, and other statutes of a kindred nature, have 
 been made, I think, to occupy too prominent a place among the 
 causes assigned for that event. The irritation which the du 
 ties on stamps excited in the planting Colonies, subsided as 
 soon as the law which imposed them was repealed; and I sub 
 mit, that, but for the policy which oppressed the commerce and 
 inhibited the use of the water-falls of New England, the 
 " dispute " between the mother and her children would have 
 been " left," as Washington breathed a wish that it might be, 
 " to posterity to determine." 
 
 While Cromwell lived, Colonial trade was free : but after his 
 death, the maritime interests of America soon felt the difference 
 between a Puritan and a Stuart. Measures were taken by 
 Charles, with all possible speed, to restrain and regulate the in 
 tercourse of the Colonies with countries not in subjection to 
 him, and even that with England herself. At the period when 
 his designs were to be executed, Massachusetts, foremost in 
 all marine enterprises, not only traversed the sea at will, but 
 had her own plan of revenue, and a collector of her customs, 
 and exacted fees of vessels arriving at her ports. The mer 
 chants of Boston had dealings with Spain, France, Portugal, 
 Holland, the Canaries, and even with Guinea and Madagascar, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 41 
 
 and had accumulated considerable wealth.* The trade of 
 Connecticut, of Rhode Island, and the other Colonies, was small 
 and limited. But as a commercial spirit existed everywhere, 
 and as every Colony had some share in the traffic which was 
 to be checked, or, if possible, to be entirely broken up, none 
 were disposed to submit quietly to the measures which were 
 meant to effect either of these purposes. When, then, the 
 royal collectors of the customs came over from England, to 
 carry out the will of their sovereign, they were met with re 
 sistance from one end of the continent to the other. 
 
 Edward Randolph, who was commissioned to be the first 
 collector, surveyor and searcher of Massachusetts and of all 
 New England, landed at Boston in 1679. He was directed to 
 fix his own residence at that port, and to appoint at least one 
 deputy in the "Colonyes of Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode 
 Island, the Province of Mayne, and New Hampshire." His 
 instructions were tediously minute, arid were arranged under 
 nineteen distinct heads. They were evidently framed by one 
 who was thoroughly acquainted with the course of Colonial 
 trade, and the offences for which, in executing them, he might 
 seize vessels and cargoes, were very numerous.-)- He was 
 
 * Josselyn, who was in Massachusetts at this period, says that some mer 
 chants were " damnable rich," and Dunton, who followed a few years after, 
 speaks of a lady who came over from England, " with the valuable venture 
 of her beautiful person, which went off at an extraordinary rate, she marry 
 ing a merchant in Salem worth nearly thirty thousand pound." Between 
 the visits of these quaint chroniclers, the commissioneis of Charles had come 
 on their inglorious errand, and had made a report of the extent of the trade 
 which was now by statute illicit, and in following which, the Colonists had ac 
 quired a knowledge of different parts of the woild, and bettered their own 
 condition. 
 
 f These instructions were dated from the " Custom-house, London, July 
 9, 1678," and affixed to them are the signatures of Ed. Bering, Ch. Cheyne, 
 and G. Downing, and they were probably framed by the latter. Sir George 
 Downing was a resident of Salem, Mass., for some time, and was a member 
 of the first class that graduated at Harvard University. It is supposed that 
 he devised the British Navigation Act, though St. John, another statesman 
 of Cromwell s time, is a rival claimant in the apprehension of Mr. Bancroft. 
 Sir George Downing was undoubtedly a man of talents, and possessed a con- 
 
 4* 
 
42 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 furnished, also, with the several acts of Parliament which re 
 lated to the objects of his mission, and with such other doc 
 uments as were deemed necessary. Thus armed, he opened 
 his office * among the Roundheads of Boston. He was 
 a doomed man before his arrival. Determined upon success, 
 he made eight voyages to and from America in the nine years 
 which connect his name with our annals. But from the first 
 to the last of his career, he was treated with aversion and con 
 tempt. The merchants determined that he should not break 
 up their intercourse with places interdicted by the Navigation 
 Act, and the vessels which were seized by him and his depu 
 ties were rescued, and sent upon the voyages which their own 
 ers had designed them to make, though liable to re-seizure 
 upon their return to America. If he carried his complaints to 
 the Colonial courts, he obtained no redress, but on the other 
 hand, both he and his subordinates were fined for their official 
 zeal. In a word, after enduring every indignity, Randolph 
 himself was imprisoned. In a letter to Lord Clarendon, writ 
 ten from Boston in 1682, he says : "I humbly beseech your 
 Lordship, that I may have consideration for all my losses and 
 money laid out in prosecuting seizures here." The same year 
 he wrote to the Bishop of London: "I have a great fammyly 
 to mayntayne, have great losses and expences about his Ma 
 jesties service here." To a Mr. Povey, in 1687, he says : "I 
 am at 50 a year charge to keep an able clerke. and cannot 
 
 trolling influence, after his removal from America, in the councils of the Pro 
 tector. Yet, New England, at most, owes his memory nothing but silence. 
 Her strong men of the revolutionary era regarded it with utter detestation. 
 His name to them was identified with a measure, which, whether he designed 
 it so or not, wronged his native country, until she acquired strength to resist 
 and overturn it. He died in 1684, near the close of the reign of Charles the 
 Second. 
 
 * The custom-house, which Randolph occupied in Boston, stood on the 
 water s edge at the corner of Richmond and Ann streets. I suppose that 
 it was the first building erected for collecting the King s duties in America. 
 It was of wood, and was not taken down until October, 1846, when many 
 parts of the frame were found in a good state of preservation. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 43 
 
 get any fees settled sufficient to pay that charge." In a letter 
 dated from the " Gaol in Boston," to the governor of Barba- 
 does, he thus writes: " The country is poor, the exact execu 
 tion of the acts of trade hath much impoverished them ; all 
 the blame lyes upon me, who first attacked, and then overthrew 
 their charter, and was the officer to continue their Egyptian 
 servitude, by my office of collector" Again, and from his dun 
 geon, he implored Cooke, his old enemy, to take from his 
 apartment a wounded fellow-prisoner, whose sores had become 
 insupportably offensive. 
 
 Such was the treatment and the fate of the first emissary 
 of the British crown to New England, who was sent upon the 
 inglorious errand of restraining her commerce, and of contin 
 uing, by Randolph s own admission in the hour of his humili 
 ation, her " Egyptian servitude." 
 
 The collectors, who were appointed to the other parts of the 
 country, were received hardly more kindly. The " Assemblies " 
 of Virginia and Maryland recognised those sent to them as 
 "legal officers," but difficulties arose in both Colonies, though 
 neither of them possessed a considerable town or mart of trade. 
 In the former, earnest complaints were made against the Act 
 of Navigation, and the restraints imposed upon commerce 
 generally. In Bacon s harangues to the people, these topics 
 were not forgotten ; and one of the objects to be gained by 
 those who followed him into open rebellion was to " build ships, 
 and, like New England, to trade to any part of the world." 
 Towards the close of the century, seven collectors and naval 
 officers,* all of whom were members of Andres s council, 
 were stationed in different parts of the Colony, and, in form 
 
 * Ralph Wormley, secretary, collector, and naval officer of Rappahannock 
 River. Colonel Richard Lee, collector and naval officer of the upper district 
 of Potomac River. Colonel Christopher Wormley, collector and naval officer, 
 lower district of Potomac River. Colonel Edward Hill, collector and naval 
 officer of upper district of James River. Colonel Edmund Jennings, collector 
 and naval officer of York River. Colonel Daniel Park, collector and naval 
 officer of lower district of James River. Colonel Charles Scarborough, collector 
 and naval officer on the Eastern Shores. 
 
44 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 at least, the Navigation Act and the kindred laws were after 
 wards observed. But though the declaration, that Virginia 
 had long acquiesced in the acts restrictive of her commerce, 
 occurs in her instructions to her delegates to the first Conti 
 nental Congress, I very much doubt, whether the submission 
 was more than nominal, or much as it was in other Colonies, 
 since there is evidence to show, that many of the king s reve 
 nue officers were themselves great traffickers, and were quite as 
 unscrupulous as others who bought, sold, and shipped com 
 modities. 
 
 So in Maryland, there was a strenuous opposition to the 
 establishment of a custom-house, and to the presence of a col 
 lector. In the controversy, mobs and riots, which succeeded 
 the attempt, Lord Baltimore became involved in great difficul 
 ties, by. which his chartered rights were endangered; and 
 Rousby, the collector, was killed. In North Carolina, the en 
 deavor of the king s officer to promote a more lawful trade, 
 and the dispute with a New England trader as to the entry of 
 a vessel at the custom-house, and the payment of duties, was 
 one of the causes of an insurrection, which resulted in depo 
 sing and imprisoning Miller, the collector. In South Carolina, 
 illicit traffic continued to be carried on, notwithstanding the 
 exertions of Muschamp, the royal officer of the customs ; and 
 great tumult and disorder were created by his attempts to sup 
 press it. In New York, Dyer, the Duke of York s collector, 
 was indicted for performing his official acts ; and the memo 
 rable rebellion a few years afterwards, promoted by Leisler, 
 a wealthy merchant, who owned ships which he sent to Eu 
 rope, and who lost his life on the restoration of the lawful 
 government, for the part he had taken in subverting it, orig 
 inated partly in the disputes that arose with the principal 
 officers of the revenue. In New Jersey, the collector was 
 thwarted by the people who formed the juries, when prosecu 
 tions were commenced against smugglers ; while the quarrels 
 between the officers of that Colony and New York, as to the 
 rights of entering and clearing vessels, added to the disturb 
 ances ; and the seizures and condemnations which followed 
 produced great commotion. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 45 
 
 Such was the result of the first effort to fasten upon the 
 Colonial merchants and ship-owners the Navigation Act and 
 Laws of Trade. After this signal failure, all further and se 
 rious endeavors to arrest the course or restrain the limits of 
 their maritime enterprises were discontinued for nearly a cen 
 tury. Collectors of the customs were, however, continued at 
 all the principal ports, but they seldom interfered to trouble 
 those who embarked in unlawful adventures, and such adven 
 tures were finally undertaken without fear, and almost with 
 out hazard. In truth, the commerce of America was prac 
 tically free. Some merchants " smuggled " whole cargoes 
 outright; others paid the king s duty on a part, gave "hush- 
 money" to the under-officers of the customs, and "run" the 
 balance. 
 
 Suddenly, and without warning, there came a change. The 
 year 1761 was filled with events of momentous consequence. 
 We find the merchants of the ports of New England, and es 
 pecially those of Boston and Salem, deeply exasperated by 
 the attempts of the revenue officers, under fresh and peremp 
 tory orders, to exact strict observance of the laws of naviga 
 tion and trade ; and, by a pretension set up under these in 
 structions, to enter and search places suspected of containing 
 smuggled goods. To submit to this pretension, was to surren 
 der the quiet of their homes and the order of their ware 
 houses to the underlings of the government, and the property 
 which they held to the rapacity of informers, whose gains 
 would be in proportion to their wickedness. Those, therefore, 
 of the two principal towns of Massachusetts, who were inter 
 ested in continuing the business which they had long pursued 
 without molestation, and under a sort of prescriptive right, 
 and in preserving their property from the grasp of pimps and 
 spies, determined to withstand the crown-officers, and to ap 
 peal to the tribunals for protection against their claims. James 
 Otis threw up an honorable and profitable station to become 
 their advocate, and by his plea in their behalf, he became also 
 the first champion of the Revolution. 
 
 From this period until the commencement of hostilities, 
 
46 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 there was no season of quiet in either of the Colonies which 
 depended upon maritime pursuits ; and in Massachusetts, the 
 scenes of tumult, and wild commotion which occurred, were the 
 prelude of open war. The nine years which preceded the affray, 
 absurdly called the "Boston Massacre," were crowded 
 with acts, which show to what extent the quarrels had spread, 
 and what strength the popular wrath had attained. The re 
 vision of the "Sugar Act," and the exertions to carry out its 
 new provisions, aided, as the revenue officers now were, by 
 ships of war and an increase of their own corps, carried con 
 sternation to every fire-side in the North. In New Hampshire, 
 Maine, and Rhode Island, there were mobs and collisions, and 
 seizures and rescues of vessels and merchandise. In Massa 
 chusetts, were the seizure and rescue, and the re-seizure of some 
 molasses on the Taunton river ; the resolution to stop the im 
 portations of goods from England ; the bringing to of ships, 
 and the tumbling of cargoes overboard all along the coast; 
 the condemnation of one ship with her cargo of French wines, 
 and of another which had made an illegal voyage from Hol 
 land ; the suits in admiralty against the merchants who traded 
 to the French and Spanish West Indies, for the old offences of 
 compounding duties with the officers, for entering the molasses 
 of these islands as of the growth of Anquilla, and for smug 
 gling it outright ; the appeal of the ship-owners to the ministry 
 to be released from the harpies that robbed them of their goods, 
 and made prize of their vessels ; the landing of the cargo of 
 wines under the guard of men armed with bludgeons ; the 
 seizure of Hancock s goods and the vessel that brought them ; 
 the driving of the collector and comptroller of the customs on 
 board of a man-of-war, and within the walls of "Castle Wil 
 liam;" the dragging of the revenue-boat through the streets, 
 and the burning of it on the "Common;" the mobs that de 
 manded the resignation of one obnoxious officer, stripped, and 
 tarred and feathered another ; and that broke windows, demol 
 ished furniture, and destroyed buildings. 
 
 Another step in the controversy, and we stand beside the 
 " tea-ships." I have no space to discuss the question of the 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 47 
 
 " three-pence the pound duty on tea," but I must enter my 
 dissent from the common view of it. To me, it was not, as it 
 has been regarded, a question of "taxation" but essentially, 
 like all the others between the merchants and the crown, one 
 of commerce. The statements of Hutchinson, the debates in 
 Parliament, and the state-papers and the documents which I 
 have examined, all go to prove that the object of the mother 
 country was mainly to break up the contraband trade of the 
 Colonial merchants with Holland and her possessions, and to 
 give to her own East India Company the supply of the Colo 
 nial markets. The value of the tea consumed in America 
 was estimated at 300,000 annually. Nearly the whole quan 
 tity was "smuggled." Pennsylvania, New York, and Massa 
 chusetts, were the great marts. The risk of seizure for many 
 years was small ; and it is said, that, at one period, not one 
 chest in five hundred of that which was landed in Boston, fell 
 into the hands of the officers of the customs. Some of the 
 merchants of that town had become rich in the traffic, and a 
 considerable part of the large fortune which Hancock inherited 
 from his uncle,* was thus acquired. 
 
 The plan of the East India Company, backed by the minis 
 try, was shrewd, and, if it had been executed, would have 
 forced the merchants to abandon the contraband trade, and 
 have given the Company the business at which they grasped ; 
 since their tea was considered to be of better quality than 
 the smuggled, and if afforded at as low a price, would have 
 had the preference with consumers. The change of policy, 
 then, which encountered such fearful opposition, and which 
 reduced the duty from a shilling the pound payable in Eng 
 land, to " three-pence " payable in the ports to which it should 
 be exported from the Company s warehouses, allowed the 
 article to be sold in America nine-pence the pound cheaper 
 than it had been afforded under the old rate of duty, while, by 
 securing the market, it at the same time secured a revenue on 
 
 * Thomas Hancock s plan of smuggling, was to put his tea in molasses- 
 hogsheads, and thus " run " it, or import it without payment of duties. 
 
48 
 
 whatever quantity might actually be entered at the Colonial 
 custom-houses. This, as I understand the plan, was the whole 
 of it; and it is pertinent to remark, that, if the "tax" had 
 really been its objectionable feature, it is singular that no 
 clamor was raised while the duty was four times " three-pence" 
 the pound. At that rate, Whig merchants, as well as others, 
 had made small importations from England, in order " to 
 cover" the larger and illicit importations from Holland and 
 her dependencies. It is equally pertinent to observe, that the 
 English merchants, who sent tea to parts of America where 
 the contraband trade was less extensively pursued, were as 
 hostile to a measure which threatened them with the loss of 
 their customers, as were their commercial brethren in the Colo 
 nies, who were to be sufferers from the same cause. 
 
 The "tea" which came charged with "three-pence" duty 
 payable on being landed, was disposed of in various ways. 
 As a punishment for the destruction of that sent to Boston, 
 that port was shut up, and its commerce thus struck down at 
 a blow. The cutting off the fisheries, which were then the 
 very life-blood of New England, soon followed the passage of 
 the " Boston Port Bill," and was the crowning act of the policy 
 which produced an appeal to arms. When the tidings that no 
 vessels could now enter or leave the harbor of the capital of 
 the North spread through the land, the cry that "Boston is 
 suffering in the cause which henceforth interests all America," 
 rose spontaneously. Public meetings were held in all parts of 
 the country. People met in the open air, in churches, and 
 court-houses, to express their horror of the oppressors, and 
 their sympathy with the oppressed. I have examined the pro 
 ceedings of no less than sixty-seven of these meetings, of 
 which twenty-seven were held in Virginia, and all but one in 
 places south of New England. The day that the Port Bill 
 went into operation was one of gloom and sadness everywhere ; 
 and the predictions, on both sides of the Atlantic, that it would 
 produce a general confederation, and end in a general revolt, 
 were of rapid fulfilment. 
 
 In their opposition to the Navigation Act and Laws of 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 49 
 
 Trade, the merchants and ship-owners were entirely right. 
 Obedience to humane laws is due from every member of the 
 community. But the barbarous code of commercial law, 
 which disgraced the statute book of England for the exact 
 century which intervened between the introduction and expul 
 sion of her Colonial collectors and other officers of the cus 
 toms, was entitled to no respect whatever. Separation from 
 her would have followed as certainly in 1676, when the first 
 attempt was made to fix this code upon America, as in 1776, 
 when the experiment failed a second time, if there had been 
 at the one period, the same strength and concert, the same 
 deeply-seated irritation, and the same aid from the state of 
 English and European politics, as existed at the other. There 
 never was a moment, early or late, when the maritime Colo 
 nies would have submitted willingly to the requirements of 
 these statutes, or have submitted to them at all without the 
 use of force. And whoever carefully traces the course of 
 events, for the fifteen years immediately following the year 
 first above mentioned, will discover a most striking resem 
 blance to those which occurred between 1761 and the com 
 mencement of the war of the Revolution. 
 
 This commercial code was so stern and cruel, that an Amer 
 ican merchant was compelled to evade a law of the realm, in 
 order to give a sick neighbor an orange or cordial of European 
 origin, or else obtain them legally, loaded with the time, risk, 
 and expense of a voyage from the place of growth or manu 
 facture to England, and thence to his own warehouse. An 
 American ship-owner or ship-master, when wrecked on the 
 coast of Ireland, was not allowed to unlade his cargo on the 
 shore where his vessel was stranded, but was required to send 
 his merchandise to England, when, if originally destined for, 
 or wanted in, the Irish market, an English vessel might carry 
 it thither. At the North, a market for all the dried fish which 
 were caught was indispensable to the prosecution of the fish 
 eries. But the policy of the mother country provided penalties, 
 and the confiscation of vessel and cargo, for a sale of such 
 proportion of the annual " catch," as was unfit for her own 
 5 
 
50 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ports, or was not wanted in her own possessions in the Carib 
 bean sea, if carried to the islands which owned subjection to 
 France or Spain. These were some of the features of the 
 odious system which prevailed, and which was never abol 
 ished, until American vessels went out upon the ocean under 
 a new flag. 
 
 There can be but little wonder, therefore, that the great 
 body of the merchants of the Thirteen Colonies were Whigs ; 
 that fourteen,* or just one fourth, of the signers of the Decla 
 ration of Independence, and that several of the generals, and 
 other officers of the Continental army, were men bred to, or 
 engaged in, commerce, or the command of ships. No class of 
 the British subjects in America were so cruelly oppressed, no 
 class did more to emancipate their country. Yet it will be 
 found, that in every principal town there were merchants 
 who adhered to the crown. Many of these persons, however, 
 were natives of the British Isles, who had come to the Colonies 
 with the design of accumulating fortunes, and of returning, or 
 those whom the functionaries of the crown had been in the 
 habit of favoring with government contracts, those who had 
 been selected as the East India Company s agents or con 
 signees of tea, or those who had been elevated to seats in the 
 Colonial councils. 
 
 JT Our attention, now, will be directed to the professional 
 classes. It has often been asserted, that nearly all the clergy 
 were Whigs. The truth of this may admit of a doubt ; since 
 most of those of the Episcopal faith not only espoused the ad 
 verse side, but abandoned their flocks and the country. This 
 was especially the case in New England ; and Dr. Parker of 
 Trinity Church, Boston, and the Rev. Mr. McGilchrist of Salem, 
 were, I think, the only clergymen of that communion, who 
 stood by the people of their charge, and saved them from dis- 
 
 * John Hancock, John Langdon, Samuel Adams, William Whipple, 
 George Clymer, Stephen Hopkins, Francis Lewis, Philip Livingston, El- 
 bridge Gerry, Joseph Hewes, George Taylor, Roger Sherman, Button Gwin- 
 nett, and Robert Morris. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 51 
 
 persion. I need not say, that, at the period of the Revolution, 
 the clergy possessed vast influence. In the early settlement of 
 the country, as is well known, the duty of the ministers was 
 not confined to instructions in things spiritual, but embraced 
 matters of temporal concern, and on questions of pressing 
 public exigency, their counsel and advice were eagerly sought 
 and implicitly followed. This deference to their office and to 
 their real or supposed wisdom, though less general than at 
 former periods, had not ceased; and clergymen, both Whigs 
 and Tories, often made a recruiting house of the sanctuary. 
 Some of those of both parties disregarded the obligations of 
 Christian charity, and sacrificed their kindly affections as men, 
 in their earnest appeals from the pulpit. Generally, the min 
 ister and his people were of the same party; but there were 
 still some memorable divisions and quarrels, separations, and 
 dismissions. 
 
 The Sandemanians, though inconsiderable, both in numbers 
 and influence, were opposed to the popular movement, and 
 gave its friends no little trouble. At the North, the laymen 
 of the Episcopal faith were commonly, like their rectors, Loy 
 alists; but at the South it was different, and many of the most 
 distinguished Whigs of that section were zealous friends of 
 the established church. 
 
 Many Loyalist clergymen became chaplains of the corps 
 which were raised by the friends of the king in the different 
 Colonies. Most of those who thus took an active part in hos 
 tile deeds, and indeed nearly all of those who dissolved their 
 connexion with their parishes, were proscribed and banished. 
 When, after the war, the statutory prohibitions were either 
 modified or repealed, several of the exiles returned to their old 
 homes, or to other parts of the United States. But others, and 
 the larger proportion, remained abroad and finished their days 
 in banishment. At the close of the Revolution, the towns and 
 cities in New Brunswick, which are now so well known to 
 men of business or pleasure, were mere forests, and without a 
 single habitation. The first ministers of these places were 
 our expatriated countrymen. They lived in huts. They en- 
 
52 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 dured privation and suffering. As the country around them 
 increased and prospered, their situation became comfortable, 
 and finally, entirely agreeable. Several of them had large 
 families. The sons of some were educated to their own pro 
 fession, and succeeding to, now occupy, their pulpits. So, too, 
 Loyalist clergymen settled in Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, 
 where, gathering members of their old flocks, they resumed 
 their clerical duties. 
 
 We pass to members of the bar. I incline to believe that a 
 majority of the lawyers were Whigs, and for several reasons. 
 First, because in the course of my researches I have found but 
 comparatively few who adhered to the crown ; secondly, be 
 cause of the well known fact, that a large part of the speakers 
 and advocates on the popular side were educated to the law ; 
 and thirdly, because one of the objects of the "Stamp Act" 
 was to drive from the profession those members of it who an 
 noyed the royal governors and other officials, and who, as a 
 member of the House of Commons said, were " mere petti 
 foggers." Besides, many gentlemen of the bar, on being re 
 tained by the merchants, became impressed with the enormities 
 of the commercial code, and in advocating the cause of clients 
 who claimed to continue their contraband trade on the ground 
 of usage and prescription, they were impelled to follow the 
 example of Otis, and to take the lofty stand that commerce 
 should be, and on principles of justice really was, as open 
 and as free to British subjects in the New World, as it was to 
 those in the Old. 
 
 Still the ministry had their partisans among the barristers 
 at law, and some of them were persons of great professional 
 eminence. In fact, the "giants of the law" in the Colonies 
 were nearly all Loyalists. As in the case of the clergy, many 
 of them were driven into exile. Several entered the military 
 service of the crown, and raised and commanded companies, 
 battalions, and even regiments. At the peace, a few returned 
 to their former abodes and pursuits ; but the greater number 
 passed the remainder of their lives either in England, or in 
 her present possessions in America. The anti-revolutionary 
 
HTSTORICAL ESSAY. 53 
 
 bar of Massachusetts and New York, furnished the admiralty 
 and common law courts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 
 Canada, and the Bermudas, with many of their most distin 
 guished judges. 
 
 The physicians who adhered to the crown were numerous, 
 and the proportion of Whigs was less probably in the profes 
 sion of medicine than in either that of law or theology. But 
 unlike persons of the latter callings, most of the physicians re 
 mained in the country, and quietly pursued their business. 
 There seems to have been an understanding that, though pul 
 pits should be closed, and litigation be suspended, the sick 
 should not be deprived of their regular and freely chosen med 
 ical attendants. I have been susprised to find, from verbal 
 communications and from various other sources, that while the 
 " Tory doctors," were as zealous and as fearless in the expres 
 sion of their sentiments as "Tory ministers " and "Tory barris 
 ters," their persons and property were generally respected in 
 the towns and villages, where little or no regard was paid to 
 the bodies and estates of gentlemen of the robe and the sur 
 plice. Some, however, were less fortunate, and the dealings of 
 the " sons of liberty," were occasionally harsh and exceedingly 
 vexatious. A few of the Loyalist physicians were banished ; 
 others, and those chiefly who became surgeons in the army or 
 provincial corps, settled in New Brunswick or Nova Scotia, 
 where they resumed practice. Those who continued in service 
 until the close of the struggle or the dissolution of the corps to 
 which they were attached, were placed on the half-pay list, 
 and enjoyed the annuity allowed to retired surgeons during 
 life. 
 
 Of the thirty-seven newspapers which were published in 
 the Colonies, in April 1775, if the result of my inquiries be 
 correct, seven or eight were in the interest of the crown, and 
 twenty-three were devoted to the service of the Whigs. Of these 
 thirty-seven, however, one on each side had little or no part 
 in discussing the great questions at issue, as they were estab 
 lished only in the preceding month of January ; and of those 
 which did participate in these discussions, and maintain the 
 5* 
 
54 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 right, no less than five went over to the Loyalists in the course 
 of the war. Of the number first named, two were printed in 
 German, and one in German and English ; and as another of 
 the thirty-seven was commenced in April, there were, in fact, 
 but thirty-one newspapers in the vernacular tongue, at the 
 close of 1 774 Up to the beginning of the strife, printing had 
 been confined to the capitals or principal towns ; but hostile 
 deeds, interfering with all employments, caused the removal of 
 some of the public journals to places more remote, and were 
 the means of interrupting, or wholly discontinuing the publi 
 cation of others. Those that existed at the period of which 
 we are speaking, were very unequally distributed ; thus Mary 
 land, Virginia, the two Carolinas, and Georgia, taken together, 
 had but one more than Pennsylvania, and but three more than 
 Massachusetts. In New Hampshire, the " Gazette " was 
 alone; while Rhode Island had both a "Gazette" and a 
 " Mercury." Of the editors and proprietors who originally 
 opposed the right, or became converts to the wrong, several 
 sought refuge in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they 
 established newspapers, and the first which were published 
 in these Colonies. 
 
 From what has now been said, it is evident that a very consid 
 erable proportion of the professional and editorial intelligence 
 and talents of the Thirteen Colonies was arrayed against the 
 popular movement. This volume contains notices of upwards 
 of one hundred and fifty persons who were educated at Har 
 vard college, or some other American or foreign institution of 
 learning ; and could the whole number of Loyalists who re 
 ceived College honors be ascertained, it would be found, pro 
 bably, that the list is far from being complete. It was alleged, 
 however, by a distinguished adherent of the crown in New 
 Jersey, that " most of the colleges had been the grand nurse 
 ries of the rebellion," and in a plan which he submitted for 
 the government of the Colonies after the suppression of the 
 revolt, he proposed to check their pernicious influence by in 
 troducing several reforms. But if, in connexion with the facts 
 above-named, it be considered, that in 1761 there were but six 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 
 
 colleges in America, and only nine at the commencement of 
 hostilities, we shall hardly find reason to believe, that the loyal 
 had cause to complain of them. It is said, on what appears 
 to be good authority, that as late as 1746 there were but fifteen 
 liberally educated persons in the whole Colony of New York. 
 The increase between that period and the Revolution could 
 not have been very considerable ; and of the number named, 
 several were alive in 1776, and belonged to the ministerial 
 party. But whatever was the relative strength of the two 
 parties in the single particular of graduates of colleges, the 
 Whigs far exceeded their opponents in effective writers. Among 
 the newspaper essayists in Massachusetts, on the royal side, 
 were Joseph Green, a wag and a wit ; Samuel Waterhouse, 
 an officer of the customs, who was stigmatized as the " most 
 notorious scribbler and libeller " of the time ; Lieutenant Gov 
 ernor Oliver ; Jonathan Sewall, and Daniel Leonard. The last 
 wrote a series of papers entitled " Massachusettensis," and had 
 John Adams for his antagonist, over the signature of "Nov- 
 Anglus." Mr. Adams attributed these papers to his friend 
 Sewali, but the fact that Leonard was the author is now well 
 established. None of these " government-men " were so effec 
 tive as popular writers as Samuel Adams, and his single pen 
 was probably a match for them all. Hutchinson was so an 
 noyed by his peculiar tact, and his power to agitate and move 
 the public mind as to declare, that of all persons known to 
 him, he was the most successful " in robbing men of their char 
 acters." But besides the two Adamses, James Otis was the 
 author of four political tracts, and Oxenbridge Thacher, 
 Chauncy, and Cooper, were continually transmitting their 
 thoughts in popular forms ; while Josiah Quincy junior, often 
 gave his countrymen the effusions of his rich, pure, and classical 
 mind, and his " Observations on the Boston Port Bill " is to 
 be regarded not only as a clear and cogent political essay, 
 but as a finished specimen of the literature of the period. 
 
 Among the Loyalists of New York who contributed to the 
 press, were the Rev. Samuel Chandler, the Rev. John Vardill, 
 and Isaac Wilkins. The opponent of the latter was the youth- 
 
56 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ful Hamilton.* In the South, I am disposed to conclude, that 
 the crown commanded no writer of ability except Daniel Du- 
 lany, the attorney-general of Maryland, who was in the field 
 against Charles Carroll. I know of no ministerial writer in 
 Virginia. Those on the Whig side were, it is believed, limited 
 to three, namely, Jefferson, Richard Bland, and Arthur Lee. 
 Some of the popular leaders in the planting Colonies conducted 
 an extensive correspondence, but others seem to have been 
 almost silent. It is somewhat remarkable, that the only 
 editor and best biographer of Washington, found, or has pre 
 served, but three letters in which the disputes that agitated the 
 country are incidentally mentioned, and but three others in 
 which the subjects in controversy are fully and explicitly dis 
 cussed. At the North it was essentially different, and the 
 letters of Massachusetts Whigs contain full and valuable ma 
 terials for history. 
 
 In concluding the topic, it may be remarked, that while the 
 number of the highest seminaries of learning was small, the 
 other means of disseminating knowledge were extremely lim 
 ited. It suited the views of the mother country to keep the 
 Colonial press shackled ; and it seems hardly credible, that the 
 accomplished Addison, when a minister of state, should have 
 directed the governors in America to allow of no publications, 
 and of no printing without license. For a considerable period 
 the most rigid censorship prevailed in the Colonies, and even 
 almanacs were subject to examination.* The result of this 
 
 * Hamilton s own sympathies were at first on the royal side, as he himself 
 admits in his reply to Wilkins ; and his biographer relates, that a visit to 
 Boston changed the current of his thoughts ; I may add, the whole course 
 of his life. 
 
 * In 1719 it was deemed necessary to obtain a license from Governor Shute, 
 to publish a pamphlet upon the very harmless subject of providing Boston with 
 market-houses, of which the town was then destitute. The pulpit was, how 
 ever, free, and Dr. Colman preached a sermon the same year on " the reasons 
 for a market in Boston." Censorship of the newspapers, at this period, con 
 tinued to be enforced so rigidly, that four years after, matter intended for 
 publication in them was required to be examined by the Colonial Secretary. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 57 
 
 state of things was, that prior to the Revolution, most of the 
 books were imported from England. As in other respects, 
 however, the statute-book was sometimes disobeyed while this 
 system was in force, and works were published which bore the 
 the English imprint, and which closely resembled the English 
 copies used in the publication. In this fraudulent way, the 
 first American edition of the Bible was printed at Boston. 
 Besides, provision for educating the people was seldom made, 
 and reading and writing in some sections of the country were 
 " rare accomplishments." The germ of the system of free- 
 schools in New England, of schools to be ordained and con 
 tinually maintained by law, is to be sought as far back as the 
 year 1670, when the profits of the public-fishery at Cape Cod 
 were set apart for the purpose ; but in Virginia, it is believed, 
 that education was never a subject of legislation during the 
 whole course of her Colonial existence. 
 
 We are now to speak of the Loyalists who opposed the Whigs 
 in the field. Upon this topic, our writers of history have been 
 
 Though no particular officer may have been charged with the duty of super 
 vision later than the year 1730, a publisher was sent to prison in 1754, upon 
 suspicion of having printed remarks derogatory to some members of the 
 Colonial government. 
 
 It may not be without interest to show what was thought of the freedom of 
 the newspaper press thirty or forty years ago. In February, 1812, the attor 
 ney general and solicitor general of Massachusetts, state, in an official report 
 to Governor Gerry, that, in their judgment, there had appeared in the Boston 
 papers, since the preceding 1st of June, no less than two hundred and fifty- 
 three libellous articles, to wit : in The Scourge, ninety-nine ; The Centinel, fifty- 
 one ; The Repertory, thirty-four ; The Gazette, thirty-eight ; The Palladium, 
 eighteen ; The Messenger, one ; The Chronicle, eight ; and the Patriot, 
 nine ; while in The Yankee there had been none. The report gives the dates 
 of the papers, and divides the libellous matter into two kinds ; that in which 
 the truth could be, and that in which it could not be given in evidence to 
 justify the party accused. These law officers state, moreover, that their 
 examinations had not embraced complete files of all these prints ; and that 
 they had not included in their list calumnious publications against foreign 
 governments or distinguished foreigners, or libels of the editorial brethren 
 against each other. It appears that the inquiry was instituted at his Excel 
 lency s request. 
 
58 
 
 OR 
 
 almost silent; and it is not impossible that some persons 
 have read books devoted exclusively to an account of the Rev 
 olution, without so much as imagining that a part, and a con 
 siderable part of the force employed to suppress the " rebellion," 
 was composed of our own countrymen. The two wars be 
 tween England and France, which immediately preceded the 
 revolt of the Colonies, were caused principally by disputes 
 about rights of fishing, and by unsettled questions of maritime 
 and territorial jurisdiction in America ; and in these wars the 
 American people had taken a distinguished part. In fact, in 
 aiding to put down French pretensions, our fathers acquired 
 the skill necessary to the successful assertion of their own. A 
 large proportion of the officers who were engaged in the expe 
 ditions against Cape Breton, Quebec, and other places in the 
 possessions of France, espoused the popular side, and many of 
 them became prominent leaders. Thus, Gridley, who laid out 
 the works on Breed s Hill, and Prescott, who commanded the 
 troops that occupied them ; Montgomery, Gates, and St. Clair ; 
 James Clinton, Mercer, and John Stark ; Morgan, Israel and 
 Rufus Putnam, Gibson, Darke, Thomas, Spencer, Bull, Brad 
 ford, Zebulon Butler, and Campbell ; all of whom were gen 
 erals or colonels in the Revolution ; and Thornton, Walcott, 
 Livingston, and Williams, who became Signers of the Declar 
 ation of Independence, were engaged in one or both of these 
 wars. 
 
 But, on the other hand, several officers of merit, and some of 
 very considerable military talents, adhered to the royal side. 
 Of this description were General Ruggles, Colonels Saltonstall, 
 Gilbert, William Stark, (the brother of John), Peter Gilman, 
 Tyng, Hewlett, and Brewerton. Among other persons of con 
 sideration, were Sir John Johnson, Oliver De Lancey, Robert 
 Rogers, and Washington s friend Mackenzie. 
 
 It may not be possible to ascertain the number of the Loyalists 
 who took up arms, but from the best evidence which I have 
 been able to obtain, I conclude there were twenty thousand at 
 the lowest computation ; and unless their killed and wounded, 
 in the different battles and affrays in which they were engaged, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 59 
 
 were unusually large, I have put their aggregate force far too 
 low. v Thus, in the fight at Bennington, or more properly Hoo- 
 suc, in the enterprise of Sullivan at Staten Island, in the ad 
 venture of Nelson in New Jersey, in the affray of Pickens with 
 a band of Tories who were on their way to the British camp in 
 Georgia, in the battle of King s Mountain, in four actions of 
 Colonel Washington, Marion, Lee, and Sumpter, the aggregate 
 of slain, wounded, or made prisoners, was upwards of twenty- 
 three hundred, or more than a ninth part of my estimate. 
 That, in the various conflicts of the illustrious commander-in- 
 chief, in those of Greene, Lincoln, and Gates, in the South, in 
 the recontres of Marion, Lee, and Sumpter, not mentioned above, 
 in the losses of Tryon, Simcoe, De Lancey, Johnson, and Ar 
 nold, in their various actions with the Whig forces, or hastily 
 assembled neighborhoods, in the strifes between Whigs and 
 Tories hand to hand, and in cases where neither had authorized 
 or commissioned leaders, another ninth part of twenty thousand 
 met with a similar fate is nearly certain. At the time of Corn- 
 wallis s surrender, a part of his army was composed of native 
 Americans, and his Lordship evinced great anxiety for their 
 protection. Failing to obtain special terms for them in the 
 articles of capitulation, he availed himself of the conceded 
 privilege of sending an armed ship northerly without molesta 
 tion, to convey away the most obnoxious among them. Bur- 
 goyne had been spared this trouble ; for, as his difficulties had 
 increased, and his dangers thickened, the Loyalists had aban 
 doned him to his fate. 
 
 Again. The estimated number of twenty thousand can be 
 shown to be moderate in a manner more direct, and perhaps 
 more satisfactory. Thus, in the South, Lord Dunmore drew 
 a considerable number to his standard, and Martin, governor 
 of North Carolina, succeeded in embodying a force of fifteen 
 hundred men. Nearly or quite nine hundred and fifty of Fer 
 guson s command at King s Mountain, and about thirteen hun 
 dred of Butler s force at Wyoming, were Tories. Besides 
 these corps, and besides Sir John Johnson s " Royal Greens," 
 there were certainly twenty-nine or thirty regiments or battal- 
 
60 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ions regularly organized, officered, and paid.* The names of 
 these various corps, and the names of upwards of five hundred 
 officers who were attached to them, will be found in this vol 
 ume. If the body raised by Lord Dunmore be computed at 
 five hundred, and if each of the above regiments or battalions, 
 including the " Royal Greens," be supposed to have numbered 
 four hundred, the whole number will amount to more than 
 sixteen thousand. To the force thus ascertained with some 
 degree of accuracy, we have yet to add the predatory bands 
 which were almost innumerable in some sections of the coun 
 try, and during some periods of the conflict, and those who 
 entered the naval service, those who enlisted in privateers, and 
 those who in the Carolinas carried on the exterminating war 
 fare described by General Greene. With regard to the latter, 
 it may be remarked, that they must have formed a numerous 
 body, for if, as he says, "thousands" were slain, "thousands" 
 were of course engaged in the murderous conflicts. 
 
 And yet again. In an address of the Loyalists who were in 
 London in 1779, presented to the king, it is said that their 
 countrymen then in his Majesty s army, "exceeded in number 
 the troops enlisted [by Congress] to oppose them" exclusive of 
 those who were " in service in private ships of war." In a 
 
 * The King s Rangers ; the Royal Feasible Americans ; the Queen s 
 Rangers ; the New York Volunteers ; the King s American Regiment ; 
 the Prince of Wales s American Volunteers ; the Maryland Loyalists ; 
 De Lancey s Battalions ; the Second American Regiment ; the King s 
 Rangers Carolina ; the South Carolina Royalists ; the North Carolina High 
 land Regiment ; the King s American Dragoons ; the Loyal American Regi 
 ment ; the American Legion ; the New Jersey Volunteers ; the British 
 Legion ; the Loyal Foresters ; the Orange Rangers ; the Pennsylvania Loy 
 alists; the Guides and Pioneers; the North Carolina Volunteers; the 
 Georgia Loyalists; the West Chester Volunteers. These corps were all 
 commanded by colonels or lieutenant colonels, and as De Lancey s Battal 
 ions, and the New Jersey Volunteers consisted each of three battalions, 
 here were twenty-eight. To these, the Newport Associates, the Loyal 
 New Englanders, the Associated Loyalists, and Wentworth s Volunteers, 
 remain to be added. Still further, Col. Archibald Hamilton of New York 
 commanded at one period seventeen companies of Loyal Militia. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 61 
 
 similar document dated in 1782, and which was addressed to 
 the King and both houses of Parliament, the same declaration 
 is repeated, though in stronger terms, since the language is, 
 that " there are many more men in his Majesty s provincial 
 regiments than there are in the continental service." These last 
 addresses declare, moreover, that " the zeal" of the Loyalists 
 must he greater than that of the "rebels," for "the desultory 
 manner in which the war has been carried on by first taking 
 possession of Boston, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, Portsmouth, 
 and Norfolk in Virginia, and Wilmington in North Carolina, 
 and then evacuating them," had ruined thousands, and in 
 volved others in the greatest wretchedness, and had rendered 
 enlistments tardy under " such " discouragements, and " very 
 unequal circumstances." That, down to 1779, the adherents 
 of the crown had not refused to serve in the field is distinctly 
 stated in the Address first quoted, and in these words : "If 
 any Colony or district, when covered or possessed by your Ma 
 jesty s troops, had been called upon to take arms, and had 
 refused, or if any attempts had been made to form the Loyalist 
 militia, * * * and it had been declined, we should not on 
 this occasion have presumed thus to Address your Majesty," 
 &c. The descendants of Loyalist officers who entered the 
 military service early in the struggle, and continued in commis 
 sion until its close, entertain the general views expressed in 
 these extracts ; and the opinion that Americans in the pay of 
 the crown were quite as numerous as those who entered the 
 army of Congress, is very commonly held by persons with 
 whom I have conversed. Still, I doubt whether either the writ 
 ten or verbal statements are to be relied on implicitly, and for 
 the reason, that in the former I am sure there are exaggerations 
 on other subjects, and the latter rest on the assertions of men 
 who were equally ready to attribute the success of the Whigs 
 and their own ruin to the inefficiency and bad management of 
 Sir William Howe, and other royal generals. 
 
 At the peace, the Loyalist corps were disbanded. A few of 
 the officers were transferred to the regiilar army, and continued 
 in service for life ; but the great majority were less fortunate, 
 6 
 
OR 
 
 and, while some of the highest rank went to England, others, 
 in departing into banishment, were compelled to seek for homes 
 in regions sparsely peopled, and, as many of them imagined, 
 hardly habitable.* To ascertain the fate of all of those whose 
 names and rank appear in this work, is not now, perhaps, 
 possible. Those who were attached to the corps raised at the 
 extreme South, were principally inhabitants of that section, 
 and it is known that a large proportion of them settled in the 
 Bahamas, Florida, and the British West Indies. Some of the 
 officers who belonged to the " Maryland Loyalists," and some 
 of the privates of that corps, embarked for Nova Scotia, but 
 were wrecked in the Bay of Fundy, and a part perished. My 
 information, therefore, of those who were in commission in 
 Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland, is extremely 
 limited. Of several of those of the "Pennsylvania Loyalists" 
 under command of the apostate Allen, I have been able to learn 
 a few particulars ; and of many who served in the different 
 regiments or battalions raised in New York and New Jersey, 
 under De Lancey, Robinson, and Skinner, I have obtained in 
 telligence of interest. 
 
 Of the three corps organized in New England, it is singular 
 to remark, that I have learned less than of most others. The 
 " Wentworth Volunteers " enlisted in New Hampshire, could 
 not, I suppose, have been a body of men of much efficiency. 
 If they performed any exploit other than that of carrying off 
 from Connecticut a "rebel" minister and his congregation, 
 
 * Some of the officers in departing for Nova Scotia remarked, that they 
 were "bound to a country where there was nine months winter, and three 
 months of cold weather every year." Some idea of the views entertained of 
 this Colony at the peace may be formed from an extract or two from a pam 
 phlet published in England in 1784. " It has a winter of almost insupporta 
 ble length and coldness " * * * * " there are but a few inconsiderable 
 spots fit to cultivate, and the land is covered with a cold spongy moss in place 
 of grass" * * * * "the land is so barren, that corn does not come up 
 well in it" * * * * "winter continues at least seven months in the 
 year" * * * * "the country is wrapt in the gloom of a perpetual fog " 
 * # * * a t ne mountains run down to the sea-coast, and leave but here 
 and there a spot fit to inhabit." &c. &c. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 63 
 
 and the horses and pillions of the good dames who had gone 
 to meeting, history has not done them justice. The Rhode 
 Island troops, or " Newport Associators," consisted, possibly, 
 of three companies. The " Loyal New Englanders " were 
 commanded by Col. Wightman, but their numbers, and with 
 two exceptions, the names of the officers, have not been as 
 certained, after some research and personal inquiry. 
 
 The Loyalist officers at the close of the war, and when their 
 corps were disbanded, retired on half-pay. This stipend they 
 received during life, and they also received grants of land ac 
 cording to their rank. Such is the fact with regard to those 
 who settled in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and other parts 
 of British North America, and it is to be presumed that all 
 were treated alike. Many, too, held responsible and lucrative 
 civil offices, and some even administered the government of the 
 Colonies in which they resided. Nothing in their history is 
 more remarkable than their longevity. Several lived to enjoy 
 their half-pay upwards of half a century, and so common 
 among them were the ages of eighty-five, ninety, and even of 
 ninety-five years, that the saying, " Loyalist half -pay officers 
 never die" was often repeated. Their children assure inqui 
 rers, that, to those who were in the vigor -of life, the bounty of 
 the crown was rather injurious than beneficial, and that, while 
 it relieved the maimed, and the shattered in health, who were 
 comparatively few, it impaired the energy and diminished the 
 enterprise of the more numerous class, who, inhabitants of a 
 wilderness country, should have cleared the forests and made 
 themselves farms. Their descendants state, that, secure in a 
 sum annually, which would procure them food and clothing, 
 and which placed them beyond the fear of want, they were not 
 compelled to task their faculties to procure subsistence, and 
 that, saddened by their recollections of the past, they became 
 "morose," "sour," and "peevish." 
 
 In fact, the representations of persons of Loyalist lineage 
 afford satisfactory evidence, that, as a class, the half-pay offi 
 cers were unhappy men. The lands which were granted to 
 them were not settled or made productive, and but for the 
 
64 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 recent timber-land mania, which attracted the speculators of 
 Maine and Massachusetts, large tracts would have remained 
 unexplored and valueless down to the present time. The im 
 pression that the revolutionary contest should have terminated 
 differently, was very common, and in many it was very strong. 
 That they, " the loyal, the true," should have been the 
 losers in the strife, and " the false and the rebellious" the win 
 ners ; and that the former should have been driven from the 
 country in which they were born, to commence life anew in un 
 broken forests, were circumstances over which they continually 
 brooded, and to which they were never reconciled. They insisted, 
 and those who have inherited their names and possessions, and 
 many of their prejudices and opinions, still insist, that both 
 Sir William Howe, and Sir Henry Clinton, his successor, could 
 and should have quelled " the Rebellion," and that the former, 
 especially, is wholly inexcusable. If, by their course of rea 
 soning, Sir William had occupied Dorchester heights, and the 
 high-lands of Charlestown, as a sagacious general would have 
 done, and as his force and park of artillery allowed him to do, 
 all the disasters to the royal arms which followed would have 
 been prevented. 
 
 These remarks are to be considered as general. Some of the 
 Loyalist officers, who settled in British America, bore their 
 deprivations with cheerfulness, and spared no efforts to improve 
 their fallen fortunes. To these, half-pay was of great benefit, 
 since it enabled them to erect buildings, and improve and 
 stock the lands which were granted to them; and the houses 
 which they built, in which they lived and died, and which are 
 now occupied by their descendants, contain every convenience 
 and comfort necessary for human enjoyment. Others of a 
 similar cast of character embarked in commercial pursuits, 
 and became men of property and even of wealth ; and still 
 others, who had been bred to the law, resumed practice, and 
 became able and distinguished advocates. 
 
 The reader will find that another class of Loyalists, who held 
 commissions under the crown, hovered upon our northern and 
 southern frontiers, and in the depth of their malignity and hos- 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 65 
 
 tility, incited the savage tribes to deeds of rapine and murder ; 
 and engaged in schemes and plots to deprive us of important 
 rights and territories. The conduct of McKee, Elliot, and 
 Girty, in Canada; of McGillivray, Panton, and Bowles, in 
 Florida ; and of Conolly, and his associates, in their endeavor 
 to raise a force to seize New Orleans, and to control the Missis 
 sippi, produced alarm in those who conducted our public af 
 fairs, and involved the settlers upon our borders in misery. 
 
 The examination, now completed, of the political condition 
 of the Colonies, of the state of parties, and of the divisions in 
 particular classes in society and avocations in life, leads to the 
 conclusion, that tthe number of our countrymen who wished 
 to continue their connexion with the mother country was very 
 large. In nearly every Loyalist letter or other paper which I 
 have examined, and in which the subject is mentioned, it is either 
 assumed or stated in terms, that the loyal were the majority ; 
 and this opinion, I am satisfied, was very generally entertained 
 by those who professed to have a knowledge of public senti 
 ment. That the adherents of the crown were mistaken, is 
 certain. But yet, in the Carolinas and Georgia, and possibly in 
 Pennsylvania, the two parties differed but little in point of 
 strength, while in New York, the Whigs were far weaker than 
 their opponents.^ 
 
 It may be asked, why, when the Colonial System was so 
 odious, when it restrained the industry, and in so many other 
 respects, oppressed and wronged the Colonists, there was not 
 greater unanimity ; and why persons so respectable, and hith 
 erto universally esteemed, as were many of the " government- 
 men," were seemingly, or in fact, averse to breaking away 
 from British dominion ? These questions have been put 
 to Loyalists themselves. They have answered, that the 
 South was not originally directly interested in the measures 
 which excited so deep hostility at the North ; that at the forma 
 tion of parties throughout the Colonies generally, under their 
 last names, they were still regarded as the common organiza 
 tions of the ins and the outs, and as the continued strivings of 
 the one to retain, and of the other to gain patronage and place ; 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 OR 
 
 and that the mass, in taking sides with or against the royal 
 governors, was stimulated by the hopes which politicians have 
 always been able to excite in their followers. It has been an 
 swered, too, that few foresaw the issue to which the quarrel 
 must come, and that the Whigs continually denied an intention 
 to do more than obtain a peaceable redress of grievances. It 
 has been said, also, that those who received the name of Tories 
 were not at first, nor indeed for some years, resisting a revolu 
 tion, but striving to preserve order, and an observance of the 
 rights of persons and property ; that many, who took sides at 
 the outset as mere conservators of the peace, were denounced 
 by those whose purposes they thwarted, and were finally com 
 pelled, in pure self-defence, to accept of royal protection, and 
 thus to become identified with the royal party ever after. Again, 
 it has been stated, that, had the naked question of Independ 
 ence been discussed from the beginning, and before minor, and 
 in many cases, local, events had shaped their course, many, 
 who were driven forth to live and die as aliens and outcasts, 
 would have terminated their career far differently ; that many 
 were opposed to war from religious principle ; that some thought 
 the people enjoyed privileges enough ; that others were influ 
 enced by their official connexions or aspirations ; that another 
 class, who seldom mingled in the affairs of active life, loved 
 retirement, and would, had the Whigs allowed them, have re 
 mained neutrals; that some were timid men; some were old men ; 
 and that tenants and dependents went with the landholders 
 without inquiry, and as a thing of course. All of these reasons, 
 and numerous others, have been assigned at different times, 
 and by different persons. But another cause quite as potent as 
 either of those which have been enumerated operated, it would 
 seem, upon thousands, namely, a dread of the strength and 
 resources of England, and the belief, that successful resistance 
 to her power was impossible ; that the Colonies had neither the 
 men nor the means to carry on war, and would be humbled 
 and reduced to submission with hardly an effort. 
 
 That motives and considerations, hopes and fears, like these, 
 had an influence in the formation of the last Colonial parties, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 67 
 
 cannot be disputed, and the unprejudiced minds of this genera 
 tion should be frank enough to admit it. All, both Whigs and 
 Tories, were bom and had grown up under a monarchy ; and 
 the abstract question of renouncing it or of continuing it was 
 one on which men of undoubted patriotism differed widely. 
 Very many of the Whigs came into the final measure of sep 
 arating from the mother country with great reluctance, and 
 doubt and hesitation prevailed even in Congress. Besides, the 
 Whig leaders uniformly denied, that Independence was em 
 braced in their plans, and constantly affirmed, that their sole 
 object was to obtain concessions, and to continue the connexion 
 with England as hitherto ; and John Adams goes further than 
 this, for, says he, " there was not a moment during the revolu 
 tion, ivhen I would not have given everything I possessed for a 
 restoration to the state of things before the contest began, pro 
 vided we could have had a sufficient security for its continu 
 ance" If Mr. Adams be regarded as expressing the sentiments 
 of the Whigs, they were willing to remain Colonists, provided 
 they could have had their rights secured to them j while the 
 Tories were contented thus to continue, without such security. 
 Such, as it appears to me, was the only difference between the 
 two parties prior to hostilities, and many Whigs, like Mr. 
 Adams, would have been willing to rescind the declaration of 
 independence, and to forget the past, upon proper guarantees for 
 the future. This mode of stating the question, and of defining 
 the difference between the two parties down to a certain pe 
 riod at least cannot be objected to, unless the sincerity and 
 truthfulness of some of the most eminent men in our history 
 are directly impeached ; and if any are prepared to dispute their 
 veracity, it may still be asked, whether the Tories ought not to 
 be excused for believing them? What, then, has been said by 
 men, whom we most justly reverence ? Franklin s testimony, 
 a few days before the affair at Lexington, was, that he had 
 "more than once travelled almost from one end of the conti 
 nent to the other, and kept a variety of company, eating, drink 
 ing, and conversing with them freely, [and] never had heard 
 in any conversation from any person, drunk or sober, the least 
 
68 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 expression of a wish for a separation, or a hint that such a 
 thing would be advantageous to America" Mr. Jay is quite 
 as explicit. "During the course of my life," said he, I and 
 until the second petition of Congress, in 1775, I never did hear 
 an American of any class , or of any description, express a 
 wish for the Independence of the Colonies" " It has always 
 been, and still is my opinion and belief, that our country was 
 prompted and impelled to Independence by necessity, and not 
 by choice" Mr. Jefferson affirmed, "What, eastward of New 
 York, might have been the dispositions towards England be 
 fore the commencement of hostilities, I know not ; but before 
 that I never heard a whisper of a disposition to separate from 
 Great Britain ; and after that, its possibility was contemplated 
 with affliction by all" Washington, in 1774, fully sustains these 
 declarations, and in the " Fairfax County Resolves," it was 
 complained, that " malevolent falsehoods " were propagated by 
 the ministry to prejudice the mind of the king, "particularly 
 that there is an intention in the American Colonies to set up for 
 independent states." Mr. Madison was not in public life un 
 til May, 1776, but he says, that "It has always been my im 
 pression, that a re-establishment of the Colonial relations to 
 the parent country, as they were previous to the controversy, was 
 the real object of every class of the people, till the despair of 
 obtaining it," &c.* 
 
 I have to repeat, that the only way to dispose of testimony 
 like this, is to impeach the persons who have given it. With 
 the principles of men who, when it was ascertained that a 
 redress of grievances could not be obtained, preferred to remain 
 British subjects, I have neither communion nor sympathy; 
 and I may be pardoned for adding, that I have watched the 
 operations and tendencies of the Colonial System of govern 
 ment too long and too narrowly, modified as it now is, not to 
 entertain for it the heartiest dislike. Yet I would do the men 
 who were born under it, and were reconciled to it, justice ; and 
 
 * See Sparks s Washington, Vol. 2, p. 498, 500, and 501 ; the italics are 
 my own, except in the extract from the " Fairfax County Resolves." 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 69 
 
 if, as Mr. Jefferson says, a "possibility" of the necessity of a 
 separation of the two countries, " was contemplated with afflic 
 tion by all" and if the statements made by Franklin, Adams, 
 Jay, Madison and Washington, are to be considered as true 
 and as decisive, I renewedly ask, what other line of difference 
 existed between the Whigs and Tories, than what has been 
 mentioned, namely, the terms on which the connexion of the 
 Colonies with England should be continued. 
 
 My object in the attention bestowed on this point has been 
 to remove the erroneous impression which seems to prevail, 
 that the Whigs proposed and the Tories opposed Independence, 
 at the very commencement of the controversy. Instead of this, 
 we have seen, that quite fourteen years elapsed before the 
 question was made a party issue, and that even then, "neces 
 sity," and not "choice," caused a dismemberment of the em 
 pire. Since it has appeared, therefore, from the highest sources, 
 that the Whigs resolved finally upon Revolution, because they 
 were denied the rights of British subjects, and not because they 
 disliked monarchical institutions, and were disinclined to re 
 main Colonists ; the Tories may be relieved from the imputa 
 tion of being the only " monarchy-men " of the time. 
 
 We are now to survey, very briefly, the course pursued by 
 the Loyalists during the war. As I have preferred connexion 
 of subject to mere chronological order, some of the details be 
 longing to this branch of our inquiry have been given, in or 
 der to complete the topics already discussed. 
 [ Besides the Loyalists of New England who abandoned the 
 country at the evacuation of Boston, and of whom I have 
 spoken, there were similar emigrations in other parts of the 
 country at different periods and aspects of the war. After the 
 surrender of Burgoyne, especially, the number was very con 
 siderable. In time, a large part of the civil officers of the 
 several Colonial governments, many of those whose age or 
 infirmities, or principles, did not permit them to take part in 
 hostilities, as well as many of the clergy who had become 
 obnoxious, found their way to England. These various class 
 es, with their wives and children, formed at last a numerous 
 
70 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 body ; and hundreds were destitute of the means of support. 
 The capitulation of Lord Cornwallis caused another large 
 emigration, and at the peace thousands were either partially 
 or entirely dependent, and without employment. 
 
 Several of those who went to England in the early part of 
 the struggle, received allowances from the government soon 
 after their arrival. Sanguine that every campaign would be the 
 last, the provision which was made for these and for others, 
 who, from time to time, joined them, and were added to the 
 list, was small, and in some instances too small to afford essen 
 tial relief. Towards the close of the year 1782, the number of 
 those to whom assistance was rendered, was three hundred and 
 fifteen, and the amount bestowed in regular pensions was 
 40,280,* besides about 18,000, which were applied to par 
 ticular individuals under peculiar circumstances. Under the 
 expectation that the "rebellion" would soon be suppressed, 
 and that the emigrants would soon return to their own coun 
 try, the allowances were at first limited to three months, but 
 were finally converted into yearly and regular stipends ; and 
 as the sums to be given each were fixed oftentimes without 
 inquiry, (and probably by favor,) great inequality existed, 
 which it was found necessary to correct. A committee was 
 accordingly appointed to investigate the subject generally, and 
 to report upon the cases of persons who enjoyed pensions or 
 gratuities, and of those who claimed them. This committee 
 accordingly examined into the condition of the recipients and 
 of the applicants, and in the course of their inquiry, required 
 the production of papers and witnesses. The results at which 
 they arrived were, that of the three hundred and fifteen persons 
 who then composed the pension list, fifty-six who did not appear 
 before them received 5,595, the payment of which was sus 
 pended until farther inquiry ; that of the remaining two hun 
 dred and fifty-nine, who received 34,695 per annum, twenty- 
 
 * Curwen states, that the sum said to be paid the " Refugees " in England, 
 in 1782, was " near .80,000." I follow the official report of the committee, 
 which gives the amount stated in the text. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. / L 
 
 five did not come within the description of Loyalists, or were 
 not entitled to consideration; and that ninety of those who were 
 objects of relief, and who received 16,885, were more favor 
 ably dealt with than others more needy, and therefore more 
 deserving of the royal bounty. 
 
 In accordance with the views of the committee, the allow 
 ances granted to several were wholly discontinued, while those 
 to others were diminished, and those of a third class increased. 
 The sum annually to be paid to the persons who were con 
 tinued on the list, under their corrections, was only 26,400.* 
 But the applications of four hundred and twenty-eight of the 
 new claimants were successful, and in June of 1783 the sum 
 of 43,245 per annum was distributed "among six hundred and 
 eighty-seven Loyalist pensioners.! 
 
 Among those who went to England was Samuel Curwen of 
 Salem, Massachusetts, who kept a Journal, which has been 
 published. The life which he led while a "Refugee," gives, 
 I suppose, a tolerably good idea of what was seen, heard, and 
 felt by those who, like himself, were not entirely destitute of 
 means. His Journal, for those who have not read it, may be 
 compressed thus : 
 
 Visited Westminster Hall. Went to Vauxhall Gardens. 
 
 * Curwen, differing again with the official report, says that the amount of 
 pensions paid on the old list was " shrunk " by the " reform to 38,000." 
 His own was continued at 100, and Samuel Sewall s at the same. No 
 reduction was made in Thomas Danforth s, Samuel Porter s, Peter Johonnet s, 
 George Brindley s, or Edward Oxnard s. In the allowance to some other 
 Massachusetts Loyalists, changes were made ; thus, Lieutenant Governor Oli 
 ver s was reduced from 300 to 200; Harrison Gray s was wholly discon 
 tinued ; Lewis Gray s was reduced to 50 ;. David IngersolPs was reduced 
 from 200 to 100; Benjamin Gridley s from 150 to 100; and Sam 
 uel H. Sparhawk s from 150 to 80 ; but Samuel Fitch s was raised 20 ; 
 and Colonel Morrow s 50. 
 
 f Many Loyalists enjoyed pensions for years after the close of the war ; 
 and the widows and orphans of others were continued on the list for partial 
 allowances, as late, certainly, as 1788, when five hundred and fifty-seven per 
 sons were recipients of 26,526, and were either expatriated Americans or 
 the survivors of their families. 
 
72 
 
 OR 
 
 Dined with a fellow-refugee. Saw the Lord Mayor in his 
 court. Dined with Governor Hutchinson, in company with 
 several Massachusetts refugees. Walked to Hyde Park. A 
 whole army of suiferers in the cause of loyalty are here, la 
 menting their own and their country s unhappy fate. " The 
 fires are not to be compared to our large American ones of oak 
 and walnut, nor near so comfortable; would that I were 
 away ! " Saw many curiosities brought from Egypt and the 
 Holy Land. Visited Hampton Court; saw there chairs of 
 state with rich canopies ; pictures of the reigning beauties of 
 the times of Charles the Second ; pictures of monks, friars, 
 nuns ; pictures of former kings and queens. Went to Windsor. 
 Heard news from America. Went to Governor Hutchmson s ; 
 he was alone, reading a new pamphlet, entitled " An Enquiry 
 whether Great Britain or America is most in Fault." Dined 
 with eleven New En glanders. Went to meeting of Disputation 
 Club. Bought Dr. Price on " Civil Liberty and the American 
 War." Visited Governor Hutchinson, who was again alone. 
 Went to Herald s office. Went to New England Coifee-house. 
 New England refugees form a Club. Went to Chapel Royal, 
 and saw the king and queen; Bishop of London preached. 
 Heard Dr. Price preach. Dinner, tea, and evening with sev 
 eral refugees. Attended funeral of fellow-refugee ; many have 
 died. At the New England Club dinner, twenty-five members 
 present. News of banishment and confiscation acts. Saw 
 procession of peers for trial of Duchess of Kingston. Went to 
 St. Paul s; Dr. Porteus preached; several high church digni 
 taries present. Saw Lord Mansfield in Court, his train borne 
 by a gentleman. Went to Bunyan s tomb. Heard Dr. Peters, 
 a Connecticut Loyalist, preach. News from America. Strive 
 hard for some petty clerkship ; application was unsuccessful ; 
 such offices openly bought and sold. Hopes and fears excited 
 by accounts from native land. Visited ancient ruins, supposed 
 to be either of Roman or Danish origin. Witnessed election 
 of a member of parliament. Discuss probability of war s 
 closing. Sigh to return to America. Fear to be reduced to 
 want : lament distressed and forlorn condition. Visited noble- 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 73 
 
 men s estates and castles. Heard of death of Washington. 
 Letter from a friend in America. Visited different colleges and 
 public gardens. Fears about losing pension, and horror of ut 
 ter poverty. Attended sessions of parliament; heard Fox, 
 Burke, and other great orators. Heard that Washington and 
 his army were captured. Heard Wesley preach to an immense 
 throng in the open air. Visited a fishing-town, and reminded 
 of fishing-towns in Massachusetts. Heard that Washington 
 is declared Dictator, like Cromwell. King implored to drive 
 Lord North from his service, and take Chatham, and men of 
 his sentiments, instead. Witnessed equipment of fleets and 
 armies to subdue America. Angry and mortified to hear Eng 
 lishmen talk of Americans as a sort of serfs. Wearied of 
 sights. Sick at heart, and tired of a sojourn among a people, 
 who, after all, are but foreigners. New refugees arrived to 
 recount their losses and sufferings. Fear of alliance with 
 France. Great excitement in England among the opposers of 
 the war. Continued and frequent deaths among the refugee 
 Loyalists. Pensions of several friends reduced. Fish dinner 
 at the Coffee-house. O, for a return to New England ! Anx 
 ious as to the result of the war. News of surrender of Corn- 
 wallis, and admission on all hands, that England can do no 
 more. All the Loyalists abroad deeply agitated as to their 
 future fate. Failure of British Commissioners to procure in the 
 treaty of peace any positive conditions for the Americans in 
 exile. Long to be away, but dare not go. Some refugees 
 venture directly to return to their homes ; others embark for 
 Nova Scotia and Canada, there to suffer anew. Know of 
 forty-five refugees from Massachusetts who have died in Eng 
 land ; among them, Hutchinson, the governor, and Flucker, 
 the secretary. 
 
 Such were some of the things which Curwen saw and heard, 
 such the hopes and fears which agitated him during his exile, 
 and the course of life of hundreds of others, we may very 
 properly conclude, was not dissimilar. Would that all the 
 opposers of the Revolution had passed their time as innocently ! 
 Some of those who remained in the country, did in fact do so ; 
 7 
 
74 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 since they were nominal Loyalists only, and lived quietly upon 
 their estates, or pursued their ordinary employments at their 
 usual homes, in the towns occupied by the royal forces. 
 
 The relentless warfare of Sir John Johnson, of Butler, Tryon, 
 and the apostate Arnold ; the enormities committed in New 
 Jersey ; and the murders perpetrated in South Carolina, have 
 been mentioned. Elsewhere, bands of Tories killed the un 
 armed and unoffending merely to glut their revenge ; others 
 contented themselves with the plundering of houses and the 
 robbery of persons on the highways ; another class, to aid in 
 the already rapid depreciation of the " continental-money," 
 and to throw so much doubt upon it as to stop its circulation, 
 assisted to emit and pass immense sums of the counterfeit, so 
 well executed, as to be scarcely distinguishable from the genuine. 
 Whole families engaged in the infamous work of distressing 
 their former friends ; and in one instance, two sisters, who as 
 sumed male apparel, their two brothers, and their mother, 
 were apprehended and tried for their lives, and the sisters, 
 with one brother, were convicted. In another case, ten per 
 sons were found guilty, among whom was a father, aged 
 seventy, and his son, a youth j the boy was pardoned, but the 
 sinner of threescore and ten was executed. 
 
 Wherever there was defection, conspiracy, or treason, there 
 were to be seen the stealthy footsteps of some one or more Loy 
 alists. Thus, they were connected with a plot to seize, and as 
 was believed, to assassinate Washington ; and with a plan to 
 destroy Albany. An adherent of the king, and a relative of 
 Nathan Hale, recognised him while on his perilous service, and 
 betrayed him to an ignominious death without a trial. A Tory, 
 who had been in the employment of General Silliman, led the 
 band that took him prisoner. In the capture of General Wads- 
 worth, a Tory was the chief instrument. In the plot to attack 
 Falmouth from Castine, the British troops were to do all the 
 fighting, and the Tories all the mean and infamous work. 
 Those who hovered in the vicinity of Washington s camp at 
 Valley Forge when his soldiers had neither food nor cloth 
 ing to induce and aid desertions, were Americans. On the 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 75 
 
 revolt of the troops of Pennsylvania, another opportunity oc 
 curred for tampering with Whig integrity ; but the Tory emis 
 saries were delivered up by the men whom they were sent to 
 seduce, and were hung without ceremony or delay. 
 
 Before the last named event, however, the Loyalists had 
 played their last card ; I allude to the failure of the British 
 commissioners to effect reconciliation, which was decisive of 
 the final issue of the contest. While these commissioners were 
 about their master s work, both parties seem to have felt that 
 the important hour which was to determine their destiny had 
 come, and both used their pens and tongues to the utmost of 
 their ability. If the terms of accommodation were accepted, 
 the Whigs would be, at best, only pardoned rebels; while their 
 opponents, riding rough-shod over them, would enjoy all that 
 a grateful sovereign could bestow. The attempt, through the 
 wife of a Loyalist, to bribe a member of Congress, by the 
 offer of a fortune in money, and the best colonial office which 
 the king had at his disposal, to aid in uniting the Colonies to 
 the mother country again, proved of incalculable service in 
 recalling the doubting and irresolute Whigs to a sense of duty. 
 The story of the offer, and Reed s noble reply, were repeated 
 from mouth to mouth ; and from the hour that the circum 
 stances were known, the Whigs had won, and the Tories had 
 lost, the control of a future empire. Henceforth, forever, the 
 annals of America were to contain honorable mention of " rebel" 
 names, and the high office of ruling the western hemisphere 
 was to devolve upon "new families." 
 
 We pass to take a rapid view of the measures which were 
 adopted by the Whigs, to awe and to punish their adversaries. 
 I find some things to condemn. And first, the " Mobs." That 
 a cause as righteous as men were ever engaged in, lost many 
 friends by the fearful outbreaks of popular indignation, is not 
 to be doubted. The wise man of Israel said, "A brother 
 offended is harder to be won than a strong city." Those who 
 took upon themselves the sacred name of " Sons of Liberty," 
 needlessly, and sometimes in their very wantonness, "offended," 
 beyond all hope of recall, persons who hesitated and doubted, 
 
OR 
 
 and who, for the moment, claimed to occupy the position of 
 "neutrals." The practice of "tarring and feathering," how 
 ever reprehensible, had, perhaps, but little influence in deter 
 mining the final course of men of these descriptions. This 
 form of punishment, though so frequent as to qualify the say 
 ing of the ancient, that man is a two-legged animal without 
 feathers, was borrowed from the Old World, where it has ex 
 isted since the Crusades ; and was confined, principally, to 
 obnoxious custom-house officers, pimps, and informers against 
 smuggled goods. 
 
 But wtiat " brother," upon whose vision the breaking up of 
 the Colonial System and the Sovereignty of America had not 
 dawned, and who saw as even the Whigs themselves saw 
 with the eyes only of a British subject, was won over to the 
 right by the arguments of mobbing, burning, and smoking? 
 Did the cause of America and of human freedom gain strength 
 by the deeds of the five hundred who mobbed sheriff Tyng, 
 or by the speed of the one hundred and sixty on horse-back 
 who pursued Commissioner Hallowell? Were the shouts of 
 an excited multitude, and the crash of broken glass and demol 
 ished furniture, fit requiems for the dying Ropes ? Were Whig 
 interests promoted because one thousand men shut up the 
 Courts of Law in Berkshire, and five thousand did the same 
 in Worcester, and mobs drove away the judges at Springfield, 
 Taunton, and Plymouth ? because, in one place, a judge was 
 stopped, insulted and threatened ; in another, the whole bench 
 were hissed and hooted ; and in a third, were required to do 
 penance, hat in hand, in a procession of attornies and sheriffs ? 
 Did the driving of Ingersoll from his estate, of Edson from 
 his house, and the assault upon the home of Gilbert, and the 
 shivering of Se wall s windows, serve to wean them, or their 
 friends and connexions, from their royal master ? Did Ruggles, 
 when subsequent events threw his countrymen into his power, 
 forget that the creatures which grazed his pastures had been 
 painted, shorn, maimed, and poisoned ; that he had been pur 
 sued on the highway by day and night; that his dwelling 
 had been broken open, and he and his family had been driven 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 77 
 
 from it ? What Tory turned Whig, because Saltonstall was 
 mobbed, and Oliver plundered, and Leonard shot at in his own 
 house ? * Was the kingly arm actually weakened or strength 
 ened for harm, because thousands surrounded the mansions of 
 high functionaries, and forced them into resignation or be 
 cause sheriffs were told, that they would perform their duties 
 at the hazard of their lives ? Which party gained by waylay 
 ing, and insulting at every corner, the " Rescinders," the "Pro 
 testers," and the "Addressers?" Which, by the burning of 
 the mills of Putnam ? Had widows and orphans no additional 
 griefs, because the probate courts were closed by the multitude, 
 and their officers were driven under cover of British guns ? 
 Did it serve a good end to endeavor to hinder Tories from 
 getting tenants, or to prevent persons who owed them, from 
 paying honest debts ? On whose cheek should have been the 
 blush of shame, when the habitation of the aged and feeble 
 Foster was sacked, and he had no shelter but the woods ? 
 when Williams, as infirm as he, was seized at night, dragged 
 away for miles, and smoked in a room with fastened doors and 
 a closed chimney-top? What father, who doubted, wavered, 
 and doubted still, whether to join or fly, determined to abide 
 the issue in the land of his birth, because foul words were 
 spoken to his daughters, or because they were pelted when 
 riding, or moving in the innocent dance ? Is there cause for 
 wonder that some who still live, should yet say, of their own or 
 of their fathers treatment, that "persecution made half of the 
 king s friends? " The good men of the period mourned these 
 and similar proceedings, and they may be lamented now. The 
 warfare waged against persons at their own homes and about 
 their lawful avocations is not to be justified; and the "Mobs" 
 of the Revolution are to be as severely and as unconditionally 
 condemned, as the "Mobs" of the present day. 
 
 The acts of legislative bodies for the punishment of the ad- 
 
 * These cases are selected from the many that are to be found in the docu 
 ments of the times, because the objects of displeasure were men of note, and, 
 before the troubles, were held in great respect. 
 
 7* 
 
rO PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 herents of the crown were numerous. In Rhode Island, death 
 and confiscation of estate were the penalties provided by law 
 for any person who communicated with the ministry or their 
 agents, or who afforded supplies to the forces, or piloted the 
 armed ships of the king. Besides these general statutes, sev 
 eral acts were passed in that State, to confiscate and sequester 
 the property of certain persons who were designated by name. 
 
 In Connecticut, the offences of supplying the royal army or 
 navy, of giving them information, of enlisting or procuring 
 others to enlist in them, and of piloting or assisting naval ves 
 sels, were punished more mildly, and involved only the loss of 
 estate, and of personal liberty for a term not exceeding three 
 years. To speak, or write, or act against the doings of Con 
 gress, or the Assembly of Connecticut, was punishable by dis 
 qualification for office, imprisonment, and the disarming of the 
 offender. Here, too, was a law for seizing and confiscating the 
 estates of those who sought the royal protection, and absented 
 themselves from their homes or the country. 
 
 In Massachusetts, a person suspected of enmity to the Whig 
 cause could be arrested under a magistrate s warrant, and ban 
 ished, unless he would swear fealty to the friends of liberty ; 
 and the selectmen of towns could prefer charges of political 
 treachery in town-meeting, and the individual thus accused, if 
 convicted by a jury, could be sent into the enemy s jurisdiction. 
 Massachusetts also designated by name, and generally by oc 
 cupation and residence, three hundred and eight of her peo 
 ple, of whom seventeen had been inhabitants of Maine, who 
 had fled from their homes, and denounced against any one of 
 them who should return, apprehension, imprisonment, and 
 transportation to a place possessed by the British ; and for a 
 second voluntary return, without leave, death without benefit 
 of clergy. By another law, the property of twenty-nine per 
 sons, who were denominated " notorious conspirators," was 
 confiscated. Of these, fifteen had been appointed " mandamus 
 councillors," two had been governors, one lieutenant-governor, 
 one treasurer, one attorney-general, one chief justice, and four 
 commissioners of the customs. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 79 
 
 New Hampshire passed acts similar to these, under which 
 seventy-six of her former citizens were prohibited from coming 
 within her borders, and the estates of twenty-eight were de 
 clared to be forfeited. 
 
 Virginia passed a resolution to the effect, that persons of a 
 given description should be deemed and treated as aliens, and 
 that their property should be sold, and the proceeds go into the 
 public treasury for future disposal ; and also a law prohibiting 
 the migration of certain persons to that commonwealth, and 
 providing penalties for the violation of its provisions. 
 
 In New York, the county committees were authorized to ap 
 prehend, and decide upon the guilt of such inhabitants as were 
 supposed to hold correspondence with the enemy, or had com 
 mitted some other specified act ; and they might punish those 
 whom they adjudged to be guilty, with imprisonment for three 
 months, or banishment. There, too, persons opposed to liberty 
 and independence, were prohibited from practising law in the 
 courts ; and the effects of fifty-nine persons, of whom three 
 were women, and their rights of remainder and reversion, were 
 to pass by confiscation, from them, to the "people." So, also, 
 a parent, whose sons went off and adhered to the enemy, was 
 subjected to a tax of ninepence on the pound of the parent s 
 estate for each and every such son ; and, until a revision of the 
 law, Whigs were as liable to this tax as others. 
 
 In New Jersey, one act was passed to punish traitors and 
 disaffected persons ; another, for taking charge of and leasing 
 the real estates, and for forfeiting the personal estates of certain 
 fugitives and offenders ; and a third for forfeiting to, and vest 
 ing in the State the real property of the persons designated in 
 the second statute ; and a fourth, supplemental to the act first 
 mentioned. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, sixty-two persons, who were designated 
 by name, were required by the executive council to sur 
 render themselves to some judge of a court or justice of the 
 peace within a specified time, and abide trial for treason, or in 
 default of appearance, to stand attainted ; and by an act of a 
 subsequent time, the estates of thirty-six other persons, who 
 
80 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 were also designated by name, and who had been previously 
 attainted of treason, were declared to be confiscated. 
 
 The act of Delaware provided, that the property, both real 
 and personal, of certain persons who were named, and who 
 were forty-six in number, should be forfeited to the State, 
 " subject nevertheless to the payment of the said offenders just 
 debts," unless, as in Pennsylvania, they gave themselves up 
 to trial for the crime of treason in adhering to the royal cause. 
 
 Maryland seized, confiscated, and appropriated all property 
 of persons in allegiance to the British crown, and appointed 
 commissioners to carry out the terms of three statutes which 
 were passed to effect these purposes. 
 
 In North Carolina, the confiscation act embraced sixty-five 
 specified individuals, and four mercantile firms ; and by its 
 terms, not only included the " lands" of these persons and 
 commercial houses, but their " negroes and other personal 
 property." 
 
 The law of Georgia, which was enacted very near the close 
 of the struggle, declared certain persons to have been guilty 
 of treason against that State, and their estates to be forfeited 
 for their offences. 
 
 South Carolina surpassed all other members of the Con 
 federacy, Massachusetts excepted. The Loyalists of that 
 State, whose rights, persons, and property were affected by 
 legislation, were divided into four classes. The persons who 
 had offended the least, who were forty-five in number, 
 were allowed to retain their estates, but were amerced twelve 
 per cent, of their value. Soon after the fall of Charleston, 
 and when disaffection to the Whig cause was so general, 
 two hundred and ten persons, who styled themselves to be the 
 " principal inhabitants" of the city, signed an Address to Sir 
 Henry Clinton, in which they state that they have every in 
 ducement to return to their allegiance, and ardently hope to be 
 readmitted to the character and condition of British subjects. 
 These " Addressers " formed another class. Of these two hun 
 dred and ten, sixty-three were banished, and lost their property 
 by forfeiture, either for this offence, or the graver one of affix- 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 8t 
 
 ing their names to a petition to the royal general, to be armed 
 on the royal side. Another class, composed of the still larger 
 number of eighty persons, were also banished and divested of 
 their estates, for the crime of holding civil or military com 
 missions under the crown, after the conquest of South Carolina. 
 And the same penalties were inflicted upon thirteen others, 
 who, on the success of Lord Cornwallis, at Camden, presented 
 his lordship with their congratulations; and, still, fourteen 
 others were banished and deprived of their estates, because 
 they were obnoxious. Thus, then, the " Addressers," "Peti 
 tioners," " Congratulators," and "Obnoxious" Loyalists, who 
 were proscribed, and who suffered the loss of their property, 
 were one hundred and seventy in number ; and, if to these, we 
 add the forty-five who were fined twelve pounds in the hun 
 dred of the value of their estates, the aggregate will be two 
 hundred and fifteen. 
 
 Much of the legislation of the several States appears to have 
 proceeded from the recommendations made from time to time 
 by Congress, and that body passed several acts and resolutions 
 of its own. Thus, they subjected to martial law and to death 
 all who should furnish provisions and certain other articles to 
 the king s troops in New Jersey^ Pennsylvania, and Delaware ; 
 aoad they resolved, that all Loyalists taken in arms should be 
 sent to the States to which they belonged, there to be dealt 
 with as traitors.^) 
 
 The spirit and temper of some of the acts which I have 
 noticed, may be thought severe and unjust. It is observable, 
 that Rhode Island and Connecticut provided a difference of 
 punishment for the same class of offences; and that New 
 York imposed a tax upon the father for the delinquency of the 
 son. But these are matters which need not detain us. The 
 acts of proscription and banishment, of attainder and confisca 
 tion, are of far graver import. In discussing the expediency 
 and justice of the laws which drove or kept the Loyalists in 
 exile, as well as those which alienated their estates, two points 
 present themselves ; namely, whether the Whigs were right in 
 opposing the pretensions of England, and whether they did 
 
82 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 more than others have done in civil wars, wars which are 
 always the most bitter and unrelenting, always the most ob 
 stinate and difficult to terminate ? The question suggested by 
 the first query, is no longer open to dispute, for, the mother 
 country has herself admitted, that she was wrong in her treat 
 ment of the thirteen Colonies. I have endeavored to show, 
 that the real issue between her and our fathers was, that she 
 restrained their industry, that she prevented them from open 
 ing the country and developing its resources. In what way, 
 then, has she conceded that Whigs of 76 were right? I 
 answer, by abandoning, one after another, the oppressive 
 measures which they resisted. Thus, the old Colonies were 
 required to give up their tea-trade with the Dutch, and buy 
 their tea wholly of the company who monopolized her own 
 market ; but she now alows Colonial merchants to get it in 
 China, or wherever else they will. The ship-owners of Boston, 
 Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and of the other ports of the 
 thirteen Colonies, were restricted to direct voyages to and from 
 the possessions of her crown ; but she now allows those of St. 
 John, Quebec, Halifax, and of all other places in her present 
 dependencies, free trade with all the world. The iron mines of 
 Pennsylvania and of other parts of America, in our fathers 
 time, could not be opened and worked, and wool and cotton 
 could not be manufactured ; but now, the Colonists may forge, 
 and spin and weave, and make or import machinery, at their 
 pleasure. Washington was denied a commission in her army, 
 and preferments, generally, were withheld from the Colonists, 
 who, like him, shed their blood to extend her conquests and 
 maintain the honor of her flag; but now, British Americans 
 obtain high rank in each arm of her service. It was formerly 
 her policy to discourage interior settlements and enterprises for 
 facilitating intercourse and transportation; but she now en 
 courages both, by direct and frequent legislation, and guaran 
 tees payment of money borrowed by Colonists to open roads 
 and canals. Her mandates suppressed a currency of paper in 
 the dependencies which she lost ; but she now permits it in 
 those that remain to her, in every form and to any extent com- 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 83 
 
 patible witri safety. The Whigs, then, were right ; they shat 
 tered the Colonial System, and left it a mere wreck ; and the 
 descendants of the Loyalists are, with proud satisfaction be it 
 said, in the enjoyment of the benefits of their sacrifices and 
 labors. Nor is this all. The Whigs admitted that the power 
 of Parliament extended to the " Regulation of Commerce," 
 that the maritime concerns of the empire should be under the 
 control of one supreme head ; every application of the principle 
 was complained of as a grievance, but yet they conceded the 
 principle itself. They set up a subtle distinction between 
 "internal and external taxation," but I confess that I have 
 never been able to understand it. To me there was not, as 
 they argued there was, a difference either in theory or fact, 
 between demanding postage on a letter,* and exacting a duty 
 on the " paper " on which it is written ; between the "stamp" 
 duty on a ship s manifest and clearance, and the impost duty 
 on "painters colors " spread on her sides ; the " glass " of her 
 cabin- windows , and the "sugar" "molasses, "wine" and 
 " tea" stowed under her deck. But be this as it may, England 
 has made concessions in this particular, which the Whigs never 
 asked for, or even so much as imagined they could rightfully 
 claim. By the abandonment, therefore, of the policy which 
 caused the Revolution, and of a principle which did not enter 
 into the dispute, is it riot manifest that British statesmen, of 
 the last and the present reign, themselves admit the justice of 
 the demands made by our fathers upon their predecessors ? 
 
 If, now, the Whigs were in the right, they might do every 
 thing necessary to ensure success ; and we are thus brought to 
 
 * There was certainly legislation of Parliament on the subject of Colonial 
 post-offices and rates of postage, some time previous to the year 1710. In the 
 votes of the House of Commons of February 14th of that year, the different 
 rates from the several principal towns in America, are stated with great par 
 ticularity, and the space occupied by the details is equal to three octavo pages. 
 The legality of the postage " Tax," was, I believe, never disputed ; the 
 duty or " Tax " levied on the " Stamps," and the articles of merchandise 
 named in the text, on the contrary, was resisted, and forms the most prominent 
 point of the controversy. 
 
84 PRELIMINARY REMARKS^ OR 
 
 the second point of inquiry. The question of the banishment 
 of the Loyalists, addresses itself to me in two forms, that of 
 the temporary, and that of the permanent exile of the men who 
 suffered it. Among these men were many persons of great 
 private worth, who, in adhering to the crown, were governed 
 by conscience and a stern regard to duty ; and the offences of 
 others consisted merely in a nominal attachment to the mother 
 country, or in a disinclination to witness, or participate in,- the 
 horrors of a civil war. Yet they were Loyalists, and it so hap 
 pened, that the best men of that party were of all others those 
 who could do the Whigs the greatest mischief, since, if they 
 remained at liberty, their character and moderation rendered 
 their counsel and advice of vast service to their own, and of 
 vast harm to the opposite party, amidst the doubts and fears 
 which prevailed, and had a direct tendency to prolong and 
 embitter the contest. It became necessary, therefore, to secure 
 them either by imprisonment, or by exile. The first course, 
 while requiring a considerable force to guard them, which the 
 Whigs could not spare, would have been far less merciful than 
 the other, and banishment, of consequence, was best for both 
 parties.* Again, a considerable proportion of those who were 
 proscribed, voluntarily abandoned the country, and were absent 
 from it at the passage of the banishment acts ; and this was 
 especially the case in Massachusetts. To prevent the return 
 of these persons was as necessary to accomplish the objects of 
 the struggle, as it was to secure those who remained at, or in 
 the neighborhood of their homes. 
 
 Still it may be wished that greater discrimination had been 
 exercised in selecting those who were deemed fit objects of 
 severity. Persons whose crimes against the country and 
 against humanity deserved death, escaped the banishment 
 
 * Many Loyalists were confined in private houses, some were sent to jails, 
 and others to " Simsbury Mines." But the prisons were hardly proper places 
 for the confinement of such people, hardly of criminals ; and it is believed, 
 that a large proportion of the persons whom it was deemed proper to arrest, 
 preferred banishment to the loss of liberty, even though they were sure to be 
 comfortably quartered in the families or houses of Whigs. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 85 
 
 acts of the States to which they belonged ; while on the 
 other hand, these acts embrace persons who, from the cir 
 cumstances of their condition, were utterly powerless, who 
 had done and could do no evil. It may be wished, also, that 
 those who were deemed fit objects of severity, had been allowed 
 the forms of trial. Courts of Admiralty were established for 
 condemning prizes, and men might reasonably claim that, 
 while their property was dealt with according to the estab 
 lished rules of society, their persons should not be more sum 
 marily disposed of. Means for the trial of Loyalists were 
 abundant. It is our boast, indeed, that, unlike the usual course 
 of things in civil war, civil government was maintained 
 throughout the whole period of our Revolution, with hardly 
 an interruption any where. This is a fact as honorable as it 
 is remarkable. Connecticut and Rhode Island pursued their 
 usual course under their old charters ; Georgia was overrun by 
 the king s troops, the people were dispersed, and the military 
 law was made paramount to the civil, or existed in its place ; 
 but the ten remaining States actually formed constitutions 
 during the struggle, most of them in the early part of it, and 
 so well adapted to their wants were these instruments, that 
 some of them have remained, without essential change, to the 
 present time. "I will maintain as long as I live," said Dupin, 
 the great French advocate, "that the condemnation of Mar 
 shal Ney was not just, for his defence was not free." Perhaps 
 posterity will entertain something of the same sentiment with 
 regard to the course pursued by our fathers in not allowing 
 their opponents an opportunity to appeal to the tribunals. In 
 this particular, Pennsylvania and Delaware, as it will be re 
 membered, adopted a mode less objectionable than that of 
 some other States, inasmuch as they " summoned" the per 
 sons against whom they proceeded, to appear and " surrender 
 themselves for trial."* Besides, it was common during the 
 
 * At least one of the Pennsylvania Loyalists went in under the proclamation, 
 and was acquitted. Chief Justice McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence, presided at the trial. His course gave satisfaction to the "moderate 
 8 
 
86 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 war, for the military commanders to order court-martials to 
 take cognizance of the offences, and to fix the punish 
 ment of Tories ; and a future generation may possibly ask, 
 why, when the sword was suspended arnid the turmoils of the 
 camp, to hear the defence of the accused, that weapon was so 
 wielded in the hands of civilians, as to " transform them into 
 persecutors, and into martyrs, those whom it smote." 
 
 At the peace, justice and good policy both required a general 
 amnesty, and the revocation of the acts of disability and ban 
 ishment, so that only those who had been, guilty of flagrant 
 crimes should be excluded from becoming citizens. Instead of 
 this, however, the State legislatures, generally, continued in a 
 course of hostile action, and treated the conscientious and pure, 
 and the unprincipled and corrupt, with the same indiscrimination 
 as they had done during the struggle. In some parts of the coun 
 try, there really appears to have been a determination to place 
 these misguided, but then humbled, men beyond the pale of 
 human sympathy. In one legislative body, a petition from the 
 banished, praying to be allowed to return to their homes, was 
 rejected without a division ; and a law was passed which denied 
 to such as had remained within the State, and to all others 
 who had opposed the Revolution, the privilege of voting at 
 elections, or of holding office. In another State, all who had 
 sought royal protection were declared to be aliens, and to be 
 incapable of claiming and holding property within it, and their 
 return was forbidden. Other legislatures refused to repeal such 
 of their laws as conflicted with the conditions of the treaty of 
 peace, and carried out the doctrines of the States alluded to 
 above, without material modification. But the temper of South 
 Carolina was far more moderate. Acting on the wise principle, 
 that " when the offenders are numerous, it is sometimes pru 
 dent to overlook their crime," she listened to the supplications 
 made to her by the fallen, and restored to their civil and polit 
 ical rights a large proportion of those who had suffered under 
 
 Whigs," but those who were denominated " violent Whigs," were much in 
 censed because he allowed a known Tory to escape. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 87 
 
 her banishment and confiscation laws. The course pursued 
 by New York, Massachusetts, and Virginia, was different. 
 These States were neither merciful nor just ; and it is even 
 true, that Whigs, whose gallantry in the field, whose prudence 
 in the cabinet, and whose exertions in diplomatic stations 
 abroad, had contributed essentially to the success of the con 
 flict, were regarded with enmity on account of their attempts 
 to produce a better state of feeling, and more humane legis 
 lation. Had these States adopted a different line of conduct, 
 their good example would not have been lost, probably, upon 
 others, smaller and of less influence ; and had Virginia, espe 
 cially, been honest enough to have permitted the payment of 
 debts which her people owed to British subjects before the war, 
 the first years of our freedom would not have been stained 
 with a breach of our public faith, and the long and angry con 
 troversy with Great Britain, which well-nigh involved us in a 
 second war with her, might not have occurred. 
 
 Eventually, popular indignation diminished ; the statute- 
 book was divested of its most objectionable enactments, and 
 numbers were permitted to occupy their old homes, and to 
 recover the whole or a part of their property ; but by far the 
 greater part of the Loyalists, who quitted the country at the 
 commencement of, or during the war, never returned. And of 
 the many thousands who abandoned the United States after 
 the peace, and while these enactments were in force, few, com 
 paratively, had the desire, or even the means, to revisit the 
 land from which they were expelled. Such persons and their 
 descendants form a very considerable proportion of the popu 
 lation of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper Canada. 
 
 It is to be equally regretted on grounds of policy, that the 
 majorities * in the State legislatures did not remember with 
 
 * I say majorities, because I am satisfied that in almost every State there 
 were minorities, more or less numerous, who desired the adoption of a mode 
 rate course. In New York it is certain, that the first political parties after 
 the peace were formed in consequence of the divisions which existed among the 
 Whigs, as to the lenity or severity which should be extended to their van 
 quished opponents. 
 
88 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Mr. Jefferson, that separation from England "was contemplated 
 with affliction by all" and that, like Mr. Adams, many sound 
 Whigs " would have given every thing they possessed for a 
 restoration to the state of things before the contest began, pro 
 vided they could have had a sufficient security for its continu 
 ance." Then they might have done at an early moment affer the 
 cessation of hostilities, what they actually did do in a few years 
 afterwards, namely, have allowed the banished Loyalists to re 
 turn from exile, and, excluding those against whom enormities 
 could have been proved, have conferred upon them, and upon 
 those who had remained to be driven away at the peace, the 
 rights of citizens. Most of them would have easily fallen into re 
 spect for the new state of things, old friendships and intimacies 
 would have been revived, and long before before this time all 
 would have mingled in one mass. The error of England in 
 perpetuating two distinct races in Lower Canada just begins to 
 be felt, and has now compelled a union of the two Colonies. 
 There, as in our own case, the conquerors and the vanquished 
 should have been made one. We acquired the southern pos 
 sessions of France in America forty years after she yielded 
 up to British arms her remaining territories in the North ; but 
 how different is the population of French origin in Louisiana 
 from that in British America ! To make republican Americans 
 of Frenchmen, so to express the idea, was a task far more 
 difficult than to unite under one form of government the entire 
 people of the thirteen States. And yet, while we failed to 
 accomplish the latter, how very nearly have we already per 
 fected the former. 
 
 As a matter of expediency, how unwise was it to perpetuate 
 the feelings of the opponents of the Revolution, and to keep 
 them a distinct class, for a time, and for harm yet unknown ! 
 How ill judged the measures that caused them to settle the hith 
 erto neglected possessions of the British crown ! Nova Scotia 
 had been won and lost, and lost and won, in the struggles be 
 tween France and England ; and the blood of New England 
 had been poured out upon its soil like water. But when the 
 Loyalists sought refuge there, what was it ? Before the war, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 89 
 
 the fisheries of its coast for the prosecution of which Halifax 
 itself was founded comprised, in public estimation, its chief 
 value ; and though Great Britain had quietly possessed it for 
 about seventy years, the emigration to it of the adherents of 
 the crown from the United States, in a single year, more than 
 doubled its population. Until hostile events brought Halifax 
 into notice, no civilized people were poorer than the inhabitants 
 of that Colony ; since, in 1775, the Assembly estimated that 
 twelve hundred pounds currency, a sum less than five thou 
 sand dollars, was the whole amount of money which they pos 
 sessed. By causing the expatriation, then, of many thousands 
 of our countrymen, among whom were the well educated, the 
 ambitious, and the well versed in politics, we became the 
 founders of two agricultural and commercial Colonies; for it 
 is to be remembered, that New Brunswick formed a part of 
 Nova Scotia until 1784, and that the necessity of the division 
 then made was of our own creation. In like manner we be 
 came the founders of Upper Canada. The Loyalists were the 
 first settlers of the territory thus denominated by the act of 
 1791 ; * and the principal object of the line of division of 
 Canada, as established by Mr. Pitt s act, was to place them, 
 as a body, by themselves, and to allow them to be governed by 
 laws more congenial than those which were deemed requisite 
 for the government of the French on the St. Lawrence. For 
 twenty years the country bordering on the Great Lakes was 
 decidedly American. Our expatriated countrymen were gen 
 erally poor, and some of them were actually without means to 
 provide for their common wants from day to day. The gov 
 ernment for which they had become exiles, was as liberal as 
 they could have asked. It gave them lands, tools, materials 
 for building, and the means of subsistence for two years ; and 
 
 * It was in a debate on this Bill, that Fox and Burke severed the ties of 
 friendship which had existed between them for a long period. The scene 
 was one of the most interesting that had ever occurred in the House of Com 
 mons. Fox, overcome by his emotions, wept aloud. Burke s previous course 
 with regard to the French Revolution had rendered a rupture at some time 
 probable, perhaps certain. 
 
 8* 
 
90 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 to each of their children, as they became of age, two hun 
 dred acres of land. And besides this, of the offices created 
 by the organization of a new Colonial government, they were 
 the chief recipients. The ties of kindred, and suffering in a 
 common cause, created a strong bond of sympathy between 
 them, and for years they bore the appellation of " United Em 
 pire of Loyalists." 
 
 Should it be replied that these Colonies, without accessions 
 from the newly formed republic, would have risen to impor 
 tance ere this, I answer, that I seriously doubt it ; because, 
 in the first place, of the thousands who annually come from 
 Europe to America, but a small proportion land on their shores, 
 and because the most of those who do, embark again for the 
 United States, notwithstanding the inducements held out by 
 the Colonial and home governments for them to settle on the 
 territories of the crown. But were it otherwise, the force of 
 the remark is in no degree diminished, for the obvious reason, 
 that had we pursued a wise course, people of our own stock 
 would not have become our rivals in ship-building, in the car 
 riage of our great staples, in the prosecution of the fisheries, 
 and in the production of wheat, and other bread stuffs. Nor 
 is this all. We should not have had the hatred, the influence, 
 and the talents of persons of Loyalist origin to contend against, 
 in the questions which have,* and which may yet come up 
 between us and England. It is to be observed, moreover, that 
 the operation of these causes has been, and will continue to be, 
 no slight obstacle in the way of adjusting such questions ; since 
 those who were born in our Union, and their children and kin 
 dred, have no inconsiderable share in determining Colonial 
 councils, in the shaping of remonstrances and representations 
 to the mother country. And whoever takes into view the fact, 
 that the sacrifices and sufferings of the fathers are well remem- 
 
 * The controversy respecting our Northeastern Boundary, and that with 
 regard to our Rights of Fishing in the bays and seas of British America, may 
 be mentioned as two. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 91 
 
 bered by the descendants, and that, under the monarchical 
 form, hereditary descent of official station is very common, 
 will agree with me in the belief, that evils from this source are* 
 far from being at an end, and that the past and the present 
 foreshadow the future. 
 
 Thus, as it seems to me, humanity to the adherents of the 
 crown, and prudent regard for our own interests, required a 
 general amnesty. As it was, we not only dealt harshly with 
 many, and unjustly with some, but doomed to misery others, 
 whose hearts and hopes had been as true as those of Wash 
 ington himself. Thus, in the divisions of families which every 
 where occurred, and which formed one of the most distressing 
 circumstances of the conflict, there were wives and daughters, 
 who, although bound to Loyalists by the holiest ties, had given 
 their sympathies to the right from the beginning; and who 
 now, in the triumph of the cause which had had their prayers, 
 went meekly as woman ever meets a sorrowful lot into 
 hopeless, interminable exile. 
 
 The position of the Whigs at the close of the Revolution 
 was, indeed, beset with difficulties ; but the error of those who 
 formed the majorities of the legislatures for it is ever to be 
 remembered, that they were much divided on the subject of 
 the course which should be taken with the Loyalists consisted 
 in the belief, that they were beset with dangers. Their "prin 
 ciples like torches shone upon their career," and the mistake 
 of those who merely erred in judgment, may be forgotten, 
 and the passion of the excited may be forgiven ; but yet the 
 effects of the conduct of both classes remain, to produce dis 
 quiets, and to disturb our relations with the British possessions 
 in this hemisphere. When, in the civil war between the Puri 
 tans and the Stuarts, the former gained the ascendency, and 
 when, at a later period, the Commonwealth was established, 
 Cromwell and his party wisely determined not to banish or 
 inflict disabilities on their opponents ; and so, too, at the 
 Restoration of the monarchy, so general was the amnesty act 
 in its provisions, that it was termed an act of oblivion to the 
 
92 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 friends of Charles, and of grateful remembrance to his foes.* 
 The happy consequences which resulted from the conduct of 
 *both parties, and in both cases, were before the men of their 
 own political and religious sympathies, the Puritans of the 
 North, and the Cavaliers of the South, in America. And in 
 concluding the topic, I have again to express my regret, that 
 the example of history, added to impulses of mercy, and 
 motives of expediency, failed to erase from our statute books 
 acts, which, in ages to come, will be very likely to put us on 
 our defence. 
 
 The laws which divested the Loyalists of their estates, 
 demand a moment s examination. Keeping in view that the 
 Whigs were right in resisting the pretensions of the mother 
 country, and that of consequence they might very properly 
 use every necessary means to ensure success, we shall find no 
 difficulty in admitting, that the property of their opponents 
 could be rightfully appropriated to aid in the prosecution of 
 the war. They devoted their own fortunes, they importuned 
 most of the powers of Europe for loans, and they entailed 
 upon their posterity a large debt; and it would indeed be 
 strange, if they could not have made forced levies upon the 
 estates of those who refused not only to help them, but were 
 actually in arms, or otherwise employed against them, and on 
 the royal side. To emancipate the American continent wits a 
 great work; the Whigs felt and knew, what is now every where 
 conceded, that the work was both necessary and righteous, and 
 requiring, as its speedy accomplishment did. the labor of every 
 hand, and contributions from every purse, the throwing into the 
 treasury the jewels of women, and the holiday allowances of 
 children ; they are to stand justified for a resort to the seques 
 tration of the possessions of those who assisted in the vain 
 endeavor to subdue them, and to renew the bonds which had 
 
 * At the Restoration of Charles the Second, so general was the udtirsion 
 to that monarch, that historians pause to express wonder, and to inquire what 
 had become of the Cromwell or Common-wealth men, who had overturned 
 the monarchy. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 93 
 
 bound them. The property of those who held commissions in 
 the king s army and in the Loyalist corps, was the property of 
 enemies, and, as such, could be converted to public uses ; while 
 that of others, who made their election to accept of service in 
 civil capacities, is to be regarded in the same light. The " Ab 
 sentees." or those who retired from the country and lived 
 abroad in privacy, were a different class ; and it may be 
 doubted, whether the same rule was applicable to them, and 
 whether fines or amercements were not the more proper modes 
 of procedure against the estates which they abandoned in quit 
 ting the country. The Whigs assumed, however, that "every 
 government hath a right to command the personal services of 
 its own members, whenever the exigencies of the state shall 
 require, especially in times of impending or actual invasion," 
 and, that "no member thereof can then withdraw himself from 
 the jurisdiction of the government, without justly incurring 
 the forfeiture of his property, rights, arid liberties, holden 
 under, and derived from that constitution of government, to 
 the support of which he hath refused his aid and assistance." 
 
 Tt is to be further urged in defence of the principle of con 
 fiscation, that in civil conflicts the right of one party to levy 
 upon the other, has been generally admitted ; that the practice 
 has frequently accorded with the theory ; and, what is still 
 more to the purpose, that the royal party, and king s generals, 
 exercised that right during the struggle. Thus, then, the seizure 
 and confiscation of property in the Revolution, was not the act 
 of one side merely, but of both. 
 
 But, as has been remarked, there was not with us, as 
 there commonly has been in similar outbreaks, a transition 
 period between the throwing off one government and the es 
 tablishment of another, and the regret that was expressed with 
 regard to the indiscriminate banishment of persons, is equally 
 applicable to the disposal of their estates; and I cannot but 
 feel, that inasmuch as the Whigs individually, and as a body, 
 were, when compared with other revolutionists, "without spot 
 or wrinkle, or any such thing," so they will be held to a stricter 
 accountability by those who shall hereafter speak of them ; 
 
94 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 and that we shall be asked to show, for them, why, with tribu 
 nals established and open for the trial of prizes made upon the 
 sea, the fundamental rule of civilized society, that no person 
 shall be deprived of " property but by the judgment of his 
 peers," was violated; and why. without being " confronted by 
 witnesses," and without the verdict of a "jury," and decrees 
 of a court, any man in America, at any time, has been divested 
 of his lands. 
 
 In extenuation of the injustice of the seizure and forfeiture 
 of the estates of Loyalists who were designated by name, and 
 in special laws, it is to be observed, that such acts were dis 
 countenanced by some of the wisest and purest Whigs of the 
 time, who hung their heads in shame, and never ceased to 
 speak of the procedure in terms of severe reprobation. Mr. 
 Jay s disgust was unconquerable, and he never would purchase 
 any lands that had been forfeited under the confiscation act of 
 New York. In further palliation it may be said, that the 
 wrong was partially atoned for soon after the war, by the revi 
 sion of these laws, and that several estates in different States 
 were restored to their former owners, and that in South Caro 
 lina, especially, but few were finally retained. No man at the 
 South had greater reason to be inexorable than the celebrated 
 partisan officer, General Marion ; but, holding a seat in the 
 legislature of his native State, when applications were made 
 by the expatriated for the restoration of their alienated pos 
 sessions, he was one of the most liberal members of that body, 
 and generally spoke and voted in favor of granting their peti 
 tions. 
 
 The subject of restitution and compensation to the Loyalists, 
 was a source of great difficulty during the negotiations for 
 peace. The course of the matter may be learned better from 
 the negotiators themselves, than from any words of mine ; and I 
 therefore make some extracts from the Journal of Mr. Adams,* 
 who was one of them. 
 
 November 3d, 1782. " Dr. Franklin on Tuesday last, told 
 
 * Sparks s Diplomatic Correspondence, Vol. VI. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 95 
 
 me of Mr. Oswald s demand of payment of debts, and com 
 pensation to the Tories ; he said his answer had been, we had 
 not the power, nor had Congress. I told him I had no notion 
 of cheating any body. The question of paying debts, and 
 compensating, were two. I had made the same observation 
 that forenoon to Mr. Oswald and Mr. Strachey." 
 
 November 10. [Mr. Adams waited on Count Yergennes.] 
 " The Count asked me how we went on with the English. I 
 told him we divided on the Tories and the Penobscot. The 
 Count remarked, that the English wanted the country there 
 for masts. I told him I thought there were few masts there; 
 but that I fancied it was not masts, but Tories, that again 
 made the difficulty. Some of them claimed lands in the terri 
 tory, and others hoped for grants there." 
 
 November 11. "Mr. Whiteford, the secretary of Mr. Oswald, 
 came. We soon fell into politics. [Mr. Adams said] Suppose 
 a French minister foresees that the presence of the Tories in 
 America will keep up perpetually two parties, a French party 
 and an English party." "The French minister at Philadel 
 phia has made some representations to Congress in favor of 
 compensation to the Royalists. We are instructed against it, 
 or rather have no authority to do it ; and if Congress should 
 refer the matter to the several States, every one of them, 
 after a delay, probably of eighteen months, will determine 
 against it." 
 
 November 15. "Mr. Oswald came to visit me. He said, 
 if he were a member of Congress, he would say to the refugees, 
 Take your property ; we scorn to make any use of it in build 
 ing up our system. I replied, that we had no power, and 
 Congress no power; that if we sent the proposition of compen 
 sation to Congress, they would refer it to the States ; and that, 
 meantime, you must carry on the war six or nine months, 
 certainly, for this compensation, and consequently spend, in 
 the prosecution of it, six or nine times the sum necessary to 
 make the compensation ; for I presume this war costs, every 
 month, to Great Britain, a larger sum than would be necessary 
 to pay for the forfeited estates." 
 
96 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 November 17. " Mr. Vaughan came to me ; he said Mr. 
 Fitzherbert had received a letter from Mr. Townshend, that 
 the compensation would be insisted on." 
 
 November 18. " Returned Mr. Oswald s visit. We went 
 over the old ground concerning the Tories. He began to use 
 arguments with me to relax. I told him he must not think of 
 that, but must bend all his thoughts to convince and persuade 
 his court to give it up ; that if the terms now before his court 
 were not accepted, the whole negotiation would be broken off." 
 
 November 25. " Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jay, and myself, met at 
 Mr. Oswald s lodgings. Mr. Strachey told us, he had been to 
 London, and waited personally on every one of the king s cabi 
 net council, and had communicated the last propositions to them. 
 They, every one of them, unanimously condemned that respect 
 ing the Tories ; so that that unhappy affair stuck, as he fore 
 saw and foretold it would." 
 
 November 26. [Dr. Franklin, Mr. Jay, and Mr. Adams] 
 " in consultation upon the propositions made us yesterday by 
 Mr. Oswald. We agreed unanimously to answer him, that 
 we could not consent to the article respecting the refugees, as it 
 now stands. The rest of the day was spent in endless discus 
 sions about the Tories. Dr. Franklin is very stanch against 
 them ; more decided, a great deal, on this point, than Mr. Jay 
 or myself." 
 
 November 27. " Mr. Benjamin Vaughan came in, returned 
 from London, where he had seen Lord Shelburne. He says, 
 he finds the ministry much embarrassed with the Tories, and 
 exceedingly desirous of saving their honor and reputation in 
 this point ; that it is reputation more than money," foe. 
 
 November 29. " Met Mr. Fitzherbert, Mr. Oswald, Dr. 
 Franklin, Mr. Jay, Mr. Laurens, and Mr. Strachey, and spent 
 the whole day in discussions about the fishery and the Tories. 
 Mr. Fitzherbert, Mr. Oswald, and Mr. Strachey retired for some 
 time ; and, returning, Mr. Fitzherbert said, that Mr. Strachey 
 and himself had determined to advise Mr. Oswald to strike 
 with us according to the terms proposed as our ultimatum, 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 97 
 
 respecting the fishery and the Loyalists. We agreed to meet 
 to-morrow, to sign and seal the treaties." * 
 
 Besides the want of power in Congress to make the de 
 manded recompense to the Loyalists, as stated in these extracts, 
 there were other objections, and some quite as serious. First, 
 many of them, by their falsehoods, misrepresentations, and bad 
 counsels to the ministry, had undoubtedly done much to bring 
 on, and protract the war ; so that, in a good measure at least, 
 it was just to charge them with being the authors of their own 
 sufferings. In the second place, those of them who had borne 
 arms, and assisted to ravage and burn the towns on different 
 parts of the coast, or had plundered the defenceless families of 
 the interior settlements, should have made, rather than received, 
 compensation. Thirdly, to restore the identical property of 
 any had become nearly impossible, as it had been sold, and, in 
 many cases, divided among purchasers, and could only be 
 wrested by plenary means from the present possessors. Fourth 
 ly, the country was in no condition to pay those who had toiled 
 and bled for its emancipation, or even to make good a tithe of 
 the losses which they had suffered in consequence of the war; 
 much less was there the ability to adjust the accounts of ene 
 mies, whether domestic or foreign. And finally, each party, 
 taken as a whole, was bound, as in all warfare, to abide the 
 issue of the contest, without claim upon the other. The Loy 
 alists, as a body, looked upon the subjugation of the Whigs as 
 almost certain, to the last ; and their delegates in New York 
 even went so far as to entertain a plan for the government of 
 the Colonies, whenever their day of triumph should come. 
 If that day had arrived, how would the Whigs have fared at 
 their hands ? Would Falmouth, in Maine, which was burned 
 solely on account of troubles with the Tory merchant, Coulson; 
 would Wyoming, burned and desolated by the fiend Butler and 
 his band of Tories and Indians ; would New Haven, Fail-field, 
 
 * The full conversations occupy several pages of Mr. Adams s Journal. 
 In making these extracts, I have always given the substance of what was 
 said ; but I have sometimes compressed a passage, or changed a word. 
 9 
 
98 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Danbury, and New London, have been paid for? Would 
 the claims of thousands who expended their estates in the 
 cause of liberty, and who had no shelter for their heads, have 
 been allowed ? Pardoned rebels, had pardon been extended, 
 would scarcely have made terms to cover these, and other 
 losses, that could be easily enumerated ; and it seems clear, 
 therefore, that the whole matter, as a question of public policy, 
 was rightfully enough determined for the Loyalists, as it would 
 have been for the Whigs, under reversed circumstances. But 
 for all that, I cannot forget that some were wrongly deprived 
 of their property, and ought to have been considered.* 
 
 Grounds somewhat similar to those which I have assumed 
 induced Congress, very probably, to instruct their commission 
 ers to enter into no engagements respecting the Americans who 
 adhered to the crown, unless Great Britain would stipulate, on 
 her part, to make compensation for the property which had 
 been destroyed by persons in her service. With this injunction 
 the commissioners found it impracticable to comply, inasmuch 
 as they deemed it necessary to admit into the treaty a provi 
 sion to the effect, that Congress should recommend to the several 
 States to provide for the restitution of certain of the confiscated 
 estates ; that certain persons should be allowed a year to en 
 deavor to recover their estates ; that persons having rights in 
 confiscated lands should have the privilege of pursuing all 
 lawful means to regain them ; and that Congress should use 
 its recommendatory power to cause the States to revoke or 
 reconsider their confiscation laws. Congress unanimously 
 
 * Mr. Jay, in a letter to Governor Clinton, dated at Madrid, May 6, 1780, 
 says : " An English paper contains what they call, but I can hardly believe 
 to be, your confiscation act. If truly printed, New York is disgraced by 
 injustice too palpable to admit even of palliation. I feel for the honor of my 
 country, and therefore beg the favor of you to send me a true copy of it ; 
 that if the other be false, I may, by publishing yours, remove the prejudices 
 against you occasioned by the former." Contrary to Mr. Jay s belief, the 
 copy seen by him was authentic ; he never changed the opinion of it, here 
 expressed to Governor Clinton. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 99 
 
 assented to this arrangement, and unanimously issued the 
 recommendation to the States, which the treaty contemplated.* 
 These terms were very unsatisfactory to the persons inter 
 ested, and to a part of the British public ; and loud clamors 
 arose in Parliament and elsewhere. In the House of Commons, 
 
 * The Articles of the Treaty which relate to the Loyalists are the fourth, 
 fifth, and sixth. 
 
 Article fourth. "It is agreed, That Creditors on either side shall meet 
 with no lawful impediment to the recovery of the full value in sterling money 
 of all bona fide debts heretofore contracted." 
 
 Article fifth. " It is agreed, That the Congress shall earnestly recommend 
 it to the Legislatures of the respective States, to provide for the Restitution of 
 all Estates, Rights, and Properties, which have been confiscated, belonging to 
 real British subjects ; and also of the Estates, Rights, and Properties of those 
 Persons, residents in Districts in Possession of his Majesty s Arms, and who 
 have not borne arms against the said United States ; and that Persons of any 
 other description shall have free liberty to go to any part or parts of any of 
 the Thirteen United States, and therein to remain Twelve Months unmolested 
 in their endeavors to obtain the Restitution of such of their Estates, Rights, 
 and Properties, as may have been confiscated ; and that Congress shall also 
 earnestly recommend to the several States, a Reconsideration and Revision of 
 all Acts or Laws regarding the Premises, so as to render the said Laws or 
 Acts perfectly consistent, not only with Justice and Equity, but with that 
 spirit of Conciliation, which, on the return of the blessings of Peace, should 
 universally prevail. And that the Congress shall also earnestly recommend to 
 the several States, that the Estates, Rights, and Properties of such last men 
 tioned Persons shall be restored to them, they refunding to any Persons who 
 may be now in possession, the bona fide price (where any has been given) 
 which such Persons may have paid on purchasing any of the said Lands, 
 Rights, or Properties, since the Confiscation. And it is agreed, That all Per 
 sons who have any Interests in Confiscated Lands, either by Debts, Marriage 
 Settlements, or otherwise, shall meet with no lawful impediment in prosecution 
 of their just Rights." 
 
 Article sixth. " That there shall be no future Confiscations made, nor 
 any Prosecutions commenced against any Person or Persons for or by reason 
 of the Part which he or they may have taken in the present War ; and that 
 no Person shall on that account suffer any future Loss or Damage, either 
 in his Person, Liberty, or Property; and that those who may be in confine 
 ment on such charges at the Time of the Ratification of the Treaty in Amer 
 ica, shall be immediately set at liberty, and the Prosecutions so commenced be 
 discontinued." 
 
100 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 Mr. Wilberforce said, that " when he considered the case of 
 the Loyalists, he confessed he there felt himself conquered ; 
 there he saw his country humiliated ; he saw her at the feet 
 of America ; still he was induced to believe, that Congress 
 would religiously comply with the article, and that the Loyal 
 ists would obtain redress from America." Lord North (who 
 was more in opposition) said, that "never was the honor, the 
 principles, the policy of a nation, so grossly abused as in the 
 desertion of those men, who are now exposed to every punish 
 ment that desertion and poverty can inflict, because they were 
 not Rebels." Lord Mulgrave declared, that "the article re 
 specting the Loyalists, he could never regard but as a lasting 
 monument of national disgrace." Mr. Burke said, that " a vast 
 number of the Loyalists had been deluded by England, and 
 had risked everything, and that, to such men the nation owed 
 protection, and its honor was pledged for their security at all 
 hazards." Mr. Sheridan " execrated the treatment of those 
 unfortunate men, who, without the least notice taken of their 
 civil and religious rights, were handed over as subjects to a 
 power that would not fail to take vengeance on them for their 
 zeal and attachment to the religion and government of the 
 mother country; " and he denounced as a " crime," the cession 
 of the Americans who had adhered to the crown, "into the 
 hands of their enemies, and delivering them over to confisca 
 tion, tyranny, resentment, and oppression." Mr. Norton said, 
 that " he could not give his assent to the treaty on account of 
 the article which related to the Loyalists." Sir Peter Burrell 
 considered, that "the fate of these unhappy subjects claimed 
 the compassion of every human breast, for they had been 
 abandoned by the ministers, and were left at the mercy of a 
 Congress highly irritated against them." Sir Wilbraham 
 Bootle s " heart bled for the Loyalists ; they had fought and had 
 run every hazard for England, and at a moment when they 
 had a claim to the greatest protection, they had been deserted." 
 Mr. Macdonald "forbore to dwell upon the case of these men, 
 as an assembly of human beings could scarcely trust their 
 judgments, when so powerful an attack was made upon their 
 feelings." 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 101 
 
 In the House of Lords, the opposition was quite as violent. 
 Lord Walsingham said, that " he could neither think nor 
 speak of the dishonor of leaving these deserving people to 
 their fate, with patience." Lord Yiscount Townshend consid 
 ered, that " to desert men who had constantly adhered to loyalty 
 and attachment, was a circumstance of such cruelty as had 
 never before been heard of." Lord Stormont said, that " Britain 
 was bound in justice and honor, gratitude and affection, and 
 every tie, to provide for and protect them." Lord Sackville 
 regarded " the abandonment of the Loyalists, as a thing of so 
 atrocious a kind, that if it had not been already painted in all 
 its horrid colors, he should have attempted the ungracious task, 
 but never should have been able to describe the cruelty in lan 
 guage as strong and expressive as were his feelings ; " and 
 again, that " a peace founded on the sacrifice of these unhappy 
 subjects, must be accursed in the sight of God and man." 
 Lord Loughborough said, "that the fifth article of the treaty 
 had excited a general and just indignation," and that neither 
 " in ancient nor modern history had there been so shameful a 
 desertion of men who had sacrificed all to their duty, and to 
 their reliance upon British faith." 
 
 Such attacks as these did not, of course, pass without replies 
 in both Houses. The nature of the defence of the friends of 
 the ministry will sufficiently appear, by the remarks of the 
 minister himself. Lord Shelburne thus frankly admitted, that 
 the Loyalists were left without better provision being made for 
 them " from the unhappy necessity of public affairs, which in 
 duced the extremity of submitting the fate of their property to 
 the discretion of their enemies." And, he continued, "I have 
 but one answer to give the House; it is the answer I gave my 
 own bleeding heart. A. part must be wounded, that the whole 
 of the empire may not perish. If better terms could be had, 
 think yon, my Lord, that I would not have embraced them? 
 / had but the alternative either to accept the terms proposed, or 
 continue the war" The Lord Chancellor parried the assaults 
 of the opposition with other- weapons. He declared, that the 
 stipulations of the treaty are " specific," and said he, " my 
 9* 
 
102 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 own conscious honor will not allow me to doubt the good faith 
 of others, and my good wishes to the Loyalists will not let me 
 indiscreetly doubt the dispositions of Congress," since the un 
 derstanding is, that " all these unhappy men shall be provided 
 for," yet, if it were not so, " Parliament could take cognizance 
 of their case, and impart to each suffering individual that re 
 lief which reason, perhaps policy, certainly virtue and religion, 
 required." 
 
 It was not expected, probably, by the British government, 
 that the " recommendation " of Congress to the States would 
 produce any effect. In 1778, and after the evacuation of Phila 
 delphia, the request of Congress to the same, to repeal the 
 severe enactments against the adherents of the crown, and to 
 restore their confiscated property, had been disregarded, and a 
 similar desire at the conclusion of hostilities, though made for 
 different reasons, it could not have been supposed would be 
 more successful. Indeed, the idea, that the States would refuse 
 compliance, and that Parliament would be required to make 
 the Loyalists some compensation for their losses, seems to have 
 been entertained from the first. Lord Shelburne, in the speech 
 from which I have just quoted, remarked, that " wit/iout one 
 drop of blood spilt, and without one fifth of the expense of one 
 year s campaign, happiness and ease can be given to them in 
 as ample a manner as these blessings were ever in their enjoy 
 ment" He could have meant nothing less by this language 
 than that, by putting an end to the war, the empire saved both 
 life and treasure, even though the amount of money required 
 to place the Loyalists in " happiness and ease," should amount 
 to some millions ; and the Lord Chancellor, it may be observed, 
 hinted at compensation as the remedy, provided the " recom 
 mendation " of Congress should not result favorably. Besides, 
 during the negotiation of the treaty, it appears to have been 
 considered by the commissioners on both sides, that each party 
 to the contest must bear its own losses and provide for its own 
 sufferers. 
 
 But whatever were the expectations at Paris or in London, all 
 uncertainty was soon at an end. A number of Loyalists who 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 103 
 
 were in England, came to the United States to claim restitution 
 of their estates, but their applications were unheeded, and 
 some of them were imprisoned, and afterwards banished. 
 
 New York, among other resolutions on the subject, stated, 
 " that there can be no reason for restoring property which has 
 been confiscated or forfeited, the more especially, as no com 
 pensation is offered on the part of the king and his adherents, 
 for the damages sustained by this State and its citizens, from" 
 the wanton desolation of " a great part of this State by burn 
 ing, not only single houses and other buildings, but even whole 
 towns and villages, and in enterprizes which had nothing but 
 vengeance for their object," and in which, " great numbers of 
 the citizens of this State have, from affluent circumstances, 
 been reduced to poverty and distress." Elsewhere, a similar 
 spirit prevailed, and all hope of obtaining relief under the stip 
 ulations of the treaty was abandoned. 
 
 The claimants now applied to the government which they 
 had ruined themselves to serve, and many of them, who had 
 hitherto been " Refugees " in different parts of America, went 
 to England to state, and to recover payment for their losses. 
 They organized an agency, and appointed a committee com 
 posed of one delegate or agent from each of the thirteen States, 
 to enlighten the British public, and adopt measures of proced 
 ure in securing the attention and action of the ministry in their 
 behalf. In a tract,* printed by order of these agents, it is 
 maintained, that "it is an established rule, that all sacrifices 
 made by individuals, for the benefit or accommodation of others, 
 shall be equally sustained by all those who partake of it ;" 
 and numerous cases are cited from Puffendorf, Burlamaqui, and 
 Yattel, to show that the " sacrifices" of the Loyalists were 
 embraced in this principle. As a further ground of claim, it 
 is stated, that in the case of territory alienated or ceded away 
 by one sovereign power to another, the rule is still applicable, 
 for that in treatises of international law, it is held, "the State 
 
 * " The Case and Claim of the American Loyalists, impartially stated and 
 considered," published in 1783. 
 
104 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 ought to indemnify the subject for the loss he has sustained 
 beyond his own proportion." And the course pursued at the 
 close of the civil war in Spain, when the States of Holland 
 obtained their independence, under the treaty of Utrecht, and at 
 various other periods, proved that the rights of persons similarly 
 situated had been respected and held inviolate. The conclusion 
 arrived at from the precedents found in history and diplomacy, 
 and in the statute-book of the realm, is, that, as the Loyalists 
 were as " perfectly subjects of the British State as any man in 
 London or Middlesex," they were entitled to the same protec 
 tion and relief. The claimants, said the writers of the tract, 
 had been " called on by their Sovereign, when surrounded by 
 tumult and rebellion, to defend the Supreme Rights of the 
 Nation, and to assist in suppressing a rebellion, which aimed 
 at their destruction. They have received from the highest au 
 thority the most solemn assurances of protection, and even 
 reward for their meritorious services ; " and that " His Majesty 
 and the two Houses of Parliament having thought it necessary, 
 as the price of peace, or to the interest and safety of the em 
 pire, or from some other motive of public convenience, to ratify 
 the Independence of America, without securing any restitution 
 whatever to the Loyalists ; they conceive that the Nation is 
 bound, as well by the fundamental laws of the Society, as by 
 the invariable and eternal principles of natural justice, to make 
 them a compensation." 
 
 At the opening of Parliament, the king, in his speech from 
 the throne, alluded to the " American sufferers" who, from 
 " motives of Loyalty to him, or attachment to the Mother Coun 
 try, had relinquished their properties or professions," and 
 trusted, he said, that " generous attention would be shown to 
 them." Both parties assented to the suggestion ; and a mo 
 tion was made early in the session for leave to bring in a Bill, 
 " For Appointing Commissioners to Enquire into the Circum 
 stances and former Fortunes of such Persons as are reduced to 
 Distress by the late unhappy Dissentions in America." Leave 
 was given ; but in fixing the details of the Bill, there was some 
 difficulty, and considerable debate. The measure was finally 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 105 
 
 made agreeable to all, and was adopted without opposition. 
 The act, as passed, created a Board of Commissioners who 
 were empowered to examine all persons presenting claims un 
 der oath, to send for hooks, papers and records ; and who were 
 directed to report all such as fraudulently claimed a greater 
 amount than they had lost, in order that they should be de 
 prived of all compensation whatever. The time for receiving 
 claims was limited to March 25th, 1784, but the act was to re 
 main in force two years. This time was, however, found far 
 too short, and the Board was continued in commission by re 
 newals of the act from time to time, and did not finish their 
 labors until 1789, when they made their twelfth and last 
 report; and Parliament finally disposed of the matter in 1790, 
 seven years after it first engaged its attention. 
 
 The first thing to be ascertained by the commissioners, was 
 the " Loyalty and conduct of the claimants." In their first 
 report, they divided them into six classes,* and very properly 
 placed the apostates from the Whigs in the last ; but no differ 
 ence was finally made on account of the time or circumstances 
 of adhering to the cause of the crown, and all, without refer 
 ence to differences in merit, who were able to establish losses, 
 shared alike. 
 
 The commissioners commenced their arduous duties " by 
 sending to the most respectable and intelligent " of the persons 
 interested, " who might be most able and willing to answer 
 such general inquiries as might tend to facilitate the investiga 
 tion of each particular claim." Most of those who appeared 
 before them were examined separately, viva voce, but some 
 gave their opinions and sentiments in writing. The claimants 
 
 * First class. Those who had rendered services to Great Britain. 
 
 Second class. Those who had borne arms for Great Britain. 
 
 Third class. Uniform Loyalists. 
 
 Fourth class. Loyal British subjects resident in Great Britain. 
 
 Fifth class. Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American States, but 
 afterwards joined the British. 
 
 Sixth class. Loyalists who had borne arms for the American States, but 
 afterwards joined the British navy or army. 
 
106 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 were required, moreover, to state in proper form every species 
 of loss which they had suffered, and for which they thought 
 they had a right to receive compensation. In making up their 
 schedules agreeably to this rule, some sufferers claimed for 
 losses which others did not; and in adjusting the claims, the 
 disproportion between the sum asked for and the sum allowed, 
 was often very large. A few received their whole demands 
 without the deduction of a shilling, while others received 
 pounds only where they had demanded hundreds, and a third 
 class obtained nothing, having been excluded by inability to 
 prove their losses, or deprived of the sum which they could 
 prove, by attempts to obtain allowance for claims which the 
 commissioners reported upon as fraudulent, in accordance with 
 the provisions of the act. The rigid rules enforced, and which 
 it would seem applied to all claimants, created much murmur 
 ing. The mode pursued of examining the claimant and the 
 witnesses in his behalf, separately and apart, was branded with 
 severe epithets, and the commission was called an "Inquisi 
 tion." But it is hard to conceive, why such a manner of 
 eliciting truth should have been objected to; it was well calcu 
 lated to expose fraud, and the dishonest might therefore have 
 complained of it. Yet. with all the caution which it was pos 
 sible for the commissioners to exercise, false losses were pre 
 sented and allowed, and men who did not really suffer a single 
 penny, who were entirely destitute of property when the war 
 commenced, and to whom hostilities were actually beneficial, 
 by affording pay and employment, were placed in comfortable 
 circumstances ; and stories which show the plans and schemes 
 that were devised to baffle the rigid scrutiny of the board are 
 still repeated. 
 
 In the first renewal of the act by which the commission was 
 created, a clause was inserted which authorized the commis 
 sioners to send an agent to the United States, and John Anstey, 
 Esq., a barrister at law, was accordingly despatched; and 
 Colonel Thomas Dundas and Mr. Jeremy Pemberton, two mem 
 bers of the board, personally visited Canada and Nova Scotia, 
 " to inquire into the claims of such persons as could not, without 
 
HTSTORICAL ESSAY. 107 
 
 great inconvenience, go over to Great Britain." The particu 
 lar duty assigned to Mr. Anstey, seems to have consisted in 
 obtaining information as to the confiscation, sale and value of 
 the landed estates, and the total loss of the property of the claim 
 ants, and he procured much valuable and authentic testimony, 
 not only to aid the honest and correct the mistaken, but also 
 to detect and confound the dishonest. 
 
 The 25th of March, 1784, it has been remarked, was the 
 latest period for presenting claims which was allowed, and on 
 or before that day, the number of claimants was two thousand 
 and sixty-three, and the property alleged to have been lost, was, 
 according to their schedules, the alarming sum of 7,046,278, 
 besides debts to the amount of 2,354,135. In July of 
 that year, though the commissioners state that they had been 
 very assiduous in the discharge of their trusts, they had been 
 able to examine and determine the cases of but a part of these 
 persons, and had awarded 201,750, for 534,705 claimed, 
 thus reducing the amount considerably more than half. The 
 second report, which was made in December of the same year, 
 shows that one hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had 
 been disposed of, and that for 693,257 claimed, the propor 
 tion of allowance was still smaller, or 150,935. Much the 
 same difference is to be seen in the succeeding one hundred 
 and twenty-two cases, which were disposed of in May and July 
 of 1785, and in which 253,613, were allowed for 898,196 
 claimed. In April, 1786, the fifth report announced that 
 one hundred and forty-two other claims of the amount of 
 733,311, had been liquidated at 250*506. The commis 
 sioners proceeded with their investigations during the years 
 1786 and 1787; meantime, South Carolina had restored the 
 estates of several of her Loyalists, and caused the withdrawal 
 of the claims of their owners, except that, in instances of 
 alleged strip and waste, amercement, and similar losses, in 
 quiries were instituted to ascertain the value of what was 
 taken compared with that which was returned. 
 
 On the 5th of April, 1788, the commissioners in England 
 had heard and determined one thousand six hundred and eighty 
 
108 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 claims (besides those withdrawn), and had liquidated the same 
 at 1,887,548. Perhaps no greater despatch was possible, but 
 the delay caused great complaint. The king, his ministers, 
 and Parliament, were addressed and petitioned,* either on the 
 general course pursued by the commissioners, or on some sub 
 ject connected with the Loyalist claims. Letters and commu 
 nications appeared in the newspapers, and the public attention 
 was again awakened by the publication of essays and tracts 
 which renewed the statements made in 1783, of the losses, 
 services, and sacrifices of the claimants. Two years previ 
 ously (1786), the agents of the Loyalists had invoked Parlia 
 ment to hasten the final action upon the claims of their con 
 stituents in a petition drawn up with care and ability. "It is 
 impossible to describe," are words which occur in this docu 
 ment, "the poignant distress under which many of these per 
 sons now labor ; and which must daily increase, should the 
 justice of Parliament be delayed until all the claims are liqui 
 dated and reported ; * * * ten years have elapsed since many 
 of them have been deprived of their fortunes, and with their 
 helpless families reduced from independent affluence to poverty 
 and want; some of them now languishing in British gaols, 
 others indebted to their creditors, who have lent them money 
 barely to support their existence ; and who, unless speedily re 
 lieved, must sink more than the value of their claims when 
 received, and be in a worse condition than if they had never 
 made them ; others have already sunk under the pressure and 
 severity of their misfortunes ; and others must, in all proba 
 bility, soon meet the* same melancholy fate, should the justice 
 due to them be longer postponed. But that, on the contrary, 
 should provision be now made for payment of those whose 
 claims have been settled and reported, it will not only relieve 
 
 * The reader will find the views of the Loyalists on the subject of their 
 claims, and their objection to the course pursued by the commissioners, in two 
 documents inserted in the biographical notice of Colonel James De Lancey, 
 who petitioned Parliament, and addressed Mr. Pitt in their behalf, and in op 
 position to the commissioners. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 109 
 
 them from their distress, but give a credit to the others whose 
 claims remain to be considered, and enable all of them to pro 
 vide for their wretched families, and become again useful 
 members of society." This vivid picture of the condition of 
 those who waited the tardy progress made in the final adjust 
 ment of their losses, is possibly highly colored. Mr. Pitt had 
 introduced and carried through, in 1785, a bill for the distribu 
 tion of 150,000 among the claimants, but as that sum, it was 
 held, was to be applied to a distinct class, namely, to those 
 who had lost " property," and to neither those who had lost 
 "life-estate " in property, nor to those who had lost " income," 
 it is not improbable that many of these classes were at this 
 time greatly in want of the relief, which their agents so earn 
 estly implored the government to afford 
 
 T A tract * printed in 1788, which was attributed to Galloway, 
 file distinguished Loyalist of Pennsylvania, presses the claims 
 and merits of the sufferers with much point and vigor, and 
 rebukes the injustice of neglecting and deferring payment of 
 the compensation conceded on all hands to be due them, with 
 singular spirit and boldness, and states their situation in the 
 following forcible language. "It is well known," says the 
 writer, " that this delay of justice has produced the most mel 
 ancholy and shocking events. A number of the sufferers have 
 been driven by it into insanity, and become their own destroy 
 ers, leaving behind them their helpless widows and orphans to 
 subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others have been 
 sent to cultivate a wilderness for their subsistence without 
 having the means, and compelled through want to throw them 
 selves on the mercy of the American States, and the charity of 
 their former friends, to support the life which might have been 
 made comfortable by the money long since due by the British 
 Government ; and many others, with their families, are barely 
 subsisting upon a temporary allowance from Government, 
 a mere pittance when compared with the sum due to them." 
 
 * " The Claim of the American Loyalists reviewed and maintained upon 
 incontrovertible principles of law and justice." 
 10 
 
110 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 The commissioners submitted their eleventh Report in April 
 of the year in which this statement was made, and Mr. Pitt, in 
 the month following, gave way to the pressing importunities of 
 the claimants, to allow their grievances to be discussed in Par 
 liament. Twelve years had elapsed since the property of most 
 of them had been alienated under the confiscation acts, and 
 five, since their title to recompense had been recognized by 
 the law under which their claims had been presented and dis 
 posed of. 
 
 The minister, meantime, by frequent conferences with the 
 commissioners, had made himself familiar with all the points 
 involved and requiring consideration, and in expressing his 
 views, raised three questions ; first, whether there should be 
 any deduction made from the value put upon the estates to be 
 paid for secondly, if any, what the deduction should be ; and 
 thirdly, what compensation should be made to the Loyalists 
 who had lost their incomes by losing their offices and profes 
 sions. In his speech, Mr. Pitt laid down as the basis of his 
 plan, that, however strong might be the claims of either class, 
 neither should regard the relief to be extended, as due on prin 
 ciples " of right and strict justice." In proceeding with his 
 remarks, he proposed to pay all of six designated classes, who 
 consisted of thirteen hundred and sixty four persons, whose 
 liquidated losses did not exceed ten thousand pounds each, the 
 full amount reported by the commissioners ; while, increasing 
 the rate of discount with the increase of losses, he proposed a 
 deduction of ten per cent, on the losses (of persons of these six 
 classes) between ten and thirty-five thousand pounds, and of 
 fifteen per cent, on those between thirty-five and fifty thousand, 
 and of twenty per cent, on those upwards of fifty thousand ; 
 casting, however, these several rates of deduction only on the 
 differences between ten thousand pounds and the amounts lost 
 as reported by the commissioners.^ 
 
 * This plan was objected to by the Loyalists, and their reasons were trans 
 mitted to Mr. Pitt, in a document of some length, which may be found entire 
 in the notice of Colonel James De Lancey. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. Ill 
 
 With regard to persons of another description, and whose 
 losses had been caused principally, if not entirely, by depriva 
 tion of official or professional income, he submitted a plan of 
 pensions. To those whose incomes had not exceeded four 
 hundred pounds, he considered pensions of fifty per cent, of 
 the incomes actually lost to be adequate ; to those whose emol 
 uments were ascertained to have been between four hundred 
 and fifteen hundred pounds, he thought two hundred pounds, 
 and forty per cent, of the amount lost exceeding four hundred, 
 would be sufficient ; while on incomes above fifteen hundred 
 pounds, he would make a still further deduction, and allow 
 two hundred pounds as in the other cases, and thirty per 
 cent, on the difference between four hundred pounds and the 
 real incomes.^ 
 
 Having presented his reasons for the course which he re 
 commended, and agreed to some alterations in the rate of com 
 pensation to be made to proprietors of land in America who 
 resided in England, he moved, that " Provision should be 
 made accordingly." The house assented; and the commis 
 sioners were directed to issue certificates for sums to which the 
 claimants were respectively entitled. Payments were to be made 
 in debentures of the government, bearing three and a half per 
 cent, interest, which was nearly equal to money ; these deben 
 tures, Mr. Pitt suggested, should be redeemed by instalments, 
 and by means of a lottery. 
 
 After this adjustment, several additional claims were pre 
 sented, examined, and allowed ; and upon the settlement of the 
 whole matter, it appeared that the number of claimants in Eng 
 land, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada, was five 
 thousand and seventy-two, of whom nine hundred and fifty-four 
 withdrew, or failed to prosecute their claims ; that the amount 
 of losses, according to the schedules rendered, was 8,026,045, 
 
 * The number of these persons was two hundred and four; amount of in 
 come lost 80,000 ; pensions granted 25,785 
 
112 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR 
 
 of which the sum of 3,292,455 was allowed.* From this 
 sum, the deductions which have been mentioned were about 
 180,000; leaving for distribution nearly fifteen and a half 
 millions of dollars. The Loyalists, then, were well cared 
 for. Whatever were the miseries to individuals occasioned by 
 delay ; whatever the injury sustained by those who were unable 
 to procure sufficient evidence of their losses; and whatever 
 were the wrongs inflicted upon others by the errors in judgment 
 on the part of the commissioners; the Americans who took 
 the royal side, as a body, fared infinitely better than the great 
 body of the Whigs, whose services and sacrifices were quite as 
 great ; for, besides the allowance of fifteen and a half millions 
 of dollars in money, numbers received considerable annuities, 
 half-pay as military officers, large grants of land, and shared 
 with other subjects in the patronage of the crown. The re 
 wards of those who served under Congress, on the other hand, 
 were extremely limited ; and excepting those who filled the 
 public offices under the State, and after the adoption of the 
 constitution of the United States, under the national govern 
 ment, few who served in the field, or who suffered by the rav- 
 
 * The principal facts with regard to the compensation of the Loyalists are 
 derived from a " Historical View of the Commission," &c., by John Eard- 
 ley Wilmot, Esq., one of the Commissioners. In the aggregate amount 
 claimed, there seems some discrepancy. According to the summary of Mr. 
 Wilmot, made in March, 1790, " the claims preferred " were 10, 358 ,4 13 ; 
 whereas, in a table from which I take the statistics above, the amount is stated 
 at 8,026,045. Again, in March, 1790, it is said by Mr. Wilmot, that the 
 number of " claims preferred in England and Nova Scotia was three thousand 
 two hundred and twenty-five, of which were examined two thousand two 
 hundred and ninety-one, disallowed three hundred and forty-two, withdrawn 
 thirty-eight, not prosecuted five hundred and fifty-three ; " that the amount 
 of claims allowed was 3,033,091 ; whereas, in the table which I have fol 
 lowed as giving a later and final view, the claims examined are stated at four 
 thousand one hundred and eighteen, and the amount allowed at the sum in the 
 text ; from which it follows, that one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven 
 persons recovered only the difference between .3,292,455 and 3,033,91, 
 or the small sum of 259,364. 
 
HISTORICAL ESSAY. 113 
 
 ages of the king s troops, obtained considerable or adequate 
 recompense. In trnth, thousands were allowed to go down to 
 the grave in abject want and destitution. 
 
 All the topics necessary to introduce the reader to the Bio 
 graphical Notices of the Loyalists, have now been discussed to 
 as great an extent as the limits of the work will allow. It has 
 been my constant endeavor to speak of those who opposed the 
 Whigs, in the momentous conflict which made us an indepen 
 dent people, calmly and mildly. For, 
 
 " Mercy to him that shows it is the rule 
 And righteous limitation of its act, 
 By which Heaven moves in pardoning guilty man ; 
 And he that shows none, being ripe in years, 
 And conscious of the outrage he commits, 
 Shall seek it, and not find it, in his turn. 
 
 There are those among my countrymen, who imagine that 
 they know quite all that can be said of the causes which sev 
 ered the British empire, and enough of those who were prom 
 inent actors in the struggle that preceded it, and who seek to 
 know no more of either. To such persons, and to others who. 
 equally conceited, are ready to do battle for every " Whig," 
 and to denounce every "Tory," these pages will prove of no 
 possible value. But of a spirit wholly different are the search 
 ers after truth, and the close students of history. These 
 have ascertained, from the various sources open to them, that 
 all who called themselves Whigs were not necessarily and on 
 that account disinterested and virtuous, and the proper objects 
 of unlimited praise ; and that the Tories were not, to a man, 
 selfish and vicious, and deserving of unmeasured and indis 
 criminate reproach. Virtuous men, whatever their errors and 
 mistakes, are to be respected ; and with regard to others, it is 
 well to remember the beautiful sentiment of Goldsmith, that 
 " we should never strike an unnecessary blow at a victim over 
 whom Providence holds the scourge of its resentment." 
 
 While intending to be just, I have felt that I might also be 
 generous. The winners in the revolutionary strife are now 
 twenty millions of people; and, strong, rich, and prosper- 
 10* 
 
114 PRELIMINARY REMARKS, OR HISTORICAL ESSAY. 
 
 ous, can afford to speak of the losers in terms of moderation. 
 Besides, 
 
 ; Can he be strenuous in his country s cause, 
 Who slights the charities for whose dear sake 
 That country, if at all, must be beloved ? " 
 
 I may be permitted to say, in conclusion, that the history of 
 individuals and of nations has been delightful to me from my 
 earliest youth ; that the annals of my own country have been as 
 diligently studied as circumstances would permit; and that, 
 of all men of whom I have obtained any knowledge, the Whigs 
 of the American Revolution have impressed me with the great 
 est respect and reverence, both on account of their personal 
 virtues, and the objects which they sought to accomplish for 
 themselves, their posterity, and mankind. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 OF 
 
 AMERICAN LOYALISTS 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 ACHINCLOSS, ARCHIBALD. Was proscribed and banished under 
 the act of 1778. 
 
 ACHINCLOSS, THOMAS. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In 
 May, 1775, he wrote a Submission, which was published, and 
 in which he expressed his sorrow that " any part of his con 
 duct should have given uneasiness to any friends of America." 
 In 1778 he was among those who were proscribed and ban 
 ished. 
 
 ACHINSON, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Royal Fensible Americans. 
 
 ACKER, ABRAHAM. Of West Chester County, New York, and 
 a Protester at White Plains, April, 1775. 
 
 ACKERLY, OBADIAH. Of New York. In 1783 he abandoned 
 his home and property, and settled in New Brunswick. He 
 died at St. John in 1843, aged eighty-seven. Catharine, his 
 wife, died at the same city in 1830, at the age of seventy-two. 
 
 ACRIGG, RACHEL. She went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and the crown granted her a building lot in that 
 city. 
 
 ADAMS, DOCTOR . State of New York. In 1774, or 
 
 early in 1775, he was hoisted up and exposed upon " landlord 
 
118 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Fay s sign-post, where was fixed a dead catamount." The 
 party who inflicted this punishment regretted that they had 
 not tied him and given him instead five hundred lashes. 
 His residence was at Arlington. 
 
 ADAMS, JABEZ. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Loyalist Association at Reading, who were 
 pledged " to defend, maintain, and preserve, at the risk of their 
 lives and property, the prerogatives of the crown, and the privi 
 leges of the subject, from the attacks of any rebellious body of 
 men, any Committees of Inspection, of Correspondence," &c. 
 
 ADAMS, JAMES. Of Reading, Fairfield County, Connecticut. 
 Was a member of the Loyalist Association at Reading. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN. Went from some part of the United States to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, was a grantee of that city, 
 and died there in 1820, aged forty-nine. 
 
 ADAMS, JOSEPH. Of Townsend, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 ADAMS, SAMUEL. Of South Carolina. An Addresser of Sir 
 Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 ADAIR, ROBERT. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 ADAMSON, GEORGE. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton after the surrender of 
 Charleston. 
 
 ADAMSON, JOHN. Of South Carolina. After the surrender of 
 Charleston, held a commission under the crown, and his estate 
 was confiscated. 
 
 ADDISON, A. Of Maryland. Went to England, and in 1779 
 became a member of the Loyalist Association formed in 
 London. 
 
 ADDISON, DANIEL DULANY. Of Maryland. Was a captain 
 in the Maryland Loyalists in 1782, and at the peace was a 
 major in the same corps; he went to England, and died in 
 London in 1808. 
 
 ADDISON, H. Of Maryland. In July, 1783, was one of the 
 fifty-five who petitioned, at New York, for lands in Nova 
 Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 119 
 
 AFFECK, THOMAS. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was ordered 
 to be sent prisoner to Virginia for disaffection to the Whig 
 cause. 
 
 AGLING, JOHN. Of Boston. A Protester against the Whigs 
 in 1774. 
 
 AGNEW, JOHN. He was rector of the Established Church, 
 parish of Suffolk, Virginia. On the 24th of March, 1775, the 
 Whig Committee of Nansemond County called him to an ac 
 count for the loyalty of his pulpit performances. He soon after 
 quitted that part of the country, and became chaplain of the 
 Queen s Rangers, a Loyalist corps. He finally settled in New 
 Brunswick, and died near Fredericton, the capital of that colony, 
 in 1812, aged eighty-five. He was taken prisoner with Stair 
 Agnew and others during the Revolution, and carried to 
 France. On the passage out, the ship encountered a severe 
 gale, and lay a wreck for twenty-four hours. 
 
 AGNEW, STAIR. Believed to have been a son of the Rever 
 end John Agnew. He was certainly from Virginia, and a 
 captain in the Queen s Rangers, and settled at Fredericton, 
 where he resided until his death, in 1821, at the age of sixty- 
 three. He enjoyed half-pay. While attached to the Ran 
 gers he was taken prisoner and carried to France, and was 
 not exchanged until near the close of the war. It seems, that 
 at the battle of the Brandywine he was severely wounded, 
 and while on his passage to Virginia for recovery was captured 
 by the French squadron. Franklin, minister to France, was 
 appealed to, to effect his release and that of others made 
 prisoners at the same time. Captain Agnew s letter from the 
 castle of St. Maloes, February 26th, 1782, details the circum 
 stances of his captivity, and contains some feeling allusions to 
 his " aged and beloved mother." He closes: "Oh, God! who 
 knows, perhaps she at this moment, from an independent 
 affluence, is reduced by the vicissitudes of the times to penury. 
 My heart, afflicted with the misfortunes of our family, can no 
 
 more " He was a member of the House of Assembly of 
 
 New Brunswick for thirty years, and a magistrate of York 
 County for a considerable period. His wife, Sophia Winifred, 
 died in that county, in ] 820, at the age of fifty-two. 
 
120 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ALBERTSON. In 1776, Derrick, Daniel and Albert, of Queen s 
 County, New York, professed themselves to be loyal and well 
 aifected subjects. In 1783 a party of Whigs plundered the 
 house of Derrick Albertson at North Hempstead, and, among 
 other articles, carried off his wedding-shirt. 
 
 ALBRIGHT, JOHN. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 ALBUS, GEORGE. In 1782 he was an officer of cavalry in 
 the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 ALDEN, DOCTOR . One of the two Loyalists of Saco and 
 
 Biddeford, Maine. An armed party took him, placed him on 
 his knees upon a large cask, and with their guns presented to 
 his body, told him to recant his opinions, or suffer instant 
 death. He signed the required confession, and was released. 
 Subsequently he removed to Scarborough, in the same State. 
 
 ALDINGTON, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the Guides 
 and Pioneers. 
 
 ALEXANDER, CHARLES. Of Norfolk, Virginia. In May, 1775, 
 the Whig Committee published him as inimical to America, 
 and recommended that all dealings with him should be discon 
 tinued. 
 
 ALEXANDER, JOHN. Of Craven, North Carolina. His pro 
 perty was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 ALEXANDER, ROBERT. Of Maryland. Went to England. 
 When, in 1783, it was ascertained that the State legislatures 
 refused to comply with the recommendation of Congress to 
 restore the confiscated estates of Loyalists, he was appointed 
 agent for those of Maryland, to present and prosecute their 
 claim for compensation of the British government. He was in 
 London in 1788, and on the 2d of July signed an Address to 
 the King. 
 
 ALLAIRE, ANTHONY. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment, and at the peace a captain in the 
 same corps. He settled in New Brunswick, and received half- 
 pay. He was one of the grantees of the city of St. John, but. 
 removing to the country, died in the parish of Douglas, in 
 1838, at the age of eighty-four. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 121 
 
 ALLEE, PRESTLY. Of Duck Creek, Delaware ; husbandman. 
 In 1778 he was required by law to appear and be tried for 
 treason, on or before August 1st, or suffer the loss of his pro 
 perty. 
 
 ALLEN, ADAM. He was an officer in the Queen s Rangers, 
 and, it is believed, a lieutenant. He went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that 
 city. He received half-pay. In 1798 he was in command of 
 a post at Grand Falls, on the river St. John, and wrote a piece 
 in verse descriptive of these Falls, which his son, Jacob Allen, 
 of Portland, New Brunswick, sent to the press in 1845. He 
 died in York County, New Brunswick, in 1823, aged sixty- 
 six. 
 
 ALLEN, ANDREW. Of Pennsylvania, son of Chief Justice 
 William Allen, and himself the successor of Judge Chew, 
 who succeeded his father. He, at first, was found among 
 the leading Whigs, and was a member of Congress, and 
 of the Committee of Safety. In 1776 he *put himself under 
 protection of General Howe, at Trenton, and during the war 
 went to England. He died at London in 1825, at the age of 
 eighty-five. 
 
 ALLEN, ISAAC. A lawyer of Trenton, New Jersey. He en 
 tered the military service of the crown, and in 1782 was lieu 
 tenant-colonel of the second battalion of New Jersey Volun 
 teers. He had property in Pennsylvania, and the executive 
 council of that State ordered, that, unless he should surrender 
 himself, and take his trial for treason within a specified time, 
 he should stand attainted. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 He rose to distinction -in New Brunswick, and among other 
 offices held a seat in the Council, and was a Judge of the Su 
 preme Court. His residence was at Fredericton, and he died 
 there about the year 1812. His sister Sarah died at the same 
 place in 1835, aged ninety-one. 
 
 ALLEN, JAMES. Of Philadelphia ; the remaining son of Chiel 
 Justice William Allen, and the only one of them who did not 
 join the royal army. He remained at home wholly inactive, 
 11 
 
122 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 though his sympathies were supposed to be loyal. He was in 
 declining health in 1776, and died before the close of the 
 following year. 
 
 ALLEN, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania, a son of Chief Justice 
 William Allen. In 1776 he joined the British under General 
 Howe, at Trenton. Unlike his brother, he was an avowed 
 Loyalist from the first. 
 
 ALLEN, JOHN. State unknown. In 1782 was surgeon of 
 the King s Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 ALLEN, JOLLEY. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Went to Eng 
 land, and in 1779 was in London, arid one of the Loyalists 
 who addressed the King. 
 
 ALLEN. Of New York. Eleven persons of this name, of 
 Queen s County, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To 
 wit : Abraham, Daniel, David, Robert, Philip, Henry, John, 
 Philip, Darius, Baruch, Andrew. 
 
 ALLEN, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania, and son of Chief Justice 
 William Allen. He was a Whig, and accepted the commission 
 of lieutenant-colonel in the continental service, and served 
 under St. Clair. But in 1776 he abandoned the cause of his 
 country, and joined General Howe, with his brothers. In 1778 
 he raised a corps called the Pennsylvania Loyalists, and, with 
 the rank of lieutenant-colonel, was the commanding officer. 
 From the influence of his family, and from his own personal 
 standing, he expected to make rapid enlistments for this corps, 
 but was disappointed. In 1782, and near the close of the con 
 test, though still in service, the Pennsylvania Loyalists were of 
 but little consequence in point of numbers. Colonel Allen 
 was noted for wit, for good humor, and for affable and gen 
 tlemanly manners. The names of aH. the officers under his 
 command at the period last mentioned will be found in this 
 work. 
 
 ALLEN, WILLIAM. Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. On the 
 approach of the Revolution he went to England, and died Sep 
 tember, 1780. He was distinguished for his love of literature 
 and the arts was a friend to Benjamin West when he needed 
 a patron, and assisted Franklin to establish a college at Phila- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 123 
 
 delphia. His father was an eminent merchant, and died in 
 1725. No person in Pennsylvania, probably, was richer than 
 Judge Allen, or possessed greater influence. 
 
 ALLEN, WILLIAM. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 was a grantee of that city. 
 
 ALLICOCK, CHARLES JOHN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of 
 cavalry in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 ALLISON, EDWARD. Of Queen s County, New York. Ac 
 knowledged allegiance October, 1776. He entered the service, 
 and was a captain in De Lancey s third battalion. At the 
 peace he settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. 
 He died in that Colony. 
 
 ALLISON, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 ALMOND, WILLIAM and JOHN. Of Brandywine, Delaware. 
 Were required to surrender themselves on or before August 
 1st, 1778, and abide legal trial for treason, or suffer the loss of 
 their property, both real and personal. 
 
 ALSOP, RICHARD. Of Queen s County, New York. In Octo 
 ber, 1776, he acknowledged himself a loyal and well affected 
 subject. In April, 1779, the same name appears as an Addres 
 ser of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. 
 
 ALSTON, GEORGE. Of Granville, North Carolina. His pro 
 perty was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 ALTHOUSE, JOHN. Of New York. In 1782 he was a cap 
 tain in the New York Volunteers. At the peace he went to St. 
 John, New Brunswick, and was one of the grantees of the city. 
 He died in New Brunswick. 
 
 ALTHOUSE, JOHN, Junior. In 1782 he was an ensign in the 
 New York Volunteers. It is believed that he is still (1845) 
 living. 
 
 ALWOOD, JOSEPH and SILAS. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783, and received grants of city lots. 
 
 AMBERMAN. Six persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Isaac, Isaac junior, John, Derrick, Nicholas, and Powel. 
 
 AMBERMAN, JOHN and ABRAHAM. Were signers of a Declara 
 tion at Jamaica in 1775. 
 
124 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 AMBROSE, MICHAEL. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Prince of Wales American Volunteers. He went to New 
 Brunswick at the peace, and received half-pay. He died in 
 the parish of St. Martin in that Colony. 
 
 AMBROSE, ROBERT. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An 
 Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 AMORY, JOHN. Of Boston, Massachusetts. In 1760 was one 
 of the fifty-eight memorialists, who were the first men to array 
 themselves against the officers of the crown; but in 1778 he 
 was proscribed and banished. He went to England, but re 
 turned to the United States in 1783. 
 
 AMORY, THOMAS. In 1775 was an Addresser of Governor 
 Gage. 
 
 ANCRUM, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782. His property was confiscated. 
 
 ANDERSON, ABRAHAM. Of Delaware. A mariner ; was required 
 by the act of that State, in 1778, to surrender himself for trial 
 for treason on or before a certain day, or his property would 
 be forfeited. 
 
 ANDERSON, JAMES. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was an 
 Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. In 
 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He was at New York 
 in July, 1783, and one of the fifty-five who petitioned for lands 
 in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. At Boston, Mr. Ander 
 son was a merchant. 
 
 ANDERSON, JOHN. Of Thickety Creek, South Carolina. After 
 the surrender of Charleston in 1780, he accepted of employ 
 ment under the crown. In 1782 he was a lieutenant, and at 
 the peace a captain in the King s Rangers, Carolina. His 
 estate was confiscated. 
 
 ANDERSON, PETER. State unknown. Went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city ; he 
 died at Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1828, at the age of 
 ninety-five. 
 
 ANDERSON. SAMUEL. Of New York. At the commencement 
 of the Revolution he went to Canada. He soon entered the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 125 
 
 service of the crown, and was a captain under Sir John Johnson. 
 In 1783 he settled near Cornwall, Upper Canada, and received 
 half-pay. He held several civil offices; those of magistrate, 
 judge of a district court, and associate justice of the court of 
 king s bench, were among them. He continued to reside upon 
 his estate near Cornwall, until his decease in 1836, at the age 
 of one hundred and one. His property in New York was 
 abandoned and lost. 
 
 ANDERSON, WILLIAM. Of West Chester County, New York. 
 Was a Protester against the Whigs at White Plains in 1775. 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was 
 one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 ANDREWS, JOHN, D. D. Provost of the University of Penn 
 sylvania. He was born in Maryland in 1746, and educated 
 at Philadelphia. In 1767 he was ordained in London as an 
 Episcopal clergyman, and became a missionary ; and subse 
 quently a rector of Queen Ann s County, Maryland. " Not 
 partaking of the patriotic spirit of the times," he removed from 
 Maryland, and was absent several years. In 1785 he was 
 appointed to the charge of an Episcopal academy at Philadel 
 phia, and four years after received the professorship of moral 
 philosophy in the college of that city. In 1810 he succeeded 
 Doctor McDowell as provost. He died in 1813, aged sixty- 
 seven. Doctor Andrews was considered an eminent man. 
 
 ANDREWS, SAMUEL. An Episcopal clergyman of Connecticut. 
 His principles separated him from his flock, and he became the 
 first Rector of the Church of his communion at St Andrew, 
 New Brunswick. After a ministry of fifty-eight years, he 
 died at that place, September 26, 1818, aged eighty-two. 
 His wife Hannah died at St. Andrew, January 1st, 1816, at 
 the age of seventy-five. 
 
 ANNODS, BASSET. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Hali 
 fax with the British army. 
 
 ANSLEY, OZIAS. In 1782 he was an ensign in the first bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers, and adjutant of the corps. 
 At the peace he settled in New Brunswick, and received half- 
 pay. He was a magistrate and a judge of the Common Pleas 
 11* 
 
126 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 for several years. He died at Staten Island, New York, in 
 1828, aged eighty-five. His son, the Reverend Thomas Ansley, 
 an Episcopalian clergyman of Nova Scotia, died at St. Andrew, 
 New Brunswick, in 1831, aged about sixty-five. His grandson, 
 Daniel Ansley, Esq., resides at St. John. 
 
 ANSTNETHER, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was major of the Royal 
 Garrison Battalion. 
 
 APPLEBY, BENJAMIN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 APPLEEY, ELNATHAN and JOSEPH. Of West Chester County, 
 New York. Were Protesters against the Whigs at White 
 Plains in April, 1775. 
 
 APPLEBY, JOHN. Was a Cow-Boy ; settled in New Brunswick 
 at the peace, and died in that Colony about the year 1825. 
 Sarah, his widow, died in 1828. 
 
 APPLEBY, THOMAS. In October, 1776, signed a representation 
 and petition to Lord Richard and Sir William Howe, acknowl 
 edging allegiance. 
 
 APTHORP, CHARLES WARD. Of New York. Was a member 
 of the Council of the Colony, and was considered to be in 
 office in 1782 ; he had property in Massachusetts, which was 
 confiscated by an act of that State. 
 
 APTHORP, EAST. An Episcopal clergyman of Massachu 
 setts. He was born in 1733, and was educated in England. 
 In 1761 he was appointed a missionary at Cambridge, by the 
 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ; and 
 during his labors there, was engaged in a warm theological 
 controversy with Doctor Mayhew. Retiring to England, he 
 died there in 1816, aged eighty-three years. His wife was a 
 niece of Governor Hutchinson, and a daughter of Judge Foster 
 Hutchinson. His only son was a clergyman. One daughter 
 married Doctor Gary ; one, Doctor Butler ; and a third, a son of 
 Doctor Poley : the husbands of the two first were heads of 
 colleges. Mr. Apthorp was a distinguished writer. In 1790 
 he lost his sight. 
 
 APTHORP, THOMAS and WILLIAM. Of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 Both merchants ; were proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 127 
 
 ARDEN, DOCTOR CHARLES. Of Jamaica, New York. In 1775 
 he was a signer of a Declaration against the Whigs. In 1776 
 he was accused of further defection ; and one of his offences 
 consisted in persuading other adherents of the crown to have 
 no concern with a Congress or with Committess. Several wit 
 nesses were examined. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, ANDREW. In 1782 was an officer in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, GEORGE. Was surgeon of the Second American 
 Regiment. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, SWIFT. Was an ensign in the same corps. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM. He entered the royal service, and was 
 a captain in a Loyalist corps. At the peace he retired on half- 
 pay, and, as is believed, settled in New York. In 1806 he 
 joined the celebrated Miranda in his expedition to effect the in 
 dependence of the province of Caraccas, and, in due time, of all 
 Spanish America. Captain Armstrong was known to possess 
 considerable military knowledge, method, industry and vigi 
 lance, and received a commission as colonel, and the command 
 of the First Regiment of Riflemen in the Columbian Army ; 
 and, as he had become familiar with the duties of the quarter 
 master s department, in the Revolution, he was created, also, 
 quartermaster-general, with two assistants. Under Miranda, 
 Colonel Armstrong was extremely unpopular, and was accused 
 of " obsequiousness to his superiors, and of superciliousness and 
 tyranny in his treatment of those in his power." He seems to 
 have been involved in many quarrels. While the Leander 
 was in the harbor of Jacquemel, (February, 1806,) he and 
 Captain Lewis, the ship s commander, had a warm controversy 
 regarding their rank and rights while associated on ship-board. 
 The steward s slovenly habits displeased the former, and he 
 gave the delinquent a "hearty rope s ending," which enraged 
 Lewis, and drew from him the declaration, that every person 
 in his vessel was subject to his authority, and should be punish 
 ed by no other. Armstrong insisted, on the other hand, that 
 he would chastise whomsoever he pleased. Both resorted to 
 great bitterness of speech in the war of words which ensued. 
 
128 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Miranda took the side of the Colonel, and behaved worse than 
 even Lewis or Armstrong, and 1 , "before the storm was over, 
 appeared to be more fit for bedlam than for the command of an 
 army." Not long after this occurrence, the Bee, another of the 
 vessels attached to the expedition, ran foul of the flag-ship, and 
 caused considerable damage ; when Armstrong, seizing a trum 
 pet, called to the master of that vessel, and bade him never to 
 approach so near the Leander in future. Lewis, angry at the 
 interference of the quartermaster-general, rebuked him severe 
 ly for the act, and the quarrel between them was renewed. 
 In this instance, Miranda decided in favor of Lewis. The dis 
 like between the two officers, who took -so opposite views of 
 their right to supremacy, became settled and irreconcilable, and 
 a third quarrel soon occurred, in which the chief sustained 
 Armstrong; and Lewis, in the violence of his passion, resolved 
 to resign, and ordered his servant to collect his baggage and 
 prepare to leave the ship. A mediator was, however, found, 
 and the dispute apparently settled. At a subsequent time, 
 Miranda and the Captain became involved in a controversy, 
 and Armstrong endeavored to produce a reconciliation between 
 them; but he not only failed in this, but drew upon himself the 
 resentment of both. Lewis renewed his threat to resign, and 
 now actually threw up his commission. Besides these quar 
 rels, the Colonel had several others. The moment the Leander 
 cast anchor at Grenada, Lieutenant Dwyer quitted the ship. 
 During the passage, he had been in continual collision with 
 Armstrong, either on his own account, or in defence of his offi 
 cers and men, whom the lordly personage assailed with words 
 or violence. The notions of the Quartermaster-general of the 
 Columbian Army appear to have been not a little tyrannical 
 and arbitrary. It is related, that he kept three officers (on 
 very slight provocation) confined to the ship s forecastle up 
 wards of two weeks, and during this time refused them the 
 liberty of walking on the quarter-deck and of entering the 
 cabin. 
 
 Miranda required of his officers subscription to the following 
 oath. "I swear to be true and faithful to the free people of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 129 
 
 South America, independent of Spain, and to serve them 
 honestly and faithfully against all their enemies or opposers 
 whatsoever, and to observe and obey the orders of the supreme 
 government of that country legally appointed ; and the orders 
 of the general and officers set over me by them." Some objec 
 tion was made to the form of this oath, which the General 
 obviated by assurances to the gentlemen who were citizens of 
 the United States, that they might annex to their signatures 
 the condition that they did not intend to cancel their allegiance 
 to their own country. After this difficulty was settled, Arm 
 strong read and explained the Articles of War of the United 
 States, and the alterations in form, not in substance or spirit, 
 which had been made to adapt them to the service in which 
 they were engaged. "Notice, gentlemen," said the Colonel, 
 " the object of the change is to suit the wording of the Articles 
 to the local names and situations of the country where they are 
 to take effect. Thus, for the Army of the United States, will 
 be substituted, the Army of South America ; and for the Presi 
 dent, or Congress of the United States, will be used, the 
 Supreme Authority of the free people of South America, or 
 something of this kind." 
 
 The Americans who had connected themselves with this en 
 terprise were generally persons of some ability, but it is under 
 stood that most, if not all of them, were in straitened circum 
 stances, and that some were extremely needy. Armstrong s 
 half-pay as a Loyalist officer might have prevented him from 
 being in a situation of destitution. His pay under Miranda 
 was fixed at ten dollars per day, to commence January 1, 1806, 
 which was the date of his commission of Colonel. 
 
 The common men, sailors and soldiers, were an ignorant 
 and undisciplined mob, and the quartermaster-general had 
 enough to do to keep them quiet. As in his intercourse with 
 the officers, his disputes with them were continual; hardly 
 a day passed without some one or more of them being 
 taken to task for misconduct, or placed in arrest and con 
 finement. 
 
 The failure of Miranda to pay his officers was a new 
 
130 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 source of difficulty and contention, and was a principal cause 
 of bringing matters to a crisis. John Orford, a lieutenant of 
 engineers, was especially importunate, and in answer to his 
 second commmunication on the subject of arrearages due to 
 him, received the following letter : 
 
 " Port of Spain, December 2d, 1806. 
 
 "SiR, By order of General Miranda, I have to inform you, 
 that he received yours of the twenty-ninth ult.. the purport of 
 which he conceives to be highly improper, and contrary to 
 every military principle ; that in duty to himself, and for the 
 good of the service, he thinks it proper that you should be dis 
 missed from it, and you are hereby dismissed from it, and no 
 longer to be considered as an officer under his command. 
 
 "I am, Sir, yours, 
 
 WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, 
 
 Quartermaster-general. 
 
 " Mr. JOHN OBFORD." 
 
 Other officers connected with this ill-starred attempt to re 
 volutionize South America, applied for dismissals, and the 
 defection became general. Armstrong, however, retired with 
 out notice or leave, and his chief accused him of desertion. 
 Departing in the sloop of war Hawk, for Dominica, the Quar 
 termaster-general of the Columbian Army took passage at 
 that island for London. Inferior officers, induced to believe 
 that the desertion of one so near Miranda s person gave them 
 full liberty to abandon him in the same informal manner, re 
 tired from his service without writing letters of resignation, 
 though some of them did observe that form in taking their 
 leave of him and his fortunes. Of Armstrong s career 
 after his arrival in England I have obtained no informa 
 tion. 
 
 ARNODE, JOHN. Of West Chester County, New York ; and a 
 Protester at White Plains, April, 1775. The name of Stephen 
 Arnode was affixed to the Protest also. 
 
 ARNOLD, BENEDICT. Of Connecticut; and a major-general 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 131 
 
 in the Whig army. He was descended from the Arnolds of 
 Rhode Island, an honorable family, who for a long period fig 
 ured in the public affairs of that Colony. He was bred an 
 apothecary, and from 1763 to 1767 was settled at New Haven, 
 as a druggist and bookseller. His career in the Revolution is 
 too well known to require notice here. I am inclined to be 
 lieve, that Arnold was a finished scoundrel from early man 
 hood to his grave. . Nor do I believe, that he had any real and 
 true hearted attachment to the Whig cause. He fought as a 
 mere adventurer, and took sides from a calculation of personal 
 gain, and chances of plunder and advancement. He was 
 brave, and among the bravest of men ; and had the additional 
 merit of inspiring troops with his own courageous spirit. These 
 were his chief merits. 
 
 The Loyalists seem to have known his character far better 
 than the Whigs, and to have supposed, that he favored them 
 long before his treason. There is proof of this, from various 
 sources. As early as 1778, it appears from the private corres 
 pondence of Galloway, the leading Loyalist of Pennsylvania, 
 that he was considered by the refugees as lenient, if not friendly 
 to them, and in this light was represented to the British min 
 istry. Thus, Charles Stewart, under date of December 17, 
 1778, wrote: "General Arnold is in Philadelphia. It is said 
 that he will be discharged, being thought a pert Tory. Certain 
 it is, that he associates mostly with these people, and is to be 
 married to Miss Shippen, daughter of Edward Shippen, Esq." 
 David Sproat, on the llth of January, 1779, said : "You will 
 also hear that General Arnold, commandant in Philadelphia, 
 has behaved with lenity to the Tories, and that he is on the 
 eve of marriage to one of Edward Shippen s daughters." 
 
 No honorable man would have formed a copartnership with 
 others for purchasing goods within the enemy s lines as he did, 
 and to the enormous amount of one hundred and forty thousand 
 dollars. And no honest man would have lived, could have 
 lived as he did, while at Philadelphia. His play, his balls, 
 his concerts, his banquets, were enough to have impaired the 
 fortune of an European noble. His house was the best in 
 
132 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the city, and had been the mansion of Penn, the last royal 
 governor of Pennsylvania, and the descendant of the illustri 
 ous founder of the Colony. This dwelling he furnished mag 
 nificently, kept his coach and four, and a numerous retinue of 
 servants, and indulged in every kind of luxury, and ostenta 
 tious and vain profusion and display. 
 
 Among the many families who had kept up close inti 
 macy with the British officers while Howe held Philadel 
 phia, and who were known to be disaffected to the Whig 
 cause, was that of Edward Shippen. The Shippens were 
 of the first rank there, and are of distinction to this day. 
 The youngest daughter of Edward was under the age of 
 eighteen, was gay, beautiful, attractive, and ambitious. She 
 had been admired and flattered by Howe s officers, and was 
 a conspicuous personage at the gorgeous fete and festival 
 given by them on the occasion of Sir William s departure for 
 Europe. It is to be remembered, that her acquaintance with 
 the ill-fated Andre, was familiar, and that she corresponded 
 with him, after the British army had retired to New York 
 and before the treason. And this lady became the wife of a 
 Whig general ; of a general in the pay of a poor, distressed, 
 and exhausted country. The splendor, the equipage, the 
 military display of Arnold, captivated her, and their destiny 
 became one. 
 
 But Arnold should have the benefit of every circumstance 
 which, in the judgment of any, can lessen or palliate his guilt. 
 Beyond all doubt, then, Congress treated him unjustly. If his 
 case had never been submitted to that body, or if it had been 
 examined and disposed of by Washington, it is certainly 
 possible that his career might have terminated far less dis 
 honorably. 
 
 He was made a brigadier-general in the British service, and 
 received a large amount of gold to cover his alleged losses in 
 deserting the standard of his country. But his commission 
 was dyed with a gentleman s blood. His acquisition cost the 
 British army the life of one of its most accomplished officers. 
 In 1782 he commanded the American Legion. After Arnold 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 133 
 
 went to England, Mr. Van Shaack, a New York Loyalist, who 
 was also there, paid a visit to Westminster Abbey. " His 
 musings were interrupted by the entrance of a gentleman 
 accompanied by a lady. It was General Arnold, and the lady 
 was doubtless Mrs. Arnold. They passed to the cenotaph of 
 Major Andre, where they stood and conversed together. What 
 a spectacle ! The traitor Arnold in Westminster Abbey, at the 
 tomb of Andre, deliberately perusing the monumental inscrip 
 tion which will transmit to future ages the tale of his own 
 infamy. The scene, with the associations which naturally 
 crowded upon the mind, was calculated to excite various emo 
 tions in an American bosom ; and Mr. Van Shaack turned 
 from it with disgust." 
 
 From the conclusion of the war till his death, Arnold resided 
 chiefly in England ; but for awhile he was engaged in trade 
 and navigation at St. John, New Brunswick. He was disliked, 
 was unpopular, and even hated at St. John. Persons of that 
 city still relate instances of his perfidy and meanness ; some 
 who knew him are yet alive. George Gilbert, Esquire, (a son 
 of Bradford Gilbert, who was a Massachusetts Loyalist,) has 
 now (August, 1846) twelve chairs which are called the Trai 
 tor s Chairs, and which were carried from England to St. John 
 by Arnold. When he removed from New Brunswick he sold 
 them to the first Judge Chipman, who, after keeping them some 
 years, sold them to their present possessor. They are of a 
 French pattern, are large, and covered with blue figured dam 
 ask ; the wood- work is white, highly polished or enamelled, 
 and striped with gold. 
 
 General Arnold owned the first ship which was built in New 
 Brunswick. It is said that he obtained this vessel of the 
 builder, who was unable to procure the necessary sails and 
 rigging, and who unfortunately was in his power, by fraud. 
 
 He died in London in 1801, and Margaret, his widow, died 
 in the same city in 1804, at the early age of forty-three. 
 
 Of General Arnold s personal career, Mr. Sparks has left 
 nothing to be recorded, but I may state some additional partic 
 ulars of his family. When he removed from New Brunswick, 
 12 
 
134 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 he seems to have been the father of seven children. His first 
 wife bore him Benedict, Richard, and Henry. Benedict was 
 an officer of artillery in the British army, and, it is believed, 
 was compelled to quit the service ; he died young in the West 
 Indies. The children by his second marriage, were James 
 Robertson, Edward, George, and Sophia. James Robertson, I 
 conclude, was the only one of these four born in the United 
 States. At the time of the treason he was a child, and had 
 just reached West Point from Philadelphia, with his mother. 
 He entered the British army, and rose to the rank of colonel of 
 engineers. He was stationed at Bermuda from 1816 to 1818, 
 and from the last named year until 1823 was at Halifax, and 
 the commanding officer of engineers in Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick. While thus in command he was at St. John, and 
 on going into the house built by his father in King street (which 
 is still standing), wept, as my informant states, like a child. 
 His wife was a Miss Goodrich of the Isle of Wight. He is a 
 small man, has eyes of remarkable sharpness, arid in features 
 bears a striking resemblance to his father. A gentleman who 
 has been in service with him, and is intimately acquainted with 
 him, speaks of him in terms of high commendation, and relates 
 that he expressed a desire to visit the United States. Since the 
 accession of Queen Victoria, he has been one of her Majesty s 
 aids-de-camp. In 1841 he was transferred from the engineer 
 corps, and is now (1846) a major-general, and a Knight of the 
 Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order. 
 
 Edward, some years ago, was in a banking-house in England. 
 George, in 1816, was an officer of dragoons. Sophia was an 
 infant when her parents departed from America, and her fate 
 is unknown to those to whom I am indebted for the informa 
 tion here given. It may be added, that the first General 
 Arnold s mother had six children, of whom he and his sister 
 Hannah alone lived to the years of maturity. This sister 
 adhered to her brother Benedict throughout his eventful and 
 guilty career, and was true to him in the darkest periods 
 of his history. She died at Montague in Upper Canada in 
 18U3, and was, as is uniformly stated, a lady of excellent 
 qualities of character. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 135 
 
 ARNOLD, HENRY. A son of General Arnold by his first mar 
 riage. He entered the king s service after his father s defection, 
 and was a lieutenant of cavalry in the American Legion. He 
 accompanied his father to St. John, and was employed in his 
 business. He slept in the warehouse near Lower Cove in 
 that city, and lodged there the night the building was burned. 
 He lived afterwards at Troy, New York, with his aunt Han 
 nah, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits. At a subsequent 
 period, he removed to Canada, where, in 1829, he was a man 
 of property. He received half-pay, and a grant of lands from 
 the British government. 
 
 ARNOLD, OLIVER. Of Conecticut. He was born in that 
 State, and graduated at Yale College. He went to St. John at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. Having 
 labored some years as an Episcopal missionary, he was in 
 ducted into office as rector of Sussex, New Brunswick, and 
 finished his course in that capacity in 1834, at the age of 
 seventy-nine. He was ardently attached to the Episcopal 
 church, and was regarded as an excellent man. In domestic 
 life he was peculiarly kind and affectionate. 
 
 ARNOLD, RICHARD. Brother of Henry. In 1782 he was 
 also a lieutenant of cavalry in the American Legion, com 
 manded by his father. In every particular his history, down 
 to the year 1829, is identical with that of his brother Henry, 
 and need not, therefore, be repeated. Persons are still living at 
 St. John, who resided there when General Arnold s store was 
 burned. The impression was, at the moment, and still is, that 
 the fire was caused by design, and for the purpose of defraud 
 ing a company in England, that had underwritten upon the 
 merchandise which it contained, to an amount far exceeding 
 its worth. These persons differ as to the fact, whether Arnold 
 himself was at St. John, or absent in England, at the time of 
 the fire ; and hence, the degree of blame which should be 
 attached to the two sons may be uncertain. That both Henry 
 and Richard slept in the store on the night of the conflagration, 
 and that neither could give a satisfactory account of its cause, 
 seems, however, to be certain. 
 
136 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ARNOTT, HUGH. In 1782 he was surgeon of the American 
 Legion under Arnold. 
 
 ASEY, JAMES. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson in 
 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. In 
 July of 1774, a Boston Whig wrote to a friend at New York 
 as follows : " The Addressers of Mr. Hutchinson, and the 
 Protesters against our public measures, lead a devil of a life. 
 Inthe country the people will not grind their corn, and in 
 the town they refuse to purchase from, and sell to, them." 
 
 ASCOUGH, WILLIAM. Of West Chester County, New York, 
 and a Protester at White Plains. 
 
 ASH, RICHARD. Of Beaufort, South Carolina. After the sur 
 render of Charleston, he accepted of a commission under the 
 crown ; his estate was confiscated. 
 
 ASHLEY, JONATHAN. Minister of Westfield, and subsequently 
 of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Died in 1780. He was a warm 
 Loyalist, and difficulties occurred between him and his people 
 in consequence. An Ecclesiastical Council, convened in May, 
 1780, by mutual consent, to arrange the difference, dispersed 
 after a session of eleven days without arriving at any result ; 
 the death of Ashley, about three months after, closed the con 
 troversy. He expressed his particular sentiments freely and 
 boldly. The following anecdote is related as an instance 
 of his zeal : " When the provincial Congress of Massachusetts 
 issued the proclamation for the Annual Day of Thanksgiving, 
 they substituted the ejaculation, God save the people, instead 
 of the former one, * God save the king. He read the procla 
 mation from the pulpit, but when he had come to the close, 
 he raised himself above his ordinary height, and, with great 
 vehemence, subjoined, And God save the king, I say, or 
 we are an undone people. Mr. Ashley graduated at Yale 
 College in 1730. He was a man of strong mind, and was an 
 earnest and pungent preacher. At his decease, in 1780, he 
 was at the age of sixty-seven. Several of his sermons were 
 published. 
 
 ASHLEY, JOSEPH, Junior. Of Sunderland, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax 
 in 1776. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 137 
 
 ASKEW, LEONARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 ATKINS, CHARLES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1774 
 he was appointed a member of the Committee of Correspon 
 dence of that city. In 1780 he was an Addresser of Sir Henry 
 Clinton, and a Petitioner to be armed on the side of the crown. 
 He received a military commission, and in 1782 was an officer 
 in the Volunteers. He was banished, and his property was 
 confiscated. He went to England. In 1794, in a memorial 
 dated at London, he stated to the British Government, that 
 large debts due to him in America at the time of his banish 
 ment remained unpaid, and he desired relief. 
 
 ATKINS, DAVID. Laborer of Sandwich. Joined the royal 
 forces in Rhode Island in 1777, and was embraced in the 
 banishment act the next year. 
 
 ATKINS, GIBBS. Cabinet-maker of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 Went to Halifax in 1776, and in 1778 was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 ATKINSON, JOHN. Merchant of Boston, Massachusetts. Was 
 an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775, and 
 was proscribed under the act of 1778. 
 
 ATKINSON, THEODORE. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
 He graduated at Harvard University in 1718, and in after life 
 rose to much distinction. He held, at various times, the offices 
 of Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, Colonel of the militia, 
 Collector of the customs, Secretary of the Colony, and Judge 
 of the Superior Court ; and had a seat in the Council. In 1775 
 a committee of the Provincial Congress requested him to de 
 liver up all the records and papers in the secretary s office, which 
 he refused, as "against his oath and honor." On a second visit 
 the committee, without heeding his objections, took possession 
 of the documents of his office, except the volumes which con 
 tained the charter grants of lands, which were then in the 
 hands of Governor Wentworth. The missing books, Congress, 
 by resolution of July 7, 1775, voted that Mr. Atkinson should 
 be held accountable for to the people. In 1779 Mr. Atkinson 
 died at the advanced age of eighty-two. He bequeathed 
 12* 
 
138 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 200 sterling to the Episcopal Church of Portsmouth, the 
 interest of which he directed to be expended in bread and dis 
 tributed on Sundays, to the poor of the parish. 
 
 ATKINSON, HON. THEODORE, Junior. Of New Hampshire, 
 and son of the preceding. He graduated at Harvard Univer 
 sity in 1767. Entering upon political life, he became a mem 
 ber of the Council and Secretary of the Colony. He died at 
 Portsmouth, on Saturday, October 28, 1769, at the early age 
 of thirty-three, and his remains were deposited in the family 
 tomb, Queen s Chapel, with great pomp and circumstance. 
 On Saturday, November 11 just two weeks after his widow, 
 whose maiden name was Frances Deering Wentworth, was 
 married in the same chapel by the Reverend Arthur Browne, 
 to Governor John, afterwards Sir John Wentworth. She was 
 a Boston lady, very accomplished and gay; and, as Lady 
 Wentworth, had a diversified career. She was a cousin of 
 both husbands, and her earliest attachment was for Went 
 worth ; but while he was absent in England she married 
 Atkinson. There was much gossip at Portsmouth about the 
 three cousins at the revolutionary era, founded on the facts 
 here stated. And within a few years, a story relating to the 
 parties appeared in one of the magazines, which, extracted by 
 the newspaper press, went the rounds. The leading incidents 
 of the tale were both ridiculous and untrue. 
 
 ATKINSON, WILLIAM. In 1782 was an officer of infantry in 
 the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 AT WOOD, ISAAC. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 American Regiment. 
 
 AT WOOD, . Practitioner of physic and comb maker of 
 
 Christiana, Delaware. He was ordered to surrender himself 
 within a specified time in 1778, or suffer the loss of his estate. 
 
 AUCHMUTY, ROBERT. Brother of Samuel. He was a law 
 yer of Boston, and held the office of Judge of Admiralty, a 
 place which had been filled by his father. He possessed fine 
 powers as an advocate, and was associated with John Adams 
 in the defence of Captain Preston, on his trial for the Boston 
 Massacre in 1770. His letters to persons in England were 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 139 
 
 sent to America, with those of Governor Hutchinson, by Frank 
 lin in 1773, and created much commotion. He went to 
 England in 1776, and at one period was in very distressed 
 circumstances. He never returned to the United States. 
 
 AUCHMUTY, SAMUEL, D. D. His father was Robert Auch- 
 muty, an eminent lawyer and a judge of admiralty of Massa 
 chusetts. Samuel graduated at Harvard University in 1742. 
 He was Rector of Trinity Church, New York, and died 
 March 3d, 1777. His doctorate of divinity was derived from 
 Oxford, England. Trumbull calls him a "high-church clergy 
 man " and makes him the subject of remark in McFingal. In 
 April, 1775, Dr. Auchmuty wrote from New York to Captain 
 Montresor, chief engineer of General Gage s army at Boston, 
 that " we have lately been plagued with a rascally Whig mob 
 here, but they have effected nothing, only Sears, the King, 
 was rescued at the jail door" * * * "Our magistrates 
 have not the spirit of a louse," &c. 
 
 AUCHMUTY, LIEUTENANT GENERAL SIR SAMUEL. He was the 
 youngest son of the Reverend Doctor Samuel Auchmuty, and 
 was born in 1758. He was educated at Columbia College, 
 New York. In 1776 he joined Sir William Howe as an ensign 
 in the forty-fifth regiment. He died in 1822, aged sixty-four 
 years, and lieutenant general of the British army. 
 
 AUGUSTINE, FREDERICK. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 AUSTIN, NICHOLAS. Of New Hampshire. In 1774 he was 
 charged by the Whig Committee with procuring artificers, &c. 
 to go from New Hampshire to Boston to erect barracks for the 
 royal troops, and was obliged to get upon his knees and con 
 fess his fault. 
 
 AVERY, SAMUEL. Died at Horton, Nova Scotia, in 1836, 
 aged ninety-four years. 
 
 AYLWIN, THOMAS. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 AYMAR, FRANCIS. Descended from a family that fled to the 
 United States during the religious persecutions in France. 
 Was born in the city of New York in 1759, and died at St. 
 
140 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Andrew, New Brunswick, October, 1843, aged eighty-four 
 years. He was one of the grantees of, and settled at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in the autumn of IT 83, and continued his 
 residence there until 1807, when he returned to the United 
 States, and lived alternately at Eastport, Maine ; New York ; 
 and St. Andrew, up to the time of his decease. He was the 
 father of fifteen children, of whom the following survived him : 
 Daniel, William, John, Francis, Nancy, Mary, Betsey, Eleanor, 
 Sarah, and Phebe. John Ay mar, the father of Benjamin 
 Aymar, a distinguished merchant of New York, was his 
 brother. 
 
 AXTELL, WILLIAM. Of New York. He was a member of 
 the Council of the Colony, and was considered to be in office 
 in 1782. He was a man of wealth. His property was con 
 fiscated. 
 
 BABBIT, DANIEL. He died at Gagetown, New Brunswick, in 
 1830, at the age of eighty- seven. 
 
 BABCOCK, LUKE. Episcopal minister at Philipsburgh, New 
 York. In 1775 he was one of the Protesters at White Plains 
 against the Whigs. The Protest was signed by three hundred 
 and twelve persons ; the names of Frederick Phillips, Isaac 
 Wilkins, and Samuel Seabury, precede that of Mr. Babcock. 
 The form of this document is given in the notice of Mr. 
 Seabury. 
 
 BACHE, THEOPHILACT. Of New York. He was a determined 
 Loyalist. His brother Richard married Sarah, daughter of 
 Doctor Franklin, and was a Whig. The political sympathies 
 of Theophilact were, possibly, the same as Richard s at the 
 outset ; since he was associated with Jay and Lewis on the 
 Committee of Correspondence. At one period of the war his 
 place of residence was at Flatbush, Long Island. Extremely 
 obnoxious to some of the Whigs, in the course of events, a 
 daring attempt to carry him off was made in 1778, by a Cap 
 tain Marriner, an eccentric, witty, and ingenious partisan, 
 which resulted successfully. Marriner s plan embraced Sher- 
 brook. Axtell, and Mathews, three other Loyalists of rank 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 141 
 
 and consequence; but Bache and Sherbrook were the two 
 whom he actually captured, and they were placed in a boat 
 and conveyed to New Jersey. In 1782 Mr. Bache was Vice 
 President of the New York Chamber of Commerce. He died 
 in that city in 1807, aged seventy-eight. His kindness to 
 Whigs who were carried to New York and its vicinity as pris 
 oners, during the Revolution, is worthy of respecful mention. 
 
 BACKER, BENJAMIN, Senior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; was banished 
 and lost his estate under the confiscation act in 1782. He died 
 soon after. 
 
 BACKER, JOHN, Junior. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Went 
 to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778; 
 but was afterwards in the United States. He arrived at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, in the ship 
 Union. 
 
 BACKER, THOMAS. State unknown. Arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and the crown granted him a city 
 lot. 
 
 BACON, EDWARD. Member of the General Court from Barn- 
 stable, Massachusetts. He incurred the displeasure of the 
 Whigs in the neighborhood of Barnstable, and several mem 
 bers of the Legislature were instructed by their towns to move 
 for his expulsion. 
 
 BADDELY, THOMAS. In 1782 he was a captain in the Royal 
 Garrison Battalion. 
 
 BADGER, MOSES. An Episcopal clergyman. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1761. His wife was a daughter of 
 Judge Saltonstall of Massachusetts, and sister of Colonel Rich 
 ard and Leverett, the two Loyalist sons . t of that gentleman. 
 Mr. Badger went to Halifax in 1776, but was at New York at 
 or about the time of the death of Leverett, and wrote to the 
 family on the subject. At one period he was chaplain to De 
 Lancey s second battalion. After the Revolution, Mr. Badger 
 was Rector of King s Chapel, Providence, and died in that 
 city in 1792. It appears, that some years prior to the war he 
 was an Episcopal Missionary in New Hampshire, authorized 
 to labor throughout that Colony. 
 
142 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BAILEY, JACOB. He graduated at Harvard University in 1755. 
 Principally through the instrumentality of the Plymouth pro 
 prietors in Maine, an Episcopal Church was erected at Pow- 
 nalborough, now Wiscasset, in that State, and for several years 
 Mr. Bailey was the officiating clergyman, as a missionary of 
 the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Few around 
 him agreed with him in political sentiment, and as the revolu 
 tionary controversy darkened, he quitted the country, and went 
 to Annapolis, Nova Scotia, where he became the Rector of 
 St. Luke s Church, in which relation he continued until his 
 death in 1808, at the age of sixty-seven. During the last 
 twenty-six years of his life he was absent from his Church 
 only one Sunday. It may be remarked here, that nearly all 
 the Loyalists of Maine were Episcopalians, and that few of 
 other communions in that State adhered to the king. 
 
 BAILEY, OLIVER and JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and were grantees of the city. 
 
 BAILEY, SAMUEL and JONATHAN. Of Fairfield County, Con 
 necticut. Were members of the Reading Association. 
 
 BAILEY, THOMAS. Of Pennsylvania. Was tried in 1778 on 
 a charge of supplying the king s army with provisions, found 
 guilty, and sentenced to confinement to hard labor for one 
 month. 
 
 BAILEY, WILLIAM. State unknown. In 1782 was captain- 
 lieutenant of the Loyal American Regiment ; he settled after 
 the war in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died 
 on the river St. John, near Fredericton, in 1532, at the ad 
 vanced age of ninety-seven. 
 
 BAILEY, ZACHARIAH. Died at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 
 in 1823, aged seventy-two. 
 
 BAIRD, WILLIAM. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was the grantee of a lot in that city. 
 
 BAIZLEY, JOHN. Of West Chester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester at White Plains. 
 
 BALDWEEN, JOHN. He served the king throughout the Revo 
 lution, and at its close sought refuge in Charlotte County, New 
 Brunswick. He was distinguished for bravery and for forti- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 143 
 
 tude in surmounting obstacles. He died at St. George, New 
 Brunswick, August, 1840, aged ninety-one years. 
 
 BALENTINE, ALEXANDER. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace. He was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 BALL, ELIAS. Two of this name in South Carolina. One 
 lived at Wambaw, the other at Curmantee ; both held commis 
 sions under the crown after the fall of Charleston ; and both 
 lost their estates under the confiscation act. 
 
 BALL, . Captain of a militia company in the town 
 
 of Berne, New York. His command consisted of eighty-five 
 men ; of whom sixty- three joined him in going over to the 
 king at the commencement of hostilities. His ensign, Peter 
 Deitz, and the remainder of his men, were Whigs. Deitz was 
 commissioned captain, and his brother, William Deitz, lieuten 
 ant. Peter was killed in 1777, and William succeeded him in 
 command, and by his activity incurred the hate of the Tories, 
 when with his family they made him their prisoner, and tied 
 him to his gate-post to witness the death of his father arid 
 mother, his wife and children, who were successively brought 
 out and murdered before his eyes. The unhappy Deitz him 
 self was carried to Niagara, where he ultimately became a 
 victim of Tory cruelty. 
 
 BALLINGALL, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. He was in com 
 mission under the crown after the surrender of Charleston in 
 1780 ; his estate was confiscated. 
 
 BALMAINE, WILLIAM. He settled at Grand Lake, New Bruns 
 wick. While at St. John, in 1809, he fell from a window and 
 was killed. His age was seventy-two. 
 
 BANGS, SETH. Mariner of Hardwick, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BANISTER, THOMAS. A petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia, 
 in July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 BANK, THOMAS. Of Pennsylvania. He was in London in 
 July, 1779. 
 
 BANKS, SETH. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of the 
 Association. 
 
 BANYER, GOLDSBROW. In 1782 he was Registrar of the 
 Court of Chancery of New York. 
 
144 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BARBARIE, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the second 
 battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He received half-pay. He was a colonel of the militia, and a 
 magistrate of the County of York. He died at Sussex Vale 
 in 1818, at the age of sixty-seven. His son, Andrew Barbaric, 
 Esq., is a member of the House of Assembly of New Bruns 
 wick. 
 
 BARBARIE, OLIVER. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. He settled at St. John in 1783, 
 and was the grantee of a city lot. He died at Sussex Vale, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 BARCAS, JAMES. Husbandman of Little Creek, Delaware. 
 He was required in 1778 to surrender himself, or to lose his 
 estate, both real and personal. 
 
 BARCAS, STEPHEN. Husbandman of Little Creek, Delaware. 
 By an act of 1778 his estate was to become absolutely forfeit, 
 unless he should surrender himself for trial on or before 
 August 1st of that year. 
 
 BARCLAY, ANDREW. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 BARCLAY, REVEREND DOCTOR HENRY. An Episcopal clergy 
 man of New York. He was a native of Albany, and graduated 
 at Yale College in 1734, and after taking orders in England, 
 was employed as a missionary to the Mohawk Indians. After 
 some years labor in this capacity, he was appointed Rector of 
 Trinity Church in the city of New York. His death dissolved 
 the connexion in 1765. His daughter Nancy married Colonel 
 Beverley Robinson the younger, at Flushing, New York, 
 January 26th, 1778. 
 
 BARCLAY, THOMAS. Was the son of Henry Barclay, D. D., 
 Rector of Trinity Church, New York, and was born in that 
 city, October 12th, 1753. He was a graduate of Columbia 
 College, and a student of law of John Jay. At the commence 
 ment of the Revolution he entered the British Army under Sir 
 William Howe, as a captain in the Loyal American Regiment, 
 and was promoted to a major by Sir Henry Clinton in 1777. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 145 
 
 He continued in active service until the peace. His estate in 
 New York was confiscated, and at the close of the contest 
 he fled with his family to Nova Scotia. Of the House of As 
 sembly of that Province he was for some time speaker ; and of 
 the militia, adjutant- general. From 1796 till 1828 he was 
 employed in civil stations under the British crown of great 
 trust and honor. He was successively a commissioner under 
 Jay s Treaty, the consul-general for the Northern and Eastern 
 States, and commissary for the care and exchange of prisoners. 
 At the conclusion of the war of 1812, between the United 
 States and Great Britain, he was appointed commissioner un 
 der the fourth and fifth Articles of the Treaty of Ghent, which 
 post he continued to hold until within two years of his decease. 
 In private life he was estimable. He was a sincere and devout 
 Christian of the communion of the Church of England. A 
 prominent trait in his character was kindness and charity to 
 the poor. His official conduct was the subject of frequent and 
 marked approbation of the sovereigns whom he served, and at 
 the close of his services he was rewarded with a pension of 
 1200 per annum. His habits of industry and application 
 were extraordinary ; and he was never in bed at sunrise for 
 forty years. He died at New York in April, 1830, aged 
 seventy-seven years. His son, Colonel Delancy Barclay, an 
 aid-de-camp to George the Fourth, died in 1826; he had 
 repeatedly distinguished himself, particularly at Waterloo. 
 
 BARDSLEY, ABEL. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. He 
 arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife and one 
 child, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 BARKER, ABIJAH. Whose place of residence is unknown, 
 arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and received the 
 grant of a city lot. 
 
 BARKER, WILLIAM and THOMAS. Of Westchester County ; 
 New York. Were Protesters at White Plains in 1775, and the 
 latter, in 1782, was an ensign in the King s American Regi 
 ment. 
 
 BARLOW, NATHANIEL. Of Reading, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Association. 
 13 
 
146 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 
 
 BARLOW, THOMAS. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BARNARD, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Hali 
 fax with the British army. 
 
 EARNED, HENRY. Of Pennsylvania. He went to England, 
 and was in London in 1779. 
 
 BARNES, HENRY. Merchant of Marlborough, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. Henry Barnes Esq., 
 a native of the United States, died in London in 1808, aged 
 eighty-four ; probably the same. 
 
 BARNHAM, COMFORT and ELIJAH. Of Fairfield County, Con 
 necticut. Were members of the Reading Association. 
 
 BARNHAM, NATHAN. Was an ensign in De Lancey s third 
 battalion. 
 
 BARNUM, NATHANIEL. He was an ensign in De Lancey s 
 third battalion. 
 
 BARRAGIN, LUKE. Of Jamaica, Long Island, New York. A 
 signer of the Declaration against the proceedings of the Whigs, 
 January, 1775. 
 
 BARRELL, COLBURN. Of Boston. In 1774 was a Protester 
 against the Whigs, and one of the Addressers of Hutchinson 
 the same year. He was at New York in 1783, and one of the 
 fifty-five petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah 
 Willard. He was a Sandemanian. 
 
 BARRELL, WALTER. Was inspector-general of the customs; 
 and in his religious sentiments a follower of Robert Sande- 
 man ; he embarked at Boston with the British army in 1776, 
 for Halifax, and arrived in England in the summer of the 
 same year. In 1779 he was a member of the Loyalist Associ 
 ation formed in London ; his second daughter, Polly, died in 
 London in 1810. 
 
 BARRETT, JOSEPH. He died at Halifax in 1809, aged sixty- 
 one. 
 
 BARRICK, JAMES. Merchant of Boston. Went to Halifax in 
 1776, and in August of that year arrived in England ; in 1778 
 he was proscribed and banished. In 1779 he was in London 
 and addressed the king. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 147 
 
 BARRICK, JAMES, Junior. Was in London in July, 1779. 
 
 BARROW, SAMUEL. Of Bedford County, Pennsylvania. In 
 1778 it was ordered in Council that, failing to surrender him 
 self for trial for treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 BARRY, ROBERT. At the close of the Revolution he embark 
 ed at New York for Shelburne, Nova Scotia. He became an 
 eminent merchant, established branch-houses in various parts 
 of the province, and his name is connected with the largest of 
 the early commercial enterprises of Nova Scotia. He was dis 
 tinguished for qualities which adorn the Christian character, 
 and throughout life was highly esteemed. His death occurred 
 at Liverpool, Nova Scotia, September, 1843, in the eighty- 
 fourth year of his age. 
 
 BARRY, W. He was a lieutenant in the Royal Foresters 
 under Conolly, and died on Long Island, New York, in 1781. 
 
 BARSON, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BARTELS, JOHN. Of Charleston. South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BARTLETT, RICHARD. Of New York. Was included in the 
 disfranchising law of that State of 1784, but in 1786 was 
 restored to his civil rights, on his taking the oath of abjuration 
 and allegiance. 
 
 BARTON, COLONEL - . State unknown. Commanded a 
 body of Tories, and was captured on Staten Island in 1777, 
 with about forty of his men, and carried to New Jersey. 
 
 BARTON, DAVID. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Gage in 1775. 
 
 BARTON, JAMES and HENRY. In 1782 were ensigns in the 
 first battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 BARTON, THOMAS. An Episcopal clergyman. He was a 
 native of Ireland, and educated at the University of Dublin. 
 In 1753 he married a sister of Mr. Rittenhouse, and was 
 ordained the next year in England. To Mr. Rittenhouse his 
 talents and learning were of great service. From 1755 to 
 1759 he was a missionary. In the French war he became 
 acquainted with Washington, while a chaplain to the troops. 
 
143 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Subsequently, he was rector at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, for 
 many years. An adherent of the crown, he refused to take a 
 required oath; and in 1778 retired to New York, where he 
 died in 1780, aged fifty years. The memoirs of Rittenhouse 
 were written by his son William Barton. Another son, Ben 
 jamin Smith Barton, doctor of medicine, was a distinguished 
 professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and succeeded 
 the celebrated Rush. Professor Barton was the first Ameri 
 can who published an elementary work on botany. 
 
 BARTRAM, JOHN. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A mem- 
 of the Association at Reading. 
 
 BARTRAM, PAUL. Of Reading. A member of the Associa 
 tion. 
 
 BATCHELDER, BREED. Of New Hampshire. His estate was 
 confiscated, and he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 BATES, WALTER. Of Stamford, Connecticut. In the spring 
 of 1783 he arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship 
 Union. He settled in King s County, and for many years was 
 its sheriff. He died at Kingston in that county in 1842, aged 
 eighty-two. 
 
 BATT, THOMAS. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Royal 
 Fensible Americans. 
 
 BATWELL, DANIEL. In 1782 he was chaplain of the third 
 battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 BAUM . He was tried by a court-martial, and executed 
 
 in Maine in 1780, by General Wads worth, who commanded 
 the eastern department between the Piscataqua and the St. 
 Croix. This act of severity gave the General himself great 
 pain, and was condemned by many Whigs, but it appears to 
 have been necessary, and to have checked the treacherous 
 intercourse of the eastern Tories with their British friends 
 who held Castine. 
 
 BAUMAN, JOHN. Of Tryon County, New York. In 1775 a 
 signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 BAXTER, SIMON. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished, and lost his estate under the confiscation act. He 
 fell into the hands of a party of Whigs during the war, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 149 
 
 was condemned to die. When brought out for execution, he 
 broke and fled with the rope about his neck, and succeeded in 
 reaching Burgoyne s army. He went to New Brunswick at 
 the peace, and died at Norton, King s County, in 1804, aged 
 seventy-four. His widow Prudence died the same year, at 
 the age of seventy-three. 
 
 BAXTER, STEPHEN. Of Jamaica. Embarked for Nova Scotia 
 in June, 1783. 
 
 BAXTER, WILLIAM. Was proscribed and banished. 
 
 BAYARD, JOHN. Of New York ; as were also the five fol 
 lowing. In 1782 was lieutenant colonel commandant of the 
 King s Orange Rangers. 
 
 BAYARD, ROBERT. Was Judge of the Admiralty Court, and 
 considered to be in office in 1782. His estate was confis 
 cated. 
 
 BAYARD, SAMUEL. In 1774 was engaged in a controversy 
 with other proprietors of lands in New York, and in behalf of 
 himself and associates, submitted a memorial to the British 
 government, praying to be put in quiet possession of a part of 
 the tract called the Westenhook Patent. After General Lee 
 took command in the city in 1776, Mr. Bayard was made 
 prisoner, and placed under guard at the house of Nicholas 
 Bayard. He entered the service of the crown, and in 1782 
 was major of the King s Orange Rangers. 
 
 BAYARD, SAMUEL, Junior. Was deputy secretary of the 
 Colony previous to the Revolution, and was considered to be 
 in office in 1782. 
 
 BAYARD, SAMUEL VETCH. Served under the crown, and was 
 a military officer. He died in Wilmot, Nova Scotia, in 1832, 
 aged seventy-five. 
 
 BAYARD, WILLIAM. Was associated with Jay, Lewis, and 
 others, as a member of the Committee of Fifty of the city of 
 New York, and he appears to have been of Whig sympathies 
 at the beginning of the controversy. In 1773 Mr. Quincy, 
 of Massachusetts, on his return from the South, passed through 
 New York, and recorded in his journal, under the date of May 
 12th, "Spent the morning in writing and roving, and dined 
 13* 
 
150 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 with Colonel William Bayard at his seat on the North River." 
 His property was confiscated. 
 
 BAYEUX, THOMAS. In 1782 he was an officer in the Super 
 intendent Department at New York. 
 
 BAYLEY, PHILIP. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. In 1775 
 he signed and published a Submission, or Recantation, in 
 which he asked forgiveness for the past, and promised that 
 his future conduct should convince the public, that he would 
 risk his life and interest in defence of the liberties of the 
 country. In his case, as in several others, the written recan 
 tation was probably extorted from an unwilling mind to avert 
 some impending blow. Many recanters went into exile. 
 Bayley, in 1778, was proscribed and banished. The cap 
 tain lieutenant of the Royal Fensible Americans in 1782 was 
 Philip Bailey, and, possibly, the subject of this notice. 
 
 BAYLEY, RICHARD. An eminent physician of New York. 
 He was bom in Connecticut in 1745, and in 1769 and 1770 
 attended lectures and hospitals in London. In 1772 he com 
 menced practice in New York, and his attention was early 
 attracted to the croup, which professional men had treated 
 as putrid sore throat. His experiments resulted in the adop 
 tion of the present active treatment of the croup, and in an 
 entire change of remedies for that formidable disease. In 
 1776 he was in the British army under Howe, as a surgeon, 
 but incapable of enduring separation from his wife, he resign 
 ed just before her decease in 1777. For the remainder of his 
 life he was engaged in the duties of a professional kind. He 
 occupied the chairs of anatomy and surgery in Columbia 
 College, and published letters and essays on medical subjects. 
 He died in 1801, aged fifty-six. He is represented as a man 
 of high temper, strong in his attachments, and invincible in 
 his dislikes, and of honorable, chivalrous character. 
 
 BAYNTON, BENJAMIN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Pennsylvania Loyalists. 
 
 BAZZEY, JAMES. Of North Carolina. He went to England. 
 In 1779 he was in London, and addressed the king. 
 
 BEACH, EZEKIEL. Of Mendham, New Jersey. In July, 1775, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 151 
 
 the Committee of Observation of that township published him 
 for his unfriendly conversation and conduct towards the Con 
 tinental Association, and recommended that all persons forbear 
 dealing and connexion with him. 
 
 BEACH, REVEREND JOHN. He graduated at Yale College in 
 1721, and for several years was a Congregational minister in 
 Connecticut; but finally became an Episcopalian. In 1732 he 
 went to England for ordination, and on his return, was em 
 ployed as an Episcopalian Missionary in Reading and New- 
 town, Connecticut. After the Declaration of Independence, he 
 continued to pray for the king, and to give other evidence of 
 his loyalty. His course gave great displeasure to the Whigs, 
 and he suffered at their hands. He died in March, 1782. 
 During his life, he was engaged in one or more religious con 
 troversies. Several of his compositions of this description, 
 and a number of sermons, were published. The following 
 extracts from two of his letters to the Society for the Propa 
 gation of the Gospel, whose missionary he was, contain 
 interesting information. The last, as will be seen, was dated 
 only a few months before his death. 
 
 " Newtown, May 5, 1772. 
 
 " As it is now forty years since I have had the advantage 
 of being the venerable Society s missionary in this place, I 
 suppose it will not be improper to give a brief account how I 
 have spent my time, and improved their charity. Every Sun 
 day I have performed divine service, and preached twice, at 
 Newtown and Reading alternately. And in these forty years 
 I have lost only two Sundays through sickness ; although in 
 all that time I have been afflicted with a constant colic, 
 which has not allowed me one day s ease or freedom from 
 pain. The distance between the churches at Newtown and 
 Reading is between eight and nine miles, and no very good 
 road, yet have I never failed one time to attend each place 
 according to custom, through the badness of the weather, but 
 have rode it in the severest rains and snow storms, even when 
 there has been no track, and my horse near mining down in 
 
152 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 the snow banks, which has had this good effect on my parish 
 ioners, that they are ashamed to stay from church on account 
 of bad weather, so that they are remarkably forward to attend 
 the public worship. As to my labors without my parish, I 
 have formerly performed divine service in many towns where 
 the common-prayer had never been heard, nor the Scriptures 
 read in public ; and where now are flourishing congregations 
 of the Church of England, and in some places where there 
 never had been any public worship at all, or any sermon 
 preached by any preacher of any denomination. 
 
 " In my travelling to preach the Gospel, once was my life 
 remarkably preserved in passing a deep and rapid river. The 
 retrospect on my fatigues, as lying on straw, &c., gives me 
 pleasure, while I flatter myself that my labor has not been 
 quite in vain, for the Church of England people are increased 
 much more than twenty to one ; and what is infinitely more 
 pleasing, many of them are remarkable for piety and virtue ; 
 and the independents here are more knowing in matters of 
 religion than they who live at a great distance from our 
 church. We live in harmony and peace with each other, and 
 the rising generation of the independents seem to be entirely 
 free from every pique and prejudice against the church, 
 &c. &c. 
 
 "JOHN BEACH." 
 
 * " Newtown, October 31, 1781. 
 
 " It is a long time since I have done my duty in writing to 
 the venerable Society, not owing to my carelessness, but to the 
 impossibility of conveyance from here, and now do it spar 
 ingly. A narrative of my troubles I dare not now give. My 
 two congregations are growing ; that of Reading being com 
 monly about three hundred, and at Newtown about six hun 
 dred. I baptize about one hundred and thirty children in one 
 year, and lately two adults. Newtown and the Church of 
 England part of Reading are (I believe) the only parts of 
 New England that have refused to comply with the doings of 
 the Congress, and for that reason have been the butt of general 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 153 
 
 hatred ; but God has delivered us from entire destruction. 
 I am now in the eighty-second year of my age, yet do con 
 stantly alternately perform and preach at Newtown and Read 
 ing. I have been sixty years a public preacher, and, after 
 conviction, in the Church of England fifty years ; but had I 
 been sensible of my insufficiency, I should not have under 
 taken it. But now I rejoice in that I think I have done more 
 good towards men s eternal happiness than I should have 
 done in any other calling. I do most heartily thank the ven 
 erable Society for their liberal support, and beg that they will 
 accept of this, which is, I believe, my last bill, 325, which, 
 according to former custom, is due. 
 
 "At this age I cannot well hope for it, but I pray God I may 
 have an opportunity to explain myself with safety ; but must 
 conclude now with Job s expression Have pity upon me, 
 have pity upon me, O ye my friends. 
 
 BEACH, LAZARUS. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 BEAMAN, THOMAS. Of Petersham, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BEAN, THOMAS. He went from New York to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, and of the latter city was a grantee. 
 He and Dowling were contractors for the building of Trinity 
 Church, St. John. He died at Portland, New Brunswick, in 
 1823, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 BEARD, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished. In 
 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 BEARDSLEY, JOHN. In 1782 he was chaplain of the Loyal 
 American Regiment. He went to New Brunswick after the 
 war, and settled as an Episcopal clergyman at Maugerville, 
 where he died. 
 
 BEARSLEE, JESSE. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 BEAVAN, THOMAS W. W. In 1782 he was examiner in the 
 Court of Chancery of New York. 
 
 BECK, JOSEPH. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was grantee of a city lot. 
 
154 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BECKWITH, NEHEMIAH. He settled at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, but removed to Fredericton, where he died in 1815. 
 
 BECRAFT, . A Tory leader, cruel, and noted for deeds 
 
 of blood. He boasted to his associates, of having assisted to 
 massacre the family of a Mr. Vrooman, in Schoharie, New 
 York. The family, he said, were soon despatched, except a 
 boy of fourteen, who ran from the house, when he started in 
 pursuit, overtook him, and cut his throat, took his scalp, and 
 hung his body across the fence. After the peace, he had the 
 hardihood to return to Schoharie. He was seized, stripped 
 naked and bound to a tree, and whipped nearly to death by 
 ten men, some of whom had been his prisoners, and had 
 heard him recount this exploit. Thus beaten, he was dis 
 missed with a charge never to show himself in that country 
 again, an injunction which he carefully kept. 
 
 BEDLE. There were a number of Loyalists of this name 
 in New York. In 1776 Benajah, Joseph, David, Jacob, Syl- 
 vanus, Mordecai, and Jacomiah, of Queen s County, acknowl 
 edged allegiance. Five of the name went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and were grantees of that city. 
 These were Paul, John, Joseph, Stephen, and William. Paul 
 and Joseph were merchants at St. John, as early as 1784, or 
 the next year after its settlement. John lived at Woodstock, 
 where he was a magistrate for forty years ; and after the 
 division of York County was a magistrate, a Judge of Com 
 mon Pleas, and Register of Wills and Deeds for the County of 
 Carl ton ; he died in 1838, aged eighty- three. Mary Cranston, 
 the widow of Paul Bedle, and born in Newport, Rhode 
 Island, died at St. John in 1842, at the age of eighty-three. 
 
 BEEBE, DOCTOR . He was tarred and feathered, and 
 
 otherwise roughly treated, by a mob styled the Sons of Lib 
 erty, at East Haddam, Connecticut, in the year 1774. 
 
 BEEBELL, ROBERT. Clerk of the Customs. He embarked 
 at Boston with the British army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 BELL, ANDREW. Residence unknown. In 1783 was a peti 
 tioner for lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 BELL, DANIEL and JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Were Addressers of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. LdO 
 
 BELL, GEORGE. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. 
 
 BELL, JAMES. Who, I suppose, had been lieutenant of a 
 Loyalist corps. 
 
 BELL. JOHN and JACOB. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and were grantees of that city. 
 
 BELL, ROBERT. Of Granville County, North Carolina. Lost 
 his estate under the confiscation act. 
 
 BELL, RICHARD. Surgeon of the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 BELL, WILLIAM. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a lieu 
 tenant in the King s Orange Rangers. 
 
 BELLIN, ALLARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BELLINGER, EDWARD ; Senior. Of South Carolina. In 1782 
 his estate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 BELTON, JONATHAN. Of South Carolina. After the surren 
 der of Charleston in 1780, he held a commission under the 
 crown. Estate confiscated. 
 
 BENEDICT, ELI. In 1782 was an ensign in the Guides and 
 Pioneers, commanded by Colonel Beverley Robinson. 
 
 BENEDICT, MICHAEL. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. 
 Was a member of the Reading Loyalist Association. 
 
 BENNET, or BENNETT. Fifteen persons of this name of 
 Queen s County, New York, acknowledged allegiance, Octo 
 ber, 1775. To wit : John, Jacob, William, John junior, 
 James, Cornelius, Nicholas, W., Jeromus, W., Garset, Jeromus 
 senior, George, John junior, John. John, Cornelius, and 
 Isaac, of Jamaica, were signers of a Declaration in 1775. 
 
 BENNISON, GEORGE. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BENTHAM, JAMES. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 BERGEN. Of those who signed a Declaration of loyalty in 
 1775, were several of this name; namely, Derrick Bergen, 
 Teunis Bergen, John Bergen, Jacob Bergen, Jacob Bergen 
 junior, and John Bergen junior ; all of Jamaica, Long Island, 
 New York. Five persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 
156 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October 1776. To wit : 
 Jacob, Johannes, Teunis, Luke, Derrick. During the war, 
 some Whigs entered the house of Michael Bergen, at Gowan- 
 nus, New York, and though a party of the royal troops 
 were near, they made prisoner of a Hessian major, who 
 was Bergen s lodger. 
 
 BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BARONET. He was the third son of 
 Sir Francis Bernard, Baronet, Governor of Massachusetts, and 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1767. He went to Eng 
 land, where he married a lady of fortune. On the death of 
 his brother, Sir John Bernard who was a Whig he suc 
 ceeded to the title. His time was much devoted to institutions 
 of benevolence in London ; and he wrote several essays with 
 a design to mitigate the sorrows, and improve the condition 
 of the humbler classes of English society. The University 
 of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 He died in England in 1818. 
 
 BERNARD, SIR JOHN. The brother of Sir Thomas above 
 mentioned remained in America ; and, as remarked, was a 
 Whig. Soon after the Revolution he was in abject poverty, 
 and the misfortunes of himself and his family seem to have 
 unsettled his mind. When, in 1769, Sir Francis was recalled 
 from the Government of Massachusetts, he possessed a consid 
 erable landed estate in Maine, of which the large island of 
 Mount Desert, Moose Island, (now Eastport) and some territory 
 on the main, formed a part. John, at or about the time of his 
 father s departure, had an agency for the settlement of these 
 and other lands ; and, probably, until the confiscation of his 
 father s property in 1778, was in comfortable circumstances. 
 His place of residence during the war appears to have been 
 at Bath, though he was sometimes at Machias. Not long 
 after the peace, he lived at Pleasant Point, a few miles from 
 Eastport, in a small hut built by himself, and with no com 
 panion but a dog. An unbroken wilderness was around him. 
 The only inhabitants at the head of the tide waters of the 
 St. Croix were a few workmen, preparing to erect a saw 
 mill. Robbinston and Perry were uninhabited. Eastport con- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 157 
 
 tained a single family. Yet, at the spot now occupied by the 
 remnant of the tribe of the Passamaquoddy s, he attempted 
 to make a farm. He had been bred in ease, had hardly done 
 a day s work in his life ; and yet he believed that he could 
 earn a competence by labor. He told those who saw him, 
 that " other young men went into the woods, and made them 
 selves farms, and got a good living, and he saw no reason 
 why he could not." But he cut down a few trees, became 
 discouraged, and departed. His abject condition in mind 
 and estate rendered him an object of deep commiseration ; 
 and his conduct during hostilities having entitled him to con 
 sideration, the legislature of Massachusetts restored to him 
 one half of the island of Mount Desert. Of his subsequent 
 history, while he continued in the United States, but little is 
 known to me. He came to Maine occasionally, and was 
 much about Boston. Later in life he held offices under the 
 British crown at Barbadoes and St. Vincent ; and was known 
 as Sir John Bernard, Baronet. He died in the West Indies 
 in 1809, when his brother Thomas the subject of the pre 
 ceding sketch succeeded to the title. 
 
 BERRIEN, ABRAHAM. Of Queen s County, New York. 
 Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 BERRY, EDWARD. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BERRY, JOHN. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the 
 Whigs the same year. 
 
 BERRY, THOMAS. Of Westchester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester at White Plains. 
 
 BERTRAM, ALEXANDER. Of Philadelphia.. His estate was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 BETHELL, ROBERT. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Orange Rangers. 
 
 BETHUNE, GEORGE. Of Boston. In 1774 he was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in May, and one of the Protesters 
 against the proceedings of the town meeting in June of that 
 year. The next year he had retired to Jamaica, New York, 
 14 
 
158 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 where he was suspected of carrying on a correspondence with 
 the British forces, and was summoned to appear before the 
 committee with his papers. Mr. Bethune graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1740, and died in 1785. 
 
 BETTS, AZOR. A physician ; settled in Nova Scotia, and died 
 at Digby in that Colony in 1807. His widow, Gloriannah, 
 died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1815, aged sixty-nine. 
 
 BETTS, STEPHEN. Of Reading, Connecticut. Was a mem 
 ber of the Loyalist Association. 
 
 BETTS, THOMAS and RICHARD. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged themselves loyal and well affected 
 subjects, October, 1776. In April, 1779, Thomas was an 
 Addresser of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling, while Richard 
 signed a Declaration against the Whigs as early as 1775. 
 
 BETTS, WILLIAM. In 1778 kept a tavern at Jamaica, New 
 York, sign of General Amherst. In 1779 he advertised 
 11 choice liquors, dinners on the shortest notice, and good 
 stabling." The same year Loyal Refugees were recruiting 
 at his house. 
 
 BETTS, CAPTAIN R. Of Queen s County, New York. In 
 1780 was an Addresser of Governor Robertson. 
 
 BETTYS, JOSEPH,.. A noted Tory. "Joe Bettys" was known 
 as a shrewd, intelligent, daring, and bad man. It is said, that 
 pity and mercy were emotions which he never felt, and that to 
 all the gentler impulses he was thoroughly insensible. At the 
 breaking out of the Revolution he lived at Ballston, New 
 York, and was a Whig. Entering the Whig service he per 
 formed feats of extraordinary valor in Arnold s battle with 
 Carlton on Lake Champlain, where he was taken prisoner 
 and carried to Canada. While a captive, he was unfortunately 
 seduced to attach himself to the interests of the crown, and 
 to accept the commission of ensign. Admirably fitted to act 
 as a messenger and spy, he undertook to perform the duties 
 of one or both as occasion should require, but was captured 
 by his former friends, tried, and condemned to the gallows. 
 Washington, however, spared his life on his promise of refor 
 mation, on the entreaties of his aged parents and the solicita- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 159 
 
 tions of influential Whigs. But Bettys returned directly 
 to the ranks of the enemy, and his subsequent career was 
 marked by almost every enormity that can disgrace a human 
 being. His very name struck terror, and a record of his 
 enterprises and crimes would fill a book. He burned the 
 dwellings of persons whom he hated, or took them off by 
 murder. Fatigue, distance, or danger, were no obstacles in 
 the accomplishment of his designs. He knew that he carried 
 his life in his hand. He scorned disguise or concealment. 
 He fell upon his victims at noon as well as at midnight. 
 Many plans were laid, many efforts made to seize him. At 
 last, in 1782, the Whigs were successful, and detected him 
 with a despatch to the commander of the British forces in 
 New York. He was taken to Albany and executed as a 
 spy and traitor. His death was deemed an event of no 
 small consequence, both because it put an end to his own 
 misdeeds, and because his fate was calculated to awe others 
 who were engaged in the same perilous employments. 
 
 BEVERADGE, DAVID. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 BIBBY, THOMAS. He was seized at Long Island, New York, 
 in 1775 ; sent to Massachusetts, arid confined within the limits 
 of the town of Lunenburgh. 
 
 BIDDLE, JOHN. Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Was 
 collector of excise, and a deputy quartermaster of the Whig 
 army. He changed sides, and in 1779 his estate was con 
 fiscated. His office of collector of excise was worth, in 1775, 
 but 15. 
 
 BIGBY, JAMES. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 BIGG, JOHN. He died in New Brunswick in 1836, aged 
 seventy-eight. 
 
 BIGGS, PETER. Of Pennsylvania. Was in London in 1779. 
 
 BILES, SAMUEL. Sheriff of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 
 His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 BILLOPP, CHRISTOPHER. Of New York. Was a gentleman 
 of character and property, and a member of the House of 
 
160 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Assembly. He commanded a corps of Loyalists, or of loyal 
 militia, raised in the vicinity of New York city, and was 
 actively employed in military duty. He was taken prisoner 
 by the Whigs and confined in the jail at Burlington, New 
 Jersey. Mr. Boudinot, the commissary of prisoners, in the 
 warrant of commitment, directed that irons should be put on 
 his hands and feet, that he should be chained to the floor 
 of a close room, and that he should be fed on bread and 
 water, in retaliation for the cruel treatment of Leshier arid 
 Randal, two Whig officers who had fallen into the hands of 
 the royal troops. In 1782 Colonel Billopp was superintendent 
 of police of Staten Island, where he lived and where he had 
 an estate. His property, which was large, was confiscated 
 under the act of New York. At the old Billopp House, which 
 he erected, Lord Howe, as a commissioner of the mother 
 country, met Franklin, John Adams, and Edward Rutledge, 
 a Committee of Congress, in the hope of adjusting difficulties, 
 and of inducing the Colonies to return to their allegiance. 
 During the war, Lord Howe, General Kniphausen, Colonel 
 Simcoe, and other officers of rank in the royal service, were 
 frequent guests of Colonel Billopp, at this house. In 1783 he 
 was one of the fifty-five petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. 
 See Abijah Willard. He went to New Brunswick soon after, 
 and for many years bore a prominent part in the administra 
 tion of its affairs. He was a member of the House of As 
 sembly, and of the Council, and on the death of Governor 
 Smythe, in 1823, he claimed the Presidency of the Government, 
 and issued his proclamation accordingly: but the Honorable 
 Ward Chipman was a competitor for the station, and was 
 sworn into office. Colonel Billopp died at St. John in 1827, 
 aged ninety. His wife Jane died at that city in 1802, aged 
 forty-eight. His daughter Louisa married John Wallace, Esq., 
 Surveyor of the Customs. His daughter Mary, the wife of the 
 Reverend Archdeacon Willis, of Nova Scotia, died at Halifax 
 in 1834, at the age of forty-three. His daughter Jane, wife 
 of the Honorable William Black, of St. John, died in 1836. 
 His two sons settled in the city of New York, and were 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 161 
 
 merchants. They were partners, and in business at the time 
 of the yellow fever ; the one married, the other single. The 
 unmarried brother said to the other, "It is unnecessary that 
 both should stay here. You have a family, and your life is 
 of more consequence than mine; go into the country until 
 the sickness subsides." The married brother retired from the 
 city accordingly, while the other remained and was a victim 
 of the fever. The survivor, whose name was Thomas, failed 
 in business some time after; joined the expedition of the 
 celebrated Miranda, and was appointed a captain; he was 
 taken prisoner by the Spaniards and executed. 
 
 BINGAY, ROBERT. He died at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 
 1830. 
 
 BINGHAM, CHARLES. In 1782 he was captain lieutenant of 
 the Second American Regiment. 
 
 BIRD, HENRY. An officer in the royal service, and who, 
 I conclude, belonged to New York. His diary fell into the 
 hands of Colonel Gansevoort. 
 
 BIRDSILL, BENJAMIN. Of New York. Went to New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and settled in Queen s County. He died at 
 Gagetown in that county in 1834, at the age of ninety-one. 
 Descendants to the number of two hundred and two survived 
 him. Rachel, his widow, died at Gagetown in 1843, aged 
 ninety-seven. 
 
 BISHOP, JOHN. Died at Horton, Nova Scotia, in 1815, aged 
 eighty-six. 
 
 BLACK, DAVID. Merchant of Boston, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BLACK, JOHN. Of Boston. Embarked with the royal army 
 for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 BLACK, JOSEPH. Of South Carolina. Held office under the 
 crown after the surrender of Charleston, and lost his estate 
 under the confiscation act. 
 
 BLACKBURN. JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BLACKER, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was a captain in the Second 
 American Regiment. 
 14* 
 
162 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BLACKWELL, JOHN, Junior. Laborer of Sandwich, Massa 
 chusetts. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. He had 
 joined the enemy at Rhode Island in the fall of 1777. 
 
 BLAIR, JAMES. Residence unknown. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and received the grant of a city lot. 
 A Loyalist of the name of James Blair died at Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1833, aged seventy-five. He was barrack-master of 
 the garrison there, and an old officer. 
 
 BLAIR, JOHN. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Embarked with 
 the royal army for Halifax. 
 
 BLAIR, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was tried as a spy in 
 1778, and executed at Hartford, Connecticut. A large amount 
 of counterfeit continential money was found in his possession. 
 
 BLAIR, ROBERT. Merchant of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 BLAIR, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. Held a commission 
 under the crown after the capitulation of Charleston, and lost 
 his estate in consequence. 
 
 BLAIR, WILLIAM. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson, and a Protester against the Whigs. 
 
 BLAIR, CAPTAIN . Of Virginia. Joined Lord Dunmore. 
 
 Was a captain in the royal service ; was taken prisoner and 
 perished, it is supposed, on the passage to France. 
 
 BLAKE, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 BLAKENHAM, HENRY. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his es 
 tate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 BLAKSLEE, ABRAHAM. Of New Haven. Commanded a com 
 pany in the second regiment of the militia, and the House 
 of Assembly appointed a Committee, in 1775, to inquire into 
 charges against him of disaffection and contemptuous speak 
 ing. 
 
 BLAKSLEE, ASA. Removed to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and died in that city in 1843, aged eighty-seven. 
 
 BLANE, THOMAS. A petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia, 
 July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 BLEAU, URIAH. Was an ensign in the third battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers in 1782. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 163 
 
 BLEAU, WALDRON. Was a captain in the third battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers iii 1782. 
 
 BLISS, DANIEL. Of Concord, Massachusetts. Was a son 
 of Reverend Samuel Bliss of that town. He was born in 
 1740, graduated at Harvard University in 1760, and died at 
 Lincoln, near Fredericton, in the province of New Bruns 
 wick, in 1805, aged sixty- six years. He was one of the 
 barristers and attornies who were Addressers of Hutchinson 
 in 1774 ; and he was proscribed under the act of 1778 ; and 
 joining the British army, was appointed commissary. After 
 the Revolution, he settled in New Brunswick, and became 
 a member of the Council, and Chief Justice of the Inferior 
 Court of Common Pleas. His widow died in 1807, at the 
 age of sixty. 
 
 BLISS, JOHN MURRAY. Son of Daniel Bliss. He was a 
 native of Massachusetts, whence he removed at the com 
 mencement of hostilities. He did not settle in New Bruns 
 wick until 1786. Having practised law for several years, 
 and rilled several offices connected with his profession, and 
 having represented the County of York in the House of 
 Assembly, he was, in 1816, elevated to the bench and to 
 a seat in his Majesty s Council. In 1824, on the decease 
 of the Honorable Ward Chipman, who was President and 
 Commander-in-chief of the Colony, Judge Bliss succeeded 
 to the administration of the government, and continued in 
 office until the arrival of Sir Howard Douglas, a period of 
 nearly a year. At his death, he was senior justice of the 
 Supreme Court. He commanded universal confidence and 
 esteem. His manners were dignified, and his conduct open, 
 frank, and independent. He died at St. John, August, 1834, 
 aged sixty-three years. His daughter Jane died at Halifax 
 in 1826, and his daughter Sophia Isabella died at St. John 
 the same year. 
 
 BLISS, JONATHAN. Of Springfield, Massachusetts. Gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1763; and died at Frederic- 
 ton, New Brunswick, in 1822, at the age of eighty years. 
 His wife and the wife of Fisher Ames were sisters. He 
 
164 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 was a member of the General Court of Massachusetts in 
 1768, and one of the seventeen Rescinders; and was pro 
 scribed under the act of 1778. In New Brunswick, he 
 was a personage of distinguished consideration, and at 
 tained, finally, to the rank of Chief Justice, and to the 
 Presidency of the Council. 
 
 BLISS, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. Was a brother of the 
 Honorable Daniel Bliss. He died at St. George, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1803. 
 
 BLISS, SAMUEL. Shopkeeper of Greenfield, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BLOOMER, JOSHUA. Episcopal clergyman of Jamaica, New 
 York. He graduated at King s College, New York, in 
 1761, and went to England for ordination in 1765. In 
 1769 he settled at Jamaica, where he continued until his 
 death, in 1790. Before taking orders, he was an officer in 
 the provincial service, and a merchant in New York. While 
 at Jamaica, he officiated, occasionally, at Newtown and 
 Flushing; and Domine Rubell, an itinerant Dutch minister, 
 whose loyalty induced him to pray heartily for the royal 
 family, occupied his pulpit. 
 
 BLOWERS, SAMPSON SALTER. Of Boston. Proscribed and 
 banished. He graduated at Harvard University in 1763. 
 The class of that year is celebrated for the numbers of 
 Loyalists and Judges of Courts. Mr. Blowers entered upon 
 the study of law with Hutchinson, then Judge of Probate, and 
 Lieutenant-governor. In 1770 he was associated with Messrs. 
 Adams and Quincy in behalf of the British soldiers who 
 were tried for their agency in the Boston Massacre, so 
 termed, in that year. In 1774 he went to England, and 
 returning, in 1778, found his name in the proscription act. 
 He was imprisoned, but being soon released, went to Hal 
 ifax, Nova Scotia, where he died in 1842, at the age of 
 one hundred years. In that Colony he was long a distin 
 guished character. In 1785 he was appointed Attorney- 
 general, and Speaker of the House of Assembly ; and in 
 1797 was created Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; hav- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 165 
 
 ing had for some years previous to his judicial elevation a 
 seat in his Majesty s Council. He retired from public life 
 in 1833. When ex-president Adams was in Nova Scotia, 
 in 1840, he paid Judge Blowers a visit. The Judge him 
 self, it is believed, never set foot on the land of his na 
 tivity, after he was driven from it. Sarah, his widow, died 
 at Halifax, July, 1845, in the eighty-eighth year of her age. 
 She, I think, was a daughter of Benjamin Kent, of Mas 
 sachusetts, who, at first a Whig, became a Loyalist and a 
 refugee. It is said, that of thirty-six hundred departed 
 graduates of Harvard, two only reached one hundred years. 
 These were both Loyalists, the subject of this notice having 
 been one, and Doctor Holyoke, of Salem, the other. 
 
 BLOXHAM, - . In 1782 he was an ensign of the North 
 Carolina Independent Company, under Branson. 
 
 BLUNDELL, ARCHIBALD and CHARLES. Were lieutenants in 
 the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 BODEN, NICHOLAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOGART, ISAAC. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BOGGS, JAMES. Of Pennsylvania. He entered the service 
 of the crown, and was attached to the medical staff of the 
 royal army. In 1783 he went to Nova Scotia, and for 
 many years was surgeon of the forces at Halifax. He died 
 in that city in 1832, at the age of ninety-one. 
 
 BOGGS, JOHN. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace. He was one of the grantees of that city. In 
 1792 he was a magistrate of Queen s County. 
 
 BOISSEAU, JAMES. Of South Carolina. He held an office 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston in 1780. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 BOND, JOSEPH. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 BONKER, ABRAHAM. Of New York. In June, 1783, he was 
 preparing to embark for Nova Scotia. 
 
 BONNETT. ISAAC. He was born in New Rochelle, New 
 
166 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 York. He abandoned his property in New York at the 
 close of the war, and removed to Annapolis Royal, Nova 
 Scotia, where he passed the remainder of his life. He died 
 in 1838, aged eighty-six, leaving a widow and five children. 
 
 BONSALL, RICHARD. He was a native of Wales, and a 
 brother of Sir Thomas Bonsall. He commenced the study 
 of medicine, but abandoned it. In consequence of a dis 
 agreement with Sir Thomas, he emigrated to New York 
 some years prior to the Revolution, where he remained until 
 the close of hostilities. In 1783 he went to St. John, and 
 was a grantee of that city. He died at St John in 1814, 
 aged seventy-two. His wife was a lady of the name of 
 Smith, of Long Island, New York. Six children survived 
 him; only one is now (1846) living. 
 
 BOOKHURT, JOHN. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was grantee of a city lot. 
 
 BOOKLESS, HENRY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOONE, SAMUEL. Of Rhode Island. Was passenger in the 
 ship Union. * 
 
 BOONE, THOMAS. Was in London in 1785, and a peti 
 tioner to the government for relief. 
 
 BOONE, WILLIAM. Of Rhode Island. Accompanied by his 
 wife and six children, arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in the spring of 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 BOOTH, B. He appears to have been for a time secre 
 tary of the Loyal Refugees of the different Colonies. In 
 September, 1778, he issued a call for a meeting in the city 
 of New York. From the proceedings, it would seem that 
 about two thousand Loyalists, who then resided in New York 
 and on Long Island, were present. 
 
 BOORUM, AURY. Of Jamaica, Long Island, New York. 
 A signer of the Declaration in 1775. In 1776 he signed 
 an acknowledgment of allegiance. Previous to the Revolu 
 tion, he was a member of the House of Assembly. 
 
 BORLAND, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 167 
 
 BORLAND, JOHN LINDALL. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 Son of John Borland. Graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1772, entered the British army, and became lieutenant- 
 colonel. He died in England, November, 1825. 
 
 BOSSEAU, JAMES E. In 1782 he was an ensign of infan 
 try in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 BOSTWICK, DAVID and ISAAC. Arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, and lots in that city were granted them 
 by the crown. 
 
 BOTSFORD, AMOS. Of Newtown, Connecticut. In 1775, 
 in a document remarkable for its guarded form of expres 
 sion, though drawn up in opposition to a paper which 
 disapproved of the proceedings of the Continental Congress, 
 he made known his determination to be compliant with 
 the measures of that body. But, subsequently, adhering to 
 the side of the crown, he removed to New Brunswick after 
 the conclusion of hostilities, and devoted himself to the 
 profession of the law. In 1784 he was elected a member 
 of the House of Assembly, and was uniformly returned from 
 the County of Westmoreland, at every election, during his 
 life. He was Speaker of the House of Assembly as early 
 as 1792. He died at St. John in 1812, at the age of 
 sixty-nine ; and was the senior barrister at law in the 
 Colony. His son, the Honorable William Botsford, who 
 was appointed Judge of Vice-admiralty of New Brunswick 
 in 1803, and for a long period subsequently was a member 
 of the Council, and a Judge of the Supreme Court, has 
 lately retired from his judicial duties. 
 
 BOUCHER, JONATHAN. Episcopal clergyman of Virginia. 
 He was rector, first of Hanover, and then of St. Mary. 
 Governor Eden gave him also the rectory of St. Anne, An 
 napolis, and of Queen Anne. He was an unshaken and 
 uncompromising Loyalist. In 1775, resolving to quit the 
 country, he preached a farewell sermon, in which he de 
 clared that as long as he lived, he would say with Zadok, 
 the priest, and Nathan, the prophet, "God save the king." 
 Arriving in England, he was appointed vicar of Epsom, 
 
168 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and there he spent the remainder of his life. He died in 
 1804, aged sixty-seven. He was regarded as one of the best 
 preachers of his time. While in Virginia, the son of Mrs. 
 Washington, by her first marriage, was his pupil. During 
 the last fourteen years of his life, Boucher was employed 
 in making a glossary of provincial and archreological words, 
 and in 1831 his manuscripts were purchased of his family 
 by the proprietors of Webster s Dictionary. In 1799 were 
 published fifteen discourses preached in America, between the 
 years 1763 and 1775, on the causes and consequences of 
 the American Revolution, which were dedicated to his old 
 friend, Washington. 
 
 BOUCHOMEAU, CHARLES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOUMAN, ARCHIBALD. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage 
 in 1775. 
 
 BOURK, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. In March, 1776, 
 he was charged with being inimical to the liberties of 
 America; and on a hearing before the Council, John Strange, 
 a witness against him, swore, in the course of his testi- 
 timony, that Bourk said, " General Gage deserved to be 
 
 d d because he had not let the guards out at Bunker 
 
 Hill, and it would have settled the dispute at that time. 
 This, and other particulars, Bourk acknowledged; when it 
 was resolved to commit him to close jail until further orders. 
 
 BOURN, EDWARD, ELISHA, LEMUEL, and WILLIAM. Of Sand 
 wich, Massachusetts. Were proscribed and banished. Lem 
 uel joined the royal forces at Rhode Island. 
 
 BOURNE, SHEARJASHUB. Of Scituate, Massachusetts. He 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1743. In 1774 he was 
 among the barristers and attornies at law, who were Ad 
 dressers of Governor Hutchinson on his departure. He died 
 at Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1781. 
 
 BOUTINEAU, JAMES. Of Boston. Attorney at law. Was 
 appointed Mandamus Counsellor in 1774, and was one of 
 the ten who took the oath of office. He was included in 
 the conspiracy act of 1779, and his estate was confiscated 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 169 
 
 under its provisions. In 1772 his son-in-law, John Robin 
 son, a commissioner of the customs, was found guilty of 
 a most violent assault on James Otis, for which the jury 
 assessed two thousand pounds sterling damages. Boutineau 
 appeared as attorney for Robinson, and in his name signed 
 a submission asking the pardon of Otis, who, thereupon, 
 executed a free release for the two thousand pounds. Otis 
 never recovered from the effect of this assault, and, shat 
 tered in health and reason, soon retired from public life. 
 Boutineau s fate is unknown, but he was in England in 
 1777. Though a banished Loyalist, he was one of the 
 fifty-eight memorialists of Boston, who, in 1760, were the 
 first men in America to array themselves against the offi 
 cers of the crown. 
 
 BOWDEN, CHARLES. Of New York. Officiated in 1775 as 
 one of the chaplains of the Provincial Congress; at a later 
 period he became chaplain of De Lancey s First Battalion. 
 
 BOWDEN, JOHN. In 1783 was a petitioner for lands in 
 Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 BOWDEN, THOMAS. In 1782 was major in De Lancey s 
 Second Battalion, and at the peace went to England. 
 
 BOWEN, ANSEL and FRANCIS. Residence unknown. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and received grants 
 of lots in that city. 
 
 BOWEN, HENRY. Of Tryon County, (now Montgomery 
 County), New York, was a neighbor arid adherent of the 
 Johnsons, and accompanied Sir John to Canada, and, subse 
 quently, appearing in arms on the side of the crown, belonged 
 to a party who desolated the country inhabited by his former 
 friends and associates. William Bowen, of the same family, 
 was engaged in the same enterprise. The Bowens of this 
 region were from New England, and emigrated to New 
 York about the year 1728. 
 
 BOWEN, JEREMIAH. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 BOWEN, JOHN. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a cap 
 tain in the Prince of Wales American Volunteers. 
 15 
 
170 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BOWEN, JOHN. Of Princeton, Massachusetts. Went to Hal 
 ifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished two years after. 
 
 BOWEN, NATHAN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was 
 an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 BOWEN, PETER. Of Tripe s Hill, New York. In 1775 
 refused to sign the Whig Association. 
 
 BOWER, PATRICK and SAMUEL. Addressers of Sir Henry 
 Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOWER, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOWERS, ARCHIBALD. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for 
 Halifax with the British army. 
 
 BOWES, WILLIAM. Merchant of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 BOWLES, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS. Of Maryland. In 1791 he 
 was among the Creeks, with whom he possessed great in 
 fluence ; and styled himself General William Augustus Bowles. 
 On the 18th of May, 1792, James Seagrove, Esquire, our 
 Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in "a talk " with the kings, 
 chiefs, head men and warriors of the Creek nation, said of 
 him: "This Bowles is an American of low, mean extraction, 
 born in Maryland ; he was obliged, on account of his villany, 
 to fly from home and follow the British army, where he was 
 despised and treated as a bad man and a coward. Finding 
 he could not live there, he returned to America ; but being 
 too lazy to work at his trade for a living, he renewed his 
 bad acts, for which he was compelled to fly from his native 
 country, or be hanged." Bowles had assumed to act among 
 the Indians under authority of the British government, but 
 on inquiry by the President, the ministry promptly and ex 
 plicitly denied that they had afforded him countenance, as 
 sistance, or protection. At the time of Seagrove s "talk," it 
 would appear, that Bowles had absented himself from the 
 Creek country ; but in 1801 he was again in mischief there, or 
 in its vicinity, and means were taken by our government to 
 counteract his plans and plots. A gentleman connected with 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 171 
 
 Indian Affairs, saw a portrait of this creature suspended in 
 the house of a Chief, under which was written, " General 
 Bowles, commander-in-chief of the Creek and Cherokee na 
 tions." He saw also a number of engraved dinner cards, 
 which Bowles had received while in England, styling him, 
 "Commander-in-chief of the Creek nation." 
 
 He was undoubtedly a bold and wicked man. At one 
 time the Spanish government offered a reward of six thou 
 sand dollars for his apprehension, on account of his pernicious 
 influence over the Florida Indians. He was accordingly 
 seized, and sent prisoner to Madrid, and thence to Manilla. 
 Obtaining leave to go to Europe, he repaired to the Creek 
 country, where he commenced his mischievous course anew. 
 In 1804 he fell into the hands of the Spaniards a second 
 time. He was then sent to the Moro Castle, Havana, where 
 he died in December of 1805. While among the Creeks he 
 married an Indian woman. 
 
 BOWLS, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Mary 
 land Loyalists. 
 
 BOURA, PETER. An early settler at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick. In 1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery of 
 that city. He died in 1804 while on the homeward passage 
 from Jamaica, at the age of forty-nine. He was a shipmaster. 
 
 BOYD, GEORGE. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A mem 
 ber of the Council under the Royal government of that Pro 
 vince. On approach of the troubles of the Revolution he 
 abandoned the country, and was included in the proscription 
 act of New Hampshire of 1778. He died in 1787, on his 
 return from England to America. 
 
 BOYD, COLONEL . Of Carolina. He commanded a corps 
 
 of Tories, who were robbers rather than soldiers. What they 
 could not consume, nor carry off, they burned. Advancing 
 to join the royal army near the river Savannah, Boyd en 
 countered Colonel Pickens at the head of a strong detachment 
 of Carolina Whigs, and was defeated. The battle raged with 
 great fury ; neighbor fought against neighbor, and both par 
 ties evinced much rancor. Boyd himself was left dead upon 
 
172 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the field ; and of the prisoners, the Whigs condemned seventy 
 to suffer death, but executed only five. This affair occurred 
 in 1779, and repressed the ardor of the Loyalists in that re 
 gion, who previously were embodying themselves in consid 
 erable numbers. 
 
 BOYLSTON, WARD NICHOLAS. Of Boston. He was born in 
 that town in 1749. He went to England in 1775, at the close 
 of a tour to some parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa ; and 
 was a member of the Loyalist Association formed in London 
 in 1779. He continued in England until the year 1800, 
 when he returned to the place of his nativity, and estab 
 lished his residence there. He died in 1828, aged seventy- 
 eight. 
 
 BOYNE, DANIEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BOURDET, or BURDET, OLIVER. He went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BRACE, JAMES. In 1782 he was major of the Royal Fensi- 
 ble Americans. 
 
 BRADBY, ENOCH. Of North Carolina. He was takeli pris 
 oner by the Whigs under Caswell, in 1776, and imprisoned. 
 
 BRADFORD, WILLIAMS. Graduated at Harvard University in 
 1760. He removed from the United States, and held an office 
 under the crown at the Bahamas. 
 
 BRADISH, EBENEZER. A lawyer of Worcester, Massachusetts. 
 He graduated at Harvard University in 1769. In 1774 he 
 was one of the barristers and attorneys who were Addressers 
 of Hutchinson. He died in 1818. 
 
 BRADISH, . Of West Cambridge, Massachusetts. He 
 
 kept a public house in that town, which was the place of re 
 sort for the adherents of the crown, as was the tavern of 
 Cooper for the Whigs. 
 
 BRADLEY, WILLIAM. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 BRAGAW. In 1776 Peter, John, and Isaac, acknowledged 
 allegiance. In 1779 John and Andrew were Addressers of 
 Lieutenant Colonel Sterling; all of Queen s County, New 
 York. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 173 
 
 BRANDEN, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Hali 
 fax with the British army. 
 
 BRANNAN, CHARLES. He was in the king s service during 
 the war, and at its close went to St. John, New Brunswick. 
 He removed from that city to Fredericton in 1785, and con 
 tinued there until his decease in 1828, at the age of eighty- 
 one. 
 
 BRANSON, ELI. In 1782 he was captain of the North Caro 
 lina Independent Company. 
 
 BRANTON, HENRY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BRATEN, THOMAS. Of Charlotte County, New York. He 
 was a constable ; and in 1775 some Whigs declared that 
 " they would have him, if he could be found above ground." 
 
 BRATTLE, THOMAS. Of Massachusetts. He was born at 
 Cambridge in 1742, and was graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1760, and received the degree of A. M. at Yale and at 
 Nassau. His family connexions were among the most respect 
 able of New England. In 1775 he went to England, and 
 was included in the proscription and banishment act of 1778. 
 While abroad, he travelled over various parts of Great Britain, 
 and made a tour through Holland and France; and was 
 noticed by personages of distinction. Returning to London, 
 he zealously and successfully labored to ameliorate the condi 
 tion of his countrymen, who had been captured, and were in 
 prison. In 1779 he came to America, and landed at Rhode 
 Island. In 1784 the enactments against him in Massachusetts 
 were repealed, and he took possession of his patrimony. He 
 was a gentleman of liberality, humanity, and science; of 
 public spirit, and of large and noble views of men and things. 
 He died in February, 1801. 
 
 The late Governor James Sullivan, who knew him well, 
 thus wrote: " Major Brattle exercised a deep reverence to 
 the principles of government, and was a cheerful subject of 
 the laws. He respected men of science as the richest orna 
 ment of their country. If he had ambition, it was to excel 
 in acts of hospitality, benevolence, and charity. The dazzling 
 15* 
 
174 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 splendor of heroes, and the achievements of political intrigues, 
 passed unnoticed before him; but the character of the man 
 of benevolence filled his heart with emotions of sympathy." 
 * # * "In his death, the sick, the poor, and the distressed, 
 have lost a liberal benefactor ; politeness an ornament ; and 
 philanthropy one of its most discreet and generous support 
 ers." 
 
 BRATTLE, WILLIAM. Of Massachusetts. A man of more 
 eminent talents, and of greater eccentricities, has seldom lived. 
 He graduated at Harvard University in 1722 ; and, subse 
 quently, was representative from Cambridge; and for many 
 years a member of the Council. He seems to have been of 
 every profession, and to have been eminent in all. As a 
 clergyman, his preaching was acceptable. As a physician, he 
 was celebrated, and had an extensive practice. As a lawyer, 
 he had an abundance of clients ; while his military aptitudes 
 secured the rank of major-general of the militia, an office in 
 his time of very considerable importance and high honor. 
 He loved good living. He possessed the happy faculty of 
 pleasing the officers of government, and the people. An Ad 
 dresser of Gage, and approving of his plans, he at length 
 forfeited the good will of the Whigs, and went into exile. 
 Accompanying the British troops at the evacuation of Bos 
 ton, he went to Halifax, and died there in 1776, a few months 
 after his arrival. His father was Reverend William Brattle 
 of Cambridge. His first wife was a daughter of Governor 
 Saltonstall. His son, Thomas Brattle of Cambridge, died in 
 1801. 
 
 BREMNER, JOHN. Of Queen s County, New York. In 1776 
 he signed a profession of loyalty and allegiance. A person 
 of this name died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1807, aged 
 fifty-four. 
 
 BRENTON. Many descendants of William Brenton of Bos 
 ton, who removed to Rhode Island, and was governor of that 
 Colony, were Loyalists. Among them were Benjamin and 
 Jahiel, who were "contractors" for the royal forces, and whose 
 estates were confiscated under the act of Rhode Island, in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 175 
 
 1780. William Brenton, another of the family, who was an 
 absentee or exile during the war, was allowed, by a law of 
 1783, to visit and remain with his friends one week, but was 
 then required to depart and not to return. Of the Rhode 
 Island Brentons, it is further known, that one of the name of 
 Jahiel, who was born at Newport, was an admiral in the 
 British navy, and that a second member of * the family re 
 ceived the order of knighthood, about the year 1810. The 
 name is distinguished in Nova Scotia. In 1799 James Bren 
 ton was sworn in as a member of the Council, and the next 
 year was appointed Judge of Vice-admiralty; and in 1809, 
 Edward Brenton was commissioned surrogate of the Colony. 
 
 BREWER, DANIEL. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BREWERTON, GEORGE. Of New York. Commanded a New 
 York Regiment in the French war ; and in the Revolution, 
 the second battalion of De Lancey s corps ; he died in 1779. 
 
 BREWERTON, GEORGE and JAMES. Were ensigns in the second 
 battalion of De Lancey s corps. Went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, and were grantees of city lots : both re 
 ceived half-pay. 
 
 BREYNTON, JOHN. In 1782 he was chaplain of the Royal 
 Fensible Americans. 
 
 BRICKERHOFF. Fourteen persons of this name of Queen s 
 County, New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 To wit: Abraham, Jores, Isaac, Abraham junior, Elbert, 
 Teunis, George, Teunis junior, George, George the third, 
 Daniel, . Teunis, Al, Hendrick. In April, 1779, Hendrick 
 Brickerhoff, George, George junior, George, and Abraham, 
 were Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. In 1783 
 Abraham Brickerhoff went to St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 BRIDGEN, EDWARD. Of North Carolina. An estate confis 
 cated during the war, was restored to him by act of Novem 
 ber, 1785. 
 
 BRIDGEWATER, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the 
 Prince of Wales American Volunteers. 
 
176 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BRIDGHAM, EBENEZER. Merchant of Boston. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 In 1782 he was deputy inspector-general of the Loyalist 
 forces. In 1783 he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BRIDGHAM, JAMES. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Prince 
 of Wales American Volunteers. 
 
 BRINCKLE, JOHN. Shallopman of Dover, Delaware. In 1778 
 he was required by law to be tried for treason, or lose his 
 estate. 
 
 BRINLEY, GEORGE. Merchant of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775 ; was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He was in England in 1783, at which 
 time he was deputy commissary-general. In 1799 he was ap 
 pointed commissary-general of his Majesty s forces in British 
 America. His son Thomas, lieutenant-colonel in the army, 
 and quartermaster-general of the British troops in the West 
 Indies, died in 1805 on one of the islands of his station. 
 
 BRINLEY, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage 
 in 1775. A gentleman of this name died at Tyngsborough, 
 Massachusetts, in 1814, aged eighty-one. 
 
 BRINLEY, THOMA.S. Merchant of Boston. Graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1744. His name appears among the 
 one hundred and twenty-four merchants and others, who ad 
 dressed Hutchinson at Boston, in 1774; and among the ninety- 
 seven gentlemen and principal inhabitants of that town, who 
 addressed Gage in October of the following year. He was 
 proscribed under the act of 1778, and is supposed to have died 
 in banishment, having gone from Boston to Halifax in 1776, 
 and to England the same year. 
 
 BRISBANE, JAMES. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator of 
 Cornwallis on his victory at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated. He was banished. 
 
 BRITTAIN, BAILEY. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Second 
 American Regiment. 
 
 BRITTAIN, JAMES. Of New Jersey. He wished to take no 
 part in the Revolutionary controversy, but having become ob- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 177 
 
 noxious, his house was surrounded by a party of about thirty, 
 who robbed and plundered him at pleasure. He escaped to 
 the woods, where his wife fed him for nearly a month. 
 Emerging from his hiding place, he joined Skinner with sev 
 enty men, whom he had engaged to bear arms against the 
 rebels. He was in a number of battles. In one, he was 
 taken prisoner, and doomed to suffer death. The day be 
 fore that appoiuted for his execution, he broke from prison, 
 swam the Delaware, and joined his corps. In 1782 he was 
 an ensign in the first battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, and 
 at the peace, a lieutenant. In 1783 he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the ship Duke of Richmond, and was the 
 grantee of a city lot. He received half-pay. He was a 
 colonel of New Brunswick militia, and, at his decease, the 
 oldest magistrate of King s County. He died at Greenwich 
 in that county in 1838, at the age of eighty-seven. Ten 
 children survived him. His widow, Eleanor, died at Green 
 wich in 1846, aged ninety-four. His daughter Eleanor is the 
 wife of Walker Tisdale, Esquire, of St. John. 
 
 BRITTAIN, JOSEPH. Of New Jersey. Brother of James. 
 He was an ensign in the New Jersey Volunteers, and was 
 taken prisoner with James, doomed to the same fate, and 
 made his escape at the same time. He went to St. John in 
 the ship Duke of Richmond in 1780, and died in 1830, at the 
 age of seventy-two, in King s County. He received half-pay. 
 
 BRITTAIN, WILLIAM. Of New Jersey. Brother of James 
 and Joseph. He was in the king s service, but not in commis 
 sion. He shared in the captivity, and in the escape of James 
 and Joseph. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. He died in New 
 Brunswick about the year 1811. 
 
 BRITTENNY, JOHN. In 1783 he removed to New Brunswick, 
 and settled in King s County, where he continued to reside 
 until his decease, a period of upwards of sixty-three years. 
 He died at Greenwich in that county in 1846, in the ninety- 
 fifth year of his age. 
 
 BROCKENBOROUGH, AUSTIN. Of Virginia. The Whig Com- 
 
178 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 mittee of King George s County, after an attempt to reclaim 
 him from error, published him in April, 1775, as an enemy 
 to American liberty. Of this Committee John Washington 
 was a member. 
 
 BROCKINGTON, JOHN, Junior. Of South Carolina. He held 
 a place under the crown after the surrender of Charleston in 
 17SO. Estate confiscated. 
 
 BROOKS, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. In 1778 was pro 
 scribed and banished. 
 
 BROOKS, JOHN. Of New York. Went to England, and was 
 a member of the Loyalist Association formed in London, in 
 1779. 
 
 BROOKS, CAPTAIN . Commanded a party of plunderers. 
 
 On one occasion, early in 1783, while on an expedition in the 
 Delaware, a Methodist preacher fell into his hands, and was 
 required to preach or to be whipped to death. The minister 
 declining to give a sermon to such hearers, was tied up and 
 received nearly one hundred lashes. On his promise never to 
 serve the rebels more, he was allowed to depart, much ex 
 hausted and lacerated. 
 
 BROOMER, JOSHUA. Of Massachusetts. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. 
 
 BROTHERS, JOSEPH. He died at Carlton, New Brunswick, in 
 1836, aged seventy-two. 
 
 BROWN, DANIEL. Of Maine. Emigrated in early youth from 
 Scotland to Castine, and in the Revolution took an active- 
 part in the royal cause. At the peace he removed to New 
 Brunswick, where he passed the remainder of his days. He 
 died at St. Stephen, March, 1835, aged ninety-one, and left 
 upwards of two hundred descendants. His memory was 
 good, and the events of his life were impressed upon its 
 tablets to the last. His daughter Catharine died a few days 
 after him, aged fifty-five. 
 
 BROWN, DANIEL and BOSTWICK. Residence unknown. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and were grantees 
 of the city. 
 
 BROWN, ELIJAH. Of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Was con- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 179 
 
 fined for disaffection, and subsequently sent prisoner to Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 BROWN, HENRY B. Residence unknown. Settled in New 
 Brunswick. Was registrar of deeds and wills for the County 
 of Charlotte, and died there. 
 
 BROWN, HUGH and MALCOLM. Of South Carolina. Held 
 commissions under the crown in 1780, and lost their estates 
 under the confiscation act. 
 
 BROWN, ISAAC. Residence unknown. Was chaplain of the 
 New York Volunteers. 
 
 BROWN, ISAAC, JOSIAH, and THOMAS. Of Westchester 
 County, New York. Were Protesters against the Whigs in 
 1775. 
 
 BROWN, JACOB. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 BROWN, JAMES CALDWELL. Residence unknown. Was a 
 lieutenant in the King s Rangers Carolina. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN. Of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Was sent 
 by Congress to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania, in 
 1777, to answer for his political offences. 
 
 BROWN, JOHN. Of Virginia. Was a merchant of Norfolk. 
 On the 6th of March, 1775, the Whig Committee held him 
 up as an object of just indignation, for wilfully violating 
 the Continential Association, and in April following, it was 
 resolved, "That we will not hereafter transact any business, 
 or have any connexion with the said Brown." 
 
 BROWN, JONATHAN. Residence unknown. An ensign in the 
 Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 BROWN, LEMUEL. Residence unknown. Joined the royal 
 troops in Rhode Island in the fall of 1777. 
 
 BROWN, MELTIAH. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was com 
 mitted to jail in 1778 for disaffection to the Whig cause. 
 
 BROWN, ROGER and ARCHIBALD. Of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina. Were Addressers of Sir Henry Clinton the same year, 
 and the latter was banished, and was deprived of his pro 
 perty. 
 
 BROWN, THOMAS. Of Augusta, Georgia. Was an early 
 
180 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 victim of a mob, and was tarred and feathered, soon after the 
 division and array of parties in the Southern Colonies. He 
 entered the royal service, and commanded, as lieutenant- 
 colonel, a corps called the King s Rangers Carolina. At the 
 peace, he retired, it is believed, to Florida, and thence to the 
 Bahamas. He was known during hostilities as a sanguinary 
 and active partisan officer, and his conduct is open to severe 
 censure. 
 
 BROWN, THOMAS. Residence unknown. Embarked at Bos 
 ton for Halifax with the British army in 1776. 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a 
 captain in the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 BROWN, WILLIAM. Residence unknown. Ensign in the 
 Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 BROWN, ZACHARIAH. Residence unknown. A lieutenant in 
 De Lancey s Third Battalion, retired to the same Colony, 
 received half-pay, and died in the County of Sunbury in 
 1817, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 BROWNE, ARTHUR. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. An 
 Episcopal clergyman. Was educated at Trinity College, 
 Dublin. He was ordained by the Bishop of London, and 
 assumed the charge of a society at Providence, Rhode Island. 
 In 1736 he removed to Portsmouth, and became the first 
 minister of the Episcopal church of that town, and continued 
 his connexion until his decease. He died at Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts, in 1773, aged seventy-three. 
 
 BROWNE, EBENEZER. In 1782 he was a captain in the 
 Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 BROWNE, MARMADUKE. Son of Arthur. He was rector of 
 Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island, and died there about 
 the year 1771. His son Arthur, who died in 1805, was doctor 
 of laws, and King s professor of Greek in Trinity College, 
 Dublin, and a very eminent man. 
 
 BROWNE, WILLIAM. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was a 
 grandson of governor Burnet, a great grandson of Bishop 
 Burnet, and a connexion of Winthrop, the first resident gov 
 ernor of Massachusetts; and graduated at Harvard Univer- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 181 
 
 sity, in 1755. A member of the General Court in 1768, he 
 was one of the seventeen Rescinders. He was a Colonel of 
 the Essex County militia ; one of the ten Mandamus Counsel 
 lors who were sworn in, and a Judge of the Supreme Court. 
 He was an Addresser of Gage in 1774; was included in the 
 banishment act of 1778 ; and in the conspiracy act of the year 
 following. He was the owner of immense landed estates, 
 which were confiscated. Prior to the revolutionary troubles, 
 he enjoyed great popularity, and strong inducements were 
 held out to him to join the Whigs. After leaving Massachu 
 setts, he was appointed Governor of the Bermudas. He died 
 in England, February, 1802, at the age of sixty-five years. 
 
 BROWNELL, JEREMIAH. He died in Westmoreland County, 
 New Brunswick, in 1835, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 BROWNELL, JOSHUA. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 BROWNRIG, JOHN STUDHOLME. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace. He was grantee of a city lot. 
 
 BRUCE, DAVID. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished. In 
 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 BRUCE, JAMES. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Was proscribed 
 and banished. This gentleman, I conclude, commanded the 
 ship Eleanor ; and if so, he, like Hall, of the Dartmouth, and 
 Coflin, of the Beaver, is connected with the celebrated tea 
 controversy. The Eleanor, Captain James Bruce, arrived 
 in Boston, December 1st, 1773, with a part of the tea sent 
 over by the East India Company, which, after several days 
 of fruitless negotiation, was thrown into the harbor, at 
 Griffin s Wharf. 
 
 BRUNDAGE. Four persons of thisjiame settled at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the close of the war, of whom, Joshua, 
 Andrew, and Daniel were grantees of that city. The other, 
 Jeremiah, died at St. John in 1816, at the age of fifty-six; 
 and his widow, Elizabeth, died at the same place, in 1831, 
 aged fifty-eight. 
 
 BRUSH, . Of Cumberland County, New York. A 
 
 16 
 
182 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 member of the House of Assembly. In February, 1775, he 
 delivered a set-speech against the proposition of Mr. Thomas, 
 to elect delegates to the Second Continential Congress, which 
 was published. He was answered by Messrs. Schuyler and 
 Clinton, who spoke several times. Mr. Brush s name is found 
 continually among the "Nays" on Whig measures, and with 
 the members of the ministerial party ; and he is mentioned 
 in McFingal. 
 
 BRYAN, SAMUEL. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 BRYANT, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BRYANT, SETH. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BRYMER, ALEXANDER. Merchant of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Gage in 1775. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 In 1782 a gentleman of this name, and supposed to be the 
 same, was sworn in as a member of His Majesty s Council. 
 He died at Halifax in 1809. 
 
 BUBLER, JOSEPH. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 BUCHANAN, GILBERT. Of Maryland. He was in London in 
 1779, and addressed the King, July 6th, of that year. 
 
 BUCHANAN, WILLIAM. Innkeeper of Wilmington, Delaware. 
 A statute of 1778 declared, that his property should become 
 forfeit to the State, if he failed to surrender himself within 
 a certain day. 
 
 BUCKINGHAM, ELIAS. Of South Carolina. He held a com 
 mission under the crown after the surrender of Charleston 
 by General Lincoln in 1780. Estate confiscated. 
 
 BUCKLE, THOMAS, Senior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was ban 
 ished, and his property was confiscated. His son Thomas 
 offended in the same manner, and his person and property 
 were disposed of in the same way. 
 
 BUCKLEY, THOMAS. He went to St. John, New Brunswick 
 
 j 
 
 at the peace. He was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 183 
 
 BUDD, ELISHA. In 1782 he was an ensign in the King s 
 American Regiment. 
 
 BUDD, JONATHAN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 BUDE, JOSEPH. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 BUFFINGTON, JACOB. He settled in Charlotte County, New 
 Brunswick, and was a surveyor of lands. His surveys were 
 very accurate. He returned to the United States. 
 
 BULKLEY, GERSHAM. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 BULKLEY, PETER. Was also a member of the Association 
 at Reading. 
 
 BULL, CAPTAIN . Of New York. He was in the ser 
 vice of the crown, and his name appears in the interview be 
 tween the celebrated Mohawk, Brant, and the Whig General 
 Herkimer, at Unadilla, New York, in 1777. When the Indian 
 chief met the Whig, he was accompanied by Bull, a son of 
 Sir William Johnson by Brandt s sister Mary, or Molly, and 
 about forty warriors. During the meeting, Herkimer de 
 manded the surrender of several Tories, which Brant pe 
 remptorily refused. This was the last conference held with 
 the hostile Mohawks. 
 
 BULL, GEORGE. He was born in the city of New York. In 
 17 82 he was a lieutenant of cavalry in the American Legion 
 under Arnold. He retired on half-pay at the peace, and 
 settled in New Brunswick. He died at Woodstock in 1838, 
 at the age of eighty-six. 
 
 Bull, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. His father, Honorable 
 William Bull, was Lieutenant-governor of that Colony, and 
 died in 1755, aged seventy-two. The subject of this notice 
 was a native of South Carolina, and is supposed to have been 
 the first American who obtained a degree in medicine. He 
 was a pupil of Boerhaave. Returning to this country after 
 completing his studies, he rose to distinction in literature, 
 medical science, and politics. In 1751 he was a member of 
 the Council; in 1763 Speaker of the House of Delegates; 
 
184 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and in 1764 Lieutenant-governor of South Carolina. In the 
 last office he continued many years, and was commander- 
 in-chief of the Colony. He accompanied the British troops to 
 England in 1782, and, continuing there, died in London, July 
 4, 1791, aged eighty-one. 
 
 BULYEA, ABRAHAM. He settled in New Brunswick in 1783 ; 
 and died in King s County in that Colony in 1833, aged sev 
 enty-seven. 
 
 BULYEA, JOHN. In 1795 he was a member of the Loyal 
 Artillery of St. John, New Brunswick. Sarah, his widow, 
 died in King s County, New Brunswick, in 1843, aged nine 
 ty-nine, leaving six children, fifty-five grand-children, and 
 fifty-seven great grand-children. 
 
 BUMPUS, THOMAS. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BUNNEL, ISAAC. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 BUNTING, ROLAND. He died at Loch Lomond, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1839, at the great age of one hundred years. 
 
 BURCH, WILLIAM. Commissioner of the Customs, Boston. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778 ; and included in the 
 conspiracy act of 1779. 
 
 BURD, JOHN. Butcher, of Philadelphia. In 1778 the 
 Council of Pennsylvania ordered, that failing to surrender 
 himself to some Judge of a Court, or to a Justice of the 
 Peace, prior to December 15th, to abide a legal trial for trea 
 son, he should stand attainted. 
 
 BURDEN, THOMAS. Of Massachusetts. He arrived at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, with his wife and seven children, in 
 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 BURDEN, WILLIAM. Of Massachusetts. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. 
 
 BURGE, DAVID. Blacksmith of Solebnry, Pennsylvania. In 
 1778 the Council ordered, that he appear and abide a trial for 
 treason, or that he stand attainted. 
 
 BURGES, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 185 
 
 BURKE, John. Of the Manor of Moorland, Pennsylvania. 
 In 1778 the Council ordered him to surrender and abide a 
 legal trial for treason, or to stand attainted. 
 
 BURKETT, JOHN. Waterman, of Philadelphia. In 1778 the 
 Council of Pennsylvania ordered, that unless he appeared and 
 was tried for treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 BURLING, JOSEPH. Of Jamaica, Long Island, New York. 
 A signer of the Declaration in 1775. 
 
 BURLOCK, WIDOW HESTER. Of Norwalk, Connecticut. She 
 arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, with one child, in the 
 ship Union, in the spring of 1783. 
 
 BURN, PATRICK. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 BURNET, MATHIAS. Of Jamaica, New York. He was born 
 in New Jersey, and graduated at Princeton College, in 1769. 
 He was settled at Jamaica in 1775, and continued with his 
 people during the war. After the peace, and in 1785, he was 
 compelled, by the force of party spirit, to dissolve the connex 
 ion. It is said that he was the only Presbyterian minister of 
 Queen s County who was reputed to be a friend to government. 
 His wife was an Episcopalian, and, removing to Norwalk, 
 Connecticut, he took charge of a church of that communion. 
 He died at Norwalk in 1806. 
 
 BURNHAM, CHARLES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BURNS, GEORGE. In 1782 he was a captain in the Royal 
 Fensible Americans. 
 
 BURR, ABEL, ABEL Junior, JONATHAN, and JOSEPH. Of Fair- 
 field County, Connecticut. Were members of the Reading 
 Loyalist Association. 
 
 BURR, HUDSON. Hatter, of Philadelphia. Was required 
 by a proclamation of the executive Council in 1778, to 
 surrender himself for trial for treason, or stand attainted. 
 
 BURRIS, SAMUEL. A Whig soldier. In 1778 he was tried 
 on a charge of attempting to desert to the royal side. He 
 confessed his guilt, and was sentenced to receive one hundred 
 lashes. 
 
 16* 
 
186 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 BURROUGHS, JOHN. He was at Halifax in July, 1776, a 
 Loyalist Refugee. 
 
 BURROUGHS, JOHN, Junior. Of Boston. A Protester against 
 the Whigs in 1774. 
 
 BURROWS, WILLIAM. Of Little Creek, Delaware. In 1773 
 it was declared by law, that his estate would become forfeit 
 to the State, on his failing to appear and take his trial for 
 treason, on or before the first of August of that year. 
 
 BURT, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1 780. He was banished in 
 1782. His property was confiscated. 
 
 BURTIS. Seven persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To 
 wit: Elias, John, John, Carman, John, James, John. Two 
 others of the name of Burtis, and probably of the same 
 family, went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and 
 were grantees of the city. These were William, who died 
 at St. John in 1835, at the age of seventy-five ; and Thomas, 
 whose fate has not been ascertained. 
 
 BURTON, WILLIAM. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774, and one of the Addressers of Hutchinson the 
 same year. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 BURWELL, WILLIAM. Of Newtown, Connecticut. In 1775 
 he acted as the clerk, or secretary, of a public meeting that 
 passed several votes in opposition to the Whigs. 
 
 BURY, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 BUSH, DAVID. Of Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 BUSSING, PETER, Junior. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 A Protester at White Plains. His father s name is to be 
 found on the Protest, but was placed there without au 
 thority. 
 
 BUSKIRK, HENRY. Of New York. He removed to Nova 
 Scotia in 1783, and was many years a magistrate of King s 
 County. He died at Aylesford, Nova Scotia, in 1841. 
 
 BUSTIN, THOMAS. Of Virginia. He joined the royal army 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 187 
 
 at New York after the commencement of hostilities ; and at 
 the peace removed to St. John, New Brunswick, where he 
 lived until his decease, some years since, at the age of ninety- 
 Seven children survived him. 
 
 BUTLER, Captain - . He was a Tory leader, whose 
 crimes and ferocity were well known in the region of the Pe- 
 dee. During a period of Whig ascendency in that part of 
 South Carolina, he went into General Marion s camp at Birch s 
 Mills, and submitting himself, claimed the protection which 
 the Whig officer had granted to some other Loyalists who 
 had preceded him. Against this, some of Marion s officers, 
 whose friends had suffered at Butler s hands, protested. But 
 Marion took the humbled Butler to his own tent, and declared 
 that he would protect him at the hazard of his own life. The 
 officers, still determined to indulge their hate, sent their com 
 mander an offensive message to the effect, that "Butler should 
 be dragged to death from his tent," and that, "to defend such 
 a wretch was an insult to humanity." Marion was not to be 
 intimidated; and though the meeting among his followers 
 threatened to be formidable, he succeeded in conveying Butler 
 under a strong guard to a place of safety. 
 
 BUTLER, GILLAM. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished. He went to Halifax with the British troops. 
 
 BUTLER, JAMES. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 BUTLER, JOHN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. I know of no men of the Revolution so entirely infa 
 mous as the Butlers, father and son. Before the war, Colonel 
 Butler was in close official connexion with Sir William, Sir 
 John, and Colonel Guy Johnson, and followed their political 
 fortunes. At the breaking out of hostilities, he commanded a 
 regiment of New York militia, and entered at once into the 
 military service of the crown. During the war his wife was 
 taken prisoner, and exchanged for the wife of the Whig Colonel 
 Campbell. The deeds of rapine, of murder, of hellish hue, 
 which were perpetrated by Butler s corps, cannot be related 
 here. It is sufficient, for the purpose of these Notes, to say, 
 
1S8 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 that he commanded the sixteen hundred incarnate fiends who 
 desolated Wyoming. I feel quite willing to allow, that his 
 tory has recorded barbarities which were not committed. But 
 though Butler did not permit or directly authorize women to 
 be driven into the forest where they became mothers, and 
 where their infants were eaten by wild beasts, and though cap 
 tive officers may not have been held upon fires with pitch 
 forks until they were burned to death ; sufficient remains 
 undoubted, to stamp his conduct with the deepest, darkest, 
 most damning guilt. The human mind can hardly frame an 
 argument, which shall clear the fame of Butler from obloquy 
 and reproach. To admit even as a solved question, that the 
 Loyalists were in the right, and that they were bound by the 
 clearest rules of duty, to bear arms in defence of lawful and 
 existing institutions, and to put down the rebellion, will do 
 Butler no good. For, whatever the force of such a plea in 
 the minds of those who urge it, he was still bound to observe 
 the laws of civilized warfare. 
 
 That he, and he alone, will be regarded by posterity as the 
 real and responsible actor in the business and slaughter at 
 Wyoming, may be considered, perhaps, as certain. The 
 chieftain Brant, was, for a time, held accountable, but the 
 better information of later years transfers the guilt from the 
 savage to the man of Saxon blood. There was nothing for 
 which the Mohawk s family labored more earnestly than to 
 show, that their renowned head was not implicated in this 
 bloody tragedy, and that the accounts of historians, and the 
 enormities recounted in Campbell s verse, as far as they relate 
 to him, are untrue. It has been said very commonly, that 
 the Colonel Butler, who was of the Whig force at Wyoming, 
 and Colonel John, were kinsmen; but this, too, has been con 
 tradicted. The late Edward D. Griffin, a youth, a writer 
 and a poet of rare promise, and a grandson of the former, 
 denied the relationship. 
 
 Colonel John Butler was richly rewarded for his services. 
 Succeeding, in part, to the agency of Indian affairs long 
 held by the Johnsons he enjoyed, about the year 1796, a sal- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 189 
 
 ary of 500 sterling per annum, and a pension as a military 
 officer of 200 more. Previously, he had received a grant of 
 five hundred acres of land, and a similar provision for his 
 children. His home, after the war, was in Upper Canada. 
 He was attainted during the contest, by the act of New York, 
 and his property confiscated. Colonel Butler lived before the 
 Revolution in the present town of Mohawk. His dwelling 
 was of one story, with two windows in front, and a door in 
 the centre. It was standing in 1842, and was then owned 
 and occupied by Mr. Wilson. The site is pleasant and com 
 manding, and overlooks the valley of the Mohawk. 
 
 BUTLER, JOSIAH. He died at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1812, aged fifty. 
 
 BUTLER, WALTER N. Son of Colonel John Butler. Entered 
 the British service, and became a major. His name is con 
 nected with some of the most infamous transactions of the 
 Revolution. While a lieutenant under St. Leger, he was 
 taken prisoner at the house of a Loyalist who lived near 
 Fort Dayton, and was put upon his trial as a spy, convicted 
 and received sentence of death. But at the intercession of 
 several American officers who had known him while a student 
 at law in Albany, his life was spared by a reprieve. The 
 friends of the Butler family, in consequence of his alleged ill- 
 health, induced his removal from rigorous confinement to a 
 private house under guard, and he soon escaped, and joined 
 his father. It is believed, that he took mortal offence at his 
 treatment while the prisoner of the Whigs, and that he re- 
 entered the service of the crown, burning with resentment and 
 thirsting for revenge. His subsequent career was short, bold, 
 cruel, and bloody. He was killed in battle in 1781, and his 
 remains were left to decay without even the rudest rites of 
 sepulture. It is represented that his disposition was so vin 
 dictive and his passions so strong, that British officers of rank 
 and humanity viewed him with horror. The late Doctor 
 Dwight a careful writer relates, that at Cherry Valley 
 he ordered a woman and child to be slain in bed, and that 
 the more merciful Brant interposed and said: "What! kill 
 
190 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 a woman and child ! No ! That child is not an enemy to 
 the king, nor a friend to the Congress. Long before he will 
 be big enough to do any mischief, the dispute will be set 
 tled." 
 
 BYINGTON, JOHN, Junior. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. 
 A member of the Reading Association. 
 
 BYLES, MATHER, D. D. Of Boston. He was born in Boston 
 in 1706, graduated at Harvard University in 1725, and was 
 ordained the first pastor of the Hollis Street Church in 1733. 
 On his mother s side, he was descended from Richard Mather 
 and John Cotton. He continued to live happily with his 
 parish until the Revolution, when, in 1776, the connexion was 
 dissolved, and never renewed. In 1777 he was denounced in 
 town-meeting, and having been by a subsequent trial pro 
 nounced guilty of attachment to the royal cause, was sen 
 tenced to confinement, and to be sent with his family to 
 England. This doom of banishment was never enforced, and 
 he was permitted to remain in Boston. He died in 1788, 
 aged eighty-two years. He was a scholar, and Pope, Lans- 
 downe, and Watts, were his correspondents. His witticisms 
 would fill many pages ; some of his finest sayings have been 
 preserved. In his pulpit, he avoided politics, and on being 
 asked the reason, replied: "I have thrown up four breast 
 works, behind which I have entrenched myself, neither of 
 which can be enforced. In the first place, I do not understand 
 politics; in the second place, you all do, every man and 
 mother s son of you ; in the third place, you have politics all 
 the week, pray let one day in seven be devoted to religion ; 
 in the fourth place, I am engaged in work of infinitely greater 
 importance ; give me any subject to preach on of more conse 
 quence than the truth I bring to you, and I will preach on it 
 the next Sabbath." On another occasion, when under sen 
 tence of the Whigs to remain in his own house under guard, 
 he persuaded the sentinel to go on an errand for him, promising 
 to perform sentinel s duty himself, and to the great amusement 
 of all, gravely marched before his own door with a musket 
 on his shoulder, until his keeper returned. This was after 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 191 
 
 his trial, and alluding to the circumstance, that he had been 
 kept prisoner, that his guard had been removed, and replaced 
 again; he said, that "he had been guarded, re-guarded, and 
 disregarded" Near his house, in wet weather, was a very bad 
 slough. It happened that two of the selectmen who had the 
 care of the streets, driving in a chaise, stuck fast in this hole, 
 and were obliged to get out in the mud to extricate their 
 vehicle. Doctor Byles came out, and making them a respectful 
 bow, said: "Gentlemen, I have often complained to you of 
 this nuisance without any attention being paid to it, and I am 
 very glad to see you stirring in this matter now." On the 
 celebrated dark day in 1780, a lady who lived near the Doctor, 
 sent her young son with her compliments, to know if he could 
 account for the uncommon appearance. His answer was : 
 " My dear, you will give my compliments to your mamma, and 
 tell her that I am as much in the dark as she is." He paid his 
 addresses unsuccessfully to a lady, who afterwards married a 
 gentleman of the name of Q,uincy ; the Doctor on meeting 
 her said : " So, madam, it appears that you prefer a Quincy 
 to Byles." " Yes, for if there had been anything worse than 
 biles, God would have afflicted Job with them." 
 
 Doctor Byles s wit created many a laugh, and many an 
 enemy. In person he was tall and commanding. His voice 
 was strong and harmonious, and his delivery graceful. His 
 first wife was a niece of Governor Belcher, the second, a 
 daughter of Lieutenant Governor Tailer. His two daughters 
 lived and died in the old family house at the corner of Nassau 
 and Tremont streets. One of them deceased in 1835, the 
 other in 1837. They were stout, unchanging Loyalists to the 
 last hour of their existence. Their thread of life was spun 
 out more than half a century after the royal government had 
 ceased in these States ; yet they retained their love of, and 
 strict adherence to, monarch and monarchies, and refused to 
 acknowledge that the Revolution had transferred their alle 
 giance to new rulers. They were repeatedly offered a great 
 price for their dwelling, but would not sell it, nor would they 
 permit improvements or alterations. They possessed old- 
 
192 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 fashioned silver-plate which they never used, and would not 
 dispose of. They worshipped in Trinity Church under which 
 their bodies now lie and wore on Sunday dresses almost as 
 old as themselves. Among their furniture was a pair of bel 
 lows two centuries old ; a table on which Franklin drank tea 
 on his last visit to Boston ; a chair which more than a hundred 
 years before the government of England had sent as a pre 
 sent to their grandfather, Lieutenant Governor Tailer. They 
 shewed to visiters commissions to their grandfather, signed by 
 Queen Anne, and three of the Georges ; and the envelope of a 
 letter from Pope to their father. They had moss, gathered 
 from the birthplace of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. They 
 talked of their walks arm in arm on Boston Common with 
 General Howe and Lord Percy, while the British army occu 
 pied Boston. They told of his Lordship s ordering his band 
 to play under their windows for their gratification. 
 
 In the progress of the improvements in Boston, a part of their 
 dwelling was removed. This had a fatal influence upon the 
 elder sister; she mourned over the sacrilege, and, it is thought, 
 died its victim. " That," said the survivor, " that is one of 
 the consequences of living in a republic. Had we been living 
 under a king, he would have cared nothing about our little 
 property, and we could have enjoyed it in our own way as 
 long as we lived. But," continued she, " there is one comfort, 
 that not a creature in the States will be any better for what 
 we shall leave behind us." She was true to her promise, for 
 the Byles estate passed to relatives in the Colonies. One of 
 these ladies of a by-gone age, wrote to William the Fourth on 
 his accession to the throne. They had known the " sailor- 
 king" during the Revolution, and now assured him, that the 
 family of Doctor Byles always had been, and would continue 
 to be, loyal to their rightful sovereign of England. 
 
 BYLES, MATHER, Junior, D. D. Of Boston. An Episcopal 
 clergyman. Son of Mather Byles, D. D. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1751, and became a minister in New 
 London, Connecticut. Dismissed in 1768, he was inducted 
 into office as the rector of Christ Church, Boston, the same 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 193 
 
 year. Of Christ Church he was the third in succession, and 
 continued to discharge his ministerial duties until 1775, when 
 the force of events compelled him to abandon his flock. In 
 1776 he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, after the 
 war, and was rector of the city, and chaplain of New Bruns 
 wick. He died at St. John in 1814. His daughter Anna mar 
 ried Thomas Deisbrisay, lieutenant-colonel of artillery in the 
 British army in 1799. His daughter Elizabeth married Will 
 iam Scovil, Esquire, of St. John, and died in 1808, at the age 
 of forty-one. His son Belcher died in England in 1815, aged 
 thirty-five. 
 
 CABLE. Loyalists of this name were numerous in Queen s 
 County, New York. In 1778 Jabez Cable, accompanied by 
 John, Jonathan, and Jared, belonged to a party that had an 
 affray with some Whigs who landed on Long Island. In 
 1783 several of the Cables removed to New Brunswick. 
 Jabez, David, John, Denbo, and Daniel, are remembered. 
 Jabez, David, and Denbo were grantees of lots in the city 
 of St. John. Daniel died at St. John in 1818, and John in 
 1827. 
 
 CABOT, WILLIAM. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Addresser 
 of Gage in 1774. He was in England in 1776. 
 
 CAGNEY, WILLIAM. Was a cornet of cavalry in the American 
 Legion. 
 
 CALDWELL, CAPTAIN . Was killed in Pennsylvania in 
 
 1780, by a Whig captain, McMahon, whom he and an In 
 dian had taken prisoner. 
 
 CALDWELL, WILLIAM. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 CALEF, JOHN. A physician and surgeon. He died at St. 
 Andrew, New Brunswick, in 1812, aged eighty-seven. 
 
 CALEF, ROBERT. Son of John Calef. Died at Norfolk, 
 Virginia, in 1801, at the age of forty-one. 
 
 CALLAGAN, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 17 
 
194 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CALLAHAN, CHARLES. Mariner of Pownalborough, now Wis- 
 casset, Maine ; was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CALLAHAN, NICHOLAS. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 CALP, PHILIP. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 he was tried for 
 attempting to carry flour to a post occupied by the royal forces, 
 and was sentenced to receive fifty lashes, and to be employed 
 on the public works during the time the British remained in 
 Pennsylvania, unless he would enter the Whig service for 
 the war. The lashes were disapproved by the Commander- 
 in-chief, and were not inflicted. 
 
 CAMERON, DONALD. Of North Carolina. Was in arms 
 against the Whigs at an early moment. In 1776 he was 
 a lieutenant, and was taken prisoner by Colonel Caswell, and 
 confined in jail. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Rangers Carolina. 
 
 CAMERON, ARCHIBALD. Of North Carolina. Was a lieuten 
 ant in the King s Rangers Carolina. 
 
 CAMERON, WILLIAM. Cooper, of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was 
 banished in 1782, and his property was confiscated. 
 
 CAMERON, ALLEN. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant 
 of cavalry in the British Legion. 
 
 CAMERON, DANIEL. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant 
 in De Lancey s Second Battalion, and adjutant of the corps. 
 
 CAMERON, JAMES and DUNCAN. Residence unknown. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and were grantees of 
 city lots. 
 
 CAMP, ABIATHAR, ABIATHAR Junior, and ELDAD. Loyalists 
 of Connecticut. Settled at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and received grants of city lots. Abiathar was one of 
 the fifty-five petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. He died 
 in New Brunswick, in 1841, aged eighty-four. He appears 
 to have been a Recanter, but, like most of this class, finally 
 became an exile. October 2d, 1775, he wrote and subscribed 
 the following : 
 
 "I, Abiathar Camp, of New Haven, in the County of New 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 195 
 
 Haven, in the Colony of Connecticut, although I well knew 
 that it was the opinion of a number of the inhabitants of said 
 town, that vessels ought not to clear out under the Restrain 
 ing Act, which opinion they had, for my satisfaction, ex 
 pressed by a vote when I was present ; and although I had 
 assured that I would not clear out my vessel under said 
 Restraining Act, did, nevertheless, cause my vessel to be 
 cleared out agreeable to said Restraining Act ; and did, after 
 I knew that the Committee of Inspection had given it as 
 their opinion, that it was most advisable that vessels should 
 not clear out under said Restraining Act, send my vessel off 
 to sea with such clearance, for which I am heartily sorry ; 
 and now publicly ask the forgiveness of all the friends of 
 America, and hope that they will restore me to charity. 
 And I do now most solemnly assure the public, though I 
 own that I have by my said conduct given them too much 
 reason to question my veracity, that I will strictly comply 
 with the directions, and fully lend my utmost assistance to 
 carry into execution all such measures as the Continential 
 Congress have or may advise to. 
 
 "ABIATHAR CAMP." 
 
 CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER. Of South Carolina. Was a captain 
 of cavalry in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER and DUNCAN. Of Granville County, 
 North Carolina. Were attainted in 1779 ; and the former 
 in 1772 was a lieutenant in the North Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 CAMPBELL, COLIN. Settled at St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the close of the war, and devoted himself to the profession 
 of the law. He died in New Brunswick. His widow, who 
 was a daughter of Bishop Seabury, died at New York in 
 1804. 
 
 CAMPBELL, COLIN. At the close of the Revolution, he re 
 moved from New York to Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where he 
 lived forty years. At one time, he was collector of the Cus 
 toms at St. Andrew, New Brunswick. He died in the County 
 of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, in 1834, aged eighty-three. 
 
196 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CAMPBELL, COLIN. Residence unknown. Was an ensign 
 in De Lancey s Second Battalion, and quartermaster of the 
 corps, and subsequently a lieutenant ; and his son, Colin 
 Campbell, Esquire, was Sheriff of Charlotte County, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 CAMPBELL, DONALD. Of North Carolina. Was an ensign 
 in the North Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 CAMPBELL, DONALD. Residence unknown. Was a captain 
 in the third battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 CAMPBELL, DONALD and JAMES. Of North Carolina. Were 
 lieutenants in the North Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 CAMPBELL, DUGALD. Residence unknown. Was a lieuten 
 ant in the King s American Regiment. 
 
 CAMPBELL, FARQUARD. Of North Carolina. Was a gentle^ 
 man of wealth, education, and influence, and regarded as a 
 " flaming Whig." Was elected a member of the Provincial 
 Congress, took his seat, and evinced much zeal in the popular 
 cause. When, however, Governor Martin abandoned his 
 palace and retreated, first to Fort Johnston, and thence to an 
 armed ship of the crown, it was ascertained that he visited 
 Campbell at his residence. And this circumstance gave rise 
 to a suspicion of his fidelity. Soon after, the Governor asked 
 Congress to give his coach and horses safe conduct to Camp 
 bell s house in the County of Cumberland. The President of 
 Congress submitted the request to that body, when Mr. Camp 
 bell rose in his place, and expressed his surprise that such 
 a proposal should have been made without his knowledge and 
 consent, and implored that his Excellency s property might 
 not thus be disposed of. On this positive disclaimer, a reso 
 lution was passed, which not only acquitted him of all impro 
 per connexion with the Governor, but asserted his devotion 
 to the Whig interests. But his character never recovered 
 from the shock, and the belief that he continued a secret 
 correspondence with the retreating representative of royalty, 
 was commonly entertained by his associates. Yet his votes, 
 his services on committees, and his course in debate, remained 
 unchanged. After the Declaration of Independence, his part 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 197 
 
 became too difficult to act, and his double dealing could no 
 longer be concealed. In the fall of 1776 he was seized at his 
 own house while entertaining a party of Loyalists, and borne 
 off for trial. His name next appears in the revolutionary an 
 nals of North Carolina, in the banishment and confiscation act. 
 
 CAMPBELL, GEORGE. Residence unknown. Was lieutenant- 
 colonel in the King s American Regiment. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was a major of 
 the Second American Regiment. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. Was tried in 1778 on 
 the charge of supplying the royal troops with provisions, 
 and found guilty. For this offence he was sentenced to be 
 confined at hard work for one month. At a later time in 
 the same year, he was ordered by proclamation to appear 
 and take his trial for treason within a specified day, on pain 
 of being attainted. 
 
 CAMPBELL, JOHN. Of North Carolina. Was a captain in 
 the Tory force that encountered Colonel Caswell in 1776, 
 and was slain. 
 
 CAMPBELL, MCCARTIN. Of South Carolina. His estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent, of its value in 1782. 
 
 CAMPBELL, PATRICK. Residence unknown. Was a captain 
 in the second battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 CAMPBELL, PETER. Of Trenton, New Jersey. He entered 
 the military service of the crown, and at the peace was a 
 captain in the New Jersey Volunteers. He had property in 
 Pennsylvania, and was directed by the executive council of 
 that State to surrender himself for trial within a specified 
 time, or stand attainted of treason. He settled in New Bruns 
 wick, and received half-pay. He died at Maugerville in that 
 Colony in 1822, and was buried at Fredericton. 
 
 CAMPBELL, WALTER. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a 
 captain in De Lancey s Second Battalion, and at the close of 
 the war settled in New Brunswick, received half-pay, and died 
 at Musquash, New Brunswick. 
 
 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1775 
 the committee of that town appointed to watch and deal with 
 17* 
 
198 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the disaffected, resolved to send him to the Provincial Congress 
 at Watertown, to be disposed of as that body, or the Com 
 mander-in-chief at Cambridge, should think proper; "it being 
 judged highly improper that he should tarry any longer " at 
 Worcester. He was at Boston in 1776, and embarked with 
 the royal army at the evacuation. In 1783 he was at New 
 York, and one of the fifty petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. 
 See Abijah Willard. He went to Halifax in the last men 
 tioned year, where he remained in 1786, when he removed to 
 St. John, New Brunswick. He was mayor of St. John twenty 
 years, and died in that city in 1823, aged eighty-two. Eliza 
 beth, his widow, died in 1824, at the age of eighty-four. 
 Agnes, his only daughter, died at St. John in 1840, aged 
 seventy-eight. 
 
 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. Lost his estate 
 under the confiscation act in 1*779. 
 
 CAMPBELL, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. Failing to appear 
 and be tried for treason, was to be attainted, by an order of 
 the Council of October 30, 1778. 
 
 CANBY, JOSEPH. Of Pennsylvania. He went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He commenced business as a merchant. In 1795 he was a 
 member of the company of Loyal Artillery. He was killed 
 by falling from a wharf in 1814, at the age of fifty-seven. 
 
 CANE, BARNEY. He boasted of having killed upon Diamond 
 Island, Lake George, a gentleman named Hopkins, who was 
 there with a number of others on an excursion of pleasure. 
 "Several were killed by our party," said Cane, "among 
 whom was one woman who had a sucking child, which was 
 not hurt. This we put to the breast of its dead mother, and 
 so we left it. Hopkins was only wounded, but, with the butt 
 of my gun, and the third blow, I laid him dead." 
 
 CANER, HENRY, D. D. He graduated at Yale College in 
 1724, and in 1727 went to England for ordination. For some 
 years, subsequently, his ministry was confined to Norwalk 
 and Fairfield, Connecticut; but in 1747 he was inducted into 
 office as rector of the First Episcopal Church, (King s Chapel) 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 199 
 
 Boston. The troubles of the Revolution drove him from his 
 flock in 1776, in which year he was at Halifax. He went to 
 England, and resided there until his death, in 1792, aged nine 
 ty-two. He was proscribed and banished, under the stat 
 ute of Massachusetts in 1778. His talents were good, his 
 manners agreeable, and he was highly esteemed by his people. 
 The Society of King s Chapel was formed in 1686. The 
 church was of wood. In 1749 the corner stone of the present 
 edifice was laid by Governor Shirley. The site was formerly 
 owned, or a part of it, by Johnson, the founder of Boston, and 
 his residence was in front of it ; and at his request his remains 
 were deposited in the burial ground attached to it. Beneath 
 the church are vaults or tombs, and in them lie the mortal 
 remains of many distinguished men. 
 
 CANFIELD, . Of Northampton, Massachusetts. He was 
 
 a Whig, and a soldier in the first New Hampshire regiment, 
 but deserted and joined the Rangers. While on a plundering 
 excursion in 1782 he was captured, tried for his life, and sen 
 tenced to be executed at Saratoga on the 6th of June of that 
 year. 
 
 CAPE, BRIAN. Of South Carolina. An officer under the 
 crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confiscated. 
 
 CAPEN, HOPESTILL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. He was a Sandemanian. 
 
 CAPERS, GABRIEL. Of South Carolina. An officer under 
 the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. Probably a Whig at first ; as in 1775 he was a mem 
 ber of the Provincial Congress, and was placed upon an 
 important standing committee of that body. His wife, and 
 his daughter Catharine, (wife of Hugh Patterson, Esquire,) 
 died at Charleston in 1808. 
 
 CARD, ELIJAH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 GARDEN, JOHN. In 1782 he was major of the Prince of 
 Wales American Volunteers. 
 
 CARLE, THOMAS. Of Duchess County, New York. He 
 
200 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, accompanied by his 
 wife and six children, in 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 CARLISLE, ABRAHAM. Of Philadelphia. When the royal 
 troops took possession of that city, he received a commission 
 from Sir William Howe, to watch and guard its entrances, 
 and to grant passports. For this offence he was tried for his 
 life in 1778, and having been found guilty of an overt act of 
 aiding and assisting the enemy, was executed. Thomas 
 McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and 
 at that time Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, presided at the 
 trial. In 1779, and after his death, the estate of Carlisle was 
 confiscated. 
 
 CARMAN, RICHARD. Of New York. Went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 Sarah, his widow, died in the county of York, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1835, aged seventy-one. Several persons of the 
 name of Carman, of Queen s County, New York, acknowl 
 edged allegiance to Lord Richard and Sir William Howe in 
 1776. 
 
 CARMICHAEL, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CARNE, SAMUEL. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator of 
 Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated, and he was banished. 
 
 CARFENTER, COLES, JACOB, ISAAC, JAMES, JOHN, JOSEPH, JOSHUA, 
 and NEHEMIAH. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknow 
 ledged allegiance, October, 1776. Nehemiah signed a Decla 
 ration of loyalty in 1775. In 1778 the house of Jacob was 
 entered and robbed by a party from Connecticut. Their 
 leader was one Carehart, who pretended to be a friend of 
 government, and who was treated with the greatest hospi 
 tality and kindness by Carpenter and others whom he plun 
 dered. 
 
 CARPENTER, THOMAS. Was an ensign in De Lancey s Third 
 Battalion, and an adjutant of the corps. He went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees 
 of that city. He received half-pay. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 201 
 
 CARPENTER, WILLET. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783, 
 and died at St. John in 1833, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 CARR, PARCIFER. Of the Unadilla Settlement, New York. 
 Was on terms of intimacy with Brant. In 1778 the chief 
 tain wrote to him for provisions, men, guns, and ammunition, 
 and said: "I mean now to fight the cruel rebels as well 
 as I can." 
 
 CARRINGTON, ABRAHAM. Of Milford, Connecticut. Accom 
 panied by his wife, he went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 CARSON, ARCHIBALD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CARSON, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. Went to England; 
 was in London in 1779, and addressed the king. 
 
 CARTELYOU, AARON. Of New York. Announced his inten 
 tion of removing to Nova Scotia, July, 1783, and was one 
 0f the fifty-five petitioners for grants of land in that Colony. 
 See Abijah Willard. 
 
 CARTELYOU, SIMON. Of New Utrecht, New York. Was 
 seized by the eccentric Whig partisan, Captain Marriner, and 
 carried prisoner to New Jersey, because he had been uncivil 
 to some Whigs who were prisoners. But Marriner carried off, 
 also, his tankard, and several other articles, without a pre 
 tence, and without excuse. 
 
 CARVER, CALEB and MELZER. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. 
 Were proscribed and banished in 1778. The latter embarked 
 at Boston with the royal army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 CARY, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. Ir^l775 an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 CASCIS, DANIEL. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 CASE, ELISHA. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 CASEY, JAMES. Of South Carolina. An officer under the 
 crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confiscated. 
 
 CASSELS, JAMES. Of Georgetown, South Carolina. An officer 
 
202 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 CASWELL, JOSEPH. Of Massachusetts. In 1783 he went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, accompanied by 
 his wife and four children. 
 
 CATER, STEPHEN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 CAVERLY, PETER. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of the 
 Declaration in 1775. 
 
 CAZNEAU, ANDREW. Of Boston. His name is found among 
 the Addressers of Hutchinson in 1774, and among those of 
 Gage in 1776, and in the banishment and proscription act 
 of 1778. He was educated to the bar; was a barrister 
 of law and a Judge of Admiralty ; and a gentleman of 
 character, talents, and virtue. In 1775 he went to England, 
 but not remaining long there, took up his residence in Ber 
 muda, where he held an honorable post under the crown. 
 He returned to Boston in 1788, and passed the remainder of 
 his days in his native land. His wife was Hannah, the 
 daughter of John Hammock, Esquire, merchant of Boston, by 
 whom he received a fortune of eighty thousand dollars. An 
 only daughter survived him. In 1790 she married Thomas 
 Brewer, Esquire, a merchant of Boston, who, as is supposed, 
 perished about the year 1812 ; while on a voyage from the 
 Cape of Good Hope to Sumatra. The property of Mr. Caz- 
 neau escaped the confiscation act, and was inherited by Mrs. 
 Brewer. That lady has been the mother of eleven children, 
 seven of whom survive. A venerable relic of the "old school 
 of manners, respected and beloved, she still survives at East- 
 port, Maine, at the age of seventy-four years. 
 
 CAZNEAU, WILLIAM. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin 
 son in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. In 1775 an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 CECIL, LEONARD. Of Maryland. Went to England. In 
 July, 1779, he was in London, and met with other Loyalists 
 at the Crown and Anchor Tavern. 
 
 CEELY, JOHN. Petty officer of the Customs. He went with 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 203 
 
 the British Army to Halifax, at the evacuation of Boston 
 in 1776. 
 
 CHACE, AMMI and LEVI. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. 
 Were proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CHACE, SHADE ACH. Of Massachusetts. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. In 1782 he was an ensign in De Lancey s 
 Third Battalion. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. He 
 received half-pay. His death occurred in New Brunswick 
 about the year 1829. 
 
 CHADWAL, SAMUEL. Petty officer of the Customs. Embark 
 ed at Boston for Halifax with the British army in 1776. 
 
 CHALMERS, GEORGE. Of Maryland. Was a native of Scot 
 land, and was born in 1742. After receiving an education at 
 King s College, Aberdeen, and after studying law at Edin 
 burgh, he emigrated to Maryland, and entered upon the prac 
 tice of his profession. The revolutionary troubles caused his 
 return to England, where he was soon appointed to office. 
 For many years he filled the station of chief clerk of the 
 Committee of the Privy Council. He died in England in 
 1825, aged eighty-two. He possessed rare opportunities for 
 the examination of State-papers, which he diligently improv 
 ed. His historical works were numerous, are highly esteemed, 
 and generally cited by annalists. His Political Annals of the 
 United Colonies appeared in 1780 ; his Estimate of the 
 Strength of Great Britain, in 1782 ; his Opinions on subjects 
 of Law and Policy, arising from American Independence, in 
 1784 ; his Opinions of Lawyers on English Jurisprudence, in 
 1814; and his Life of Mary Queen of Scots, in 1822. He 
 published other works. In 1845, his Introduction to the 
 History of the Revolt of the British Colonies was issued at 
 Boston. Its publication was commenced in England during 
 the Revolution, but was abandoned, and the part printed 
 suppressed. As Mr. Chalmers had access to the highest 
 sources of information, as he possessed remarkable indus 
 try, and a very commendable degree of truthfulness, the In 
 troduction is to be regarded as a valuable addition to our 
 
204 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 books of history. It embraces a political view of all the 
 Colonies, and of the whole period between the early settle 
 ments in Virginia and the close of the reign of George the 
 Second. But the author s dislike to New England was un 
 conquerable, and is sometimes manifested at the expense 
 of truth and propriety. His opening passage is singular, 
 and thus: "Whether the famous achievements of Colum 
 bus introduced the greatest good or evil by discovering a 
 new world to the old, has in every succeeding age offered a 
 subject for disputation." Perhaps were he now alive he might 
 so far yield his prejudices as to admit, that the " good of the 
 achievement " greatly predominates over the " evil." He was 
 a stout, and it is readily conceded, an honest Loyalist. But 
 since he would have kept the new world in a state of vassal 
 age to the old, and would have had our country to remain 
 as it was when he wrote of it, there need be no better refuta 
 tion of his political errors, than can be found in contrasting 
 his own account of our condition as Colonies with our present 
 wealth, power, and prosperity. 
 
 CHALMERS, GILBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished. 
 In 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 CHALMERS, ISAAC. In 1782 he was surgeon s mate of the 
 North Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 CHALMERS, JAMES. Of Maryland. He was a gentleman of 
 consideration in his neighborhood, and raised and commanded 
 a corps called the Maryland Loyalists, with the rank of lieu 
 tenant-colonel. Though more successful than Colonel Clifton, 
 he does not appear to have completed his quota of recruits. 
 His corps was in service in 1782, but was very deficient in 
 numbers. 
 
 CHALONER, NIAYON. Settled in New Brunswick, and was 
 register of deeds and wills for King s County. He died at 
 Kingston in that County in 1835. 
 
 CHALONER, WALTER. Of Rhode Island, and Sheriff of the 
 County of Newport. He was at New York in 1782, a deputy 
 commissary of prisoners. In 1783 he was one of the fifty-five 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 205 
 
 petitioners for lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the close of the con 
 test, and was a grantee of that city. He died at St. John in 
 1796. Ann, his widow, died in 1803. Elizabeth, his daugh 
 ter, in 1814, and John, his son, in 1827. 
 
 CHALTERTON, MICHAEL. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 A Protester, (fee. 
 
 CHANDLER, COLONEL . Of Cumberland County, New 
 
 York. Was Chief Justice of the County Court. During the 
 difficulties between the Whigs and Loyalists in Cumberland 
 in 1775, which ended in bloodshed, as is related in the notice 
 of W. Patterson, Esquire, he appears to have conducted with 
 prudence, and to have used his exertions to prevent the melan 
 choly consequences which resulted from the unwise proceed 
 ings of other adherents of the crown. 
 
 CHANDLER, GARDNER. Trader, of Hardwick, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CHANDLER, JOHN. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1 774 
 he was driven from his seat and family, and sought pro 
 tection at Boston. In 1776 he accompanied the royal army 
 to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. The 
 late President D wight spoke of Mr. Chandler and his family 
 as distinguished for talents and virtue. 
 
 CHANDLER, JOSHUA. Of New Haven, Connecticut. In 1775 
 he was a member of the House of Assembly. In August, 1782, 
 he addressed to Governor William Franklin a letter in behalf 
 of the Loyalists of that State. The Honorable Joshua Upham, 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, married his 
 daughter. Mr. Chandler removed to Nova Scotia at the close 
 of the war, and perished in crossing the Bay of Fundy. 
 William, son of Joshua, conducted the royal forces to New 
 Haven in 1779. 
 
 CHANDLER, NATHANIEL. Died at Portland, New Brunswick, 
 in 1816. 
 
 CHANDLER, NATHANIEL. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. Son 
 of Colonel John Chandler. Graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1768 ; and commenced the practice of the law. He was one 
 18 
 
206 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ^ 
 
 of the eighteen country gentlemen who addressed Gage on his 
 departure in 1775. In 1776 he went to Halifax. In 1778 he 
 was proscribed and banished. Entering the British service, 
 he led a corps of volunteers. Returning after the Revolution, 
 he died at Worcester, in 1801, aged fifty-one years. 
 
 CHANDLER, RUFUS. A lawyer, of Worcester. Son of Colonel 
 John Chandler. Was born at Worcester in 1747, and graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1766. He was one of the barristers 
 and attornies who were Addressers of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 In 1776 he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. He died in London, October, 1823, aged seventy- 
 six years. 
 
 CHANDLER, SAMUEL, D. D. An Episcopal clergyman of 
 New York. He was one of the earliest in that city to declare 
 his opposition to the course of the Whigs, when the difficulties 
 between the colonies and the mother country approached to a 
 crisis ; and was regarded as one of the leaders of the loyal 
 party. In McFingal he is alluded to as "a high church and 
 Tory writer." He went to England in 1775. 
 * CHANDLER, WILLIAM. Was a captain in the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. 
 
 CHANDLER, WILLIAM. Son of Colonel John Chandler of 
 Worcester, Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1772, and died July, 1793, at Worcester, aged forty years. 
 He was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who were 
 driven from their homes to Boston, and who addressed Gage 
 on his departure in 1775. In 1776 he went to Halifax. He 
 was proscribed under the act of 1778, but returned to Massa 
 chusetts after the close of the Revolution. 
 
 CHAPMAN, ABRAHAM, Junior. Was a lieutenant of cavalry 
 in the British Legion. 
 
 CHAPMAN, JOHN. Was a magistrate in New Brunswick, 
 and died at Dorchester, in that Colony, in 1833, aged seventy- 
 two. 
 
 CHAPMAN, SAMUEL. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 he was re 
 quired by proclamation to surrender himself and abide a trial, 
 on the charge of treason. This he failed to do, but falling 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 207 
 
 into the hands of the Whigs at a subsequent period, he was 
 tried for his offences in 1781. Much to the disappointment of 
 the " violent Whigs," he was acquitted. The Samuel Chap 
 man who, in 1782, was a lieutenant of cavalry in the British 
 Legion, (a Loyalist corps), may have been the same. 
 
 CHAPMAN, THOMAS. Was in the military service of the 
 crown, and in 1782 a captain in the King s American Regi 
 ment. 
 
 CHEW, BENJAMIN. Of Pennsylvania. Was Recorder of Phil 
 adelphia, Register of Wills, and Attorney General, and, finally, 
 Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. His course was doubtful in 
 the early part of the controversy, and he was claimed by both 
 parties. In 1774 Washington dined with him. In 1776 his 
 opposition to the Whigs was fixed, and he retired to private 
 life. In 1777 he refused to sign a parole, and was sent pris 
 oner to Fredericksburgh, Virginia. After the Revolution, 
 in 1790, he was appointed President of the High Court of 
 Errors and Appeals, and held the office until the tribunal was 
 abolished in 1806. He died in 1810, aged eighty-seven. His 
 father, the Honorable Samuel Chew, was of the religion of the 
 Friends, and a judge and physician. 
 
 CHEW, JOSEPH. Of New London, Connecticut. Was a 
 commissary in the royal service, and in 1777 he was taken 
 prisoner by a party of Whigs at Sag Harbor. 
 
 CHEW, JOSEPH. A magistrate of Tryon, now Montgomery, 
 County. New York. Signed a Declaration of loyalty in 1775. 
 In 1792 he was in Canada, an officer under Sir John John 
 son, and in correspondence with Brant, in relation to pend 
 ing difficulties with the United States. 
 
 CHEW, WILLIAM. He was a lieutenant in a corps of Loy 
 alists. He settled in New Brunswick at the close of the war? 
 and received half-pay. He died at Fredericton in 1812, aged 
 sixty-four. 
 
 CHICK, JOHN and JOHANNES. Of Long Island, New York. 
 Arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, 
 in the ship Union ; the latter accompanied by his wife and 
 two children. 
 
208 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ^ 
 
 CHIPMAN, GEORGE. Who held the office of Sheriff of the 
 same County for twenty-nine years, died at Kentville, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1838, aged sixty-four. 
 
 CHIPMAN, JOHN. He died in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 
 1836, aged ninety-one. He held the office of custos rotu- 
 lorum, for the County of King s. 
 
 CHIPMAN, WARD. Of Massachusetts. He was born in 
 1754, and graduated at Harvard University in 1770. In 
 1775 he was driven from his habitation to Boston, and was 
 one of the eighteen country gentlemen who that year were 
 Addressers of Gage. He left Boston at the evacuation in 
 1776, and went to Halifax, and thence to England, where 
 he was allowed a pension. Relinquishing his stipend in less 
 than a year, he returned to his native country, and joined 
 the king s troops at New York. During the remainder of 
 the war, he was employed in the military department and 
 Court of Admiralty. In 1782 he held the office of Deputy 
 Muster Master General of the Loyalist forces. In 1783 he 
 was one of the fifty-five, who petitioned for extensive grants 
 of lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. Removing 
 to New Brunswick, he attained the highest honors. He was a 
 member of the House of Assembly, Advocate General, Solicitor 
 General, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, member of the 
 Council, and President and Commander-in-chief of the Colony. 
 He died at Fredericton, the capital, in 1824. His remains 
 were taken to St. John, where a tablet recites his public ser 
 vices. The wife of the Honorable William Gray, of Boston, 
 was his sister. His son, and only child, the Honorable Ward 
 Chipman, graduated at Harvard University in 1805, and is 
 now Chief Justice of New Brunswick ; he resides at St. John, 
 possesses a large estate, and has no children. 
 
 CHIPMAN, WILLIAM ALLEN. Died at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, 
 in 1845, aged eighty-nine. He lived with his wife sixty-eight 
 years; she and numerous descendants survived him. 
 
 CHISHOLM, ALEXANDER and W. Of South Carolina. Were 
 amerced twelve per cent, of the value of their estates in 
 1782. Another Alexander was a lieutenant in the Royal 
 Garrison Battalion the same year. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 209 
 
 f 
 
 CHRISTIE, CN. Of Maryland. He adhered to the royal 
 army, and his estate was confiscated. But the act did not 
 apply to his debts ; since, after the Revolution, he recovered 
 of Colonel Richard Graves of that State upwards of 1200 
 sterling for a debt due him before the war. 
 
 CHRISTIE, JAMES, Junior. Merchant, of Baltimore. In July, 
 1775, the Committee of that city published him " as an enemy 
 to his country," for sentiments contained in a letter written 
 by him to Lieutenant Colonel Gabriel Christie of the British 
 army, which letter had been intercepted and laid before them. 
 Regarding " his crime of a dangerous and atrocious nature," 
 the Committee determined to consult their delegates at the 
 Continental Congress, and meantime to keep a guard at his 
 house to prevent his escape ; he to pay the expense thereof, 
 "each man five shillings for each twenty-four hours, and 
 the officers seven shillings and sixpence." This Committee 
 was large, and on this occasion thirty-four members were 
 present; the vote against Christie was unanimous. He had 
 recently lost his wife, and was at this time sick and con 
 fined to his bed. 
 
 CHRISTIE, THOMAS. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 CHRYSTAL, JOHN. Was surgeon of the Pennsylvania Loy 
 alists. 
 
 CHUBB, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. Went to St. John, New 
 Bruswickj at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. In 
 1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery Company. 
 He died in 1822, aged sixty-nine. His son, Henry Chubb, 
 Esquire, is the proprietor of the St. John Courier. 
 
 CHURCH, DOCTOR BENJAMIN. Of Massachusetts. Proscribed 
 and banished. He was equally distinguished as a scholar, 
 physician, poet and politician, and among the Whigs he stood 
 as prominent, and was as active and as popular, as either War 
 ren, Hancock, or Samuel Adams. He was educated at Har 
 vard University, and graduated in 1754. About 1768 he built 
 an elegant house at Raynham, which occasioned pecuniary 
 embarrassments, and it has been conjectured that his diffi- 
 18* 
 
210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 culties from this source caused his defection from the Whig 
 cause. However this may be, he was regarded as a traitor, 
 having been suspected of communicating intelligence to Gov 
 ernor Gage, and of receiving a reward in money therefor. 
 His crime was subsequently proved, Washington presiding, 
 when he was convicted of holding a criminal correspondence 
 with the enemy. After his trial by a court martial, he was 
 examined before the Provincial Congress, of which body he 
 was a member, and though he made an ingenious and able 
 defence, was expelled. In 1776 he was allowed to depart 
 the country; and embarked for the West Indies. He was 
 never heard of after, and doubtless he and all with him 
 perished. 
 
 CLAREY, DANIEL. Of Ninety-Six, South Carolina. An officer 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 CLARK, BENJAMIN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. 
 
 CLARK, JAMES. Of Edisto, South Carolina. His estate was 
 amerced in 1782. 
 
 CLARK, JAMES. Of Rhode Island. Went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that 
 city. He died at St. John in 1820, aged ninety. His son 
 James died at the same place in 1803, at the age of forty-one. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN. This gentleman is now living (August, 1846,) 
 at St. John, New Brunswick. He arrived at that city on 
 the twenty-ninth of June, 1783, at which time only two log 
 huts had been erected on its site. He received the same year 
 the grant of the lot on which he has since resided. The 
 government gave him, and every other grantee, five hundred 
 feet of very ordinary boards towards covering their buildings. 
 City lots sold in 1783 from two to twenty dollars. He 
 bought one for the price of executing the deed of conveyance, 
 and "a treat." Mr. Clark was clerk of Trinity Church up 
 wards of thirty years. 
 
 CLARK, JOHN and ISAAC. Of Boston. Physicians. Were 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 211 
 
 CLARK, JONATHAN. Of Boston. A son of Richard Clark. 
 Went to England, but came to Canada after the Revolution. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CLARK, JOSEPH. A Physician, of Stratford, Connecticut. In 
 1776 he fled to the British army. His wife and children, 
 whom he left at home, were sent to New York, where he 
 joined them. He went to New Brunswick, accompanied by 
 his family, consisting of nine persons, in 1783. and* resumed 
 the practice of medicine. He settled at Maugerville on the 
 river St. John, and was a Judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas for the County of Sunbury.. In 1799 he visited his 
 friends in the United States. He was a physician in business 
 for quite half a century. He died at Maugerville in 1813, 
 aged seventy-nine, and his widow, Isabella Elisabeth, died 
 the same year, at the age of seventy-one. 
 
 CLARK, JOSEPH. Of Stratford, Connecticut. Son of Doctor 
 Joseph Clark. He accompanied the family to New Brunswick, 
 and became a resident of the Colony. He died in New York, 
 while on a visit to some friends, in 1828, at the age of sixty- 
 five. 
 
 CLARK, NEHEMIAH. During the Revolution he was a sur 
 geon in the king s service. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 He received half-pay. He died at Douglas, New Brunswick, 
 in 1825, aged eighty-six. 
 
 CLARK, SAMUEL. Of New Jersey. In 1780 he was detected 
 in conducting an illicit trade with the royal forces, and com 
 mitted to prison. A Loyalist of this name was the grantee 
 of a lot in the city of St. John, in 1783, and died in 1804. 
 
 CLARK. WILLIAM. Of Danvers, Massachusetts. Son of Rev 
 erend Peter Clark. Graduated at Harvard University in 
 1759, and was Episcopal minister of Quincy for several years. 
 He went to England, obtained a pension, and died November, 
 1815. 
 
 CLARKE, ALEXANDER. Died at Waterborough, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1825, aged eighty-two. For several years, he was 
 master armorer in the ordnance department at St. John. 
 
212 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CLARKE, ISAAC. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CLARKE, ISAAC WINSLOW. Of Boston. He became Commis 
 sary General of Lower Canada, and died in that Colony in 
 1822, after he had embarked for England. His daughter 
 Susan married Charles Richard Ogden, Esq., Solicitor-General 
 of Lower Canada, in 1829. 
 
 CLARK!, JAMES. Residence unknown. A petitioner for 
 lands in Nova Scotia, July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 CLARKE, JOHN. Died at Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1825, 
 aged eighty-four. 
 
 CLARKE, RICHARD. Merchant of Boston. He was a gradu 
 ate of Harvard University. His name is found among the 
 Addressers of Gage; and in the statute of proscription and 
 banishment. He and his sons were consignees of a part of 
 the tea destroyed in Boston by the celebrated tea-party. .The 
 Whigs treated him with much severity, and his son Isaac, 
 while at Plymouth for the collection of some debts, was as 
 saulted by a mob, and fled at midnight. He went to England 
 in 1775, and died there in 1795. The present Lord Chancel 
 lor Lyndhurst is a grandson. 
 
 CLARKE, RICHARD SAMUEL. The tablet which covers his re 
 mains, records that he was minister of New Milford, Connect 
 icut, nineteen years, of Gagetown, New Brunswick, twenty- 
 five years, and of St. Stephen, New Brunswick, thirteen 
 years ; in all, an Episcopal clergyman for fifty-seven years. 
 He was the first Rector of the Church at St. Stephen, and the 
 oldest Missionary in the present British Colonies. He was 
 much beloved by the people of his charge, and his memory is 
 still cherished. He died at St. Stephen, October, 6, 1824, 
 aged eighty-seven. His wife Rebecca died at the same place, 
 May 7, 1816, aged sixty-nine. His only surviving daughter 
 Mary Ann, who was born in Connecticut before his removal, 
 and who was never married, died at Gagetown. New Bruns 
 wick, February, 1844, at the age of seventy-three, highly and 
 deservedly lamented. 
 
 CLARKE, WILLIAM. He was born at North Kingston, Rhode 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 213 
 
 Island. He entered the service of the crown, and was a cap 
 tain in Colonel Whiteman s regiment of Loyal New En gland 
 ers. He settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and was an 
 alderman of St. John. He died in that city in 1804. 
 
 CLARRY, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CLAUS, DANIEL. He married a daughter of Sir William 
 Johnson, and served for a considerable time in the Indian de 
 partment of Canada, under his brother-in-law, Colonel Guy 
 Johnson. Brant, the celebrated Mohawk chief, entertained 
 towards him sentiments of decided personal hostility. His 
 wife died in Canada in 1801. William Claus, Esq., Deputy 
 Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, was his son ; and 
 Brant, in the name of the Five Nations, made a speech of con 
 dolence on the death of Mrs. Claus, on the 24th of February 
 of that year. William, deeply affected at the loss of his 
 mother, was not able to reply, although he met the Chiefs in 
 Council ; but he afterwards transmitted a written answer. 
 
 CLAYTON, SAMUEL. In 1782 he was a cornet of cavalry in 
 the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 CLEMENT, CAPTAIN JOSEPH. Of Boston. He held a com 
 mission in the royal service during the war, and at the peace 
 settled in New Brunswick. His wife, Mary, died at St. John 
 in 1812. 
 
 CLEMENTS, PETER. He entered the service of the crown, 
 and at the close of the war was a captain in the King s 
 American Regiment. In 1783 he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He received half- 
 pay. He removed to the County of York, and was a magis 
 trate. He died at his residence on the river St. John near 
 Fredericton, in 1833, at the age of ninety-four. His daughter, 
 Clarissa, died in 1814, aged thirty-two. His daughter, Abi 
 gail Julia, is the wife of Charles R. Hatheway, Esquire, of 
 St. Andrew, New Brunswick. 
 
 CLEMINGS, JANE. A "woman of loyal principles." In 1778 
 she was taken well laden with "hard-money," vermilion, and 
 other articles for the Indians on her way from Albany to the 
 savage tribes of New York. 
 
214 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CLIFTON, - . A gentleman of the Catholic faith, who 
 resided either in Delaware, or Maryland. He was authorized 
 to raise a command of Loyalists, with the rank of colonel. 
 His success does not appear to have been great, in inducing 
 his countrymen to hear arms on the side of the crown, though 
 he was a prominent member of his religious communion. 
 
 CLINCH, PETER. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Royal 
 Fensible Americans, and adjutant of the corps. He settled in 
 New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died in the 
 County of Charlotte, New Brunswick. 
 
 CLITHERELL, DOCTOR JAMES. Of South Carolina. A Con- 
 gratulator of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. 
 In 1782 his estate was confiscated. He was banished. 
 
 CLOPPER, GARRETT. In 1782 he was an ensign in the New 
 York Volunteers, and quartermaster of the corps. He went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and was the grantee of 
 a city lot. He received half-pay, was Sergeant-at-arms of the 
 House of Assembly, and a magistrate of York County. He 
 died in New Brunswick. 
 
 CLOPPER, JAMES. He was a lieutenant in a corps of Loyal 
 ists, and at the close of the contest settled in New Brunswick 
 and enjoyed half-pay, and was a magistrate of the County of 
 York. He died at Fredericton in 1823, aged sixty-seven. 
 
 CLOSS, ABRAHAM. Was an ensign in the Guides and Pio 
 neers. 
 
 CLOW, CHENEY. Husbandman, of Little Creek, Delaware. 
 In 1778 he was required to surrender himself, or to suffer the 
 forfeiture of his estate, both real and personal. 
 
 CLOWES. There were several Loyalists of this name in New 
 York. Gerardus Clowes was a captain, and Samuel and John 
 were lieutenants in De Lancey s Third Battalion, and, with 
 Timothy, went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, 
 and were grantees of that city. The three who were officers 
 received half-pay. Samuel, John, and Timothy lived for 
 some time in New Brunswick, but their fate has not been 
 ascertained. Gerardus was a major of militia arid a magis 
 trate, and resided in the County of Sunbury ; he was killed in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 215 
 
 1798 by a fall from his horse. In 1781 a person of the name 
 of Samuel Clowes, who had been an Addresser of Governor 
 Robertson, was appointed clerk and surrogate of Queen s 
 County, New York. 
 
 COBB, NICHOLAS. Laborer, of Sandwich, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 COCHRAN, JAMES. Of New Hampshire. His father in his 
 youth, and about the year 1730, lived in the vicinity of the 
 present town of Belfast, Maine. His family subsequently re 
 moved to Londonderry, New Hampshire. He went to St. 
 John, New Brunswick, where he closed his life in 1794, aged 
 eighty-four years. 
 
 COCHRAN, CAPTAIN JOHN. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
 Son of James Cochran. Was proscribed and banished. The 
 Portsmouth Journal, from which paper I derive the following, 
 states that the account is published on the authority of his 
 daughter, who (November, 1845,) is still living in that town. 
 Captain Cochran led a sea-faring life in his younger days, and 
 sailed out of Portsmouth a number of years, as a ship-master, 
 with brilliant success. A short period before the war of the 
 Revolution broke out, he was appointed to the command of the 
 fort in Portsmouth harbor. The day after the battle of Lex 
 ington, he and his family were made prisoners of war by a 
 company of volunteers under the command of John Sullivan, 
 afterwards the distinguished Major General Sullivan of the 
 Revolution, President of New Hampshire, &c. Captain Coch 
 ran and his family were generously liberated on parole of 
 honor. 
 
 Not far from this time, Governor J. Went worth took refuge 
 in the fort, and Captain Cochran attended him to Boston. In 
 his absence, the only occupants of the fort were Mrs. Cochran, 
 a man and a maid servant, and four children. At this time 
 all vessels passing out of the harbor had to show their pass at 
 the fort. An English man-of-war one day came down the 
 river, bound out. Mrs. Cochran directed the man to hail the 
 ship. No respect was paid to him. Mrs. Cochran then directed 
 him to discharge one of the cannon. The terrified man said, 
 
216 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 " Ma am I have but one eye, and can t see the touch-hole." 
 Taking the match, the heroic lady applied it herself; the 
 frigate immediately hove to, and showing that all was right, 
 was permitted to proceed. For this discharge of duty to his 
 Majesty s government she received a handsome reward. 
 
 It was thought by some of the enemies of Governor Went- 
 worth that he was still secreted at the fort, after he had left for 
 Boston. A party one day entered the house in the fort, (the 
 same house recently occupied by Captain Dimmick,) and asked 
 permission of Mrs. Cochran to search the rooms for the Gov 
 ernor. After looking up stairs in vain, they asked for a light 
 to examine the cellar. " O yes," said a little daughter of 
 Mrs. Cochran, " I will light you." She held the candle until 
 they were in a part of the cellar from which she well knew 
 they could not retreat without striking their heads against low 
 beams, when the roguish girl blew the light out. As she 
 anticipated, they began to bruise themselves, and they swore 
 pretty roundly. The miss from the stairs in an elevated tone 
 cried out, "Have you got him?" This arch inquiry only 
 served to divide their curses between the impediments to their 
 progress and the "little tory." 
 
 Captain John Cochran (who was a cousin, and not the 
 father, as has been stated, of Lord Admiral Cochran) imme 
 diately joined the British in Boston ; and, as it was believed, 
 being influenced by the double motive of gratitude towards a 
 government that had generously noticed and promoted him to 
 offices of honor, trust, and emolument, and for the sake of 
 retaining a valuable stipend from the crown, remained with 
 the British army during the war. It is due to his honor to 
 state, however, that he was never known to take an active 
 part in the conflict. At the close of the war, he returned to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, lived in the style of a gentleman 
 the remainder of his days, and died at the age of fifty-five. 
 
 Among the papers of the Cochran family, we find the fol 
 lowing letter written from England, by Governor J. Went- 
 worth, at the close of the war, to Captain John Cochran. It 
 held out no very strong inducements for Loyalists to take 
 refuge in England. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 217 
 
 " Hammersmith, May 6, 1783. 
 
 "My DEAR SIR, I received your kind letter by Captain 
 Dawson, and render you many thanks ; be assured there is 
 scarce any object so near to me as your welfare, which I 
 should rejoice to promote. As to my advice, at this distance 
 from the scene of action, it can only be conjectural. How 
 ever, as you ask it, I can only say, that you will find it 
 expedient to remove to, and settle in Nova Scotia. The 
 Commander-in-chief will most certainly cause your pay to be 
 issued there ; nor do I conceive there is any probability of its 
 being reduced, especially as Captain Fen ton s is suppressed 
 here, among other reasons, as it is said, because you were 
 paid in America and resident there. As to your coming here, 
 or any other Loyalist, that can get clams and potatoes in 
 America, they most certainly would regret making bad worse. 
 It would be needless for me to enter into reasons, the fact is so, 
 and you will do well to avoid it. It is the advice all our 
 friends will be wise to follow ; hard as it is, they that are fools 
 enough to try, will find it harder here. I hope this will find 
 you and your family in good health. We are all well. Charles 
 is grown a stout boy ; we are obliged for your kind inquiries 
 about him. My destination is quite uncertain ; like an old 
 flapped hat thrown off the top of an house, I am tum 
 bling over and over in the air, and God only knows where 
 I shall finally alight and settle to rest. It would give me 
 great pleasure, if it so happens as to afford me any means to 
 add to the comfort of those I esteem and regard. Be assured, 
 my dear Sir. in that description you would have my early 
 attention. Pray present Mrs. W. s and my compliments to 
 your family ; old Mrs. W. also begs to join us. Benning has 
 been nearly four years a captain, and not being able to estab 
 lish his rank as he expected, has sold out, and is now in the 
 country ; so that we are all seeking something to do. 
 
 "Adieu, my dear friend, and always believe me to be, with 
 great regard, your faithful and obedient servant, 
 
 " J. WENT WORTH." 
 19 
 
218 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 COCK. Loyalists of this name were numerous in Queen s 
 County, New York. In 1776 Gabriel, Clark, Penn, John, 
 Daniel, Daniel junior, Levi, Benjamin, Elijah, Peter, and 
 Thomas, professed themselves loyal and well affected subjects. 
 Of these, the house of Clark was robbed of a considerable 
 amount in money, and of goods to the value of 400, in 1779. 
 Others of the name were quite as unfortunate. Thus, a party 
 of rebels from Connecticut plundered the dwelling of William 
 Cock of goods to the amount of 140, in 1778 ; and Abraham 
 Cock, master of the schooner Five Brothers, was captured 
 early in 1779. 
 
 CODNER, JAMES. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Second 
 American Regiment. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783, and was a grantee of that city, and a magistrate of 
 the county. He died at St. John in 1821, aged sixty-seven. 
 
 CODNER, WILLIAM. Book-keeper of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 COFFERE, LEWIS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 COFFIELD, THOMAS. At the termination of the war he was a 
 lieutenant in the North Carolina Regiment. As he was pre 
 paring to leave New York, the following advertisement ap 
 peared in Rivington s paper of September 10, 1783. 
 
 " Whereas Martha, wife of Thomas Coffield, lieutenant in 
 the North Carolina Regiment, is concealed from him, (sup 
 posed by her mother, Melissa Carman of Hempstead,) to keep 
 her from going with her loving husband to Nova Scotia, or 
 St. Augustine, the public are cautioned," &c. 
 
 The " loving" and bereaved lieutenant arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, before the close of 1783, and received the 
 grant of a city lot. 
 
 COFFIN, JOHN. Of Boston. He was a son of Nathaniel Coffin, 
 Cashier of the Customs, and a brother of Admiral Sir Isaac 
 Coffin, of the Royal Navy. A warm and decided Loyalist, he 
 volunteered to accompany the royal army in the battle of 
 Breed s or Bunker s Hill, and soon after obtained a commis 
 sion. He rose to the rank of captain in the Orange Rangers in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 219 
 
 a short time, and effecting an exchange into the New York 
 Volunteers, went with that corps to Georgia, in 1778. At the 
 battle of Savannah, at that of Hobkerk s Hill, and in the ac 
 tion of Cross Creek, near Charleston, and on various other 
 occasions, his conduct won the admiration of his superiors. 
 At the battle of Eutaw Springs, which he opened on the part 
 of the king s troops, he was a brevet major, and his gallantry 
 and good judgment attracted the notice and remark of General 
 Greene, who commanded the Whig forces. He retired to New 
 Brunswick at the close of the contest, with the rank of major, 
 and received half-pay. In the war of 1812, he raised and 
 commanded a regiment, which was disbanded in 1815. He 
 served in several civil offices ; was a member of the House 
 of Assembly, Chief Magistrate of King s County, and a mem 
 ber of the Council. Of the latter dignity he was deprived, 
 in 1828, in consequence of his not having attended the ses 
 sions of the Council for several previous years. Had his place 
 not been thus vacated, the government of the Colony would 
 have devolved upon him as senior Councillor, during the 
 absence of Sir Howard Douglas. He died at his seat, King s 
 County, New Brunswick, in 1838, at the age of eighty-seven. 
 At the time of his decease he held the rank of lieutenant 
 general, and enjoyed the emoluments of a half-pay officer of 
 that grade. His widow died at Bath, England, in 1839, aged 
 seventy-four. His daughter, Mary Aston, the wife of Charles 
 Richard Ogden, Esquire, Solicitor-General of Lower Canada, 
 died at Montreal in 1827. His daughter Caroline married the 
 Honorable C. W. Grant, seigneur of the Barony of Langueull, 
 Lower Canada. 
 
 Though of great sensitiveness, the personal controversies of 
 General Coffin were not numerous. But he had a public 
 dispute with a high functionary of New Brunswick, which 
 was long and bitter. In his dealings he was exact ; yet to 
 the poor he dispensed liberally in charity, and for persons in 
 his neighborhood devised useful and profitable employment. 
 His own habits were extremely active and industrious. He 
 was fond of talking with citizens of the United States of 
 
220 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the Revolution, and of the prominent Whigs of his native 
 State. " Samuel Adams used to tell me," said he, " Coffin, 
 you must not leave us ; we shall have warm work, and want 
 you. The battle of Breed s Hill was regarded by General 
 Coffin as the event which controlled every thing that fol 
 lowed. "You could not have succeeded without it," he fre 
 quently said to his American friends, " for, something was 
 indispensable in the then state of parties, to fix men some 
 where, and to show the planters at the south, that northern 
 people were really in earnest, and could and would fight. 
 That, that did the business for you." While the British 
 claimed and held Eastport, General Coffin seldom visited it. 
 He would sail round Moose Island as he ever continued 
 to call that town in his sloop Liberty, examine the move 
 ments on shore through his spyglass, and, after gratifying his 
 curiosity, return to St. John. After the surrender to the 
 United States, in 1818, he came to Moose Island frequently. 
 Notwithstanding his choice of sides in the Revolution, he 
 never lost his interest in the "old thirteen," and he remem 
 bered that he was " Boston born," from first to last. " I 
 would give more for one pork-barrel made in Massachusetts," 
 was one of his many sayings, " than for all that have been 
 made in New Brunswick since its settlement. Why, sir, I 
 have now some of the former which are thirty years old, but 
 I can hardly make the Province barrels last through one 
 season." In his person, General Coffin was tall and spare. 
 Until well advanced in years, he was remarkably erect. His 
 countenance indicated a quick and sensitive nature. His 
 manners were easy, social, and polite. His conversation was 
 animated and interesting, frank, and without reserve. 
 
 COFFIN, JOHN. Of Boston. Was Assistant Commissary 
 General in the British army, and died at Quebec in 1837, 
 aged seventy-eight. 
 
 COFFIN, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. Graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1744. At the period of the Revolution he 
 was cashier of the Customs at Boston. In 1774 he was an 
 Addresser of Hutchinson, and in 1775 of Gage. He went 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 221 
 
 to Halifax at the evacuation in 1776, and in July of that 
 year embarked in the ship Aston Hall for England. He died 
 in England before the peace. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, who, 
 it is believed, entered the British navy previous to the revo 
 lutionary controversy, was his son. 
 
 COFFIN, NATHANIEL, Junior. Of Boston. Son of Nathaniel, 
 the Cashier. Was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and 
 a Protester against the Whigs the same year. He was at 
 New York in 1783, and one of the fifty-five petitioners for 
 lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. At a subsequent 
 period he was appointed Collector of the Customs at the 
 island of St. Kitt s, and filled that station for thirty-four years. 
 He died in London in 1831, aged eighty-three. 
 
 COFFIN, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. After the Revolution he 
 settled in Upper Canada. In the war of 1812 he served 
 against the United States. For a number of years he was 
 adjutant-general of the militia of Upper Canada. He died at 
 Toronto in 1846, aged eighty. 
 
 COFFIN, THOMAS ASTON. Of Boston. Son of William Cof 
 fin. Graduated at Harvard University in 1772, and died in 
 London, May, 1810, aged fifty-six years. He was private 
 secretary to General Carl ton, and subsequently commissary 
 general in the British service. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, and 
 Lieutenant-general John Coffin, were his cousins. 
 
 COFFIN. Besides the above, five others of Boston adhered 
 to the crown. William, the third, was a Protester against 
 the Whigs in 1774. William, Junior, was an Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775, and accompanied the royal army to Halifax in 
 1776. William, Esquire, was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 
 1774, went to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and ban 
 ished in 1778. I suppose he returned to Boston ; Mary, the 
 widow of William Coffin, Esquire, died in that town in 1803, 
 aged seventy-six. John, a distiller, was also an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson, and was included in the banishment act. 
 Jonathan Parry, went to England, was in London in 1779, 
 and addressed the king. 
 
222 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 COGGESWELL, JAMES. In 1782 he was an officer in the 
 Superintendent Department established at New York. 
 
 GOLDEN, ALEXANDER. Of New York. Son of Lieutenant 
 Governor Golden. He was postmaster, and successor of his 
 father in the office of Surveyor-general. He died in 1774, 
 aged fifty- eight. 
 
 GOLDEN, CADWALLADER. Of New York. He was in Scotland, 
 and came to America in 1708, and was a successful practi 
 tioner of medicine for some years. In 1718, Governor Hun 
 ter having become his friend, he settled in the city of New 
 York, and was the first Surveyor-general of the Colony. 
 Besides this office, he filled that of Master in Chancery ; and, 
 on the arrival of Governor Burnet, in 1720, he was made a 
 member of the King s Council. Succeeding to the Presidency 
 of the Council, he administered the government in 1760. 
 Having previous to the last mentioned time purchased a tract 
 of land in the vicinity of Newburgh, on the Hudson, he re 
 tired there with his family about the year 1755. In 1761 he 
 was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New York, and held 
 the commission during the remainder of his life, and was 
 repeatedly at the head of affairs in consequence of the death 
 or absence of several of the governors. While administering 
 the government, the stamped paper came out, and was placed 
 under his care. A multitude of several thousand persons un 
 der leaders, who were afterwards conspicuous Whigs, assem 
 bled, and determined that he should give up the paper to be 
 destroyed. Unless he complied with their wishes, the massa 
 cre of himself and adherents was threatened ; but he exhibited 
 great firmness, and prevented them from accomplishing their 
 design. Yet the mob burned his effigy, and destroyed his 
 carriages in his sight. Governor Tryon relieved him from 
 active political duty in 1775, and he retired to Long Island, 
 where he had a seat, and where he died the following year, 
 at the age of eighty-eight. He was hospitable and social, 
 and gave his friends a cordial welcome. The political 
 troubles of his county caused him pain and anguish. These 
 troubles he long predicted. In science, Mr. Golden was high- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 223 
 
 ly distinguished. Botany and astronomy were favorite pur 
 suits. 
 
 GOLDEN, DAVID. Of New York. Son of Cadwallader Golden. 
 His estate was confiscated. The farm at Spring Hill, Flush 
 ing, Long Island, which was devised to him by his father, 
 is now the property of the Honorable Benjamin W. Strong. 
 He went to England at the close of the war, and died there 
 July 10, 1784. He was fond of retirement, was much de 
 voted to scientific pursuits, and maintained a correspondence 
 with the learned of his time, both in Europe and in Amer 
 ica. His wife, who died in August, 1785, was Ann, daughter 
 of John Willet, Esquire, of Flushing. His son, Cadwallader 
 D. Golden, of New York, (a lad in the Revolution,) was a 
 lawyer of great eminence, and one of the earliest and most 
 efficient promoters, in connexion with De Witt Clinton, of 
 the Erie Canal, and other works of extensive improvement. 
 He died at Jersey City, February 7th, 1834, universally 
 lamented. 
 
 GOLDEN, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 GOLDEN, THOMAS. Was a captain in the Pennsylvania 
 Loyalists. 
 
 COLE, DAVID. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 COLE, EBENEZER. Of New York. Was a magistrate of the 
 County of Albany. Early in 1775 he apprehended an attack 
 upon his dwelling by the rioters or rebels of the neighbor 
 hood, and kept armed men ready to repel them. 
 
 COLES. Eight persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To 
 wit: Albert, Benjamin, Daniel, Jarvis, Jordan, Joseph, W., 
 Nathaniel. In 1779 Albert was carried prisoner to Connec 
 ticut by a party of Whigs, who took him from his house 
 on Long Island. 
 
 COLLET, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the Prince 
 of Wales American Volunteers. 
 
 COLLIER, ISAAC. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 
224 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyalty. 
 I suppose his house was plundered and destroyed by a band 
 of Whigs in 1778. 
 
 COLLIM, JOHN. A magistrate of Tryon, now Montgomery. 
 County, New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of firm 
 adherence to the crown, and abhorrence of Whig proceedings. 
 
 COLLINS, DAVIS. An early settler of St. David, New Bruns 
 wick. Died at Tower Hill, August, 1837. His death was 
 caused by the falling of a tree. 
 
 COLLINS, THOMAS. Of North Carolina. A major in the 
 Loyalist force, defeated by Colonel Caswell in 1776. Was 
 taken prisoner and confined. 
 
 COLLUM, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 COLSTON, JOHN. Stocking weaver, of Philadelphia. In 
 1778 the Council ordered that he appear and be tried for 
 treason, or stand attainted. 
 
 COLVILLE, JOHN. He settled at St. John in 1783, and re 
 ceived the grant of a city lot, and commenced business as 
 a merchant. In 1795 he commanded the company of Loyal 
 Artillery. 
 
 COLWELL, EDMOND, HERVEY, ROBERT, THOMAS, and TILLOT. 
 Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, 
 October, 1776. 
 
 COLYER, AB. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of the 
 Declaration in 1775. 
 
 COMB. DENNIS. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 COMELY, JOSEPH. Of the Manor of Moorland, Pennsyl 
 vania. It was ordered by the Council in 1778, that, failing 
 to appear and be tried for treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 COMELY, ROBERT. Of Pennsylvania. Arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783. in the ship Union. He 
 died at Lancaster, New Brunswick, in 1838, aged eighty-three. 
 
 COMMANDER, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. An officer under 
 the crown, after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 COMPTON, WILLIAM. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 COMPTON, WILLIAM. He died at St. Martin s, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1804. 
 
 CONKAY, ISRAEL. Of Rutland, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CONNER, ABRAHAM. Husbandman, of Duck Creek, Dela 
 ware. His estate, both real and personal, was to be forfeited 
 to the State, on his failing to appear and abide his trial for 
 treason, on or before August 1st, of that year. 
 
 CONNER, CONSTANT. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Royal Fensible Americans. He went to Nova Scotia after 
 the war, where he fought a duel and killed his antagonist. 
 He died at Halifax. 
 
 CONNER, ISAAC. Cooper, of Newcastle, Delaware. Required 
 to appear and abide his trial for treason, or in failure thereof, 
 to forfeit both real and personal estate. 
 
 CONOLLY, JOHN. He was born in Lancaster County, Penn 
 sylvania, and was bred a physician. Before the Revolution 
 he lived at or near Pittsburg, and was in correspondence 
 with Washington on matters of business. In 1770 Washing 
 ton, on his tour to Ohio, invited Doctor Conolly to dine with 
 him, and said he was " a very sensible, intelligent man." His 
 difficulties with the authorities of Pennsylvania, in 1774, oc 
 cupy considerable space in the records of the Council of that 
 Colony. In the course of these difficulties, and while he was 
 at the head of an armed party, he was seized and imprisoned. 
 It appears that he claimed lands under Virginia, at the falls 
 of the Ohio, which, it was contended by Pennsylvania, Lord 
 Dunmore, the Governor of the former Colony, had no right to 
 grant. But he and John Campbell advertised their intention 
 of laying out a town there, and invited settlers. They set 
 forth the beauties and advantages of the location in glowing 
 terms, and said, that " we may with certainty affirm, that it 
 (the proposed town) will, in a short time, be equalled by few 
 inland places on the American continent." 
 
 As the controversy ripened to war, Conolly became active 
 
226 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 on the side of the crown, and in 1775 was employed by Lord 
 Dunmore, who authorized him to raise and command a regi 
 ment of Loyalists and Indians, to be enlisted in the western 
 country and Canada, and to be called the Loyal Foresters. 
 While on his way to execute this design, he was taken pris 
 oner. His papers having been sent to Congress, it was deter 
 mined to retain his person. He wrote to Washington several 
 times, but the Commander-in-chief declined to interfere, and 
 he remained a captive till near the close of the contest. The 
 Loyal Foresters were in service in 1782, and probably later. 
 Always, as it would seem, moving in some doubtful enter- 
 terprise, we hear of Colonel Conolly soon after the peace, and 
 about the year 1788, at Detroit. At this time he and other 
 disaffected persons held conferences with some of the promi 
 nent citizens of the West as to the seizure of New Orleans, 
 and the control of the navigation of the Mississippi by force. 
 The precise plan, and the degree of support which it received, 
 are not, perhaps, known. But the attention of Washington 
 was attracted to the subject, and measures were taken to detect 
 and counteract the plot. 
 
 CONROY, WILLIAM, Junior. Was a lieutenant in the Prince 
 of Wales American Volunteers. 
 
 COOK, ABIEL. Of Little Compton, Rhode Island. He was 
 denounced as " an enemy to his country, and the liberties of 
 America" in 1775, for selling sheep to go on board of the 
 Swan, British ship of war at Newport. The Whigs took 
 the sheep at Forkland Ferry, and voted to send them as 
 a present to the army at Cambridge. Cook confessed the 
 sale, and avowed his intention of repeating the act every 
 opportunity. 
 
 COOK, GEORGE and JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Were Addressers of Sir Henry Clinton; and the former a 
 Petitioner to be armed on the side of the crown. Both were 
 banished two years after, and lost their estates. 
 
 COOK, JACOB and JORDAN. In 1783 went to St. John, and 
 were grantees of that city. 
 
 COOK, ROBERT. Embarked in 1776 at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 227 
 
 COOK, THOMAS IVIE. In 1782 was an officer of cavalry in 
 the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 COOKE, SAMUEL. Of Connecticut. He removed to New 
 Brunswick, was the first rector of the Episcopal Church at 
 Fredericton, and received the degree of Doctor of Divinity. 
 He remained at Fredericton until his decease. Lydia, his 
 fifth daughter, died there in 1846, aged seventy-six. 
 
 COOLEY, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 COOMBE, THOMAS. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was con 
 fined in that city for disaffection to the Whigs, and ordered to 
 be sent prisoner to Virginia. In 1775 a person of the name of 
 Thomas Coombe was collector of the duties on the tonnage of 
 vessels. 
 
 COOMBS, ABIJAH. Settled in St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and received a grant of a city lot. 
 
 COOMBS, GILBERT. Of Jamaica, New York. Signed a De 
 claration in 1775. 
 
 COOMBS, JOHN. Was a lieutenant in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New Brunswick in 
 1783, received half-pay, and died in that Colony in 1827, at 
 the age of seventy-four. 
 
 COOMBS, MICHAEL. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was a 
 merchant of that town; and during the Revolution was in 
 England. After the peace he returned, and died at Marble- 
 head. 
 
 COOMBS, NATHANIEL. Was an ensign in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 COONE, JACOB, JEREMIAH, and PETER. Of Westchester Coun 
 ty, New York. Were Protesters against the Whigs in 1775. 
 
 COOPER, MYLES, D. D. He was educated at Oxford, Eng 
 land, and coming to America in 1762, was elected President of 
 King s College, New York, the year following. His political 
 opinions rendered his resignation of that office necessary as 
 the revolutionary storm darkened, and in 1775 he retired to 
 England. He died at Edinburgh in 1785, aged about fifty, 
 having previously lived there, and officiated as an Episcopal 
 
223 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 clergyman. He was a gentleman of literary distinction, and 
 published several works. Four lines of an epitaph written by 
 himself are : 
 
 " Here lies a priest of English blood, 
 
 Who, living, liked whate er was good ; 
 
 Good company, good wine, good name, 
 
 Yet never hunted after fame." 
 
 The son of Mrs. Washington, by her first marriage, was a 
 pupil of Doctor Cooper at King s College ; and Washington, 
 after Mr. Custis left the institution, late in 1773, expressed the 
 conviction, that he had been under the care of " a gentleman 
 capable of instructing him in every branch of knowledge." 
 Young Custis, it appears, abandoned his studies, and married 
 against Washington s wish, though with the approbation of 
 his mother and most of the family friends. 
 
 COOPER, RICHARD. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Third 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 COOPER, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. He went to England. 
 In 1779 he was in London, and signed an Address to the king. 
 
 COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON. Of Boston. An eminent painter, 
 and father of Lyndhurst, late the Lord Chancellor of England. 
 He was born in Boston in 1738, and going to England early 
 in the controversy, rose to eminent fame in his profession. 
 The works from his pencil in this country, previous to his de 
 parture, are held in much repute. His name is to be found 
 among the Addressers of Hutchinson. He died in England, 
 September 25th, 1815. His wife was a daughter of Richard 
 Clarke, Esquire, a consignee of the Boston tea ; and the wife 
 of the late Gardner Greene, Esquire, of that city, was his 
 daughter. His mother was of the Old Plymouth Colony fami 
 ly of Winslows, of whom two were governors. 
 
 CORAM, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CORBET, EDWARD. Of South Carolina. He was in London 
 in July, 1779. 
 
 CORBETT, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 229 
 
 COREE, GIDEON. Of Rhode Island. He arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 CORNELL, SAMUEL. Of Newbern. A member of the Coun 
 cil of North Carolina. In 1775 he was present in Council, 
 and concurred in the opinion, that Whig meetings were ob 
 jects of the highest detestation, and gave his advice to Gov 
 ernor Martin to issue his proclamation to inhibit and forbid 
 them. Before the Declaration of Independence he went to 
 Europe, but left his family at Newbern. During the war he 
 returned to New York, and went to Newbern in a flag of 
 truce, but was forbidden to land, unless he would take an oath 
 of allegiance to the State under its Whig rulers. This he re 
 fused to do. While on board of the vessel in the harbor, he 
 conveyed his estate to his children by several deeds of gift, 
 and duly proved and registered the conveyances. Having 
 thus arranged his affairs, he removed his family, by permission 
 of the executive of the State, to New York. Subsequently 
 this property was confiscated and sold. A Mr. Single ton be 
 came the purchaser of a part of it, and the portion which Mr. 
 Cornell had given to one of his daughters. This lady claimed 
 to hold under her father s deed, and instituted a suit to eject 
 Singleton ; but on a hearing and trial, the confiscation act was 
 held to be valid, and judgment was given against her. This 
 case, of course, determined that all the deeds of gift were void. 
 The conveyances were made, it will be recollected, prior to 
 the passage of the confiscation act of North Carolina. 
 
 CORNELL. Thirteen persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Gilbert, Oliver, Charles, Samuel, Mott, Samuel, Charles, Caleb, 
 Baruch, Comfort, Sylvester, William, and Thomas. 
 
 CORNELL, CAPTAIN CHARLES. Was an Addresser of Governor 
 Robertson in 1780. 
 
 CORNISH, BENJAMIN. Of Queen s County, New York. Was 
 an Addresser of Colonel Sterling. 
 
 CORNISH, JOHN. Was quartermaster of the King s Rangers, 
 Carolina. 
 
 20 
 
230 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CORNWALL, or CORNELL, BENJAMIN and ELIJAH. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Were in arms against the Whigs. Dur 
 ing the war, the house of Cornelius Cornwall was robbed of 
 money. 
 
 CORNWALL, DANIEL. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant 
 of cavalry in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 CORNWALL, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester in 1775. 
 
 CORNWALL, THOMAS. Residence unknown. Was a captain 
 in the King s American Regiment. 
 
 CORNWALL, WILLIAM. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a loyal 
 Declarator. 
 
 CORNWALL. Nine persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance to Lord Richard and 
 General William Howe, in a Representation and Petition, 
 October, 1776. To wit : Charles, James, Obadiah, Cornelius, 
 John, W., George, Daniel, and Stephen, Junior. 
 
 COSKEL, THOMAS. A Whig soldier. In 1778 he was tried 
 on a charge of attempting to desert to the royal side ; and, 
 confessing his guilt, was sentenced to receive one hundred 
 lashes. 
 
 COSSTELL, CHARLES M. Of South Carolina. Was an Assis 
 tant Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. He went 
 to England. 
 
 GOTTEN, JAMES. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 COTTON, JOHN. Of Boston. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1747, and became Deputy Secretary of Massa 
 chusetts. In 1774 he was a Protester against the proceed 
 ings of the Whigs in town meeting of June of that year. 
 
 COUCH, STEPHEN. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 COUGLE, JAMES. Of Pennsylvania. Was a captain in the 
 First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He went to New 
 Brunswick at the close of the contest, and died at Sussex 
 Vale in 1819, aged seventy-three. 
 
 COULBOURNE, CHARLES. Was a lieutenant in the Loyal 
 American Regiment, and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 231 
 
 COULSON, JOHN. Of Anson County, North Carolina. A 
 person of considerable influence. In August, 1775, his con 
 duct became the subject of inquiry in the Provincial Con 
 gress, and a numerous committee was appointed to report 
 upon his offences. To submit and confess, or go to prison, 
 was Coul son s only course, and he accordingly made a full 
 and penitent acknowledgment for his past guilt, and ample 
 promises for the future. 
 
 COULSON, THOMAS. Merchant and ship-owner, of Falmouth, 
 now Portland, Maine. The difficulties with him caused the 
 burning of that town by the miscreant Mowatt, in 1775. It 
 appears, that, contrary to the agreement of the Association 
 as to importation of merchandise, a ship arrived at Falmouth 
 with the sails and rigging for a ship which he was fitting 
 for sea. These articles, it was determined by the Whigs, 
 should be returned to England, together with some goods 
 brought in the same vessel. Coulson resolved otherwise. A 
 quarrel ensued, which continued for several weeks. The 
 Canseau sloop of war arrived for the protection of him 
 self and property, and mobs and tumults, and conflagration, 
 were the final results. 
 
 COURTNEY, THOMAS. Tailor, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. He 
 went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 COURTONGUE, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 COVERT, ABRAHAM. He died at Maugerville, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1824, aged seventy-nine. His widow, Phebe, died 
 at the same place in 1838, at the age of eighty-seven. 
 
 COVERT. Five persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To 
 wit: Isaac, Johannes, Teunis, Teunis junior, and Walter. 
 Tennis, and Teunis junior, signed a Declaration in 1775, as 
 did Richard Covert, of the same county. 
 
 COWPER, BASIL. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator of 
 Cornwallis on his victory at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated, and he was banished. 
 
232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 COWPER. A clergyman of this name, of South Carolina, 
 refused to take an oath prescribed by the Whigs at the com 
 mencement of the war, and abandoned the country. 
 
 Cox, DANIEL. Of New Jersey. Was a member of His 
 Majesty s Council in New Jersey. Through his agency, 
 principally, it is believed that the Board of Refugees, con 
 sisting of delegates from the Loyalists of the Colonies, was 
 established at New York in 1779. Of this board, he was 
 the president; and Christopher Sower, an highly influential 
 Loyalist of Pennsylvania, in a letter of December 5th, 1779, 
 wrote as follows: "The Deputies of the Refugees from the 
 different provinces meet once a week. Daniel Cox, Esquire, 
 was appointed to the chair, to deprive him of the opportunity 
 of speaking, as he has the gift of saying little with many 
 words." 
 
 Cox, EDWARD. Merchant, of Boston. Was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778. 
 
 Cox, FRANCIS. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was a lieuten 
 ant in the regiment commanded by Colonel Mansfield, and 
 deserted from the camp at Cambridge, in June, 1775, and 
 left the service. General Ward submitted to the Provincial 
 Congress, the propriety of making him a public example, for, 
 besides his own desertion, he incited his men to follow his 
 example. 
 
 Cox, GEORGE. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a lieu 
 tenant in the King s American Regiment. 
 
 Cox, JOHN. Of Falmouth, Maine. Was the son of John 
 Cox, of that town, and married Sarah Proctor in 1739, and 
 by her and two other wives had a family of twenty chil 
 dren. He was a shipmaster. During the war he abandoned 
 the country and settled in Nova Scotia, where he died. 
 
 Cox, LEMUEL. Of Boston, Massachusetts. Near the close 
 of the year 1775, he was in prison at Ipswich for his attach 
 ment to the cause of the crown. Mr. Felt, in his very in 
 teresting work, the "Annals of Salem," supposes this Lemuel 
 Cox to have been the chief architect of Essex Bridge in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 233 
 
 1788, and who, subsequently, constructed bridges in England 
 and Ireland. "In 1796," says Mr. Felt, "he had a grant of 
 1000 acres of land in Maine from our Legislature, for being 
 the first inventor of a machine to cut card-wire, the first 
 projector of a powder-mill in Massachusetts, the first sugges- 
 tor of employing prisoners on Castle Island, to make nails, 
 and for various other discoveries in mechanical arts." 
 
 COY, AMASA. Of Connecticut. He went to New Bruns 
 wick in 1783. He died at Fredericton in 1838, aged eighty- 
 one. 
 
 COZENS, DANIEL. Was a captain in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 CRABB, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 CRAIG, GEORGE. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 CRAIG, JAMES. Of Oakham, Massachusetts. Was proscrib 
 ed and banished. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1782, and received a grant of land ; as did also Robert 
 Craig. 
 
 CRANE, JONATHAN. Settled in Nova Scotia, and was a ma 
 gistrate. His widow, Rebecca, died in Horton, Nova Scotia, 
 in 1841, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 CRANNELL, BARTHOLOMEW. Of New York. He was a pub 
 lic notary in the city, in 1782. The year following he 
 announced his intention of removing to Nova Scotia, and 
 was one of the fifty-five petitioners for lands in that Colony. 
 He arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, before the close 
 of 1783, and received the grant of a city lot. He com 
 menced business as a merchant. In 1785 he was Clerk of 
 the Common Council. 
 
 CRAWFORD, JOHN, JOHN Junior, and WILLIAM. Settled at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and received grants of city 
 lots from the crown. 
 
 CREIGHTON, JAMES. In 1782 he was secretary of the police 
 department of Long Island, New York. 
 20* 
 
234 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CROMWELL, JOSIAH. He died at Portland, New Brunswick, 
 in 1803. 
 
 CRONIN, JEREMIAH. Of South Carolina. He went to Eng 
 land, and in July, 1779, signed an Address to the king. 
 
 CROOKSHANK, GEORGE. He died at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1797, aged sixty-five. 
 
 CROWELL, JOSEPH. Was a captain in the First Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New Brunswick, 
 received half-pay, and died at Carlton in that Colony. 
 
 CROWFOOT, DAVID. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member 
 of the Association. 
 
 CROSS, WILLIAM. He went from New York to Nova Scotia, 
 at the close of the war, and died at Annapolis Royal, in 1834, 
 aged eighty-three. 
 
 CROSSING, WILLIAM. Of Rhode Island. A noted marauder 
 and robber. He plundered women of their jewelry and fancy 
 articles of dress. 
 
 CUDNEY, HEZEKIAH. Of Westchester, County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 CRUGER, JOHN. Of New York. In 1775 he was Speaker 
 of the House of Assembly, and during the recess that year, 
 with thirteen other members of the ministerial party, address 
 ed a letter to General Gage on the alarming state of public 
 affairs. This communication is dated May 5th, on which 
 day two members of the Council of New York sailed for 
 England. When, in 1769, he was elected to the Assembly, 
 the success of his party was deemed a victory of the Epis 
 copalians over the Presbyterians. 
 
 CRUGER, JOHN HARRIS. Of New York. He was a member 
 of the Council of the Colony, and considered to be in office 
 in 1782. At that time, he was Lieutenant Colonel of De 
 Lancey s First Battalion. His property was confiscated. At 
 the peace he went to England. His wife was De Lancey s 
 daughter. 
 
 CULLEN, WALTER. Was surgeon of the Royal Fensible 
 Americans. 
 
 CUMMINGS, JOHN. A merchant, of Philadelphia. Was de- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 235 
 
 tected in November, 1780, in prosecuting an illicit trade with 
 the royal forces, and committed to prison. 
 
 CUMMINGS, THOMAS and SAMUEL. Of New Hampshire. Were 
 proscribed and banished in 1778, and the property of the 
 latter was forfeited. 
 
 CUNLIFF, JOSEPH. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 CUNNABEL, EDWARD G. He died at Union Point, New 
 Brunswick, in 1838, aged seventy-six. 
 
 CUNNARD, ROBERT. He died at Portland, New Brunswick, 
 in 1818, aged sixty-nine. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, ANDREW. Of the District of Ninety-Six, South 
 Carolina. He held a commission under the crown, and lost 
 his estate under the confiscation act. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, ARCHIBALD. Shopkeeper, of Boston. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, DAVID. Brother of General Robert Cunning 
 ham. Before the Revolution, he was Deputy Surveyor of the 
 District of Ninety-Six. During the war, he accepted the place 
 of Commissary of the royal army at Charleston. He was 
 allowed to continue in the State at the peace, and became a 
 planter in Ninety-Six. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Was also a brother 
 of General Robert Cunningham. He was a planter ; but in 
 the course of the war, removing with his brothers to Charles 
 ton, was a Commissary in the British army. In 1782 his pro 
 perty was confiscated. He was permitted to reside in the 
 State at the conclusion of hostilities ; and embarking in com 
 mercial pursuits, accumulated a large fortune. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was an ensign 
 in the Loyal American Regiment, and adjutant of the corps. 
 He settled in New Brunswick, received half-pay, and died at 
 Fredericton. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, PATRICK. Of South Carolina. Brother of Gen 
 eral Robert Cunningham. In 1769, he was appointed Deputy 
 Surveyor General of the Colony. After attempting to effect the 
 release of his brother Robert in 1776, and the temporary ac- 
 
236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 commodation of affairs that year, Patrick removed to Charles 
 ton. In 1780 he received the commission of Colonel, and the 
 command of a regiment. His estate was confiscated in 1782. 
 At the conclusion of the contest, he joined Robert in a request 
 to be allowed to remain in the State. The application was 
 not successful, and he went to Florida. In 1785, a second 
 petition to be restored to his rights in South Carolina was 
 more favorably received ; and the Legislature, amercing his 
 estate twelve per cent., and imposing some personal disabili 
 ties for a term of years, annulled the previous act of banish 
 ment and confiscation. He was elected a member of the 
 Legislature, but his position was an unpleasant one, and 
 after serving for a short time he retired. He died in 1794. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. One of the 
 most prominent Loyalists of the whole South. In 1769, he 
 settled in the district of Ninety-Six, and was soon commis 
 sioned a Judge. He incurred the displeasure of the Whigs 
 in 1775, when he disapproved of their proceedings in sus 
 taining the cause of Massachusetts, and in the adoption of 
 the non-importation act. In the course of that year he 
 was seized and imprisoned at Charleston. His brother 
 Patrick assembled a body of friends in order to effect his 
 release. The Whigs despatched Major Williamson with a 
 force to prevent the accomplishment of this object, but Cun 
 ningham s party being superior, he was compelled to retreat. 
 A truce or treaty was finally arranged, and both Whigs and 
 Loyalists dispersed. In July of 1776, Robert Cunningham 
 was allowed his freedom without conditions, and removed to 
 Charleston. In 1780 he was created a Brigadier General, 
 and placed in command of a garrison in South Carolina ; but 
 in 1781 was at the head of a force in the field, and en 
 countered Sumpter. His estate was confiscated in 1782. 
 After the peace, he petitioned to be allowed to continue in 
 South Carolina. His request was refused, and he removed to 
 Nassau, New Providence. The British government made him 
 a liberal allowance for his losses, and gave him an annuity. 
 He died in 1813, aged seventy-four years. It is not unlikely 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 237 
 
 that his sympathies were with the Whigs at an early period of 
 the controversy. In 1775 the Provincial Congress placed him 
 upon the committee of the Colony, to carry out the Conti 
 nental Association. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, THOMAS. Residence unknown. Was a lieu 
 tenant in De Lancey s First Battalion, and adjutant of the 
 corps. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, 
 and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, WALTER. Of North Carolina. Lost his pro 
 perty in 1779, under the confiscation act. In 1782 there was an 
 ensign of this name in the Second American Regiment, and 
 probably the same. 
 
 CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. Was known 
 as " Bloody Bill; " and there seems no little evidence to show 
 that he well deserved the appellation. At the commencement 
 of the controversy he was inclined to be a Whig, and indeed 
 accepted a military commission, and served in the campaign 
 of 1776. Changing sides, he became an officer and a major 
 in the service of the crown, and was engaged in many desper 
 ate exploits, and hand to hand fights. In 1782 his property 
 was confiscated. He retreated to Florida at the peace. 
 
 CUPLE, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 CURRIE, Ross. Was a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania Loy 
 alists, and adjutant of the corps. He settled in New Bruns 
 wick, received half-pay, and devoted himself to the profession 
 of the law. He died in New Brunswick. 
 
 CURRY, DAVID, JOSHUA, and RICHARD. Who, it is believed, 
 belonged to New York, settled at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783, and received grants of land in that city. 
 
 CURRY, GRIFFIN. Was a Protester in 1775. 
 
 CURRY, JOHN. He settled in New Brunswick after the war, 
 and as early as 1792 was senior Justice of the Court of Com 
 mon Pleas for the County of Charlotte. He died in that 
 County. His son, Cadwallader Curry, Esquire, was for some 
 years a merchant at Eastport, Maine, and subsequently at 
 Campo Bello, New Brunswick. 
 
238 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 CURRY, NIEL. In 1782 was quartermaster of the North 
 Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 CURTIS, CHARLES. Of Scituate, Massachusetts. Graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1765. He was one of the eighteen 
 country gentlemen who were driven into Boston, and who 
 were Addressers of Gage on his departure, in October, 1775. 
 He was proscribed under the act of 1778. His death occurred 
 at New York previous to 1832. 
 
 CURTIS, JOHN and JAREL. Of Queen s County, New York. 
 Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 CURTIS, JOHN. Was an Addresser of Lieutenant-colonel 
 Sterling of the Forty-second Regiment, April, 1779. 
 
 CURWEN, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. Graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1735. He was in the commission of the 
 peace for thirty years, and at the breaking out of the Revo 
 lution, a Judge of Admiralty. He went to England in 1775, 
 remained there until 1784, when he returned to Salem, where 
 he passed the remainder of his days, dying in 1802, at the age 
 of eighty-six years. While in exile, he kept a Journal, which 
 has lately been published, and is an interesting book ; its 
 editor, the accomplished George A. Ward, Esquire, of New 
 York, has enriched it with several notices of his relative s 
 fellow Loyalists, and thus added greatly to its value. No 
 work extant contains so much information of the unhappy 
 exiles while abroad. 
 
 CUSHMAN ELKANAH. Petty officer of the Customs. In 1776 
 he embarked at Boston for Halifax, with the British army. 
 
 CUTHBERT, JAMES. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 CUTIS, SOLOMON. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 CUTLER, EBENEZER. Of Northborough. Massachusetts. In 
 May, 1775, the Northborough Committee of Correspondence 
 made charges against him, and sent him, with the evidence of 
 his misconduct, to General Ward at Cambridge. His case 
 was submitted to Congress, when it appeared that he had 
 spoken "many things disrespectful of the Continental and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 239 
 
 Provincial Congresses," that he had " acted against their re 
 solves," had said that " he would assist Gage," had called 
 such as signed the town-covenant or non-consumption agree 
 ment, " damned fools," &c., &c. A resolve to commit him to 
 prison was refused a passage, and a resolve that he be allowed 
 to join the British troops at Boston, was also lost. But sub 
 sequently he was allowed to go into that town "without his 
 effects." Cutler had formerly lived at Groton. In 1777 he 
 accompanied the British army to Halifax. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. He settled in Nova Scotia, and was 
 protonotary of the County of Annapolis. He died at Anna 
 polis Royal, in 1831, quite aged. Mary, his widow, died at 
 the same place in 1839. 
 
 CUTLER, ZACCHEUS. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished, and lost his estate under the confiscation act. 
 Two persons of the name of Thomas Cutler were proscribed 
 and banished in 1778 ; one by the act of New Hampshire, the 
 other by that of Massachusetts. The Thomas of the latter 
 belonged to Hatfield. There died at Gaysborough, Nova 
 Scotia, in 183?, Thomas Cutler, Esquire, at the age of eighty- 
 five, who was a Loyalist, and who was, undoubtedly, one of 
 them. 
 
 CUTTING, LEONARD. An Episcopal clergyman, of New York. 
 He graduated at Oxford, England, in 1754, and shortly after 
 was appointed a tutor and a professor in King s College, New 
 York. In 1766 he was settled as minister of St. George s 
 Church, Hempstead, New York. In 1776 he signed an 
 acknowledgment of allegiance, and professed himself a loyal 
 and well affected subject. While at Hempstead, he preached 
 occasionally at Huntington and Oyster Bay. He also taught 
 a classical school of high repute, and educated several young 
 men who became eminent. In 1.784 his pastoral relation at 
 Hempstead was dissolved. I suppose he died prior to 1803, 
 as in that year the decease of his widow occurred at Phil 
 adelphia. 
 
 CUYLER, ABRAHAM C. Of Albany, New York. He was 
 authorized to raise a battalion of six hundred men for the 
 
240 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 royal service, and in November, 1779, was recruiting Loya. 
 Refugees at Betts s tavern, Jamaica, New York. He was 
 attainted, and his property confiscated. In 1781 he went to 
 England. He returned to America, and died in Lower Can 
 ada in 1810. His son, Cornelius, a major in the British ser 
 vice, died at Montreal in 1807. 
 
 DABNEY or DAUBENY, DOCTOR . Of Salem, Massachu 
 setts. He went to England near the close of 1777, and died 
 before the peace. I conclude that he and Nathaniel Dabney, 
 who was an Addresser of Hutchinson, but a Recanter ; and 
 Nathaniel Daubney, who was an Addresser of Gage, were one 
 and the same. 
 
 DALGLISH, ANDREW. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Gage in 1774. He went to England. 
 
 DALZALL, EDWARD. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 DANA, SAMUEL. He graduated at Harvard University in 
 1755, and was ordained minister of Groton, Massachusetts, in 
 1761. His real or supposed political opinions involved him in 
 difficulties with his people, and in May, 1775, he made a 
 written confession, which, at the moment, was held to be satis 
 factory. In the hope that all trouble might terminate, the 
 Whig committee of Groton, (of whom Colonel Prescott, who 
 shortly after commanded the American force at Breed s Hill, 
 was one,) published a card to the effect, that Mr. Dana had 
 fully atoned for his offences. The good will of his parishion 
 ers was, however, alienated, and separation was the conse 
 quence. For several years after dissolving his connexion at 
 Groton, he had no steady employment, but finally commenced, 
 and continued, the practice of law. He died in 1798. 
 
 DANFORTH, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. He was a son of 
 Reverend John Danforth of Dorchester, and was educated at 
 Harvard University. For several years he was President of 
 the Council ; was a Judge of a Court ; and in 1774, a Manda- 
 damus Councillor. He died in 1777, aged eighty-one. He 
 was distinguished for his love of natural philosophy and 
 chemistry. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 241 
 
 DANFORTH, SAMUEL. Physician, of Boston. He was born 
 in Massachusetts in 1740, and graduated at Harvard Univer 
 sity in 1758. He pursued his medical studies with Doctor 
 Rand, and commenced practice at Newport ; but finally set 
 tled in Boston. For his political principles he incurred the 
 displeasure of the Whigs, and received harsh treatment at 
 their hands. From 1795 to 1798 he was President of the 
 Medical Society. He excelled in medicine, but not in surgery. 
 He continued in full practice until he was nearly fourscore 
 years. After about four years confinement to his house, he 
 died at Boston in 1827, aged eighty-seven. The family from 
 which he was descended, occupy a distinguished place in the 
 annals of New England. He was a son of Honorable Samuel 
 Danforth aforenamed. 
 
 DANFORTH, THOMAS. Counsellor at Law, Charlestown, Mas 
 sachusetts. Son of Honorable Samuel Danforth. He was 
 a graduate of Harvard University ; an Addresser of Hutch- 
 in son ; and was proscribed and banished. He was the only 
 lawyer at Charlestown, and the only inhabitant of that town 
 who sought protection from the parent country at the com 
 mencement of serious opposition. He went to Halifax in 
 1776. He died in London in 1825. 
 
 DANIEL, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DARINGTON, JOHN. He emigrated to New Brunswick at the 
 peace, and died in that Colony. Joanna, his widow, died in 
 Portland, New Brunswick, in 1840, at the age of ninety-five. 
 
 DAVENPORT, Captain . He was a Whig, and held a 
 
 military commission under Congress, but " was found wholly 
 destitute of honor and principle. ; His connexions were re 
 spectable, and he possessed the air and manners of a man of 
 the world. He remained at New York after the retreat of 
 Washington from Long Island, and until the city was occu 
 pied by the British troops ; and thus became a voluntary cap 
 tive, if not a deserter. 
 
 DAVIDS, WILLIAM, Esquire. Of Westchester County, New 
 21 
 
242 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 York. A Protester at White Plains, April, 1775. The name 
 of David Davids is to be found on the same paper. 
 
 DAVIDSON, HAMILTON. He died in York County, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1841, aged ninety-two. 
 
 DAVIDSON, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. In 1782 a Loyalist of this name 
 was a lieutenant in the King s American Dragoons. 
 
 DAVIE, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DAVIS, BENJAMIN. Merchant, of Boston. Was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He was at New York in July, 1783, 
 and a petitioner for a grant of lands in Nova Scotia. In his 
 religious faith Mr. Davis was a Sandemanian. 
 
 DAVIS, CAPTAIN . Of Brimfield. Massachusetts. Was 
 
 tarred and feathered for his obnoxious acts and sentiments, 
 by a mob at Union, Connecticut, in 1774. 
 
 DAVIS, JAMES. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Reading Association. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. In 1775 was sent under 
 guard by the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts to Wash 
 ington s camp at Cambridge, charged with desertion from Fos 
 ter s company of Artillery, and with joining the royal forces. 
 He had been seized at Long Island, and sent to Massachusetts. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. Was a loyal Declarator in 1775 ; as was also D. Davis, 
 an attorney at law. 
 
 DAVIS, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and also a Petitioner 
 to be armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property was confiscated. He probably went to 
 England. John Davis, an attainted Loyalist was in London 
 in 179J, and represented to the British Government that he 
 had been unable to recover several large debts due to him at 
 the time of his banishment. It may be remarked here, that 
 though the sums of money due to Loyalists proscribed, were 
 now included in the confiscation acts, the courts of some of 
 the States were slow to coerce the debtors. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 243 
 
 DAVIS, DOCTOR LEWIS. Residence unknown. Was surgeon 
 in the King s Rangers. Towards the close of 1782 he was at 
 the Island of St. John, Gulf of St. Lawrence, where, it appears, 
 he designed to settle. 
 
 DAVIS, H. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant of cav 
 alry in the British Legion in 1782. 
 
 DAWKINS, GEORGE. Of South Carolina. In 1782 he was a 
 captain of cavalry in the South Carolina Royalists. His estate 
 was confiscated. 
 
 DAWSON, DAVID. Of Chester County, Pennsylvania. He 
 joined the royal army in Philadelphia, and went with it to 
 New York, and was employed in passing counterfeit conti 
 nental money. He was detected in 1780, and executed. 
 
 DAWSON, GEORGE. In 1782 was a captain in the King s 
 Orange Rangers. 
 
 DAWSON, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DAY, ABRAHAM, HENDRICK, JOHN, and WILLIAM. Went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, at the close of the Revolution, and 
 were grantees of that city. 
 
 DAYLEY, JOHN and FRANCIS. Embarked with the royal army 
 at Boston for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 DEALEY, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. He and 
 Locklan Martin were tarred and feathered, and driven in a 
 cart through the streets of that city in June, 1775 ; and Dea- 
 ley was, besides, compelled to leave the country, and go to 
 England. The Secret Committee of Charleston, at that time, 
 was composed of distinguished men, one of whom was subse 
 quently in nomination for the highest honors, and there is 
 evidence that they countenanced, if they did not actually di 
 rect the procedure. 
 
 DEAN, JACOB. Of New York. Was a loyal Declarator in 
 1775. He became an inhabitant of New Brunswick, and died 
 at St. John in 1818, aged eighty. 
 
 DEANE, HONORABLE SILAS. Of Connecticut. Graduated at 
 Yale College in 1758. He played a distinguished part among 
 the Whigs in the early part of the contest, but his political 
 
244 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 sun went down in gloom, sorrow, and destitution. He may 
 have been wronged. A member of the first Continental Con 
 gress in 1774, and the first diplomatic agent to France, a 
 brilliant career was before him. But while abroad, his engage 
 ments and contracts embarrassed Congress, and he was re 
 called. Called to an account for his pecuniary transactions, 
 he did not dispel suspicion of having misapplied the public 
 funds intrusted to his care. The delegates of Connecticut in 
 Congress appear to have distrusted his integrity from the first. 
 In turn, he accused Arthur and William Lee, who were 
 abroad in public trusts, as well as their brothers in Congress, 
 of conducting a secret correspondence with England. In 
 1784 he attempted to retrieve his fame, by an address to the 
 country, but failed. He now went to England. Mr. Jay, 
 who was in Europe, had been his friend, and wished to aid 
 him, and would have done so, had he been able to remove 
 the accusations that had blighted his hopes and injured his 
 character. But Mr. Jay had heard that he was on terms of 
 familiarity with Arnold, and " every American who gives his 
 hand to that man," he wrote to Deane, " in my opinion pollutes 
 it." Silas Deane died in England in 1789, in extreme want 
 and misery. I have said that he may have been wronged. 
 He may have been careless in his accounts, but not dishonest ; 
 he may have been incapable, not corrupt. In 1842 his long 
 disputed claims were adjusted by Congress, and a large sum 
 was found to be due to his heirs, under the principles recog 
 nized by the government, and applicable to all claimants; 
 hence the doubt, whether he received entire justice at the 
 hands of his associates ; a man driven to despair is to be 
 judged mercifully. 
 
 DE BECK, JOHN DUDWICK. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in 
 the New York Volunteers. 
 
 DEBLOIS, GEORGE. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Addresser 
 of Gage in 1774. He went to England. 
 
 DEBLOIS, GILBERT. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to Hali 
 fax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 245 
 
 1779 he was in London, and addressed the king. A person of 
 this name died in Boston in 1803, probably the same. 
 
 DEBLOIS, ISAAC. He was in the service of the king, and a 
 lieutenant. In 1784 a lot in the city of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, was granted him by the crown. 
 
 DEBLOIS, LEWIS. Merchant, of Boston. He was an Ad 
 dresser of Gage in 1775, and in 1776 was at Halifax. In 1778 
 he was proscribed and banished. He was in London in 1779, 
 and in 1784 still in England. At a later period he was a 
 merchant in St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1795 a member 
 of the company of Loyal Artillery. He died at St. John in 
 1802. His daughter, Elizabeth Cranston, is the wife of 
 James White, Esquire, the present (1846) sheriff of the Coun 
 ty of St. John. 
 
 DECROW, THOMAS. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 DEFOREST, EPHRAIM. Of Reading, Connecticut. He was a 
 member of the Loyalist Association at Reading. In the spring 
 of 1783, accompanied by his wife and three children, he went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 DEIGHTON, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DELAHOWE, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 DE LANCEY, JAMES. Of New York. He was elected a 
 member of the House of Assembly of New York in 1769, 
 and his success in obtaining a seat was regarded as a triumph 
 of the Episcopalians over the Presbyterians. When the Loyal 
 ists commenced the organization of military corps, he accepted 
 of a commission, and commanded a battalion or regiment. 
 He was taken prisoner and confined in the jail at Hartford, 
 Connecticut; and while there received the following letter 
 from Mr. Jay, who was an old friend. 
 
 " SIR, Notwithstanding the opposition of our sentiments 
 and conduct relative to the present contest, the friendship 
 which subsisted between us is not forgotten; nor will the good 
 21* 
 
246 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 offices formerly done by yourself and family cease to excite 
 my gratitude. How far your situation may be comfortable 
 and easy, I know not ; it is my wish, and it shall be my en 
 deavor, that it be as much so as may be consistent with the 
 interest of the great cause to which I have devoted everything 
 I hold dear in this world. I have taken the liberty of request 
 ing Mr. Samuel Broome immediately to advance you one hun 
 dred dollars on my account. Your not having heard from me 
 sooner was unavoidable. A line by the first opportunity will 
 oblige me. Be explicit, and avail yourself without hesitation 
 of the friendship which was entertained as well as professed 
 for you by 
 
 "Your obedient and humble servant, 
 
 "JOHN JAY." 
 
 " Poughkeepsie, January 2d, 1778." 
 
 Colonel De Lancey was attainted, and lost his estate under 
 the confiscation act. He went to England at the close of the 
 war, and at the formation of the Loyalist agency for prosecu 
 ting claims for compensation, was appointed agent for New 
 York, and became vice president of the board. His own 
 losses were large and difficult of adjustment, and occupied the 
 attention of the commissioners for some days. Excepting Sir 
 William Pepperell, Colonel De Lancey appears to have been 
 the most active member of the agency ; and as two papers on 
 the subject of the Loyalists claims which bear his signature 
 contain much information, and cannot but interest the reader, 
 I insert them entire. Both were written in 1778. The first 
 is a petition to Parliament, and 
 
 " Humbly sheweth, That, in pursuance of four several 
 acts of Parliament, passed in the years 1783, 1785, 1786, and 
 1787, for appointing Commissioners to inquire into the losses 
 and services of all such persons who have suffered in their 
 rights, properties, and professions, during the late unhappy 
 dissensions in America, in consequence of their loyalty to his 
 Majesty, and attachment to the British government, the said 
 Commissioners have proceeded in the said Inquiry, and made 
 several Reports thereon to the Lords Commissioners of his 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 247 
 
 Majesty s Treasury, as directed by the said Acts, statements 
 whereof, up to the fifth day of April, 1788, have, by order, 
 been laid before your Honorable House. 
 
 "That, by the Statement made up to the 25th day of 
 December, 1787, the gross sum of 7,067,858, appears to have 
 been claimed for the loss of property only, by two thousand 
 nine hundred and ninety-four Claimants, of which number not 
 more than twelve have been reported to be fraudulent, seven 
 rejected for want of Loyalty, and only two hundred and fifty 
 disallowed for want of sufficient proof, out of seventeen hun 
 dred and twenty-four which they had examined and reported 
 upon, whose Claims had amounted to 6,572,896, as appears 
 by their statement up to the 5th day of April, 1788, but to 
 whom they had allowed no more than 1,887,548, in full 
 compensation thereof, which is not equal to one third of the 
 amount of the said Claims. And that several of the Claim 
 ants have represented to your Petitioners, that the sums al 
 lowed them as Compensation have been much less than they 
 conceived to be the value of their property thus lost; and 
 which, in their opinion, had been substantiated by the evi 
 dence produced before the said Commissioners. And that they 
 apprehend the deductions which have been made were in con 
 sequence of some general principles or rules adopted by the 
 Commissioners in the investigation of the Claims of the Loy 
 alists with which they are unacquainted, and which they 
 conceive may possibly have been founded on mis-information 
 or mistake. 
 
 " Your Petitioners trust, that the Commissioners of Amer 
 ican Claims cannot possibly have any objection to disclose, in 
 the present stage of the inquiry, the principles and the rules 
 which they have formed for their direction in the liquidation 
 of Claims on the justice and liberality of Parliament to the 
 amount of many millions, and in an inquiry so interesting to 
 the public, and the individuals affected by their decision. 
 
 " Your Petitioners therefore pray your Honorable House, 
 that the Commissioners of American Claims be ordered to lay 
 before the House the General Rules and Principles which they 
 
248 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 have formed for their inquiry, and under which they have 
 acted in the liquidation of the Claims of the Loyalists. 
 "!AS. DE LANCEY, 
 
 "Agent of the Committee." 
 
 The second is a letter to Mr. Pitt,* the Chancellor of the 
 Exchequer, and contains the reasons of the Loyalists, why no 
 discrimination or deduction ought to be made from the sums 
 found due them by the Commissioners. 
 
 11 SIR, We have the honor of submitting to your consid 
 eration sundry reasons against any deductions being made 
 from the sums found due to the American Loyalists ; demon 
 strating, that after they shall have received the full amount, 
 the losses they have sustained will greatly exceed those of 
 their fellow subjects in consequence of the war. Persuaded 
 as we are of your upright and liberal intentions towards them, 
 we natter ourselves that those reasons have convinced your 
 judgment of the injustice upon which any deductions what 
 ever must be founded. But as you were pleased to intimate 
 to our Committee a possibility that Parliament might, in the 
 final payment, proceed on the distinction which has been made 
 between the Loyalists who had borne arms, and those who 
 have not ; we beg leave to lay before you the following addi 
 tional reasons, not only against such deduction, but against 
 any discrimination whatever in the compensation to be made 
 for loss of property. 
 
 "The distinction was made by Parliament in an early stage 
 of the inquiry, when no certain idea could be formed of the 
 whole amount of the losses, for the purpose of affording relief 
 to those who wanted it. But we cannot suppose that Parlia 
 ment intended, at the time, to adopt it in the final administra 
 tion of justice, for the following reasons : 
 
 "1. It is a distinction which never has been, nor ever can 
 be rationally made ; because it is impossible to ascertain the 
 numerous and various degrees of Loyalty produced by an infi 
 nite variety of acts, during a long continued rebellion ; and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 249 
 
 equally so to apportion, upon any principle of law or equity, 
 the sums which the Loyalists ought to receive in consequence 
 thereof. Besides, were this possible, it would be fundamentally 
 unjust, because the Loyalist whose person has been attainted, 
 and whose property has been confiscated, in consequence of 
 one act of Loyalty, has evidently suffered on the public ac 
 count as much c injury and damage * as he who has suffered 
 in consequence of ten thousand, and of course is equally an 
 object of public protection, and full compensation ; although 
 the other must be allowed to have a stronger claim to gratitude 
 and reward from Government for his services. Hence it is, 
 that there is no instance to be found in the Journals of Parlia 
 ment, of any such discrimination. But, on the contrary, it 
 appears from every case of a similar nature, that the uniform 
 usage of Parliament has been to make full compensation to 
 subjects who have suffered in consequence of their fidelity to 
 the State ; even where that fidelity has been shown by a dis 
 charge of the least of their political duties, without making 
 any discrimination or deduction from the sum found due. To 
 this we will add, that there never has been any point of law, 
 or principle of justice, more solemnly settled than what we 
 here contend for. In the case of Daniel Campbell, who had 
 suffered in his property by a mob, on account only of his 
 voting for the malt-tax, all the branches of the Legislature 
 concurred in declaring, ( That as the losses and damages he 
 had sustained, were on account of the concern he had, or was 
 supposed to have had, in promoting the act for laying a duty 
 on malt, it is just and reasonable that the said damages and 
 losses should be made good and repaid, clear of all deductions. 
 Does it not then follow, beyond all possibility of doubt, in the 
 case where the subject has lost his property on account of his 
 fidelity to the State, and ultimately by an act of the State 
 itself, manifestly done for its own security and preservation. 
 that he ought to receive equal compensation with the sub 
 ject who has suffered for giving a vote for an Act of Parlia 
 ment? 
 
 "2. Upon a little consideration of his Majesty s Proclama- 
 
250 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 tion, and the resolutions of the two Houses of Parliament, it 
 will further appear, that any such discrimination or deduction 
 will be evidently inconsistent with, and derogatory to, because 
 a manifest failure in the performances of, the royal and parlia 
 mentary assurances held out by them to the Loyalists. For 
 by those assurances, the Royal Faith, and the Honor of Parli 
 ament, stand most solemnly pledged for the protection of, 
 and for making ample and full compensation to, every Loy 
 alist, indiscriminately who had been aiding and assisting in 
 suppressing the rebellion, or who, on account of a desire 
 manifested to assist in carrying into execution any Acts of 
 the British Legislature, has suffered any injury or damage 
 whatever. 
 
 " 3. In pursuance of his Majesty s Proclamation, and the 
 resolutions of the two Houses of Parliament, a Commission 
 has been instituted for Inquiring into Losses and Services of 
 those who had c suffered in consequence of their Loyalty to his 
 Majesty, and their attachment to the British Government, and 
 their obedience to his Majesty s Proclamation, &c., &c. And 
 the Loyalists whose losses have been inquired into, and liqui 
 dated under that Commission, are clearly included in the de- , 
 scription of, and are identically the persons who (by the 
 express words of his Majesty s Proclamation, and the resolu 
 tions of the two Houses) are declared to be entitled to the 
 1 protection of the laws, and to full and ample compensa 
 tion. 
 
 " 4. Neither his Majesty s Proclamation, nor the resolutions 
 of the two Houses, nor the Statute of Inquiry, nor any one 
 Precedent to be found in the Journals of Parliament, allude 
 to, or even mention, the degree of Loyalty requisite to entitle 
 the subject to the Protection and Compensation declared to 
 be due, and solemnly promised by his Majesty and the two 
 Houses ; but as the evident principles of policy, reason, justice, 
 and law required, all of them unite in constituting and estab 
 lishing the having suffered any injury or damage in conse 
 quence of Loyalty, the criterion and express condition upon 
 which the c title to protection, and ample and full compen- 
 
t 
 
 OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 251 
 
 sation shall be completely vested; and as every Loyalist, 
 whose loss had been inquired into and reported, has complied 
 with that condition, his right or title to the full amount of 
 the sum found due, is unequivocally established upon the said 
 Proclamation and Resolutions. We therefore .most humbly 
 trust, that Parliament will not deviate from all former Prece 
 dents, and from the principles of reason and justice so sol 
 emnly established, by making any deduction whatever from 
 the sums found due to subjects, who have suffered so much, 
 and such long continued loss and distress on the public ac 
 count, and for the public advantage ; sums, in the complete 
 and liberal discharge of which, the sacred faith of Majesty, 
 the inviolable honor of Parliament, the irreproachable char 
 acter of the Nation, and the momentous security of the State, 
 are so evidently concerned. 
 
 " We could, Sir, offer to your consideration other arguments 
 on the subject ; but, confiding in your upright sense of public 
 justice, and the benevolence of your feelings for the virtuous 
 and distressed, we will conclude with requesting that you will 
 favor our Committee with the promised interview, by which 
 alone the anxiety of our minds on the occasion can be re 
 lieved. 
 
 " I have the honor to be, by the direction, and on behalf, of 
 the Agents for the American Loyalists, with great respect, 
 
 " Sir, your most obedient humble servant, 
 "JAMES DE LANCEY, 
 
 " Vice President." 
 
 " Right Honorable William Pitt, &c." 
 
 These papers produced no effect, except as is stated in the 
 preliminary remarks to this work, no discrimination was finally 
 made between Loyalists of different degrees of loyalty, merit, 
 and grades of service. In this respect all were treated alike ; 
 but the commissioners were not required to revise their pro 
 ceedings, as was asked for in the address to Parliament ; nor 
 was Mr. Pitt induced to change his purpose of making certain 
 rates of reduction on the sums reported to be due to claimants 
 
252 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 by the commissioners, as was solicited in the communication to 
 him. The petition and the letter are, however, valuable doc 
 uments, and able and authorized statements of the views of 
 adherents of the crown, who were interested in the matters to 
 which they relate. 
 
 Indeed, the claimants appear to have acquiesced in the deci 
 sion of the minister ; and the board of agents, after Mr. Pitt s 
 plan was confirmed by an act of Parliament, presented an 
 Address to the King. Colonel De Lancey affixed his signature 
 to this address, and with his associates had an audience of his 
 Majesty, and " had the honor to kiss his Majesty s hand." 
 
 Colonel De Lancey finally fixed his residence in Nova 
 Scotia, and in 1794 was sworn in as a member of the Council 
 of that Colony. He died at Annapolis, Nova Scotia, about the 
 year 1809. Martha, his widow, died at the same place in 
 1837, at the age of seventy-three. 
 
 DE LANCEY, JAMES. Of New York. He was an officer 
 in Oliver De Lancey s Second Battalion. James De Lancey, 
 Esquire, Collector of his Majesty s Customs, died at Crooked 
 Island, New Providence, in 1808, and was perhaps the 
 same. 
 
 DE LANCEY, OLIVER. Of New York. His father, who was 
 a French refugee, was a gentleman of wealth, and of the first 
 rank. His career for some years may be considered in con 
 nexion with that of his brother James, who was Chief Justice 
 and Lieutenant Governor of that Colony. James was a man 
 of talents, of learning, of great vivacity, and of popular man 
 ners; but if the writers of the time are to be followed, he 
 was also an unprincipled demagogue, who opposed the gov 
 ernors whom he could not rule, and who, for unworthy pur 
 poses of his own, kept the public mind in continual agitation. 
 He was at the head of affairs and administered the govern 
 ment after the removal of Clinton and the death of Osborn, 
 and a second time, as the successor of Hardy. He died in 
 1760. His daughter married the celebrated Sir William Dra 
 per. The party opposed to his advancement, in denouncing 
 his ambitious projects, did not spare Oliver, the subject of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 253 
 
 this notice. On some occasions, Oliver seems to have promoted 
 his brother s designs, at the expense of propriety and deco 
 rum. But yet Oliver De Lancey, at the period of the French 
 war, occupied a commanding position, and perhaps he did 
 not overrate his personal influence when he said, that if in 
 the expedition against Crown Point, he " should accept the 
 command of the New York regiment, he could in ten days 
 raise the whole " quota of troops allotted to that Colony. 
 This standing he maintained after his brother s death, and 
 until the Revolution. At the commencement of the contro 
 versy he may not have been a zealous adherent of the crown. 
 Some of the Whigs insisted, indeed, that he heartily approv 
 ed of the course of the ministry, and a letter appeared in 
 a newspaper in England, in 1775, which, if genuine, au 
 thorized the opinion. But this letter he publicly averred to 
 be an infamous and a malicious forgery. Nor did he stop 
 there, for he submitted, as he declared upon his honor, the 
 whole of his correspondence with his friends in England, 
 from the earliest moment of the dispute, to Mr. Jay, who, 
 finding nothing objectionable, so stated in a card which was 
 published. But whatever was his course before the question 
 of separation from the mother country was discussed, he 
 opposed the dismemberment of the empire, and put his life 
 and property at stake to prevent it. In 1776 he was appoint 
 ed a brigadier-general in the royal service. Skinner, of New 
 Jersey ; Brown, a former governor of the Bahamas ; Arnold, 
 the apostate; and Cunningham, of South Carolina, were of 
 the same grade, but their commissions were of later dates. 
 General De Lancey was, therefore, the senior Loyalist offi 
 cer in commission during the contest. His command con 
 sisted of three battalions, known as De Lancey s Battalions. 
 In his orders for enlistments, he promised to any well re 
 commended characters, who should engage a company of 
 seventy men, the disposal of the commissions of captain, 
 lieutenant, and ensign. The common soldiers, he said, 
 would be "in British pay." Yet his success in filling up 
 his battalions was not flattering. Of the fifteen hundred 
 22 
 
254 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 men required, only five hundred and ninety-seven were em 
 bodied in the spring of 1777, and but seven hundred and seven 
 a year later. 
 
 Previous to the Revolution, General De Lancey was a mem 
 ber of the Council, and was considered to be in office in 1782, 
 though a constitution was formed in New York in 1777, and 
 a government organized under it. By this government he was 
 attainted of treason, and his large property confiscated. He 
 went to England at the close of the war, and was a member 
 of Parliament, but did not long survive. He died in 1785, 
 aged sixty-eight. I suppose that Van Shaack alludes to his 
 decease in the following passage. " Our old friend has at last 
 taken his departure from Beverley, which he said should hold 
 his bones; he went off without pain or struggle, his body 
 wasted to a skeleton, his mind the same. The family most 
 of them collected in town [London]. There will scarcely be 
 a village in England without some American dust in it, I 
 believe, by the time we are all at rest." 
 
 DE LANCEY, OLIVER, Junior. Of New York. Son of Oli 
 ver De Lancey. While most of the Loyalists who entered the 
 military service were attached to Provincial corps, and were of 
 course liable to be dismissed at the close of the war, De Lan 
 cey appears to have obtained a commission in the British 
 army as early as 1776, at which period he was a captain of 
 horse. At a subsequent day he was major of the Seventeenth 
 Regiment of Dragoons, and after the death of Andre, adjutant 
 general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He continued in 
 the army, and at his decease, within a few years, was barrack- 
 master general of the British empire. His treatment of Gen 
 eral Nathaniel Woodhull, an estimable Whig of New York, 
 who became his prisoner in 1776, should never be forgotten. 
 There seems no room to doubt, that, when that unfortunate gen 
 tleman surrendered his sword to De Lancey, he stipulated for, 
 and was promised, protection ; but that his Loyalist country 
 man basely struck him, and permitted his men to cut and hack 
 him at pleasure. And it is no less certain that the General, 
 maimed and wounded, was denied proper care, attention, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 255 
 
 accommodation, and that he perished in consequence of the 
 barbarities of his captors. 
 
 DE LANCEY, STEPHEN. He entered the military service of 
 the king, and in 1782 was lieutenant-colonel of the First Bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers. At the peace he left the 
 country ; and subsequently was Chief Justice of the Bahamas. 
 His wife was a daughter of Reverend Henry Barclay, rector 
 of Trinity Church, New York. A son was aid to Wellington, 
 and was killed at Waterloo. 
 
 DE LANCEY, WARREN. Of New York. In 1780 he was 
 commissioned a cornet of dragoons. 
 
 BELONG, JAMES. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 ordered that he surrender for trial, or stand attainted. 
 
 DELUE, JACOB. He died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1825, aged sixty-five. 
 
 DELYON, ISAAC. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 DE MAYERN, PHILIP. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Orange Rangers. 
 
 DEMENT, . Was a Whig officer of Colonel Magaw s 
 
 command, who deserted to the enemy under Howe, a short 
 time before the affair of Fort Washington. 
 
 DEMILE, JOHN. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 DEMOTT, ABRAHAM, JOHN, MICHAEL, and SAMUEL. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 Michael was subsequently in the military service of the 
 crown. 
 
 DENHOLM, GEORGE. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DENNIS, JOHN, Junior. Of Richland, Pennsylvania. In 
 Council, in 1778, it was ordered, that failing to surrender and 
 be tried for treason, he stand attainted. 
 
 DENNIS, RICHARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 17SO. He was banished 
 in 1782, and his property was confiscated. 
 
 DENTON. In 1775 Joseph Denton, of Brook-haven, New 
 York, assisted Major Benjamin Floyd in procuring signatures 
 
256 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 to a paper expressive of a determination to support the royal 
 authority. In 1776 Thomas, Amos junior, Joseph, Samuel, 
 Isaac, and Amos Denton, of Queen s County, professed them 
 selves to Lord Richard and General William Howe, loyal and 
 well affected subjects. In 1780, James Denton of that County 
 was in arms against the Whigs. The name of Joseph Denton 
 is found among the Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. 
 
 DEONEZZAU, ADAM. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for 
 Halifax with the British army. 
 
 DE PEYSTER, ABRAHAM. Of New York. He entered the 
 king s service, and was a captain in the New York Volun 
 teers. He was second in command at the battle of King s 
 Mountain, in 1780, and after the fall of Ferguson, hoisted a 
 flag as a signal of surrender. The firing immediately ceased, 
 and the royal troops laying down their arms, the most of 
 which were loaded, submitted to the conquerors at discretion. 
 It seems not to be generally understood, that nearly the whole 
 of Ferguson s force was composed of Loyalists; but such is 
 the fact. He went into action with eleven hundred and 
 twenty-five men, of whom only one hundred and sixty-two 
 were regulars. Of the Loyalists, no less than two hundred 
 and six were killed, one hundred and twenty-eight wounded, 
 and six hundred and twenty-nine taken prisoners. The loss 
 of regulars, was eighteen slain, and one hundred and three 
 wounded and captured. Captain De Peyster was paid off the 
 morning of the battle. Among the coin which he received 
 was a doubloon, which he put in a pocket of his vest. While 
 on the field, a bullet struck the gold and stopped, and his 
 life was thus saved. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. He 
 received half-pay. He Avas treasurer of New Brunswick, 
 and a colonel in the militia. He died in that Colony pre 
 vious to 1799, as in that year leave was given to sell a part 
 of his estate in the hands of his administrator. 
 
 DE PEYSTER, FREDERICK. Of New York. He was a cap 
 tain in the New York Volunteers in 1782. In 1784 he was 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, and received the grant of a city 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 257 
 
 lot. In 1792 he was a magistrate in the County of York. 
 He returned to the United States. A gentleman of this name 
 was a student of Peter Van Shaack in early life, was much 
 esteemed by him, and "one of his principal correspondents 
 in his old age." This Mr. De Peyster and possibly the 
 same was living in New York in 1S28. 
 
 DERICKSON, CAPTAIN JACOB. Of Brandywine, Delaware. In 
 1778 he was required by law to surrender himself within a 
 specified time, or suffer the confiscation of his estate. 
 
 DE ROSSET, LEWIS H. A member of the Council of North 
 Carolina. He was present in Council, April 2, 1775, and 
 gave his assent to the issuing of a Proclamation to forbid the 
 meeting of a Whig Convention at Newbern on the following 
 day. This Convention was for the purpose of electing Dele 
 gates to the Continental Congress. He was in communication 
 with Governor Martin, after the royal authority had ceased, 
 and his Excellency had abandoned the palace. 
 
 DEVEAUX, ANDREW, Junior. Of South Carolina. An officer 
 of the crown after the surrender of Charleston in 1780. Es 
 tate confiscated. 
 
 DEVEAUX, JACOB. Of South Carolina. Was a Congratulator 
 of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 
 his estate was confiscated. He was banished. 
 
 DE VEBER, GABRIEL. Of New York. He entered the mili 
 tary service of the crown, and in 1782 was lieutenant-colonel 
 of the Prince of Wales s American Volunteers. He settled 
 in New Brunswick at the close of the war, and was a grantee 
 of the city of St. John. He received half-pay. In 1792 he 
 was Sheriff of the County of Sunbury, and colonel in the 
 militia. He died in that County. Margaret his wife, third 
 daughter of Doctor Nathaniel Hubbard, of Stamford, Con 
 necticut, died in King s County in 1813. 
 
 DE VEBER, GABRIEL. Junior. Of New York. Son of Gabriel 
 De Veber. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in De Lancey s Third 
 Battalion. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at -the 
 peace, was a grantee of that city, and received half-pay. He 
 died in New Brunswick. 
 22* 
 
258 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 DEVOE, FREDERICK and JAMES. In 1783 arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and lands were granted to them ; the latter 
 died at Hampton, New Brunswick, in 1833, aged seventy- 
 nine. 
 
 DEVOE, LEVI. Was a Protester in 1775. 
 
 DEWSENBURGH, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 Protester, &c. 
 
 DIBBLEE, FREDERICK. He was born at Stamford, Connecticut, 
 and graduated at King s College, New York. After the Revo 
 lution, he settled in New Brunswick, and became rector of 
 the Episcopal Church at Woodstock. He died at that place 
 in 1826, aged seventy- three. Nancy, his widow, died at the 
 same place in 1838, at the age of eighty- three. 
 
 DIBBLEE, FYLER. Attorney at Law, Stamford, Connecticut. 
 In 1775 he was captain of the first military company of 
 Stamford, and a person of consideration. He early incurred 
 the displeasure of the Whigs, and the Assembly of Connecticut 
 appointed commissioners to inquire into his conduct. In 1778 
 he and sixteen other Loyalists were taken prisoners on Long 
 Island, New York, by a party of Whigs who landed there from 
 boats. His property in Connecticut was confiscated. In 1783 
 he was a deputy agent for the transportation of Loyalists 
 from New York to Nova Scotia, and in April of that year, 
 sailed from Huntington Bay in the ship Union for St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and arrived in May. He was accompanied 
 by his wife, five children, and two servants. In 1784 he 
 received the grant of two city lots. Some years after he com 
 mitted suicide. Various reasons have been assigned for the 
 melancholy termination of his life. 
 
 DIBBLEE, RALPH. Died at Kingston, New Brunswick, in 
 1799. 
 
 DIBBLEE, WALTER. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He arrived 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 The crown granted him a city lot in 1734. He died at Sus 
 sex Vale, New Brunswick, in 1817, aged fifty- three. 
 
 DIBBLEE, WILLIAM. Of Stamford, Connecticut. In the spring 
 of 1783 he arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship 
 Union. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 DICK, JOHN. A Loyalist of the emigration from the United 
 States of the year 1783. He died at St. George, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1839. aged ninety-five years. 
 
 DICKENSON, WILLIAM. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775. Francis embarked at Boston for Halifax with 
 the royal army in 1776. Nathaniel, of Deerfield, and Roger, 
 of Hatfield, Massachusetts, were proscribed and banished in 
 1778. Besides these of the same name, Turtullus, was a 
 major in the royal service ; was at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1784, and received a grant of land. Samuel, went to New 
 Brunswick also, was a grantee of land, and in 1792, a magis 
 trate in Queen s County. 
 
 DICKSON, ROBERT. Settled in Nova Scotia. Was a member 
 of the House of Assembly, and magistrate of the District of 
 Colchester. He died in 1835. 
 
 DICKSON, WILLIAM. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. 
 
 DICKSON, W. Of New York. He commanded a company 
 in the New York Volunteers. In 1780 he was drowned at 
 Long Island while bathing. His body was found and in 
 terred. 
 
 DINGEE, SOLOMON. He died at Gagetown, New Brunswick, 
 in 1836, aged eighty. 
 
 DINGWELL, ARTHUR. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. In 
 1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery of St. John. 
 
 DITMARS, ABRAHAM, Douw, GARRET, ISAAC, and JOHN. Of 
 Queen s County, New York. Were signers of a Representa 
 tion and Petition to Lord Richard and General William Howe, 
 acknowledging allegiance, October, 1776. Isaac signed a 
 Declaration of Loyalty in 1775, and Douw Ditmars, junior, 
 did the same. In 1777, Douw was appointed a trustee to pro 
 vide fuel and other articles for the hospital on Long Island. 
 Some of the Ditmars of Queen s County went to Nova Scotia 
 at the peace. John J. Ditmars died in that Colony in 1829, 
 aged ninety-seven. 
 
260 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Drx, JONATHAN. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 DIXON, CHARLES. He became an inhabitant of New Bruns 
 wick at the peace, or perhaps a little earlier, and continued a 
 resident of the Colony until his death, in 1817, at the age of 
 eighty-nine. 
 
 DIXON, JOSEPH. He died at Hampton, King s County, New 
 Brunswick, in 1812, aged ninety-two. 
 
 DOBBS, EDWARD BRICE. Of North Carolina. In 1777 his 
 property was confiscated. 
 
 DOGGIT, JOHN. Of Middleborough, Massachusetts. He went 
 to New Brunswick, and died on the Island of Grand Menan, 
 Bay of Fundy, in 1830, aged seventy. 
 
 DOLSTON, ISAAC, ISAAC Junior, and MATTHEW. Of Wyoming, 
 Pennsylvania. Were severally required to surrender them 
 selves for trial on a charge of treason to the State, within a 
 specified time in 1778, or stand attainted. 
 
 DONALDSON, SAMUEL. He was at New York in July, 1783, 
 and was one of the fifty-five who petitioned for grants of lands 
 in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 DONAVAN, JAMES, Junior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. In 1782, 
 J. Donaven, and probably the same, was a lieutenant of in 
 fantry in the British Legion. 
 
 DORLAN, or DORLAND. Benjamin, Benjamin junior, David, 
 Elias the third, John, Joseph, Samuel, and Thomas, of Queen s 
 County, New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 In 1780 Joseph Dorian, of that County, was in the military 
 service of the crown. 
 
 DOUGHERTY, EDWARD. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for 
 Halifax. A Loyalist of this name died in extreme poverty 
 on the river St. John, New Brunswick, where he had lived 
 many years, about the year 1808. 
 
 DOUGHTY. Two of this name were attached to De Lancey s 
 Third Battalion in 1782 ; Charles, as surgeon, and Bartholo 
 mew, as a captain. 
 
 DOUGHTY, SAMUEL. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a signer 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 261 
 
 of the Declaration of loyalty, January, 1775. His son Sam 
 uel, and a John Doughty, of Jamaica, signed the same. 
 
 DOUGHTY, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 DOUGLAS, BENJAMIN. In 1782 he was an ensign in the 
 King s Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 DOUNIE, JOHN. Of Camden, South Carolina. Was in com 
 mission under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 DOUNING, BENJAMIN. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 DOUNS, ARCHIBALD, or ARTHUR. Of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina. An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was 
 banished. In 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 DOWLING, SAMUEL, Was one of the grantees of the city of 
 St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 DOXSTADER, JOHN. A Tory leader. On an incursion to 
 Currietown, he and his Indian associates took nine prisoners, 
 who, in an affair at a place called Ourlagh, New York, the 
 day succeeding their capture, were bound to standing trees, 
 tomahawked and scalped. The bodies of these unfortunate 
 men were hastily buried by friends. But one of them, Jacob 
 Diefendorff, was alive, and was afterwards found on the out 
 side of his own grave ; he recovered and lived to relate the 
 story. In 1780, on one of his incursions in New York, Dox- 
 stader carried away a horse belonging to a Whig ; but com 
 ing to the same region, from Canada, after the war, he was 
 arrested by the owner, and compelled to pay the value of the 
 animal. 
 
 DOYLE, JOHN. In 1782 was a captain in the Second Ameri 
 can Regiment. 
 
 DRAKE, JOHN. Innkeeper, of Newcastle, Delaware. Was 
 required in 1778 to surrender himself, or to submit to the for 
 feiture of his property. 
 
 DRAKE, JEREMIAH. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and 
 died at St. John in 1846, aged eighty. 
 
 DRAKE, FRANCIS. Died at Q,ueensbury, New Brunswick, in 
 
262 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 1836, aged eighty-one. He was in the service of the crown 
 for some years. 
 
 DRAKE, URIAH. Of New York. Went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He died at Carlton, New Brunswick, in 1832, at the age of 
 seventy. 
 
 DRAPER, RICHARD. Printer and proprietor of the Massachu 
 setts Gazette, and Boston News Letter. He was the appren 
 tice, silent partner, and successor of his father, John Draper. 
 He was early appointed printer to the Governor and Council, 
 which employment he retained during life. His paper was 
 devoted to the government, and in the controversy between 
 Great Britain and the Colonies, gave strong support to the 
 royal cause, and had some able contributors. He was a man 
 of feeble health ; and was remarkable for the delicacy of his 
 mind, and gentleness of his manners. No stain rested upon 
 his character. He was attentive to his affairs, and was es 
 teemed the best compiler of news of his day. He died June 
 6th, 1774, aged forty-seven years ; without children. 
 
 DRAPER, MARGARET. Wife of Richard Draper, of Boston. 
 With the aid of John Howe, continued the publication of the 
 Massachusetts Gazette, and Boston News Letter from the time 
 of her husband s death in 1774, until the evacuation of Bos 
 ton in 1776 ; and her paper was the only one that was pub 
 lished during the siege of that town. She accompanied the 
 British army to Halifax, and proceeding to England, lived 
 there for the remainder of her days. Her death occurred, it 
 is believed, about the opening of the present century. The 
 British Government allowed her a pension. Trumbull, in his 
 McFingal, calls her " mother Draper. 7 
 
 DREDDEN, W. Of New York. An officer in a band of 
 marauders. 
 
 DREW, JOHN, ISAAC, and PETER. Of Fairfield County, Con 
 necticut. Were members of the Reading Association. 
 
 DREW, JOSEPH. A grantee of the city of St. John, New 
 Brunswick ; he died there in 1808. 
 
 DRINKER, HENRY. Of Philadelphia. In 1777, charged with 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 263 
 
 disaffection to the Whigs, he was confined in that city, and 
 sent to Virginia. 
 
 DRUMMOND, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was surgeon of the 
 King s American Regiment. 
 
 DRUMMOND, JAMES. Was one of the grantees of the city of 
 St. John in 1783. 
 
 DRUMMOND, ROBERT. Was major of the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers in 1782. 
 
 DRY, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. He was collector of 
 the customs, and a member of the Royal Council. When Mr. 
 Quincy of Massachusetts was on his southern tour in 1773, 
 he was his guest, and recorded in his journal, that " Colonel 
 Dry s mansion is justly called the house of universal hospital 
 ity." At this time, it is probable, from circumstances related 
 by Mr. Quincy, that Mr. Dry was inclined to the popular side. 
 But, by the records of the Royal Council, it appears, that April 
 12, 1775, he li took again the oath appointed to be taken by 
 Privy Counsellors." The Board at this meeting dismissed 
 from a commission of the Peace Colonel John Harvey, one of 
 the most zealous Whigs in North Carolina, and with the con 
 sent of all the members present. Yet I find that, after the 
 adoption of the Constitution in 1776, Colonel Dry was elected 
 a member of the new, or Whig Council. But a man who 
 changed so often was not a Whig. 
 
 Du Bois, PETER. Of New York. His property was con 
 fiscated. I suppose that Colonel Dubois, who commanded a 
 corps of Loyalists, and was in service under Sir John Johnson, 
 was the same. 
 
 DUCHE, JACOB, D. D. An Episcopal minister of Philadelphia. 
 He was born in that city, and graduated at the college there 
 in 1757. He entered the ministry, and after the first Conti 
 nental Congress assembled, in 1774, officiated as chaplain on 
 the 7th of September, and was thanked by a vote of that body, 
 " for the excellent prayer which he composed and delivered" 
 on the occasion. At this time he was assistant rector of two 
 churches, but on the death of Reverend Doctor Richard Peters, 
 an Episcopal minister of Philadelphia, in 1775, was appointed 
 
264 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 his successor. In 1776 he was elected chaplain to Congress, 
 with a salary. The following is the form of prayer, which 
 he made use of after Independence was declared. 
 
 " O Lord ! our heavenly Father, high and mighty, King of 
 kings, and Lord of lords, who dost from thy throne behold all 
 the dwellers on earth, and reignest with power supreme and 
 uncontrolled over all kingdoms, empires and governments. 
 Look down in mercy, we beseech thee, on these our American 
 States, who have fled to thee from the rod of the oppressor, 
 and thrown themselves on thy gracious protection, desiring to 
 be henceforth dependent only on thee ; to thee have they ap 
 pealed for the righteousness of their cause ; to thee do they 
 now look up for that countenance and support, which thou 
 alone canst give : take them, therefore, heavenly Father, 
 under thy nurturing care ; give them wisdom in council, and 
 valor in the field ; defeat the malicious designs of our cruel 
 adversaries ; convince them of the unrighteousness of their 
 cause, and if they still persist in their sanguinary purposes, 
 O ! let the voice of thine own unerring justice, sounding in 
 their hearts, constrain them to drop the weapons of war from 
 their unnerved hands in the day of battle. Be thou present, 
 O God of wisdom, and direct the councils of this honorable 
 assembly; enable them to settle things on the best and surest 
 foundation, that the scene of blood may be speedily closed, 
 that order, harmony and peace may be effectually restored, 
 and truth and justice, religion and piety, prevail and flourish 
 amongst thy people ; preserve the health of their bodies and 
 the vigor of their minds ; shower down on them, and the 
 millions they represent, such temporal blessings, as thou seest 
 expedient for them in this world, and crown them with ever 
 lasting glory in the world to come. All this we ask in the 
 name, and through the merits of Jesus Christ, thy Son and 
 our Saviour. Amen." 
 
 He officiated as chaplain about three months, when he aban 
 doned the Whigs, and resigned. In October, 1777, he wrote 
 an extraordinary letter to Washington, which was delivered 
 by Mrs. Ferguson, and which the Commander-in-chief trans- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 265 
 
 mitted to Congress. The objects of this communication were, 
 to cast a general odium on the Whig cause, to induce Wash 
 ington to apostatize, and resign his command of the army, or, 
 at the head of it, to force Congress immediately to desist from 
 hostilities, and to rescind the Declaration of Independence. If 
 this is not done, said Duche, "You have an infallible resource 
 still left ; negotiate for America at the head of your army" 
 In the course of this letter, he represents Congress in a most 
 despicable view ; as consisting of weak, obscure persons, not 
 fit associates for Washington ; and he speaks of the members 
 from New England, especially, with great indelicacy. The 
 army, in his estimation, both officers and men, were possessed 
 neither of courage nor principle, and were taken from the low 
 est of the people. 
 
 Various motives were assigned for his apostasy ; some be 
 lieved that it was occasioned by the gloomy aspect of affairs ; 
 others supposed that it arose from a change in his sentiments 
 respecting the justice of the Whig cause. But whatever was 
 the reason, the aspersions contained in his letter admit of no 
 excuse ; he degraded his profession, and loaded his name and 
 memory with infamy. After quitting Philadelphia, Doctor 
 Duche went to England, and became chaplain to an asylum 
 for orphans. He was a man of brilliant talents, an impressive 
 orator, had a fine poetical taste, and figured as a preacher 
 even in London. He was banished, and his estate was con 
 fiscated. In April, 1783, he solicited Washington s influence 
 to effect a repeal of the act that kept him in banishment from 
 his native country, "from the arms of a dear aged father, and 
 the embraces of a numerous circle of valuable and long-loved 
 friends. Washington replied, that his feelings as an individual 
 were favorable, but that his case must continue to rest with 
 the authorities of Pennsylvania. In 1790, the laws of that 
 State having allowed the refugee loyalists to return, Doctor 
 Duche came back to Philadelphia in shattered health. He 
 died in 1798, aged about sixty years. One account states that 
 his decease occurred in 1794. His wife was a sister of Francis 
 Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His 
 23 
 
266 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 daughter Sophia married John Henry, a person whose real or 
 supposed connexion with our politics about the time of the 
 war of 1812, caused considerable sensation. He published 
 several sermons before his defection, and two volumes in Lon 
 don, in 1780. 
 
 DUCKINFIELD, SIR NATHANIEL, Baronet. Of North Carolina. A 
 
 member of the Council. In 1779 his property was confiscated. 
 
 DUDLEY, CHARLES. Collector of the Customs, Newport, Rhode 
 
 Island. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax with the 
 
 British army. 
 
 DUELLY, WILLIAM. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for 
 Halifax with the British army. 
 
 DUFFUS, CHARLES. He died at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1818, at the age of seventy. 
 
 DUKER, HENRY. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 DULANEY, WALTER. In 1782 he was major of the Maryland 
 Loyalists. 
 
 DULANY, DANIEL. Of Maryland. Early in the controversy, 
 he and Charles Carroll engaged in a warm newspaper discus 
 sion, which attracted much interest. Dulany wrote over the 
 signature of Antilore, and his Whig antagonist adopted that 
 of the First Citizen. Dulany was an eminent lawyer, and 
 was considered one of the most distinguished men of his 
 time. Before the Revolution he held the offices of Secretary 
 and Attorney-general of Maryland, and was a member of the 
 Council. Few memorials remain of him, but he is ever men 
 tioned in terms of the highest respect. Mr. Q,uincy, of Massa 
 chusetts, while on his journey to the South in 1773, spoke of 
 spending " three hours with the celebrated Daniel Dulany." 
 He died soon after the commencement of hostilities. 
 
 DULANY, LLOYD. Of Annapolis, Maryland. On the 27th 
 of May, 1774, the Whigs of that city passed the following 
 Resolution. 
 
 " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the gentlemen 
 of the law of this Province bring no suit for the recovery of 
 any debt due from any inhabitant of this Province to any in- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 267 
 
 habitant of Great Britain, until the said Act [Boston Port Bill] 
 be repealed." 
 
 Three days after, Mr. Dulany s name appeared at the head 
 of the following Protest. 
 
 " Dissentient. 1. Because we are impressed with a full con 
 viction, that this resolution is founded in treachery and rash 
 ness, inasmuch as it is big with bankruptcy and ruin to those 
 inhabitants of Great Britain, who, relying with unlimited secu 
 rity on our good faith and integrity, have made us masters of 
 their fortunes; condemning them unheard, for not having in 
 terposed their influence with Parliament in favor of the town 
 of Boston, without duly weighing the force with which that 
 influence would probably have operated, or whether in their 
 conduct they were actuated by wisdom and policy, or by cor 
 ruption and avarice. 
 
 U 2. Because, whilst the inhabitants of Great Britain are 
 partially despoiled of every legal remedy to recover what is 
 justly due to them, no provision is made to prevent us from 
 being harassed by the prosecution of internal suits, but our 
 fortunes and persons are left at the mercy of domestic credi 
 tors, without a possibility of extricating ourselves unless by a 
 general convulsion ; an event, in the contemplation of sober 
 reason, replete with horror. 
 
 "3. Because our credit as a commercial people will expire 
 under the wound ; for what confidence can possibly be re 
 posed in those who shall have exhibited the most avowed and 
 most striking proof that they are not to be bound by obliga 
 tions as sacred as human invention can suggest." 
 
 Mr. Dulany became a refugee Loyalist. He went to Eng 
 land ; in 1779 he was in London, and addressed the king. 
 
 DUMARESQUE, PHILIP. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. In 1776 he 
 was at Halifax. Two years later he was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 DUMONT, PETER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DUNBAR, DANIEL. Of Halifax, Massachusetts. Was an offi- 
 
268 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 cer in the militia, and in 1774 a mob demanded of him the 
 surrender of the colors of his company. He refused, when 
 the multitude broke into his house, took him out, forced him 
 to get upon a rail, where he was held and tossed up and down 
 until he was exhausted. He was then dragged and beaten, 
 and gave up the standard to save his life. In 1776 he went to 
 Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the royal army. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. 
 
 DUNBAR, GEORGE. Residence unknown. In 1782 was a 
 captain in De Lancey s Second Battalion. 
 
 DUNBAR, JESSE. Of Halifax, Massachusetts. Bought some 
 fat cattle of a Mandamus Councillor in 1774, and drove them 
 to Plymouth for sale. The Whigs soon learned with whom 
 Dunbar had presumed to deal, and after he had slaughtered, 
 skinned, and hung up one of the beasts, commenced punishing 
 him for the offence. That punishment was cruel in the ex 
 treme. His tormentors, it appears, put the dead ox in a cart, 
 and fixed Dunbar in his belly, carted him four miles, and re 
 quired him to pay one dollar for the ride. He then was deliv 
 ered over to a Kingston mob, who carted him four other miles, 
 and exacted another dollar. A Duxbury mob then took him, 
 and after beating him in the face with the creature s tripe, and 
 endeavoring to cover his person with it, carried him to Coun 
 cillor Thomas s house, and compelled him to pay a further 
 sum of money. Flinging his beef into the road, they now left 
 him to recover and return as he could. 
 
 DUNBAR, JOSEPH, Senior. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a 
 signer of the Declaration of loyalty in 1775. 
 
 DUNCAN. ALEXANDER. Embarked at Boston for Halifax in 
 1776. 
 
 DUNCAN, JAMES. Blacksmith, of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; was ban 
 ished, and his property was confiscated in 1782. 
 
 DUNCAN, WILLIAM. Was chaplain of the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. 
 
 DUNHAM. Captain Asher Dunham, and Daniel Dunham, 
 were among the Loyalists who went to St. John, New Bruns- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 wick, in 1783, and both received grants of city lots. John 
 Dunham, who emigrated the same year, and who was a cap 
 tain in the militia of New Brunswick, died at Carl ton in 1829, 
 aged eighty-one. 
 
 DUNLAP, ALEXANDER. Of Queen s County, New York. Was 
 in arms against the rebels, and in 1780 belonged to the party 
 under lieutenant McKain. 
 
 DUNLAP, JOHN. Of North Carolina. Lost his property by 
 confiscation in 1779. 
 
 DUNLAP, CHARLES and ST. JOHN. Were officers of infantry 
 in the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 DUNN, JOHN, Esquire. Of New York. He left the United 
 States at the termination of hostilities, and was one of the 
 founders of St. Andrew, New Brunswick, and through life 
 contributed to its improvement and prosperity. For many 
 years he held the honorable and lucrative post of Comptroller 
 of His Majesty s Customs at that port. He died at St. An 
 drew, April 14, 1829, aged seventy-six. His wife, Elizabeth, 
 survived until January, 1835, and at her decease was seventy- 
 three. He was a man proverbially kind, liberal, and hospit 
 able. 
 
 DUNN, JOSEPH. Was adjutant of the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion, and held a commission of ensign. 
 
 DUNN, SELLICK. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 DUNNING, . Of North Carolina. In 1776 he was an 
 
 ensign in a corps of Loyalists, was in arms against the Whigs 
 of that State, and was captured and imprisoned. 
 
 DUNNING, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DUPONT, GIDEON, Junior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was ban 
 ished. In 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 DURFEE, JOSEPH. Of Rhode Island. In 1777 he was com 
 missioned a lieutenant in the Loyal Newport Associators. 
 
 DURLING, GARRET. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 a Declaration of loyalty in 1775. 
 23* 
 
270 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 DURST, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DURYE, RULIFF. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a 
 Declaration of loyalty in 1775. 
 
 DUTARQUE, LEWIS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 DWIGHT, TIMOTHY. Was surgeon s mate of the King s 
 American Dragoons. 
 
 DWYER, EDWARD. Petty officer of the Customs. In 1776 
 he embarked at Boston for Halifax with the British army. 
 
 DYER, HENRY. Was a grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick. 
 
 DYKERMAN, ABRAHAM. Of New Haven, Connecticut. Ar 
 rived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, in 
 the ship Union. Garret Dykerman arrived the same year, 
 and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 EAGAR, JOHN. Of Rutland, Massachusetts. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 EAGAR, JAMES. Of Northborough, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 EARLE, EDWARD. Was a captain in the Third Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. Settled in New Brunswick ; re 
 ceived half-pay ; and died at Grand Lake, in that Colony. 
 
 EARLE, JUSTUS. Was a lieutenant in the Third Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. Settled in the Colony of New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 EARLE, PHILIP. Went to New Brunswick. He was a gran 
 tee of the city of St. John. 
 
 EASTERBROOKS, JAMES. He was an early settler of New 
 Brunswick, and was a magistrate and member of the House 
 of Assembly for many years. He died at Sackville, New 
 Brunswick, in 1842, at the age of eighty-five. 
 
 EUDIS, WILLIAM. Of Maryland. Was in London in 1779, 
 and was a Loyalist Addresser of the king. 
 
 EDDY, CHARLES. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was appre 
 hended and ordered to be sent to Virginia, as a prisoner. He 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 271 
 
 went to England, subsequently, and was in London in July, 
 1779. 
 
 EDMISTON, WILLIAM. Of Maryland. Went to England, 
 and was there previous to July, 1779. 
 
 EDSON, JOSIAH. Of Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He was 
 a noted politician of the time, and was known by the two 
 most odious appellations which prevailed ; namely, as a Re- 
 scinder, and a Mandamus Councillor. Hutchinson speaks 
 of him in 1771, when he was a member of the House of 
 Representatives, as one of the several gentlemen of that body, 
 who, in common times, would have had great weight, but 
 who, then, discouraged by the great superiority of the num 
 bers against them, were inactive. In 1774, Mr. Edson was 
 driven from his house by a mob, and was compelled to reside 
 in Boston, under protection of the British troops ; and at the 
 evacuation in 1776, he accompanied the army to Halifax. 
 He went from Halifax to New York, and died in that city, 
 or on Long Island, not long after his arrival. He was a 
 graduate of Harvard University, a colonel in the militia, a 
 deacon of the church, and a respectable, virtuous man. He 
 is alluded to in McFingal, as " That old simplicity of Ed- 
 son." 
 
 EDWARDS, JAMES. In 1782 he was a captain of infantry in 
 the British Legion. 
 
 EDWARDS, JOSEPH, Junior. Of Fairfield County, Connecti 
 cut. Was a member of the Reading Association. 
 
 EDWARDS, MORGAN. A Baptist clergyman. He was born 
 in Wales in 1722, and came to America in 1761. He was 
 at first pastor of a church in Philadelphia, and, subsequently, 
 labored in various places, either as lecturer or preacher. Op 
 posed to the Revolution, he gave up the ministry during the 
 war. He was an eccentric man, and among his acts was 
 the preaching of his own funeral sermon. He lived a quarter 
 of a century after the solemn farce, dying in 1795, aged 
 seventy-two. He published many sermons, and left nume 
 rous manuscripts. 
 
 EDWARDS, SAMUEL. Pilot, of Delaware. He was required 
 
272 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 to surrender and abide a trial for treason, or lose his property 
 by forfeiture. 
 
 EDWARDS, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 EDWARDS, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was surgeon s mate of the 
 Loyal American Regiment. 
 
 EFFA, CASPER. He went to St John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 EGAN, DANIEL. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Georgia 
 Loyalists. 
 
 EGBERT, ANTHONY. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and, subsequently, city surveyor. 
 
 ELDRIDGE, JOSHUA. Mariner, of Falmouth, now Portland, 
 Maine. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 ELDRIF, LUKE. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a 
 Declaration against the proceedings of the Whigs, January, 
 1775. 
 
 ELINSTONE, DAVID. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 ELLIOT, ANDREW. Of New York. He was Collector of the 
 Customs for the port of New York, from about the year 1764 
 until the Revolution, and performed his official duties in a 
 manner highly satisfactory. His first difficulty with the peo 
 ple of a serious nature occurred in 1774, when he seized 
 some fire-arms, and was threatened with a visit from the 
 " Mohawks and river Indians," or, in other words, with a coat 
 of tar and feathers. After the royal army took possession of 
 New York, he continued to perform his duties of collector, 
 and during the war held various important offices. In 1782 
 he was not only at the head of the Customs, but was Lieu 
 tenant Governor, Receiver General of Quit-rents, Superintend 
 ent General of Police, and Chief of the Superintendent De 
 partment, established by Sir William Howe in 1777. And 
 when, in 1780, Sir Henry Clinton made his last effort to save 
 Andre, Mr. Elliot was one of the three eminent persons who 
 were sent to confer with Washington. Mr. Elliot s estate in 
 New York was confiscated ; and the Executive Council of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 273 
 
 Pennsylvania, to reach property possessed by him in that 
 State, ordered by proclamation, that on his failing to appear 
 within a specified time, to take his trial on the charge of 
 treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 ELLIOT, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 ELLIOT, CAPTAIN . Noted for his revengeful disposition 
 
 and infamous deeds. In the documents of the time, McKee, 
 Elliot, and Simon Girty, are mentioned together, and as form 
 ing a sort of triumvirate. The three were imprisoned by the 
 Whigs at Pittsburgh, but made their escape, and in 1778 
 traversed the country to enlist the savages against the rebels. 
 The effects of their councils were long felt and deplored. 
 After the Revolution, and during the Indian troubles of Wash 
 ington s administration, Elliot s hostile feelings towards the 
 country which he had abandoned, were sufficiently manifest 
 to deserve marked and emphatic consideration, and universal 
 and lasting detestation. He was dismissed from the British 
 Colonial service about the year 1801, without trial, but 
 whether for misconduct, is unknown to the writer. 
 
 ELLIS, ABIEL. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was impris 
 oned for disaffection to the Whig cause in 1778; and Ephraim, 
 Junior, of the same town, was proscribed and banished. 
 
 ELLIS, DANIEL. Was an ensign in the King s Rangers, 
 Carolina. 
 
 ELLIS, DAVID. Was adjutant of the King s Rangers, Caro 
 lina. 
 
 ELLIS, EDMUND. Of South Carolina. Lost his property un 
 der the confiscation act of that State in 1782. 
 
 ELLISON, ABRAHAM. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 ELLWOOD, JOHN. Of Bristol, County of Bucks, Pennsylvania. 
 His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 ELMS, THOMAS. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 ELSE, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. Held an office under 
 the crown after the surrender of Charleston, was banished, and 
 
274 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 lost his estate. Thomas, was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clin 
 ton, and met a similar fate in person and property. 
 
 ELTON, PETER. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 EMERSON, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 EMERSON, THOMAS. A physician. He died at Fredericton. 
 New Brunswick, in 1843, aged eighty-one. 
 
 EMMENS, HENDRICKS, Senior. Of Jamaica, New York. A 
 signer of a Declaration in 1775. His son Hendricks signed 
 the same. 
 
 ENGLISH, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 EPHRAIM, HENRY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 ERVING, GEORGE. A merchant, of Boston. He was one of 
 the fifty-eight memorialists who were the first men in America 
 to array themselves against the officers of the crown. He 
 was an Addresser of Governor llutchinson in 1774; was pro 
 scribed under the act of 1778 ; and his estate was confiscated 
 under the conspiracy act of the year 1779. He went to Hali 
 fax at the evacuatj^n, and thence to England. He died in 
 London in 1806, at the age of seventy. His wife was a 
 daughter of the Honorable Isaac Roy all, of Medford. 
 
 ERVING, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 
 ERVING, JOHN, Junior. Of Boston. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1747. In 1760 he signed the Boston Me 
 morial, and was thus one of the fifty-eight who were the first 
 men in America to array themselves against the officers of the 
 crown. But in 1774 he was an Addresser of Hutch inson, and 
 the same year was appointed a Mandamus Councillor. In 
 1776 he fled to Halifax, and went thence to England. In 
 1778 he was proscribed and banished ; and in 1779 his pro 
 perty was confiscated under the conspiracy act. He died in 
 England in 1816, aged eighty-nine years. His wife was a 
 daughter of Governor Shirley. The wife of Governor Bow- 
 doin was his sister. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 275 
 
 EUSTACE, STEPHEN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 King s American Regiment. 
 
 EUSTACE, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished 
 in 1782, and his property was confiscated. 
 
 EVERITT, BENJAMIN, DANIEL, JAMES, and NICHOLAS. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 James signed a Declaration of loyalty previously, and in 1775 
 settled in Nova Scotia, and died in Digby in 1799. 
 
 EVERITT, GEORGE. Was a quartermaster in the king s ser 
 vice. Went to New Brunswick in 1783 ; and died at Fred 
 eric ton in 1829, aged seventy. 
 
 EVANS, EDMUND. In 1782 was a lieutenant in De Lancey s 
 Third Battalion. 
 
 EVANS, JOHN and WILLIAM. Carpenters, of Philadelphia. 
 Were ordered to surrender themselves, or stand attainted; 
 while by another act the property of Joel, a merchant of that 
 city, was confiscated. 
 
 FAGEN, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 FAIRCHILD, JAMES M. He went to New Brunswick in 1783, 
 and died at St. John in 1807. 
 
 FAIRFAX, BRYAN. Of Virginia. He was the third son of 
 the Honorable Colonel William Fairfax. His wife was a 
 daughter of Wilson Carey, of Virginia, and his residence was 
 at Towlston Hall in Fairfax County, though for some years, 
 during the latter part of his life, he was an Episcopal clergy 
 man at Alexandria. An affectionate intercourse existed be 
 tween him and Washington throughout life ; both were of too 
 elevated a cast to allow political differences of opinion to alien 
 ate and separate them. In 1774 Washington expressed an 
 earnest wish that he should stand as a candidate for the 
 House of Burgesses, but he declined. He was opposed to 
 strong measures, and in favor of redress by remonstrances and 
 petitions. "There are scarce any at Alexandria," he wrote, 
 "of my opinion; and though the few I have elsewhere con- 
 
276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 versed with on the subject are so, yet from them I could learn 
 that many thought otherwise ; so that I believe I should at 
 this time give general dissatisfaction, arid therefore it would be 
 more proper to decline, even upon this account, as well as 
 because it would necessarily lead me into great expenses, 
 which my circumstances will not allow." Washington in 
 reply, remarked, that he would heartily join in his political 
 sentiments " so far as relates to a humble and dutiful petition 
 to the throne, provided there was the most distant hope of 
 success. But," said he, "have we not tried this already? 
 Have we not addressed the Lords, and remonstrated to the 
 Commons ? And to what end ? Did they deign to look at our 
 petitions? " &c. 
 
 Prior to July 18, 1774, Mr. Fairfax attended several meet 
 ings of the Whigs of Fairfax County, but at that time with 
 drew from them. The immediate cause of withdrawal seems 
 to have been his disapprobation of some of the resolutions 
 prepared by a committee, and submitted to a general meeting 
 of the inhabitants of the County. Washington was chairman 
 of both the committee and the meeting, and Fairfax addressed 
 to him a communication expressing his views and objections, 
 which he desired might be publicly read. Yet the two friends 
 did not relinquish their correspondence upon the great ques 
 tions which agitated the country; and the letters of Washing 
 ton to this gentleman contain the fullest and most satisfactory 
 exposition of his sentiments that Mr. Sparks has preserved. 
 On the death of Robert Fairfax (in 1791), who was the seventh 
 Lord Fairfax, Bryan Fairfax succeeded to the title, and was 
 the eighth and last Baron of the name. Benevolence and 
 kindness were marked traits in his character, and he was uni 
 versally respected and beloved. Washington bequeathed to 
 him an elegant Bible in three volumes folio. Lord Bryan died 
 at Mount Eagle, near Cameron, in 1802, aged seventy-five, 
 after a long illness, which he bore with resignation. 
 
 FAIRFAX, GEORGE WILLIAM. Of Virginia. He was the great 
 grandson of Thomas, the fourth Lord Fairfax. His father 
 was the Honorable Colonel William Fairfax, who was Lieu- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 277 
 
 tenant of the County of Fairfax, Collector of the Customs of 
 South Potomac, member and President of the King s Council 
 in Virginia. He was educated in England, but was the early 
 companion of Washington, and his associate as surveyor of 
 lands. On the death of his father in 1757, he succeeded to his 
 estate. He married a daughter of Colonel Carey, of Hamp 
 ton, became a member of the Council, and lived at Belvoir. 
 Some property in Yorkshire descended to him in 1773, and he 
 went to England ; and in consequence of the political difficul 
 ties which followed, did not return to America. He fixed his 
 residence at Bath, where he died in 1787, aged sixty-three. 
 During the war he evinced much kindness to American pris 
 oners who were carried to England. A part of his Virginia 
 estate was confiscated, by which his income was much re 
 duced. Washington esteemed him highly, and they were ever 
 friends. The illustrious Commander-in-chief was named an 
 executor of his will, but declined fulfilling the trust in conse 
 quence of his public engagements. Mr. Fairfax left no chil 
 dren. He bequeathed his American property to Ferdinando, 
 the second son of his only surviving brother. 
 
 FAIRFAX, LORD THOMAS. He was the son of Thomas, the 
 fifth Lord Fairfax, and of Catharine, daughter of Lord Cul- 
 peper, and was born in England in 1691. He was educated 
 at Oxford, and was regarded as a good scholar. Succeeding to 
 the title and to the family estate in Virginia, he came over to 
 that Colony about the year 1739. After residing there a year, 
 he returned to England ; but desirous of improving and indu 
 cing rapid settlements on his land, and pleased with America, 
 he determined to make Virginia the place of his permanent 
 abode. He accordingly closed his affairs in England, and came 
 a second time to his estate in 1745. He lived several years with 
 William Fairfax, at Belvoir, but at length fixed his residence 
 a few miles from Winchester, on the western side of the Blue 
 Ridge, where he laid out a farm, and put it under high culti 
 vation. His mansion house was called Green way Court, and 
 he lived in a style of liberal hospitality. He was fond of 
 hunting, and indulged in the diversion nearly to excess. He 
 24 
 
278 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 was kind to the poor, and allowed them a large part of the 
 surplus produce of the land under his immediate management, 
 and afforded them the use of other parts of his estate on terms 
 almost nominal. Indulgent to all who held lands under 
 him, and to all around him, faithful in the discharge of his 
 private duties, and in the performance of several honorable 
 public trusts, he lived respected and beloved by men of all 
 parties. Though a frank and open Loyalist, he was never 
 insulted or molested by the Whigs. When he heard of the 
 surrender of Cornwallis, it is related that he said to the ser 
 vant ; " Come, Joe I carry me to bed, for it is high time for me 
 to die." Nor did he long survive this event. He died at 
 Greenway Court in 1782, in the ninety-second year of his age, 
 much lamented. His literary attainments were highly respect 
 able, and it is said that in his youth he was a contributor to 
 the Spectator. His remains were deposited under the com 
 munion-table of the Episcopal Church at Winchester, but were 
 removed in 1833, to provide a place for the erection of a pile of 
 buildings on the site of the church. 
 
 Lord Fairfax was the friend and patron of Washington s 
 early life, and though he died before the mother country ac 
 knowledged the independence of the thirteen Colonies, he 
 saw that the widow s son who surveyed his lands, was des 
 tined under Providence to be the great instrument to dismem 
 ber the British empire. 
 
 His barony and his immense domain in Virginia, between 
 the rivers Potomac and Rappahannock, consisting, as ap 
 pears by parliamentary papers, of five million, two hundred 
 and eighty -two thousand acres, descended to his only surviving 
 brother, Robert Fairfax, who was the seventh Lord Fairfax, 
 and who died at Leeds Castle, England, in 1791. But as this 
 domain was in possession of Lord Thomas during the revolu 
 tionary controversy, it was confiscated. Lord Robert, how 
 ever, (claiming in behalf of himself, of Frances Martin, 
 his widowed sister, of Denny Fairfax, a clergyman, of Philip 
 and Thomas Martin, his nephews, and three Misses Martin, 
 his nieces), applied to the British government for compen- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 279 
 
 sation, under the provision made to Loyalist sufferers, and 
 stated the value of the estate at 98,000. The commissioners 
 made a special report upon this claim, but do not appear 
 to have come to a final decision with regard to it ; and 
 after their labors were closed, it was among the few cases 
 which were referred to Parliament for settlement. It was con 
 sidered by a committee of that body, who, as the commission 
 ers had done, reduced it to 60,000. Lord Robert s life inter 
 est therein, they find by the established rules of computation, 
 at 13,758. The value of the life interest Mr. Pitt recom 
 mended to be paid, but at this time (1792) advised no compen 
 sation to those who possessed the reversionary interest. But it 
 is believed, that at a subsequent period, an allowance was 
 made to nearly or quite the sum originally claimed. 
 
 His estate was one of the largest and most valuable in 
 America at the Revolution. It was granted May 8, 1681, by 
 Charles the Second to Thomas Lord Culpeper, the grandfather 
 of Lord Thomas, and Lord Robert Fairfax, on a " rent of 
 6. 13. 4 payable as therein mentioned." At Lord Culpeper s 
 death it became the property of his daughter, the Right Hon 
 orable Catharine, Lady Fairfax, who, by her will of April 21, 
 1719, devised the whole in trust thus : " Upon trust in the 
 first place by mortgage, a sale of sufficient part of the estates 
 thereby devised, to raise a sufficient sum for discharging all 
 her debts, legacies, and funeral expenses; and after such mort 
 gage sale and disposition ; " as follows, namely, 
 
 " To the use of her eldest son, Thomas Lord Fairfax, and 
 his assigns for life. Remainder to the first and other sons of 
 said Thomas Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder to her second 
 son, Henry Culpeper Fairfax, and his assigns, for life. Re 
 mainder to the first and other sons of said Henry Culpeper 
 Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder to her third son, Robert 
 Fairfax, and his assigns, for life. Remainder to trustees to pre 
 serve contingent remainders. Remainder to the first and other 
 sons of said Robert Fairfax, in tail male. Remainder to the 
 daughters of the said testatrix, as tenants in common, in tail. 
 Remainder to the right heirs of the said testatrix, in fee." 
 
280 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Such was the tenure of the Fairfax estate in Virginia. The 
 magnitude of the property, and the circumstances of the case, 
 caused an unusual degree of investigation in Parliament, and 
 Lord Robert s memorial for relief was the subject of a separate 
 and elaborate report. His individual loss, if computed at the 
 value of his life interest, was less than that of several of the 
 Loyalists whose property was confiscated ; though we have 
 seen that the government gave him, without hesitation, nearly 
 seventy thousand dollars, after reducing his valuation more 
 than a quarter part. A considerable portion of this estate had 
 been granted prior to the Revolution, upon the quit-rent 
 system, and thus a part of its value had been transferred to 
 others. Still the reversionary interest on the decease of Lord 
 Robert, which the committee of Parliament fixed at a sum 
 equal to a quarter of a million of dollars, was by no means 
 extravagant, even if the worth of lands at that period be alone 
 considered. 
 
 FAIRLEE, JAMES. In July 1783 he was one of the fifty-five 
 Loyalists who petitioned for grant of lands in Nova Scotia. 
 See Abijah Willard. 
 
 FALES, DAVID. Of Dedham, Massachusetts. In 1763 he 
 removed to Maine, upon the Waldo Patent, and within the 
 limits of the present town of Thomaston ; where he practised 
 as a physician, taught school, and surveyed lands. He was 
 also employed by Mr. Flucker, the secretary of Massachusetts, 
 and son-in-law of General Waldo, as agent of lands embraced 
 in the Patent. 
 
 FAIRWEATHER, BENJAMIN, JEDEDIAH, and THOMAS. Settled in 
 New Brunswick in 1783, and received grants of lands. 
 Thomas died at Norton in that Colony in 1825, at the age of 
 seventy-seven, and Elizabeth, his widow, at the same place, 
 in 1846, aged seventy-nine. Jedediah died at Norton in 1831, 
 at the age of ninety -six. 
 
 FALL, THOMAS. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 FANNING, BARCLAY. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 King s American Regiment. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 281 
 
 FANNING, DAVID. He was an officer under the crown during 
 the war, and at its close settled in New Brunswick. He lived 
 some years in Queen s County, and was a member of the 
 House of Assembly ; but in 1799 removed to Nova Scotia, 
 where he was a colonel in the militia. He died at Digby, 
 Nova Scotia, in 1825. 
 
 FANNING, HONORABLE EDMUND. Of North Carolina. He was 
 a personage of considerable note in that Colony ; and respect 
 able men aver, that he was remarkable "for all the vices that 
 degrade the most abandoned and profligate minion." Among 
 the public offices which he held, was that of Recorder of Deeds 
 for the County of Orange ; and it is alleged, that to his abuses 
 in this capacity, the war or rebellion of the Regulators in 
 Governor Tryon s administration is, in a good measure, to be 
 attributed. The averment is, that by his vicious character, 
 " nearly all the estates in Orange were loaded with doubts as 
 to their titles, with exorbitant fees for recording new and 
 unnecessary deeds, and high taxes to support a government 
 which supported his wickedness." This charge rests on very 
 high authority ; and during the war of the Regulators against 
 the royal government, neither the person nor property of Fan 
 ning were respected. His losses were presented to the Assem 
 bly by Governor Martin, the successor of Tryon, but that 
 body not only peremptorily refused to consider the subject, but 
 administered a rebuke to the Governor, for thus trifling " with 
 the dignity of the House. It is not impossible that his un 
 popularity was greater than his offences deserved; since neither 
 the members of the Assembly, nor the people at large, were, 
 at this juncture, in a frame of mind to do exact justice to op 
 ponents. 
 
 Fanning joined Governor Tryon, who was his father-in-law, 
 in New York, where he was his secretary. In 1777 he raised 
 a corps of four hundred and sixty Loyalists, which bore the 
 name of the Associated Refugees, or King s American Regi 
 ment, and of which he had command. To aid in the organi 
 zation of this body, 500 was subscribed at Staten Island, 
 310 in King s County, 219 in the town of Jamaica, and 
 24* 
 
282 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 2000 in the city of New York. In 1779 the property of 
 Colonel Fanning in North Carolina was confiscated. In 1782 
 he was in office as Surveyor-general of New York. He went 
 to Nova Scotia near the close of the war, and September 23d 3 
 1783, was sworn in as Councillor and Lieutenant Governor of 
 that Colony. About the year 1786 he was appointed Lieuten 
 ant Governor of Prince Edward s Island ; and having served 
 nearly nineteen years, was succeeded in 1805 by Des Barres, 
 who is celebrated for his charts of parts of the American 
 coast. 
 
 FANNING, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 FANNING, . A notorious marauder, of considerable tal 
 ents, but brutal, reckless, and sanguinary. When Marion, the 
 celebrated Whig partisan, admitted to terms Major Gainey, 
 and a band of Loyalists of Carolina under his command, Fan 
 ning was specially named as excluded from the benefits of the 
 arrangement. But both he and his wife reached Charleston, 
 South Carolina, which was in possession of the royal troops, 
 in safety. Previous to his flight, however, he made a fruitless 
 attempt to reanimate the friends of the crown with whom he 
 possessed influence. He was a most determined enemy of 
 the Whigs and their cause. 
 
 FANUEIL, BENJAMIN. Merchant, of Boston. One of the con 
 signees of the tea which was destroyed there in 1773. Went 
 to Halifax in 1776, and thence to England. 
 
 FARDO, JOHN GEORGE. Of South Carolina. He held a royal 
 commission after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, DANIEL. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished. His estate was confiscated. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, DAVID. In 1778 he was tried as a spy, con 
 victed of the offence, and executed at Hartford, Connecticut, 
 on the 10th of November. A large amount of counterfeit con 
 tinental money was found in his possession. 
 
 FARR&R, WILLIAM. Of Virginia. Went to England, and 
 was a Loyalist Addresser of the king in 1779. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 283 
 
 FARROW, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 FELLING, NICHOLAS. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 a signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 Jacob Felling, of that County, was also a signer. 
 
 FENTON, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. He was a captain in 
 the British army, but disposing of his commission, settled in 
 New Hampshire, where he became a colonel in the militia, 
 clerk in the Court of Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate 
 for the County of Grafton. In 1775 he was also a member of 
 the House of Assembly for the town of Plymouth, and was 
 expelled. Enraged at the indignity, and at the measures of 
 the Whigs generally, he gave vent to his passions, and fell 
 into the hands of the people, who pursued him to the residence 
 of Governor Wentworth \vith a field piece, which they threat 
 ened to discharge unless he was delivered up. Fenton surren 
 dered, and was sent to the Committee of Safety at Exeter for 
 trial. " Upon a full hearing of sundry compaints against " 
 him in Provincial Congress, it was voted, that he was " an 
 enemy to the liberties of America," and that he should "be 
 confined in the jail at Exeter," and "be supported like a 
 gentleman, at the expense of the Colony, until further orders." 
 By a subsequent vote it was ordered, that his place of confine 
 ment should be at the Whig camp ; but he was finally allowed 
 to escape, and to go to England. He was proscribed and ban 
 ished under the act of 1778. 
 
 FENWICKE, EDWARD. Of South Carolina. Was a Congratu- 
 lator of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 
 1782 his estate was confiscated, and he was banished. He 
 was opposed to the measures of the ministry in 1774, since 
 he was in London that year, and joined Franklin, Lee, and 
 other patriots then in England, in a remonstrance against the 
 passage of the Bill for the Government of Massachusetts 
 Bay. 
 
 FENWICKE, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. Held a commis 
 sion under the crown after the fall of Charleston, was ban 
 ished, and lost his estate. 
 
284 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 FERGUSON, HENRY. Residence unknown. In 1782 was an 
 ensign in De Lancey s Second Battalion. 
 
 FERGUSON, HENRY. Held a commission under the crown in 
 South Carolina, and lost his estate. 
 
 FERGUSON, HENRY HUGH. Of Pennsylvania. During the war 
 he was made a commissary of prisoners. His wife was 
 Elizabeth, a daughter of Doctor Graeme, the Colonial Col 
 lector of Philadelphia, and grand-daughter of Sir William 
 Keith, one of the proprietary Governors of Pennsylvania; 
 and her name is connected with one of the most memorable 
 incidents of the Revolution. In 1778, after the British Com 
 missioners arrived in America, and had entered upon their 
 duty of attempting to effect a reconciliation between the 
 mother country and the Colonies, Governor Johnstone, who 
 was one of them, became acquainted with Mrs. Ferguson, 
 and engaged her to offer General Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania 
 a bribe. The answer of the Whig was this: "I am not 
 worth purchasing, but such as I am, the King of Great 
 Britain is not rich enough to do it." The offer to the General 
 was 10,000 sterling, and any office in the Colonies in his 
 majesty s gift. The estate of Mr. Ferguson was confiscated. 
 
 FERGUSON, JOHN. Belonged to a northern State ; settled at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783 ; received a grant of land 
 in that city, and became a merchant. 
 
 FERRIS, CALEB and JOSHUA. Of Westchester County, New 
 York. Were Protesters against Whig Congresses and Com 
 mittees, in 1775 ; the latter settled at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783, and was a grantee of that city ; and George, 
 and Peter, were the same. 
 
 FERRIS, JOSEPH. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He raised a 
 company, joined Colonel Butler, and was a captain in the 
 Rangers. During the war he was taken prisoner by a brother- 
 in-law who was a Whig, but escaped from captivity. After 
 the peace he went to Newfoundland, but removed to New 
 Brunswick, where he settled. He was fond of visits to the 
 States and to the scenes of his youth ; and sometimes met 
 those whom he had opposed in skirmishes and battles. He 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 285 
 
 lived at Eastport, Maine, after it was captured by the British 
 forces in the war of 1812, but returned to New Brunswick on 
 its being surrendered to the United States. He died at Indian 
 Island, New Brunswick, in 1836, aged ninety-two. He en 
 joyed half-pay from the close of the Revolution until his 
 decease, a period of fifty-three years. 
 
 FEWTRELL, JOHN. Of South Carolina. He was a Judge of 
 the Superior Court; and was permitted to depart from the 
 State. 
 
 FIELD, NEHEMIAH. A pilot, of Delaware. Was required, by 
 the act of 1778, to surrender himself to some Judge or Justice 
 of the Peace, and be tried for his treason and offences, or 
 surfer the loss of his property. 
 
 FIELD WILLIAM. Of Westchester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester in 1775. 
 
 FIELD, WILLIAM, and JOHN, Junior. Of Guilford, North Caro 
 lina ; and Joseph, of some other section of the State, lost their 
 estates under the confiscation act in 1779. 
 
 FIELD. Ten persons of this name of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Philip, Benjamin, Gilbert, Benjamin, Robert, Jacob, Whit, 
 David or Daniel, Joseph, James. 
 
 FIELDS, DANIEL, GILBERT, and GEORGE. Of Wyoming, Penn 
 sylvania. Were required in 1778, by proclamation of the 
 Executive Council, to surrender themselves, or stand attainted 
 of treason. 
 
 FINCH, HENRY. He died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1814. 
 
 FINDLEY, HUGH. He and John Foxcroft were the two Post 
 masters-general of the thirteen Colonies, and were continued 
 at the head of that department until 1782, certainly, and 
 probably until the peace. 
 
 FINNEY, FRANCIS. Laborer, of Sandwich, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed arid banished in 1778. 
 
 FISH. Eight persons of this name of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance in October, 1776. To wit : 
 Samuel, Lorance, Jesse, Ambrose, Jonathan, John, Jonathan, 
 Samuel. 
 
286 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 FISHER, JABEZ MAUD. Of Pennsylvania. Went to England, 
 and was a Loyalist Addresser of the king in 1779. 
 
 FISHER, COLONEL JOHN. Of Orangeburgh, South Carolina. 
 Held a commission under the crown ; was banished, and lost 
 his estate under the act of 1782. 
 
 FISHER, JOHN. Naval-officer, at Portsmouth, New Hamp 
 shire. Salary, derivable from fees, 200 per annum. Was pro 
 scribed by the act of New Hampshire of 1778. It is believed, 
 that this is the gentleman who was in the Customs at Salem ; 
 who was brother-in-law of Sir John Wentworth, the last royal 
 governor of New Hampshire ; and who, on going to England, 
 was employed as secretary to Lord George Germaine. 
 
 FISHER, JOHN. Cabinet-maker, of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina. Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; was 
 banished, and lost his estate under the act of 1782. 
 
 FISHER, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, and received a grant of land. 
 
 FISHER, MIARS, SAMUEL, and THOMAS. Of Philadelphia. Were 
 apprehended in that city in 1777, and confined ; but were sent, 
 subsequently, prisoners to Virginia. 
 
 FISHER, TURNER. Of Boston. Son of Wilfred Fisher. He 
 accompanied the British troops from Boston to Halifax, and, 
 entering the royal navy, became a sailing-master. After the 
 Revolution, he married Esther, the daughter of Ezekiel Foster, 
 of Machias, Maine, and settled in New Brunswick. He was 
 in Boston about the time of the war of 1812, but his subse 
 quent fate is unknown to his family. His son, Wilfred Fisher, 
 Esquire, is a highly respectable merchant and magistrate of 
 the island of Grand Menan, New Brunswick. His wife died 
 in November, 1844, at the age of eighty-eight years, at the 
 residence of her son. 
 
 FISHER, WILFRED. Of Boston. At the evacuation of that 
 town, he accompanied the British troops to Halifax, where he 
 received an appointment which attached him to a corps of 
 light-horse. He died at Halifax before the close of the war. 
 He was proscribed and banished under the act of 1778, and 
 his estate in Boston was confiscated. His son Wilfred was a 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 287 
 
 Whig, and a ship-master. Captured hy the British, he was 
 carried to New York, and died there a prisoner, during the 
 Revolution. 
 
 FITCH, SAMUEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774. In 1776 he went to Halifax. In 1778 he was pro 
 scribed and banished. He held the office of Solicitor or 
 Counsellor at Law to the Board of Commissioners ; and, like 
 most of his official associates, was included in the conspiracy 
 act of 1779. He went to England, was a Loyalist Addresser 
 of the king in 1779, and was abroad in 1783. 
 
 FITCH, THOMAS. Of Connecticut. He graduated at Yale 
 College in 1721, and devoted himself to the profession of the 
 law. He held the offices of Councillor, Judge of the Superior 
 Court, and Lieutenant Governor; and in 1754 was elected 
 Governor. These various stations he filled with unsurpassed 
 integrity and wisdom. His legal knowledge is said to have 
 equalled, and perhaps exceeded, that of any other lawyer of 
 Connecticut during the period of her Colonial history. In 
 1765 he took the oath of office prescribed in the Stamp Act, 
 and was driven into retirement in consequence the next year ; 
 having occupied the Executive chair for the whole period 
 between 1754 and 1766. His successor was the Honorable 
 William Pitkin. 
 
 Copy of Inscription on the Monument of Governor Fitch, at 
 Norwalk, Connecticut. " The Hon ble Thomas Fitch, Esq., 
 Gov. of the Colony of Connecticut. Eminent and distin 
 guished among mortals for great abilities, large acquirements, 
 and a virtuous character : a clear, strong, sedate mind : an 
 accurate extensive acquaintance with law, and civil govern- 
 ernment : a happy talent of presiding : close application, and 
 strict fidelity in the discharge of important truths : no less than 
 for his employments, by the voice of the people, in the chief 
 offices of state, and at the head of the colony/ Having served 
 his generation, by the will of God, fell asleep, July 18, Ann. 
 Domini, 1774, in the 75th year of his age." 
 
 FITZPATRICK, NATHANIEL. Was an officer of infantry in the 
 Queen s Rangers. 
 
288 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 FITZSIMMONS, PETER. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 FJTZSIMONS, CHRISTOPHER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780; was banished, 
 and his property was confiscated in 1782. 
 
 FLEMING, JOHN. In 1775 he was seized at Long Island, 
 New York, sent to Massachusetts, and confined within the 
 limits of the town of Sutton. 
 
 FLEMING, JOHN. Printer, of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished by the act of 1778. He was copartner with Mien. 
 Some of the books which they printed had a false imprint, 
 and were palmed off as London editions, because Mien said, 
 that books thus published met with a better sale. In 1767 
 they commenced the Boston Chronicle, a paper which, in the 
 second year of its publication, espoused the royal cause, and 
 became extremely abusive of numbers of the most respectable 
 Whigs of Boston. To avoid the effects of popular resent 
 ment, Mien thought fit to leave the country. The Chronicle 
 was the first paper published twice a week in New England; 
 and was suspended in 1770. Fleming found it prudent to 
 retire from Boston in 1773, and embarked for England in that 
 year with his family. He came to the United States more 
 than once, subsequent to 1790. as the agent of a commercial 
 house in Europe. His residence was in France for some 
 years, and he died there. 
 
 FLETCHALL, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. He was a Colonel, 
 and at the head of a considerable force of Loyalists in that 
 State, during the difficulties with the Cunninghams in 1775 ; 
 and signed the truce or treaty which was agreed upon be 
 tween the Whigs and their opponents. After the surrender of 
 Charleston, he was in commission under the crown. In 1782 
 his estate was confiscated. He appears to have been a person 
 of much consideration in South Carolina, previous to the 
 Revolution ; and to have been regarded as of rather doubtful, 
 or undecided politics, though the Whigs made him a member 
 of an important standing Committee, raised with the design of 
 carrying out the views of the Continental Congress. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 289 
 
 FLETCHER, DUNCAN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. 
 
 FLEWELLING, ABEL and MORRIS. Of New York. Settled in 
 New Brunswick at the peace, and were grantees of lands in 
 St. John. Abel became a magistrate, and died at Maugerville 
 in 1814, aged sixty-eight. For James Flewelling, see Richard 
 Smith. 
 
 FLINT, JOHN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 FLOYD, BENJAMIN. Of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New 
 York. In 1775 he circulated a paper for signatures, to sup 
 port the royal authority, in opposition to the proceedings of the 
 Whigs, and obtained the names of about one hundred persons. 
 He was a major in the New York militia. 
 
 FLOYD, MATTHEW. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 FLOYD, RICHARD. In 1782 was quartermaster of De Lan- 
 cey s Third Battalion. 
 
 FLOYD, RICHARD. Of New York. He was the eldest son of 
 Honorable Richard Floyd, a colonel of New York militia, a 
 Judge of the Common Pleas, and a gentleman of wealth and 
 reputation. His wife was Arrabella, a daughter of Judge David 
 Jones, of Queen s County, New York. His children were 
 Elizabeth, Anne, and David Richard. The latter, in pursu 
 ance of the will of Judge Jones, and by legal authority, 
 adopted the name of Jones ; he died in 1826, leaving two 
 sons, to wit: Brigadier General Thomas Floyd Jones, and 
 Major General Henry Floyd Jones. Mr. Floyd s estate was 
 confiscated; and abandoning the country, he died at St. John. 
 New Brunswick. His family was one of the most ancient in 
 New York, and is distinguished in its annals. Descended 
 from the same ancestor was the Whig General William Floyd, 
 who signed the Declaration of Independence. The Floyds 
 were of Welsh origin, and the first of the name emigrated in 
 1654, and settled at Brookhaven, Long Island, where many of 
 his descendants continued until the Revolution. 
 25 
 
290 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 FLUCKER, THOMAS. Secretary of Massachusetts. He was a 
 Mandamus Councillor, was banished, and his estate confis 
 cated. He went to England, and died there suddenly early in 
 1783. His wife was a daughter of General Waldo, proprietor 
 of the Waldo Patent in Maine. His daughter married the 
 Whig chief of artillery, General Henry Knox, and inherited a 
 considerable share of her grandfather s domain on the Penob- 
 scot river and bay. 
 
 FLUCKER, THOMAS, Junior. Of Massachusetts. Son of 
 Thomas Flucker. He graduated at Harvard University in 
 1773, and in the Revolution was an officer in the British 
 service. 
 
 FLYNN, THOMAS. Was a lieutenant in the Second American 
 Regiment. 
 
 FOISSIN, ELIAS. Of South Carolina. Held a royal commis 
 sion after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confiscated. 
 
 FOLKER, JOHN. Was quartermaster of the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 FOLLIOT, GEORGE. Of New York. He was elected a mem 
 ber of the Provincial Congress for the City and County of 
 New York, in 1775, but declined serving, and the vacancy 
 was filled in June of that year. He was also appointed a 
 member of the committee of one hundred, but refused to act. 
 For his adherence to the crown, his estate was confiscated. 
 
 FONDA, JOHN. Of Try on, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. In 1775 a signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 FORBES, GILBERT. Gunsmith, of Broadway, New York. 
 In 1776 he was arrested and put in irons, on the charge of 
 being concerned in the Plot of certain adherents of the crown 
 to murder a number of Whig officers, to blow up the maga 
 zine, &c. When told that he had Jbut a short time to live, he 
 asked to be carried before Congress, and said he would confess 
 all he knew. 
 
 FORD, JOHN. Of New Jersey. Compelled to leave his resi 
 dence to avoid the Whigs who molested him, he fled to the 
 royal forces on Staten Island, where he remained some years. 
 In 1783 Sir Guy Carleton commissioned him to take charge of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 291 
 
 a company of Loyalists, who were emigrating from New York 
 to Nova Scotia. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 received the grant of a city lot ; but removed to Hampton, and 
 became one of the best farmers in that Colony. He died at 
 Hampton in 1823, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 FOREMAN, ALEXANDER. Tailor, of Delaware. In 1778 it 
 was declared by law, that his property would be forfeited to 
 the State unless he surrendered himself for trial for treason, on 
 or before August 1st of that year. 
 
 FORREST, JAMES. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. In 1776 he went to Halifax. He was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 FORRESTER, GEORGE PEABODY. Died at Hampton, King s 
 County, New Brunswick, in 1840, aged eighty-three years. 
 
 FORRESTER, JOHN. Was a grantee of the city of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 FORRESTER, JOSEPH, At the peace, was one of the grantees 
 of St. John, New Brunswick. In 1795 he was a member of 
 the Loyal Artillery of that city. He died while at Boston in 
 1804, aged forty-six. 
 
 FOSKIE, BRIAN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 FOSTER, EDWARD, and EDWARD, Junior. Of Boston. Black 
 smiths. Went to Halifax in 1776, and in 1778 both were pro 
 scribed and banished. The senior Edward was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and in his religious faith a Sandema- 
 nian. The father and son died in Union, Maine. There is a 
 tradition that, while the royal army occupied Boston, one or 
 both of them assisted to make a quantity of horse shoes with 
 three erect prongs, which were distributed all over the "Neck," 
 for the purpose of wounding cavalry, should the rebels venture 
 to make an attack. 
 
 FOSTER, JOHN. Residence unknown. A soldier in Colonel 
 Malcolm s Regiment; deserted to the royal side, and was tried 
 for the offence in 1778. The common punishment for this 
 crime was death, but as Foster was a young man, he was 
 only sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on his bare back. 
 
292 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 FOSTER, FREDERICK. Residence unknown. Settled in New 
 Brunswick, and died on the island of Grand Menan in 1834, 
 aged seventy-four. 
 
 FOSTER, THOMAS. Of Queen s County, New York. Ac 
 knowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 FOSTER, THOMAS, Esquire. Of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 
 He represented that town in the General Court several years ; 
 and in 1765 instructions were furnished him to govern his 
 course on the exciting questions of the time. Aside from his 
 political preferences, he was esteemed by his townsmen for his 
 attention and fidelity to the municipal and civil concerns in 
 trusted to his care. His father, Deacon John Foster, was also 
 a representative from Plymouth, and pursued an independent 
 line of conduct in that relation, never accepting of executive 
 favors. His son Thomas was a graduate of Harvard Univer 
 sity, and instructed a school at Plymouth. His grandson 
 Thomas, was an officer of a bank at Charleston, South Caro 
 lina, and died there in 1808, aged fifty-eight. Branches of 
 this family settled in Middleborough and Kingston, Massa 
 chusetts, and in Norfolk, Virginia. Mr. Foster accompanied 
 the British army to Halifax in 1776, on the evacuation of 
 Boston. 
 
 FOTHERINGHAM, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in 
 the North Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 FOWLE, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Address 
 er of Hutchinson in 1774. Jacob Fowle, of that town, was 
 the same. 
 
 FOUGHT, GEORGE. Of New York. He went to New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and died at St. John in 1823, aged eighty-three. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, JOHN. Died at Deer Island, New Brunswick, in 
 1829, aged eighty -five. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, STEPHEN. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He ar 
 rived at St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in 1783, in 
 the ship Union. 
 
 FOULTS, CHRISTIAN. Of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 
 His estate was confiscated in 1779 ; he is styled Colonel in the 
 statute. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 293 
 
 FOWLE, ROBERT. Served an apprenticeship with his uncle, 
 Daniel Fowle, of Portsmouth, and "became his partner in the 
 publication of the New Hampshire Gazette, the only news 
 paper in New Hampshire at the commencement of the Revolu 
 tion. As the nephew was a Loyalist, and the uncle a Whig, 
 their connexion terminated in 1774; when Robert established 
 himself as a printer at Exeter. The new paper currency, which 
 he printed, having been counterfeited soon after, suspicion 
 rested on him as a participant in the crime; and his flight to 
 the British lines in New York, and thence abroad, served to 
 confirm the impression. Some years after the peace he re 
 turned to the United States, married the widow of his younger 
 brother, and lived in New Hampshire until his decease. His 
 father was John Fowle, first a silent partner of Rogers and 
 Fowle, of Boston, and subsequently an Episcopal clergyman at 
 Norwalk, Connecticut. The firm of Rogers and Fowle printed 
 the first edition of the New Testament in the English lan 
 guage which was published in this country. Robert, the 
 subject of this notice, received, witft other refugees, a pension 
 from the British government. 
 
 FOWLE, ROBERT L. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished, and his estate was confiscated. 
 
 FOWLER, CALEB. Of New York. In 1782 he was an ensign 
 in the Loyal American Regiment. He settled in New Bruns 
 wick ; received half-pay, and died on the river St. John. 
 
 FOWLER, CALEB. Of Westchester County, New York. He 
 was one of the Loyalist Protesters at White Plains, April, 
 1775, who denounced Whig Congresses and Committees, and 
 who pledged themselves "at the hazard of their lives and 
 properties, to support the King and Constitution." He entered 
 the royal service, and was a captain in the Loyal American 
 Regiment. At the peace he retired to New Brunswick on half- 
 pay. He died near Fredericton. 
 
 FOWLER. Besides the above, were George, of Westchester 
 
 County, New York, who signed a Declaration of loyalty in 
 
 1775 ; and John, Thomas, and David, of the same County, 
 
 who acknowledged allegiance in 1776 ; and John, of Massa- 
 
 25* 
 
294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 chusetts, who, accompanied by his wife and two children, 
 arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the 
 spring of 1783. Of those whose places of residence are un 
 known, were William, who was a captain, arid Gilbert, who 
 was an ensign in the Loyal American Regiment ; Gabriel, 
 who settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died in that Col 
 ony in 1832, at the age of seventy-five ; Daniel, who boasted 
 of being a firm Loyalist, who settled in the same, and died in 
 King s County in 1813, aged sixty-five ; Henry, who died in 
 King s County in 1843, at the age of eighty-seven; and James, 
 who also settled in New Brunswick at the peace, and was a 
 grantee of a lot in the city of St. John. 
 
 FOXCROFT, JOHN. One of the two Postmasters-general of 
 the crown in the thirteen Colonies ; and was nominally in 
 office in the year 1782, and probably until the close of the 
 contest. After Galloway retired to England, he became a 
 correspondent. 
 
 FRANKLIN, WILLIAM. The only son of Doctor Franklin, and 
 the last royal governor of New Jersey. He was born about 
 the year 1731. He served as Postmaster of Philadelphia, and 
 as clerk of the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania. In the 
 French war he was a captain, and gained praise for his con 
 duct at Ticonderoga. About the close of the war he went to 
 England with his father, and visiting Scotland, became ac 
 quainted with the celebrated Earl of Bute, who recommended 
 him to Lord Fairfax. The latter, without the solicitation of 
 himself or his father, gave him the appointment of Governor 
 of New Jersey in 1763. For a time, Governor Franklin en 
 joyed considerable popularity. His first dispute with the 
 Assembly appears to have been caused by his course in rela 
 tion to the removal of the treasurer of the Colony, who was a 
 defaulter. It is supposed that he was a thorough monarchist 
 from settled principle, and that he viewed the sentiments and 
 conduct of his father with the most determined disapprobation ; 
 and it is certain, that no adherent of the crown in America 
 was more firm and zealous in his measures to prevent concert 
 and union among the Whigs. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 295 
 
 Some extracts from his letters to Lord Dartmouth, in 1774, 
 will show the state of feeling in New Jersey, and his own 
 opinions upon the condition of public affairs. On the 31st of 
 May, he said: "Since my last I have received two circular 
 despatches from Mr. Pownall, dated March 10th and April 
 6th, enclosing copies of his Majesty s message to both Houses 
 of Parliament relative to the late disturbances in America 
 respecting the port of Boston. The latter has been published 
 in the usual manner, though the people in that Colony are not 
 concerned in carrying on any commerce with the Province of 
 Massachusetts Bay. It is difficult as yet to foresee what will 
 be the consequence of the Boston Port Act. It seems as if the 
 merchants of Philadelphia and New York, at their late meet 
 ings, were inclined to assist or co-operate with those of Boston, 
 in some degree, but not to carry matters so far as to enter into 
 a general non-importation and exportation agreement, as was 
 proposed to them by the town of Boston. However, I believe 
 it may be depended upon, that many of the merchants, on 
 the supposition that a non-importation agreement (so far as 
 respects from Great Britain) will be certainly entered into by 
 next autumn, have ordered a much greater quantity of goods 
 than common to be sent out by the next fall ships from Eng 
 land. A Congress of members of the several Houses of 
 Assembly has been proposed in order to agree upon some 
 measures on the present occasion ; but whether this expedient 
 will take place, is yet uncertain. The Virginia Assembly, 
 some time ago, appointed a Committee of Correspondence to 
 correspond with all the other Assemblies on the Continent, 
 which example has been followed by every other House of 
 Representatives. I was in hopes that the Assembly of this 
 Province would riot have gone into the measure; for though 
 they met on the 10th of November, yet they avoided taking 
 the matter into consideration, though frequently urged by 
 some of the members, until the 8th of February, and then I 
 believe they would not have gone into it, but that the Assem 
 bly of New York had just before resolved to appoint such a 
 Committee, and they did not choose to appear singular." 
 
296 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 On the llth of June, 1774, the Whigs of Essex County 
 met in Convention, and adopted various resolutions expressive 
 of their sentiments on the alarming state of affairs, which gave 
 Governor Franklin much uneasiness. Seven days after, in 
 transmitting Lord Dartmouth a copy of these resolutions, he 
 remarked, that the meeting in that County " was occasioned 
 it seems by an advertisement, requesting the attendance of the 
 inhabitants on that day, and published in one of the New 
 York papers, and signed by two gentlemen of the law, who 
 reside in that County. I have likewise had an application 
 made to me by some of the members of the House of Repre 
 sentatives, to call a meeting of the General Assembly in August 
 next, with which I have not, nor shall not comply, as there is 
 no public business of the Province which can make such a 
 meeting necessary. It seems now determined by several of 
 the leading men, in most, if not all the Counties of this Pro 
 vince, to endeavor to follow the example of the freeholders in 
 Essex. Meetings of this nature there are no means of pre 
 venting, where the chief part of the inhabitants incline to 
 attend them. I as yet doubt, however, whether they will 
 agree to the general non-importation from Great Britain, which 
 has been recommended." 
 
 In January, 1775, Governor Franklin met the Assembly. 
 A considerable part of his speech is devoted to the controversy 
 between the Colonies and the mother country, and to warn 
 ings to the members against imitating the example of those 
 whose course of conduct was likely to involve the country in 
 afflictive calamities. "It is not for me to decide," said he, 
 "on the particular merits of the dispute, nor do I mean to cen 
 sure those who conceive themselves aggrieved, for aiming at a 
 redress of their grievances ; it is a duty they owe themselves, 
 their country, and their posterity." But in the manner of 
 seeking redress, he adds, there are "two roads, one evidently 
 leading to peace, happiness, and a restoration of the public 
 tranquillity, the other inevitably conducting you to anarchy, 
 misery, and all the horrors of civil war." He concluded his 
 speech thus: "But it is, says one of the wisest of men, a 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 297 
 
 most infallible symptom of the dangerous state of liberty, 
 when the chief men of a free country show a greater regard to 
 popularity than to their own judgment." 
 
 The Representatives made a caustic reply, which drew from 
 Franklin the following : 
 
 "Gentlemen: Were I to give such an answer to your 
 Address as the peculiar nature of it seems to require, I should 
 be necessarily led into the explanation and discussion of sev 
 eral matters and transactions, which, from the regard I bear to 
 you and the people of this Colony, I would far rather have 
 buried in oblivion. It is, besides, in vain to argue on the sub 
 ject, as you have, with a most uncommon and unnecessary 
 precipitation, given your entire approbation to that destructive 
 mode of proceeding which I so earnestly warned you against. 
 Whether, after such a resolution, the Petition you mention can 
 be reasonably expected to produce any good effect ; and 
 whether you or I have best consulted the true interests of the 
 people on this important occasion, I shall leave others to de 
 termine. You may be assured, however, that the advice 
 which I gave you was totally uninfluenced by any sinister 
 motive whatever. It came from a heart sincerely devoted to 
 my native country, whose welfare and happiness depend, as I 
 conceive, upon a plan of conduct very different from what has 
 been hitherto adopted." 
 
 The Governor and the Assembly parted in bad temper. An 
 attempt was made to reduce his Excellency s salary from 
 1200 to 1000, and in appropriating 60 for the payment of 
 the rent of his house, the condition that he should reside either 
 at Perth, Amboy or Burlington was annexed to the grant. His 
 situation was unhappy. All intercourse between himself and 
 his father had now been suspended for more than a year ; and 
 he was involved in a helpless quarrel with the delegates and 
 the people of New Jersey. 
 
 On the 13th of February he prorogued the Assembly. In a 
 letter to Lord Dartmouth, dated on the first of that month, 
 which was published in the Parliamentary Register, it was 
 alleged that he said: " At the opening of the session, I had 
 
298 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 some hopes of prevailing on the House of Representatives not 
 to approve of the proceedings of the General Congress held at 
 Philadelphia, for which purpose a paragraph of my Speech 
 was particularly calculated; but the Delegates from this Pro 
 vince took the alarm, and used their utmost endeavors with 
 the members to persuade them to give their approbation to 
 those proceedings, as otherwise one grand end the Congress 
 had in view would be entirely frustrated ; namely, the pre 
 serving an appearance of unanimity throughout the Colonies, 
 without which, they said, their measures could not have that 
 weight and efficacy with the Government and people of Great 
 Britain, as was intended. The scheme, however, met with 
 some opposition in the House, every member proposing to 
 defer the consideration of it to a future time, or to give their 
 approbation to only some parts of the proceedings of the Con 
 gress ; but by the artful management of those who espoused 
 the measure, it was carried through precipitately the very 
 morning it was proposed, as your Lordship will see by a copy 
 of their Resolutions now enclosed, which were all previously 
 prepared for the purpose." 
 
 This letter, as above quoted, was laid before the House of 
 Commons on the third of March, by Lord North : and when 
 the Assembly of New Jersey met in the following month of 
 May, a message was sent to the Governor requesting him to 
 inform that body whether it was genuine, or whether it con 
 tained the substance of any letter which he had written rela 
 tive to the measures adopted at the last session of the Assem 
 bly. In his answer, he explicitly denies its authenticity, and 
 that no similar sentiments had been uttered by him in any 
 communication to the king s ministers. But his message of 
 reply is bitter and uncompromising throughout. " It has been 
 my unhappiness almost every session during the existence of the 
 present Assembly," is the opening remark, " that a major 
 ity of the members of the House have suffered themselves to 
 be persuaded to seize on every opportunity of arraigning my 
 conduct, or fomenting some dispute, let the occasion be ever so 
 trifling, or let me be ever so careful to avoid giving any just 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 299 
 
 cause of offence. This, too, has been done with such an 
 eagerness in the promoters of it, as can only be accounted for 
 on a supposition that they are either actuated by unmanly 
 private resentment, or by a conviction that their whole polit 
 ical consequence depends upon a contention with their Gov 
 ernor." He concludes this ill-natured document with saying, 
 that those who knew him best would do him the justice "to 
 allow that no office of honor in the power of the Crown to 
 bestow would ever influence him to forget or neglect the duty 
 he owed his country, nor the most furious rage of the most 
 intemperate zealots induce him to swerve from the duty he 
 owed his Majesty." 
 
 The Assembly was prorogued on the 20th of May, (and on 
 the day of transmitting this answer), to meet on the 20th of 
 June following; but affairs had now reached a crisis, and 
 Governor Franklin never communicated with that body again. 
 Three days after the prorogation, the first Provincial Congress 
 of New Jersey commenced their session at Trenton, and the 
 royal government soon ceased to be respected, and to exist. A 
 constitution was adopted in July, 1776, and William Living 
 ston, a member of the first Continental Congress, became 
 Franklin s successor. 
 
 The deposed representative of royalty was declared to be an 
 enemy to his country, and ordered to be sent a prisoner to 
 Connecticut. He was accordingly placed in the custody of a 
 a guard commanded by a captain, who had orders to deliver 
 him to Governor Trumbull. The officer in charge halted at 
 Hackensack, and was rebuked by Washington for his delay. 
 The Commander-in-chief was of the opinion, from circum 
 stances communicated to him, that the fallen Governor de 
 signed to effect his escape ; that his refusal to sign the parole 
 proposed by the Whig Convention of New Jersey, and a 
 letter to Mrs. Franklin which had been intercepted, afforded 
 sufficient reasons for the exercise of great watchfulness and 
 care. 
 
 It appears that he was indulged in selecting the place of his 
 confinement, and that he made choice of Connecticut. He 
 
300 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 was conveyed to East Windsor, and quartered in the house of 
 Captain Ebenezer Grant,* In 1777 he requested liberty to 
 visit his wife, who was a few miles distant and sick. In reply, 
 he received the following letter. 
 
 " Head Quarters, July 25th, 1777. 
 
 " Sir, I have this moment received yours of the 22d inst. 
 hy express. I heartily sympathize with you in your distressing 
 situation; but, however strong my inclination to comply with 
 your request, it is by no means in my power to supersede a 
 positive Resolution of Congress, under which your present 
 confinement took place. I have enclosed your letter to them ; 
 and shall be happy, if it may be found consistent with pro 
 priety, to concur with your wishes in a matter of so delicate 
 and interesting a nature. I sincerely hope a speedy restora 
 tion of Mrs. Franklin s health may relieve you from the 
 anxiety her present declining condition must naturally give 
 you. 
 
 " I am, with due respect, 
 
 " Sir, your most obedient servant, 
 
 "G. WASHINGTON." 
 
 Congress declined to allow the Governor to visit his wife, 
 and he continued at East Windsor. This lady was born in 
 the West Indies ; it is said that she was much affected by the 
 severity of Doctor Franklin to her husband while he was a 
 prisoner. She died in 1778, in her forty-ninth year, and it is 
 inscribed on the monumental tablet erected to her memory in 
 St. Paul s Church, New York, that, " Compelled to part from 
 the husband she loved, and at length despairing of the sooth 
 ing hope of his speedy return, she sunk under accumulated 
 distresses," &c. 
 
 In 1778, after the arrival in America of Sir Henry Clinton, 
 an exchange was effected, and Governor Franklin was re- 
 
 * This building is still (1844) standing; it is near the Theological Semi 
 nary. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 301 
 
 leased. Little seems to be known of his proceedings during 
 the remainder of the war. He served for a short period as 
 President of the Board of Loyalists which was organized in 
 New York ; but soon went to England. 
 
 The adherents of the crown were greatly alarmed at the 
 distinction made between themselves and other subjects, in the 
 articles of capitulation of Cornwallis at Yorktown, and Frank 
 lin wrote to Lord George Germaine, who was then secretary for 
 the American department, on the subject. His Lordship, in 
 answer, stated that " the alarm taken by the loyal Refugees is 
 not to be wondered at," and that, by command of his Majesty, 
 he had directed Sir Henry Clinton to make the strongest assu 
 rances for their " welfare and safety." 
 
 In West s picture of the "Reception of the American Loyal 
 ists by Great Britain, in the year 1783 " ; Governor Franklin 
 and Sir William Pepperell are the prominent personages repre 
 sented, and are placed at the head of the group of figures ; 
 the first (in the words of the description or explanation) is a 
 " son of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, who having his Majesty s 
 commission of Governor of New Jersey, preserved his fidelity 
 and loyalty to his Sovereign from the commencement to the 
 conclusion of the contest, notwithstanding powerful incite 
 ments to the contrary." * 
 
 In 1784, the father and son, after an estrangement of ten 
 years, became reconciled to one another. The son appears to 
 have made the first overture. Doctor Franklin, in acknowl 
 edging the receipt of his letter, says in reply, on the 16th of 
 August of that year; "I am glad to find that you desire to 
 revive the affectionate intercourse that formerly existed be 
 tween us. It will be very agreeable to me ; indeed nothing 
 has ever hurt me so much, and affected me with such keen 
 sensations, as to find myself deserted in my old age by my 
 only son ; and not only deserted, but to find him taking up 
 arms against me in a cause wherein my good fame, fortune, 
 
 * For the remainder of the description of this picture, see notice of Sir 
 William Pepperell. 
 
 26 
 
302 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and life, were all at stake. You conceived, you say, that 
 your duty to your king and regard for your country required 
 this. I ought not to blame you for differing in sentiment with 
 me in public affairs. We are all men, subject to errors. Our 
 opinions are not in our power ; they are formed and governed 
 much by circumstances, that are often as inexplicable as 
 they are irresistible. Your situation was such, that few 
 would have censured your remaining neuter, though there are 
 natural duties which precede political ones, and cannot be ex 
 tinguished by them. This is a disagreeable subject ; I drop it. 
 And we will endeavor, as you propose, mutually to forget 
 what has happened relating to it, as well as we can." 
 
 The Doctor, I conclude, was never able to forget, entirely, 
 the alienation which had happened between them. Since in 
 his Will, which is dated June 23, 1789, nearly five years after 
 this letter, and a few months previous to his own decease, he 
 thus remembers his son William, late Governor of the Jerseys. 
 
 "I give and devise all the lands I hold or have a right to in 
 the Province of Nova Scotia, to hold to him, his heirs and 
 assigns forever. I also give to him all my books and papers 
 which he has in his possession, and all debts standing against 
 him on my account-books, willing that no payment for, nor 
 restitution of, the same be required of him by my executors. 
 The part he acted against me in the late war, which is of 
 public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of 
 an estate he endeavored to deprive me of." 
 
 Though the part he acted against his father was of pub 
 lic notoriety, rumors reached the ears of the commission 
 ers of Loyalist claims, that the disagreement between the 
 Doctor and his son had been collusive, and was more politic 
 than sincere ; and the Governor was accordingly required to 
 exhibit proofs of his loyalty and uniform attachment to the 
 royal cause. The commissioners themselves, probably, enter 
 tained no doubts on the subject, but examined the charge to 
 satisfy the public, and to relieve the accused from what they 
 believed to be an unfounded imputation. 
 
 Among the witnesses who testified in his favor was Sir 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 303 
 
 Henry Clinton. He made a schedule of his losses, which were 
 by no means considerable. Indeed, Governor Franklin must 
 have been poor. His personal estate was valued at only 
 1,800, which sum the commissioners allowed him. He had 
 several shares in back lands and grants, but as he was in 
 debted to his father, and had conveyed to him all his real 
 property in New York and New Jersey, the loss of his office 
 and its emoluments, and the 1,800 above mentioned, com 
 prised the principal items in his account, and for which he 
 claimed compensation. 
 
 The commissioners were, however, impressed with the 
 hardship of his case, and made a special report, in which 
 they recommended an allowance of 300 per annum in addi 
 tion to 500 yearly pension previously granted to him, as 
 being half the value of his salary and fees in America. 
 Governor Franklin continued in England during the re 
 mainder of his life. He enjoyed a pension, and it is believed, 
 of the amount of 800 per annum. He died in November, 
 1813, at the age of about eighty- two years. Some years after 
 the death of his first wife, he married a lady who was born 
 in Ireland. His son, William Temple Franklin, who edited 
 the works of Doctor Franklin, died at Paris, in May, 1823. 
 
 FRAZER, FRANCIS. Residence unknown. Was a captain in 
 the Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 FRAZER, JAMES. A physician, of South Carolina. Held a 
 commission under the crown, and lost his estate under the 
 confiscation act of 17b2. A Doctor James Frazer died at 
 Charleston, in 1803, probably the same. 
 
 FRAZER, JOHN. Of New York. Was born in Scotland, emi 
 grated to New York some years prior to the Revolution ; went 
 to Nova Scotia at the peace, and died at Shelburne in 1840, 
 aged eighty-eight. 
 
 FRAZER, JOHN. Residence unknown. Surgeon of the King s 
 Orange Rangers. 
 
 FRAZER, LEWIS. Residence unknown. Settled in New 
 Brunswick in 1783, and died in King s County in 1835, aged 
 seventy-two ; Mary Harkley Frazer, his widow, who was 
 
304 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 born in Charleston, South Carolina, died at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1836, at the age of seventy-three. 
 
 FRAZER, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. Was a major of the 
 South Carolina Loyalists. 
 
 FREEMAN, LEWIS. Was a cornet in the King s American 
 Dragoons. 
 
 FREER, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 FRENCH, JAMES. Of New York. He accepted a commission 
 in De Lancey s First Battalion, and in 1782 was a captain. 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, was the 
 grantee of a city lot, and received half-pay. He settled in 
 the County of York, and was a magistrate for several years. 
 He died in that County in 1820, at the age of seventy-five. 
 
 FRENCH, JOSEPH. Of Jamaica, New York. He was elected 
 to the Provincial Congress in 1775, but declined to take his 
 seat on the ground that the majority of the freeholders of 
 that town were opposed to being represented in that body. 
 In 1777, Jamaica contributed 219 to a corps of Loyalists 
 raised in New York at the instance of Governor Tryon, 
 which sum passed through the hands of Mr. French. In 
 1780 he was an Addresser of Governor Robertson. 
 
 FRENCH, THOMAS. Of New York. In 1782 he was a cap 
 tain in De Lancey s First Battalion. 
 
 FRENCH, . A Loyalist in arms, and of some note. He 
 
 was killed in the battle of Bennington. 
 
 FREY, BARENT. Of New York. He was an officer in the 
 royal service, and was engaged with Brant, and a band of 
 Indians and Tories, in devastating the country on the Mo 
 hawk. 
 
 FREY, HENDRICK. Of New York. He served the crown 
 during the war, and was a major. After the peace he returned 
 to his native State. In 1797 he and Brant met at Canajoharie, 
 where, at a tavern, " they had a merry time of it during the 
 live long night. Many of their adventures were recounted, 
 among which was a duel that had been fought by Frey, to 
 whom Brant acted as second." The meeting of the Chief and 
 the Major, is described as "like that of two brothers." 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 305 
 
 FREY, PHILIP R. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. He entered the military service of the king, and 
 was an ensign in the eighth regiment. He was engaged 
 in the battle of Wyoming. He died at Palestine, Montgomery 
 (formerly Tryon) County, in 1723. His son, Samuel C. Frey, 
 settled in Upper Canada, and communicated particulars of 
 the sanguinary scenes at Wyoriiing, for Colonel Stone s use in 
 writing his Life of Brant. The testimony of the Freys is, 
 that Brant was not present with Butler at Wyoming, and this, 
 according to the son, the father steadily maintained through 
 life. 
 
 FRIDAY, DAVID. Of South Carolina. Estate confiscated. 
 
 FRINK, NATHAN. He was born at Pomfret, Connecticut. He 
 entered the British military service, and was a captain of 
 cavalry in the American Legion, and aid-de-camp to Arnold 
 after his treason, and was engaged in the burning of New 
 London. At the peace he went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 where he remained several years, but removed to St. Andrew, 
 and finally to St. Stephen, in the same Colony. He died at 
 the latter place, December 4, 1817, aged sixty years. His 
 wife, Hester, died at St. Stephen, February 22, 182-1, at the 
 age of sixty-five. His sister Alida married Schuyler, the 
 oldest son of General Israel Putnam. Seven children survived 
 him. His son James is a magistrate and ship-owner of St. 
 Stephen, and married Martha G. Prescott, a niece of Roger 
 Sherman. Captain Frink was educated for the bar. In New 
 Brunswick he was a merchant and ship-owner; and a magis 
 trate of Charlotte County for about thirty years. He received 
 half-pay as an officer. His family connexions in the United 
 States are highly respectable. It is believed, that his political 
 sympathies were originally adverse to the royal cause, and 
 that less intolerance on the part of his Whig neighbors and 
 friends, would have produced a different line of conduct on 
 his part. 
 
 FRISBY, JAMES. Was a captain in the Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 FRYE, PETER. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1744. He was representative to the 
 26* 
 
306 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 General Court, and being a member in 1768, was a Rescinder. 
 He was also a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Register 
 of Probate, and Colonel of militia in the County of Essex. 
 His name appears among the Salem Addressers of Gage, June, 
 1774. He died in England, February, 1820, aged ninety- 
 seven years. The first husband of his daughter Love, was 
 Doctor Peter Oliver, a Massachusetts Loyalist ; and her 
 second was Admiral Sir John Knight of the British navy. 
 Lady Knight died at her seat near London in 1839. 
 
 FULLER, GEORGE. Of South Carolina. Estate confiscated. 
 
 FULTON, JAMES. Of New Hampshire. In 1778 he was pro 
 scribed and banished. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 American Dragoons. James Fulton, Esquire, a magistrate in 
 the County of Halifax, died in Nova Scotia in 1826. 
 
 FURLONG, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of infantry 
 in the American Legion. 
 
 FURMAN, JOSEPH. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a 
 Declaration against the Whigs, January, 1775. 
 
 FURNER, EDWARD. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. It was 
 ordered in Council in 1778, that he surrender himself for trial 
 or stand attainted. Morris Furner, of Wyoming, was included 
 in the same proclamation. 
 
 FYFFE, CHARLES. A physician, of South Carolina. He was 
 in office under the crown after the fall of Charleston in 1780. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 GABEL, JOHN. Was one of the first of the Loyalists who 
 settled in New Brunswick, and died at St. John in 1816, aged 
 eighty-four. 
 
 GAILLARD, JOHN and THEODORE. Of South Carolina. Were 
 both members of the Provincial Congress in 1775, and were 
 then, it is to be presumed, Whigs. But in 1780 they held 
 commissions under the crown, and lost their estates under the 
 confiscation act of 1782. 
 
 GAINE, HUGH. Printer and Bookseller, of New York ; and 
 publisher of the New York Mercury. Died April 25, 1807, 
 aged eighty-one years. His political creed seems to have con- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 307 
 
 sisted of but one article, and that to keep with the strongest 
 party. At first he was a Whig, and when, in 1776, the Brit 
 ish troops were about to take possession of New York, he 
 retreated with his press to Newark ; but, in the belief that the 
 Whigs would be subdued and the Revolution suppressed, he 
 soon after privately withdrew from Newark, and returned to 
 New York, where he printed under the protection of the king s 
 army, and devoted the Mercury to the support of the royal 
 cause. At the conclusion of the war, he petitioned the legis 
 lature of the State for liberty to remain in the city, which was 
 granted ; but he discontinued the publication of his paper, 
 and turned his attention to the printing and selling of books. 
 He occupied a stand in Hanover square more than forty years, 
 and by close application to business, regularity and punctual 
 ity, he acquired a handsome estate. As a citizen, he was 
 moral and highly respectable. As a politician, his unstable 
 course excited several poetical essays from a wit of the time ; 
 among them, is a versification of his petition to the new gov 
 ernment already alluded to, of some three hundred and fifty 
 lines. The writer s manner may be judged of by the follow 
 ing extract. After relating the evils of his sojourn at Newark, 
 Gaine is made to speak thus of his return to New York, and 
 taking part with the Loyalists. 
 
 " As matters have gone, it was plainly a blunder, 
 But then I expected the Whigs must knock under, 
 And I always adhere to the sword that is longest, 
 And stick to the party that s like to be strongest : 
 That you have succeeded is merely a chance, 
 I never once dreamt of the conduct of France ! 
 If alliance with her you were promised at least 
 You ought to have showed me your star in the East, 
 Not let me go off uninformed as a beast. 
 When your army I saw without stockings or shoes, 
 Or victuals or money to pay them their dues, 
 Excepting your wretched congressional paper, 
 That stunk in my nose like the snuff of a taper," &c. 
 
 GALBREATH, JAMES. Was a captain in De Lancey s First 
 Battalion. 
 
308 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 GALE, SAMUEL. Of New York. In 1775 he was a member 
 of the House of Assembly, and joined Cruger and others, in 
 the recess that year, in a letter to General Gage at Boston. 
 He is alluded to in McFingal. 
 
 GALE, . Clerk of the Court of Cumberland County, 
 
 New York. During the difficulties between the Whigs and 
 Loyalists of Cumberland in 1775, as particularly related in 
 the notice of W. Patterson, Esquire, he does not appear to 
 have conducted with wisdom or decorum. According to the 
 account of the affair drawn up by the Whig Committee, he 
 drew a pistol upon the multitude, who asked for a parley, and 
 
 exclaimed, "d n the parley with such d d rascals as 
 
 you are" ; and holding up his weapon, added, "I will hold no 
 
 parley with such d d rascals, but this." Collision soon 
 
 followed, and human life was taken. 
 
 GALLISON, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 GALLOP, ANTILL. Embarked at Boston for Halifax, with the 
 British army, in 1776. 
 
 GALLOPP, WILLIAM. He settled in Charlotte County, New 
 Brunswick, and was a magistrate. He died in that County 
 about the year 1806. 
 
 GALLOWAY, JOSEPH. He was a son of Peter Galloway, and 
 was born in Maryland about the year 1730. His family was re 
 spectable, and of good estate, and his education was probably the 
 best that could be obtained in the Middle Colonies. He went 
 early in life to Philadelphia, commenced the practice of the 
 law, became eminent in his profession, and held many impor 
 tant trusts. He married the daughter of the Honorable Law 
 rence Growdon, who was for a long period Speaker of the 
 Assembly of Pennsylvania, by which connexion he enjoyed a 
 considerable fortune. In 1764 Mr. Galloway was a member of 
 the Assembly, and on the question of a change of the govern 
 ment from the proprietary to the royal form, as in some other 
 Colonies, made an able speech in answer to the celebrated 
 Dickinson, who opposed the petition. Both speeches were 
 published. Galloway continued in the Assembly for some 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 309 
 
 years, and attained the Speakers chair of that body. In 1774 
 he was elected a member of the Whig Congress of the Conti 
 nent, and took his seat, and was an active participant in its 
 leading recommendations and measures. On the 28th of Sep 
 tember he submitted to Congress the following motion and 
 Plan. 
 
 " Resolved, That this Congress will apply to his Majesty for 
 a redress of grievances, under which his faithful subjects in 
 America labor, and assure him that the Colonies hold in ab 
 horrence the idea of being considered independent communi 
 ties on the British Government, and most ardently desire the 
 establishment of a political union, not only among themselves, 
 but with the mother state, upon those principles of safety and 
 freedom which are essential in the constitution of all free Gov 
 ernments, and particularly that of the British Legislature. 
 And as the Colonies from their local circumstances cannot be 
 represented in the Parliament of Great Britain, they will hum 
 bly propose to his Majesty, and his two Houses of Parliament, 
 the following Plan, under which the strength of the whole 
 Empire may be drawn together on any emergency; the inter 
 ests of both countries advanced ; and the rights and liberties 
 of America secured. 
 
 " A plan for a proposed Union between Great Britain and 
 the Colonies of New Hampshire, the Massachusetts Bay, 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl 
 vania, Maryland, the three lower Counties on the Delaware, 
 Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 "That a British and American Legislature, for regulating 
 the administration of the general affairs of America, be pro 
 posed and established in America, including all the said Col 
 onies ; within and under which Government each Colony 
 shall retain its present Constitution and powers of regulating 
 and governing its own internal police in all cases whatever. 
 
 " That the said Government be administered by a President 
 General to be appointed by the King, and a Grand Council, to 
 be chosen by the Representatives of the people of the several 
 Colonies in their respective Assemblies, once in every three 
 years. 
 
310 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 "That the several Assemblies shall choose members for the 
 Grand Council in the following proportions, viz : [the 
 
 Colonies are recited, but number of members are left blank.] 
 
 "Who shall meet at the City of * * * * * for the first 
 time, being called by the President General, as soon as con 
 veniently may be after his appointment. 
 
 " That there shall be a new election of members for the 
 Grand Council every three years; and on the death, removal, 
 or resignation of any Member, his place shall be supplied by 
 a new choice at the next sitting of the Assembly of the Colony 
 he represented. 
 
 "That the Grand Council shall meet once in every year if 
 they shall think it necessary, and oftener, if occasions shall 
 require, at such time and place as they shall adjourn to at 
 the last preceding meeting, or as they shall be called to meet 
 at, by the President General on any emergency. 
 
 " That the Grand Council shall have power to choose their 
 Speaker, and shall hold and exercise all the rights, liberties, 
 and privileges as are held and exercised by and in the House 
 of Commons of Great Britain. 
 
 " That the President General shall hold his office during the 
 pleasure of the King, and his assent shall be requisite to all 
 Acts of the Grand Council, and it shall be his office and duty 
 to cause them to be carried into execution. 
 
 " That the President General, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Grand Council, shall hold and exercise all the 
 Legislative rights, powers, and authorities, necessary for reg 
 ulating and administering all the general police and affairs of 
 the Colonies, in which Great Britain and the Colonies, or 
 any of them, the Colonies in general, or more than one Colony, 
 are in any manner concerned, as well civil and criminal as 
 commercial. 
 
 " That the said President General and Grand Council be 
 an inferior and distinct branch of the British Legislature, 
 united and incorporated with it for the aforesaid general pur 
 poses ; and that any of the said general resolutions may origi 
 nate, and be formed and digested, either in the Parliament of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 311 
 
 Great Britain, or in the said Grand Council ; and being pre 
 pared, transmitted to the other for their approbation or dissent; 
 and that the assent of both shall be requisite to the validity of 
 all such general Acts and Statutes. 
 
 " That in time of war, all Bills for granting aids to the 
 Crown, prepared by the Grand Council, and approved by the 
 President General, shall be valid and passed into a law with 
 out the assent of the British Parliament." 
 
 No disposition seems to have been made of this Plan. On 
 the 20th of October, Congress adopted the celebrated measure 
 of " Non-Importation, Non-Consumption, and Non-Exporta 
 tion," and ordered that the several members subscribe their 
 names to it. The signature of Mr. Galloway is among them ; 
 and his name is to be found, also, to the Address to the Inhab 
 itants of the Province of Quebec. Near the close of the ses 
 sion he was appointed, with Mr. Adams and others, to revise 
 the minutes of Congress. 
 
 No man in Pennsylvania, at this time, was more in favor 
 with the popular party. In the attack upon the proprietary 
 rights, he had been regarded the leader ; and with Franklin,* 
 he was on terms of intimacy and confidence. His disaffection 
 or disinclination to continue in the public councils soon became 
 manifest. By the proceedings of the House of Assembly of 
 Pennsylvania, on the 12th of May, 1775, it appears, that 
 " Joseph Galloway, Esquire, having repeatedly moved in 
 Assembly to be excused from serving as a Deputy in the Con 
 tinental Congress, the House this day took his motion in con 
 sideration, and do hereby agree to excuse him from that ser 
 vice." In 1776 he abandoned the Whigs, and became one of 
 the most virulent and proscriptive Loyalists of the time. His 
 former friends often felt the force of his powers, and the evil 
 effects of his influence with the agents of the crown, both in 
 America and England. He joined the royal army in New 
 York soon after his defection, and continued there until June 
 
 * A will executed by Franklin, some years prior to 1784, was left in his 
 care. 
 
312 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of 1778. His only daughter accompanied him to England. 
 In 1779 he was examined before the House of Commons as to 
 the state of affairs in the revolted Colonies, and did not spare 
 the king s generals. Between this time and the peace, his pen 
 was almost constantly employed on subjects connected with 
 the war, and its management on the part of officers of the 
 crown. In addition to an extensive correspondence with Loy 
 alists who continued in America, he published observations on 
 the conduct of Sir William Howe ; a letter to Howe on his 
 naval conduct ; letters to a nobleman on the conduct of the 
 war in the Middle Colonies ; reply to the observations of Gen 
 eral Howe ; cool thoughts on the consequences of American 
 Independence; candid examination of the claims of Great 
 Britain and her Colonies; and reflections on the American 
 rebellion. 
 
 His estate, which he valued at 40,000, was confiscated by 
 Pennsylvania, in pursuance of his proscription and attainder. 
 A large part of his property was derived from his wife, and a 
 considerable proportion of it was restored finally to his daugh 
 ter, and is still possessed by his descendants. When the agency 
 for the prosecuting the claims of the Loyalists to compensa 
 tion was formed, Mr. Galloway was appointed a member of 
 the board for Pennsylvania and Delaware. But his own pre 
 tensions to consideration were disputed. The circumstance, 
 that he had been a Whig and a member of the first Continen 
 tal Congress, occasioned a jealousy among the adherents of 
 the crown, who had never changed sides, and the Commis 
 sioners made a minute investigation into his conduct. They 
 examined numerous witnesses, among whom were General 
 Gage, Lord Cornwallis, and Sir William Howe; and they 
 found and reported him to be " an active though not an 
 early Loyalist," and of course entitled to compensation. A 
 tract attributed to him, on the subject of the Loyalist Claims 
 for Losses, was published in 1788; from which, as the reader 
 will remember, some extracts appear in the preliminary re 
 marks of this volume. He died in England, September, 1803, 
 at the age of seventy-three years. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 313 
 
 His path was filled with vexations and troubles. He was a 
 politician by nature ; and he had many qualities indispensable 
 to success in political life. For some years prior to the Revo 
 lution, he was the secret or open mover of many of the public 
 issues that arose. In the alienation of friends he was unfortu 
 nate. In 1766 he connected himself with Goddard and Whar- 
 ton. in publishing a newspaper called the Pennsylvania Chron 
 icle. By the terms of the arrangement, he and Wharton were 
 to furnish a share of the necessary capital, and Goddard was to 
 print and manage the concern. And it is a singular fact con 
 nected with this matter, that the articles of copartnership 
 provided for the admission of Franklin as a partner, should he 
 choose to join them on his coming home from England, where 
 he was then absent. But the philosopher never availed him 
 self of the opportunity; the three partners quarrelled, separated 
 on the worst possible terms 3 and Goddard and Galloway filled 
 the public prints with the vilest> mutual abuse. The difficulty 
 reached the ears of Franklin, and he thus wrote to his son 
 William from London. "I cast my eye over Goddard s piece 
 against our friend, Mr. Galloway, and then lit my fire with it. 
 I think such feeble, malicious attacks cannot hurt him." The 
 events of a few years produced strange changes in the relations 
 of the several parties here spoken of, and show the effects of 
 civil war in a most striking manner. Galloway, as has been 
 said, turned Loyalist, and Franklin renounced him ; while 
 Goddard, who made the "feeble and malicious attacks," was 
 appointed to the second office in the Continental Post-office 
 department, when Franklin was placed at its head. While, 
 again, Goddard, soured and disaffected, on the retirement of 
 Franklin from that service, because he was not named to 
 succeed him, incurred the displeasure of the Whigs, and was 
 the object of hate, and the victim of mobs. And yet again ; 
 Franklin s only son, the royal governor of New Jersey, also 
 became a Loyalist; which entirely alienated his father, so 
 that there was no intercourse between them for ten years. 
 
 Galloway, after deserting the Whigs, was the mark at which 
 many writers levelled their wit and their anger. Trumbull 
 27 
 
314 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 says of him, that " he began by being a flaming patriot, but 
 being disgusted at his own want of influence, and the greater 
 popularity of others, he turned Tory, wrote against the meas 
 ures of Congress, and absconded," and, that "just before his 
 escape, a trunk was put on board a vessel in the Delaware, to 
 be delivered to" him, which, on opening, "he found contained 
 only, as Shakspeare says, 
 
 " A halter gratis, and leave to hang himself." 
 Trumbull, in his McFingal, still further discourses thus : 
 
 " Did you not, in as vile and shallow way, 
 Fright our poor Philadelphian, Galloway, 
 Your Congress, when the loyal ribald 
 Belied, berated and bescribbled ? 
 What ropes and halters did you send, 
 Terrific emblems of his end, 
 Till, lest he d hang in more than effigy, 
 Fled in a fog the trembling refugee ? " 
 
 The unhappy Loyalist deserved all that was said of him ; 
 since it seems improbable that he changed sides from convic 
 tion, and from justifiable motives. A man of so great aptitude 
 for the administration of affairs, of so mature judgment, of 
 so much political experience, of so penetrating sagacity, of 
 powers of mind that led his fellows in masses, can hardly 
 stand excused, upon the most charitable view of his conduct 
 that is possible. 
 
 GALWAY, WILLIAM. Of Conway, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 GAMBLE, DAVID. Belonged to the Eighth Pennsylvania Reg 
 iment, but deserted. In 1778 he was tried for this offence, and 
 for having in his possession counterfeit continental money; 
 and was sentenced to suffer death. 
 
 GAMBLE, JAMES, Of North Carolina. Lost his estate in 
 1779, under the confiscation act. 
 
 GAMBLE, DOCTOR . Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 
 and received the grant of a city lot. 
 
 GARDEN, ALEXANDER. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 315 
 
 of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated. He was banished. Doctor Garden 
 fitted himself for professional pursuits at Edinburgh. He 
 acquired a fortune. He was much devoted to the study of 
 natural history, and was a valuable writer in that branch of 
 science, especially in botany. He went to England in 1783, 
 and died in London in 1791, at the age of sixty- three years. 
 He was doctor of medicine and of divinity, and a fellow of 
 the Royal Society. 
 
 GARDEN, BENJAMIN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. In 1775, Colonel Benjamin 
 Garden was a member of the Provincial Congress. 
 
 GARDEN, WILLIAM. He received employment under the 
 crown, after the Revolution ; and at the time of his decease 
 was assistant deputy commissary general of the garrison at 
 Fredericton, New Brunswick. He sank under the pressure of 
 sickness and trouble ; and closed his life in the County of 
 York, New Brunswick, in 1812, aged sixty-three. 
 
 GARDINER, ALEXANDER. Was wharf officer at Staten Island, 
 in the Superintendent Department established at New York 
 by Sir William Howe. 
 
 GARDINER, GEORGE. A magistrate of the County of Albany. 
 Early in 1775 he stated the difficulties of exercising his offi 
 cial duties, and claimed of the government of the Colony pro 
 tection from the apprehended misdeeds of the rioters of that 
 section. 
 
 GARDINER, GEORGE, HENRY, and JACOB. Residence unknown. 
 Were grantees of the city of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 GARDINER, SAMUEL. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. Was a loyal Declarator in 1775. 
 
 GARDINER, SYLVESTER. He was born in Rhode Island in 
 1717, and having fitted himself for the practice of medicine in 
 England and France, entered upon, and pursued a successful 
 professional career in Boston. He acquired great wealth, and 
 purchased extensive tracts of land in Maine. A Loyalist and 
 a Refugee, he abandoned his native country with the small 
 sum of 400. His landed estate, consisting of about one him- 
 
316 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 dred thousand acres, was confiscated, but finally restored to his 
 heirs. He was an Addresser of both Hutchinson and Gage. 
 In 1776 he went to Halifax with the British army. His name 
 is to be found in the proscription and banishment act of 1778. 
 He returned to the United States after the war, and died at 
 Newport, Rhode Island, August 8, 1786, aged sixty-eight. 
 Previous to his decease, some progress was made in settling 
 his domain on the Kennebec. Prior to the Revolution, he built 
 a mill on the Cobesseconte at Gardiner, and at a period some 
 years later, he erected an Episcopal church in the same town, 
 which was burned by the maniac, McCausland. Gardiner, at 
 this time, is one of the most flourishing towns in Maine; 
 but when Robert H. Gardiner, Esquire, came into possession 
 in 1803, there were not above six hundred and fifty people 
 within its limits. 
 
 GARDNER, GEORGE. Of Rhode Island. He settled at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, and was an alderman of that city. 
 
 GARDNER, HENRY. Of Salem, Massachusetts. An Address 
 er of Gage on his arrival in 1774. He died at Maiden in 1817, 
 aged seventy-one. 
 
 GARNETT, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. Was in London in 
 1779, and addressed the king. Of the Massachusetts family, 
 I conclude, were Patrick, who was an ensign in the Prince of 
 Wales American Volunteers ; and Joseph, who settled in New 
 Brunswick, was Master in Chancery, and Deputy Surrogate, 
 and died in St. Andrew in 1801, 
 
 GARRISON, JOHN. He became an inhabitant of New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was a member of the House of As 
 sembly for several years. His end was sad. He died on the 
 river St. John in 1810. Joseph Garrison died at Deer Island, 
 New Brunswick, in 1819, aged fifty. 
 
 GARVEY, PATRICK. An assistant apothecary in the Whig 
 service. He was suspected of conducting an illicit trade with 
 the royal forces, and in 1780 was detected at Philadelphia, 
 and committed to prison. 
 
 GAWASON, ABRAHAM, Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 a signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 317 
 
 GAY, MARTIN. Founder, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775; was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. I sup 
 pose he returned ; a gentleman of this name died at Boston 
 in 1809, aged eighty-two. Mr. Gay was the son of Reverend 
 Doctor Ebenezer Gay, of Hingham, Massachusetts, who died 
 in 1787, aged ninety. 
 
 GAY, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. Son of Martin Gay. 
 He was born in Boston, and graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1775. Soon after the commencement of the Revolution, he 
 abandoned his native country. He settled in New Brunswick, 
 where he held several important public stations. He was a 
 member of the first House of Assembly organized in the Colony, 
 and represented the County of Westmoreland several years. 
 He was also a magistrate of that County, and Chief Justice of 
 the Court of Common Pleas. He died at Fort Cumberland, 
 New Brunswick, (where his father had a grant of land from 
 the crown,) January 21, 1847, in the ninety-third year of his 
 age. The late Honorable Ebenezer Gay of Hingham, Massa 
 chusetts, was his brother. 
 
 GAYNOR, JAMES and PETER. Were grantees of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. James was a member of the Loyal 
 Artillery in 1795, and died at St. John in 1823, at the age of 
 seventy- two. 
 
 GEAKE, SAMUEL. A Whig who was taken prisoner by the 
 British, corrupted, and induced to act as a spy. After enter 
 ing the service of the enemy, he enlisted among his former 
 friends, the better to accomplish his purpose of betraying 
 them. His designs were ascertained, and he was arrested 
 in 1778, tried and condemned to die. He confessed his crime, 
 but Washington spared his life, because the court martial that 
 tried him was irregularly constituted, and because his tes 
 timony was deemed important against Hammell, formerly 
 brigade-major to General James Clinton, who had also entered 
 into treasonable designs with the British. Geake, according 
 to his confession, was to receive a commission of lieutenant in 
 27* 
 
318 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 a corps that Hammell was to command, as soon as it could be 
 raised from deserters from the American army. 
 
 GEAUBEAU, ANTHONY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 GEUDES, CHARLES. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1807, 
 aged fifty-six. 
 
 GEIGER, JACOB. Of South Carolina. In commission under 
 the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 GEROW, ANDREW. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 GERRISH, MOSES. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1762. In the Revolution, he was attached 
 to the commissary department of the royal army. After the 
 peace, he and Thomas Ross, and one Jones, obtained License 
 of Occupation of the island of Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 
 and its dependencies, and on condition of procuring forty set 
 tlers, a schoolmaster, and a minister, within seven years from 
 the date of the License, were to receive a grant of the whole 
 from the British crown. They commenced the settlement of 
 the island, and sold several lots in anticipation of their own 
 title, but failed to fulfil the conditions, and did not obtain the 
 expected grant. Jones returned to the United States, but 
 Gerrish and Ross continued at Grand Menan. Gerrish was 
 an able man. A gentleman who knew him long and inti 
 mately remarks, that "he would spread more good sense on 
 a sheet of paper than any person of my acquaintance." His 
 powers were not, however, devoted to any regular pursuit. 
 He never acquired any considerable property, "yet always 
 seemed to have enough." He " did nothing, yet was always 
 about something." He was a magistrate at Grand Menan for 
 many years, and until his decease in 1830, at the age of 
 eighty years. 
 
 GEYER, FREDERIC WILLIAM. Merchant, of Boston. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 GIBB, THOMAS. In 1782 he was surgeon of the New York 
 Volunteers. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 319 
 
 GIBBENS, EDWARD. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 ordered, that unless he appeared and took his trial for treason, 
 he should stand attainted. 
 
 GIBBS, JOHN W. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 17SO. Was banished in 1782, 
 and his property was confiscated. 
 
 GIBBS, ZACHARIAH. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown. Estate confiscated. 
 
 GIDNEY. Lieutenant Isaac Gidney, and John, Caleb, Jona 
 than, Joshua, James, Isaac, Bartholomew, Jacob, Solomon, 
 and Joseph, were Protesters at White Plains, and inhabitants 
 of Westchester County, New York. 
 
 GILBERT, BRADFORD. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Brother 
 of Thomas Gilbert, Junior. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. He settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and re 
 ceived the grant of a lot in the city of St. John. In 1795 he 
 was a member of the St. John Loyal Artillery, and in 1803 an 
 alderman of the city. He died at St. John in 1814, aged 
 sixty-eight. 
 
 GILBERT, FRANCIS. He was naval officer of New Brunswick, 
 and died at St. John in 1821, aged eighty-two. 
 
 GILBERT, PEREZ. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Brother 
 of Bradford Gilbert. He was proscribed and banished. He 
 settled in New Brunswick with his father and brothers ; and 
 died in that Colony. 
 
 GILBERT, SA.MUEL. Of Berkley, Massachusetts. He was a 
 brother of Colonel Thomas Gilbert, and went with him to 
 Halifax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 He lived in New Brunswick for a time after the Revolution, 
 but finally returned to the United States. 
 
 GILBERT, THOMAS, Junior. Of Berkley, Massachusetts. Son 
 of Francis Gilbert. He fled to Boston in 1775, and joined 
 his father ; but it is believed did not accompany him to Hali 
 fax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. During the 
 war he continued with the royal troops, and was active in 
 his endeavors to suppress the popular movement. He settled 
 in New Brunswick after the war, and died on the river 
 St. John. 
 
320 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 GILBERT, THOMAS. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. His an 
 cestor was an early settler in Taunton. John Gilbert, as is 
 supposed, came from Devonshire, England, at an age some 
 what advanced, and lived first, with his family, at Dorchester. 
 He died previous to 1654, but Winnifred, his widow, was then 
 living. He, with Henry Andrews, were the two first Repre 
 sentatives from Taunton to the General Court at Plymouth in 
 1639. His sons, Thomas and John, removed with him to 
 Taunton, and were among the first proprietors of that town. 
 Of Thomas, Governor Winthrop gravely records, that, 
 
 "8th mo. August 18, 1636: Thomas Gilbert brought be 
 fore us; he was drunk at Serjeant Baulson s, and the Con 
 stable being sent for he struck him. He was kept in prison 
 all night, and the next day his father John Gilbert, and his 
 brother John Gilbert of Dorchester, undertook in 40 that 
 John Gilbert the younger would appear at Court to answer 
 for him, and perform the order of the Court, &c. The reason 
 was, that he was to go to England presently, and not known 
 to have been in any way disordered, and was his father s 
 oldest son, who was a grave, honest gentleman, (fee. They 
 did undertake, also, that he should acknowledge his fault 
 openly to the constable, &c." 
 
 Thomas went to England as he intended, and never re 
 turned, but died there in 1676. His wife, Jane, who was a 
 daughter of Hugh Rossiter, and his children, remained at 
 Taunton. His marriage is supposed to have been the first 
 that occurred in that town. The name of his oldest son was 
 Thomas, who was the immediate ancestor of Thomas Gilbert, 
 the Loyalist, who is the subject of this notice, and who, on 
 his mother s side, was descended from Governor William Brad 
 ford, the second chief magistrate of Plymouth Colony. In 
 1745, the Thomas, of whom we are now to speak, was a 
 captain at the memorable siege and reduction of Louisburg, 
 under Sir William Pepperell. In the French war of 1755, he 
 was a lieutenant-colonel in the Massachusetts forces under 
 Brigadier General Ruggles. He was engaged in the attempt 
 against Crown Point ; and after the fall of Colonel Ephraim 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 321 
 
 Williams, in the battle with the French under Baron Dieskau 
 at Lake George, he succeeded to the command of the regi 
 ment. 
 
 In the Revolutionary controversy he took an early and de 
 cided stand in behalf of the crown. At this time he was a 
 member of the House of Representatives, a Justice of the 
 Quorum, and a Colonel in the militia. In 1774 a large body 
 of the people proceeded to Freetown, to desire him not to 
 accept of the office of sheriff under the new laws, and to in 
 form him, that if he acted under the commission which it was 
 reported he had received, he " must abide by the consequen 
 ces." Soon after he was at Dartmouth; and a party of about 
 a hundred assaulted the house in which he was a lodger; but 
 with the help of the family he prevented their entrance. In 
 the autumn of 1774 the commotions in Bristol County had 
 become so great, that an armed force was deemed requisite by 
 General Gage, to keep the people in subjection to the king s 
 authority; and at his request, Colonel Gilbert raised and com 
 manded a body of three hundred Loyalists. In March, 1775, 
 he wrote the following letter to the Honorable James Wallace, 
 Esquire, commander of His Majesty s ship Rose, Newport, 
 which was intercepted, and which appears to have been 
 the second addressed by him to that officer. 
 
 " Honorable Sir : Since writing the lines on the 21st by 
 Mr. Phillips, many insults and threats are, and have been 
 made against those soldiers which have taken our arms and 
 train, and exercise in the King s name ; and on Monday next 
 the Captains muster at the south part of the Town, when we 
 have great reason to fear thousands of the rebels will attack 
 them, and take our lives, or the King s arms, or perhaps both. 
 I, Sir, ask the favor of one of His Majesty s Tenders, or some 
 other vessel of force might be at or near Bowers , in order if 
 any of our people should be obliged to retreat, they may be 
 taken on board. Nothing but the last extremity will oblige 
 them to quit the ground. 
 
 "I am your obedient humble servant, 
 
 " THOMAS GILBERT." 
 
322 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 These proceedings attracted immediate attention, and pro 
 duced great indignation. In April, 1775, the Congress of 
 Massachusetts unanimously declared, that " Colonel Thomas 
 Gilbert is an inveterate enemy to his country, to reason, to 
 justice, and the common rights of mankind," and, that " who 
 ever had knowingly espoused his cause, or taken up arms for 
 its support, does, in common with himself, deserve to be 
 instantly cut off from the benefit of commerce with, or counte 
 nance of, any friend of virtue, America, or the human race/ 
 These words are explicit enough ; and contain as full and as 
 comprehensive denunciation, as can be found in the records 
 of any deliberative body during the controversy. And Con 
 gress, in further speaking of him, use the term "Gilbert 
 and his banditti." 
 
 A few days after the passage of these resolutions of bitter 
 censure, Colonel Gilbert fled to the Rose, which vessel was 
 still at Newport, Rhode Island, and thence to Boston. On the 
 4th of May, 1775, he wrote to his sons, from Boston, thus : 
 
 "On the 27th of April, I left the ship, took passage on 
 board a packet sloop on the first instant, in health arrived 
 here, where I expect to stay till the rebels are subdued, which 
 I believe will not be long first, as the ships and troops are 
 daily expected. My greatest fears are, you will be seduced 
 or compelled to take arms with the deluded people. Dear 
 sons, if these wicked sinners, the rebels, entice you, believe 
 them not, but die by the sword rather than be hanged as 
 rebels, which will certainly be you fate sooner or later if you 
 join them, or be killed in battle, and will be no more than you 
 deserve. I wish you in Boston, and all the friends to govern 
 ment. The rebels have proclaimed that those friends may 
 have liberty, and come in ; but as all their declarations have 
 hitherto proved, I fear, false, this may be so. Let Ruggles 
 know his father wants him here. You may come by water 
 from Newport. If here, the King will give you provisions 
 and pay you wages ; but by experience you know neither 
 your persons nor estates are safe in the country, for as soon as 
 you have raised anything, they [the rebels] will rob you of it, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 323 
 
 as they are more savage and cruel than heathens, or any other 
 creatures, and, it is generally thought, than devils. You will 
 put yourselves out of their power as soon as possible. This 
 is from your affectionate father, 
 
 " THOMAS GILBERT." 
 
 In 1776 Colonel Gilbert accompanied the royal army to 
 Halifax ; and in 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He 
 continued with the king s troops during the war, " often em 
 ployed, and constantly rendering every service in his power, 
 for the suppression of the Rebellion." In 1783 he went to 
 Nova Scotia, and on the 16th of November of that year he 
 was at Conway, in the County of Annapolis, and a petiti- 
 tioner to Governor Parr for a grant of lands. At a subsequent 
 period, he settled in New Brunswick, and died on the river 
 St. John, near the year 1796, aged about eighty-two. On 
 retiring from service at the close of the French war, Colonel 
 Gilbert declined to receive half-pay. He held no commission 
 in the Revolution, and was consequently entitled to no allow 
 ance as a disbanded officer ; but he received compensation as 
 a Loyalist for his losses. 
 
 GILBOURNE, EDWARD. In 1782 he was an ensign in the 
 Second American Regiment. 
 
 GILL, THOMAS. Of Delaware. Died in York County, New 
 Brunswick, in 1833, aged seventy-seven. Mary, his widow, a 
 native of Newport, Rhode Island, died in the same County, 
 1837, at the age of eighty-one. 
 
 GILLIES, ARCHIBALD. Died at Carlton, New Brunswick, in 
 1821, aged sixty-six. 
 
 GILLISPIE, HUGH. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Second 
 American Regiment. 
 
 GILLSNOEZ, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 GILMAN, PETER. Of Oilman ton, New Hampshire. He was 
 son of Major John Gilman, and was born in 1704. He com 
 manded a regiment in the French war ; was Speaker of the 
 Assembly ; and member of the Council of New Hampshire. 
 
324 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 He remained in the country, and died in 1788, aged eighty- 
 four. Colonel Oilman s regiment was employed in scout duty ; 
 his men, alert, and accustomed to savage warfare, rendered 
 great service, and his own merits are entitled to the most re 
 spectful mention. 
 
 GILMORE, JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 GILMOUR, ROBERT. He was banished and attainted, and 
 his estate was confiscated. In 1794 he represented to the 
 British government, that, at the time of his banishment, debts 
 were due to him in America, which he had been unable to 
 recover. I suppose this person to have belonged to New 
 Hampshire, and the same who was proscribed by act of that 
 State in 1778. 
 
 GILPIN, THOMAS. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was confined 
 in that city for being inimical to the Whig cause, and ordered 
 to Virginia a prisoner. 
 
 GIRTY, SIMON. He figures in the difficulties of Doctor Con- 
 oily and his party, with the authorities of Pennsylvania, in 
 1774. Girty s career was entirely infamous. He was an early 
 prisoner of the Whigs at Pittsburgh, but escaped. In 1778 he 
 went through the Indian country to Detroit, with McKee and 
 Elliot, proclaiming to the savages that the rebels were deter 
 mined to destroy them, and that " their only chance of safety 
 was to espouse the cause of the crown and fight." In 1782 
 Colonel Crawford was captured by the Indians and perished at 
 the stake, after suffering the most horrible and excruciating 
 tortures, which Girty saw with much satisfaction. The same 
 year his instigations caused the removal of the Moravian 
 missionaries, who were quietly and usefully laboring among 
 the Wyandots. He personally engaged in driving away these 
 self-denying ministers, treated them with great harshness on 
 the march, and subsequently procured their arrest. At the 
 defeat of St. Clair in 1791, Girty was present on the British 
 side ; and saw and knew General Butler, who lay upon the 
 field writhing from the agony of his wounds. The traitor 
 told a savage warrior that the wounded man was a high 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 325 
 
 officer ; whereupon the Indian buried his tomahawk in But 
 ler s head, whose scalp was immediately torn off, and whose 
 heart was taken out and divided into as many pieces as there 
 were tribes engaged in the battle. 
 
 In 1793 Commissioners on the part of the United States 
 attempted to negotiate with the Confederated Nations for an 
 adjustment of our difficulties with the Indians, when Girty 
 acted as interpreter. His conduct was exceedingly insolent: 
 and it is related, that he was not only false in his duty as an 
 interpreter, but that he run a quill or long feather through the 
 cartilage of his nose cross-wise, to show his contempt for the 
 American gentlemen present. The failure of the negotiation, 
 it is supposed, was in a good measure owing to the evil influ 
 ence of Girty and other Loyalists. 
 
 GLEN, JOHN. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator of Corn- 
 wallis on his success at Camden, in 1780. In 1782 his estate 
 was confiscated, and he was banished. 
 
 GLEN, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and also a Petitioner 
 to be armed on the side of the crown. He was banished, 
 and in 1782 his property was confiscated. He went to Eng 
 land. 
 
 GLOVER, HENRY. Of Newtown, Connecticut. In 1775 he 
 was Chairman of a public meeting that passed several votes in 
 opposition to the Whigs. 
 
 GLOVER, JONATHAN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An 
 Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 GLOVER, . Of Newtown, New York. In 1779, under 
 
 the direction of Sir Henry Clinton, he and eight other Loyalists 
 crossed Long Island Sound in a boat, for the purpose of cap 
 turing Major General Silliman, who had been appointed to com 
 mand on the opposite shore of Connecticut. Glover had been 
 employed by the General, and was familiar with his house. 
 The party approached his dwelling at night, and awoke him 
 self and family by a violent assault upon the door. Silliman 
 attempted to fire, but his musket only flashed ; when the as 
 sailants broke through a window and seized him, and bore him 
 28 
 
326 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 off. On approaching the Long Island shore, Colonel Simcoe, 
 of the Loyalist corps of Queen s Rangers, was in waiting, and 
 exclaimed, " Have you got him? " He was answered, " Yes." 
 "Have you lost any men?" "No." "That is well," said 
 Simcoe, "your Sillimans are not worth a man, nor your 
 Washingtons." 
 
 GODDARD, WILLIAM. Son of Giles Goddard, Postmaster of 
 New London, Connecticut ; had a checkered career. He was 
 bred a printer, and established the first printing press at Prov 
 idence, Rhode Island, in 1762 ; and soon after, commenced 
 the publication of a newspaper. Not meeting with sufficient 
 encouragement, he went to New York, and connected himself 
 with John Holt in publishing the New York Gazette and Post 
 Boy. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, in 1766, he removed 
 to Philadelphia, and became the partner of Galloway and 
 Wharton, in a paper called the Pennsylvania Chronicle. These 
 gentlemen were, in the end, both Loyalists. It would seem 
 that the firm expected that Franklin, who was then in Eng 
 land, would take an interest in the concern ; and provision 
 was made in the articles of copartnership accordingly. The 
 Chronicle was ably conducted. Galloway was an eminent 
 lawyer, a writer of great vigor ; and, as was supposed, a 
 friend of the popular cause. In 1770, after many disputes, the 
 partners, who, in the meantime, had admitted Benjamin 
 Towne as a member of their establishment, came to an open 
 rupture ; and having dissolved their connexion, filled the pub 
 lic prints, handbills, and pamphlets, with the ebullitions of 
 their animosity. Unable to meet the demands against the 
 firm, Goddard, in great embarrassment, left Philadelphia in 
 1773, and went to Baltimore, in quest of more lucrative busi 
 ness, and greater tranquillity of life. Here he started another 
 newspaper; but the plan of setting up a line of post-riders 
 from New Hampshire to Georgia, in opposition to the Post- 
 Office establishment of the crown, soon engaged the attention 
 of leading minds ; and Goddard, intrusting his printing affairs 
 to the care of his sister, journeyed throughout the Colonies, to 
 promote the adoption of the measure. He was eminently sue- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 327 
 
 cessful, as the Whigs entered into the scheme with great readi 
 ness, and cheerfully subscribed the necessary funds. Goddard 
 was appointed surveyor of the roads and comptroller of the 
 offices, on the organization of the department ; and on the 
 retirement of Franklin, who was placed at its head, expected 
 to succeed him as Postmaster General. To his great disap 
 pointment, Bache, son-in-law to Franklin, received the place ; 
 and Goddard resigned his situation in disgust. It was sup 
 posed, that now, he not only suffered his ardor in the Whig 
 cause to abate, but that he actually abandoned his political 
 principles. He resumed his residence in Baltimore, where his 
 paper, the Maryland Journal, had been, and was still continued, 
 by and in the name of his sister ; but in which it was known 
 that he had an interest, and over which, it was believed, that 
 he maintained the entire control. Early in 1777, two articles, 
 one of which was signed "Tom Tell Truth," and the other, 
 " Caveto," appeared in the Journal, and excited the indigna 
 tion of the Baltimore Whig Club, who, on the 4th of March, 
 resolved, 
 
 " That William Goddard do leave this town by twelve 
 o clock to-morrow morning, and the County in three days," 
 &c. He immediately claimed the protection of the Assembly, 
 then in session at Annapolis ; and though that body formally 
 and severely rebuked the Club, there was no resisting the pop 
 ular impulse against him, and before the quarrel, thus com 
 menced, was ended, he was mobbed on several occasions, and 
 was otherwise insulted and ill-treated. This was especially 
 the case in 1779, when the publication in the Journal of certain 
 Queries, excited the ire of the Whig Club anew ; and caused a 
 great ferment. He was variously employed until 1784, when 
 he appeared as the proper proprietor of the Journal. In 1787 
 he became involved in a bitter controversy with the publisher 
 of a rival print, in which he displayed eminent ability. In 
 1792 he sold his press, and bidding adieu to the cares and tur 
 moils of party and political strifes, retired to a farm in Johnston, 
 Rhode Island. He subsequently changed his abode to Provi 
 dence, where he continued to reside until his decease in 1817, 
 aged seventy-seven years. 
 
328 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Goddard was a man of fine talents, and as the manager of 
 a press, had, it is said, few or no superiors. General Charles 
 Lee continued his friend, and bequeathed him a po rtion of his 
 extensive landed estate in Virginia. Lee, it will be remem 
 bered, failed in the execution of his orders at the battle of 
 Monmouth, was disgraced, and spent the remainder of his 
 days in retirement. He was the writer of the Queries which 
 caused Goddard s trouble with the Whig Club in 1779. 
 
 GOLDING, ISAAC. Residence unknown. Was a grantee of 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 GOLDING, JOSEPH and WILLIAM. Of Jamaica, New York. 
 Were loyal Declarators in 1775. 
 
 GOLDING, PALMER. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. A true 
 friend to government, and a captain in the militia. Early in 
 1775, he was returning from a visit to a friend, who was sus 
 pected of desertion from the Whigs, and of being a Tory, and 
 whose political course he was supposed to influence, when he 
 was knocked down, and much bruised and wounded. 
 
 GOLDING, STEPHEN. Residence unknown. Settled in New 
 Brunswick in 1783; and died at Long Island, Hampstead, 
 Queen s County, of that Province, in June, 1845, at the age of 
 eighty-three years. For the thirty years previous to his de 
 cease, he held a commission of the peace for Queen s County. 
 For fifty-five years he was an officer in the Provincial militia, 
 and retired with the rank of major. He was a consistent mem 
 ber of the Church of England. His descendants are numer 
 ous, namely, eleven children, seventy-one grandchildren, 
 and seventy-four great-grandchildren. 
 
 GOLDING, ZENUS. Residence unknown. Died at French Vil 
 lage, New Brunswick, in 1814, aged fifty-six. 
 
 GOLDSBURY, SAMUEL. Of Wrentham, Massachusetts. Went 
 to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 GOLDSMITH, HENRY. He settled in New Brunswick, and was 
 Collector of the Customs for the port of St. Andrew. 
 
 GOLDTKWAITE, EzEKiEL. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the 
 same year. He was Register of Deeds for the County of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 329 
 
 Suffolk. The Reverend John Bacon, who was minister of the 
 Old South, and whose son, Ezekiel, was a member of Congress 
 before the war of 1812, married his daughter. Though Mr. 
 Goldthwaite became an Addresser, he was one of the fifty- 
 eight Boston memorialists who, in 1760, arrayed themselves 
 against the crown officers, and set the ball of the Revolution 
 in motion. 
 
 GOLDTHWAITE, JOSEPH. Of Boston. Brother of Philip Gold 
 thwaite. Was an Addresser of Hutchinson ; connected with 
 the quartermaster s department of the royal army in Boston 
 in 1775 ; proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 GOLDTHWAITE, M. B. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of both 
 Hutchinson and Gage. 
 
 GOLDTHWAITE, PHILIP. Of Maine. He was one of the two 
 persons of Saco and Biddeford, Maine, who was dealt with 
 by the Whigs of that section for their loyal principles. He 
 was an officer of the Customs, and lived at Winter Harbor. 
 As soon as the war commenced, he placed himself under Brit 
 ish protection at Boston. 
 
 GOOD, DAVID. Went to New Brunswick in 1783, and died 
 at King s-clear, County of York, 1842, aged ninety-five. His 
 widow, with whom he lived sixty years, survives, (1845) as 
 do one hundred and eleven descendants. 
 
 GOODALE, NATHAN. Of Salem, Massachusetts. In 1774 he 
 was an Addresser of Hutchinson, but signed a recantation. 
 The same year, however, he was an Addresser of Gage. Early 
 in 1775 he secured a retreat at Nan tucket. 
 
 GORDON, ALEXANDER. A physician, of Norfolk, Virginia. In 
 February, 1775, the Whig Committee of Observation held him 
 up for public censure, for the importation of medicines, con 
 trary to the Continental Association. This Committee was 
 composed of thirteen persons, and they were unanimous in 
 their opinion of the Doctor s delinquency. He went to Eng 
 land, and was a Loyalist Addresser of the king, July. 1779. 
 
 GORDON, CHARLES. Attorney at law, of St. George, Delaware. 
 He was required to surrender himself for trial for treason on 
 or before August 1, 1778, or to lose his estate. 
 28* 
 
330 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 GORDON, CHARLES. Attorney at law, of Cecil County, Mary 
 land. In 1775, the Whig Committee of that County, at a 
 meeting at Elk Ferry, " Resolved, That he lies under the im 
 putation of being an enemy to this country, and as such we 
 will have no dealings or communication with him, nor permit 
 him to transact any business with us, or for us, either in a 
 public or private capacity, which shall be commenced after 
 the date hereof," &c. Mr. Gordon "had treated with great 
 disrespect, and maliciously aspersed the Continental Congress, 
 the Provincial Congress, and the Committee of this County ; 
 and had, at various times, and by sundry ways, vilified their 
 proceedings." A newspaper controversy ensued, in which the 
 delinquent admitted that his politics were not quite agreeable 
 to his accusers, &c. 
 
 GORDON, GEORGE. Of Danbury, Connecticut. Arrived at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in the spring of 1 783, 
 in the ship Union. 
 
 GORDON, HARRY. Of Pennsylvania. Was summoned by 
 proclamation to appear before November 1, 1781, else he 
 would be attainted; and failing to do so, his estate was 
 seized by the commissioners of forfeitures, and most of it sold. 
 These proceedings were against Henry Gordon ; and, by an 
 act of January, 1783, the misnomer was corrected, and the 
 Executive Council of that State, under that law, sold the re 
 mainder of his estate in 1790. 
 
 GORDON, JAMES. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 GORDON, THOMAS K. Of South Carolina. Was Chief Jus 
 tice of the Colony under the royal government; he was 
 allowed to leave the country. 
 
 GORE, JOHN, Esquire. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of 
 Gage. He went to Halifax at the evacuation, and thence to 
 England, but returned to Boston. His son, Honorable Christo 
 pher Gore, was long one of the most conspicuous public char 
 acters of Massachusetts, and a gentleman of eminent worth 
 and talents. The name of John Gore is found among the list 
 of the proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 331 
 
 GORHAM, DAVID. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1733. In 1774 he was one of the barristers 
 and attornies of Massachusetts who addressed Hutchinson. 
 
 GORHAM, JOSEPH. Was lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Fen- 
 sible Americans ; at the peace he went to England. 
 
 GORHAM, JOHN and JOSEPH A. Were ensigns in the Royal 
 Fensible Americans. 
 
 GORHAM, NATHANIEL and JOHN. Were grantees of the city of 
 St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 GORNLEY, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 GORT, WILLIAM. Of New York. In 1780, he and James 
 Plateau, another Loyalist, hired the house of Garret Putnam 3 
 a Whig, who, receiving orders to repair to Fort Hunter, took 
 his family with him. Two days after Putnam s departure, a 
 party of Sir John Johnson s Royal Greens came to the settle 
 ment (now embraced in the town of Mohawk), and supposing 
 the house was still occupied by Whigs, entered it at night, and 
 murdered and scalped two men. In the morning, the dead 
 bodies of Gort and Plateau revealed to them that they had 
 murdered two friends. 
 
 GORUM, NATHANIEL. Went to New Brunswick in 1783. He 
 died at Kingston. King s County, in that Colony, February 9, 
 1846, aged ninety-four years. Numerous offspring of children, 
 grandchildren, and great-grandchildren, survive. 
 
 GOUCHER, JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 GOULD, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. Went to England, and 
 was a Loyalist Addresser of the king in 1779. 
 
 GRAHAM, JOHN. Of Ulster County, New York. In 1775, a 
 number of his Majesty s loyal subjects met at his house and 
 erected a Royal Standard, on a mast seventy-five feet high, 
 with the following inscription. 
 
 " In testimony of our unshaken loyalty and incorruptible 
 fidelity to the best of Kings ; of our inviolable affection and 
 attachment to our parent State, and the British Constitution ; 
 of our abhorrence of, and aversion to, a Republican Govern- 
 
332 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ment ; of our detestation of all treasonable associations, 
 unlawful combinations, seditious meetings, tumultuous assem 
 blies, and execrable mobs ; and of all measures that have a 
 tendency to alienate the affections of the people from their 
 rightful Sovereign, or lessen their regard for our most excellent 
 Constitution ; and to make known to all men, that we are 
 ready, when properly called upon, at the hazard of our lives 
 and of every thing dear to us, to defend the King, support the 
 magistrates in the execution of the laws, and maintain the 
 just rights and constitutional liberties of freeborn Englishmen, 
 this Standard, by the name of the King s Standard, was 
 erected, by a number of his Majesty s loyal and faithful sub 
 jects in Ulster County, on the 10th day of February, in the 
 15th year of the reign of our most excellent sovereign, George 
 the Third, whom God long preserve." 
 
 GRAHAM, JOHN. Of Georgia. Lieutenant Governor of that 
 Colony. He went to England. After the death of Sir James 
 Wright, he and William Knox were appointed joint agents of 
 the Georgia Loyalists for prosecuting their claims for losses. 
 He was in London as late as 1788. 
 
 GRANT, ALEXANDER. An ensign in the King s American 
 Regiment. 
 
 GRANT, DANIEL. Was a native of Gillespie, Sutherland, 
 Scotland, and emigrated to the United States previous to the 
 Revolution. At the peace of 1783 he removed with other 
 Loyalists to St. Andrew, New Brunswick, where he continued 
 to reside, and where he reared a numerous family. He died 
 January, 1834, aged eighty-two years. 
 
 GRANT, GEORGE. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 GRANT, JAMES. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Gage in 1774. Went to Halifax, but returned, and 
 was at Boston in January, 1776 ; at which time he had been 
 promised a commission in the royal army. There was a 
 major James Grant, of the King s American Regiment, who 
 died previous to October 15, 1783, and who may have been 
 the subject of this notice. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 333 
 
 GRANT, JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. A loyal Declarator 
 in 1775. 
 
 GRANT, JOHN. A captain in the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 GRANT, ROBERT. An ensign in De Lancey s Second Battalion. 
 
 GRAVES, JOHN. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. In 1775 he 
 was sent to the jail at Northampton, on the charge of holding 
 improper intercourse with General Gage at Boston. In 1778 
 he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 GRAVES, JOHN. Of Providence, Rhode Island. He was the 
 vicar of Clapham, Yorkshire, England, and in 1754 came to 
 Providence, to succeed the Reverend John Checkley, an Epis 
 copal clergyman, who died the previous year ; and as the 
 Missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 
 in Foreign Parts. In 1770 Mr. Graves wrote to the Society, 
 that " the face of public affairs here is melancholy. Altar 
 against altar in the church, and such open, bold attacks 
 upon the state, as, I believe, the English annals do not 
 furnish us with the like since the reign of King Charles I." 
 These were signs of the coming storm. In September, 
 1776, he wrote : u Since independency has been proclaimed 
 here, my two churches have been shut up ; still I go on to 
 baptize their children, visit their sick, bury their dead, and 
 frequent their respective houses with the same freedom as 
 usual ; and add, with gratitude, that their benefactions to me 
 since the above period have been great, and far beyond what 
 I have ever experienced from them before, founded upon their 
 commiserating sense that the necessary means of supporting my 
 large family a wife and seven children were now entirely 
 cut off." In 1782 Mr. Graves was expelled from the parsonage 
 and glebe, because he refused to open his church in conformity 
 with the principles of independency. He soon after resigned 
 his ministry, after a labor of twenty-six years. His fate, after 
 dissolving his relations with the Episcopal church at Provi 
 dence, is unknown. 
 
 GRAY, ANDREW and JOHN. Of Boston. Embarked for Hali 
 fax with the royal army in 1776. Joseph Gray, of that town, 
 died at Halifax in 1803. 
 
334 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 GRAY, BENJAMIN DINGLEY. Of Yirginia. Was one of the Non- 
 Associators, or a person who refused to join the Continental 
 Association, and was posted by the Whig Committee in March, 
 1775, accordingly. On seeing his name in the list he said, 
 " that he looked upon this Committee as a pack of damned 
 rascals for advertising him as they had done," &c. Subse 
 quently, the Committee denounced his conduct by a resolution 
 in which they declare, that he should " be looked upon as 
 inimical to the liberties of America," and that "no person 
 ought to have commercial intercourse with him." 
 
 GRAY, HARRISON. Receiver General, of Massachusetts. He 
 was an Addresser of Hutchinson, was a Mandamus Councillor, 
 was proscribed and banished, and was among those whose es 
 tates were confiscated by statute. At the evacuation of Boston, 
 he accompanied the British troops to Halifax ; thence he went 
 to England, and died there. In abandoning home, country, 
 and friends, he parted with his only daughter, the first wife of 
 S. A. Otis, father of the Honorable Harrison Gray Otis. In 
 McFingal it is said, 
 
 " What puritan could ever pray 
 In godlier tones, than Treasurer Gray, 
 Or at town-meetings speechifying, 
 Could utter more melodious whine, 
 And shut his eyes, and vent his moan, 
 Like owl afflicted in the sun." 
 
 Mr. Gray was an exemplary gentleman in every relation, 
 and among the Loyalists there was hardly one more deserving 
 of respect and kind remembrance. Trumbull s muse, there 
 fore, was not honored by such sentiments. 
 
 GRAY, HARRISON, Junior. Of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished. He was a son of Harrison Gray, and his clerk in 
 the Treasury-office. 
 
 GRAY, JAMES, of Reading, and JAMES, Junior, of Fairfield 
 County, Connecticut. Were members of the Reading Associa 
 tion. 
 
 GRAY, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 335 
 
 GRAY, LEWIS. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of Gage in 
 1775 ; was proscribed and banished in 1778 ; and was in 
 England in 1783. 
 
 GRAY, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. Held a royal commis 
 sion after the fall of Charleston. Estate confiscated. 
 
 GRAY, THOMAS. Of Boston. Was a Protester against the 
 Whigs, and an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 GRAY, WILLIAM. Of Westchester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester in 1775 ; settled in New Brunswick at the peace ; 
 was a magistrate of King s County, and died in 1824, aged 
 ninety-six. Justus Gray also settled in the same Colony in 
 1783, and died there in 1843. 
 
 GRAY. Residence unknown. Four were in the military 
 service, namely, Robert, who was a captain in the King s 
 American Regiment, and probably belonged to New York; 
 William, who was a captain in the New York Volunteers, 
 and, as I suppose, lived in Westchester County; Gregory, 
 who was surgeon s mate, and George, who was a cornet 
 of cavalry in the British Legion, were, possibly, from the 
 South. 
 
 GREEN, FRANCIS. Merchant, of Boston. Graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1760. He was an Addresser of Hutchinson 
 and of Gage, and was proscribed and banished. At the begin 
 ning of the war he went to England, but returned in 1799, 
 and resided in Medford until his death, April, 1809, aged sixty- 
 seven. He was a gentlemen of some literary acquirements ; 
 and having two children who were deaf and dumb, published 
 several papers on the subject of imparting speech to persons 
 thus afflicted. 
 
 GREEN, JAMES. Of North Carolina. A mariner; lost his 
 estate under the confiscation act in 1779. 
 
 GREEN, JOSEPH. Of Boston. A wit, a poet, and a merchant. 
 He was appointed Mandamus Councillor, but, it is believed, 
 did not take the oath of office. His name is found among the 
 Addressers of Hutchinson. He went to England, and died 
 there in 1780, aged seventy-four. He published several of his 
 performances, which were mostly humorous ; of these may be 
 
336 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 mentioned, the burlesque on a psalm of his fellow wit, Doctor 
 Byles, ridicule of free-masons, and lamentation on Mr. Old 
 Tenor paper money. Mr. Green graduated at Harvard Uni 
 versity in 1726, at the age of twenty ; having been born at 
 Boston in 1706. He was proscribed and banished. Though 
 the gentleman was found, finally, among the adherents of the 
 crown, and became an exile, he was one of the fifty-eight 
 Boston memorialists in 1760 ; and in 1764 was a member of a 
 committee with Samuel Adams, to report instructions to the 
 Boston representatives. This report is very Whiggish. 
 
 GREEN, RICHARD, SAMUEL, and MORRIS. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged themselves to be loyal and well 
 affected subjects in 1776. Morris Green subsequently bore 
 arms. 
 
 GREEN, T^HOMAS. Of Pennsylvania. Was ordered by pro 
 clamation to appear and be tried, or to stand attainted. A 
 Loyalist of the name of Thomas Green, died in New Bruns 
 wick previous to the year 1805 ; his widow married Clayton 
 Tilton of Musquash, New Brunswick. 
 
 GREEN. In Boston, were Benjamin, an Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774 ; Benjamin Green, Esquire, died in Boston, in 
 1807, aged sixty. Richard, an Addresser of Gage in 1775 ; 
 Richard Green, Esquire, died in Boston in 1817, aged eighty- 
 seven. David, an Addresser of Hutchinson, went to England, 
 and was proscribed and banished in 1778. Besides these, 
 Daniel, of Massachusetts, was taken prisoner in the affair at 
 Lexington, sent to the jail at Concord, and ordered to be con 
 fined until the further order of the Provincial Congress ; and 
 Hammond Green, an officer of the customs, who embarked 
 at Boston for Halifax with the royal troops in 1776. 
 
 GREENE, BENJAMIN. Was a Protester in 1774. Rufus, Jere 
 miah, and Benjamin, junior, all of Boston, were Protesters, 
 and Addressers of Hutchinson the same year. 
 
 GREENE, JOSEPH. Major of De Lancey s First Battalion. At 
 the peace he went to Ireland. 
 
 GREENLAW, CHARLES. Of Castine, Maine. Brother of Eben- 
 ezer Greenlaw. He accompanied Jonathan and Ebenezer to 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 337 
 
 St. Andrew, where he settled, and died in 1811, aged about 
 sixty-eight. 
 
 GREENLAW, EBENEZER. Of Castine, Maine. Brother of 
 Charles Greenlaw. He removed to St. Andrew, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, where he died about the year 1810, aged 
 seventy. 
 
 GREENLAW, JOHN. Shopkeeper, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774; was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 GREENLAW, JONATHAN. Of Castine, Maine. Brother of 
 Charles Greenlaw. At the evacuation of Castine by the royal 
 forces in 1783, he removed to St. Andrew, New Brunswick, 
 where he died in 1818, aged eighty. His sons, six in number, 
 were Whigs. His son William, the only one who entered the 
 service, was a soldier under Washington, and at the peace 
 settled at Deer Isle, Maine, where he died in 1838, aged eighty- 
 seven ; his son, Jonathan Babbage Greenlaw, is a shipmaster, 
 and resides at Eastport, Maine. 
 
 GREENLAW, WILLIAM. Of St. George s River, Maine. Brother 
 of Charles Greenlaw. He remained on his farm during the 
 war, and continuing in the country after the close of the strife, 
 died at St. George in 1828. 
 
 GREECART, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage in 
 1775. 
 
 GREENLEAF, STEPHEN. Of Boston. Was Sheriff of Suffolk 
 County. He was a Protester against the Whigs in 1774, and 
 one of the ninety-seven gentlemen and principal inhabitants 
 of the capital who addressed Gage on his departure in 1775. 
 He died in 1795. 
 
 GREENOOCK, JOHN, and JOHN, Junior. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 GREENOUGH, MOSES. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 GREENWOOD, JOHN. Cooper, of Newcastle, Delaware. Was 
 ordered to surrender himself for trial in 1778, or submit to 
 the forfeiture of his property. 
 
 GREENWOOD, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. Was a Protester and 
 Addresser in 1774. 
 
 29 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 GREENwood, SAMUEL. Of Boston. A Sandemanian. Was 
 a Protester in 1774 ; accompanied the royal army to Halifax 
 in 1776 ; remained in Nova Scotia, and died at Halifax ; his 
 son, Samuel, died at the same place in 1832, aged fifty-seven. 
 
 GREENWOOD, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; was also a Petitioner 
 to be armed on the side of the crown ; was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 GREGG, FREDERICK. Of New Hanover, North Carolina. In 
 1779 his property was confiscated. 
 
 GREGORY, BENJAMIN. Of South Carolina. In commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 GREGORY, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. An assistant 
 Judge of the Superior Court under the royal government; 
 was allowed to depart the country. The only native Ameri 
 can on the bench, at the commencement of the Revolution, 
 was William Henry Drayton, who was a Whig; he made 
 the last circuit with Gregory and his other associates, in the 
 spring of 1775. 
 
 GREISWOLD, JOSEPH. Merchant, of Pennsylvania. In 1780 he 
 was detected in keeping up an illicit trade with the royal 
 forces, and committed to prison in Philadelphia. 
 
 GRIDLEY, BENJAMIN. A lawyer, of Boston. Graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1751. He was among the barristers 
 and attornies who addressed Hutchinson in 1774, and one of 
 the Addressers of Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He was in England 
 at the close of the Revolution. 
 
 GRIDLEY, JEREMY. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1725, and becoming, subsequently, a 
 distinguished lawyer, was appointed attorney-general. W^hen 
 the officers of the customs applied for the celebrated Writs of 
 Assistance, James Otis, his former student, who held a place 
 under the crown, was applied to by these officers, to defend 
 the legality of the measure, but he declined the service, and 
 resigned his commission. Mr. Gridley undertook the duty, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 339 
 
 was met by Otis on the other side. Mr. Gridley died in 1767. 
 Besides his high legal station, he was colonel of militia, and 
 grand master of free masons. He was a man of fine talents, 
 of distinguished learning and virtue. His brother, Richard, 
 was a major general in the army of the Revolution, and 
 laid out the fortification on Breed s Hill, the night before the 
 battle of June 17, 1775. 
 
 GRIERSON, GEORGE. Of Warsaw, South Carolina. In com 
 mission under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 GRIERSON, JAMES. Was a native of the Highlands of Scot 
 land, and emigrated to America before the Revolution. He 
 served in the royal army, and at the peace settled in New 
 Brunswick, where he died in 1846, at the great age of one 
 hundred and five years. He was a pensioner of the British 
 government more than sixty years. 
 
 GRIFFIN, SILAS. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Reading Association. 
 
 GRIFFIN. Benjamin, a captain, and William, of Westchester 
 County, New York, were Protesters in 1775 ; and James, the 
 same year, was seized at Long Island, sent to Massachusetts, 
 and confined to the limits of the town of Rutland. In 1776, 
 Edmund embarked at Boston for Halifax with the royal 
 army. 
 
 GRIFFITHS, BENJAMIN P. Was a lieutenant in De Lancey s 
 Second Battalion. 
 
 GRISON, EDMUND. Embarked for Halifax with the British 
 army in 1776. 
 
 GRISWOLD, SETH. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and 
 died at Queensbury, York County, in 1838, aged eighty-one 
 years. 
 
 GROZART, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston for Halifax 
 with the British army. 
 
 GRYMES, . Of Virginia. He was a gentleman of rank 
 
 and education, and entering the military service of the king, 
 was second major of Simcoe s corps of Loyalists, called the 
 Queen s Rangers. He appears to have resigned his commis- 
 
340 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 sion about the close of 177S. He had won the confidence of 
 his commander, and of the corps, by extricating them from a 
 very disadvantageous situation, by a decisive and bold exer 
 tion at Brandywine. John R. Grymes, a Virginia Loyalist, 
 went to England, remained there as late as the year 1788, 
 and probably later, and was agent for prosecuting the claims 
 of the adherents of the crown in that State. 
 
 GUERARD, DAVID. Of South Carolina. Estate confiscated. 
 
 GUEST, WILLIAM. Of Tiger River, South Carolina. In 
 commission of the crown after the surrender of Charleston. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 GUILDART, FRANCIS. Was a captain of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 GUILLAUDEAU, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 GYER. Five of this name, of Reading, Connecticut, were 
 members of the Reading Association. To wit : John, Joseph, 
 Darling, Thaddeus, and Nathaniel. 
 
 HABERSHAM, JAMES. Of Savannah, Georgia. He was the 
 acting Governor of Georgia in 1771, during the temporary 
 absence of Sir James Wright. In April, 1775, he wrote to a 
 friend in London thus : " The fiery patriots in Charleston 
 have stopped all dealings with us, and will not suffer any 
 goods to be landed there from Great Britain ; and I suppose 
 the Northern Provinces will follow their example. The people 
 on this Continent are generally almost in a state of madness 
 and desperation ; and should not conciliatory measures take 
 place on your side, I know not what may be the consequences. 
 I fear an open rebellion against the Parent State, and conse 
 quently amongst ourselves. Some of the inflammatory resolu 
 tions and measures taken and published in the Northern Colo 
 nies, I think too plainly portend this. However, I must and 
 do, upon every occasion, declare that I would not choose to 
 live here any longer than we are in a state of proper subordin 
 ation to, and under the protection of, Great Britain ; although 
 I cannot altogether approve of the steps she has lately taken, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 341 
 
 and do most cordially wish that a permanent line of govern 
 ment was drawn and pursued by the mother and her children ; 
 and may God give your Senators wisdom to do it, and heal 
 the breach ; otherwise, I cannot think of the event but with 
 horror and grief. Father against son, and son against father, 
 and the nearest relations and friends combating with each 
 other ! I may perhaps say the truth, cutting each other s 
 throats. Dreadful to think of, much worse to experience. 
 But I will have done with this disagreeable subject," &c. 
 
 HACKETT, - . Weaver, of Newcastle, Delaware; the 
 statute of 1778 declared that his property should become for 
 feit, unless he surrendered himself before a certain day. 
 
 HADDEN, JOE, Junior. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HAGGERTY, PATRICK. In 1752 he was a lieutenant in the 
 First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 HAIGHT, BENJAMIN. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HAINS. Among the Westchester County Protesters, were 
 James Hains, Gilbert, Alexander, and Joseph Hains, Junior. 
 
 HAIT, ISRAEL. Of Nor walk, Connecticut. With his wife 
 and six children he went to St. John, New Brunswick, in the 
 spring of 1783, in the ship Union, Consett Wilson, master. 
 
 HAIT, JAMES. Of Connecticut. At the peace he went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. In 
 1784 he was one of the two vendue masters of the district of 
 the river St. John. He removed from New Brunswick about 
 the year 1799, and died at Newfield, Connecticut, in 1804. 
 
 HALE, SAMUEL, Junior. Of New Hampshire. He was pro 
 scribed and banished. He embarked at Boston for Halifax in 
 1776, with the British army. 
 
 HALFERSON, JAMES. In 1776 he embarked at Boston with 
 the British army for Halifax. 
 
 HALL, LUKE, and ADAM 3d. Both of Mansfield, Massa 
 chusetts. Were proscribed and banished; Luke had aban 
 doned the country in 1776. 
 29* 
 
342 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 HALL, CAPTAIN JOSHUA, and JOHN. Of Reading, Connecti 
 cut, were members of the Association. 
 
 HALL, EBENEZER. Of Fairfield, Connecticut. Was de 
 nounced in March, 1775, by the Whig Committee of Inspection, 
 who declared, that " all connections, commerce, and dealings 
 ought to be withdrawn from him," for violating the Association 
 of the Continental Congress. 
 
 HALL, JAMES. Of Boston. His name is connected with one 
 of the most memorable incidents of the revolutionary contro 
 versy. Tn 1773 he was in command of the ship Dartmouth, 
 owned by Francis Rotch, and arrived at Boston on the 28th of 
 November, with one hundred and twelve chests of the cele 
 brated Tea, which was thrown overboard in the following 
 month of December. The next year he was an Addresser of 
 Hutchinson, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. The 
 morning after Hall s arrival in 1773, the following notice 
 appeared. 
 
 "FRIENDS, BRETHREN, COUNTRYMEN. 
 
 " That worst of all plagues, the detested TEA, shipped for 
 this port by the East India Company, is now arrived in this 
 harbor. The hour of destruction, or manly opposition to the 
 machinations of Tyranny, stares you in the face. Every 
 friend to his country, to himself, and to posterity, is now called 
 upon to meet at Faneuil Hall at nine o clock this day, (at 
 which time the bells will ring), to make a united and success 
 ful resistance to this last, worst, and most destructive measure 
 of administration." 
 
 " Boston, November 29, 1779." 
 
 Bruce, in the Eleanor, and Coffin, in the Beaver, came into 
 port soon after ; and the rebels disguised as Indians threw the 
 cargoes of the three vessels, consisting of two hundred and 
 forty whole, and one hundred half chests, into the harbor. 
 
 HALL, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. Was a 
 Protester at White Plains in 1775. Richard Hall, Collector of 
 the Customs at Digby, Nova Scotia, who died in 1803 ; and 
 Nathaniel Hall, Collector of the Customs at Nassau, New 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 343 
 
 Providence, who died in 1807, were, I conclude, members of 
 Loyalist families. 
 
 HALLET, DANIEL. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in De Lan- 
 cey s Second Battalion. At the peace he went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He received 
 half-pay. He died in the County of York, New Brunswick, 
 1827, aged seventy-six. 
 
 HALLET, SAMUEL. In 1782 he was a captain in De Lancey s 
 Second Battalion. He retired on half-pay in 1783. He set 
 tled at St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1784 received the 
 grant of a city lot. In 1792 he was a member of the vestry 
 of the Episcopal Church. He died at St. John previous to 
 1804; Elizabeth, his widow, died that year, at the age of 
 sixty-nine. 
 
 HALLET, SAMUEL, Junior. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HALLET, or HALLETT. Eight persons of this name, of 
 Queen s County, New York, acknowledged allegiance, Octo 
 ber, 1776. To wit : Thomas, Jacob junior, George, Richard, 
 W., James, W., David. In 1778 the house of Joseph Hallet, 
 of that County, was robbed of money and other valuables. 
 
 HALLOWELL, BENJAMIN. A Commissioner of the Customs, at 
 Boston; was proscribed and banished in 1778 ; and included 
 in the conspiracy act of 1779. While passing through Cam 
 bridge in his chaise, in 1774, he was pursued toward Boston, 
 by about one hundred and sixty men on horseback at full 
 gallop. The place of his residence was Medford. He went to 
 Halifax with the British army. In July, 1776, he embarked 
 in the ship Aston Hall for England. At the peace he returned 
 to America, and lived in Canada. His daughter, the widow 
 of Chief Justice Emsly, resides at Toronto. The office held 
 by Mr. Hallo well at Boston was extremely unpopular ; and 
 often brought him and his associates into collision with ship 
 owners, masters, and seamen. The township of Manchester, 
 Nova Scotia, (or a large part of it), was a grant to Mr. Hallo- 
 well ; and after the Revolution, a number of Loyalists went 
 there and settled. 
 
344 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 HALLOWELL, ROBERT. Of Boston. Was proscribed and ban 
 ished in 1778. He appeared as as Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 It is stated in the Annals of Portsmouth, that Robert was col 
 lector at that place, and exchanged offices with Meserve, the 
 comptroller at Boston. In some documents, Benjamin is de 
 nominated a comptroller ; while in the conspiracy act, he is 
 called late commissioner of the customs. As it is believed 
 that these offices were distinct, and were held by different 
 individuals, there is an apparent difficulty in discriminating 
 between the two gentlemen. He accompanied the British 
 troops to Halifax at the evacuation of Boston, and in July, 
 1776, was waiting at the former place to embark for England 
 in the ship Princess Royal. His sister, Sarah, wife of Samuel 
 Vaughan, Esquire, of London, died in England in 1809; and 
 his sister Anne, widow of General Gould, died at Bristol, 
 England, in 1812. 
 
 HALSEY, ELISHA. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city.. 
 
 HALSTEAD, EZEKIEL and PHILEMON. Of Westchester County, 
 New York. Were Protesters at White Plains. 
 
 HAMBLETON, WILLIAM. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. 
 A member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 HAMILTON, ARCHIBALD. Of Queen s County, New York. 
 In June, 1776, he declared upon his honor that he would not 
 " directly or indirectly oppose or contravene the measures of 
 the Continental Congress, or of the Congress of " New York. 
 He, however, became an active friend of the crown, and Aid- 
 de-camp to General Robertson, and commandant of the militia 
 of Queen s County, with the pay of the army. In December, 
 1780, his house at Flushing, New York, was burned to the 
 ground, together with the " elegant furniture, stock of provi 
 sions, various sorts of wines, spirits intended for the regale 
 of his numerous friends, the military and other gentlemen of 
 the neighborhood." His command consisted of seventeen 
 companies. His name heads the address to General Robert 
 son, when he succeeded Tryon, as Governor of New York, in 
 1780. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 345 
 
 HAMILTON, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Accepted military 
 employment under the crown, and became lieutenant-colonel 
 of the North Carolina Volunteers. In 1779 his property was 
 confiscated. In 1794 his agent at London, in behalf of the 
 firm of which he was a member, presented a memorial to the 
 British government on the subject of debts due in America at 
 the time of his banishment, which had not been recovered, 
 and prayed for relief. Of others of the same name in North 
 Carolina, William and Thomas were captains ; James was a 
 lieutenant, and Robert was an ensign, in the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. Archibald, of Halifax County, held no commis 
 sion, but his property was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 HAMILTON, PAUL, Senior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished 
 in 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 HAMILTON, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. He was proprietor 
 of the principal part of the site of the city of Lancaster in 
 that State. This land escaped confiscation, and ground-rents, 
 to a considerable extent, are yet claimed and collected under 
 his title. The Courts have acknowledged the validity of the 
 call upon occupants for the rents, but there exists much un 
 willingness to pay them, and efforts have been made to avoid, 
 or to commute them. The original proprietor of Lancaster was, 
 I suppose, James Hamilton, Esquire. Witham Marshe was 
 there in 1744, with the commissioners of various Colonies, who 
 were sent to form a treaty with the Six Nations, and recorded 
 in his journal, that this gentleman "made a ball and opened 
 it, by dancing two minuets with two of the ladies here, which 
 last danced wilder time than any Indians." 
 
 HAMM, ANDREW. Died in Westfield, New Brunswick, 1816, 
 aged sixty-two. 
 
 HAMMELL, . An officer of the American service, and 
 
 brigade-major to General James Clinton. He was taken 
 prisoner by Sir Henry Clinton, and entered into treasonable 
 designs against his former friends. By the confession of 
 Geake, a confederate who was arrested, he was promised, for 
 his defection to the Whigs, the office of Colonel of a new Irish 
 
346 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 regiment, to be raised from deserters from the American army, 
 and such others as could be enlisted. 
 
 HAMMEL, JOHN. In 1782 he was surgeon of the Third Bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 HAMPTON, ABNER. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HANCOCK, THOMAS. Bookseller, and subsequently a mer 
 chant, of Boston. Was the son of the Reverend John Han 
 cock, of Lexington, Massachusetts. Relinquishing his busi 
 ness of binding and selling books, he turned his attention to 
 merchandise, generally, and became one of the principal com 
 mercial characters of New England. He acquired a large 
 fortune, and having no children, bequeathed the greater part 
 of his estate to his nephew, John Hancock, who occupies 
 a conspicuous rank among the Whigs of the Revolution. 
 Among his other bequests, was that of 1000, for the purpose 
 of founding a professorship of Hebrew and other oriental 
 languages at Harvard University. He was a member of the 
 House of Representatives, and of the Council of Massachu 
 setts. While going into the Council-chamber, on the 1st of 
 August, 1764, he was seized with apoplexy, and died the 
 same day, aged sixty-two years. He had the character of 
 benevolence, and of liberal religious and political sentiments. 
 He was always on the side of government ; and though his 
 death occurred early in the controversy, party lines were as 
 well defined in Massachusetts, in his time, as afterwards. 
 Hutchinson sets the sum which he left his nephew at more 
 than 50,000 sterling; besides the reversion of 20,000 after 
 the decease of his widow. From the same authority, it would 
 seem, that a considerable proportion of his property was ac 
 quired in the Dutch tea trade, which, under the British navi 
 gation laws, was illicit ; and from supplying the officers of the 
 army, ordinance, and navy. 
 
 HAND, JOHN. Of New Jersey. He arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, with his wife and two children, in the ship 
 Union, in the spring of 1783. 
 
 HANDLY, ELIJAH. Of Queen s County, New York. He was 
 in the military service of the crown in 1780. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 347 
 
 HANFORD, THOMAS. Of Connecticut. At the peace he went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He commenced business, and became an eminent merchant. 
 In 1795 he was a member of the Loyal Artillery. He died at 
 St. John in 1826, aged seventy-three. Ann, his widow, sur 
 vived several years, and died at the age of seventy-eight. 
 
 HANKINSON, REUBEN. Was an ensign in the First Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 HANNAHAM, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 HAPPIE, GEORGE. Of Duchess County, New York. He ar 
 rived at St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in the spring 
 of 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 HARBURN, JESSE. Of Pennsylvania. He was tried in 1778 
 on a charge of supplying the enemy with provisions, and 
 found guilty. He was sentenced to be confined, but to be kept 
 at hard labor by day, for one month. 
 
 HARDENBROOK, ABEL A. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HARDIN, GEORGE. An ensign in the Pennsylvania Loyal 
 ists. 
 
 HARDING, WILLIAM. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and was a grantee of that city. He died there in 1818, 
 aged seventy-three. 
 
 HARDROFF, HENRY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 HARDY, ELIAS. He settled at St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 devoted himself to the profession of the law. While at the 
 bar, General Arnold sued Hoyt, his former partner, for slander, 
 and for saying that the Traitor burned his warehouse, in 
 order to defraud the company that had underwritten upon the 
 property ; and Mr. Hardy was retained as Hoyt s counsel. 
 Arnold s side of the case was managed by the first Ward 
 Chipman, and Jonathan Bliss, both of whom were subse 
 quently on the Bench of New Brunswick. The jury returned 
 a verdict of two shillings and sixpence damages. A gentleman 
 who heard the trial, assures me, that the public at the time, and 
 
348 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 that Arnold s own counsel, entertained no doubt of his guilt. 
 In 1792, Mr. Hardy was a member of the House of Assembly. 
 He died at St. John soon after, as papers which relate to the 
 administration of his estate bear the date of 1799. 
 
 HARE, EDWARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished, and in 
 1782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 HARE, MICHAEL. Of Bedford, County, Pennsylvania. Unless 
 he should surrender, and take his trial for treason, it was or 
 dered in Council, October 30, 1778, that he stand attainted. 
 Jacob Hare, of Bedford County, was included in the same 
 proclamation. 
 
 HARE, LIEUTENANT . Of New York. Entered the ser 
 vice of the crown, and was engaged in the bloody border 
 affrays with Brant and the Johnsons. In 1779 he was seized 
 by the Whigs, tried by a court-martial, convicted and hanged. 
 General Schuyler said, "in executing Hare, we have rid the 
 State of the greatest villain in it." General Clinton remarked, 
 that his death gave entire satisfaction to all the inhabitants in 
 the region where his infamous deeds were committed. 
 
 HARLESTON, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 HARPER, JAMES. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowl 
 edged allegiance, October, 1776. The name of James Harper 
 appears on an Address to Lieutenant Colonel Sterling of the 
 Forty-second Regiment, April, 1779. 
 
 HARPER, THOMAS. He was banished and attainted, and his 
 estate was confiscated. In a memorial dated at London in 
 1794, he represented to the British government, that debts due 
 to him in America, at the time of his banishment, were still 
 unpaid, and he desired relief. That proscribed Loyalists could 
 recover sums of money owing to them, appears to have been 
 conceded both in England and America, and several decisions 
 of Courts in the United States affirmed the opinion. 
 
 HARRIS, ABEL. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Second 
 American Regiment. 
 
 HARRIS, JOSEPH. A runaway mulatto slave, belonging to 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 349 
 
 Mr. Henry King of Hampton, Virginia. In 1775 he gave in 
 formation against a smuggling schooner, which was seized in 
 Cherry-stone Creek, and on being threatened with death, was 
 recommended to Captain Squew, of his Majesty s ship Otter, 
 by Captain Montague, of the Fowey, as a pilot. Montague 
 said he had always appeared very sober and prudent, and 
 that he was a freeman. Harris, it seems, had been a pilot in 
 the waters of Virginia, but was driven from the employment 
 after giving intelligence against the illicit trader. 
 
 HARRIS, MASSY. Of Rhode Island. He arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, in the ship Union. 
 
 HARRIS, SAMUEL. Died at Annapolis, Nova Scotia, in 1834, 
 aged seventy-two. 
 
 HARRIS, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. Was at the Crown 
 and Anchor tavern, London, July 6, 1779. 
 
 HARRISON, CHARLES. He was a captain in the Second Bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers. At the peace he went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He received half-pay. He was lieutenant-colonel in the militia 
 of New Brunswick. His fate is unknown. The late General 
 William Henry Harrison, President of the United States, was 
 a relative. 
 
 HARRISON, JOHN and S. Of South Carolina. Were captains 
 in the South Carolina Royalists. The estate of Nathaniel Har 
 rison was confiscated. 
 
 HARRISON, JAMES. Was a lieutenant in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, and was a grantee of that city in 1783. 
 
 HARRISON, . He was Collector of the Customs at Boston 
 
 in 1768, and after the seizure of Hancock s sloop in that year, 
 was roughly treated by the mob, and pelted with stones. The 
 windows of his house, which was adjacent to the Common, 
 were also broken ; and a large pleasure boat belonging to him 
 was dragged through the streets and burned near his residence, 
 amidst loud shouts and huzzas. Peter Harrison, Esquire, was 
 Collector of the port of New Haven, Connecticut, and died 
 before June, 1775. 
 
 30 
 
350 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 HART, BENJAMIN. Of New Hampshire. Was a prisoner, 
 and examined by the Provincial Congress in 1775 ; proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 HART. Among the Protesters of Westchester County, at 
 White Plains, were Joseph, Monmouth, and James Hart. 
 
 HARTLEY, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. James Hartley of that 
 city was also an Addresser. 
 
 HARTSHORN, DAVIDSON. He went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HARTWELL, EDWARD. He was a member of the General 
 Court of Massachusetts in 1771 ; and Hutchinson speaks of 
 him as one of those on the ministerial side, who, in common 
 times, would have had great weight. 
 
 HARVEY, ALEXANDER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 HASELL, JAMES. A member of his Majesty s Council of 
 North Carolina. In March of 1775 he was present in Council, 
 and advised Governor Martin to issue his Proclamation against 
 the Whig Convention to Assemble at Newbern on the follow 
 ing 3d of April. " The Board," says the record, " conceiving 
 the highest detestation of such proceedings, were unanimous in 
 advising his Excellency to inhibit such illegal meetings." 
 While Governor Martin was absent at New York, for the ben 
 efit of his health, Mr. Hasell, as President of the Council, 
 administered the government ; but with less energy and popu 
 larity than the Governor. He was also appointed to act as 
 Chief Justice during the absence of Judge Howard. 
 
 HASKINS, JOHN. Of Boston. A Protester against the Whigs 
 in 1774. 
 
 HASTINGS, JOSEPH STACY. Of New Hampshire. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1762, and was ordained at 
 North Hampton in 1767. After a few years he embraced 
 Sandemanianism, and resigned his ministerial office in 1774. 
 He went to Halifax, but returned to Boston, where he kept a 
 grocery store. He died in 1807, while on a journey to Ver 
 mont. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 351 
 
 HATCH, CHRISTOPHER. Of Boston. In 1778 he was pro 
 scribed and banished. He accepted a commission under the 
 crown, and was a captain in the Loyal American Regiment. 
 He was wounded and commended for his gallantry. At 
 the peace he retired on half-pay, (about 80 per annum.) 
 He was a grantee of the city of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 but soon after going to New Brunswick, established himself as 
 a merchant near the frontier, and finally, at St. Andrew, 
 Charlotte County. He was a magistrate, and colonel in the 
 militia. He died at St. Andrew, 1819, aged seventy. Elizabeth, 
 his widow, died at the same place, 1830, at the age of seventy- 
 five. His son, the Honorable Harris Hatch, of St. Andrew, is 
 a gentleman of consideration ; holding the offices of member 
 of her Majesty s Council; Commissioner of Bankruptcies; 
 Surrogate ; Registrar of Deeds; Member of the Board of Edu 
 cation ; Lieutenant-colonel in the militia ; and Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 HATCH, HA WES. Of Boston. Brother of Christopher Hatch. 
 He went to Halifax with the royal army in 1776. In 1778 
 he was proscribed and banished. He entered the King s ser 
 vice ; and in 1782 was a captain in De Lancey s Second Bat 
 talion. He retired on half-pay at the close of the war, and 
 was a grantee of the city of St. John. For some years after 
 the Revolution he lived at and in the vicinity of Eastport, 
 Maine. He finally returned to Massachusetts, where he died. 
 
 HATCH, NATHANIEL. Of Dorchester, Massachusetts. He 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1742 ; and, subsequently, 
 held the office of Clerk of the Courts. In 1776 he accompanied 
 the British troops to Halifax, at the evacuation of Boston. In 
 1778 he was proscribed and banished, and in 1779 was included 
 in the conspiracy act, by which his estate was confiscated. 
 He died soon after the war. 
 
 HATCHELL, PHILIP. In 1782 he was surgeon of the Loyal 
 American Regiment. 
 
 HATFIELD, DAVID. Of New York. He went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and was one of the founders of the 
 city. He used to relate, that in 1784 he sold a city lot and a 
 
352 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 log-house for four dollars ; that some lots the same year sold 
 for only one dollar ; others for a jug of rum ; and that the 
 highest sum paid for choice money in King street was but 
 twenty dollars. Mr. Hatfield established himself in business, 
 and for half a century was a principal merchant. He died at 
 St. John in 1843, aged eighty. Ann, his widow, died in 1845, 
 at the age of seventy-seven. Recounting, on one occasion, to a 
 gentleman of Maine, the sufferings and difficulties of himself 
 and his companions in exile on their first arrival at St. John, 
 he was asked by his American friend why he went there. He 
 straightened himself up, and with emotion, that brought tears 
 to his eyes, replied, " for my loyalty, sir ! " and in a moment 
 added ; " Sir, my principles are as dear to me, as yours can be 
 to you." 
 
 HATFIELD, ABRAHAM. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 The Loyalists who adopted the Protest against Whig Con 
 gresses and Committees, and pledged their lives and properties 
 to support the king and constitution, April, 1775, met at his 
 house. An Abraham Hatfield was a grantee of land at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783; probably the same. 
 
 HATFIELD, CORNELIUS. Was a captain in the royal service, 
 and engaged in predatory excursions. 
 
 HATFIELD, DANIEL. In 1783 was a grantee of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 HATFIELD, GILBERT. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 Was a Protester at the house of Abraham Hatfield in 1775. 
 
 HATFIELD, ISAAC. Of New York. He was lieutenant-col 
 onel and commandant of the Loyal Westchester Volunteers. 
 At the peace he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a 
 grantee of that city. He subsequently settled in Digby, Nova 
 Scotia, and lived there thirty-six years, until his decease. 
 He died in 1822, aged seventy-four. 
 
 HA.TFIELD, JOHN SMITH. Of Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He 
 joined the royal forces at or in the vicinity of New York in 
 1778, and by his course of conduct, subsequently involved 
 himself in much misery. One infamous act is well authenti 
 cated. A Tory, sent out as a spy by the British, was taken 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 353 
 
 within the American lines, regularly tried by a court-martial, 
 found guilty, and executed. This act Hatfield and some other 
 Tories determined to revenge, by retaliating upon one Ball, 
 who, contrary to law, was in the habit of secretly supplying 
 the British camp at Staten Island with provisions. The first 
 time that Ball went over to that Island, after the execution of 
 the spy, (of which it does not appear that he had any knowl 
 edge), he was seized by Hatfield, against the express orders of 
 the British commanding officer, and carried beyond the British 
 lines, where Hatfield hung him with his own hands. The 
 British officer sent a message to the Whig commander in the 
 vicinity, disavowing the deed, and declaring that those alone 
 who had perpetrated the act ought to suffer for it. 
 
 Some time after the war, about the year 1788, Hatfield 
 returned to New Jersey, where the murder of Ball was com 
 mitted, and was arrested and imprisoned. A witness at the 
 examination testified, that he heard Hatfield say, that " he had 
 hanged Ball, and wished he had many more rebels, as he would 
 repeat the deed with pleasure;" and he testified also, that 
 Hatfield had showed him the tree on which he suspended Ball, 
 and the place where he buried his victim. While Hatfield 
 was in jail at Newark, his debaucheries were excessive, and 
 nearly cost him his life. He was put upon his trial at the reg 
 ular term of the Court of Bergen County, New Jersey, but no 
 witnesses appeared against him, and he was released from 
 prison on bail, when he immediately fled, and never returned 
 to the State. This case formed a subject of inquiry and com 
 ment, in the correspondence between Mr. Jefferson, Secretary 
 of State, and Mr. Hammond, the British Minister, in 1792 ; 
 the latter adducing the proceedings against Hatfield as one of 
 the alleged infractions of the treaty of peace. 
 
 HATFIELD, SAMUEL. Husbandman, of Murderkill, Delaware. 
 He was required to submit himself for trial for treason on or 
 before August 1st of the year 1778, on pain of forfeiting his 
 estate. 
 
 HATHAWAY, EBENEZER, Junior. Of Freetown, Massachu 
 setts. He was proscribed and banished. Entering the royal 
 30* 
 
354 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 service, he was a captain ; but disagreeing with his colonel, 
 resigned his commission on the promise of a majority in a new 
 corps, but in this he was disappointed. After ascertaining that 
 he was not likely to receive employment on the land, he fitted 
 out and commanded a privateer. While thus engaged he was 
 captured, and with his officers and crew confined in Simsbury 
 Mines. He had been extremely active in annoying the Whigs, 
 and having excited their deepest enmity, was tried for his life, 
 but escaped conviction. His most celebrated feats consisted in 
 carrying off Committee-men, and he frequently went thirty 
 miles in boisterous weather to capture one ; and he used to 
 say, that "he would willingly run any risk, and incur any 
 fatigue, to make these busy and troublesome creatures his 
 prisoners." He endured much for the cause of the crown, but 
 was unable to obtain pecuniary recompense, and in conse 
 quence of his resignation, did not receive a pension. His 
 hardships and wounds, during the war, ruined his health. He 
 died on the river St. John, New Brunswick, about the year 
 1811, aged sixty-three. Seven sons survived him; namely, 
 Ebenezer, Warren, Calvin Luther, Charles Reed, James Gilbert, 
 Cushi, and Thomas Gilbert. His wife was of Whig princi 
 ples, and remained true to them throughout her life ; though 
 compelled by the course of events to follow him into hopeless 
 and interminable exile. One of her sons, a gentleman of 
 wealth who resides in New Brunswick, has related to me the 
 following interesting incident. "My father," said he, "was 
 the son of a Tory captain ; my mother, the daughter of a 
 Whig major ; and the two families were thus divided, even to 
 some of the collateral branches. The political discussions 
 were, of consequence, frequent and warm. On the birth of 
 one of my brothers, it was insisted on the one side, that he 
 should receive a Whig, and on the other, a Tory, name. Nei 
 ther party would yield, and after many disputes, my father 
 proposed to take the Bible, and give the child the first proper 
 name he should see on opening it. This was assented to ; the 
 name happened to be Cushi, and Cushi was my brother called 
 during his life." 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 355 
 
 HATHAWAY, LUTHER. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Brother 
 of Ebenezer Hathaway. In 1778 he was proscribed and ban 
 ished. He was in the royal service as lieutenant of a corps 
 called the Loyal New En glanders. He settled in Nova Scotia, 
 and died at Cornwallis in 1833. 
 
 HATHAWAY, SHADRACH and CALVIN. Of Freetown, Massa 
 chusetts. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. They both 
 died in exile ; the former during the war on Long Island, 
 New York. 
 
 HATTON, JAMES. In 1782 he was surgeon of the South 
 Carolina Royalists. 
 
 HATTON, JOHN. Was a lieutenant in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 HAUXHURST, HENRY, SIMON, JOHN, SAMUEL, and W. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 HAVILAND, JOSEPH. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HAVILAND, ARCHELAUS and ISAAC. Residence unknown. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and were grantees of 
 that city. 
 
 HAWLEY, SAMUEL. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 HAWSE, PRINCE. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 HAWSER, FREDERICK. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HAY, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. Died at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1812, at the age of forty-three. 
 
 HAYES, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 HAYES, JOHN. Was seized at Long Island, New York, in 
 1775, sent to Massachusetts, and confined within the limits of 
 the town of Lunenburgh. 
 
 HAYTER, WILLIAM. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HAYTER, WILLIAM. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1817, aged eighty-eight years. 
 
356 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 HAZEN, JOHN. Removed from Massachusetts to New Bruns 
 wick in 1775. He became a magistrate, and died in the Coun 
 ty of Sunbury in 1828, aged seventy-three. 
 
 HEAD, EDMUND. He was banished, and attainted, and his 
 estate was confiscated. In 1794 he applied to the British gov 
 ernment, in a petition dated at London, to interpose for the 
 recovery of some large debts due to him in America at the 
 time of his banishment. 
 
 HEATH, WILLIAM. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax. 
 
 HEDDEN, ISAAC. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He retired on half-pay, 
 and settled in New Brunswick, where he was clerk of the 
 House of Assembly. He died in that Colony. 
 
 HEDDON, ZOPHER. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HELMER, . Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 
 York. He accompanied Sir John Johnson to Canada, when 
 the Baronet violated his parole and fled ; and was one of the 
 party who, in 1778, returned to Johnstown for the purpose oi 
 securing some of Sir John s valuable effects. While bearing 
 off the iron-chest, he injured his ankle, and was compelled to 
 go to his father s house, where he remained concealed. But 
 in the spring of 1779 he was arrested as a spy, tried, and 
 sentenced to death, chiefly on his own admissions to the 
 Court. 
 
 HENCKSMAN, OBADIAH and JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. 
 Were signers of the Declaration against the proceedings of the 
 Whigs, January, 1775. 
 
 HENDERSON, HUGH. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He was a petitioner for a grant of 
 land in Nova Scotia, July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 HENDERSON, JAMES. Trader, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778; he had abandoned the country in 1776, 
 with the royal army. 
 
 HENDERSON, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. His estate was con 
 fiscated in 1779. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 357 
 
 HENDERSON, THOMAS. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. He went to New Brunswick at 
 the peace, and in 1803 lived at the island of Campo-Bello, 
 where he was an officer of the Customs. He removed to St. 
 Andrew, New Brunswick, and died there, 1828, aged seventy- 
 seven. 
 
 HENDRICKS, CONRADT. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 HENDRICKSON. Ten persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. To wit : 
 Daniel, William, Barnadus, Aaron, John, Stephen, Abraham, 
 Albert, Harman, Hendrick. John Hendrickson, of Duchess 
 County, New York, with his wife, arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 HENDRIX, OBED. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 HENEY, JOSIAH. Was born near Portland, Maine, in 1754, 
 and died at Deer Island, New Brunswick, in 1836, aged 
 eighty-two years. He went to Halifax in the Revolution, and 
 married at Windsor; but returned to Maine, and resided for 
 some time at Castine. Changing his abode again, he lived at 
 the place where he deceased, about forty years. His sons, 
 Josiah, Archibald, and Henry, are now (July, 1844) residents 
 of Deer Island. 
 
 HENLEY, JAMES. Of Maryland. In 1782 he was an ensign 
 in the Maryland Loyalists, and adjutant of the corps. He 
 retired at the peace, when he was a lieutenant, on half-pay. 
 He was a grantee of the city of St. John. His widow, Ruhe- 
 mah, died at Fredericton, 1841, aged ninety-one. 
 
 HEPBURN, JAMES. Of North Carolina. He was attached to 
 a corps of Loyalists as secretary, and in 1776 was taken 
 prisoner and confined. He was in New York in 1782, and a 
 notary public. 
 
 HERKIMER, JOHN JOOST. Of New York. His property was 
 confiscated. 
 
 HERRING, PETER. Of the city of New York. In July, 1775, 
 the Committee of Safety sent him under guard to Connecticut, 
 
358 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 there to be confined in close jail at the Continental charge, 
 until he should be released by the Continental Congress, for 
 aiding one Lundin, a prisoner to the Whigs, to escape on 
 board his Majesty s ship the Asia. 
 
 HESTER, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked with the British army 
 at Boston for Halifax. 
 
 HEWLET, CHARLES. In 1782 he was a captain in De Lan- 
 cey s Third Battalion. 
 
 HEWLETT, RICHARD. Of Hempstead, New York. He was a 
 captain in the French war, and assisted in the capture of Fort 
 Frontenac. In the Revolutionary strife, he took an early and 
 active part on the side of the king. In 1775 he told a dis 
 tinguished Whig, that he had mustered his command a few 
 days previously, when, "had your battalion appeared, we 
 should have warmed their sides." Before the close of that 
 year, he received from the Asia ship of war, a great quantity 
 of ammunition, some small-arms, and a cannon. In March, 
 1776, his course had rendered him very obnoxious to the 
 Whigs; and General Lee directed, that "Richard Hewlett is 
 to have no conditions offered to him, but is to be secured with 
 out ceremony." He accepted a commission when De Lancey s 
 corps was raised, and was lieutenant-colonel of the third of 
 De Lancey s Battalions. At the close of the war he retired 
 on half-pay, and settled in New Brunswick. He was a 
 grantee of the city of St. John, and its mayor. He died on 
 the river St. John, near Gagetown, in 1789. 
 
 HEWLETT, THOMAS. Of New York. He was a captain in the 
 New York Volunteers, and in 1780 was killed at Hanging 
 Rock. 
 
 HEWLETT. Ten persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit: 
 Richard, John, W., James, Joseph, Samuel, John senior, Dan 
 iel junior, Stephen, Daniel senior. In 1779 a party of Whigs 
 carried off Justice Hewlett from Oyster Bay, in that County. 
 Richard Hewlett was robbed in 1783. John was an Addresser 
 of Governor Robertson in 1780. 
 
 HEWS, LIEUTENANT DONALD. Of North Carolina. He was 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 359 
 
 taken prisoner in 1776 by the Whigs under Gas well, and sent 
 to jail. 
 
 HEYDEN, S. A captain in the King s Rangers. In Novem 
 ber, 1782, he had retired to the Island of St. John, Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, where he invited other Loyalists to follow him. 
 
 HIBBEN, ANDREW. Of South Carolina. In commission 
 under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 HICKEY, PATRICK. In 1775 he was sent prisoner from Long 
 Island, New York, to Massachusetts, and confined within the 
 limits of the town of Brookfield. 
 
 HICKEY, THOMAS. In 1776 a plot of the disaffected to the 
 Whig cause extended to Washington s own camp, and part 
 of his guard were engaged in it. Hickey was one of the 
 number. He was tried, and having been convicted by the 
 unanimous opinion of a court-martial, was executed on the 
 28th of June of that year. 
 
 HICKS, CHARLES. Of Long Island. Was an Addresser of 
 Governor Robertson in 1780 ; he commanded a company of 
 Loyal Militia, and a party of Whigs having captured a 
 schooner in Jamaica Bay, in August of that year, he assem 
 bled his company, arid with a few volunteers in two boats, 
 went in quest of them. He offered the rebels good quarters, 
 provided they would surrender ; this they refused, and a smart 
 action ensued, in which the Whigs were overcome. They 
 accordingly accepted the terms at first rejected, and became 
 prisoners. Twenty-eight thus fell into Hicks s hands, of whom 
 one was a clergyman. 
 
 HICKS, GILBERT. Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Lost his 
 estate under the confiscation act of that State, in 1779. 
 
 HICKS, JOHN. Printer, of Boston. Was born in Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 His father was a Whig, and lost his life in the affair of Lex 
 ington. John, it was supposed, was a Whig also; but in 1773, 
 he and Nathaniel Mills bought the Massachusetts Gazette and 
 Post Boy, of Green and Russell ; and devoted it to the support 
 of the measures of the ministry. His paper was conducted 
 
360 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 with much ability, spirit, and vigor. Among the writers for it 
 were persons of great political knowledge and judgment. It 
 was believed at the time, that officers of the British army were 
 likewise contributors to its columns. Hicks went to Halifax in 
 1776, and continued with the royal troops at different posts 
 throughout the war, supporting, professionally, the side which 
 he last espoused ; and on the evacuation of New York, went 
 again to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he remained a few years, 
 and then returned to Boston. Having acquired considerable 
 property by his business during the Revolution, he purchased 
 an estate at Newton, Massachusetts, on which he resided until 
 his death. 
 
 7 
 
 HICKS, JOHN, and ROBERT. Residence unknown. Were 
 grantees of the city of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 HICKS, JONATHAN. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1770 ; and fitted himself for the prac 
 tice of medicine. In 1773 or 1774 he was at Gardinerston, 
 (now Gardiner, Maine,) where he "expressed himself highly 
 against Whig Committees, calling them rebels, and using other 
 opprobrious language against the people who appeared for lib 
 erty." He was afterwards at Plymouth, Massachusetts, and 
 continued the same course of conduct, and "at certain times 
 appeared very high, and once drew his sword or spear upon 
 certain persons." The evening after the battle of Lexington, 
 he left Plymouth, and took shelter with a detachment of the 
 royal troops at Mansfield ; and finally retired to Boston. 
 Soon after, General Gage despatched the sloop Polly to Nova 
 Scotia for supplies, and he embarked ; designing, as he said, 
 to remain at Halifax, "if he could find business, in order to 
 be out of the noise." On the passage, the Polly was captured, 
 and Hicks was sent prisoner to the Provincial Congress. That 
 body ordered a Committee to investigate his case in June, 
 1775 ; and as Hicks himself owned that his conduct had, on 
 the whole, been that of a person " whom the people for liberty 
 call a Tory," he was sent under guard to Concord, and com 
 mitted to jail. He entered the royal service, subsequently, 
 and was a surgeon. He died at Demarara in 1826. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 361 
 
 HICKS, THOMAS. Was elected to the Provincial Congress of 
 New York in 1775, from the town of Hempstead, Queen s 
 County, but declined taking his seat. 
 
 HICKS, WHITHEAD. Was mayor of the city of New York, 
 during a part of the war. 
 
 HICKS. Nine persons of this name, of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Edward, Thomas, Benjamin, Charles, V., Thomas, Charles 
 junior, Charles, and George. In 1781, Thomas Hicks, of 
 Flushing in that County, was robbed of law-books and other 
 property. 
 
 HIEL, JOHN. Of Virginia. Went to England, and was in 
 London in 1779 ; a Loyalist Addresser of the King. 
 
 HIGBIE, or HIGBEE. Nathaniel, Henry, Samuel, Thomas, 
 and Moses, of Queen s County, New York, acknowledged 
 allegiance, October, 1776. Henry and Nathaniel signed a 
 Declaration of loyalty in 1775. Jonas, probably of the 
 some County, was a grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783. 
 
 HILL, DAVID. Merchant, of New Ipswich, New Hampshire. 
 In 1775 he was published in the Essex Gazette, by the Com 
 mittee of that town. He made a statement of the matters 
 complained of by the Whigs, to which the Committee rejoined. 
 In the rejoinder, it is said, that a quantity of his goods were 
 burnt at New York during the Stamp Act troubles, as a pun 
 ishment for his offences; that the people of New Ipswich 
 " had unanimously agreed not to use tea," but that Hill had 
 still brought that hated article there for sale ; and, that his 
 proceedings had been condemned in a full town meeting, 
 which had been called at his own request. 
 
 HILL, EZEKIEL. Of Reading, Connecticut. Was a member 
 of the Loyalist Association. 
 
 HILL, JOHN. Of New York. In 1782 he was an inspector 
 in the Superintendent Department established at New York, 
 and was stationed at Brooklyn. A Loyalist of this name died 
 in York County, New Brunswick, in 1804. 
 
 HILL, JOSHUA. Of Delaware. A member of the General 
 31 
 
362 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Assembly. In 1778 it was enacted, that unless he should sur 
 render, himself for trial for treason on or before August 1st, his 
 property would be absolutely forfeited to the State. 
 
 HILL, PATRICK. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. In 1778 he 
 was ordered to surrender himself for trial, or to stand at 
 tainted. 
 
 HILL, THOMAS. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. It is stated 
 that he was engaged in the Massacre in 1778, and that with 
 his own hands he killed his mother and several other relatives ; 
 but, like the story of similar deeds by the Terrys, the relation 
 is of doubtful truth. 
 
 HILL, WILLIAM. Of Massachusetts. Embarked at Boston 
 for Halifax with the royal troops in 1776. 
 
 HILT, WILLIAM. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1822, 
 aged seventy. 
 
 HINCHMAN, THOMAS, OBADIAH, and JOHN. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 HINDS, PATRICK. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator of 
 Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated, and he was banished. 
 
 HINKLY, RICHARD. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 HINSTON, JOHN. Of Boston. Was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778. 
 
 HIRLEIGH, TIMOTHY. Of Middletown, Connecticut. He 
 had property in Massachusetts, which by an act of that State 
 was confiscated. 
 
 HIRONS, RICHARD. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HOEG, NATHAN. Of New York. In June, 1783, he was 
 preparing to embark for Nova Scotia. 
 
 HOGG, JOHN. Of North Carolina. One of the last official 
 acts of Governor Martin was to commission this gentleman as 
 a magistrate, for the County of Orange. The Whigs at this 
 time (1775) had so far obtained the ascendency in the public 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 363 
 
 councils, as to cause his Excellency to dissolve the Assembly ; 
 and no new House was elected during the remaining period of 
 his administration. 
 
 HOLCOMB, JEREMIAH. Of Hackinsack, New Jersey. He 
 went to St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife and two 
 children, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 HOLLAND, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. A Loyalist of this name was sheriff of the County 
 of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1792. 
 
 HOLLAND, JOHN WENTWORTH. In 17S2 he was an ensign in 
 the Prince of Wales s American Volunteers. 
 
 HOLLAND, RICHARD. Of Massachusetts. He was proscribed 
 and banished. In 1782 he was an ensign of infantry in the 
 Queen s Rangers. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He settled subse 
 quently on the coast, at Dipper Harbor, where he now (1843) 
 lives, and receives half-pay. 
 
 HOLLAND, STEPHEN. Of Londonderry, New Hamphire. He 
 was a colonel in the militia, a member of the House of Assem 
 bly, and a man of note. In 1775 he appeared at a town-meet 
 ing, and made a written declaration that the charges against 
 him as being an enemy to his country, &c. were false ; and 
 concluded with saying, that " he was ready to assist his coun 
 trymen in the glorious cause of liberty, at the risk of his life 
 and fortune." But in 1778 his estate was confiscated, and he 
 was proscribed and banished. In 1782 there was a captain 
 Stephen Holland in the Prince of Wales s American Volun 
 teers. 
 
 HOLLAND, . A surveyor. By a communication laid 
 
 before the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in July, 1775, 
 it appears that he had loaned to Alexander Shepard, junior, 
 (who also was a surveyor) a plan or survey of Maine, which 
 Shepard disliked to return, fearing that it might be used in a 
 manner prejudicial to the Whig cause, as Holland was an 
 adherent of the crown, and then in New Jersey. Congress 
 considered the matter, and by resolve, recommended to Shepard 
 to retain Holland s plan, and another which he himself had 
 
364 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 made by order of the king s surveyor general, until leave 
 should be granted for other disposition of them. There were 
 a number of surveyors of the name of Holland, at the revolu 
 tionary period. Major Samuel Holland was the royal survey 
 or general; this gentleman s eldest and only surviving son, 
 John Frederick Holland, Esquire, who was barrack-master, 
 and ordnance storekeeper, at Prince Edward s Island, died at 
 Charlottetown, in that Colony, in 1845, at an old age. Major 
 Holland s plans were used by Des Barres, in compiling his 
 celebrated charts of the American coast. It may be added, 
 that a Loyalist of the name of Samuel Holland was proscribed 
 and banished under the act of New Hampshire. 
 
 HOLMES, ABSALOM. Residence unknown. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 HOLMES, BENJAMIN M. Distiller, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775 ; went to Halifax 
 in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 HOLMES, JAMES. Of South Carolina. An estate belonging 
 to him, which had been confiscated by the law of that State, 
 during the war, was, by an act of August 15, 1783, vested in 
 certain persons in trust, for the benefit of a public school. Mr. 
 Holmes, after the surrender of Charleston, (1780) had accept 
 ed a commission under the crown. 
 
 HOLMES, JOEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Ar> Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 HOLT, MOSES. Was a lieutenant in the Pennsylvania Loyal 
 ists, and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
 HOLYOKE, EDWARD AUGUSTUS. Of Salem, Massachusetts. 
 Son of President Holyoke, of Harvard University ; was born 
 August 13, 1728, and graduated in 1746. His first wife was 
 a daughter of Colonel Benjamin Pickman, of Salem ; his 
 second, of Nathaniel Viall, of Boston. He was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson, on his departure, and of Gage, on his arrival; 
 and for addressing the first, became a Recanter. He committed 
 himself no more, and was allowed to remain in the country 
 without molestation. He died at Salem, March 31, 1829. aged 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 365 
 
 one hundred years; having practised medicine for seventy- 
 nine years. On the day he was a century old, his professional 
 brethren of Boston and Salem, to the number of about fifty, 
 gave him a public dinner. 
 
 HOMER, JOSEPH. In 1776 he accompanied the royal army 
 from Boston to Halifax ; and immediately fixing his abode in 
 Barrington, Nova Scotia, lived there ever after. He held the 
 offices of Collector of his Majesty s Customs, and of Collector 
 of Colonial Duties ; and was a magistrate. He died in 1837, at 
 the age of eighty-one. 
 
 HOOGLAND. Elbert, Cornelius, Teunis, William, and Corne 
 lius junior, of Queen s County, New York, acknowledged 
 allegiance, October, 1776. Captain B. Hoogland, of that 
 County, was an Addresser of Governor Robertson in 1780. 
 
 HOOPER, JACOB. Embarked at Boston for Halifax, with the 
 British army, in 1776. 
 
 HOOPER, JOSEPH. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was a 
 graduate of Harvard University. In 1774 he was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson, and in 1775 abandoned home for Eng 
 land, where he resided. A refugee in England; he was a 
 manufacturer of paper ; and died there, in 1812. Several per 
 sons of Marblehead of the name of Hooper were Addressers of 
 Hutchinson. To wit : Robert, Robert junior, Robert the third, 
 and Sweet. Robert Hooper, Esquire, died in that town, in 
 1814, aged seventy- two. 
 
 HOOPER, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 HOOPER, WILLIAM. Of Boston. He was settled first as a 
 Congregational minister of the West Church ; but succeeded 
 Mr. Davenport as rector of Trinity Church in 1747. A num 
 ber of Congregational clergymen became Episcopalians about 
 the same time. He was a man of eloquence and talents. He 
 died in 1767. The Reverend Doctor Walter was his suc 
 cessor. His son, William, graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1760, studied law with James Otis, emigrated to North 
 Carolina about the time of the Stamp Act troubles, and became 
 a member of Congress, and a signer of the Declaration of 
 31* 
 
366 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Independence. Mr. Jefferson has left behind him the recorded 
 opinion, distinctly and pointedly expressed, that in the Con 
 gress of 1776 he was a rank Tory. Possibly it was so; but 
 most men very likely will regard William Hooper the 
 younger, as of a very different political school. The fact, that 
 he was a signer, affords very questionable proof of his attach 
 ment to the British crown, at the least. And some persons 
 not improbably will be ready to ask, " If the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence were Tories, where shall we 
 look for the Whigs?" 
 
 HOPTON, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was also a Peti 
 tioner to be armed on the side of the crown. He was ban 
 ished. In 1782 his property was confiscated. Prior to the 
 Revolution he was a merchant. At the evacuation of Charles 
 ton he left the country. The British government made him a 
 partial allowance for his losses. He died in 1831. 
 
 HORN, HENRY. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax. 
 
 HORNER, WILLIAM. Of Virginia. Was in London, July, of 
 1779, at the Crown and Anchor Tavern. 
 
 HORSEMANDER, DANIEL. Of New York. He was recorder of 
 the city; and, subsequently, President of the Council, and 
 Chief Justice of the Colony. In 1773, at which time he held 
 the last named office, he was appointed a commissioner under 
 the great seal of England, to inquire into the affair of burning 
 the king s ship Gaspee, by a party of Whigs of Rhode Island, 
 the previous year. In 1776, he, with Oliver De Lancey, and 
 nine hundred and forty-six others of the city and county of 
 New York, were Addressers of Lord Howe ; and on the same 
 day (October 16,) he addressed Governor Try on in behalf of 
 the same persons. He died in 1778, and was buried in 
 Trinity church-yard. His history of the Negro Plot, or New 
 York Conspiracy, was republished in 1810. Of the conspira 
 tors of whom this publication treats, fourteen were burnt, and 
 eighteen were hanged. Judge Horsemander was engaged in 
 the public affairs of New York for a period of thirty years. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 367 
 
 HORSFIELD, THOMAS. In July, 1783, he was at New York, 
 and one of the fifty-five petitioners. See Abijah Willard. He 
 went to St. John, New Brunswick, soon after, and was one of 
 the grantees of that city. In New Brunswick he was a mag 
 istrate. He died at St. John, 1819, aged seventy-nine. Ann, 
 his wife, died in 1815, at the age of seventy-two. Mr. Hors- 
 field left a large and valuable estate. His son James was also 
 a Loyalist, accompanied him to New Brunswick, and received 
 a grant of land. 
 
 HORTON, JONATHAN P. A magistrate, of Westchester County, 
 New York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HORTON, NATHAN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 HORRY, DANIEL. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. In 1774, after the port of 
 Boston was shut by act of Parliament, Daniel Horry was a 
 member of the committee of the city of Charleston, to receive 
 donations for the sufferers in that town. 
 
 HOUGH, BENJAMIN. A magistrate of the New Hampshire 
 Grants, now Vermont. He was seized, beaten, stripped of his 
 property, driven from his family, and compelled to take refuge 
 in New York. Furnished with a document of which the 
 following is a copy, he began his sad journey. 
 
 " Sunderland, 30 Jan. 1775. 
 
 " This may certify the inhabitants of New Hampshire 
 Grants, that Benjamin Hough has this day received a full 
 punishment for his crimes committed heretofore against this 
 country, and our inhabitants are ordered to give him, the said 
 Hough, a free and unmolested passage toward the city of 
 New York, or to the westward of our Grants, he behaving as 
 becometh. Given under hands the day and date aforesaid." 
 
 " ETHAN ALLEN. 
 
 SETH WARNER." 
 
 When Ethan Allen was both judge and executive officer, 
 there can be no doubt of the sufficiency of punishment. 
 
368 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Hough, it seems, was tied to a tree and received two hundred 
 lashes, and he was told that if he returned from his banish 
 ment, he should receive five hundred lashes more. Among 
 the grave offences charged against him was, that he had in 
 formed the Governor of New York, of the mobbing and injury 
 of Benjamin Spencer, Esquire, a gentleman of his own politi 
 cal sentiments. 
 
 HOUGHTON, NAHUM. Of Massachusetts. The Committee of 
 Lancaster published him July 17, 1775, as being " an un 
 wearied pedlar of that baneful herb, Tea," and as otherwise 
 odious; and they cautioned "all friends to the community to 
 entirely shun his company, and have no manner of dealings 
 or connections with him, except acts of common humanity." 
 
 HOUSE, JOSEPH. Of Lancaster, Massachusetts. Went to 
 Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 HOUSEAL, MICHAEL. In 1782 he was a captain of infantry 
 in the American Legion under Arnold. 
 
 HOUSSACKER, COLONEL . He was originally a Whig, and 
 
 was commissioned a major in Wayne s command ; but went 
 over to the enemy. It is said of him, that he was " a soldier 
 of fortune, and a true mercenary." 
 
 HOUSTON, JAMES. Of North Carolina. On the passage of 
 the Stamp Act, he was appointed Stamp Master of that 
 Colony. On the arrival of the ship with the Stamped Paper, 
 he was an inmate of Governor Tryon s house. A large mob 
 repaired to the Governor s residence, and demanded that 
 Houston should come to the door; but Tryon "refused to 
 allow the claims of such a body to an audience," and persisted 
 in his course, until the threat of the multitude to fire his 
 dwelling was on the point of being executed. Houston was 
 led out finally, and conducted to the market place, where he 
 took an oath never to perform the duties of his office. 
 
 HOUSTOUN, SIR PATRICK. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his 
 estate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 HOWARD, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Orange Rangers. For some part of the contest, he was under 
 command of Tarleton, and had much difficulty with that 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 369 
 
 officer. He and Colonel Beverley Robinson were intimate. He 
 settled in New Brunswick, and was a magistrate many years. 
 He died at Hampton, 1824, aged eighty-two. 
 
 HOWARD, MARTIN. Of North Carolina. He removed to that 
 Colony from Rhode Island. During the Stamp Act excite 
 ment, in 1765, his house at Newport was destroyed, and his 
 person injured. He fled to North Carolina, where he was 
 appointed a member of the Council, and Chief Justice. His 
 reputation does not appear to have been good ; nor does it 
 seem, that the calm and moderate respected him; while from 
 others, he sometimes received abuse, and even bodily harm. 
 Careful pens speak of his profligate character, and of his cor 
 rupt and wicked designs ; and aver, that the members of the 
 Assembly hated him. 
 
 In the great riot at Hillsborough in 1770, Judge Howard 
 was driven from the Bench, but the mob respected his asso 
 ciate, Judge Moore. In 1774 Howard s judicial functions 
 ceased in consequence of the tumults and disorders of the 
 times ; and the suspension from office of one who "was noto 
 riously destitute not only of the common virtues of humanity, 
 but of all sympathy whatever with the community in which 
 he lived," was a matter of much joy. In 1775 he was pres 
 ent in Council, and expressed the highest detestation of un 
 lawful meetings, and advised Governor Martin to inhibit and 
 forbid the assembling of the Whig Convention appointed at 
 Newbern. In July, 1777, he embarked with his family for 
 a northern port, and thence, I suppose, went to England in 
 1778. A person of this name died in exile during the Revolu 
 tion, and from the manner in which several persons of New 
 England mentioned his decease, I incline to believe that 
 he was the subject of this notice. The circumstance that 
 Judge Howard s name does not appear in the banishment and 
 confiscation act of North Carolina in 1779, favors this sup 
 position ; since, one so exceptionable, if then alive, could 
 hardly have escaped. 
 
 HOWE, CALEB. In 1782 he was an officer of infantry in the 
 Queen s Rangers. 
 
370 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 HOWE, JOHN. Of Boston. He was proscribed and banished. 
 He was a native of that town, and at the Revolutionary era 
 conducted, in connexion with Mrs. Draper, the Massachusetts 
 Gazette and Boston News Letter. Leaving Boston at the 
 evacuation in 1776, he went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where 
 he established a newspaper, and was king s printer. He was 
 much respected and beloved, and died at Halifax, 1835, in 
 his eighty-second year, greatly lamented. His widow, Mary, 
 deceased at the same city in 1837, aged seventy-four. His 
 family are distinguished. William Howe, assistant commis 
 sary general, who died at Halifax, January, 1843, aged fifty- 
 seven ; John Howe, queen s printer, and deputy postmaster- 
 general, who died at the same place the same year ; and David 
 Howe, who published a paper at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, 
 some twenty years ago, were his sons. Of the same relation, 
 is the Honorable Joseph Howe, late of his Majesty s Council, 
 and Collector of Excise at Halifax ; a politician of ready and 
 able powers, and the present leader of the Liberal party of 
 Nova Scotia. John Howe, Esquire, the deputy postmaster- 
 general of New Brunswick, is a grandson. 
 
 HOWELL, ROBERT. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 the Declaration in 1775. 
 
 HOVENDON, MOORE. Was a lieutenant of cavalry in the Brit 
 ish Legion. 
 
 HOVENDON, RICHARD. Was a captain of cavalry in the Brit 
 ish Legion. 
 
 HOYT, ISRAEL. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Died in 
 Kingston, in King s County, New Brunswick, in 1803, aged 
 sixty-one. 
 
 HOYT, JAMES. Of Fairfield, County, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Association in 1775 ; went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, and became a merchant. He was a mem 
 ber of the Loyal Artillery in 1795, and died in King s County, 
 New Brunswick, in 1803. 
 
 HOYT, JOSEPH. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Settled 
 at St. John, but returned to the United States about the year 
 1800. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 371 
 
 HOYT, MONSON. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Prince 
 of Wales s American Volunteers, and quartermaster of the 
 corps. He retired on half-pay ; settled in New Brunswick ; 
 engaged in commercial business, and was a partner with Gen 
 eral Arnold at St. John. He publicly accused Arnold of his 
 burning his warehouse ; and was sued by the Traitor for defa 
 mation. The jury gave damages of two shillings and sixpence 
 New Brunswick currency (just fifty cents). The fate of Lieu 
 tenant Hoyt is doubtful. 
 
 HOYT, STEPHEN. In 1782 he was a captain in the Prince of 
 Wales s American Volunteers. He retired on half-pay, and 
 settled in New Brunswick. 
 
 HUBBARD, DANIEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. In 
 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 HUBBARD, ISAAC. He settled in New Brunswick, and at his 
 decease, was the senior magistrate of the County of Sunbury. 
 He died at Burton, 1834, aged eighty-six. 
 
 HUBBARD, NATHANIEL. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783, and was a grantee of that city. He removed to the 
 parish of Burton, County of Sunbury, where he was a magis 
 trate, and where he died in 1824, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 HUBBARD, WILLIAM. At the peace he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. He settled in 
 Sunbury County, and was Register of Deeds and Wills ; 
 Deputy Surrogate ; member of the House of Assembly ; and 
 Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in that 
 County in 1813. 
 
 HUBBEL, NATHAN. I suppose he belonged to Connecticut. 
 At the peace, a large part of the town of Guysborough, Nova 
 Scotia, was granted to him and two hundred and seventy- 
 eight others, who, during the war, had been connected with 
 the civil department of the royal army and navy. 
 
 HUBERT, MICHAEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 HUCK, CHRISTIAN. A lawyer, of Philadelphia. He aban 
 doned that city and went within the British lines at New 
 
372 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 York. In the course of the war, he joined Tarleton at the 
 South, and was a captain of dragoons. He was killed in an 
 affray with a party he was sent to disperse. The captain 
 was "notorious for his cruelties and violence." 
 
 HUGGEFORD, PETER. Of Wcstchester County, New York. 
 A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HUGGEFORD, WILLIAM L. Was a lieutenant in the Loyal 
 American Regiment. 
 
 HUGHES, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. On the death of James 
 Nevin, Esquire, Collector of the Customs at Portsmouth, New 
 Hampshire, in 1769, he succeeded to the office. In common 
 with officers of the Customs of other ports, he encountered 
 difficulties in executing the duties of his station ; and property 
 which he seized, was rescued by disguised men armed with 
 clubs. He returned to Philadelphia in 1772. 
 
 HUGHES, PETER. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 HUGHES, SAMUEL. Of Boston. He was one of the fifty- 
 eight Boston memorialists in 1760, but followed the royal 
 army to Halifax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. In 1784, administration was granted John Hazen, 
 Esquire, on the estate of a Loyalist of this name, who died 
 on the river St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 HUGHES, URIAH, Junior. Of the township of Buckingham, 
 Pennsylvania. In 1778, the Council ordered, that failing to 
 appear and be tried for treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 HULL, SETH. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of the 
 Association. 
 
 HULTON, HENRY. Of Boston. Was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778 ; and included in the conspiracy act of 1779. He was 
 one of the four commissioners of the Customs; all of whom 
 suffered banishment and confiscation of estate. He accom 
 panied the British army to Halifax, and embarked for Eng 
 land with his family, in July, 1776, in the ship Aston Hall. 
 
 HUMBERT, STEPHEN. He was born in New Jersey. During 
 the war he was in the city of New York. At the peace he 
 went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 373 
 
 city. He has been a member of the Assembly, alderman of 
 St. John, and captain in the militia. In the war of 1812 he 
 was in commission in the preventive service. He now (1846) 
 resides at St. John, and is attached to the Colonial treasury 
 department. 
 
 HUME, JOHN. Attorney-general, of Georgia. He left America 
 during or at the close of the war. 
 
 HUME, JOHN. Died in King s County, New Brunswick, in 
 the year 1805. 
 
 HUME, JOSEPH. Of Georgia. Was in England, July, 1779. 
 
 HUMPHREYS, JAMES, Junior. Was the son of a conveyancer, 
 and was educated at the college in Philadelphia. He com 
 menced the study of medicine, but disliking the profession, 
 learned the art of printing; and in January of 1775, com 
 menced the publication of a newspaper called the Pennsyl 
 vania Ledger, which, it was said, was under the influence of 
 the friends of the British government. He was, in conse 
 quence, in the hands of the people several times ; but he had 
 good friends among the Whigs, of whom the celebrated Ritten- 
 house was one. Discontinuing his paper, he retired from 
 Philadelphia to the country, where he remained until the 
 British army approached the city, when he returned to it, and 
 continued under royal protection there, and at New York, 
 throughout the war. After the peace he went to England, 
 thence to Shelburne, Nova Scotia ; but returned to Philadel 
 phia in 1797, opened a printing house, and was engaged in 
 book printing until his death in February, 1810. 
 
 HUMPHRIES, NICHOLAS. He was an ensign in the New York 
 Volunteers. 
 
 HUMPHRIES, NICHOLAS. A physician. He was a surgeon in 
 the New Jersey Volunteers ; settled in New Brunswick, and 
 died at Sugar Island in the year 1822. 
 
 HUNKIN, MATTHIAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 HUNLOCK, THOMAS. In 1782 he was a captain in the Second 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He retired on half-pay, 
 32 
 
374 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and was in New Brunswick after the war ; but left the 
 Colony, and it is believed returned to the United States. 
 
 HUNT, BENJAMIN. Residence unknown. In 1782 he was a 
 lieutenant of cavalry in the British Legion. 
 
 HUNT, COSBY. Of New York. In 1782 he was a lieutenant 
 in the New York Volunteers, and adjutant of the corps. He 
 settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He was 
 drowned in the river St. John previous to the year 1805. 
 
 HUNT, ISAAC. Of Philadelphia. A mob seized him and 
 carted him through the streets. He escaped ill usage by com 
 mending the multitude for their forbearance and civility. In 
 an hour or two he was returned unharmed to his dwelling. 
 He soon after went to the West Indies, where he took church 
 orders. Subsequently he removed to England, and was tutor 
 in the family of the Duke of Chandos. His wife was Mary, 
 daughter of Stephen She well, merchant of Philadelphia, whose 
 sister was the wife of Benjamin West. Mr. Hunt was the 
 father of Leigh Hunt, one of the most eminent of the literary 
 men of England at the present time. 
 
 HUNT, JAMES. Residence unknown. In 1782 he was a 
 lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 HUNT, JOHN, the 3d. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775. 
 
 HUNT, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was ordered 
 to be sent prisoner to Virginia, for disaffection to the Whig 
 cause. 
 
 HUNT, JOHN. Residence unknown. (Probably one of the 
 above,) was a lieutenant under Colonel Robinson in the 
 Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 HUNT. John, Esquire, Phineas, Enoch, Benjamin, and El- 
 nathan ; all of Westchester County, New York. Were Pro 
 testers at White Plains. 
 
 HUNTER, JOHN. Of Virginia. Went to England previous to 
 July, 1779. 
 
 HUNTER, WILLIAM. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. In 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 HUNTER, WILLIAM. Of Virginia. His father, whose name 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 375 
 
 was William, was a native of Virginia, and was a printer at 
 Williamsburg, to the house of Burgesses ; and having a rela 
 tive who was pay-master to the king s troops in America, 
 obtained the appointment of deputy postmaster-general for 
 the Colonies under Franklin, which office he held until his 
 death, in 1761. The subject of this notice attained to his 
 majority about the time the Revolution commenced, and being 
 a Loyalist, attached himself to the British standard, and 
 eventually left the country. 
 
 HUNTINGTON, MINER. A magistrate ; died at Yarmouth, 
 Nova Scotia, in 1839, aged seventy-six. 
 
 HUNTY, LAURENCE DE LA. Was a captain in the Royal Gar 
 rison Battalion. 
 
 KURD, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 HURLSTON, RICHARD. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with 
 the British army, for Halifax. 
 
 HUSBAND, ANDREW. Was an ensign in the Guides and 
 Pioneers. 
 
 HUSTICE, JOHN, TIMOTHY, and JABEZ. Were grantees of St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 HUTCHINGS. Samuel, Thomas, William, and Jonathan, of 
 Queen s County, New York, acknowledged allegiance, Octo 
 ber, 1776. John Hutchins, of the same County, signed a 
 Declaration of loyalty in 1775. 
 
 HUTCHTNS, WILLIAM. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, EDWARD. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage 
 in 1775. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, ELIAKIM. Of Boston. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1730 ; and became a member of the Coun 
 cil, and the Judge of a Court. He died in 1775. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, ELISHA. Of Massachusetts. Brother and com 
 mercial partner of Thomas Hutchinson, junior. He graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1762. He was proscribed and ban 
 ished. He died in England in 1824, aged eighty. His wife 
 Mary, who was the eldest daughter of Colonel George Watson, 
 
376 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of Plymouth, Massachusetts, died at Birmingham, England, 
 in 1803. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, FOSTER. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1743. Raised to the bench of the 
 Supreme Court, he was one of the last of the royal Judges of 
 that Colony. His name appears among the Mandamus Coun 
 cillors, among those who were proscribed and banished, and 
 among those whose estates were confiscated. He went to 
 Halifax in 1776. Governor Hutchinson was his brother. He 
 died in Nova Scotia in 1799. His son Foster, an assistant 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of that Colony, died in 1815 ; and 
 his daughter Abigail deceased at Halifax, July, 1843, aged 
 seventy-four. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS. Of Massachusetts. His father was 
 Honorable Thomas Hutchinson. a merchant, and member of 
 the Council, who died in 1739. The subject of this notice 
 was born in 1711, and graduated at Harvard University in 
 1727, and applied himself to commerce. Unsuccessful as a 
 merchant, he devoted himself to politics, and rose to the high 
 est distinction, having been a member of the House of Repre 
 sentatives, and Speaker of that body ; Judge of Probate ; 
 member of the Council ; Lieutenant Governor ; Judge of the 
 Supreme Court; and Governor. The regularity of his life, 
 his sympathy for the distressed, his affability, his integrity, his 
 industry, his talents for business and the administration of 
 affairs, his fluency and grace as a public speaker, his com 
 mand of temper and courteousness under provocation ; united 
 to form a rare man, and to give him a rare influence. A Judge 
 of the highest Judicial Court, a member of the Council, and 
 Lieutenant Governor at the same time, he seems to have per 
 formed the duties of these incompatible offices, to the satisfac 
 tion of the community. And the fact, that unlike most of the 
 crown officers, he was a native of Massachusetts, and not of 
 the Episcopal communion, added to his popularity. 
 
 The Revolution produced a fearful change of sentiment, and 
 he became an exile ; was attainted, and lost his property by 
 confiscation. His political ruin gave him inconceivable an- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 377 
 
 guish, and prematurely closed his life. There were tales, 
 indeed, that his death was produced by his own act ; but this 
 is not probable. After his retirement to England, a baronetcy 
 was offered him, but he declined it. He died in 1780, aged 
 sixty-nine, and was buried at Croydon, England. It may not 
 be possible to form a correct opinion of the character and mo 
 tives of action of Governor Hutchinson. But I cannot think, 
 that his contemporaries among the Whigs did him exact jus 
 tice. The spontaneous and universal respect in which he was 
 held by all parties, previous to the revolutionary controversy, 
 the long, faithful, and highly valuable services which he ren 
 dered his native Colony, surely entitled him to honorable men 
 tion then, and to our regard now. Had he lived at any other 
 period, his claim to be included among the worthies of Massa 
 chusetts, would not, probably, be doubted. It is to be deeply 
 lamented, that, being the son of a merchant, himself bred a 
 merchant, and his own sons merchants, he did not see, or 
 would not see, that if the navigation acts and laws of trade 
 were enforced, the commerce of the Colonies would be ruined 
 at a blow. His position enabled him to have prevented the 
 enforcement of the hated measures of commercial restriction, 
 and he is hardly to be held excused for using his influence on 
 the adverse side. As a historian, no man was more familiar 
 with the opposition to these laws when Randolph and Andros, 
 a century before, attempted to fasten them upon New England ; 
 and he knew, that all that a single Colony could do, to shake off 
 the royal authority, was done by Massachusetts, in the time of 
 these hated emissaries of the British crown. Could he have 
 thought that the opposition of his countrymen would be less, 
 in his own time, when they were required to sacrifice an ex 
 tensive and rich commerce, a commerce unlawful by the 
 statute book, but yet permitted, for a long course of years, by 
 the officers of the Customs ? It does not appear probable. 
 And yet, how is his pertinacious adherence to the measures of 
 the ministry to be accounted for ? Did he think the measures 
 just? The Whigs of his generation almost unanimously 
 believed, that he knew that the servants of the king were in 
 32* 
 
378 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the wrong, but that his ambition, and full confidence that he 
 espoused the winning side, caused his assent to, and support 
 of, their acts. It may be so. His private virtues, his historical 
 labors, his high station, his commanding influence, his sorrows, 
 have an interest which none who are acquainted with his life 
 can fail to feel. There is no Loyalist of the Revolution whose 
 character I have studied so much, nor for whom my sympa 
 thies have been oftener moved. But I have never been able to 
 satisfy myself, whether he owed his fall to the love of place 
 and power, or to the convictions of his conscience. The third 
 volume of his history of Massachusetts, which embraces his 
 own career, is, if the circumstances under which it was writ 
 ten are considered, a work of singular moderation and fairness; 
 and its statements are to be received, probably, with quite as 
 much respect as the records of any gentleman who writes of 
 his own times, his own deeds, and his own enemies. I can 
 never cease to regret that Governor Hutchinson countenanced 
 the revival of the long obsolete statutory provisions, affecting 
 the navigation and maritime interests of his country. I forget, 
 in his melancholy end, all else. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS, Junior. Of Massachusetts. Son of 
 Governor Hutchinson. He was a merchant of Boston, and a 
 third part of the tea destroyed there, was consigned to him and 
 his brother Elisha. He was a Mandamus Councillor, and an 
 Addresser of Gage; and was proscribed and banished. He 
 went to England, and died there in 1811, aged eighty-one. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS. Of New Britain, Pennsylvania. Was 
 ordered by the Council, in 1778, to surrender himself, or to 
 stand attainted. Marmaduke and Isaac Hutchinson, of New 
 Britain, were included in the same proclamation. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. A person of this 
 name was member of a committee of the Provincial Congress 
 in 1775. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, WILLIAM. Of Massachusetts. He graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1762. In 1775 he went to England, 
 and subsequently held an office in the Bahamas. He died in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 379 
 
 1791 in Europe. A son, it is believed, of Honorable Foster 
 Hutchinson. 
 
 HUTCHINSON, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was captain lieutenant 
 of the First Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He retired on 
 half-pay, and lived in New Brunswick ; but removed to Upper 
 Canada, where he died. 
 
 HUTTON, WILLIAM. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1799, aged forty-two. 
 
 HYATT, LIEUTENANT THOMAS. Of Westchester County, New 
 York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 HYBART, JOHN. A lieutenant of the King s Rangers, Car 
 olina. 
 
 HYSLOP, JOHN. A lieutenant in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers, and adjutant of the corps. 
 
 HYSON, MICHAEL. Of Pennsylvania. He went to Nova 
 Scotia during hostilities. He married when upwards of a 
 hundred years old. He died at Ship Harbor, Nova Scotia, in 
 1833, aged one hundred and three. His third wife survived 
 him, as also numerous descendants of the second, third, and 
 fourth generations from him. 
 
 IMLAY, WILLIAM. Of New York. In 1777 he was in Penn 
 sylvania, and was sent prisoner to Virginia by the Whig au 
 thorities. 
 
 INGERSOLL, DAVID. Of Great Barrington, Massachusetts. 
 His name appears among the barristers and attorn ies who ad 
 dressed Hutchinson in 1774. He was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778. He was in England in 1779, and in 1783. During the 
 troubles which preceded the shedding of blood, he was seized 
 by a mob, carried to Connecticut, and imprisoned; while on 
 a second outbreak of the popular displeasure against him, his 
 house was assailed, he was driven from it, and his enclosures 
 were laid waste. 
 
 INGERSOLL, JARED. Of Connecticut. He was born in Mil- 
 ford, Connecticut, in 1722. In 1742 he graduated at Yale 
 College. He settled in New Haven, and engaged in the prac 
 tice of the law. In 1757 he was agent of the Colony in Eng- 
 
380 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 land. In 1765 he received the appointment of Stamp-distrib 
 utor for his native Colony, and arrived at Boston on his way 
 to enter upon the duties of the office. While at Boston, many 
 attentions were paid to him; and on his departure, Mr Oliver, 
 who had received the same appointment for Massachusetts, 
 accompanied him out of town. This act occasioned murmur 
 ing among the people ; an inflammatory article appeared in the 
 next Boston Gazette ; labels were posted on the Liberty Tree ; 
 and, finally, a mob destroyed Oliver s building designed for his 
 stamp-office. 
 
 In Connecticut, matters reached the same extremity; and it 
 was threatened before his arrival there, that he should be hung 
 on the first tree after he entered the Colony. Though this 
 threat was not executed, effigies of his person were made in 
 several places, tried in form, and condemned to be burned. 
 Mr. Ingersoll formally resigned his office at New Haven in 
 August, 1765 : but his resignation was not deemed satisfactory 
 to the people of another section ; and a large body set out for 
 that town with a determination to compel a more explicit de 
 claration of his intentions. They met him at Weathersfield, 
 where they obtained the required satisfaction; and extorted 
 from him the cry three times, " Liberty and Property." Hun 
 dreds then escorted him to Hartford. About the year 1770 he 
 was commissioned Judge of Vice Admiralty for the Colonies 
 of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 Virginia, and removed to Philadelphia. The Revolution sus 
 pended his official functions, and he returned to Connecticut. 
 He died at New Haven, 1781, at the age of fifty-nine. His 
 son Jared, a gentleman of distinguished worth and talents, 
 held various public stations, and was a candidate for the Vice- 
 presidency of the United States in 1812. 
 
 INGLEBY. THOMAS. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1813, aged fifty-four. Eliza, his wife, died at the same place, 
 1811, at the age of fifty-seven. 
 
 INGLIS, ALEXANDER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; also a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 381 
 
 INGLIS, CHARLES, D. D. Of New York. He was rector of 
 Trinity Church, New York, from 1777 to 1783. After Gallo 
 way, the great Pennsylvania Loyalist, went to England, Doc 
 tor Inglis was a correspondent, and his letters evince no little 
 harshness towards the fomenters of the rebellion. He went to 
 Nova Scotia at the peace, and was appointed Lord Bishop of 
 that Colony. In 1809 he became a member of the Council. 
 He was the first Protestant Bishop of any British Colonial 
 possession in either hemisphere. He died in 1816, aged eighty- 
 two, in the fifty-eighth year of his ministry, and the twenty- 
 ninth of his consecration. His name, and that of his wife 
 Margaret, occurs in the confiscation act of New York. Anne, 
 his daughter, married the Reverend George Pidgeon, and died 
 at Halifax in 1^27, aged fifty-one. His son, the Right Rever 
 end Lord John Inglis, is now (184 1) Bishop of Nova Scotia, 
 and a member of the Council ; having received both honors in 
 1825. Within his diocese, Lord John Inglis, in 1826, con 
 firmed four thousand three hundred and sixty-seven persons, 
 and consecrated forty-four churches. 
 
 INGRAM, JAMES. Of Virginia. Went to England, and was 
 in London. July, 1779. 
 
 INMAN, GEORGE. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1772; and became an officer in 
 the British army. He died in 1789. 
 
 INMAN, JOHN. Of Boston. A Protester against the Whigs in 
 1774. In 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. In 1776 he 
 accompanied the royal army to Halifax. 
 
 INMAN, RALPH. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 
 IRELAND, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax. 
 
 IRELAND, JOHN. Of Long Island, New York. In 1777 he 
 was taken in arms at Lloyd s Neck, and retained a prisoner ; 
 but in the spring of 1778 he was allowed to return home to 
 procure clothing and other necessaries, on condition that he 
 should deliver himself to his captors in thirty days. 
 
 IRVING, ALEXANDER. Of South Carolina. Went to England 
 previous to July, 1779. 
 
382 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 IRVING, GEORGE. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1771, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 IVES, DAVID. Of Rhode Island. I suppose he was a cap 
 tain in a corps called the Associated Loyalists. At the peace 
 he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of 
 that city. 
 
 IVES, JOHN. Of Rhode Island. Went to New Brunswick, 
 and was appointed master carpenter of ordnance. He died at 
 St. John in 1804, aged fifty-six. 
 
 JACKSON, PETER. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Was a 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 JACKSON. Nineteen persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit: 
 Richard, Thomas, Samuel, Thomas, Jacob, David, Robert, 
 John junior, Robert junior, Parmenas, John, Benjamin, Rich 
 ard junior, Obadiah, John, Robert, Samuel the 3d, Isaac, and 
 Townsend. In 1780, Reuben Jackson of Queen s County was 
 in arms against the Whigs. 
 
 JACKSON, DAVID. Of North Carolina. A captain in a Loyal 
 ist corps ; was taken prisoner by Colonel Caswell in 1776. 
 
 JACKSON, HENRY and WILLIAM. Residence unknown. Henry 
 was a lieutenant in De Lancey s Third Battalion ; and William 
 was adjutant of the King s Orange Rangers. Both probably 
 belonged to Queen s County, New York. 
 
 JACKSON, RICHARD. Of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. 
 Of this man, there is a singular but well-authenticated story. 
 Having adhered to the crown from a conviction of duty, he 
 felt bound to aid his sovereign in suppressing the rebellion, 
 by all means in his power. When, therefore, the news reached 
 him, in 1777, that Colonel Baum was advancing with a body 
 of troops towards Bennington, he prepared to join him. In 
 the battle of Hoosac erroneously called the battle of Ben 
 nington he was taken prisoner, and sent to Great Barring- 
 ton, then the shire town of Berkshire ; and by General Fellows, 
 the sheriff, committed to prison. The county jail was in so 
 ruinous a condition, that Jackson could easily escape; but of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 383 
 
 this he had no intention. He felt that he had acted right, and 
 determined to abide the consequences. After quietly remain 
 ing in jail a few days, he told General Fellows, that he was 
 losing his time, earned nothing, and wished permission to go 
 out to work in the day time, and promised to return at evening 
 and be confined for the night. His great simplicity and hon 
 esty of character, led the sheriff to confide in his word. Jack 
 son accordingly went out to labor almost every week-day, for 
 some months. In May of 1778, he was to be tried at Spring 
 field for high treason, and General Fellows made the necessary 
 preparations to conduct him to that town in person. But 
 Jackson said, "he could go alone quite as well," and thus 
 save the sheriff both inconvenience and expense. Again, 
 General Fellows confided in his integrity ; and he commenced 
 his journey. In the woods of Tyringham, he met the Hon 
 orable T. Edwards, who asked him the object of his travel. 
 Jackson answered, that he "was going to Springfield, to be 
 tried for his life." To Springfield he did go, was tried for his 
 life, found guilty, and condemned to die. Application was, 
 however, made to the executive authority of the State to par 
 don him. But it was reasoned by the members of the Board, 
 that the facts against Jackson were clear and incontestable, 
 that his crime was unquestionably high treason, and that, if 
 he were pardoned, all others who might commit the same 
 crime ought to meet with the same clemency. But Mr. Ed 
 wards, who was a member of the Board, told the story of 
 meeting Jackson, with great particularity, yet without embel 
 lishment. The simple truth moved the hearts of his associ 
 ates, and their feelings, as men, prevailed against reasons of 
 State policy. Jackson was pardoned, and returned to his 
 family. 
 
 JACKSON, WILLIAM. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775 ; was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. He went to England, where he died in 
 1810, at the age of seventy-nine. 
 
 JAFFREY, GEORGE. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Grad 
 uated at Harvard University in 1736. He became a merchant. 
 
384 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 In 1744 he was appointed Clerk of the Superior Court of New 
 Hampshire, and held that office twenty-two years. In 1 766 
 he was admitted one of his Majesty s Council ; and soon after, 
 received the post of Treasurer of the Province. He possessed 
 a large estate, and was one of the original purchasers of Ma 
 son s patent. He was molested on account of his political 
 opinions several times. When removed by the Whigs from the 
 office of Treasurer, he paid over to his successor 1516.4.8, 
 being the exact balance of public monies in his hands. 
 Though opposed for his attachment to the crown, he left be 
 hind him an unsullied reputation for strict integrity, punc 
 tuality iu his dealings, and correctness of manners. He died 
 at Portsmouth in 1802, aged eighty-six years. 
 
 JAMES, EDWARD. Was a lieutenant in the King s Orange 
 Rangers. 
 
 JAMES, JACOB. Was a captain of cavalry in the British Le 
 gion. 
 
 JARVIS, MUNSON. Of Connecticut. He was born in Nor- 
 walk, in 1742. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783, and was a grantee of that city. In 1792 he was a 
 member of the vestry of the Episcopal church. At a later 
 time, he was a member of the House of Assembly. He died 
 at St. John, 1825, at the age of eighty-three. His son, the 
 Honorable Edward James Jar vis, was formerly a member of 
 the Council of New Brunswick, and is the present Chief Jus 
 tice of the Colony of Prince Edward s Island. 
 
 JARVIS, ROBERT. Mariner, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to Hal 
 ifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. He 
 was in London, July, 1779, a Loyalist Addresser. 
 
 JARVIS, STEPHEN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of cavalry in 
 the South Carolina Royalists. He was in New Brunswick 
 after the Revolution but went to Upper Canada, and died at 
 Toronto, at the residence of Reverend Doctor Phillips, 1840, 
 aged eighty -four. During his service in the Revolution he 
 was in several actions. 
 
 JARVIS, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was an officer of cavalry in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 385 
 
 the Queen s Rangers. At the peace he settled in Upper Can 
 ada, and became Secretary of the Colony. His widow, Han 
 nah, a daughter of Reverend Doctor Peters, of Hebron, Con 
 necticut, died at Queenston, Upper Canada, 1845, aged eighty- 
 three. 
 
 JARVIS. Besides the above, John, of Boston, was a Protester 
 in 1774. Nathaniel, and Samuel (residence unknown) were 
 grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, 1783; and John, settled 
 in that colony the same year, and died in Portland, New 
 Brunswick, 1845, aged ninety-three. 
 
 JAUNCEY, JAMES. Of New York. He, like Low and Sher- 
 brook, was an associate with Jay, on the Committee of Cor 
 respondence of Fifty, and probably, at the outset, was inclined 
 to take the side of the Whigs. His property was confiscated. 
 In 1775 he was a member of the House of Assembly, and one 
 of the fourteen of that body who, in the recess, addressed 
 General Gage, at Boston, on the subject of "the unhappy 
 contest." At this period he held under the crown the office of 
 Master of the Rolls. 
 
 JAYNE, WILLIAM, Junior. Of Queen s County, New York. 
 In July, 1780, he was captured by a party of Whigs, and car 
 ried to Connecticut. A Whig of the name of William Phillips 
 had been taken prisoner at Smithtown previously ; and the 
 object in seizing Jayne appears to have been to exchange him 
 for Phillips. 
 
 JEFFREY, PATRICK. Of Boston. Went to England. Mary, 
 his wife, died in Bath, England, in 1808. 
 
 JEFFRIES, JOHN. Of Boston. Proscribed and banished. He 
 was born at Boston in 1744, and graduated at Harvard Uni 
 versity in 1763 ; and having pursued his medical studies with 
 Doctor Lloyd, of that town, and attended the medical schools 
 of England, commenced practice. From 1771 to 1774 he was 
 surgeon of a British ship of the line in Boston harbor. After 
 the battle of Bunker s Hill, he assisted in dressing the wounded 
 of the royal army. At the evacuation he embarked with the 
 troops and went to Halifax, and was appointed chief of the 
 surgical staff of Nova Scotia. In 1779 he went to England, 
 33 
 
386 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and returning to America, held a high professional employ 
 ment to the British forces at Charleston and New York. In 
 1780 he resigned, and going to England again, commenced 
 practice in London. In 1785, he crossed the British Channel 
 in a balloon. Returning once more to his native land, he re 
 sumed his professional career at Boston, and died there, 
 September, 1819, aged seventy-five. 
 
 JENKINS, JOHN. In 1782 he was chaplain of the South Caro 
 lina Royalists. 
 
 JENKINS, JOHN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Second 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New 
 Brunswick in 1783, and was a grantee of the city of St. John. 
 He received half-pay. 
 
 JENKINS, JOSEPH. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. In the act he is styled Colonel. 
 
 JENKINS, S. H. Was banished and attainted, and his estate 
 confiscated. In 1794, he represented to the British govern 
 ment, in a memorial dated at London, that at the time of his 
 banishment, several large debts were due to him in America, 
 which were still unpaid, though the debtors were rich. 
 
 JENKINS, SAMUEL HUNT. Of Georgia. Went to England, 
 and was in London in 1779. 
 
 JENKINSON, DANIEL. Died at Kingston, New Brunswick, in 
 1827, aged seventy-three. 
 
 JENNINGS, JOHN. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. In 1778 he 
 was arrested and imprisoned for his disaffection to the popular 
 cause. A Loyalist of this name died at Grand Lake, New 
 Brunswick, in 1839, at the great age of one hundred and 
 three years. 
 
 JENNINGS, THOMAS. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was grantee of a city lot. He died there in 
 the year 1805. 
 
 JENNINGS, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 JEROW, DANIEL. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 JERVICE, CHARLES. Of Philadelphia. He was ordered to be 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 387 
 
 sent prisoner to Virginia in 1777, for being inimical to the 
 Whig cause. 
 
 JEWETT, JOHN. An ensign in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 JOHNSON, GUY. He married a daughter of Sir William John 
 son, and at the death of the Baronet succeeded him as Super 
 intendent of the Indian Department. He was well versed in 
 the business of that office, having long held the place of deputy 
 under his father-in-law. His own assistant or deputy, was 
 Colonel Daniel Glaus, who also married a daughter of Sir 
 William. His residence was in Tryon County, near the Ba 
 ronial Hall. Colonel Johnson s intemperate zeal for his royal 
 master, caused the first affray in that County. In the early 
 part of 1775, about three hundred Whigs assembled at the 
 house of John Veeder, in Caughnawaga, for the purpose of 
 deliberating upon the public concerns, and the setting up of a 
 Liberty-pole. Their proceedings were interrupted by the ar 
 rival of Sir John Johnson, Colonel Claus, Colonel John Butler, 
 and Colonel Johnson, with a large number of their retainers, 
 well armed. Colonel Johnson mounted a high stoop and ad 
 dressed the people. In the course of his remarks he became 
 so abusive, that Jacob Sammons interrupted him, and pro 
 nounced him a liar and a villain. Johnson thereupon seized 
 Sammons by the throat, and called him a d d villain in re 
 turn. A scuffle ensued, in which Sammons was severely 
 injured. The Whigs present, the members of three families 
 excepted, fled, and left Sammons to fight with the enraged 
 Loyalists as he best could. The following correspondence will 
 throw light on the proceedings at the time, and on the course 
 of Colonel Johnson. He wrote from Guy Park to the magis 
 trates of Schenectady and Albany, May, 1775, thus : 
 
 " Gentlemen : As the peace and happiness of the country 
 are objects that every good man should have at heart, I think 
 it highly necessary to acquaint you, that for a few days I 
 have been put to the great trouble and expense of fortifying 
 my house, and keeping a large body of men for the defence of 
 my person ; and have received repeated accounts that either 
 
388 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the New Englanders, or some persons in or about the city of 
 Albany, or town of Schenectady, are coming up, to a consid 
 erable number, to seize and imprison me, on a ridiculous and 
 malicious report that I intend to make the Indians destroy the 
 inhabitants, or to that effect. The absurdity of this appre 
 hension may easily be seen by men of sense ; but as many 
 credulous and ignorant persons may be led astray and inclined 
 to believe it, and as they have already sent down accounts, 
 examinations, &c., from busy people here, that I can fully 
 prove to be totally devoid of all foundation, it is become the 
 duty of all those who have authority or influence, to disabuse 
 the public, and prevent consequences which I foresee with 
 very great concern, and most cordially wish may be timely 
 prevented. Any differences in political ideas can never justify 
 such extravagant opinions; and I little imagined that they 
 should have gained belief amongst any order of people who 
 know my character, station, and the large property I have in 
 the country, and the duties of my office, which are to preserve 
 tranquillity amongst the Indians, hear their grievances, &c., 
 and prevent them from falling upon the trade and frontiers. 
 These last were greatly threatened by the Indians, on account 
 of the disturbances last year between the Virginians and 
 Shawanese ; during which, my endeavors prevented the Six 
 Nations from taking a part that would have sensibly affected 
 the public. And I appointed last Fall, that the Six Nations 
 should come to me this month, in order to receive, amongst 
 other things, final satisfaction concerning the lands said to be 
 invaded by the Virginians, who have now sent me their 
 answer. In the discharge of this duty I likewise essentially 
 serve the public. But should I neglect myself, and be tamely 
 k made prisoner, it is clear to all who know anything of Indians, 
 they will not sit still and see their Council fire extinguished, 
 and Superintendent driven from his duty, but will come upon 
 the frontiers, in revenge, with a power sufficient to commit 
 horrid devastation. It is therefore become as necessary to the 
 public, as to myself, that my person should be defended. But 
 as the measures I am necessitated to make for that purpose 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 389 
 
 may occasion the propagation of additional falsehoods, and 
 may at last appear to the Indians in a light that is not for the 
 benefit of the public, I should heartily wish, gentlemen, that 
 you could take such measures for removing these apprehen 
 sions, as may enable me to discharge my duties (which do not 
 interfere with the public) without the protection of armed men 
 and the apprehension of insult. And as the public are much 
 interested in this, I must beg to have your answer as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 " I am, gentlemen, your humble servant, 
 
 "G. JOHNSON." 
 
 To this letter Colonel Johnson received two answers : one 
 from the mayor, aldermen, and commonalty of Albany, ad 
 dressed to the Committee for Palatine district, Tryon County ; 
 and the other, from the Albany Committee, and addressed to 
 himself. Both were much of the same tenor. The last is 
 dated " Committee Chamber, May 23, 1775," and was in these 
 terms. 
 
 " Sir : Several letters have been handed to us, addressed to 
 the magistrates of Schenectady and mayor and corporation of 
 Albany, some of which you requested to be communicated to 
 us, whereby we, with great concern, observe you are much 
 alarmed with apprehensions of evil intentions against your 
 family, and self in particular, from a body of New England- 
 ers, or people from those parts, so as to put you. under the 
 necessity of fortifying yourself for safety. From what cause 
 these terrible ideas have sprung, we are entirely ignorant. If 
 any real ones, you must be better acquainted with them than 
 we are; however, we do assure you that the first and last 
 knowledge of such designs have come to us from you, and of 
 course must have originated somewhere near you. We are 
 not ignorant of the importance of your office as Superintendent, 
 and have been perfectly easy with respect to any suspicions 
 of the Indians taking a part in the present dispute between 
 Great Britain and her Colonies, knowing them to be a people 
 of too much sagacity to engage with the whole Continent in a 
 33* 
 
390 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 controversy that they cannot profit by, and which would 
 throw them into endless war and misery. As long as they are 
 peaceable, they need not be under apprehensions of hostilities 
 commencing against them. 
 
 " We have been some time ago informed that there was to 
 be a Congress at your house of the Indians, and hope such 
 methods may be taken then as will give them a just sense of 
 the nature of the present disturbances, and that they may 
 govern themselves by such a line of conduct, as will appease 
 the minds of such persons in your County as may be uneasy 
 on their account. The information we have from time to time 
 received, very lately from travellers passing by your house, 
 has given us some pain, as we find the communication betwixt 
 this and your County in a manner stopped, insomuch that no 
 person is permitted to pass without undergoing a strict exami 
 nation. These proceedings will, if not speedily stopped, raise 
 the resentment of the people, we fear, and cause them to 
 undertake such acts as will not be in the power of any au 
 thority to restrain. We would, therefore, be glad, and permit 
 us to recommend it seriously to your attention, that you would 
 leave the communication free, and disperse your guards, and 
 not interfere with the meetings of the people, intended solely 
 to concert measures for the preservation of their liberties, in 
 conjunction with the other counties of this and the rest of His 
 Majesty s Colonies." 
 
 Five days previous to the date of this reply, Colonel John 
 son had said, in a communication to the Whig Committee of 
 Schenectady, that he had " taken precaution to give a very 
 hot and disagreeable reception to any persons that shall at 
 tempt to invade his retreat" ; yet that, "at the same time he 
 had no intention to disturb those who chose to permit him the 
 honest exercise of his reason and the duties of his office." 
 Meantime, the Tryon County Committee and the Colonel be 
 came involved in difficulty, and the former, in denouncing his 
 proceedings, used the following among other equally severe 
 expressions. " Colonel Johnson s conduct in raising fortifica 
 tions round his house, keeping a number of Indians and armed 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 391 
 
 men constantly about him, and stopping and searching travel 
 lers upon the king s highway, and stopping our communication 
 with Albany, is very alarming to this County, and is highly 
 arbitrary, illegal, oppressive, and unwarrantable ; and con 
 firms us in our fears, that his design is to keep us in awe, and 
 oblige us to submit to a state of slavery " ; and abhorring that 
 state, they resolved " to defend their freedom with their lives 
 and fortunes." On the 2d of June, 1775, the Committee of 
 Tryon County, in a long letter, begged him to use his "en 
 deavors to dissuade the Indians from interfering in the dispute 
 with the Mother Country and the Colonies." " We cannot 
 think," they continue, " that, as you and your family possess 
 very large estates in this County, you are unfavorable to 
 American freedom, although you may differ with us in the 
 mode of obtaining redress." His course was watched with 
 much anxiety. It was well known that the Johnsons could 
 induce the Six Nations to remain neutral, or to take part with 
 the crown, at their pleasure. The Reverend Doctor Wheelock 
 wrote to the New Hampshire Provincial Congress, from Dart 
 mouth College, June 28th, that he had "seen a man direct 
 from Albany, and late from Mount Johnson," who informed 
 him that Colonel Johnson had " received presents to the 
 amount of three thousand pounds from the King, to be dis 
 posed of to engage the Indians within his jurisdiction against 
 the Colonies ; and that all his endeavors for that purpose had 
 been fruitless. Not one of the Indians would receive the 
 presents." 
 
 We next find the subject of this notice in collision with the 
 Provincial Congress of New York. In his reply to a letter 
 from that body, dated July 8th, he says : " As to the endea 
 vors you speak of, to reconcile the unhappy differences between 
 the Parent State and these Colonies, be assured I ardently wish 
 to see them. As yet, I am sorry to say, I have not been able 
 to discover any attempt of that kind, but that of the Assem 
 bly s, the only true legal representatives of the people; and as 
 to the individuals who you say officiously interrupt, in my 
 quarter, the mode and measures you think necessary for these 
 
392 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 salutary purposes, I am really a stranger to them. If you 
 mean myself, you must have been grossly imposed on. I once, 
 indeed, went with reluctance, at the request of several of the 
 principal inhabitants, to one of the people s meetings, which I 
 found had been called by an itinerant New England leather- 
 dresser, and conducted by others, if possible, more contempti 
 ble. I had, therefore, little inclination to revisit such men, or 
 attend to their absurdities." In conclusion, and in allusion to 
 the fears that his influence would be used to excite the Indians 
 to hostilities, he remarks ; "I trust I shall Always manifest more 
 humanity than to promote the destruction of the innocent 
 inhabitants of a Colony to which I have been always warmly 
 attached, a declaration that must appear perfectly suitable to 
 the character of a man of honor and principle, who can on no 
 account neglect those duties that are consistent therewith, 
 however they may differ from sentiments now adopted in so 
 many parts of America." 
 
 Notwithstanding the many and the explicit assurances of 
 Colonel Johnson, Brant, the acknowledged chief of the Six 
 Nations, joined the royal standard; and whatever were the 
 Colonel s own purposes and intentions, the force of circum 
 stances or his own inclination induced him to retire to Canada, 
 and thence to repair to scenes of savage warfare ; and his 
 name appears in the bloody exploits of the Mohawk chieftain, 
 and the miscreant Butler. That, at the time he was in com 
 munication with the Committees of Albany, Schenectady, and 
 Tryon County, and with the Provincial Congress of New 
 York, he was also in communication with Brant, seems cer 
 tain. The chief who signed himself " secretary to Guy John 
 son," wrote the Oneidas in the Mohawk tongue, thus : " Writ 
 ten at Guy Johnson s, May, 1775. This is your letter, you 
 great ones or sachems. Guy Johnson says he will be glad if 
 you get this intelligence, you Oneidas, how it goes with him 
 now, and he is now more certain of the intention of the Boston 
 people. Guy Johnson is in great fear of being taken prisoner 
 by the Bostonians. We Mohawks are obliged to watch him 
 constantly," &c. This letter was found in an Indian path, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 393 
 
 and was lost, as was supposed, by the person to whom it had 
 been entrusted. It is certain, too, that Johnson, Brant, and 
 the Butlers, father and son, fled to Canada together. 
 Colonel Johnson in 1780 was about forty years of age; and is 
 described "as being a short, pursy man, of stern countenance 
 and haughty demeanor, dressed in a British uniform, pow 
 dered locks, ano^a cocked hat." His mansion, Guy Park, 
 is still (1840) standing. It is of stone, and situated about a 
 mile from the village of Amsterdam, on the north bank of the 
 Mohawk. The Western Railroad passes a few rods north, and 
 in front of it. His estate was confiscated. In 1784 he was in 
 England, a petitioner for relief. 
 
 JOHNSON, SIR JOHN. Knight and baronet, was the son of 
 Sir William Johnson, to whose estates and title he succeeded, 
 and to whose office of major general in the militia of New 
 York he was appointed in November of 1774. The father, we 
 have seen, was removed from the difficulties which attended an 
 elevated position in society at the revolutionary era, before the 
 commencement of hostilities ; and a brief notice of the career of 
 the son will show, that these difficulties were neither few nor 
 easily surmounted. The office of general superintendent of 
 Indian affairs, on the death of Sir William, passed into the 
 hands of Colonel Guy Johnson, (who married a daughter of 
 Sir William Johnson,) but in other respects, the new baronet 
 was the heir, not only of his parent s fortune and honors, but 
 of his cares, perplexities and perils. Of the early life of Sir 
 John, not much appears to be known ; he, however, served 
 under his father, and acquired considerable military experi 
 ence. He was not as popular as Sir William, being less social 
 and less acquainted with human nature ; and failed to secure 
 in so pre-eminent a degree the affections of the retainers of 
 Johnson-Hall, and of the Indian tribes. Yet he took means to 
 secure the favor of the latter. On the 25th July, 1775, he 
 wrote to Mr. Alexander White, of New York, from Johnson- 
 Hall, thus:- 
 
 "Dear Sir: The bearers will deliver you some provi 
 sions and clothes, and Mr. Clement will give you a paper 
 
394 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 containing a ten pound note, which I received from Mrs. White 
 this morning. The Indians having desired some cash from me 
 to expend when they come among the inhabitants of Canada, 
 which I have not to give them, I must beg you to supply 
 them, and charge it to Colonel Johnson," &c. 
 
 His official relations and supposed political sympathies 
 caused a strict watch to be kept upon his movements, and 
 early in 1776 a Whig force of some hundreds under command 
 of General Schuyler, was despatched to Tryon County, to 
 counteract his reported designs, to disarm the Loyalists said to 
 be embodied there, and to obtain satisfactory assurances for 
 the future good conduct of the baronet and his friends and de 
 pendents. The General executed these delicate and responsi 
 ble duties in a manner highly satisfactory to Congress, and 
 received a vote of thanks. Reluctant to proceed to extremi 
 ties, he opened a correspondence with Sir John, and proposed 
 an arrangement by which the shedding of blood would be 
 spared, and the objects of his mission be accomplished. After 
 some modification of the original terms, an accommodation 
 was effected by which Sir John stipulated to a pacific line of 
 conduct, and to remain within certain prescribed limits* on his 
 parole of honor. For some unexplained reason, this agreement 
 was soon violated, and the Whigs attempted to secure the bar 
 onet s person. Sir John, learning of this intention, hastily 
 secured his most valuable effects, and fled to the woods with 
 about seven hundred followers, determined to proceed to Can 
 ada. After enduring almost every imaginable hardship and 
 deprivation, he and the principal part of his associates arrived 
 at Montreal. 
 
 He was soon commissioned a colonel, and raised two battal 
 ions of Loyalists, who bore the designation of the Royal 
 Greens. From the time of organizing this corps, he became one 
 of the most active, arid one of the bitterest foes that the Whigs 
 encountered during the contest ; so true is it, as was said by the 
 wise man of Israel, that " A brother offended is harder to be 
 won than a strong city ; and their contentions are like the bars 
 of a castle." Sir John was in several regular and fairly 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 395 
 
 conducted battles. He invested Fort Stanwix in 1777, and de 
 feated the brave General Herkimer, and in 1780 was himself de 
 feated by General Yan Rensselaer at Fox s mills. In predatory 
 enterprises, the Royal Greens enjoy an infamous celebrity. 
 They committed quite every enormity known in savage war 
 fare. Their own former neighbors and friends on the Mohawk 
 were objects of their sweetest revenge, and suffered even more 
 at their hands than strangers ; and the chieftain Brant, though 
 he be compelled to bear the worst, and all of the charges 
 which have been made against him and his warriors, will not 
 answer to posterity for any darker or more damning deeds 
 than those which the Royal Greens perpetrated. Upon one 
 occasion, their colonel was thus addressed by Mr. Sammons, 
 an aged and respectable Whig. "See what you have done, 
 Sir John. You have taken myself and my sons prison 
 ers, burnt my dwelling to ashes, and left the helpless mem 
 bers of my family with no covering but the heavens above, 
 and no prospect but desolation around them. Did we treat 
 you in this manner when you were in the power of the Tryon 
 County Committee? Do you remember when we were con 
 sulted by General Schuyler, and you agreed to surrender your 
 arms ? Do you not remember that you then agreed to re 
 main neutral, and that upon that condition General Schuyler 
 left you at liberty on your parole ? These conditions you 
 violated. You went off to Canada ; enrolled yourself in the 
 service of the king ; raised a regiment of the disaffected, who 
 abandoned their country with you j and you have now re 
 turned to wage a cruel war against us, by burning our dwell 
 ings, and robbing us of our property. I was your friend in 
 the Committee of Safety," continued the bold Whig, "and 
 exerted myself to save your person from injury. And how 
 am I requited ? Your Indians have murdered and scalped old 
 Mr. Fonda at the age of eighty years ; a man who, I have 
 heard your father say, was like a father to him when he set 
 tled in Johnstown and Kingsborough. You cannot be suc 
 cessful, Sir John, in such a warfare, and you will never enjoy 
 your property more." 
 
396 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 In the flight of the baronet from the Hall in 1776, Lady 
 Johnson and the family papers, plate, and bible, were left 
 behind. An incident with regard to each will show the state 
 and necessities of the times. Her Ladyship, who was Mary 
 Watts, of the city of New York, daughter of Honorable John 
 Watts, a member of the Council of the Colony, and sister of 
 the late venerable John Watts, who died in September, 1836, 
 was removed to Albany, where it was designed by the local 
 Whig authorities, that she should be detained as a kind of 
 hostage for the good conduct of her husband. She solicited 
 the Commander-in-chief to release her, but Washington de 
 clined to interfere. Lady Johnson possessed much beauty, 
 understanding, and vivacity. Her playful humor exhilarated 
 the whole household. The papers were buried in an iron 
 chest, and in 1778 General Haldimand, at the request of Sir 
 John, sent a party of men to carry them away. On taking 
 them up, they were found to be mouldy, rotten, and illegible, 
 in consequence of the dampness which had been admitted 
 through the open joints of the chest. To recover the silver, 
 the baronet in 1780 went to Johnstown himself. It was found 
 where a faithful slave had buried it, and was transferred to 
 the knapsacks of about forty soldiers, who took it to Montreal. 
 The devotion of the slave is worthy of remembrance. He 
 had long lived with Sir John s father, who was so much at 
 tached to him, that he caused him to be baptized by his own 
 name of William. When the estate was confiscated by the 
 Provincial Congress of New York, William formed a part of 
 it, and was sold, but finally, by a re-purchase or otherwise, 
 returned to the baronet s family. While he remained with his 
 purchaser, who was a Whig, he never gave the least hint as 
 to the valuables of Sir John, though he had secreted them all. 
 The family bible was sold with the furniture by auction at 
 Fort Hunter. John Taylor, late Lieutenant Governor of New 
 York, was the purchaser of the sacred volume, and on discov 
 ering that it contained the family record, he wrote a civil note 
 to Sir John, offering to restore it. Some time afterward, a 
 messenger from the baronet called for the bible, but did his 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 397 
 
 errand in a manner rude and offensive. " I have come," said 
 he, " for Sir William s bible, and there are the four guineas 
 which it cost." On being asked what word Sir John had sent, 
 he replied, " to pay four guineas, and take the book." 
 
 Soon after the close of the contest, Sir John Johnson went 
 to England, but returned in 1785, and established his residence 
 in Canada. He was appointed superintendent general and 
 inspector general of Indian affairs in British North America, 
 and retained that office until his decease; and for several 
 years he was also a member of the legislative Council of 
 Canada. To compensate him for his losses, the British gov 
 ernment made him several grants of lands. He died of old 
 age, at the residence of Mrs. Bowes, his daughter, Montreal, 
 in 1830, aged eighty-eight; and was succeeded by his son, 
 Sir Adam Gordon Johnson. 
 
 It is thought that he was a conscientious Loyalist ; and this 
 may be allowed. He lived in a style of luxury and splendor, 
 which few country gentlemen in America possessed the means 
 to support. His domains were as large and as fair as those of 
 any Colonist of his time, the estate of Lord Fairfax only ex- 
 cepted ; and no American hazarded more, probably, in the 
 cause of the crown. Faithfulness to duty is never a crime ; 
 and if he sacrificed his home, his fortune, and his country, 
 for his principles, he deserves admiration. But all approba 
 tion of his course during the revolutionary struggle must end 
 here. The conduct of the Whigs towards him may have 
 been harsh, and, in the beginning, too harsh for his offences. 
 There may be room to doubt, whether, prior to the arrange 
 ment with General Schuyler, he did more than any zealous 
 loyal gentleman would consider he was bound to do, to put 
 down the disloyal proceedings in his neighborhood, and at his 
 very door. The charges found against him in the documents 
 of the day, may, in some particulars, be false, or highly col 
 ored. And, to allow to him all the points of defence which 
 can be claimed or urged, it may be conceded, that the Loyal 
 ists had as much at stake as the Whigs, and that the one 
 party had the same right to appear in arms as the other. And 
 34 
 
398 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 it may be admitted in his behalf, that though Sir John pledged 
 himself to remain neutral upon his parole of honor ; yet, tha" t 
 as the friend of existing institutions, he might freely break his 
 faith with Rebels. But there still remains unanswered, the 
 very grave question, whether, as a civilized man, he was not 
 bound to observe the rules of civilized warfare. The Baronet s 
 fame, even though the Loyalists course of reasoning be fol 
 lowed throughout, can never be redeemed from the blight 
 which rests upon it. His eldest son, Colonel William Johnson, 
 inspecting field officer of the militia of Canada, and Lieu 
 tenant Colonel of His Majesty s twenty-eighth regiment of 
 foot, died at Montreal in 1812, aged thirty-seven. 
 
 JOHNSON, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. Went to England, and 
 was in London in 1779. 
 
 JOHNSON, MARTIN. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a loyal 
 Declarator in 1775. 
 
 JOHNSON, MARTIN. Of Queen s County, New York. In 
 1776 he signed an acknowledgment of allegiance. 
 
 JOHNSON, NATHANIEL. Residence unknown. Died at Sussex, 
 King s County, New Brunswick, in 1830, aged eighty-eight 
 years. 
 
 JOHNSON, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, and a Petitioner to be armed, 
 in 1780 ; was banished and lost his estate in 1782. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Of Pennsylvania. Resided at York, and 
 prior to the Revolution, was Prothonotary and Clerk of the 
 Quarter Sessions of the County. He was twice married ; his 
 second wife was a lady from Maryland. His office of Protho 
 notary was conferred by the Governor, and in 1775 was worth 
 150. 
 
 JOHNSON, SAMUEL and WILLIAM. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. In 1780, were in arms on the side of the crown. 
 
 JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM, BARONET. A major-general of the 
 militia of New York, Superintendent-general of Indian Affairs, 
 &c. Was born in Ireland, about the year 1714 His uncle, 
 Sir Peter Warren, a naval officer of distinguished merit, mar 
 ried a lady of New York, and purchased a considerable tract 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 399 
 
 of country in the interior of that Colony, and induced him to 
 come to America to take charge of his affairs, when at about the 
 age of twenty. Johnson established his residence on the Mo 
 hawk, and applying himself to the study of the Indian charac 
 ter and language, soon acquired an ascendency over the native 
 tribes, that has never, probably, been surpassed. His rise in 
 affairs was rapid. In 1755 he was placed in command of 
 the Colonial forces of New York, destined to operate against the 
 French, and for his services was created a Baronet, and received 
 a grant of 5000 in money. But his right to rewards so munifi 
 cent has been severely, and perhaps not improperly disputed, 
 since his success at the battle of Lake George, which was his 
 principal claim to the royal regard, was mainly due to the exer 
 tions and good conduct of the brave General Lyman, of Con 
 necticut, after he was wounded. In 1759, and in 1760, Sir Wil 
 liam s military operations were highly beneficial to the crown 
 and he retired at the close of the French war, in much favor. 
 He had been able to organize an Indian force of one thousand 
 men, a greater number than had ever before been seen in arms 
 at one time in the cause of England. Sir William possessed 
 talents as an orator, and deeply impressed the Indians with 
 his powers ; and his shrewdness in treating and dealing with 
 them, is said to have been remarkable. Allen relates, that on 
 his receiving from England some finely laced clothes, the 
 Mohawk Chief, Hendrick, became possessed with the desire of 
 equalling the Baronet in the splendor of his apparel, and with 
 a demure face pretended to have dreamed that Sir William 
 had presented him with a suit of the decorated garments. As 
 the solemn hint could not be mistaken or avoided, the Indian 
 monarch was gratified, and went away highly pleased with 
 the success of his device. But, alas for Hendrick s short 
 sighted sagacity, for in a few days Sir William, in turn, had a 
 dream, to the effect that the Chief had given him several 
 thousand acres of land. " The land is yours," said Hendrick, 
 "but now, Sir William, I never dream with you again; you 
 dream too hard for me." 
 
 The Baronet s seat was Johnson Hall, Johnstown, Tryon 
 
400 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 
 
 County, New York, about twenty-four miles from Schenec- 
 tady, on the Mohawk river. He died there suddenly, July 11, 
 1774, aged sixty years. Owing to his influence, and that of 
 his family and connexions, there were more Loyalists, proba 
 bly, in the valley of the Mohawk, the population considered, 
 than in any other section of the northern Colonies. 
 
 As the revolutionary troubles progressed, the unhappiness 
 of Sir William is represented to have been very great. And 
 it is said, that no inconsiderable part of his sorrow arose from 
 the contest within his own bosom, between his love of liberty 
 and sympathy with the oppressions of the people, on the one 
 hand, and the duty which he owed the sovereign whom he 
 had long served, and whose rewards had been princely, on the 
 other. It has been asserted, even, that his distress of mind 
 became insupportable, and that he died by his own hand. 
 The tradition is, that on the day of his decease he received de 
 spatches which showed that civil war was inevitable and near; 
 while another version is, that these despatches required of him 
 the use of his influence with the Indian tribes to secure their 
 services to the crown in the event of blows. That the em 
 ployments, and news, of the last day of his life, deeply excited 
 him, there is sufficient proof; but, as his system was predis 
 posed to apoplexy, and as he was seized with a fit and lin 
 gered some hours, it is very uncertain whether he committed 
 suicide. Some weight, however, appears to have been given 
 to his declaration in the spring of 1774, and soon after his 
 return from England, in substance, that he " should never live 
 to see the Colonies and the mother country in a state of open 
 war" That this declaration was made with a view to self- 
 destruction, is possible, yet a man who had so much at stake, 
 was far more likely to have spoken it as expressive of his 
 strong hope of the final accommodation of the difficulties 
 which existed. 
 
 Sir William was uncommonly tall and well made. His 
 countenance was fine, but melancholy ; and he possessed a 
 remarkable command of it, under the most exciting circum 
 stances. Johnson Hall is still (1842) standing, and is 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 401 
 
 occupied by Mr. Wells. In Sir William s time it was sur 
 rounded by a stone breast- work. The hall itself is of wood, 
 but the wings are of stone. The two daughters of Sir William 
 Johnson were educated almost in solitude, and in the following 
 singular manner. Their mother died when they were young, 
 and bequeathed them to the care of a friend, who was the 
 widow of an officer killed in battle. She retired from the 
 world, and devoted herself to her fair pupils ; to whom she 
 taught the nicest and most ingenious kinds of needle- work, 
 and reading and writing. In the morning, the two girls rose 
 early, read their Bible, fed their birds, tended their flowers, 
 and breakfasted. Later in the day, they employed themselves 
 with their needles, and in reading. After dinner, in summer, 
 they regularly took a long walk, and in the winter they rode 
 a distance upon a sledge. Thus uniformly passed their lives, 
 year after year ; and at the age of sixteen, they had read no 
 books except the Scriptures, their prayer-book, some romances, 
 and Rollin s Ancient History ; nor had they ever seen a lady, 
 except their mother and her friend. Their dress was quite as 
 uniform as their habits of life. And though they continually 
 made articles of ornament, according to the fashion of the day, 
 they wore none of them, but summer and winter, and without 
 the least change, appeared in wrappers of the finest chintz, 
 and green-silk petticoats. Their hair, which was long and 
 beautiful, they tied behind with a simple riband. In summer, 
 they covered their heads with a large calash ; in winter, long 
 scarlet mantles completely enveloped their persons. Sir 
 William did not live with them, but visited their apartment 
 daily. One married Colonel Guy Johnson, the other Colonel 
 Daniel Glaus. Their manners soon became polished, they 
 soon acquired the habits of society, and made excellent wives. 
 
 JOHNSON, UZAEL. Of New Jersey. Was surgeon of the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 JOHNSON, . Of Georgia. A stanch government man ; 
 
 held a military commission in the royal service. 
 
 JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER and JOHN. Of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina. Were Addressers of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 34* 
 
402 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 JOHNSTON, CHARLES. Of South Carolina. Was a Congratu- 
 lator of Lord Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. 
 Banished and estate confiscated in 1782. 
 
 JOHNSTON, or JOHNSTONE, JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. 
 Was a loyal Declarator in 1775. In 1782, the surgeon of 
 De Lancey s Second Battalion was John Johnston. 
 
 JOHNSTON, LEWIS. Residence unknown. Was banished and 
 attainted, and his estate confiscated. In 1794 he represented 
 to the British government, by his attorney, John Irvine, 
 Esquire, that, at the time of his banishment, several large 
 debts were due to him in America, which he had not been able 
 to recover. It appears to have been conceded that the confis 
 cation acts did not embrace sums of money owing to proscribed 
 Loyalists, though many of them found great difficulty in en 
 forcing payment. 
 
 JOHNSTON, THOMAS and JOHN. Residence unknown. Thomas 
 died at Frederickton, New Brunswick, in 1799 ; and John, in 
 the county of Westmoreland, New Brunswick, in 1803. 
 
 JOHNSTON, WILLIAM. Of Georgia. Was an ensign in the 
 Georgia Loyalists, and adjutant of the corps. 
 
 JOHNSTON, WILLIAM M. and ALEXANDER. Residence unknown. 
 William M. was a captain, and Alexander a lieutenant, in the 
 New York Volunteers. 
 
 JOHONNET, PETER. Distiller, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775; was proscribed and banished in 1778. He 
 went to Halifax in 1776, thence to England, and was a Loy 
 alist Addresser of the king in 1779. He died at London in 
 1809. 
 
 JOICE, ISAAC. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 JONES, CALEB. He served under the crown, and in 1782 was 
 a captain in the Maryland Loyalists. He went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 He received half-pay. Elisabeth, his wife, died at St. John in 
 1812, aged sixty-eight. 
 
 JONES, ISAAC. Of Weston, Massachusetts. Innholder and 
 trader. In January, 1775, the Whig Convention of Worcester 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 403 
 
 County denounced him in the following terms. " Resolved, 
 That it be earnestly recommended to all the inhabitants of 
 this County, not to have any commercial connections with 
 Isaac Jones, but to shun his house and person, and to treat 
 him with the contempt he deserves ; and should any persons 
 in this County be so lost to a sense of their duty, after this 
 recommendation, as to have any commercial connections with 
 the said Tories, we do advise the inhabitants of this County 
 to treat such persons with the utmost neglect." He died at 
 Weston in 1813, at the age of eighty-five. 
 
 JONES, JOSIAH. Physician, of Weston, Massachusetts. He 
 joined the British army at Boston soon after the battle of Lex 
 ington in 1775, and was sent by General Gage, in the sloop 
 Polly, to Nova Scotia, to procure hay and other articles for the 
 use of the troops. On the passage he was made prisoner, and 
 sent by the Committee of Arundel, Maine, to the Provincial 
 Congress ; and after due investigation of his case by a com 
 mittee of that body, he was committed to jail at Concord. 
 Obtaining release after some months imprisonment, he again 
 joined the royal forces, and received an appointment in the 
 commissary department. In 1752 he went to Annapolis, 
 Nova Scotia, where he settled. He made a voyage to Eng 
 land to obtain half-pay, and was successful. He was senior 
 Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the County of An 
 napolis many years. He died in 1825 at Annapolis, aged 
 eighty ; and Margaret Jude. his widow, died at Digby, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1828, at the age of eighty-four. Four children sur 
 vived him, namely, Stephen, who resides in Canada ; Charlotte, 
 the wife of Doctor Thomas White, of Westport, Nova Scotia ; 
 Charles, a merchant of Halifax ; and Edward, a merchant of 
 Westport. His property in Massachusetts was confiscated. 
 Doctor Jones was a man of good powers, and of a cultivated 
 mind. His family retain the impression that he was educated 
 at Harvard University, but his name does not appear on the 
 catalogue of graduates. 
 
 JONES, SAMUEL. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
404 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 JONES, SIMEON. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the King s 
 American Dragoons. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and received the grant of a city lot in 1784. He 
 removed to Nova Scotia, and died at Weymouth in 1823, at 
 the age of seventy-two. He received half-pay. A Loyalist 
 of this name, who was Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas 
 of the County of Cheshire, was proscribed and banished in 
 New Hampshire, in 1778. 
 
 JONES, STEPHEN. He accepted a commission under the 
 crown, and was an officer in the King s American Dragoons. 
 He settled in Nova Scotia at the close of the contest, and at 
 his decease, was the oldest magistrate of the County of An 
 napolis. His father was Colonel Elisha Jones, and he was 
 the last survivor of fourteen sons. He died at Weymouth in 
 1830, aged seventy-six. 
 
 JONES, THOMAS. Of New York. By his marriage of a 
 daughter of Lieutenant Governor James De Lancey, and a 
 sister of the wife of the celebrated Sir William Draper, he 
 became connected also with the families of Sir Peter Warren 
 of the British navy, and of Sir William Johnson of New 
 York. At the Revolutionary era, he was a Judge of the 
 Supreme Court, and in consequence of his adherence to the 
 royal cause, lost his estate under the confiscation act. In 
 1779, in retaliation for the capture of General Silliman by 
 Glover and others, a party of Whigs determined to seize upon 
 Judge Jones at his seat on Long Island. Twenty-five volun 
 teered for the purpose under command of Captain Daniel 
 Hawley, of Newficld (now Bridgeport), Connecticut. Hawley 
 and his associates crossed the Sound on the night of Novem 
 ber 4th, and reached Judge Jones s house a distance of fifty- 
 two miles on the evening of the 6th. There was a ball, 
 and the music and dancing prevented an alarm. The Judge 
 was standing in his entry when the assailants opened the 
 door, and was taken prisoner and borne off. A party of royal 
 soldiers was near, and Jones in passing, hemmed very loud to 
 attract their attention. Hawley told him not to repeat the 
 sound, but he disobeyed, and was threatened with death, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 405 
 
 unless he desisted from further endeavors to induce the sol 
 diers to come to his rescue. Though six of the Whigs were 
 captured by a troop of horse, the remainder of the party car 
 ried their prisoner safely to Connecticut. The lady of General 
 Silliman invited the Judge to breakfast, and he not only 
 accepted of her hospitality for the morning, but continued her 
 guest for several days. But he remained gloomy, distant, and 
 reserved. In May, 1780, the object of his seizure was accom 
 plished ; the British commander having, at that tinre, con 
 sented to give up General Silliman and his son, in exchange 
 for the Judge and a Mr. Hewlett, the Whigs, however, 
 throwing in as a sort of make-weight, one Washburn, a Tory 
 of infamous character. Judge Jones retired to England, and 
 there passed the remainder of his life, and, as it is believed, in 
 retirement. 
 
 JONES. Loyalists of this name were numerous ; in addition 
 to the above, some were as follows : 
 
 JONES. David, tavern-keeper and constable, of Philadel 
 phia ; Jesse, of Bensalem, County of Bucks ; Jonathan, and 
 Edward, of Hilston, were severally ordered, in 1778, to sur 
 render themselves for trial, or stand attainted of treason. 
 Abel, of Pennsylvania, was tried in 1778 for supplying the 
 royal forces with money, for trading with them, and for buy 
 ing and passing counterfeit and continental money. He was 
 found guilty, and sentenced to receive one hundred lashes on 
 his bare back, to be sent to some public place in Pennsylvania, 
 and to be kept at hard labor during the war. 
 
 JONES, DAVID. Of Connecticut. Suffered much at the hands 
 of the Sons of Liberty, in 1775; and the Reverend Doctor Peters 
 of Hebron, in a letter to his mother, recommended that he 
 u should draught a narrative of his woes," to be sent to him 
 at Boston. This, as I suppose, was the David Jones who 
 entered the royal service, and was a captain. If so, he was 
 to have married the beautiful Jane McCrea, whose cruel death 
 in 1777, by the Indians whom he sent to convey her to the 
 British camp, is universally known and lamented. Captain 
 Jones survived her but a few years, and is supposed to have 
 died of grief for her loss. 
 
406 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 JONES, ELISHA. Of Pittsneld, Massachusetts. Was committed 
 to the jail at Northampton in 1775, on the charge of holding 
 improper communications with General Gage at Boston ; and 
 in 1778 was proscribed and banished. Ephraim and Jonas, 
 of East Hoosuck, were also included in the banishment act. 
 
 JONES, JOSEPH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 JONES, OWEN, Junior. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was 
 apprehended and ordered to Virginia, as a prisoner of the 
 Whigs. In 1775, a person who was styled Owen Jones, 
 Esquire, was Provincial Treasurer, with a salary of 300 : 
 
 JONES, . Of Ridgefield, Connecticut. Was executed by 
 
 General Putnam in 1779, at a place called Gallows Hill. The 
 scene is described as shocking. " The man on whom the duty 
 of hangman devolved left the camp, and on the day of execu 
 tion could not be found. A couple of boys, about the age of 
 twelve years, were ordered by General Putnam to perform the 
 duties of the absconding hangman. The gallows was about 
 twenty feet from the ground. Jones was compelled to ascend 
 the ladder, and the rope around his neck was attached to the 
 cross beam. General Putnam then ordered Jones to jump from 
 the ladder. i No, General Putnam, said Jones, I am inno 
 cent of the crime laid to my charge ; I shall not do it. Put 
 nam then ordered the boys before mentioned to turn the ladder 
 over. These boys were deeply affected with the trying scene ; 
 they cried and sobbed loudly, and earnestly entreated to be 
 excused from doing anything on this distressing occasion. 
 Putnam, drawing his sword, ordered them forward, and com 
 pelled them at the sword s point to obey his orders." 
 
 JONES. Seven in Queen s County, New York, acknowledged 
 allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : Nicholas, Peter, Samuel, 
 William, David, John, and Walter. Nicholas Jones had sign 
 ed a Declaration of loyalty the year before. 
 
 JONES. Residence unknown. A Captain Jones commanded 
 a small Tory Privateer, and was a man of violence and cruelty. 
 Laurence Jones was an ensign in the New York Volunteers; 
 and William, a lieutenant in the King s Rangers, Carolina. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 407 
 
 Samuel, a lieutenant in the king s service, (and probably of 
 Westchester County, New York) ; and Naaham, were grantees 
 of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783 ; and last, Edward Jones, 
 who settled in New Brunswick at the peace, died at Spoon 
 Island in that Colony, 1831, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 JORDAN, JOHN, FRANCIS, and JAMES. Removed to New 
 Brunswick in 1783. John and Francis were grantees of St. 
 John. James died in that city in 1846, aged eighty-five 
 years. 
 
 JOSTLIN, ANDREW. Of Rhode Island. Arrived at St, John, 
 New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 JOUETTE or JEWETT, ZENOPHON. Of New Jersey. In 1782 
 he was an ensign in the First Battalion of New Jersey Volun 
 teers. He settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. 
 In 1792 he held the office of sheriff of York County. He 
 relinquished the post during the war of 1812, and was at 
 tached to a regiment raised in that Colony. He was gentle 
 man usher of the black rod to the Council many years. He 
 died at St. John in 1843. 
 
 JOY, JOHN. House- wright, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. In 1776 he went 
 to Halifax, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. In 
 1779 he was in England. 
 
 JUDD. Samuel Judd, and his son Samuel ; Jonathan Judd, 
 and William Judd, of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Mem 
 bers of the Reading Association. 
 
 JUDSON, CHAPMAN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was grantee of a city lot. He received an 
 appointment in the ordnance department. He died at St. 
 John in 1817, at the age of sixty-six. 
 
 JUDSON, JOSEPH. Of Delaware. Was proscribed by statute 
 in 1778. 
 
 JULIN, G. Of South Carolina. Estate confiscated. 
 
 KANE, BARNARD. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. He entered the ser 
 vice of the crown, and was a captain in the New York Vol 
 unteers. 
 
408 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 KANE, JOHN. Of New York. His property was confiscated. 
 
 KEAN, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. He was adjutant of the 
 Pennsylvania Loyalists, and settled in New Brunswick after 
 the corps was disbanded. Ann, his widow, died at St. John 
 in 1820, aged sixty-four. 
 
 KEARNEY, FRANCIS. In 1782 he was major of the Pennsyl 
 vania Loyalists under Allen. 
 
 KEARNEY, MICHAEL. In 1782 he was searcher in the Super 
 intendent Department, established at New York in 1777 by 
 Sir William Howe. 
 
 KEARSLEY, Doctor . Of Philadelphia. A man of ardent 
 
 feelings ; his zealous attachment to the royal cause, and his 
 impetuous temper, made him obnoxious to those whose acts 
 he opposed. He was seized at his own house, tarred and 
 feathered, and carted through the streets to the tune of the 
 Rogue s March. 
 
 KEECH, ROBERT. Of New York. Died in Dorchester, New 
 Brunswick, in 1842, at the age of eighty-three. 
 
 KEED, ISAAC. Of Westchester County, New York. A Pro 
 tester at White Plains. 
 
 KEEFE, DANIEL. At the peace he was grantee of the city of 
 St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 KELLOCK, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was surgeon of the 
 Queen s Rangers. 
 
 KELLOGG, EZRA. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A mem 
 ber of the Association at Reading. 
 
 KELLY. Waldron Kelly was a captain in the Royal Garri 
 son Battalion. John Kelley died at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1827, at the age of eighty-one. William Kelly died at the 
 same place the previous year, aged seventy-four. John was 
 blind for sixteen years. 
 
 KEMPE, JOHN TABOR. Of New York. He was Attorney- 
 general of the Colony, and considered to be in office in 1782. 
 His property was confiscated. The wife of Francis Lewis, a 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence, having fallen into 
 the hands of the enemy, and the wife of Mr. Kempe having 
 become a prisoner of the Whigs, an exchange was effected 
 towards the close of 1776. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 409 
 
 KENAN, FELIX. Of North Carolina. A man of whom it 
 was pithily said " he had not the independence to be a Tory, 
 or the honesty to be a Whig." Thousands, in different parts 
 of the country, were as like him as possible. 
 
 KENDELE, ANTHONY. In 1782 he was an officer in the Super 
 intendent Department established at New York. 
 
 KENDRICK, THOMAS. He died on the Island of Campo Bello. 
 New Brunswick, in 1821, aged seventy-two. 
 
 KENEN, L. A captain of cavalry in the South Carolina 
 Royalists. 
 
 KENNARD, JOSEPH. Of Plumstead, Pennsylvania. Ordered 
 in 1778 in Council, that he surrender and be tried for treason, 
 or that he stand attainted. 
 
 KENNEDY, DENNIS. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains, April, 1775. ; A Captain Kennedy 
 and wife, of New York, went to England, and were there in 
 1785. 
 
 KENNEDY, PATRICK. Accepted a commission under the 
 crown, and in 1782 was a captain in the Maryland Loyalists. 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was 
 a grantee of that city. He received half-pay. 
 
 KENNEDY, WILLIAM. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1814, aged fifty-one. 
 
 KENNEY, WILLIAM. At the peace he was a grantee of the 
 city of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 KENNISON, JUDE. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 KENT, BENJAMIN. Of Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1727. He was minister at Marlborough for a 
 short time ; but entered upon the profession of the law, and 
 established himself at Boston. He was a Whig, it appears, 
 for awhile, and his name is to be found among those of Sam 
 uel Adams, Gushing, Warren, Hancock, and other prominent 
 leaders of the patriot band. A Refugee ; he died at Halifax, 
 Nova Scotia, in 1788, at an advanced age. He was eccentric, 
 and a wit. His conduct as a clergyman is said to have been 
 
 35 
 
 if * 
 
 /VW jv+Si.. x. Jl+-f)t 
 
410 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 unclerical and humorous. Elisabeth, his widow, died at Hali 
 fax in 1802. 
 
 KENT, STEPHEN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, was a grantee of that city, and died there in 1828, aged 
 eighty. 
 
 KERR, CCORGE. In 1782 he was a captain in De Lancey s 
 First Battalion. 
 
 KERR, JAMES. He accepted a commission under the crown, 
 and was a captain in the Queen s Rangers. The corps was 
 disbanded at the close of the war, when he retired on half- 
 pay. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a 
 grantee of that city ; but removed to King s County, Nova 
 Scotia, where he settled, and was a colonel in the militia. 
 Colonel Kerr died at Amherst, Nova Scotia, in 1830, at the age 
 of seventy-six. Eliza, his widow, died at Corn wall is, Nova 
 Scotia, 1840, aged seventy-four. Three sons and a daughter 
 preceded him, but twelve children survived him. 
 
 KERR, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 KETCHAM, ISAAC. Of New York. Died in King s County, 
 New Brunswick, in 1820, aged sixty-four. His widow died 
 in 1821, at the age of fifty-four. 
 
 KEY, PHILIP BARTON. In 1782 he was a captain in the 
 Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 KING, EDWARD. A Sandemanian, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs. 
 Embarked for Halifax with the king s army in 1776. Samuel, 
 also of Boston, accompanied him, and died at Halifax in 1822. 
 at the age of seventy-one. 
 
 KING, JOSEPH. Of Path Valley, Pennsylvania. Was or 
 dered by the Executive Council to surrender himself for trial, 
 or stand attainted. 
 
 KING, COLONEL RICHARD. Of South Carolina. Held an office 
 under the crown after the fall of Charleston, but died before 
 the peace. His estate in the possession of his heirs was con 
 fiscated. 
 
 KING. Residence unknown. James, in 1782, was a captain 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 411 
 
 in the Second American Regiment. Daniel settled in St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, but removed from that city in 1803. 
 William, clerk in the royal engineer department, died at Fred- 
 ericton, New Brunswick, in 1804. And John died at the 
 same place, 1814, aged forty-five. 
 
 KINGSBY, ZEPH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; also a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 KINLOCK, CLELAND. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 KIPP, SAMUEL. Of New York. A captain in De Lancey s 
 Loyal Refugee Cavalry. In charging a body of Whigs, in 
 1781, he was wounded by a bayonet, and his horse was killed. 
 
 KIPP, THOMAS. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknow 
 ledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 KIRBY, DANIEL and THOMAS. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 KIRKHAM, HUGH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 KIRKLAND, MOSES. Of South Carolina. A man "whose 
 vanity and ambition had not been sufficiently gratified by his 
 countrymen." Early in the contest he was employed by Stu 
 art, the Indian Agent of the British authorities with the Chero- 
 kees and Creeks, to concert measures with General Gage for 
 an attack on the Southern States. The plan appears to have 
 been, for the royal forces to operate by sea, and the savages by 
 land. Kirkland was captured on his voyage to Boston, his 
 papers were seized, and the plot fully discovered. After the 
 surrender of Charleston, in 1780, he held a royal commission. 
 In 1782 his estate was confiscated. Kirkland, at the outset, 
 was considered to be a Whig, and his disaffection is said to 
 have arisen from his being " overlooked by the Provincial 
 Congress in the military appointments." He changed sides in 
 the affair with the Cunninghams, July, 1775. At the time of 
 his desertion he commanded a troop of Rangers, who followed 
 him to a man, and by his influence others in the Whig service 
 
412 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 joined the royal party. A short time before his defection, 
 Kirkland was placed upon an important standing committee 
 raised by the Provincial Congress to act throughout the Colony. 
 
 KISSAM. Five persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Joseph, John, Daniel the 3d, D. W., and Daniel. In 1780, 
 Daniel Kissam, Esquire, of that County, was an Addresser of 
 Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. The same year, Major Kissam 
 was an Addresser of Governor Robertson. In 1781, the Major 
 and his younger brother, Benjamin T. Kissam, were made 
 prisoners at the house of Justice Kissam, North Hempstead, 
 by a party of Whigs. Daniel Kissam was a member of the 
 Committee of Correspondence in 1774, and of the House of 
 Assembly in 1775 ; and one of the fourteen who in the latter 
 year addressed General Gage at Boston, on the subject of the 
 unhappy contest. In 1779, the property of Daniel Kissam 
 the elder was confiscated. 
 
 KITCHEN, THOMAS. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783. In 
 1799 he was murdered. 
 
 KITCHING, JAMES. Of Georgia. Was in England in 1779. 
 
 KNAP. Moses Knap, of Fairfield County, Connecticut ; and 
 Andrew, Jonathan, and David, of Reading ; were members of 
 the Reading Association. 
 
 KNAP, LIEUTENANT DANIEL. Of Westchester County. New 
 York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 KNEFFIN, JAMES. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 KNIGHT, SAMUEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 KNIGHT, THOMAS. Shop-keeper, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 KNOWLES, ISRAEL. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. He was 
 imprisoned for his offences, real or alleged, in February, 1778. 
 
 KNOWLES, S. Of Rhode Island. His estate was confiscated 
 previous to the peace, and by the act of October, 1783, he was 
 banished from the State, on pain of death if he returned. 
 
 KNOX, T. A petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia, July, 1783. 
 See Abijah Willard. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 413 
 
 KNOX, WILLIAM. Of Georgia. Went to England. After the 
 death of Sir James Wright, he was joint agent with Graham, 
 of the Georgia Loyalists, for prosecuting their claims to com 
 pensation for losses. He was in London in 1788. 
 
 KNOX, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was Secretary of New York. 
 
 KNUTTING, JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 KNUTTON, JOHN. Tallow-chandler, of Boston. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. John Knutton, a Loyalist, died 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1827, aged eighty-five ; and 
 his widow Margaret at the same place, in 1829, at the age of 
 seventy-two. They settled there in 1783, and he was a 
 grantee of the city. 
 
 KNUTTON, WILLIAM. Of Boston. A Protester in 1774. In 
 1783 he was at St. John, New Brunswick, and received a 
 grant of land in that city. 
 
 KOLLOCK, SIMON. He entered the king s service, and in 1782 
 was a captain in the Loyal American Regiment. He settled 
 in Nova Scotia. His wife, Ann Catharine, died in 1845, at 
 the advanced age of ninety-seven. Simon Kollock, Junior, of 
 Sussex County, Delaware, was proscribed under the act of 
 1778; perhaps the same. 
 
 LACY, STEPHEN. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 LAENSBERRY, LIEUTENANT W. Of Westchester County, New 
 York. He was one of the Protesters at White Plains, April, 
 1775, against Whig Congresses and Committees. 
 
 LAFFEN, MICHAEL. A lieutenant in De Lancey s Third Bat 
 talion. 
 
 LAFFERTY, BRYAN. Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions, 
 Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New York. In 1775 he 
 signed a loyal Declaration and expressed his abhorrence of the 
 conduct of the Whigs. 
 
 LAMB, WALTER. Of North Carolina. In December, 1775, 
 he was brought before the Council by a zealous Whig, who 
 prayed that he might receive condign punishment. But the 
 35* 
 
414 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 judgment of the Council was, that the Whig should keep 
 Lamb, and produce him for trial before the Committee of 
 Safety for the District of Halifax. 
 
 LAMBDEN, THOMAS. Of Worcester County, Maryland. The 
 Committee of that County published him as an enemy to his 
 country, June, 1775. It appears that he was Crier of the 
 Court. The proof against him was, that he had declared, 
 "all those who took up arms, or exercised agreeably to the 
 Resolves of the Provincial Convention at Annapolis, were 
 rebels," and that, in conversation relative to a quantity of salt 
 which the Committee at Baltimore had thrown into the water, 
 
 he had said, " the Committee were a parcel of d d rascals, 
 
 and would not be easy until some of them were hanged up. 7 
 
 LAMBERSON, or LAMBERTSON. Of the Lambersons of Jamaica, 
 New York, John and his son John, Teunis, Waters, Cornelius, 
 Matthias, and Nicholas junior, signed a Declaration of loyalty 
 in 1775. In October, 1775, Waters, David, Simon, and John, 
 all of Queen s County, signed an acknowledgment of allegiance 
 addressed to Lord Richard and General William Howe. John 
 Lamberson was appointed a trustee, in 1777, to provide neces 
 saries for the use of the hospital and guard house at Jamaica, 
 New York. 
 
 LAMBERT, GEORGE. Was a lieutenant in the Third Battalion 
 of New Jersey Yolunteers. 
 
 LAMBERT, PETER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LAMBTON, RICHARD. Deputy auditor general, of South Caro 
 lina. His estate was confiscated. 
 
 LANCASTER, JOHN. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. He went to England, and was in London 
 in July of that year. 
 
 LANCE, LAMBERT. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 LANE, EPHRAIM. Of Fairfield, Connecticut. He arrived at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the spring of 
 1783. 
 
 LARGIN, MICHAEL. Was a lieutenant of cavalry in the Brit 
 ish Legion, and adjutant of the corps. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 415 
 
 
 
 LASKY, ROBERT, Senior. Died in King s Comity, New 
 Brunswick, 1803, aged sixty-eight. 
 
 LATHAM, JOSEPH and SAMUEL Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 LATTEU, GARRET. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a 
 Declaration in 1775. 
 
 LATUFF, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LAUCKS, ADAM. A magistrate of Tryon, now Montgomery, 
 County, New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyal 
 attachment to the crown, and expressed his abhorrence of 
 Whig proceedings. 
 
 LAUGHTON, HENRY. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. He went to Halifax in 1776, and was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 LAWE, ROBERT. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 LAWLER, WILLIAM DIGBY. In 1782 he was adjutant of the 
 Queen s Rangers. 
 
 LAWLESS, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. Went to England. In 
 1771) he was a Loyalist Addresser of the king. 
 
 LAWRENCE, JOHN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He went to Upper Can 
 ada, and died there about the year 1820. 
 
 LAWRENCE. The following, of Queen s County, New York, 
 signed a Representation and Petition to Lord Richard and 
 General William Howe, acknowledging allegiance, October, 
 1776, namely : Abraham, Leonard, John, Silas, William 
 junior, Caleb, Stephen, Somerset, Robert, Jordan, Joseph, 
 Stephen junior, Daniel, Isaac, Thomas, Clarke, Joseph, Ja 
 cobus, Obadiah, Abraham. In April, 1779, Joseph and 
 Thomas Lawrence were Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Sterling, of the Forty-Second Regiment. A Colonel Law 
 rence commanded a corps of Loyalists ; and in 1777 was sur 
 prised at his own house, on Staten Island, and with several 
 officers, and about eighty privates, captured, and carried to 
 New Jersey. At this time he had just completed embodying 
 
416 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 
 
 a force. There was also a Captain Lawrence of New York, 
 who commanded a party of marauders. Richard Lawrence, 
 who was bom on Staten Island, settled in New Brunswick in 
 1783, and died at St. John, 1846, after a long and severe ill 
 ness, at the age of eighty-two. 
 
 LAWSON, LAWRENCE. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 LAWTON, ISAAC. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. He died 
 there, 1810, aged eighty. 
 
 LAWTON, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. Settled in New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and died at St. John in 1846, aged eighty-nine, 
 leaving a large circle of relatives and friends. 
 
 LAWTON, THOMAS. Of Rhode Island. Was a grantee of St. 
 John, New Brunswick, and died there in 1803. 
 
 LAWTON, WILLIAM. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 LAYNE, JOHN. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of the 
 Association. 
 
 LAYTON, JAMES. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 LAYTON, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LAZARUS, SAMUEL. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army, for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 LEAKE, ROBERT. Of New York. His property was confis 
 cated. 
 
 LEAVENS, JOSEPH. He was an early settler of Canada, an 
 emigrant from New York, and, as I suppose, a Loyalist. He 
 was long a preacher of the Society of Friends, and was highly 
 beloved. He died at Hallowell, Canada West, May, 1844, 
 aged ninety-two. 
 
 LECHMERE, RICHARD. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774 ; was appointed Mandamus Councillor, but did 
 not qualify ; was proscribed and banished in 1778, and in 
 cluded in the conspiracy act of 1779. He went to Halifax in 
 1776, and thence to England. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 417 
 
 LEDDLE, HENRY. Book-keeper, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. He went to Halifax in 1776, and was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Judge of 
 Common Pleas for the County of Middlesex, and Mandamus 
 Councillor ; died at Cambridge. December, 1802, at the age of 
 ninety-three years. Though a Loyalist, he was not warm in 
 his political sentiments, and escaped particular notice from the 
 Sons of Liberty. Of the thirty-six gentlemen appointed to the 
 Council, by mandamus, only ten were sworn in; of whom 
 Mr. Lee was one ; but he found it prudent to resign the office. 
 He was a graduate of Harvard University, and a member of 
 the class of 1729. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH and JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. 
 Were Addressers of Hutchinson in 1774. Henry, of Boston, 
 was a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 LEE, ENOS, JOHN, WILLIAM, NATHANIEL, and SILAS. Of Fair- 
 field County, Connecticut. Were members of the Reading 
 Association. 
 
 LEE, JOSEPH and GEORGE. Of New Jersey. Joseph was a 
 captain, and George an ensign, in the Second Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 LEE, NEHEMIAH. Residence unknown. Died at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1804. Joseph Lee, a Loyalist, and pro 
 bably from New Jersey, was a magistrate, County of York, 
 New Brunswick, in 1792. 
 
 LEE, RICHARD. Of Maryland. Went to England. He was 
 in London, July, 1779. 
 
 LEE, SAMUEL. He entered the military service, and was an 
 officer. After the Revolution he retired to New Brunswick, 
 received half-pay, and filled several public stations. He died 
 at or near Fredericton. Sarah, his widow, died at Roxbury, 
 Massachusetts, in 1831. 
 
 LEESH, GEORGE. Of Boston. A Protester against the Whigs 
 in 1774. 
 
 LEFFERTS, JOSEPH and ISAAC. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
418 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 LEGGE, BENJAMIN. Of South Carolina. Held an office un 
 der the crown after the fall of Charleston. He was banished, 
 and lost his estate under the confiscation act. 
 
 LEGGE, EDWARD, Junior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton. Was banished, and 
 lost his estate under the confiscation act. 
 
 LEGGE, EDWARD, Senior. Of South Carolina. Was fined 
 twelve per cent, of the value of his property in 1782. 
 
 LEGGETT, JOHN. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 LEGGETT, JOHN. Of North Carolina. In 1779 his property 
 was confiscated. In 1782 he was a captain in the North Car 
 olina Volunteers. 
 
 LEIGH, SIR EGERTON, Baronet. Of South Carolina. He 
 was Attorney-general, Surveyor-general, and a member of 
 the Council of that Colony. Before the Revolution, he was 
 created a baronet. His father was a Chief Justice of South 
 Carolina. His second wife was the daughter of Henry Lau- 
 rens, a distinguished Whig, who was President of Congress, 
 commissioner to Holland, and a commissioner with Franklin, 
 Adams, and Jay, for negotiating a peace at Paris. 
 
 LENTHWAIT, WILLIAM. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1783. 
 
 LEONARD, DANIEL. Of Taunton, Massachusetts. Gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1760, and died in London, June, 
 1829, aged eighty-nine years. He was bred to the law. He 
 became a member of the General Court, and a political writer 
 of merit. In 1774 he was one of the barristers and attornies 
 who were Addressers of Hutchinson, and the same year was 
 appointed a Mandamus Councillor, but was not sworn into 
 office. Bullets were fired into his house by a mob, and he 
 took refuge in Boston. In 1776 he accompanied the British 
 army to Halifax. He was included in the banishment act of 
 1778, and in the conspiracy act of ] 779. After leaving America, 
 he was Chief Justice of the Bermudas. A series of papers 
 signed " Massachusettensis," which John Adams, as " Novan- 
 glus," answered, were for a long time attributed to Jonathan 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 419 
 
 Sewall. but it is now well ascertained that they were written 
 by Mr. Leonard. " Massachusettensis" bear dates between 
 December, 1774, and April, 1775 ; " Novanglus," between 
 January and April, 1775. Both were reprinted in 1819, with, 
 a preface by Mr. Adams, and some other letters. 
 
 LEONARD, GEORGE. Of Massachusetts. He settled in New 
 Brunswick in 1783, and was much employed in public affairs. 
 The year of his arrival, he was appointed one of the agents of 
 government to locate lands granted to Loyalists, and was soon 
 after made a member of the Council of the Colony, and com 
 missioned as a colonel in the militia. He died at Sussex Vale 
 in 1826, at an old age. Sarah, his consort, preceded him a 
 year, aged eighty-one. His daughter Caroline married R. 
 M. Jarvis, Esquire, in 1805 ; and his daughter Maria married 
 Lieutenant Gustavus R. H. M. Rochfort, of the Royal Navy, 
 in 1814. His son, Colonel Richard Leonard, of the 104th 
 Regiment of the British Army, and sheriff of the District of 
 Niagara, died at Lundly s Lane, Upper Canada, in 1833. 
 
 LEONARD, GEORGE, Junior. Son of George Leonard. He 
 was a grantee of the city of St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 removed there with his father in 1783. He was bred to the 
 law, and devoted himself to his profession. He died at Sus 
 sex Vale in 1818. 
 
 LEONARD, GEORGE. A miller, of Boston. Was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to 
 Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 LEONARD, GEORGE. Of New York. He entered the royal 
 army, and was a sergeant. He emigrated to New Brunswick 
 at the peace, and died at Deer Island in that Colony in 1829, 
 aged seventy-two. His descendants are numerous. 
 
 LEONARD, JEREMIAH. Of Massachusetts. Was a member of 
 the General Court in 1773, and was one of the four who voted 
 against the resolves of Mr. Adams, which declared that an 
 union of the Colonies was necessary to resist the systematic 
 attempts of the ministry to invade their rights and liberties. 
 
 LEONARD, SAMUEL. Was a captain in the First Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers ; and John Leonard was an ensign in 
 the Second Battalion of the same corps. 
 
420 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 LEONARD, THOMAS. Of Freehold, Monmouth County, New- 
 Jersey. In April, 1775, the Whig Committee of Inspection 
 averred, that " every friend to true freedom ought immediately 
 to break off all connexion and dealings with him, and treat him 
 as a foe to the rights of America." He settled in St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and was a grantee of the city. 
 
 LESSENCE, ISAAC. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LEVERICH. In 1776, John and W. professed loyalty and 
 allegiance. In 1779, John and Samuel were Addressers of 
 Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. All of Queen s County, New 
 York. 
 
 LEWIS, CAPTAIN . He commanded a band of Loyalists. 
 
 Towards the close of the war, he and Colonel Peter Horry, of 
 Marion s corps, met in deadly conflict. Lewis was armed 
 with a musket, while the Whig officer s only weapon was a 
 small sword. When in the act of firing at Horry, Lewis was 
 shot from the woods by a boy of the name of Gwin, and fell 
 dead from his horse. 
 
 LEWIS, CURTIS. Of Chester County, Pennsylvania. His 
 estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 LEWIS, JOHN. An officer of the Customs, at Boston. Em 
 barked with the royal army for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 LEWIS, THOMAS. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was an 
 Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 LEWIS, WAITSTILL. Residence unknown. Died at Yarmouth, 
 Nova Scotia, in 1838, aged eighty-three. 
 
 LEWIS, WILLIAM. Residence unknown. Was a grantee of 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 LEYDICK, GODFREY. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. In 
 1792 he was sergeant at arms of the House of Assembly. 
 
 LEYDICKER, SAMUEL. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1783. 
 
 LIBER, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LIGHTFOOT, RICHARD. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1783. He became a merchant. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 421 
 
 LIGHTLY, WILLIAM. Probably an inhabitant of Connecticut. 
 In 1775 he was employed by Joshua Winslow, Esquire, a dis 
 tinguished Loyalist of Boston, to proceed in the Brigantine 
 Nancy from Stonington to New York, and thence, as was 
 supposed, to Boston, with a cargo of molasses. The Pro 
 vincial Congress of Massachusetts addressed Governor Trtim- 
 bull of Connecticut on the subject, and suggested the propriety 
 of detaining both vessel and merchandise, " rather than to 
 suifer them to fall into the hands of General Gage, when they 
 would be improved to the support of our enemies." At this 
 time (July 12, 1775) Lightly had been seized, was then in 
 custody, and ordered to be committed to jail at Concord, Mas 
 sachusetts. From a letter of Governor Trumbull to Washing 
 ton, at a subsequent period, it appears that the vessel and 
 molasses were removed to Norwich, and placed in the care of 
 the Committee of Inspection and Correspondence. This inci 
 dent, besides introducing the name of Lightly, will serve to 
 show the manner of disposing of the property of Loyalists. 
 
 LIGHTON, JOHN. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, 1822, 
 aged seventy. 
 
 LILLIE, THEOPHILUS. Merchant, of Boston. He was one of 
 those denounced as Importers, contrary to the non-importation 
 agreement, made by two hundred and eleven merchants and 
 traders in 1768, and renewed by the principal part of that 
 number in 1 770. On the 22d of February, of the last named 
 year, some persons erected near his store a large wooden head, 
 fixed on a pole, on which the faces of several Importers were 
 carved. One Richardson, who was regarded as an Informer, 
 endeavored to persuade some countrymen with teams to run 
 the post down, but they, understanding the nature of the 
 pageantry, declined. Richardson foolishly attempted to pos 
 sess himself of the teams, when a crowd of boys pelted him, 
 and drove him into his house. A multitude gathered, noise, 
 angry words, and the throwing of stones followed ; and Rich 
 ardson, finally, discharged one musket from his door, and 
 another from his window. Christopher Snider, a boy of eleven, 
 received a mortal wound in his breast, and was the first mar- 
 36 
 
422 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 tyr of liberty. He was buried on the 26th ; four or five hun 
 dred schoolboys, in couples, preceding his remains ; six of his 
 playfellows supporting his pall; his relatives, about thirteen 
 hundred of the inhabitants, and thirty chariots and chaises, 
 following in procession. From this imposing funeral until 
 March 5th, Boston was in a state of commotion, and on the 
 evening of that day occurred the affray between the people 
 and the soldiers, which is known as the Boston Massacre. 
 Liilie was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774 ; and went to 
 Halifax in 1776, at the evacuation. 
 
 LINDALL, HENRY. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 
 LINDER, JOHN, Senior. Of South Carolina. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 LINDER, JOHN, Junior. Of South Carolina. In commission 
 under the crown, after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 LINDSEY, CHARLES STEWART. In 1782 he was captain of in 
 fantry in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 LINDSEY, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; also a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 LINKLETTER, ALEXANDER. Embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 LINN, JOHN. He was a native of Maryland, but emigrated 
 to New Jersey about sixty years prior to his death, and died 
 at Belvedere in that State, June 28, 1841, aged one hundred 
 and eight years. He remembered the boyhood of Washing 
 ton ; but in consequence of his political attachments, was not 
 fond of speaking of the events of the Revolution. He was a 
 carpenter, and, when a young man, assisted in building a log 
 Court House near the site of the city of Washington. 
 
 LINT, or LENT, JACOBUS, ABRAHAM, and DANIEL. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 The names of Jacob and Abraham Lent appear on an Address 
 to Lieutenant Colonel Sterling of the Forty-second Regiment, 
 April, 1779. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 423 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, RICHARD. A captain in the service of the crown. 
 He murdered the Whig captain Joshua Huddy, and obtained 
 an infamous and general notoriety for the deed, both in Amer 
 ica and Europe. In March, 1782, the Whigs had made a 
 Tory prisoner, of the name of Philip White, and while con 
 veying him to camp, he attempted to escape ; though warned 
 to stop, he continued to run, until he was cut down. Soon 
 after, Lippincott was sent by the Board of Loyalists at New 
 York to Middleton-point, or Sandy Hook, with Huddy and 
 two other prisoners, where he was directed to exchange them. 
 Orrhis return, he reported that he had exchanged the two as 
 he was ordered, and that " Huddy had been exchanged for 
 Philip White; " when in fact he had hung Huddy in retalia 
 tion, and of his own authority, on a tree on the Jersey shore. 
 Washington immediately demanded of Sir Henry Clinton that 
 Lippincott should be surrendered, but the Board of Loyalists 
 interposed, and the demand was refused. Washington then 
 determined to retaliate on a prisoner in his possession, and se 
 lected by lot, captain Asgill, of the guards, the heir and hope 
 of an ancient family of England, and fixed the time for his 
 execution. Asgill s mother, on learning the condition of her 
 son, implored Vergennes, the French minister, to interfere to 
 save him. Her pathetic appeal was published, and excited 
 sympathy throughout England and France. The unfortunate 
 youth was finally released by order of Congress, and lived to 
 become Sir Charles Asgill, and a general in the British army ; 
 he died in 1823, aged seventy. The fate of Lippincott is un 
 known ; but after Washington had failed in his application to 
 Clinton, Captain Hyler, a famed partisan leader in nautical 
 adventures, projected an enterprise to capture him. On inquiry, 
 Hyler ascertained that Lippincott resided in a well-known 
 house in Broad Street, New York, and in disguise, proceeded 
 to the city in the night, and leaving his boat at Whitehall in 
 charge of his men, went directly to the miscreant s abode, but 
 he was absent, "and gone to a cock-pit." Hyler, not to be 
 foiled entirely, went on board of a sloop at anchor off the Bat 
 tery, cut her cables, hoisted her sails, and by day-light, had 
 
424 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 carried her to Elizabethtown, and landed her cargo, which 
 consisted of forty hogsheads of rum. 
 
 LISTER, BENJAMIN. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in De Lan- 
 cey s Second Battalion. He settled in New Brunswick at the 
 close of the war, and in 1784 a lot was granted to him in the 
 city of St. John. In the winter of 1803, while travelling in 
 a sleigh on the ice, he broke through and was drowned. He 
 received half-pay. 
 
 LISTER, THOMAS. He entered the military service of the 
 crown, and in 1782 was a captain in De Lancey s Third Bat* 
 talion. At the peace he settled in New Brunswick, and was 
 a major in the militia. After a residence of some years in 
 that Colony, he returned to the United States. He received 
 half-pay. 
 
 LITHGOW, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LITTLE, JAMES. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 ordered, that failing to appear and be tried for treason, he 
 should stand attainted. 
 
 LITTLE, STEPHEN. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished by act of 1778. 
 
 LITTLE, . Of Massachusetts, and probably of Pitts- 
 field. In 1775 his conduct drew upon him the indignation of 
 the Whigs, and when a hue and cry was raised against him, 
 he fled to New York for safety. 
 
 LIVERMORE, JONATHAN. Of New Hampshire. He was born 
 in Northborough, Massachusetts, in 1739, and graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1760. In 1763 he was ordained at 
 Wilton. In 1777 he was dismissed from his people, in conse 
 quence of political differences. He died at Wilton in 1809, in 
 his eightieth year. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, HENRY. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of cavalry 
 in the South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 LIVINGSTON. Of New York. In the divisions of families, some 
 of this name adhered to the crown. John, junior, was seized 
 by the Whig Committee of Jamaica in 1776, and sent prisoner 
 to the city. Congress required that he should ask pardon of 
 the Committee, which he refused, when he was sent to jail. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 425 
 
 LIVINGSTON, GILBERT. Was a captain in Arnold s American 
 Legion. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, JOHN W. Entered the service, and in 1782 was 
 a captain in the King s American Regiment. 
 
 LIVINGSTON, PHILIP J. He gave notice in 1780 to " those 
 who have petitioned for houses and lands of persons in rebel 
 lion," to call on him at Hell Gate, " and receive answers to 
 their petitions." The object was, to relieve the loyal subjects 
 driven from their possessions, by dividing among them the 
 property of the rebels, in small lots, and in proportion to the 
 number of claimants from the destitute refugee families. In 
 1783 he was a petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah 
 Willard. 
 
 LIVIUS, PETER. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A mem 
 ber of the Council under the royal government ; was pro 
 scribed by the act of 1778, and died in England in 1795, 
 aged, it is supposed, about sixty-eight years. Of the members 
 of the Council of New Hampshire, in 1772, seven were rela 
 tives of the Governor. Having been left out of commission 
 as a Justice of the Common Pleas, on the division of the 
 province into Counties, when new appointments were made, 
 and dissenting from the views of the Council as to the dispo 
 sition of reserved lands in grants made by a former governor, 
 Livius went to England, and exhibited to the lords of trade, 
 several and serious charges against the administration of which 
 he was a member. These charges were rigidly investigated, 
 but were finally dismissed. Livius appears, however, to have 
 gained much popularity among those in New Hampshire who 
 were opposed to the governor, and who desired his removal ; 
 and was appointed, by their influence, Chief Justice of the 
 Province. But as it was thought that the appointment, under 
 the circumstances, was likely to produce discord, he was trans 
 ferred to a more lucrative office in the province of Quebec. 
 Livius was of foreign extraction, and, as would seem, a gen 
 tleman of strong feelings. He wrote to General John Sullivan 
 from Canada, to induce him to abandon the Whig cause. 
 The letter was published. Mr. Livius possessed a handsome 
 36* 
 
426 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 fortune. He was educated abroad, but received an honorary 
 degree from Harvard University in 1767. 
 
 LLOYD, HENRY. Of Boston. Agent of the contractors for 
 supplying the royal army ; was an Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 In 1776 he went to Halifax, and was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778. 
 
 LLOYD, HENRY. Of New York. Brother of James Lloyd. 
 He was born August 6, 1709. He was attainted, and in the 
 act is denominated, " Henry Lloyd, the elder, late of Massa 
 chusetts Bay." Some time after the confiscation of his estate, 
 his brother John purchased it of the commissioners of forfeit 
 ures. The Lloyds were ancient and extensive land owners, 
 the manor of Queen s Village; Long Island, having been in 
 possession of the family as early as 1679. 
 
 LLOYD, JAMES. Of Boston. He was born on Long Island 
 in 1728 ; was educated in Connecticut ; studied medicine for 
 a time in Boston ; attended the London hospitals two years ; 
 and, returning to Boston in 1752, obtained an extensive prac 
 tice. A moderate Loyalist, he remained in that town while 
 occupied by the British troops, zealously devoted to his profes 
 sion. In 1789 he went to England in order to obtain compen 
 sation for losses incurred in the Revolution, but would not 
 consent to become a British subject, nor express an intention 
 to become such, and was unsuccessful. He was an Episcopa 
 lian, and worshipped at Trinity Church. Of a noble mind, 
 he dispensed charity with a liberal hand, and professionally, 
 was extremely kind to those who were unable to pay for his 
 services. He died in 1810, aged eighty- two. He was an 
 Addresser of Gage in 1775, but seems not to have been mo 
 lested. His son, Honorable James Lloyd, was Senator to Con 
 gress from Massachusetts. 
 
 LLOYD, SAMUEL. Clerk of the Customs. Embarked at Bos 
 ton with the British army in 1776, for Halifax. 
 
 LOCKLIN, MARTIN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. In June, 
 1775, he was tarred and feathered, and carted through the 
 streets of that city. It is believed that he and Dealey, who 
 was his companion in this punishment, were the first victims 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 427 
 
 to tar and feathers in South Carolina. The Secret Committee 
 of Charleston was at this time composed of the most distin 
 guished Whigs, and they must from the circumstances 
 have permitted, if they did not directly authorize, the outrage. 
 
 LOCOOK, AARON. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished in 1782, 
 and his property was confiscated. He was a member of the 
 Provincial Congress in 1775, when his sympathies, very pro 
 bably, were with the Whigs. 
 
 LODER, JACOB. Died at Sheffield, New Brunswick, 1817, 
 aged seventy-one years. 
 
 LOFLAND, DORMAND. Sheriff of the County of Sussex, Del 
 aware. Unless he should surrender himself on or before the 
 1st of August, 1778, and abide a legal trial for treason, it was 
 enacted by a law of that year, that his estate would be for 
 feited. 
 
 LONGFELLOW, SAMUEL. Mariner, of Palmouth, now Portland, 
 Maine. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 LONGWORTH, ISAAC. One of the fifty-five Loyalists who 
 petitioned for lands in Nova Scotia in July, 1783. See Abijah 
 Willard. 
 
 LOOSEE, NICHOLAS. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a 
 Declaration in 1775* 
 
 LOOSLEY, CHARLES. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 LORD, CHARLES. He was at Halifax in July, 1776, a Loy 
 alist Refugee. 
 
 LORING, JOSHUA. Of Massachusetts. He was proscribed 
 and banished. He was in the king s service during some part 
 of the war, and a commissary of prisoners. The writers of 
 the time charge him with cruelties to the unfortunate Whigs, 
 of whom he had the care, that are beyond all example in civ 
 ilized countries. But it may not be easy to fix upon his 
 exact responsibility; yet a humane man could never have 
 been so unconditionally odious. He died in England in 1782. 
 
 LORING, JOSHUA, Junior. Merchant, of Dorchester, Massa 
 chusetts. An Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage 
 
428 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 in 1775. In 1776 he went to Halifax, and was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. 
 
 LORRAIN, WILLIAM. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. He died 
 there in 1803. 
 
 LOSEE, SIMON. Of Long Island, New York. He arrived 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in the ship Union, 
 in 1783. 
 
 LOTT. Signers of the Declaration at Jamaica, New York, 
 in 1775, were Abraham, Stephen, Johannes, and Jacob. Ste 
 phen, Johannes H., Jacob, and Abraham, of Queen s County, 
 acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. The loyalty of the 
 Lotts occasioned them no little trouble. In August, 1781, 
 some Whigs, in a whale boat, went to the residence of Colonel 
 Abraham Lott, from New Jersey, and robbed him of about 
 six thousand pounds, and carried off two slaves. The same 
 or another, and a similar lawless and inexcusable act, is re 
 lated as follows. The noted Captain Hyler surprised Colonel 
 Lott in his house at night, and himself and two of his negroes 
 were taken prisoners to New Brunswick. The Colonel had 
 been treasurer of New York, and a contractor for supplying 
 the ships of war, and was known to be rich ; and plunder was 
 the object of his Whig captors. They found some silver in a 
 cupboard, and in the course of their search, two bags which 
 they supposed contained guineas. After their departure, and 
 while going up the Raritan, they agreed to divide their booty; 
 but to their disappointment the bags were found to contain 
 only half-pennies, which belonged to the church at Flatlands. 
 Determined, however, to make the best of the exploit, Colonel 
 Lott was compelled to ransom his slaves, when he was himself 
 released, and permitted to return home. During the same 
 year, the house of Captain Lott, of Flatbush, was robbed of 
 a considerable sum in specie, by a party from New Jersey. 
 
 LOUGHBOROUGH, JOHN. Of the manor of Moorland, Penn 
 sylvania. The Council in 1778 ordered, that unless he surren 
 dered himself and submitted to be tried for treason, he should 
 stand attainted. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 429 
 
 LOVE, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LOVEBURY, JONATHAN. Of New York. In June of 1783 he 
 was preparing to embark for Nova Scotia. 
 
 LOVELACE, THOMAS. In 1781 he was found within the 
 American lines with a British commission in his possession ; 
 and by order of General Stark, who had established his head 
 quarters at Saratoga, was brought before a court-martial, tried, 
 condemned, and executed, as a spy. He had family connex 
 ions in the neighborhood, who sought to avert his fate by 
 addressing a remonstrance to the Commander-in-chief, but 
 Washington refused to interfere. The country included in 
 Stark s command was, at this time, overrun with spies and 
 traitors. Of a band of these miscreants, Lovelace was the 
 commander. 
 
 LOVELL, BENJAMIN. Of Boston. Graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1774. He retreated to Halifax, and finally to 
 England, where he was settled in the ministry, and died 
 March, 1828, aged seventy-three years. He was the youngest 
 son of John Lovell. 
 
 LOVELL, JOHN. Of Boston. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1728. After some years of service as assistant 
 of the South grammar, or Latin school, he was placed at the 
 head of it in 1738. He was the master nearly forty years, and 
 many of the principal Whigs of Massachusetts had been his 
 pupils. He accompanied the British army to Halifax at the 
 evacuation, and died at that place in 1778, aged about seventy. 
 He was a good scholar, a rigid disciplinarian, yet humorous, 
 and an agreeable companion. His son James was a Whig, 
 and it is a singular circumstance, that the father went to Nova 
 Scotia a Loyalist, while the son was a prisoner of his protec 
 tors, and both were at Halifax at the same time. James, 
 after his release, returned to Boston, and was elected a member 
 of Congress. He was Collector of Boston under the confeder 
 ation, and afterwards under the present constitution, naval 
 officer of Boston and Charlestown. He died in that office in 
 1814, aged seventy-six. It is worthy of mention, that Master 
 
430 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Lovell delivered the first Address in the Cradle of Liberty in 
 1743. The occasion was on the death of Peter Faneuil, Esq., 
 the founder; and in the course of his funeral oration, Mr. 
 Lovell said : " May this Hall be ever sacred to the interests of 
 Truth, of Justice, of LOYALTY, of Honor, of Liberty. May 
 no private views, nor party broils, ever enter within these 
 walls." Thus was Faneuil Hall dedicated. 
 
 LOWNSBURY, JOHN. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1783. 
 
 Low, ISAAC. Of New York. He favored the popular cause, 
 and was indeed a prominent Whig. He made a judicious 
 speech at a public meeting of the merchants of New York 
 in May, 1774, and was an active member of the committee of 
 fifty, appointed to correspond with our sister Colonies. In a 
 published appeal to the people at that period, Mr. Low used 
 the following spirited language. " Let us," said he, "with 
 the brave Romans, consider our ancestors and our offspring. 
 Let us follow the example of the former, and set an example 
 to the latter. Let us not be like the sluggish people, who, 
 through a love of ease, bowed themselves, and became servants 
 to tribute, and whom the inspired prophet, their father, justly 
 compared to asses. Had I the voice which could be heard 
 from Canada to Florida, I would address the Americans in the 
 language of the Roman patriot, &c. 
 
 Mr. Low was elected a member of the first Continental 
 Congress, and took his seat in that body, and participated in 
 its proceedings. He signed the Association, October 20, 1774, 
 and later in the session, the Address to the Inhabitants of the 
 Province of Quebec. He was a member of the New York 
 Provincial Congress in 1775, for the city and county of New 
 York, but his name soon after disappears from the revolution 
 ary history. In 1782, he was President of the New York 
 Chamber of Commerce. He was attainted, and his property 
 was confiscated. He went to England. In consequence of 
 his course in the early part of the struggle, his application to 
 be compensated for his losses as a Loyalist, was not at first 
 favorably considered. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 431 
 
 Low, JACOBUS. Of Ulster County, New York. In April, 
 1775, he was admonished by the Whig Committee to discon 
 tinue the sale of Tea ; but he declared that he had and would 
 sell Tea; whereupon a public meeting published him to the 
 country, as an enemy to the rights and liberties of America. 
 
 Low, JOHN. Died at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, June, 
 1844, aged ninety-two years. He emigrated to that town 
 when it was an unbroken wilderness. 
 
 LOWE, CHARLES. Embarked at Boston, with the British 
 army, for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 LUDLAM, DANIEL, NICHOLAS, HENRY, Junior, HENRY, JOSEPH, 
 THOMAS, and WILLIAM, Senior. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. Nicholas 
 had signed a Declaration of loyalty in 1775. Ephraim Lud- 
 lam, of Queen s County, had also performed the same act. 
 
 LUDLOW, CARY. Of New York. Was Surrogate and Mas 
 ter in Chancery in the city, in 1782. 
 
 LUDLOW, GABRIEL G. Of New York. He entered the mili 
 tary service of the crown, and in 1782 was colonel and com 
 mandant of De Lancey s Third Battalion. He went to New 
 Brunswick at the peace, and filled various public stations. In 
 1792 he held the office of Judge of Vice- Admiralty, and was 
 a member of the Council of the Colony, and a colonel in the 
 militia. In 1803 Governor Carlton embarked for England, 
 when Colonel Ludlow was sworn in as commander-in-chief. 
 He died in 1S08, aged seventy-two. Ann, his widow, died at 
 Carlton, New Brunswick, in 1822, at the age of eighty. Fran 
 ces, his second daughter, died at New York in 1840, aged 
 seventy-four. 
 
 LUDLOW, GEORGE DUNCAN. Of New York. He served an 
 apprenticeship with an apothecary, but disliking the business, 
 resolved to study law. In consequence of sickness, his tongue 
 was too large and his speech defective, and his friends, antici 
 pating his certain failure at the bar, opposed his design. But 
 he persisted and completed his studies. Those who were in 
 terested in his success, attended Court on the first trial of his 
 powers, predicting as they went, that his discomfiture and 
 
432 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 their own mortification were certain. Much to their surprise, 
 he was fluent, and argued the case intrusted to him with 
 great skill and judgment. His rise was rapid ; and at the 
 Revolutionary era, he was one of the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, and one of the most considerable characters in the 
 Colony. In 1779 his house at Hempstead was plundered, 
 and it is said, that the Judge himself escaped heing made 
 prisoner, by getting upon the roof through the scuttle, and 
 hiding behind the chimney. In 1780 he was appointed Master 
 of the Rolls, and Superintendent of Police on Long Island, 
 " with powers or principles of Equity, to hear and determine 
 controversies, till civil government can take place." The 
 Whigs of New York formed a constitution as early as 1777, 
 organized a government, and appointed Judges ; but the party 
 who adhered to the crown, considered Judge Ludlow to be in 
 office until 1782, and indeed until the peace, when he was 
 compelled to leave the country. His seat at Hyde Park, and 
 his other property, passed to the State under the confiscation 
 act. He retired to New Brunswick in 1783, where he occu 
 pied the first place in public affairs. He was a member of the 
 first Council formed in that Colony, and as senior Councillor 
 administered the government ; and he was the first Chief Jus 
 tice of the Supreme Court. His place of residence was at 
 Fredericton, the capital, and he died there, February 12, 1808. 
 Frances, his widow, and daughter of Thomas Duncan, Es 
 quire, died at St. John in 1825, at the age of eighty-seven. 
 Elizabeth, his daughter, and wife of the Honorable John Rob 
 inson, of St. John, died in France in 1828. 
 
 LUDLOW, THOMAS. Of New York. Marshal of the Court 
 of Admiralty. He was in office near the close of the war. 
 
 LUGRIN, PETER. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1814, 
 aged sixty-one. 
 
 LUGRIN, SIMEON. At the peace was one of the grantees of 
 St. John, New Brunswick. He taught a school in that city. 
 
 LUMSDEN, GEORGE. Of New Haven, Connecticut. He, his 
 wife, and four children, arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in the ship Union, in the spring of 1782. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 433 
 
 LUTWYCHE, EDWARD GOLDSTONE. Of New Hampshire. He 
 was a gentleman of some consideration, and as early as 1767 
 commanded a regiment of militia. He fled to Boston, and in 
 1776 accompanied the British army to Halifax. In 1778 he 
 was proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated. In 
 1780, Matthew Thornton, a signer of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence, became the purchaser of his farm. He was at New 
 York in 1783, and a petitioner for a grant of lands in Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 LYDE, BYFIELD. Of Boston. Graduated at Harvard Uni 
 versity in 1723. He was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 
 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year, and 
 in 1775 an Addresser of Gage. In 1776 he accompanied the 
 royal army to Halifax, and died there the same year. 
 
 LYDE, EDWARD. Merchant, of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. 
 
 LYDE, GEORGE. Of Boston. In 1770 he was appointed Col 
 lector of the Port of Falmouth, Maine, and continued there 
 until the commencement of the Revolution. The custom-house 
 at that period was kept in a dwelling-house at the corner of 
 King and Middle streets, and was burnt when Mowatt set fire 
 to the town in 1775. Mr. Lyde was an Addresser of Hutchin 
 son in 1774, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. 
 
 LYMAN, DANIEL. Of New Haven, Connecticut. He accepted 
 a military commission under the crown, and in 1782 was a 
 captain in the Prince of Wales s American Volunteers. At 
 the peace he was a major. He settled in New Brunswick, 
 and was a member of the House of Assembly, and a magis 
 trate. He went to England, and died in London in 1809. 
 
 LYMAN, PHINEAS. Of Connecticut. A distinguished man, but 
 one of the most unfortunate in our history. He was born at 
 Durham in 1716, graduated at Yale College in 1738, was 
 appointed tutor in 1739, and continued in that oflice three 
 years, when he devoted himself to the profession of the law, 
 and became eminent. In civil life he was employed to adjust 
 a disputed boundary between Massachusetts and Connecticut, 
 and held the offices of representative to the Assembly, and 
 37 
 
434 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 member of the Council. In 1755 he was appointed major 
 general and commander-in-chief of the Connecticut forces, and 
 was in service throughout the French war. In the battle of 
 Lake George, Sir William Johnson of New York, who com 
 manded, was soon wounded ; when Lyman maintained the 
 conflict for five hours, and was himself personally exposed the 
 whole time. But Sir William Johnson obtained the rewards 
 of the splendid victory, which was achieved over the French 
 by the Colonial troops on this occasion. In 1758 General 
 Lyman served with Abercrombie, and was with the gallant 
 and estimable Lord Howe when he was killed. In 1762 
 Lyman was again engaged in the important enterprise against 
 Havana, and was in command of the Colonial forces em 
 ployed in the expedition. His wisdom, integrity, bravery, and 
 military skill, won universal commendation. Several British 
 officers who had been his associates, solicited him to visit Eng 
 land after the peace ; and having connected himself with a 
 company composed principally of Colonial officers and soldiers, 
 who had been engaged in the war, and whose object was to 
 obtain a grant of lands of the British government on the 
 Mississippi and Yazoo, he accordingly went to the mother 
 country in 1763, as agent of these persons, who styled them 
 selves Military Adventurers. He remained in England for 
 eleven years, in all the misery, suspense, and anxiety, delay, 
 and false promises of attendance upon the Court, and a victim 
 to the suffering, which ever awaits the endeavors of a sensi 
 tive mind, employed in an arduous and unsuccessful undertak 
 ing. In a word, he well nigh sunk into hopeless imbecility ; 
 and rather than return to America without accomplishing his 
 purpose, he resolved to remain and die in England. But 
 about the year 1774 the grant was obtained. Many of the 
 original projectors were then dead, and others had become too 
 advanced in life, or so changed in circumstances, as to have 
 lost their desire to emigrate to a wilderness. But General 
 Lyman, soon after arriving in Connecticut from his embassy, 
 resolved upon carrying through an enterprise that had cost 
 him so much time and anxiety ; and in 1775, accompanied by 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 435 
 
 his oldest son and a few settlers, he arrived upon the land 
 which he had secured for himself and others of the company. 
 His preparatory arrangements were hardly made before he 
 died, at the age of fifty-nine. Yet, the year following, in 
 1776, Mrs. Lyman, attended hy her only brother, Colonel 
 Dwight, and her remaining children the second son ex- 
 cepted commenced and accomplished a journey to the same 
 country. She, a woman, who in endowments and education 
 was superior to most of her sex, had been broken down 
 during her husband s long absence, by the distresses in which 
 the family had become involved ; and died the same year. 
 Her brother lived only until the next summer. The survivors 
 continued in the country and in the neighborhood of Natchez 
 for several years. When it was invaded by the Spaniards in 
 1781 and in 1782, they abandoned it, and attempted to make 
 their way to Savannah. The war, and their political sympa 
 thies, rendered a direct journey dangerous ; and they accord 
 ingly selected a route which caused them to travel upwards of 
 thirteen hundred miles, and occupied one hundred and forty- 
 nine days. They were all mounted on horseback, but the 
 ruggedness of the ground often required them to travel long 
 distances on foot. Women and children, and infants at the 
 breast, formed a part of the returning and suffering band. 
 Some were sick, all endured the most exhausting fatigue, 
 were in constant dread of meeting with savages, and were 
 sometimes without sufficient food and water. After reaching 
 Georgia, the party formed themselves into two companies. 
 One division became the prisoners of the Whigs ; the other, 
 after surmounting many difficulties, reached Savannah in 
 safety. The captives were soon released. Among those who 
 arrived at Savannah, were two daughters of General Lyman, 
 both of whom died at that place. Such was the calamitous 
 issue of the life of a gentleman, who enjoyed before the Revo 
 lution a reputation possessed by few of our countrymen ; such, 
 too, the sad end of several members of his family. 
 
 LYMAN. The five sons of General Phineas Lyman adhered 
 to the crown. Four were alive at the close of the contest ; 
 
436 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of whom three accompanied their mother as already related ; 
 but of them little else is known. All were born and educated 
 to high hopes. The ascertained fate of two, will show how 
 prematurely their prospects declined, and how utterly the ex 
 pectations of their youth were blasted. The eldest son of 
 General Lyman was educated at Yale College, and received a 
 commission in the British army, but he resigned, and devoted 
 himself to the study of the law. The distresses consequent 
 upon the long absence of his father, and various other causes, 
 combined to ruin his health ; and when the parent finally 
 returned, he found him in a state of confirmed insanity. In 
 the hope that a change of scene and climate would conduce to 
 his restoration, the afflicted father took him to West Florida. 
 But the broken-hearted maniac died in 1775, soon after com 
 pleting the journey. The second son was sent to England in 
 1774, by his grief- worn mother, to solicit his father to remain 
 no longer abroad ; and while there, received a commission in 
 the British army. Soon after his return, he was ordered to 
 join his regiment at Boston ; and repairing thither, he con 
 tinued in service until 1782, when he sold his commission. 
 His disappointments and mental sufferings had rendered him 
 almost reckless of pecuniary affairs, and receiving a part of 
 the purchase money, he gave credit for the balance, and lost it 
 by neglect ; and lending a considerable part of what he did 
 receive, without taking evidence of the loan, he returned to 
 Connecticut nearly pennyless. He was urged to take a school, 
 and consented. But he made no effort to collect the payments 
 which became due for his services, and failed to provide him 
 self with articles of necessity, from the scanty funds that came 
 into his possession. His friends, when his clothing had be 
 come indecent, bought and carried him garments of which he 
 stood in need ; but he was too sad, too sorely stricken, to wear 
 them; and in a little time "joined his friends in the grave." 
 Thus ended the career of the fourth child of General Lyman, 
 and of a man who was "brilliant, gay, and ingenious, beyond 
 most of mankind." The ultimate fate of the three who re 
 turned with the survivors of the Military Adventurers, as 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 437 
 
 related in the notice of the father, is unknown. One of them, 
 at the evacuation of Georgia by the royal forces, went to New 
 York, and subsequently to Connecticut, for the purpose of dis 
 posing of the remains of his father s estate ; another retired to 
 Nova Scotia ; and the third went to New Providence. Of a 
 truth, this was a doomed family. 
 
 LYNAH, JAMES. A physician, of South Carolina. He was 
 in commission under the crown after the fall of Charleston in 
 1780, and his estate was confiscated. In 1809 there died at 
 Charleston, Doctor James Lynah, physician and director- 
 general of all the military hospitals in South Carolina. 
 
 LYNCH, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 LYNDE, BENJAMIN. Of Salem. Chief Justice of Massachu 
 setts. He graduated at Harvard University in 1718. For 
 many years he was a member of the Council. He presided at 
 the trial of Captain Preston, who was held to answer to the 
 tribunals for the Boston Massacre, so called, in 1770. In 1772 
 Mr. Lynde resigned his seat on the bench. In 1774 he was 
 one of the Salem Addressers of Gage. He died in 1781, aged 
 eighty-one. His father was the Honorable Benjamin Lynde, 
 a Chief Justice of Massachusetts, who died in 1745, aged 
 seventy-nine. 
 
 LYON, ENOCH. Of New Jersey. Was a lieutenant in the 
 Second Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 LYON, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 LYON, SYLVANUS. Of Westchester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester in 1775. 
 
 LYON. Of Connecticut. Eleven persons of this name were 
 members of the Reading Association. Lieutenant Peter, and 
 Lieutenant Daniel, Jabez, Eli, and John, of Reading ; Joseph, 
 Jonathan, Thomas, Jesse, Ebenezer, and Gershom junior, of 
 Fairfield Comity. A number of the Connecticut Lyons, and 
 two of the above, settled in New Brunswick ; thus, John, John 
 junior, Reuben, and Joseph, arrived at St. John in the spring 
 of 1783, in the ship Union ; and Hezekiah arrived the same 
 37* 
 
438 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 year, and was a grantee of the city. John was accompanied 
 by his wife and five children. John, junior, died in Kingston, 
 New Brunswick, in 1845, aged eighty-three, and left many 
 descendants. 
 
 MABEE, JACOB. Of New York. Fled to the British lines, 
 thence to the city of New York, where he remained during 
 the war. At the peace of 1783, he retired to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and thence to St. Stephen in the same Province, 
 at which place he died about the year 1820, aged upwards of 
 eighty years. His property in New York was confiscated. 
 His son Solomon was impressed into the British navy, and 
 served during the contest ; at its close he went to St. Stephen, 
 but removed to Eastport, Maine, in 1795, and died there in 
 1828, aged sixty-six years. His son William still survives 
 (1844), and resides at St. Stephen. 
 
 MABEE, WILLIAM. Of New York. Arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the spring of 1783. Jasper 
 died in that city, very aged, in 1822. Jeremiah died at Kings 
 ton, New Brunswick, 1824, aged eighty-five. 
 
 MACAULEY, JAMES. In 1782 he was surgeon s mate of the 
 Queen s Rangers, 
 
 MACBETH, ALEXANDER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 MACKAY, JOHN. Of North Carolina. Went to England. In 
 1779 he was an Addresser of the king. 
 
 MACKENZIE, ROBERT. Of Virginia. This gentleman was a 
 friend of Washington, and one of the very few of his letters 
 devoted to the subject of the revolutionary controversy, written 
 before the appeal to arms, was to him. It was dated at Phila 
 delphia, October 9, 1774; and Mr. Sparks, in a note, remarks 
 of Mackenzie, that "he had been a captain of the Virginia 
 regiment, commanded by Washington in the French war, and 
 a friendly intimacy seems always to have subsisted between 
 them. Mackenzie had obtained a commission in the regular 
 army, and was now attached to the forty-third regiment of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 439 
 
 foot. He was wounded at the battle of Bunker s Hill, while 
 fighting in that regiment." At a later period, there was a 
 Major Mackenzie of the Royal Welsh Fusileers, of which Sir 
 William Howe was the Colonel ; perhaps the same. 
 
 MACKNIGHT, THOMAS. Of North Carolina. He was a mem 
 ber of the Assembly under the royal government ; and so far 
 sided with the Whigs, as to take a seat in the Convention of 
 1775, which Governor Martin denounced. But he refused to 
 sanction the proceedings, and was censured by his associates, 
 in a Resolve of great severity and bitterness. Still a member 
 of the Assembly, he was placed on a committee with Hewes, 
 Hooper, and other Whigs, to frame an answer to the Gover 
 nor s speech. In 1779 his property was confiscated. He was 
 in England in 1784, a petitioner for relief. 
 
 MA GEE, HENRY. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778, the Council 
 required him to appear and take his trial for treason, or stand 
 attainted. 
 
 MAINWARING, EDWARD. A captain in the King s Rangers. 
 In November, 1782, he had retired to the Island of St. John, 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 MALCOLM, JOHN. A custom-house officer, at Portland, Maine. 
 Early in 1774 he was seized at Boston, tarred and feathered, 
 and carried through the streets in derision. A few days before 
 this occurrence he struck a tradesman, who, as he alleged, had 
 frequently insulted him, when a warrant was issued against 
 him ; but as the constable had not been able to find him, a 
 mob gathered about his house, and broke his windows. Mal 
 colm was in the house, and pushing his sword through a 
 broken window, wounded one of the assailants. The multitude 
 then made a rush, broke in, and finding him in a chamber, 
 lowered him by a rope into a cart, tore off his clothes, and 
 tarring and feathering him, dragged him through several 
 streets to the Liberty Tree, and thence to the gallows on 
 the Neck, where he was beaten and threatened with death. 
 Having been detained under the gallows for an hour, he 
 was conveyed to the extreme north part of the town, and 
 thence back to his house. He was kept stripped four hours, 
 
440 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and was so bruised and benumbed by the cold, that his life 
 was despaired of. His offences besides striking the person 
 above mentioned appear to have consisted in seizing a vessel 
 at Portland for want of a register, and in using great freedom 
 and rudeness of speech at Boston, in condemning the proceed 
 ings of the Whigs. 
 
 MALLARD, THOMAS. During the war he was in the city of 
 New York. The following receipt has been preserved. 
 
 " New York, 13 Novbr. 1780. Rec d by order of the Com 
 mander in Chief of Mr. Thomas Mallard thirty pounds, being 
 half a year s rent due the 1st inst. for No. 522 Hanover Square, 
 for the use express d in said order. 
 
 JOHN SMYTH, Coll r of rents." 
 
 30:0:0 
 
 It may be remarked, that the above is one, probably, of 
 many hundred receipts given by John Smyth for payment of 
 rents while the royal army occupied New York. After the 
 evacuation, the question arose, whether the persons who had 
 occupied buildings under the authority of the British Com 
 mander-in-chief, could plead payments to Smyth in bar of 
 actions commenced against them by the owners. This ques 
 tion, before it was finally disposed of, caused much excitement 
 among the people, in the courts, and in the legislature. Mr. 
 Mallard settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died at St. 
 John about the year 1803. 
 
 MALLERY, CALEB. Was a grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783. 
 
 MALLERY, JOHN, JONATHAN, Junior, and NATHAN, Junior. Of 
 Fairfield County, Connecticut. Were members of the Reading 
 Association. 
 
 MALONY, MICHAEL. In 1775 he was sent prisoner from Long 
 Island, New York, to Massachusetts, and confined within the 
 limits of the town of Shrewsbury. 
 
 MANLOVE, BOAZ. Of Delaware. In 1778 it was enacted, 
 that, unless he should surrender himself for trial for treason 
 within a specified time, his property would be confiscated. 
 
 MANN, GEORGE. A gentleman of great wealth and influence, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 441 
 
 who resided in the interior of New York. He was distinguish 
 ed for his attachment to the royal cause, and the king s com 
 missioners met at his house for the purpose of administering 
 the oath of allegiance to the surrounding inhabitants. On one 
 occasion, in 1778, when upwards of one hundred had thus 
 signified their loyalty, and had been paraded before Mann s 
 door with the red badge upon their hats, and he had com 
 menced a most stirring and loyal oration, a body of Whig 
 cavalry dashed in, and spoiled the speech, and caused the 
 speedy flight of all present. Word was given to pursue Mann, 
 and bring him in alive if possible, but to bring him in, dead or 
 alive. Mann sheltered himself upon the top of a wheat-stack, 
 where he was discovered by the son of a Whig, a lad of six 
 teen, who made known the order, that if he did not surrender 
 he must be shot. Mann implored for mercy, but the stripling re 
 peated the terms. The boy s heart, however, failed him, for his 
 prisoner had lived a neighbor to his father, and had been kind 
 to him. It was night, and the rain descended in torrents, and 
 Mann contrived to escape to the mountains, where he remained 
 fifteen days. He subsequently gave himself up, on condition 
 made through friends, that he should receive no personal 
 harm, and was taken to Albany and kept in confinement 
 to the close of the war. His estate was not confiscated, and 
 he was suffered to repossess himself of it, arid to live and die 
 upon it. 
 
 MANN, JOHN. Of New York. Settled in Nova Scotia, and 
 had charge of a parish. He died at Newport, Nova Scotia, 
 1817, aged seventy-three. 
 
 MANNING, GEORGE. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 MANSFIELD, ISAAC. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. A Loyalist of this name, and 
 a Sandemanian, died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1835, aged 
 eighty-four. 
 
 MANSFIELD, JOHN. In 1776 he was a Loyalist Refugee at 
 Halifax. 
 
 MANSFIELD, RICHARD. An Episcopal clergyman, in Connecti- 
 
442 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 cut. He commenced his ministerial labors about the year 
 1748, and continued them without intermission until near the 
 close of 1775, when he was compelled to leave his people. 
 He had the care of two churches, and of the one hundred and 
 thirty families which composed his flock, one hundred and 
 ten of them were firm and steadfast friends to government, or 
 Loyalists. I suppose that Mr. Mansfield s two churches were 
 those in Derby and Oxford. He fled to Hempstead, New York. 
 In 1775 he was fifty- two years of age. He left his wife and 
 children in Connecticut ; of the latter, one was an infant just 
 weaned, four others were small, and four were adults. 
 
 MANROW, WILLIAM. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member 
 of the Association. David Manrow, of that town, was also 
 a member. 
 
 MANSON, DANIEL. In 1782 he was major of the North Car 
 olina Volunteers. 
 
 MANSON, THOMAS. An ensign in the North Carolina Vol 
 unteers. 
 
 MANYCH, ISAAC. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MARCHINGTON, PHILIP. Of Pennsylvania. His estate was 
 confiscated. He was at New York, some part of the war, a 
 merchant. He settled at Nova Scotia, and died at Halifax in 
 1808, aged seventy-two. His daughter Mary married Lieu 
 tenant Colonel John Wellsford, 101st Regiment, British Army, 
 and died at Halifax, 1842, at the age of fifty-six. 
 
 MARGISTON, WILLIAM. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 MARKS, NEHEMIAH. He was born at Derby, Connecticut. 
 Soon after the war commenced, he repaired to New York, and 
 engaged with the British commander there to act as a despatch 
 agent. At the peace he retired to Nova Scotia, but in the 
 spring of 1781, he settled at St. Stephen, New Brunswick, 
 where he died July, 1799, aged fifty-two years. His wife 
 Betsy died at the same place in 1812, aged sixty. Eight chil 
 dren survived him. His son Nehemiah, a highly enterprising 
 ship-owner of St. Stephen, is Lieutenant Colonel of Charlotte 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 443 
 
 County Militia, and a magistrate. His daughter Hannah 
 married General John Brewer, a distinguished citizen of Rob- 
 binstori, Maine. 
 
 MARK, LAWRENCE. In 1781 he was convicted as a spy, and 
 sentenced to death. After a respite of a few days, he was 
 executed at Philadelphia in November of that year. 
 
 MARSHALL, EMANUEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MARSHALL, JOHN. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 MARSHALL, JOSEPH. In 1782 he was a captain in the King s 
 Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 MARSHALL, WILLIAM. Pilot, of Philadelphia. In 1778 the 
 Council of Pennsylvania ordered, that he should stand attaint 
 ed, if he failed to appear and be tried for treason. 
 
 MARSTON, BENJAMIN. Son of Colonel Benjamin Marston, of 
 Salem, Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard University in 
 1749, and died on the coast of Africa, while in the service of 
 the African Company, in 1793. He was a merchant at Mar- 
 blehead, and his name appears among the Addressers of Gov 
 ernor Hutchinson in 1774. He went to Halifax in 1776, and 
 was proscribed under the act of 1778. 
 
 MARTIN, JOHN. Of North Carolina. A captain in the North 
 Carolina Volunteers. 
 
 MARTIN, JOSIAH. He was a major in the British army, and, 
 on Governor Tryon s being transferred to New York in 1771, 
 was appointed Governor of North Carolina, and was the last 
 royal chief magistrate of the Colony. His first duty seems to 
 have been to conciliate the Regulators, who had been in open 
 rebellion and in arms, during the administration of his prede 
 cessor. His efforts were successful, and a very considerable 
 proportion, and perhaps a majority, of the Regulators, sin 
 gular as is the fact, adhered to the crown in the Revolution. 
 But Tryon had bequeathed the far more serious and general 
 controversy with the Whigs; and Martin soon became involved 
 in difficulties. In his last speech to the Assembly in April, 
 1775, he reviews the whole course of affairs at length, and 
 with more than common ability. The House returned a spir- 
 
444 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ited answer, and he immediately dissolved it. As Governor 
 Martin had no military force, his sole dependence now, to carry 
 on the government, was on such of the Council as remained 
 faithful to the interests of the king. He proposed, or at least 
 suggested, the propriety of issuing writs for the election of a 
 new Assembly, but his advisers recommended delay. But he 
 commenced fortifying the palace, and the embodying of a force 
 of Loyalists. These hostile preparations, and the knowledge 
 that he had written to Gage at Boston for arms and ammunition, 
 soon produced an open rupture. Some bold Whigs seized and 
 carried off the cannon which he had planted, while he and 
 his council were in session, on the 24th of April. On that 
 day, the records of the royal government in North Carolina 
 cease ; and in the evening, Governor Martin fled to Fort John 
 ston, on the Cape Fear river. But the Whigs pursued, and 
 drove him from the Fort, to the king s sloop of war, the 
 Cruiser, from which ship, on the 8th of August, he issued a 
 proclamation, and one of the longest, probably, on record. 
 The battle of Moore s Creek, in which the Loyalists under 
 McDonald were defeated and dispersed by Colonel Caswell, 
 followed in February, 1776 ; arid Governor Martin, embarking 
 on board the fleet of Sir Peter Parker, arrived at Charleston, 
 South Carolina, early in June of that year. He retired, subse 
 quently, to New York, and died at Rockaway in November, 
 1778. His estate in North Carolina was confiscated. The 
 documents which relate to his administration, show that he 
 was a man of remarkable force and energy of character. 
 His age at his decease is stated at seventy-nine years ; but this 
 must be an error, as his father, Colonel Samuel Martin, was 
 alive in 1774, and wrote a spirited letter on public affairs. 
 
 MARTIN, JOSIAH. Of North Carolina. In 1782 was colonel 
 of the North Carolina Highland Regiment. 
 
 MARTIN, LAUGHLIN. Of South Carolina. Was tarred and 
 feathered at Charleston, and was ordered to depart to England. 
 Subsequently, on expressing his contrition for his offences, 
 he was allowed to remain in the city, and to pursue his avo 
 cation. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 445 
 
 MARTIN, SAMUEL. Of Virginia. Lost his estate under the 
 confiscation act. The British government, in considering the 
 claims of the Loyalists, fixed the value of the fee simple of 
 his landed property at 13,115, and of his life interest therein 
 at 6,500, and for the life interest gave him a certificate of 
 compensation. An attempt was made to secure the reversion, 
 estimated at 6,615, for his son, George Martin, but it is be 
 lieved that the Legislature of Virginia refused to interfere with 
 its previous act of confiscation, by which the whole interest 
 was presumed to be vested in the father. 
 
 MARTIN, STEPHEN. A physician, of Far Rockaway, New 
 York. Gave his parole of honor in 1776, that he would not 
 directly or indirectly oppose the Whigs. 
 
 MARTIN, WILLIAM, of Boston, and MICHAEL, of Brookfield, 
 Massachusetts. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 MARVIN, JOHN. Of Norwalk, Connecticut. He arrived at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the spring of 
 1783. 
 
 MASON, SAMUEL. Settled in New Brunswick. In 1795 he 
 was a member of the Loyal Artillery of St. John. He died in 
 that city, 1827, aged sixty-six years. 
 
 MASSEY, JAMES. Hatter, of Duck Creek, Delaware. Unless 
 he surrendered himself for trial on or before August 1, of 1778, 
 his estate was to become forfeit. 
 
 MASSINBIRD, GEORGE. Of North Carolina. In December. 
 1775, a Whig who had caught him in the course of his offi 
 cial excursions, carried him before the Council, and prayed that 
 condign punishment might be inflicted. But Massinbird played 
 the penitent, and was released. 
 
 MASSINGHAM, ISAAC. Petty officer of the Customs. He 
 embarked at Boston for Halifax with the British army in 1776. 
 
 MATHER, SAMUEL. Clerk of the Customs. In 1776 he em 
 barked at Boston for Halifax with the British army j anoT in 
 August of that year arrived in England. 
 
 MATHESON, ALEXANDER. Was quartermaster of the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 38 
 
446 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 MATHESON, CHARLES. An officer in the Queen s Rangers. 
 In 1783 he was a grantee of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 MATHEWS, DAVID. Of New York. He was mayor of the 
 city, and in 1782, Register of the Court of Admiralty. He 
 had a house in New York, and another in Flatbush, and kept 
 up an establishment at both. His estate was confiscated. 
 
 MATHEWS, FLETCHER. Of New York. During the war he 
 was proceeded against by the commissioners appointed to the 
 charge of persons who adhered to the crown, and was ordered 
 to be sent within the British lines. But Governor Clinton 
 having so far interfered with the decision as to detain him for 
 the purpose of exchange, he was suifered to remain in the 
 country without interruption. 
 
 MATHEWS, GEORGE. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1832, aged eighty-four. 
 
 MAWDESLEY, JOHN. He was at New York in July, 1783, 
 and was one of the fifty-five who petitioned for grants of lands 
 in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 MAXWELL, ANDREW. In 1782 he was a captain in the Prince 
 of Wales s American Volunteers. 
 
 McAoAM, JOHN LOUDOUN. The projector of the improve 
 ment in the making of roads, known as McAdamized roads. 
 He was born in Scotland in 1756, emigrated to New York 
 when a lad, and remained in that city throughout the Rev 
 olution. Under the protection of the British troops, he accu 
 mulated a considerable fortune, as agent for the sale of prizes. 
 At the close of the war he returned to his native land, with 
 the loss of nearly the whole of his property. He died poor in 
 1836, aged eighty-one. His system of making roads is too 
 well known to require description. By his first wife, a lady 
 of the name of Nicholl, whom he married it New York, he 
 had six children, most of whom survived him. His second 
 wife, of the (Loyalist) name of De Lancey, brought him no 
 family. When he came to America, he lived until manhood 
 with his uncle William, a merchant of New York, who, as I 
 suppose, was the William McAdam of the following notice. 
 McAoAM, WILLIAM. Merchant, of New York. His estate 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 447 
 
 was confiscated. Like many of his associates of the committee 
 of fifty of that city, " appointed to correspond with our sister 
 Colonies," he was, I conclude, from the documents of the day, 
 disposed at the outset to favor the popular cause. 
 
 Me ALPINE, ANTHONY. An officer under Sir John Johnson. 
 
 McALPiNE, DONALD. A lieutenant in the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. 
 
 MCALPINE, PETER and WALTER. Were grantees of St. John, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 MCALPINE, WILLIAM. Printer and bookbinder, of Boston. 
 An Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775; 
 was proscribed and banished in 1778. He remained in that 
 town during the siege, but embarked with the British army, 
 and went to Halifax. Subsequently, he went to Great Britain, 
 and died at Glasgow in 1788. His place of business, while 
 in Boston, was at one time opposite to the Old South Church. 
 
 MCALPINE, WILLIAM. Was a captain in the Guides and 
 Pioneers. 
 
 MCARTHUR, NIEL. Was a captain in the North Carolina 
 Regiment. 
 
 McAusLEN, ALEXANDER. Of Newbern, North Carolina. His 
 property was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 McCALL, GEORGE. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. He established 
 himself as a merchant. There was an Addresser of Hutchin 
 son at Marblehead, 1774, of this name. 
 
 McCALL, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MCCANISH, JOHN. An ensign in the King s Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 McCANN, ANDREW. An officer of infantry in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 MCCARTNEY, JUSTIN. Was a lieutenant in De Lancey s 
 Second Battalion. 
 
 McCLATCHEY, . I suppose of Georgia. In 1793 he 
 
 lived in Florida, and was largely concerned in the Indian 
 trade, under permission of the Spanish government to import 
 goods directly from England. 
 
448 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 MCCLELLAN, WILLIAM. Of Edgecombe, North Carolina. His 
 property was confiscated in 1777. 
 
 MCCLINTOCK, NATHAN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with 
 the British army, for Halifax. 
 
 McCoLLUM, FARQUER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MCCOLLUM, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 McCoMB, . He commanded a company in the battle of 
 
 Bennington in 1777, and was there killed. 
 
 McCoRMicK, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. Went to Eng 
 land. In July, 1779, he was in London, and presented an 
 Address to the king. His property was confiscated. 
 
 McCoY, ALEXANDER. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 McCoy, ARCHIBALD. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 McCowAN, PATRICK. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 McCREA, CREIGHTON. An officer in the Queen s Rangers. 
 
 McCREA, JANE. She was the daughter of the Reverend 
 James McCrea, of New Jersey ; and was beautiful and good. 
 Her sad fate is well known. Of Loyalist parentage, she was 
 to have become the bride of David Jones, another Loyalist, 
 and a captain in the British service. Her nephew, Colonel 
 James McCrea, lived at Saratoga in 1823. 
 
 McCREA, ROBERT. An officer of infantry in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 MCCRIMMEN, DONALD. Was a lieutenant of infantry in the 
 British Legion. 
 
 McCuLLocH, HENRY. Of North Carolina. His property 
 was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 McCuLLOH, ALEXANDER. A member of the Council of North 
 Carolina. He advised Governor Martin to issue his Proclama 
 tion against the Whig Convention appointed to meet at New- 
 bern, April 3d, 1775, to elect Delegates to the Continental 
 Congress. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 449 
 
 McCuLLOH, HENRY EUSTACE. Of North Carolina. He was 
 a member of the Council, and for a number of years agent of 
 the Colony. From the latter office, he was dismissed by the 
 Assembly in 1774. His integrity may well be questioned, 
 since, in his capacity of Councillor, he sold his vote in favor of 
 the Tuscarora grant of lands to Williams, Pugh, and Jones, 
 for one thousand acres of land. The fact that he was thus 
 bribed seems to have been notorious. Mr. Alexander Elmsly, 
 a gentleman who filled an official station of responsibility 
 while in London in 1774, wrote to a friend in North Carolina 
 thus : " Mr. McCulloh has often been talking to me of buying 
 the one thousand acres of land he got for his vote in Council 
 from Pugh and Williams. I have never listened to him," &c. 
 In 1779 McCulloh s estate was confiscated. He went to 
 England. After the war, he was agent of the North Carolina 
 Loyalists for prosecuting their claims to compensation for losses. 
 He was in London in 1788. 
 
 MCDONALD, ALEXANDER. A captain in the regiment of North 
 Carolina Highlanders. His wife was the celebrated Flora 
 McDonald, who was so true, so devoted to the unfortunate 
 Prince Charles Edward, the last Stuart who sought the throne 
 of England. The story is familiar to all, and I will not repeat 
 it. Suffice it to say, that Flora and her husband emigrated to 
 North Carolina, where, when the Revolution came on, they 
 espoused the royal cause, and the husband accepted a com 
 mission and took up arms against his adopted country, as did 
 two of his sons. At the close of the war they, of course, left 
 America. On their passage home, they encountered a French 
 ship of war, and in the action which ensued, the intrepid 
 Flora, true to her heroic character, remained upon deck, and 
 endeavored by her voice and example to encourage the sailors. 
 In the bustle of the fight she was thrown down and broke her 
 arm. In relating the incident afterwards, she said, that she 
 "had now perilled her life in behalf of both the house of 
 Stuart and that of Brunswick, and got very little for her 
 pains." She died in 1790, and was actually buried in a 
 shroud made from the sheet in which Prince Charles had slept, 
 38* 
 
450 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and which she had preserved for this very purpose forty-five 
 years, through her many adventures and migrations. Her 
 husband survived her a few years, and died on the half-pay 
 list as a British officer. Her son, Lieutenant Colonel John 
 McDonald, was alive in 1833, as was also a daughter. 
 
 MCDONALD, CHARLES. Of North Carolina. Son of Alexander 
 McDonald. In 1782 he was a captain of cavalry in the 
 British Legion. I suppose that, previously, he had been a 
 captain in the Queen s Rangers, and had exchanged into this 
 corps. He went to Great Britain at the peace, and died there 
 prior to 1833. As the late Lord McDonald saw his remains 
 lowered into the grave, he remarked, "there lies the most 
 finished gentleman of my family and name." 
 
 MCDONALD, DAVID. Was a grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 MCDONALD, DENNIS. Embarked at Boston, with the British 
 army, for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 MCDONALD, DONALD. Of New York. He served the crown 
 under Sir John Johnson seven years. He died at the Wolfe 
 Islands, near Kingston, Upper Canada, in 1839, aged ninety- 
 seven. 
 
 MCDONALD, DONALD. Of Johnstown, New York. In 1781, 
 at the head of a band of Indians and Tories, he made an 
 attack upon the house of John Christian Shell, at a place 
 called Shell s Bush, near Herkimer, New York. During the 
 affray he attempted to force the door with a crow-bar, when 
 Shell, "quick as lightning," opened the door and drew him 
 within his dwelling a prisoner. McDonald, to save his life, 
 gave up his ammunition to be fired against his own party with 
 out, Shell s being nearly exhausted. The Loyalists soon after 
 attempted to carry the house by an assault, and rushing up to 
 its walls, five of them thrust their muskets through its loop 
 holes ; but Shell s wife ruined every musket by bending the 
 barrels with an axe. The assailants finally retired, but Shell 
 and his family repaired to Fort Dayton, leaving McDonald, 
 who had been wounded in the leg, alone in the house. He 
 was removed the next day, and suffered amputation of the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 451 
 
 injured limb, but the blood could not be stanched, and he 
 died a few hours after the operation. He wore a silver 
 mounted tomahawk, on which Shell, who took it from him, 
 counted thirty scalp notches showing the number of persons 
 he had scalped honorable trophies, indeed ! 
 
 MCDONALD, DONALD. Of North Carolina. He was known 
 to be warmly attached to the royal interests, and early in the 
 struggle, Governor Martin authorized him to raise and em 
 body all of like sympathies in the Colony. Of the troops thus 
 enlisted on the side of the crown, McDonald was to be placed 
 in command as captain general. His success was very great. 
 The Whigs, alarmed at the aspect of affairs, placed General 
 Moore in the field with all the militia of the popular party 
 that could be assembled without delay. The opposing forces 
 soon met. McDonald was defeated and made prisoner. Many 
 other Loyalists were captured, among whom were his son 
 who was a colonel, and Kennett, and Daniel McDonald, who 
 were also officers. This discomfiture was of much benefit to 
 the Whigs, and for a considerable time, subsequently, the 
 friends of the king in North Carolina were too much dis 
 heartened to attempt further offensive operations. The pre 
 cipitation of the Loyalists was the cause of their ruin. 
 
 MCDONALD, JAMES. Of North Carolina. Son of Alexander 
 and Flora McDonald. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of infantry 
 in the British Legion. 
 
 MCDONALD, JAMES. An officer of dragoons. After the Revo 
 lution he was high-constable of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 and died in that city in 1804. 
 
 MCDONALD, LEWIS. Of Bedford, Westchester County, New 
 York. He was at first a Whig, and a captain, and a commit 
 tee-man, but incurring the displeasure of his early political 
 associates, was compelled to abandon his home. In 1779 he 
 was on Long Island, and was robbed by about thirty rebels 
 from Connecticut. 
 
 MCDONALD, . Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 
 New York. He was a lieutenant in the service of the crown, 
 and engaged in the border affrays with Butler and other New 
 
452 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 York Loyalists. During the battle of the Oriskany in 1777, 
 he fought hand to hand with a Whig officer named Gardenier, 
 who, though wounded, seized a barbed spear and thrust it into 
 his side. McDonald dropped dead. 
 
 MCDONALD. There were several Loyalists of this name 
 besides the above ; between some of whom I am not able to 
 discriminate. Thus there were many having the sirname 
 Alexander. 
 
 MCDONALD, ALEXANDER. Of Richmond County, New York. 
 Was examined in 1775 before the Provincial Congress, and by 
 a resolution of that body was ordered to be secured and kept 
 in custody, on the charge of concerting measures and employ 
 ing agents to enlist men for the royal army. Alexander, of 
 the Parish of St. George, Maryland, July 5, 1775, was de 
 nounced in the public papers as a violator of the Association 
 of the Continental Congress. 
 
 MCDONALD, ALEXANDER. Of North Carolina. Was second 
 major of the Cumberland County regiment, but was dismissed 
 by the Whigs in 1776, in consequence of his adherence to the 
 crown. 
 
 MCDONALD, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was a captain in the 
 Loyal Foresters. 
 
 MCDONALD, ALEXANDER. In 1782 was a lieutenant in the 
 King s Orange Rangers. 
 
 McDoNALD, ALEXANDER. Was an officer in a Loyalist corps ; 
 went to New Brunswick in 1784, and died in that Colony in 
 1835, aged seventy-two. 
 
 MCDONALD. The same difficulty occurs in distinguishing 
 between those of the name of Angus McDonald. 
 
 MCDONALD, ANGUS. In 1775 he was arrested in New York 
 and sent prisoner to Connecticut ; and the 6th of July of that 
 year, complained in a letter from Fairfield Jail, of having been 
 placed in close confinement, and said, that he expected " to be 
 treated more like a gentleman than a highwayman," &c. His 
 wife arrived at his prison on that day, and while she remained 
 he prayed for more liberty ; and he averred his willingness to 
 suffer death, should he abuse such privileges as might be 
 granted to him. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 453 
 
 MCDONALD, ANGUS. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 MCDONALD, ANGUS. In 1782 he was an ensign in the King s 
 Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 MCDONALD, ANGUS. An officer of the Seventy-first Regiment, 
 died at Montreal in 1812. Angus, who served in the Revolu 
 tion, died at Cumberland, New Brunswick, in 1842, aged one 
 hundred and six years. 
 
 MCDONALD. The following, none of whom have been men 
 tioned among the foregoing, were certainly in commission in 
 1782. 
 
 MCDONALD, ARCHIBALD. Was surgeon of the Guides and 
 Pioneers. 
 
 MCDONALD, CHARLES. Was a captain in the Second Ameri 
 can Regiment. 
 
 MCDONALD, FORBES. Was a captain in the King s Orange 
 Rangers. 
 
 MCDONALD, JAMES. A lieutenant in the Prince of Wales s 
 American Volunteers. 
 
 MCDONALD, S. Was an ensign of infantry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 MCDONALD, THOMAS. Was an ensign in the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. 
 
 McDoNELL, ALLAN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. When, in 1776, General Schuyler was dispatched 
 to that County to reduce and secure the Loyalists, he and Sir 
 John Johnson entered into a joint negotiation for terms, and 
 his name appears with that of the Baronet, in the communi 
 cations to the General. Sir John had previously sent him on 
 a secret embassy to Governor Tryon ; and it is probable that 
 the severe treatment which the Baronet received at the hands 
 of the Whigs, was owing to the knowledge which reached 
 Congress, through some of their agents, of this mission to 
 Tryon. 
 
 McDoNouGH, THOMAS. Of New Hampshire. He was pro 
 scribed and banished, and his estate also was confiscated. He 
 was secretary of Governor Wentworth ; and left Portsmouth 
 in 1776. 
 
454 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 McDouGALL, ARCHIBALD. An ensign in the North Carolina 
 Volunteers. 
 
 McDowALL, ALEXANDER. A Whig officer, and adjutant of 
 Colonel Welles s regiment of the State troops of Connecticut. 
 In 1781 he was found guilty of desertion to the royal cause, 
 and ordered to be executed. 
 
 MCEACHRAN, . In 1782 he was an ensign in the North 
 
 Carolina Highland Regiment. 
 
 MCELLERY, WILLIAM. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783. 
 
 McEwEN, JAMES. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774. Among the magistrates who addressed Sir Charles 
 Douglas at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, 1784, was one of this 
 name. 
 
 MCFARLAND, WILLIAM. A lieutenant in De Lancey s Third 
 Battalion. 
 
 McGiLL, JOHN. In 1782 he was an officer of infantry in the 
 Queen s Rangers, and at the close of the war went to New 
 Brunswick. He removed to Upper Canada, and became a 
 person of note. He died at Toronto in 1834, at the age of 
 eighty-three. At the time of his decease, he was a member of 
 the legislative council of the Colony. 
 
 McGiLCHRisT, WILLIAM. An Episcopal clergyman, of Salem, 
 Massachusetts. He commenced his labors in Salem in 1747, 
 and continued in that town until his death in 1780, at the age 
 of seventy-three. Before he came to Salem, I suppose, he was 
 a minister in South Carolina. Few memorials remain of him; 
 but the meagre accounts that exist, give him an excellent 
 character. I conclude, that, though he remained with his 
 people, the troubles of the times interfered with the regular 
 discharge of his duties. He suffered a considerable loss of 
 property, and was exposed to many trials; and he said, that 
 he " could not freely nor safely walk the streets by reason of 
 party rage and malevolence, and the uncontrolled rancor of 
 some men." He bequeathed the arrears of three years salary 
 due to him, and his share of a sum that had been given to 
 such Episcopal missionaries as were sufferers by the Revolu- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 455 
 
 tion, to the Society for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign 
 parts. 
 
 McGiLLis, DONALD. He resided at the commencement of the 
 Revolution, on the Mohawk river, New York. Embracing 
 the royal side in the contest, he formed one of " a determined 
 band of young men," who attacked a Whig post, and in the 
 face of a superior force cut down the flag-staff, and tore in 
 strips the stars and stripes attached to it. Subsequently, he 
 joined a grenadier company called the Royal Yorkers, and 
 performed efficient service throughout the war. He settled 
 in Canada at the peace, and entering the British service 
 again in 1812, was commissioned as a captain in the Colonial 
 corps by Sir Isaac Brock. He died at River Raisin, Canada, 
 in 1844, aged eighty years. 
 
 McGiLLiVRAY, LACHLAN. Of Georgia. His property was 
 confiscated by that State, and he settled among the Creeks, 
 where he became a principal agent of Indian affairs, and ex 
 ercised a hostile spirit towards Georgia. In 1789, his son 
 Alexander, by "a principal woman of the Upper Creeks," who 
 had been his deputy, and was then his successor, resided in 
 the Indian country, and was a personage of vast influence. 
 General Knox, Secretary of War, in a report to the President, 
 said of him : " He had an English education ; his abilities and 
 ambition appear to be great; his resentments are probably 
 unbounded against the State of Georgia, for confiscating his 
 father s estate, and the estates of his other friends, refugees 
 from Georgia, several of whom reside with him among the 
 Creeks." From a state paper of an earlier date, I find that 
 Alexander, in 1785, obtained permission, to form connexions 
 with, and establish British commercial houses for the supply of 
 the Indians ; and that he was an agent of Spain with a salary. 
 He is everywhere spoken of as a man of great talents. He 
 died at Pensacola, February 17, 1793. 
 
 MCGILLIVRAY, WILLIAM. Of Georgia. He went to England. 
 He was in London in 1779. 
 
 McGiNNis, R. A lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion. 
 
456 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 McGLAUGHLiN, WILLIAM. He was quartermaster of the 
 Queen s Rangers, and settled in New Brunswick, and received 
 half-pay. He died in the County of York, in 1827, at the age 
 of seventy -five. 
 
 MCGREGOR, JOHN. A lieutenant in the New York Volun 
 teers. 
 
 McGuiRE, THOMAS. A member of the Council of North 
 Carolina. On the 7th of April, 1775, the Whig Convention 
 for electing Delegates to the Continental Congress, was in 
 session at Newbern, when the Council advised Governor Mar 
 tin to issue his Proclamation to dissolve the unlawful Assem 
 bly. There were present in Council on this occasion, Hasell, 
 Rutherford, Howard, De Rossett, McColloh, Strudwicke, Cor 
 nell, and McGuire, eight members. 
 
 McGuLLivROY, WILLIAM HENRY. Of South Carolina. After 
 the fall of Charleston in 1780, he held a commission under the 
 crown. He died, I suppose, before the close of the war. His 
 estate was confiscated. 
 
 MclNTOsH, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 McKAM, PATRICK. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 McKAY, ANGUS. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1799, aged forty-four years. 
 
 McKAY, JAMES. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the King s 
 American Regiment. 
 
 McKAY, JOHN. He entered the royal military service, and 
 was a captain in the Queen s. Rangers, under Simcoe. He 
 settled in York County, New Brunswick, after the war, and 
 held public stations of honor and trust. He died in that 
 County in 1822. His wife was a sister of Chief Justice Saun- 
 ders of New Brunswick. 
 
 McKEE, ALEXANDER. A "Loyalist of revengeful machina 
 tions." He was imprisoned by the Whigs at Pittsburgh, but 
 effected his escape. In 1778 he went through the Indian terri 
 tory to Detroit, to excite the warriors to espous.6 the royal 
 cause. After the peace, he was deputy agent of Indian affairs in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 457 
 
 Canada, in which capacity he found ample opportunity to in 
 dulge his hatred towards the country which he had deserted 
 in the hour of peril ; and the Indian war of Washington s ad 
 ministration is attributed, principally, to his influence with 
 the savage tribes. In 1794, during General Wayne s cam 
 paign, his barns, stores, and other property, were burned. 
 
 McKEEL, JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. His son John was 
 killed in King s County, New Brunswick, in 1846, in an affray 
 with a neighbor. 
 
 MCKENZIE, ANDREW. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, and a Petitioner to be 
 armed in the royal service. Was banished, and lost his estate 
 in 1782. 
 
 MCKENZIE, COLONEL ROBERT. Of South Carolina. Was in 
 commission under the crown. Was banished, and lost his 
 estate in 1782. 
 
 MCKENZIE, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 MCKETHAN, DUGALD. An ensign in the North Carolina Vol 
 unteers. 
 
 McKiE, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 McKiMMEY, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 McKLouN, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 McKouN, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston with the 
 British army, for Halifax. 
 
 MCLEAN, ARCHIBALD. He was a captain in the New York 
 Volunteers, and was in several battles. In the severe conflict at 
 Eutaw Springs, he was distinguished for his bravery and good 
 conduct. In 1783 he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 was a grantee of that city. During the war of 1812 he was 
 again in commission, and was staff adjutant. His place of 
 39 
 
458 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 residence was in York County, and he was a member of the 
 House of Assembly, and a magistrate of that County, for 
 many years. He died at Nashwaak, New Brunswick, in 1830, 
 aged seventy-six. He received half-pay. 
 
 McLEAN, CHARLES. A grantee of the city St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 McLEOD, JOHN. Of North Carolina. Lost his estate under 
 the confiscation act in 1779. 
 
 McLEOD, NORMAN. Of North Carolina. Was a captain in 
 the North Carolina Highland Regiment. 
 
 McLEOD. Of North Carolina. Murdock was surgeon, and 
 Roderick an ensign and adjutant of the North Carolina Vol 
 unteers. Besides these, a Captain McLeod was killed in 
 battle, upwards of twenty bullets went through his body. 
 
 McLEOD, NORMAN. lo 1782 was a captain in the third 
 battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 McLEOD, RODERICK. Residence unknown. Was a lieuten 
 ant in the King s American Regiment ; and in 1782 there was 
 a Donald, a lieutenant in the King s Orange Rangers, and the 
 same year a Donald, of the same rank, in the British Legion. 
 Among the grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, were 
 Duncan, and John McLeod. John was a merchant, and died 
 in that city in 1805, aged forty-five. 
 
 McLEOD, WILLIAM. Of Elizabethtown, New Jersey. Was 
 appointed an ensign in the Fifty-second Regiment, in 1775. 
 On the 6th of July, the Whig Committee of that town, hear 
 ing that he had gone to New York, for the purpose of embark 
 ing there for Boston, and of joining his regiment, detained his 
 baggage, and notified their friends at New York. The Provin 
 cial Congress of New York was in session, and voted to arrest 
 him and send him back to Elizabethtown ; but to treat him 
 with all possible lenity as a gentleman and soldier. 
 
 McLiNACHus, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 McMAHON, JOHN. He was a captain in the Second American 
 Regiment in 1782. 
 
 MCMASTER, DANIEL. Merchant, of Boston. Implicated in 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 459 
 
 some measure in the transactions which involved James and 
 Patrick, he was compelled to leave that town. He went to 
 Halifax in 1776. Resuming the business to which he was 
 educated, at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, after the war, he 
 became eminent. He married Hannah Ann, the only daughter 
 of the Reverend Samuel Andrews, a Loyalist clergyman. She 
 died at St. Andrew, September 28, 1827, and his own death 
 occurred at the same place, June 16, 1830, at the age of 
 seventy-six years. He was a gentleman of courteous and affa 
 ble manners. 
 
 MCMASTER, JAMES. Merchant, of Boston. Having violated 
 the non-importation agreement, he found popular opinion so 
 strong against him, that he removed to Portsmouth, New 
 Hampshire. At that place, his delinquency was soon known, 
 and a public meeting was held, at which it was resolved that 
 it was highly unreasonable to suffer persons who had counter 
 acted the plans of the Whigs of the neighboring Colonies, to 
 come there and sell their goods, and that those who encour 
 aged, aided, or assisted such persons, should be regarded as 
 enemies to the town. McMaster, in 1775, signed and published 
 a Submission, but was compelled to leave. By the act of New 
 Hampshire of 1778, he was proscribed and banished, and his 
 property confiscated. In Boston his offences seem to have 
 been two-fold : first, the selling of Tea, and the enrolling 
 himself among the Addressers of Hutchinson. He settled 
 eventually at St. Patrick, New Brunswick, where he resumed 
 mercantile pursuits, and was highly respected. One of his 
 daughters married the late Honorable James Allanshaw, mem 
 ber of her Majesty s Legislative Council of New Brunswick, 
 and another daughter is the wife of Reverend Samuel Thomp 
 son, rector of the Episcopal Church, St. George. McMaster 
 died in Charlotte County, New Brunswick, in 1804. 
 
 MCMASTER, JOHN. He was proscribed and banished, and 
 his estate confiscated by the act of New Hampshire. 
 
 MCMASTER, PATRICK. Merchant of Boston, and a partner 
 of James. He was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 Quitting the country with the British army at the evacuation 
 
460 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of Boston in 1776, he became a merchant at Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 McMATH, WILLIAM. He was a Whig soldier of Colonel 
 Lamb s Artillery, and in 1778 was tried for desertion to the 
 royal forces. The Court found him guilty, and sentenced him 
 to be immediately executed. Washington, subsequently, post 
 poned his doom, and finally pardoned him. 
 
 MCMILLAN, ALEXANDER. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in De 
 Lancey s Second Battalion. 
 
 MCMILLAN, . A lieutenant in De Lancey s First Battal 
 ion ; and a grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 McMoNGLE, HUGH. After settling in New Brunswick, he 
 was a member of the Assembly, from the County of Westmore 
 land. In 1803, while travelling on the ice, he broke through, 
 and was drowned. 
 
 McMuLLEN, ALEXANDER. Embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 McNAB, ALLAN. A lieutenant of cavalry in the Queen s 
 Rangers, under Colonel Simcoe. During the war he received 
 thirteen wounds. He accompanied his commander to Upper 
 Canada, then a dense unpeopled wilderness, where he settled. 
 His son, Sir Allan Me Nab, is a noted man. He was born 
 some years after his father became an inhabitant of Canada, 
 and in the war of 1812 was a lad. But at the age of fourteen 
 he volunteered to join a grenadier company of the eighth 
 British regiment, in an attack in which most of the company 
 were killed ; and was subsequently engaged in several other 
 actions. His affair, in cutting out and burning the steamer 
 Caroline, during the recent insurrection in Canada, is too fresh 
 in the public mind to need a particular mention. For his 
 conduct on this occasion he was knighted ; and for this and 
 other services at the head of the loyal militia in the course of 
 the outbreak, thanks were voted him by several Colonial legisla 
 tures, the militia of Upper Canada presented him with a sword, 
 and the United Service Club in London, in opposition to a 
 standing rule, selected him an honorary member. Previous to 
 the union of the two Colonies, he was Speaker of the House of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 461 
 
 Assembly of Upper Canada, but lost the place and its emolu 
 ments, when the act of parliament creating but one legislative 
 body went into operation. He applied for indemnification, 
 but, it is believed, has been unsuccessful. He held also the 
 post of Queen s Counsel in the district in which he resides, 
 but has been superseded, " to gratify the revenge," says Sir 
 Francis Head, " of rebels against whom Sir Allan had been 
 obliged to appear as prosecutor for the crown." 
 
 McNAiR, JOHN. Of North Carolina. His property was con 
 fiscated in 1779. One of the last acts of Governor Martin, 
 before the royal government came to an end in 1775, was, to 
 appoint this gentleman a Justice of the Peace for the County 
 of Orange. 
 
 McNAiR, RALPH. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. Before the Revolution, he was a member 
 of the House of Assembly. 
 
 MCNAMARA, PATRICK. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783. 
 
 McNiEL, ARCHIBALD. Baker, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. and of Gage in 1775 ; went to Halifax in 
 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 McNiEL, CHARLES and NIEL. Of Connecticut. Were mem 
 bers of the Reading Association. 
 
 McNiEL, CHARLES. Residence unknown. Was captain lieu 
 tenant of the Prince of Wales s American Volunteers. ARCHI 
 BALD, (possibly the Archibald of Boston,) was a member of the 
 Loyal Artillery in 1795, and died on the river St. John about 
 the year 1808. 
 
 McNiEL, DANIEL. In 1782 was captain of the North Caro 
 lina Volunteers ; and John was an ensign in the same corps. 
 
 McNiEL, DOMINICK. Of Tuscarora, Pennsylvania. Failing 
 to appear and to be tried for treason, the Council, in 1778, 
 directed that he should stand attainted. 
 
 McNiEL, DUNCAN. Of North Carolina. Was major of the 
 Cumberland County regiment, but in consequence of his ad 
 herence to the crown, the Whigs dismissed him from office in 
 1776, and commissioned David Smith, Esquire, in his stead. 
 39* 
 
462 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 James, of Halifax County, and Arthur, lost their estates in 
 1779, under the confiscation act. 
 
 McNiEL, HECTOR. Of North Carolina. Was a person of 
 some consideration. In the first military elections after the 
 royal government was at an end, he received a commission at 
 the hands of the Whigs. But in 1776 he appeared in arms 
 against them, and was taken prisoner, and confined in jail. 
 
 McNiEL, JAMES. Was proprietor of a lot at Red Head, New 
 Brunswick, in 1784. 
 
 McNiEL, WILLIAM. Of Boston. Accompanied the British 
 troops to Halifax at the evacuation, and remained in exile 
 during the war. In 1784 he returned to Boston by way of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 McPHERsoN, CHARLES. Was a grantee of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. He removed from King s Bridge, New York, and 
 died at St. John, 1823, aged seventy. 
 
 MCPHERSON, DONALD. Was a captain of infantry in the Brit 
 ish Legion. 
 
 MCPHERSON, LIEUTENANT . Of the New York Volunteers ; 
 
 was a grantee of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 MCPHERSON, PETER. Was a captain in the Guides and Pio 
 neers. 
 
 MEGAN, EDWARD. An ensign in the King s American Regi 
 ment. 
 
 MECKLEJOHN, GEORGE. An Episcopal minister, of North 
 Carolina. Though " a high church-man in his religion, and 
 a high Tory in politics," the Provincial Congress in August, 
 1775, were compelled to employ him as their chaplain. The 
 service was one of necessity on both sides ; and quite as un 
 willingly as he was engaged on the part of the Whigs, he per 
 formed the duty. His place of residence seems to have been 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 MEEKER, JONATHAN. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member 
 of the Association of Loyalists ; as was Ephraim Meeker of 
 the same town. 
 
 MEETIN, PETER. A magistrate, of New York. He lived at 
 or near Warrensburgh. In 1775 he declared in a company of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 463 
 
 men who had met to talk about the troublesome times, that he 
 " had the king s proclamation from Governor Gage, to offer 
 pardon to any person who would recant from the Whig Asso 
 ciation," and that he "expected soon to have the handling of 
 the estates of all such as refused," &c. 
 
 MEGGETT, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 MEGOUN, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MEIN, JOHN. Printer and bookseller, of Boston. Partner 
 of Fleming in the publication of the Boston Chronicle. He 
 was well educated, and possessed literary talents to a very 
 respectable degree. He took a decided part in favor of the 
 oppressive acts of the British ministry ; and the Chronicle be 
 came a vehicle for the most bitter attacks upon some of the 
 prominent Whigs of Massachusetts. Mein, who was the 
 editor, became so obnoxious, that he finally secreted himself 
 until an opportunity occurred for going to England. He em 
 barked in November of 1769 ; his bookstore was then closed, 
 and the Chronicle was discontinued soon after, in 1770. In 
 London he engaged himself, under pay of the British govern 
 ment, as a writer against the Colonies, but after the com 
 mencement of hostilities, sought other employment. He never 
 returned to the United States. 
 
 MELLOWS, MICHAEL. In 1775 he was sent prisoner from 
 Long Island, New York, to Massachusetts, and confined 
 within the limits of the town of Sutton. 
 
 MELVILLE, DAVID. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city ; and in 1784 was 
 proprietor of lands opposite Long Island, New Brunswick. 
 
 MENZIES, ALEXANDER. Of New York. Was major of De 
 Lancey s Third Battalion, and died at Hempstead, New 
 York, in 1781. 
 
 MENZIES, ALEXANDER. Of New York. Was an ensign in a 
 corps of Loyalists. In 1 783 he went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, and received the grant of a city lot. He enjoyed half- 
 pay. 
 
464 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 MENZIES, JOHN. Of New York. Was a grantee of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783, and established himself as a mer 
 chant. 
 
 . MENZIES, THOMAS. Of New York. Was a major in the 
 American Legion, the corps commanded by Arnold after his 
 treason. In 1783 Major Menzies settled in New Brunswick, 
 and held various civil and military offices. He died near St. 
 John in 1831, at the advanced age of ninety-eight. He re 
 ceived half-pay nearly half a century. 
 
 MERCER, JOSEPH. A captain in a corps of Loyalists. He 
 settled in New Brunswick, and died there. Sarah, his widow, 
 died in Norton, King s County, in 1837, aged ninety. 
 
 MERREN, PEREZ. In 1775 he was sent prisoner from Long 
 Island, New York, to Massachusetts, and confined within the 
 limits of the town of Shrewsbury. 
 
 MERRIN, JOSEPH. Surgeon of the Georgia Loyalists. 
 
 MERRITT, THOMAS. Of New York. In 1782 he was cornet 
 of cavalry in the Queen s Rangers. He settled in Upper 
 Canada, and held the offices of sheriff of the District of 
 Niagara, and surveyor of the king s forests. He received half- 
 pay as a retired military officer. He died at St. Catharine s, 
 May, 1842, aged eighty-two. His brother Nehemiah, who 
 was a gentleman of great wealth, died at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, the same year, at the age of seventy-two. 
 
 MERRITT, THOMAS. Of New York. Settled in New Bruns 
 wick, and died at St. John in 1821, aged ninety-five. 
 
 MERRITT. Several of Westchester County, New York, were 
 Protesters ; namely, Elisha, Edward, and Edward junior, Na 
 thaniel, and Elisha. 
 
 MERSEREAU, JOHN, DAVID, and PAUL, Junior. Were grantees 
 of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 MESERVE, GEORGE. Distributer of Stamps for New Hamp 
 shire, and Collector of the Customs at Portsmouth ; was pro 
 scribed by the acts of New Hampshire of 1778, and his estate, 
 real and personal, confiscated. He was a native of Ports 
 mouth, and his father, who was a ship-carpenter by trade, 
 was lieutenant colonel of the New Hampshire troops at the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 465 
 
 siege of Louisburg in 1745, and was engaged in the expedi 
 tion against that city in 1758. History assigns to Colonel 
 Meserve the device of constructing the rude sledges on which 
 the cannon were drawn over the morasses near Louisburg 
 during the first siege. George, the son, while in England, re 
 ceived the appointment of stamp distributer; and embarking 
 for home, arrived at Boston in September of 1765. Before 
 landing, he was informed of the opposition to the act, and 
 was advised to resign his office, which he did. On reaching 
 Portsmouth, he resigned a second time on the parade, be 
 fore going to his residence. Subsequently, on receiving his 
 commission, the Sons of Liberty compelled him publicly to 
 surrender that instrument, which they bore about the town on 
 the point of a sword; and required of him on oath before 
 Justice Claggett, that he would not directly or indirectly at 
 tempt the performance of official duty. After the repeal of the 
 act, and on the arrival of Secretary Conway s circular in 1766, 
 enclosing a resolution of parliament to the effect, that the 
 Colonies should make recompense to such persons as had suf 
 fered injury or damage in consequence of their assisting to 
 execute the act, Meserve applied to the Assembly of New 
 Hampshire for compensation, which application was referred 
 to a committee, who made a report adverse to his claim, and 
 it was dismissed. He afterwards went to England and ob 
 tained the office of Comptroller of the Customs at Boston ; but 
 by permission of the British government, he exchanged places 
 with Robert Hallowell, Collector of the Customs at Ports 
 mouth. This collectorship was worth about 600 sterling 
 per annum ; and Meserve held it for some years, until the 
 commencement of the Revolution. He retired from New 
 Hampshire in 1776, and accompanied the British army to 
 Halifax. 
 
 METZNER, FREDERICK. Was a captain of cavalry in the 
 American Legion under Arnold. 
 
 MICHIE, HARRY. Of South Carolina. Went to England. 
 He was an Addresser of the king in 1779. 
 
 MIDDLETON, A. Of Virginia. Went to England. In 1779 
 he was in London. 
 
466 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 MILBY, WILLIAM. Yeoman, of Sussex County, Delaware. 
 In 1778 it was declared by law, that failing to surrender and 
 be tried for his treason and offences, his property should be 
 confiscated to the State. 
 
 MILES, ELIJAH. In 1782 he was a captain in De Lancey s 
 Third Battalion. In 1783 he settled in New Brunswick, and 
 became a person of note. He was a Judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas, a Colonel in the militia, and a member of the 
 House of Assembly. He died at Maugerville, in the County 
 of Sunbury, in 1831, at the age of seventy-nine. He received 
 half-pay. 
 
 MILES, SAMUEL. He settled in New Brunswick, and in 1805 
 was an alderman of St. John. He died in 1824, aged eighty- 
 two. 
 
 MILES, THOMAS, Junior. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick. 
 
 MILLAR, CHARLES HENRY. An officer in the Queen s Ran 
 gers. 
 
 MILLAR, JOHN. A lieutenant of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 MILLAR, NATHANIEL B. Was lieutenant of cavalry in the 
 South Carolina Royalists. 
 
 MILLAR, THOMAS. A captain of infantry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 MILLER, ALEXANDER. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1827, aged seventy-four. 
 
 MILLER, ANDREW. Merchant, of Halifax, North Carolina. 
 The Whig Committee of Halifax County, December 21, 1774, 
 Resolved unanimously, To show our disapprobation of his 
 conduct, and to encourage such merchants who have signed 
 the Association, that we will not, from this day, purchase 
 any goods, wares, or merchandises of any kind whatever, 
 from said Andrew Miller, or any person acting for, or in 
 partnership with him ; and that we will have no commerce or 
 dealings with him, after paying our just debts, and fulfilling 
 the contracts already entered into for commodities of this year s 
 produce; and we also recommend it to the people of this 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 467 
 
 County in particular, and to all who wish well to their coun 
 try, to adopt the same measure." In 1779 his property was 
 confiscated. He was, probably, a person of standing. I find 
 in a letter from a gentleman of North Carolina, who was in 
 London in 1774, to a friend at home, the following passage. 
 " When I left my power of attachment with you, I told you 
 that Andrew Miller and I had agreed, that all money you or 
 he might receive of mine, should lie in his hands for three 
 years, he paying me interest at the rate of five per cent, for 
 two years and a half only. I had a letter from him lately, in 
 which he appears perfectly to recollect this, but seems to have 
 forgot that the money was to be remitted at the Virginia ex 
 change, making an allowance of thirty-five per cent, to bring 
 the product into Virginia money ; he charges thirty-three and 
 one half," &c. 
 
 MILLER, E. An Episcopal clergyman, at Braintree, Mas 
 sachusetts. He was a missionary from the Society for Pro 
 pagating the Gospel, and his name is connected with the 
 earliest disputes of the Revolution. He died in 1762 or 1763, 
 at which time the project of sending a Bishop to America had 
 been agitated for some years ; and the minds of the people 
 were well prepared for an attack upon the established church. 
 His decease was unkindly noticed in one of the newspapers, 
 which created a heated controversy ; and before the excite 
 ment was allayed, the dissenters found themselves arrayed on 
 one side, and the dependents of the crown on the other. The 
 writings which his labors and decease produced, are to be 
 considered as a part of the revolutionary dissensions in Mas 
 sachusetts. For it is to be remembered, that in that Colony, the 
 question of Episcopacy, had very great influence in the forma 
 tion and in the action of the two political parties. 
 
 MILLER, GEORGE. An eminent merchant, of Dobbs County, 
 North Carolina. His property was confiscated in 1779. For 
 a while he seems to have acted heartily with the Whigs. He 
 was a member of the Conventions in 1774 and 1775, which 
 Governor Martin denounced, and which sustained the proceed 
 ings of the Continental Congress. Hewes and Hooper, who 
 
468 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 signed the Declaration of Independence, were his associates in 
 1774. In 1776, he fell off, declaring, that he was by no means 
 ripe for so strong and questionable a measure, as that of 
 entire separation from the mother country. His defection was 
 much regretted, since he was a gentleman of consideration, 
 and of noble traits of character. Yet he did much to oppose 
 the sanguinary intolerance of the Loyalists of North Carolina, 
 and on one occasion, appeared in opposition to them at the 
 head of a company of volunteer riflemen. He went to Scot 
 land. In 1779 he was in London, a Loyalist Addresser of 
 the king. 
 
 MILLER, JOHN. Embarked at Boston with the British army, 
 for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 MILLER, ROBERT. Of Virginia. Went to England. He was 
 in London July, 1779. 
 
 MILLER, STEPHEN. He was a magistrate of the County of 
 York, New Brunswick, and died at Fredericton in 1817, aged 
 ninety. 
 
 MILLER, THOMAS. An ensign of infantry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 MILLER, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. In 1782 there was a 
 cornet of cavalry in the British Legion of this name. 
 
 MILLIDGE, THOMAS. Of New Jersey. Previous to the Rev 
 olution, he was his Majesty s surveyor general of that Colony. 
 He entered the military service, and was major of the first 
 battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, raised by Skinner. At 
 the close of the war he went to New Brunswick, and made a 
 survey of the river St. Croix, and the waters adjacent. He 
 settled in Nova Scotia, and was a colonel in the militia. He 
 died at Granville, Annapolis County, in 1816, aged eighty-one. 
 Mercy, his widow, survived him four years, and died at 
 Annapolis at the age of eighty-one. His son Thomas was an 
 eminent merchant, a magistrate, and a member of the House 
 of Assembly, and resided at St. John, New Brunswick, until 
 his decease, at the age of sixty-two. 
 
 MILLIDGE, PHINEAS. Of New Jersey. Son of Thomas Mil- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 469 
 
 lidge. He was an ensign in his father s battalion, and retired 
 on half-pay. He died at Annapolis, Nova Scotia, in 1836, 
 aged seventy-one. 
 
 MILLIGAN, JOSEPH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MILLS, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Was in England, July, 
 1779. 
 
 MILLS, NATHANIEL. Printer, of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. He was born in Massachusetts, and served 
 his apprenticeship with Fleming, already noticed. The friends 
 of the royal government urged him and John Hicks to pur 
 chase of Green and Russell, the Massachusetts Gazette and 
 Post Boy, which they did in 1773. Under their management, 
 this paper took strong ground in opposition to the measures of 
 the Whigs, and defended the ministry and Colonial servants of 
 the crown, with great zeal and ability. The commencement 
 of hostilities in 1775, put an end to its publication. Mills re 
 mained with the British troops while they occupied Boston, 
 and on the evacuation, accompanied them to Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia. Thence he proceeded to Great Britain, but soon re 
 turned to New York, and became interested with the Robert 
 sons, in the Royal American Gazette. He continued in New 
 York during the remainder of the war, and at the peace went 
 a second time to Halifax, and from thence to Shelburne, in the 
 same Colony. 
 
 MILLS, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. He may have been inclined to 
 the Whig side in 1775, since in that year the Whig Convention 
 made him a member of the Committee to carry out the views of 
 the Continental Congress on the subject of the Association. 
 
 MILLS, WILLIAM HENRY. Of South Carolina. He held a 
 royal commission after the fall of Charleston in 1 780. He died 
 probably* before the close of the Revolution. His property 
 was confiscated. 
 
 MILLS. Several persons of this name signed a Declaration 
 of loyalty in January, 1775. To wit : David Mills, Obadiah 
 40 
 
470 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Mills, John Mills, Nathaniel Mills, junior, and Hope Mills 
 junior. They all belonged to Jamaica, Long Island, New 
 York. In 1776 the following, of Queen s County, signed an 
 acknowledgment of allegiance ; to wit : Isaac, Obadiah, 
 Amos, Nathaniel junior, and Samuel. John Mills was a 
 grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 MITCHELL, ANDREW. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MITCHELL, AUGUSTINE, JOHN, JOHN Junior,, and ROBERT. Of 
 Queen s County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance Oc 
 tober, 1776. 
 
 MITCHELL, GARY. Of Yirginia. Went to England, and was 
 in London July, 1779. 
 
 MITCHELL, JOHN. Of South Carolina. After the fall of 
 Charleston in 1780, he held an office under the crown. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 MITCHELL, THOMAS. Mariner, of Boston. Went to Halifax 
 in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 MITCHELSON, DAVID. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. In 1776 he accompanied the royal army to Halifax. 
 
 MITCHELSON, DAVID. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with 
 the British army, for Halifax. 
 
 MINOT, CHRISTOPHER. Tide-waiter, of Boston. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 MINOT, SAMUEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. 
 
 MIOT, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MOFFAT, JAMES. Was a lieutenant in the Second American 
 Regiment. 
 
 MOFFAT, THOMAS. Physician, of New London. He had 
 property in Massachusetts, which was confiscated by an act of 
 that State. He was one of the writers of the letters sent to 
 Massachusetts by Franklin. He went to England, and was a 
 Loyalist Addresser of the king, July, 1779. 
 
 MONCRIEF, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 471 
 
 MONDEN, CHARLES. In 17 ? 2 he was chaplain of the Second 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 MONFORT, GARRET, JOHN, PETER, and W. Of Queen s Coun 
 ty, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 MONTELL, ANTHONY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, ARCHIBALD. Was at New York, June, 1783, 
 preparing to embark for Nova Scotia. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, JOHN. Was a grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1785. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, JOSEPH. Was an auctioneer in St. John, New 
 Brunswick, 1785. 
 
 MONTGOMERY, WILLIAM. Was an ensign in De Lancey s 
 Third Battalion. 
 
 MOODY, JAMES. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the First 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He was a celebrated 
 partisan officer, and performed many exploits peculiar to that 
 species of warfare. He delighted in seizing and carrying off 
 Whig Committee-men, and was fond of relating the means 
 which he employed to catch them. At the peace, he settled 
 in Nova Scotia, where he was known as Colonel Moody. He 
 died at Sissibou, Nova Scotia, in 1809, aged sixty-five. He 
 received half-pay. 
 
 MOODY, JOHN. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with the 
 British army, for Halifax. He was accompanied by John 
 Moody, junior. 
 
 MOODY, JOHN. In 1781 he was executed at Philadelphia as 
 a spy. 
 
 MOORE, BENJAMIN. Of New York. An Episcopal clergyman. 
 Was deputy chaplain of the hospital staff, and was stationed 
 at the city in 1782, and at the same time was assistant rector. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. In 1776 he embarked at 
 Boston, with the British army, for Halifax. The death of a 
 Loyalist of this name occurred on the river St. John, about 
 the year 17 i jO. He was supposed, by one who remembers 
 him, to have been a native of New England. 
 
 MOORE. Loyalists of this name were numerous. Those of 
 
472 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Queen s County, New York, who acknowledged allegiance in 
 1776, were, Joseph, John, Jacob, Samuel senior, John junior, 
 James, Lambert, Stephen, Nathaniel, Nathaniel junior, Benja 
 min, Samuel, and David. Among the Addressers of Lieuten 
 ant Colonel Sterling of the Forty-second Regiment, in April, 
 1779, were, John Moore, John junior, Samuel senior, Jacob, 
 Samuel the 3d, John, David, Samuel junior, Nathaniel, and 
 Nathaniel junior. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN. In 1782 was deputy receiver-general of quit 
 rents of New York. In July, 1783, he announced his deter 
 mination to remove to Nova Scotia, and was one of the fifty- 
 five petitioners who applied for extensive grants of land in 
 that Colony. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 MOORE, LAMBERT. Of New York. Was a notary public in 
 the city, and an officer in the Superintendent Department. 
 
 MOORE, THOMAS WILLIAM. Of New York. Was a captain 
 in De Lancey s Second Battalion. 
 
 MOORE, THOMAS. Of New Jersey. Was chairman of a 
 Loyalist meeting at Hackensack, in 1775. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN. Of Tryon County, North Carolina. Lost his 
 estate in 1779, under the confiscation act. 
 
 MORAN ; JAMES. Was an officer in the Superintendent De 
 partment at New York. 
 
 MORE, JOHN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. He was a soldier under the crown, and served under 
 Sir John Johnson, and was living in 1838, to relate his adven 
 tures and those of the corps to which he belonged. 
 
 MOREHOUSE, DANIEL. Of Connecticut. A member of the 
 Reading Association. He became an officer in the Queen s 
 Rangers, and retired at the close of the war on half-pay. He 
 went to New Brunswick, and was a magistrate, and a major 
 in the militia. He died in the County of York in 1835, aged 
 seventy-seven. 
 
 MOREHOUSE, JAMES. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 MOREHOUSE, JOHN. Of Connecticut. A member of the Read 
 ing Association. He settled in Nova Scotia, and at his de- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 473 
 
 cease was one of the oldest magistrates in the Colony. He 
 died on Digby Neck in 1839, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 MORGAN, CAPTAIN JAMES. Of Reading, Connecticut. A mem 
 ber of the Association. 
 
 MORGANAN, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 he was 
 tried on a charge of holding intercourse with the royal forces, 
 and for other offences ; and was sentenced to be kept at hard 
 labor during the war, not less than thirty miles from the British 
 camp, and to suffer death if caught making his escape. 
 
 MORGRIDGE, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Went to England. 
 In 1779 he was in London. 
 
 MORRELL. Eleven persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 John, Robert, John, James, John, Thomas, John, Richard, 
 Caleb, Jonathan, and Joseph. Among the Addressers of Lieu 
 tenant Colonel Sterling of the Forty-second Regiment, April, 
 1779, were John Morrell. Richard. James, Jonathan, Abraham 
 senior, and Abraham junior. John Morrell, a Loyalist, died 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1817, aged sixty-nine ; proba 
 bly one of the above. 
 
 MORRIS, DAVID. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1817, 
 aged sixty-six years. 
 
 MORRIS, ENOCH. Wheelwright, of Hilstown, Pennsylvania. 
 In Council, in 1778, it was ordered, that, failing to surrender to 
 be tried for treason, he stand attainted. 
 
 MORRIS, JOHN. Comptroller of the Customs of South Caro 
 lina. 
 
 MORRIS, ROGER. Of New York. In the French war he was 
 a captain in the British army, and one of the aids of the ill- 
 fated Braddock. He married Mary, daughter of Frederick 
 Phillipse, Esquire, and settled in New York. At the com 
 mencement of the Revolution he was a member of the 
 Council of the Colony, and continued in office until the peace, 
 although the Whigs organized a government as early as 1777, 
 under a written and well framed constitution. A part of the 
 Phillipse estate was in possession of Colonel Morris in right of 
 his wife, and was confiscated; and that the whole interest 
 40* 
 
474 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 should pass under the act, Mrs. Morris was included in the 
 attainder. It is believed that this lady, her sister Mrs. Robin 
 son, and Mrs. Ingles, were the only females who were at 
 tainted of treason during the struggle. But it appeared in due 
 time, that the confiscation act did not affect the rights of Mrs. 
 Morris s children. The fee-simple of the estate was valued by 
 the British government at 20,000 ; and, by the rules of de 
 termining the worth of life interests, the life interests of 
 Colonel Morris and his wife were fixed at 12,605, for which 
 sum they received a certificate of compensation. 
 
 In 1787 the attorney-general of England examined the case, 
 and gave the opinion, that the reversionary interest (or property 
 of the children at the decease of the parents) was not included 
 in their attainder, and was recoverable under the principles of 
 law and of right. In the year 1809, their son, Captain Henry 
 Gage Morris of the royal navy, in behalf of himself and his 
 two sisters, accordingly sold this reversionary interest to John 
 Jacob Astor, Esquire, of New York, for the sum of 20,000 
 sterling. In 1828 Mr. Astor made a compromise with the 
 State of New York, by which he received for the rights thus 
 purchased by him (with or without associates) the large 
 amount of five hundred thousand dollars. The terms of the 
 arrangement required, that within a specified time he should 
 execute a deed of conveyance in fee-simple, with warrantee 
 against the claims of the Morrises husband and wife their 
 heirs, and all persons claiming under them ; and that he 
 should also obtain the judgment of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States, affirming the validity and perfectibility of his 
 title. These conditions were complied with, and the respecta 
 ble body of farmers, who held the confiscated lands under 
 titles derived from the sales of the commissioners of forfeitures, 
 were thus quieted in their possessions. Colonel Morris died in 
 England in 1794, aged sixty-seven; and Mary, his widow, 
 died in 1825, at the age of ninety-six. Their remains were 
 deposited near Savior-gate Church, York. Their son, above 
 mentioned, erected a monument to their memory. It is under 
 stood that the British government made them a second com- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 475 
 
 pensation for their losses, and that the whole sum received 
 was 17,001) sterling. Their children were as follows ; Henry 
 Gage, a captain in the royal navy ; Amherst, who was named 
 for his god-father Lord Amherst, who was also a captain in 
 the royal navy, and who died unmarried in 1802; Joanna, 
 who married Captain Thomas Cowper Hincks, of the British 
 Dragoons, and who died in 1819 ; and another daughter whose 
 name and fate have not been ascertained. To the memory of 
 Captain Amherst Morris, there is a monument at Baildon, 
 England. Of Captain Henry Gage Morris, honorable mention 
 is made in the British naval history. Of Mrs. Morris s early 
 life, there is a most interesting incident. That Washington 
 had some desire to become her suitor, is a fact which rests on 
 the highest authority. 
 
 In Mr. Sparks s Life of the illustrious Commander-in-chief, 
 there is the following passage. " While in New York," in 
 1756, Washington " was lodged and kindly entertained at the 
 house of Mr. Beverley Robinson, between whom and himself 
 an intimacy of friendship subsisted, which indeed continued 
 without change, till severed by their opposite fortunes twenty 
 years afterwards in the Revolution. It happened that Miss 
 Mary Phillips, a sister of Mrs. Robinson, and a young lady of 
 rare accomplishments, was an inmate in the family. The 
 charms of this lady made a deep impression upon the heart of 
 the Virginia Colonel. He went to Boston, returned, and was 
 again welcomed to the hospitality of Mr. Robinson. He 
 lingered there till duty called him away; but he was careful 
 to entrust his secret to a confidential friend, whose letters kept 
 him informed of every important event. In a few months 
 intelligence came that a rival was in the field, and that the 
 consequences could not be answered for, if he delayed to renew 
 his visits to New York. Whether time, the bustle of the 
 camp, or the scenes of war, had moderated his admiration, or 
 whether he despaired of success, is not known. He never 
 saw the lady again, till she was married to that same rival, 
 Captain Morris, his former associate in arms, and one of 
 Braddock s aids-de-camp." In an English work, shown tome 
 
476 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 by Mrs. Morris s relatives in New Brunswick, it is stated that 
 she refused Washington. But this is very doubtful ; and the 
 passage just cited, which is founded upon Washington s 
 papers, seems to utterly disprove the assertion. Imagination 
 dwells upon the outlawry of a lady whose beauty and virtues 
 won the admiration of the great Whig Chief. Humanity is 
 shocked, that a woman was attainted of treason, for no crime 
 but that of clinging to the fortunes of the husband, whom she 
 had vowed on the altar of religion never to desert. 
 
 MORRISON, ARCHIBALD. Of New York. Was an ensign in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. 
 
 MORRISON, GEORGE and MALCOLM. Of New York. Lost 
 their estates under the confiscation act of that State. 
 
 MORRISON, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. He was ordained 
 at Peterborough in 1766. In 1772 the connexion was dis 
 solved, when he visited Charleston, South Carolina. After 
 his return, in 1775, he joined the army at Cambridge, but 
 went over to the royal army immediately after the battle of 
 Bunker s Hill, and was appointed to a place in the commissary 
 department. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished under 
 the Act of New Hampshire. He died at Charleston, South 
 Carolina, at the close of the year 1782. His wife was Sarah 
 Ferguson, of Peterborough. Mrs. Morrison was living in 
 1S22. 
 
 MORROW, COLONEL . Of Boston. He was in England 
 
 in 1776, and in 1783 a Loyalist Refugee; and was a pensioner 
 of the British government. 
 
 MORTON, ALEXANDER. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783. 
 
 MORTON, LEMUEL. Of Massachusetts. Settled in Nova Scotia, 
 and was a magistrate, and a major in the militia. He died at 
 Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 1811. 
 
 MOSELEY, JOHN. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 1783. 
 
 MOTT, JACOB S. After the war, he was King s Printer for 
 New Brunswick. He died at St. John, 1814, aged forty-one. 
 
 MOTT. Eleven persons of this name of Queen s County 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 477 
 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Richard, Jacob junior, Sylvester, Jackson, Adam senior, John, 
 Adam, Samuel, Samuel the 3d, Jacob, and Noah junior. In 
 1780, Joseph and John Mott, of Queen s County, assisted in 
 the capture of the Whig privateer Revenue. During the war, 
 William Mott, of Great. Neck, was robbed and much beaten ; 
 and Adam Mott, (father of Samuel,) of Cow Neck, was also 
 visited by a party of marauders ; both of these Motts were 
 known as prominent Loyalists. 
 
 MOUNT, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. He removed to Lan 
 caster, New Brunswick, but died while at St. John, 1819, 
 aged fifty-seven. 
 
 MUIR, GEORGE. Of Virginia. Went to England. He was 
 an Addresser of the king in 1779. 
 
 MULBALL, EDWARD. Petty officer of the Customs. He em 
 barked at Boston for Halifax, with the British army, in 
 1776. 
 
 MULCARTY, PATRICK. In 1776 he embarked at Boston, with 
 the British army, for Halifax. 
 
 MULLENS, THOMAS. Blacksmith, of Leominster, Massachu 
 setts. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. A Loyalist of 
 this name was a grantee of, and died at, St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1799, at the age of fifty-four ; and administration 
 was granted on his estate the following year. 
 
 MUNCREEF, RICHARD. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 MUNDAY, NATHANIEL. In 1782 he was an officer in the 
 Queen s Rangers. He was in New Brunswick after the Revo 
 lution, and received half-pay; but left that Colony, and, as it 
 is believed, went to Canada. 
 
 MUNGER, SIMEON. Of Reading. Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 MUNN, ALEXANDER. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 MUNRO, HENRY. Was a captain in the Second American 
 Regiment. 
 
478 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 MUNRO, DUNCAN. A lieutenant of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 MUNRO, . In 1782 was a major in the North Carolina 
 
 Highland Regiment. 
 
 MUNRO. Among others of the name, John was a grantee of 
 St. John, New Brunswick ; Alexander died in that city, 1828, 
 aged seventy-four ; and Hugh emigrated to New Brunswick 
 in 1783, became a magistrate and member of the House of 
 Assembly for the County of Northumberland, and died in the 
 County of Gloucester in 1846. 
 
 MUNSON, THOMAS. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association of Loyalists. 
 
 MURELL, JOSEPH. Of Pennsylvania. He was tried in 1778, 
 on the charges of giving intelligence, and of acting as a guide 
 to the enemy. He was convicted of the latter, and sentenced 
 to immediate death. His execution was subsequently post 
 poned, and probably he finally escaped the penalty. 
 
 MURPHY, GARRET. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 the Declaration of Loyalty in 1775. 
 
 MURRAY, DANIEL. Of Brookfield, Massachusetts. Son of 
 Colonel John Murray. He graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1771. In July, 1775, he applied to Washington for leave for 
 his sister and two of his brothers to go into Boston. The 
 Commander-in-chief, unacquainted with the circumstances of 
 the case, referred the subject to the Committee of Safety, and 
 that body laid the application before the Provincial Con 
 gress, when the request was refused. Mr. Murray subsequently 
 entered the military service of the crown, and was major of 
 the King s American Dragoons. In 1778 he was proscribed 
 and banished. At .the peace, he retired on half-pay. In 1792 
 he was a member of the House of Assembly of New Bruns 
 wick. In 1803 he left that Colony in embarrassed circum 
 stances. He died at Portland, Maine, in 1832. 
 
 MURRAY, JAMES. Of Boston. Was an Addresser of Gage 
 in 1775 ; went to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. I suppose he was an officer of the cus 
 toms. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 479 
 
 MURRAY, JOHN. Of Rutland, Massachusetts. He was a 
 colonel in the militia, for many years a member of the Gen 
 eral Court, and in 1774 was appointed a Mandamus Councillor, 
 but was not sworn into office. He abandoned his house on 
 the night of the 25th of August of that year, and fled to Bos 
 ton. In 1776 he accompanied the royal army to Halifax. In 
 1778 he was proscribed and banished ; and in 1779, he lost his 
 extensive estates under the conspiracy act. After the Revolu 
 tion, Colonel Murray became a resident of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick. He built a house in Prince William street, which (1846) 
 is still standing. The lot attached to this dwelling is very 
 large, and the market value at the present time is, perhaps, 
 4,000. A part of it is owned by Chief Justice Chipman, and 
 is rented to a horticulturist, who raises flowers for sale. The 
 Honorable R. L. Hazen of St. John, a member of the Execu 
 tive Council of New Brunswick, and a grandson of Colonel 
 Murray, has his portrait, by Copley. He is represented as 
 sitting, and in the full dress of a gentleman of the day ; and 
 his person is shown to the knees. There is a hole in the 
 wig and the tradition in the family is, that a party who 
 sought the Colonel at his house after his flight, vexed because 
 he had eluded them, vowed they would leave their mark 
 behind them j and accordingly pierced the canvass with a bay 
 onet. 
 
 The descendants of Colonel Murray in New Brunswick, 
 have also several relics of the olden time, not destitute of 
 interest. Among them are articles of silver-plate of a by-gone 
 fashion, books of accounts, business memoranda, muster rolls, 
 or list of officers of the regiment which he commanded, deeds 
 of his estates, &c. Of the latter, there are no less than 
 twenty-two of his lands in Rutland, and several of property in 
 Athol. One of the deeds is stamped, but it bears date some 
 years previous to the passage of the odious stamp-act. The 
 manner in which Colonel Murray kept his books and papers, 
 shows that he was a careful, calculating, and exact man in his 
 transactions method is seen in everything. In person, he 
 was about six feet three inches high, and well proportioned. 
 
480 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 In Massachusetts he was a principal man in his section, and 
 one of the country gentlemen or colonial noblemen, who lived 
 upon their estates in a style which has passed away. The 
 wife of the Honorable Daniel Bliss, and the first wife of the 
 Honorable Joshua Upham Loyalists mentioned in these 
 pages were his daughters. 
 
 MURRAY, JOHN. Son of Colonel John Murray. In 1782 he 
 was a captain in the King s American Dragoons. After the 
 Revolution, he was an officer of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 
 British army. 
 
 MURRAY, LINDLEY. Of New York. The celebrated Gram 
 marian. He was born near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1745, 
 of Quaker parents. His father, from owning a flour mill, 
 became one of the most respectable merchants of America, 
 and in 1753 settled at New York. Lindley desired to study 
 law, but his wish was opposed, and he entered his father s 
 counting room, and commenced preparing himself for com 
 mercial life. But mercantile pursuits proved so disagreeable, 
 that he appealed to his father a second time, to be allowed to 
 adopt the profession of the law. The parent yielded, and he 
 was placed in the office of Benjamin Kissam, Esquire, where 
 for about two years he was the fellow student of the illus 
 trious John Jay. After four years study, he was called to 
 the bar, and met with success ; but his practice was interrupt 
 ed by a voyage to England on account of his father s affairs 
 and health. In 1771 he returned to New York, and resumed 
 the law. His business was very successful, and continued to 
 increase, until the revolutionary controversy reached a crisis. 
 He was in a feeble state of health at the time of the suspen 
 sion of proceedings in the courts, and retired from the city 
 to Long Island, where he made preparations at a considerable 
 expense, to begin the manufacture of salt; but Long Island 
 soon after fell into the possession of the royal army, and the 
 enterprise was abandoned, as salt could then be freely imported 
 from England. Dissatisfied at length with his inactive life, 
 and desirous to make provision for his family, he returned to 
 the city, which was also occupied by the British troops, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 embarked in commerce. He continued in New York until 
 about the conclusion of the war, and accumulated an ample 
 fortune. Retiring from business, he purchased a country seat 
 at Bellevue, three miles from the city, where he remained until 
 near the close of 1784, when he embarked for England. His 
 attachment to the home of his fathers, he said, "was founded 
 on many pleasing associations. In particular, I had strong 
 prepossessions in favor of a residence in England, because I was 
 ever partial to its political constitution, and the mildness and 
 wisdom of its general system of laws." * * * * "On 
 leaving my native country, there was not, therefore, any land 
 on which I could cast my eyes with so much pleasure ; nor is 
 there any which could have afforded me so much real sat 
 isfaction, as I have found in Great Britain. May its politi 
 cal fabric, which has stood the test of ages, and long attracted 
 the admiration of the world, be supported and perpetuated by 
 Divine Providence." 
 
 He established his residence at Holdgate, near the city of 
 York. In 1787 he published his first work, The Power of 
 Religion on the Mind, which met with favor. Having been 
 often solicited to compose a Grammar of the English Language, 
 he finally consented to undertake the task; and in 1795, gave 
 the world the fruit of his labors. A second edition was immedi 
 ately called for, and Murray s Grammar soon became a stand 
 ard work. Encouraged to continue his literary career, he 
 composed his Exercises, and Key, and published both in 1797 : 
 and in the same year he made an Abridgment of the Grammar. 
 His English Reader, the Introduction, and the Sequel, soon 
 followed, as did his Spelling Book. For these publications, he 
 was liberally paid by the booksellers of London, to whom he 
 sold the copyrights. From 1809 until his decease, a period of 
 more than sixteen years, he was wholly confined to his house, 
 except that during this time he took an occasional airing. 
 His physical debility was very great, and for years his infirmi 
 ties did not allow him to rise from his seat. His mental pow 
 ers were, in a good measure, unimpaired to the last. He died 
 in 1826, in the eighty-first year of his age. He was an excel- 
 41 
 
482 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 lent man. " His life and death were blessed, and his memory is 
 blessed." "His literary works and his good deeds are a 
 lasting memorial of him." His integrity and truthfulness 
 were unimpeachable. His benevolence was universal. He 
 was hospitable and generous, mild, affectionate, and kind. In 
 a word, he was a true Christian. In person he was tall and 
 stout. His appearance was prepossessing, his features regular, 
 his manners and address courteous. " Some have said after 
 their first introduction to him, that his aspect and demeanor, 
 together with the purity and sanctity of his character, recalled 
 to their minds the idea of the apostles and other holy men" of 
 the early ages of Christianity. Mr. Murray was a member 
 of the Society of Quakers, or Friends ; and his remains were 
 interred at York, in the burying-ground of that communion. 
 His wife, with whom he lived upwards of fifty-eight years, 
 survived him. 
 
 MURRAY, ROBERT. In 1782 he was a lieutenant of the 
 King s American Dragoons. He settled in New Brunswick, 
 and died there of consumption. He received half-pay. 
 
 MURRAY, SAMUEL. Son of Colonel John Murray, of Rutland, 
 Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard University in 1772. 
 He was with the British troops at Lexington in 1775, and was 
 taken prisoner. In a General Order, dated at Cambridge, 
 June 15, 1775, it was directed; "That Samuel Murray be 
 removed from jail in Worcester to his father s homestead 
 in Rutland, the limits of which he is not to pass until further 
 orders." In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died 
 previous to 1785. 
 
 MURRAY, WILLIAM. Of Massachusetts. Embarked for Hal 
 ifax with the royal army in 1776. 
 
 MURRAY. Residence unknown. Several Loyalists of the 
 name of Murray, beside the sons of Colonel John, were in the 
 royal service. Thus, John was a lieutenant of cavalry in the 
 South Carolina Royalists ; Thomas, Edward, and James, 
 were officers of infantry in the Queen s Rangers ; and another 
 Thomas, a lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Battalion. And 
 in South Carolina, Patrick Muckle Murray was in commission 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 483 
 
 under the crown, and lost his estate in 1782 under the confis 
 cation act. 
 
 MuRRELL, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 MUSGROVE, JOHN. Of South Carolina. He was in commis 
 sion under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 NASE, HENRY. Of New York. He joined the royal army 
 at King s Bridge in 1776, and served six years in the Loyalist 
 corps called the King s American Regiment. In 1783 he set 
 tled in New Brunswick ; was lieutenant-colonel in the militia, 
 and filled several civil offices. He died in King s County, 
 New Brunswick, in 1836, aged eighty-four. Before entering 
 the service of the crown, his loyalty involved him in much 
 trouble with his Whig neighbors; and he was a great sufferer 
 by the events, which made his country free but himself an 
 exile. 
 
 NASH, RICHARD. Was seized at Long Island, New York, in 
 1775, sent to Massachusetts, and confined within the limits of 
 the town of Brookfield. 
 
 NEALIE, CHRISTOPHER. Of South Carolina. Held a royal 
 commission after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 NELSON, ROBERT. Of North Carolina. Went to England. 
 He was in London July, 1779, and a Loyalist Addresser of 
 the king. 
 
 NELSON, THEOPHILUS. Of New York. He was included in 
 the disfranchising act of that State of 1784, but by an act of 
 1786, was restored to his civil rights, on his taking the oath of 
 abjuration and allegiance. 
 
 NERVCOB, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 NESS, JOHN. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Prince of 
 Wales s American Volunteers, and adjutant of the corps. 
 
 NEWBERRY, . A Tory sergeant in the British service. 
 
 In 1778, the daughter of a Mr. Mitchell of Cherry Valley, a 
 
484 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 little girl of ten or twelve years old, in the massacre of the 
 family by the Indians, was left alive, though wounded and 
 much mangled. Newberry, by a blow of his hatchet, put an 
 end to her life. He fell into the hands of General James Clin 
 ton, at Canajoharie, the next year, and was executed. 
 
 NEWBLE, JAMES. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1821 , 
 aged ninety-four years. 
 
 NICHOLS, WIDOW RUTH. Of Newport, Rhode Island. In the 
 spring of 1783 she and her two children arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in the ship Union. 
 
 NICHOLSON, ARTHUR. A cornet in the King s American 
 Dragoons, and adjutant of the corps. He settled in New 
 Brunswick ; received half-pay; and died in that Colony. 
 
 NISBETT, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 NIXON, ROBERT. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 required him to surrender himself for trial, on pain of standing 
 attainted. 
 
 NOBLE, BENJAMIN. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 NOBLE, FRANCIS. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. A Loyalist of this name settled 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and was a grantee of 
 that city. 
 
 NODES, THOMAS. Cordwainer, of Newcastle, Delaware. In 
 1778 it was declared by statute, that his property, both real 
 and personal, would become absolutely forfeited to the State, 
 unless he should surrender and abide trial for treason. 
 
 NORRICE, HENRY. Of Pennsylvania. Was tried in 1778, on 
 a charge of supplying the royal forces with provisions, and 
 found guilty. He was sentenced to confinement and to hard 
 labor for one month ; and in addition, to the payment of fifty 
 pounds for the use of the sick of the Whig camp. 
 
 NORTH, CAPTAIN JOSHUA. Of Brandywine, Delaware. In 
 1778 it was declared by law, that, on failing to appear to 
 answer to the charge of treason on or before August 1, his 
 estate should be confiscated. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 485 
 
 NORTHRUP, BENAJAH. Of Connecticut. Settled in New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and died at Kingston, King s County, in 1838, 
 aged eighty-eight, leaving fourteen children, one hundred and 
 eighteen grandchildren, and one hundred and eleven great 
 grandchildren. 
 
 NORTON, ASA. A physician, of Reading, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association. 
 
 NOSTRAND, GEORGE. Of Queen s County, New York. Ac 
 knowledged allegiance October, 1776. John and Garret Nor- 
 strant, of the same County, signed a Declaration of loyalty 
 the year before. 
 
 NOSTRANDT. Eleven persons of this name of Queen s 
 County, New York, acknowledged allegiance October, 1776. 
 To wit : Daniel, Peter, Garret junior, Frederick, Jacob, Peter, 
 Garret, Daniel, Garret, Peter junior, and John. 
 
 NUGENT, JOHN. An officer in the Superintendent Department 
 established at New York. 
 
 NUTTING, JOHN. Carpenter, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 NUTTING, JOSEPH. He was collector of taxes of the city of 
 St. John, and died there in 1826, aged sixty-eight. 
 
 OAKLY, DAVID. A magistrate, of Westchester County, New 
 York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 OBMAN, JACOB. A lieutenant in the Georgia Loyalists. 
 
 ODELL, REVEREND JONATHAN. An Episcopal clergyman. He 
 was a graduate of Yale College. During the Revolution he 
 was chaplain of a Loyalist corps. At the close of the war he 
 settled in New Brunswick, and is mentioned in the annals of 
 that Colony, as the " Honorable and Reverend Jonathan 
 Odell." He was the first Secretary of New Brunswick, and 
 was Register and Clerk of the Council, and had a seat as 
 Councillor. He died in 1818. His daughter Lucy Ann, wife 
 of Lieutenant Colonel Rudyerd, of the Royal Engineers, died 
 at Halifax in 1829. His widow, Anne, died at Fredericton 
 in 1825, aged eighty-five ; and his son, the Honorable William 
 Odell, who was his successor as secretary, and held the office 
 41* 
 
486 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 for thirty-two years, died at Fredericton in 1844, at the age of 
 seventy. 
 
 ODELL. WILLIAM. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. Abraham Odell, of that County, 
 was also a Protester. 
 
 OGDEN, BENJAMIN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. Benjamin Ogden, Esquire, Justice 
 of the Court of Common Pleas, died at Antigonish, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1835. 
 
 OGDEN, DAVID. He was principal clerk of the post-office de 
 partment of the Colonies, and was considered to be in office in 
 1782 certainly and probably until the peace. 
 
 OGDEN, DAVID. A member of His Majesty s Council, and a 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After Galloway, 
 the celebrated Loyalist of Pennsylvania, retired to England, 
 Ogden was a correspondent, and his letters betray much bitter 
 ness of feeling. He was a member of the Board of Refugees 
 or Loyalists established at New York in 1779, and composed 
 of delegates from the several Colonies. He devised the out 
 lines of a plan for the government of America after her sub 
 mission to Great Britain, an event which he deemed " certain 
 and soon to happen, if proper measures were not neglected." 
 That plan is curious in many respects, and is here inserted. 
 It proposed, " That the right of taxation of America by the 
 British parliament be given up. That the several Colonies 
 be restored to their former constitutions and forms of govern 
 ment, except in the instances after mentioned. That each 
 Colony have a Governor and Council appointed by the crown, 
 and a House of Representatives to be elected by the free 
 holders, inhabitants of the several Counties, not more than 
 forty, nor less than thirty for a Colony, who shall have power 
 to make all necessary laws for the internal government and 
 benefit of each respective Colony, that are not repugnant or 
 contradictory to the laws of Great Britain, or the laws of the 
 American parliament, made and enacted to be in force in the 
 Colonies for the government, utility, and safety of the whole. 
 That an American parliament be established for all the Eng- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 487 
 
 lish Colonies on the continent, to consist of a lord Iieutenant 3 
 barons (to be created for the purpose) not to exceed, at present, 
 more than twelve, nor less than eight from each Colony, to be 
 appointed by his majesty out of the freeholders, and inhabi 
 tants of each Colony ; a House of Commons, not to exceed 
 twelve, nor less than eight from each Colony, to be elected by 
 the respective Houses of Representatives for each Colony, 
 which parliament, so constituted, to be three branches of legis 
 lature of the Northern Colonies, and to be styled and called 
 the Lord Lieutenant, the Lords, and Commons of the British 
 Colonies in North America. That they have the power of 
 enacting laws in all cases whatsoever, for the general good, 
 benefit, and security of the Colonies, and for their mutual 
 safety, both defensive, and offensive, against the king s ene 
 mies, rebels, &c. ; proportioning the taxes to be raised in such 
 cases by each Colony. The mode for raising the same to be 
 enacted by the General Assembly of each Colony, which, if 
 refused or neglected, be directed and prescribed by the North 
 American parliament, with power to levy the same. That 
 the laws of the American parliament shall be in force till 
 repealed by his majesty in Council ; and the laws to the sev 
 eral legislatures of the respective Colonies to be in force till the 
 same be repealed by his majesty, or made void by an act and 
 law of the American parliament. That the American parlia 
 ment have the superintendence and government of the several 
 colleges in North America, most of which have been the 
 grand nurseries of the late rebellion, instilling into the tender 
 minds of youth principles favorable to republican, and against 
 a monarchical government, and other doctrines incompatible 
 to the British constitution." Mr. Ogden went to England, and 
 was agent of the New Jersey Loyalists for prosecuting their 
 claims to compensation for losses. He was in London in 
 1788. 
 
 OGDEN, ISAAC. Barrister at law, New York. Was also a 
 correspondent of Galloway. 
 
 OGDEN, JONATHAN. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and 
 died at Greenwich, King s County, November, 1845, aged 
 
488 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ninety-seven. Mary, his widow, died at the same place, 
 August, 1846, aged eighty-one. " They were both among the 
 faithful and intrepid band of Loyalists, who, for their unshaken 
 attachment to the Throne and Constitution of Great Britain, 
 suffered much in their early days." 
 
 OGDEN, PETER. Of New York. Was secretary of the police 
 department of the city, in 1782. 
 
 OGDEN, ROBERT. Of New Jersey. Speaker of the House 
 of Assembly. He was a member of the Stamp Act Congress, 
 so called, and refused to sanction the proceedings of the major 
 ity. An attempt was made at his instance to conceal his de 
 fection, but without success. He was accordingly burned in 
 effigy in several places in New Jersey, and was removed 
 from the Speaker s chair at the next meeting of the Assembly. 
 
 OGDEN, . Of New Jersey. When, in 1781, a considera 
 ble part of the Pennsylvania line became discontented, he 
 acted as the guide of the emissary who was sent by Sir Henry 
 Clinton to seduce them. Instead of meeting the overture, they 
 surrendered Ogden and his associate to General Wayne ; and 
 January 10th, both were tried as spies, convicted, and subse 
 quently executed. 
 
 OGILVIE, CHARLES. Of South Carolina. Was in commis 
 sion under the crown after the fall of Charleston. His prop 
 erty was confiscated. 
 
 OGILVIE, DAVID. A captain of cavalry in the British Le 
 gion. 
 
 OGILVIE, GEORGE. Of New York. Son of the Reverend 
 Mr. Ogilvie. Was an officer in a corps of Loyalists. 
 
 OGILVIE, J., D. D. An Episcopal clergyman of New York. 
 He succeeded Doctor Barclay as missionary to the Mohawk 
 Indians, and was again his successor as rector of Trinity 
 Church at his decease, in 1765. One who knew him while he 
 was stationed among the Mohawks, thus speaks : " His ap 
 pearance was singularly prepossessing ; his address and man 
 ners entirely those of a gentleman. His abilities were respect 
 able, his doctrine was pure and scriptural, and his life 
 exemplary, both as a clergyman and in his domestic circle, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 4S9 
 
 where he was peculiarly amiable ; add to all this a talent for 
 conversation, extensive reading, and a thorough knowledge of 
 life." He died in New York in 1774. 
 
 O HALA, DENNIS. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 O HALLAM, JOHN. An ensign in the King s Rangers, Caro 
 lina. 
 
 OLDFIELD, JOSEPH. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 the Declaration in 1775. 
 
 OLDHAM, THOMAS. Of Chowan, North Carolina. His pro 
 perty was confiscated in 1779. He was a member of the 
 House of Assembly ; and seems at first to have been with the 
 Whigs, since he had a seat in the Convention which approved 
 of the proceedings of the Continental Congress, and which 
 Governor Martin denounced by proclamation. 
 
 OLDING, NICHOLAS PURDIE. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in 
 the Royal Garrison Battalion, and a deputy muster master 
 general of the Loyalist forces. 
 
 OLIPHANT, ALEXANDER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 OLIVE, WILLIAM. A member of the Loyal Artillery, St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1795. He died at Carlton, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1822. 
 
 OLIVER, ANDREW. Of Massachusetts. His father was the 
 Honorable Daniel Oliver, a member of the Council, and he 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1724. He entered public 
 life, and was Secretary, Stamp-distributer and Lieutenant 
 Governor of Massachusetts. In 1765, soon after receiving 
 the appointment of stamp-officer, the building which he had 
 fitted for the transaction of business was demolished by a mob, 
 and he was compelled to resign. He was then allowed to 
 enjoy his post of secretary without molestation for several 
 months. But before the close of the year, a report that he was 
 seeking to be restored to his place of stamp-officer, obtained 
 circulation, and he was required to make a public statement 
 upon the subject. He complied with the demand, and pub 
 lished a declaration, that he would not act under his commis- 
 
490 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 sion ; but this was deemed unsatisfactory, and he was desired 
 to appear under the Liberty Tree, and there resign the office 
 in form, and in the presence of the people. With this demand 
 he also complied, and at the proper time, and while two 
 thousand persons surrounded him, he made oath to the fol 
 lowing declaration ; "That he had never taken any mea 
 sures, in consequence of his deputation, to act in his office as 
 distributer of stamps, and that he never would, directly or 
 indirectly, by himself, or any under him, make use of his 
 deputation, or take any measures for enforcing the stamp-act 
 in America." The multitude gave three cheers, and allowed 
 him to depart. But so determined a course on the part of the 
 Whigs gave him great pain, and caused intense suffering both 
 to himself and his family. 
 
 In 1770, Mr. Oliver was appointed Lieutenant Governor. In 
 1773, several letters which he had written to persons in Eng 
 land were obtained by Franklin, and sent to Massachusetts. 
 These letters caused much excitement, and became the subject 
 of discussion throughout the Colony. The Whigs of the 
 House of Representatives agreed upon a report, that the man 
 ifest tendency and design of these and other similar commu 
 nications of Hutchinson, Paxton, Moffat, Auchmuty, Rogers, 
 and Rome, was to overthrow the constitution, and introduce 
 arbitrary power. In addition to the assaults at home, Junius 
 Americanus, a writer in the public papers in England, charged 
 him with the grave crime of perjury. Mr. Oliver was now 
 advanced in life. He had always been subject to disorders of 
 a bilious nature ; and unable to endure the disquiet and mis 
 ery caused by his position in affairs at so troubled a period, 
 soon sunk under the burthen. After a short illness, he died 
 at Boston in March, 1774, aged sixty-seven. In private life, he 
 was a most estimable man ; but his public career, though earn 
 estly defended by his brother-in-law, Governor Hutchinson, is 
 open to severe censure. That he was " hungry for office and 
 honor," there seems no reason to doubt. No man in Massa 
 chusetts was more unpopular ; and Hutchinson remarks, that 
 the violence of party spirit was evinced even at his funeral ; 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 491 
 
 that some members of the House of Representatives were 
 offended because the officers of the army and navy had pre 
 cedence in the procession, and retired in a body; and that 
 " marks of disrespect were also shown by the populace to the 
 remains of a man, whose memory, if he had died before this 
 violent spirit was raised, would have been revered by all orders 
 and degrees of men in the province." 
 
 OLIVER, BRINLEY SYLVESTER. A son of Lieutenant Governor 
 Andrew Oliver, of Massachusetts. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1774, and became a surgeon in the British 
 service. 
 
 OLIVER, JAMES. Of Conway, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 OLIVER, PETER. Of Salem. Son of Lieutenant Governor 
 Andrew Oliver, of Massachusetts, who died at Boston, March, 
 1774; became a surgeon in the British army, and died in 
 London, April, 1795. His widow married Admiral Sir John 
 Knight, and died at her seat near London in 1839. Doctor 
 Oliver was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who ad 
 dressed Gage on his departure in 1775, and was proscribed 
 under the act of 1778. 
 
 OLIVER, PETER. He was born in 1713, and graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1730. Though not educated a 
 lawyer, he was appointed Chief Justice of Massachusetts in 
 1756 ; and in McFingal it is asked, 
 
 " Did heaven appoint our chief judge Oliver, 
 Fill that high bench with ignoramus, 
 Or has it councils by mandamus ? " 
 
 Judge Oliver was proscribed and banished, and his estate 
 was confiscated. In addition to his judicial station he was a 
 Mandamus Councillor. He went to Halifax at the evacuation 
 of Boston in 1776. Subsequently he embarked for England. 
 Of the five Judges of the Superior Court of Massachusetts at 
 the revolutionary era, four, to wit, the subject of this notice, Ed 
 mund Trowbridge, Foster Hutchinson, and William Browne, 
 were Loyalists. The Whig member of the Court was William 
 
492 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Gushing. In 1774, Oliver was impeached by the legislature 
 for refusing to receive, as usual, a grant for his services from 
 the Colonial treasury, and hecause he would not engage to 
 accept of no emolument from the crown. Judges at this time 
 wore swords, robes, &c. while on the bench. He died in 
 England in 1791. 
 
 OLIVER, PETER, Junior. Son of Chief Justice Peter Oli 
 ver, of Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1761, and died at Shrewsbury, England, September, 1822, 
 aged eighty-one years. He was one of the eighteen country 
 gentlemen who were driven from their habitations in the coun 
 try to Boston ; and who addressed Gage on his departure in 
 1775. He was proscribed under the act of 1778, and is styled 
 of Middleborough, and a physician. 
 
 OLIVER, THOMAS. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Was born 
 in Dorchester, and graduated at Harvard University in 1753. 
 He lived in great retirement, and mingled but little in public 
 affairs. But after the decease of Lieutenant Governor Andrew 
 Oliver, of a different family, in 1774, he was appointed his suc 
 cessor, and was the last royal Lieutenant Governor, and Presi 
 dent of the Council of Massachusetts. As his appointment as 
 Councillor was by the king s writ of mandamus, and contrary to 
 the charter, which provided for the election of members of the 
 Council, he became an object of popular resentment. He de 
 tailed the course pursued against him, in consequence of being 
 sworn into office, in the following narrative, dated September 7, 
 1774, which, as giving his version, and as throwing light on 
 the transactions of the times, is inserted entire. It is an answer 
 to the Whig account of the occurrences at Cambridge on the 
 2d of September, and, as will be seen, is very full and explicit. 
 
 "Early in the morning" (of September 2d), said he, "a 
 number of the inhabitants of Charlestown called at my house 
 to acquaint me that a large body of people from several towns 
 in the County were on their way coming down to Cambridge ; 
 that they were afraid some bad consequences might ensue, 
 and begged I would go out to meet them, and endeavor to 
 prevail on them to return. In a very short time, before I could 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 493 
 
 prepare myself to go, they appeared in sight. I went out to 
 them, and asked the reasons of their appearance in that man 
 ner ; they respectfully answered, they came peaceably to 
 inquire into their grievances, not with design to hurt any 
 man. I perceived they were landholders of the neighboring 
 towns, and was thoroughly persuaded they would do no harm. 
 I was desired to speak to them ; I accordingly did, in such a 
 manner as I thought best calculated to quiet their minds. 
 They thanked me for my advice, said they were no mob, but 
 sober, orderly people, who would commit no disorders; and then 
 proceeded on their way. I returned to my house. Soon after 
 they had arrived on the Common at Cambridge, a -report arose 
 that the troops were on their march from Boston ; I was de 
 sired to go and intercede with his Excellency to prevent their 
 coming. From principles of humanity to the country, from a 
 general love of mankind, and from persuasions that they were 
 orderly people, I readily undertook it ; and is there a man on 
 earth, who, placed in my circumstances, could have refused 
 it? I am informed I am censured for having advised the 
 General to a measure which may reflect on the troops, as being 
 too inactive upon such a general disturbance ; but surely such 
 a reflection on a military man can never arise but in the minds 
 of such as are entirely ignorant of these circumstances. 
 Wherever this affair is known, it must also be known it was 
 my request the troops should not be sent, but to return ; as I 
 passed the people I told them, of my own accord, I would 
 return and let them know the event of my application (not. 
 as was related in the papers, to confer with them on my own 
 circumstances as President of the Council). On my return I 
 went to the Committee, I told them no troops had been ordered, 
 and from the account I had given his Excellency, none would 
 be ordered. I was then thanked for the trouble I had taken 
 in the affair, and was just about to leave them to their own 
 business, when one of the Committee observed, that as I was 
 present, it might be proper to mention a matter they had to 
 propose to me. It was, that although they had a respect for 
 me as Lieutenant Governor of the Province, they could wish I 
 42 
 
494 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Avould resign my seat. I told them I took it very unkind that 
 they should mention anything on that subject; and among 
 other reasons I urged, that, as Lieutenant Governor, I stood in 
 a particular relation to the Province in general, and therefore 
 could not hear any thing upon that matter from a particular 
 County. I was then pushed to know, if I would resign when 
 it appeared to be the sense of the Province in general ; I an 
 swered, that when all the other Councillors had resigned, if it 
 appeared to be the sense of the Province I should resign, I 
 would submit. They then called for a vote upon the subject, 
 and, by a very great majority, voted my reasons satisfactory. 
 I inquired whether they had full power to act for the people, 
 and being answered in the affirmative, I desired they would 
 take care to acquaint them of their votes, that I should have 
 no further application made to me on that head. I was prom 
 ised by the Chairman, and a general assent, it should be so. 
 This left me entirely clear and free from any apprehensions 
 of a farther application upon this matter, and perhaps will 
 account for that confidence which I had in the people, and for 
 which I may be censured. Indeed, it is true, the event proves 
 I had too much, but reasoning from events yet to come, is a 
 kind of reasoning I have not been used to. In the afternoon I 
 observed large companies pouring in from different parts ; I 
 then began to apprehend they would become unmanageable, 
 and that it was expedient to go out of their way. I was just 
 going into my carriage when a great crowd advanced, and in 
 a short time my house was surrounded by three or four thou 
 sand people, and one quarter part in arms. I went to the front 
 door, where I was met by five persons, who acquainted me 
 they were a Committee from the people to demand a resigna 
 tion of my seat at the Board. I was shocked at their ingrati 
 tude and false dealings, and reproached them with it. They 
 excused themselves by saying the people were dissatisfied with 
 the vote of the Committee, and insisted on my signing a paper 
 they had prepared for that purpose. I found I had been en 
 snared, and endeavored to reason them out of such ungrateful 
 behavior. They gave such answers, that I found it was in vain 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 495 
 
 to reason longer with them ; I told them my first considerations 
 were for my honor, the next for my life ; that they might put 
 me to death or destroy my property, but I would not submit. 
 They began then to reason in their turn, urging the power of 
 the people, and the danger of opposing them. All this occa 
 sioned a delay, which enraged part of the multitude, who, 
 pressing into my back-yard, denounced vengeance to the foes of 
 their liberties. The Committee endeavored to moderate them, 
 and desired them to keep back, for they pressed up to my win 
 dows, which then were open ; I could from thence hear them at 
 a distance calling out for a determination, and, with their arms 
 in their hands, swearing they would have my blood if I refused 
 The Committee appeared to be anxious for me, still I refused 
 to sign ; part of the populace growing furious, and the distress 
 of my family who heard their threats, and supposed them just 
 about to be executed, called up feelings which I could not 
 suppress ; and nature, ready to find new excuses, suggested a 
 thought of the calamities I should occasion if I did not com 
 ply; I found myself giving way, and b^gan to cast about to 
 contrive means to come off with honor. I proposed they should 
 call in the people to take me out by force, but they said the 
 people were enraged, and they would not answer for the con 
 sequences ; I told them I would take the risk, but they refused 
 to do it. Reduced to this extremity, I cast my eyes over the 
 paper, with a hurry of mind and conflict of passion which 
 rendered me unable to remark the contents, and wrote under 
 neath the following words : My house at Cambridge being 
 surrounded by four thousand people, in compliance with their 
 commands, I sign my name, THOMAS OLIVER. The five per 
 sons took it, carried it to the people, and, I believe, used their 
 endeavors to get it accepted. I had several messages that 
 the people would not accept it with those additions, upon 
 which I walked into the court-yard, and declared I would do 
 no more, though they should put me to death. I perceived 
 that those persons who formed the first body which came 
 down in the morning, consisting of the landholders of the 
 neighboring towns, used their utmost endeavors to get the 
 
496 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 paper received with my additions ; and I must, in justice to 
 them, observe, that, during the whole transaction, they had 
 never invaded my enclosures, but still were not able to protect 
 me from other insults which I received from those who were 
 in arms. From this consideration I am induced to quit the 
 country, and seek protection in the town." 
 
 The document presented to Mr. Oliver on the 2d of Septem 
 ber, and which he signed, was as follows : "I, Thomas Oli 
 ver, being appointed by his Majesty to a seat at the Council 
 Board, upon, and in conformity to the late Act of Parliament, 
 entitled an Act for the better regulation of the Province of 
 Massachusetts Bay, which being a manifest infringement of 
 the Charter rights and privileges of this people, I do hereby, 
 in conformity to the commands of the body of this County 
 now convened, most solemnly renounce and resign my seat at 
 said unconstitutional Board, and hereby firmly promise and 
 engage, as a man of honor and a Christian, that I never will 
 hereafter, upon any terms whatsoever, accept a seat at said 
 Board on the present novel and oppressive plan of Govern 
 ment." To this, the original form, he added the words above 
 recited. Judge Danforth and Judge Lee. who were also Man 
 damus Councillors, and Mr. Phipps, the sheriff, and Mr. 
 Mason, clerk of the County, were compelled to submit to the 
 same body, and make written resignations. 
 
 Governor Oliver, as stated by himself, went into Boston, and 
 made assurances both to General Gage and to the Admiral on 
 the station, which prevented a body of troops from being sent to 
 disperse the large body of people who assembled at Cambridge 
 on this occasion ; and to these assurances it was owing, un 
 doubtedly, that the day passed without bloodshed. But for 
 the peaceable demeanor of those whom he met in the morning, 
 the landholders of the neighboring towns, the first colli 
 sion between the king s troops and the inhabitants of Massa 
 chusetts, would have occurred, very likely, at Cambridge, 
 and not at Lexington. A detachment was sent to the former 
 town the day before, to bring off some pieces of cannon, 
 and from this circumstance arose, principally, the proceed- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 497 
 
 ings related by Governor Oliver. Indignant because the " red 
 coats " had been sent upon such an errand, thousands from 
 the surrounding country assembled in the course of the day, 
 (September 2d,) armed with guns, sticks, and other weapons; 
 and when the Lieutenant Governor s promise on his return 
 from Boston, rendered it certain that they would not be op 
 posed by the troops, they exacted from every official who lived 
 at Cambridge full compliance with their demands, as has been 
 stated. 
 
 From this period Governor Oliver lived in Boston, until 
 March, 1776, when at the evacuation he accompanied the 
 royal army to Halifax, and took passage thence to England. 
 In 1778 he was proscribed and banished; and the year follow 
 ing was included in the conspiracy act. His estate was con 
 fiscated. While in England he lived in retirement. He died 
 at Bristol, England, November 29, 1815, aged eighty-two. 
 Harriet, his wife, a daughter of Colonel John Yassall, of Cam 
 bridge, died at the same place in 1808. His elegant mansion 
 at Cambridge was occupied by Governor Gerry for many 
 years. It is said that he was a gentleman of great mildness of 
 temper, and politeness of manners. 
 
 OLIVER, WILLIAM SANDFORD. Of Boston. Son of Lieutenant 
 Governor Andrew Oliver, of Massachusetts. In 1776 he ac 
 companied the royal army to Halifax. He settled at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was the first sheriff of the 
 County. His official papers in 1784 are dated at Parr, and 
 Parr-town, by which names St. John was then known. In 
 1792, he held the office of Marshal of the Court of Vice Ad 
 miralty of New Brunswick. At the time of his decease he 
 was sheriff of the County of St. John, and treasurer of the 
 Colony. He died at St. John in 1813, aged sixty-two. Catha 
 rine, his wife, died in that city in 1803, at the age of forty-one. 
 Elisabeth Letitia, his youngest daughter, died at Fort Erie, 
 Upper Canada, in 1836. His son, William Sandford, was a 
 grantee of St. John in 1783, but left New Brunswick about 
 1806. A Lieutenant William Sandford Oliver, of the Royal 
 42* 
 
498 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Navy, married Mary Oliver, only daughter of Thomas Hutch- 
 inson, Esquire, in England, in 1811: possibly the same. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, AARON. Of Connecticut. In 1783 was a grantee 
 of St. John, New Brunswick. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, ELEAZER. Of Reading, Connecticut. Was a mem 
 ber of the Association. 
 
 OLMSTEAD, NATHAN. Of Ridgefield, Connecticut. In January 
 1775, was chairman of a meeting called at Ridgefield, to con 
 sider whether that town would "adopt and conform to the 
 Resolves contained in the Association of the Continental Con 
 gress." About two hundred voters were present, and it was 
 determined, with almost entire unanimity, " That it would be 
 dangerous and hurtful to adopt said Congress s measures ; and 
 we hereby publicly disapprove of, and protest against said 
 Congress, and the measures by them directed, as unconsti 
 tutional, as subversive of our real liberties, and as counte 
 nancing licentiousness." 
 
 O NEALE, HENRY. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown, after the surrender of Charleston. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 O NEIL, JOSEPH. Embarked at Boston with the British army 
 for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 O NEILL, JAMES. A lieutenant in the Prince of Wales s 
 American Volunteers. 
 
 ORIN, JOHN. One of the grantees of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783. 
 
 ORMOND, GEORGE. Adjutant of the Queen s Rangers. At 
 the peace he settled in New Brunswick, but removed from the 
 Colony, and probably to Canada. A son is lieutenant-colonel 
 in the British army. 
 
 ORNE, TIMOTHY. Of Salem, Massachusetts. He graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1768 ; was an Addresser of Gage in 
 1774. A mob seized him in 1775, but were persuaded to re 
 linquish their design of tarring and feathering him. 
 
 OSBORN, NATHAN. Of Westchester County. A Protester at 
 White Plains. 
 
 OSWALD, ATWOOD. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 P^nnswick. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 499 
 
 OWEN, JOHN. Of Fishing Creek, South Carolina. In 1782 
 his estate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 OWENS, JOHN. One of the grantees of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick. He died previous to 1805 ; Mary, his widow, survived 
 until that year. 
 
 OXNARD, EDWARD. Of Falmouth, Maine. Brother of Thomas 
 Oxnard. He was born in 1746, and graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1767. As the revolutionary controversy ap 
 proached to a crisis, he was a merchant ; and between May 
 and October, 1775, officiated as reader of the Episcopal society. 
 After the burning of Falmouth by Mowatt, he retreated from 
 Maine, and went to England. In 1776 he was in London, 
 and a member of the New England Club, formed there early 
 in that year, by several Loyalists of Massachusetts, who 
 agreed to meet and have a dinner weekly at the Adelphi, 
 Strand. This Club, February 1, was composed of the follow 
 ing members: Governor Hutchinson, Richard Clark, Joseph 
 Green, Jonathan Bliss, Jonathan Sewall, Joseph Waldo, S. S. 
 Blowers, Elisha Hutchinson, William Hutchinson, Samuel 
 Sewall, Samuel Quincy, Isaac Smith, Harrison Gray, David 
 Greene, Jonathan Clark, Thomas Flucker, Joseph Taylor, 
 Daniel Silsbee, Thomas Brinley, William Cabot, John S. Cop 
 ley, Nathaniel Coffin, Samuel Porter, Benjamin Pickman, 
 John Amory, Robert Auchmuty, Major Urquhart, Samuel 
 Curwen, and the subject of this notice; all of whom, Urqu 
 hart excepted, are mentioned in this volume. In 1778, Mr. 
 Oxnard was proscribed and banished. He returned to Port 
 land soon after the conclusion of hostilities, and was an auc 
 tioneer and commission merchant. He died July 2d, 1803. 
 His wife, who was Mary, a daughter of Jabez Fox, and a 
 descendant of John Fox, author of the Book of Martyrs ; and 
 his sons William, Edward, and John, and one daughter, sur 
 vived him. 
 
 OXNARD, THOMAS. Of Falmouth, Maine. Brother of Edward. 
 He was born in 1740, and removed to Falmouth (no\v Port 
 land) some years previous to the Revolution, and established 
 himself as a merchant. In 1764 he was among those who 
 
500 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 seceded from the old parish, and formed a society of Episco 
 palians. In 1770, after Mr. Lyde was commissioned collector 
 of the customs, he was appointed deputy, and continued in 
 office until the royal authority came to an end, when he left 
 the country. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. Dur 
 ing some part of the war he was at the royal post established 
 at Castine, and in 1782 his wife was permitted, by a resolve 
 of the General Court, to join him, " with her two servant 
 maids, and such part of her household goods as the selectmen 
 of Falmouth should admit." At a period subsequent to the 
 war, he was at the island of Grand Menan, Bay of Fundy ; 
 but returned to Portland not long after the peace, and between 
 the years 1787 and 1792, officiated as reader to the Episcopal 
 society. He " designed to go to England to take orders, but 
 having a correspondence with Mr. Belsham of London, Doctor 
 Freeman of Boston and others, he imbibed Unitarian views of 
 religion, and not being able to satisfy his society of their truth, 
 he was dismissed, and gave up his intention of preaching." 
 He died at Portland, May 20, 1799, aged fifty-nine. His wife 
 was Martha, a daughter of General Jedediah Preble, a distin 
 guished Whig, and a sister of the celebrated Commodore Ed 
 ward Preble, of the United States Navy. His children were 
 Thomas, Henry, Stephen D., and Martha. Thomas com 
 manded the American privateer True Blooded Yankee, in the 
 war of 1812, and was famous for his success and the boldness 
 of his enterprises ; at his death, he requested that the flag of 
 his country should be his shroud. Henry, the second son, 
 who was a merchant and a ship-owner, and a gentleman highly 
 beloved for his many virtues, died at Boston 3 December 15, 
 1843. 
 
 PADDOCK, ADINO. Of Boston. He was a lineal descendant 
 of Zachariah Paddock, who came over in the May Flower in 
 1620, but who, being a minor, was not included in the list of 
 the first settlers of Plymouth. Zachariah married and left 
 children. The family increased and branched off, and at the 
 Revolutionary period, members of it were to be found in vari- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 501 
 
 ous parts of New England, in New Jersey, and even in South % 
 Carolina. In 1749 Adino the subject of this notice mar 
 ried Lydia Snelling, by whom he had thirteen children. He 
 settled in Boston, where he manufactured chairs, and trans 
 acted his business near the head of Bumstead Place. He was 
 much respected. He commanded the Boston Train of Artille 
 ry, obtained the rank of colonel in the military of the day, 
 and was considered an excellent officer. The elm trees in 
 Tremont street were planted by him, and were for years the 
 objects of his care. It is related, that on one occasion, he 
 offered the reward of a guinea for the detection of the person 
 who hacked one or more of them. Nine of Colonel Paddock s 
 children died in infancy ; and John, a student at Harvard 
 College, was drowned in Charles river while bathing in 1773. 
 In March, 1776, he embarked for Halifax with the royal 
 army, accompanied by his wife, and by Adino, Elisabeth, and 
 Rebecca, his surviving children. In June of that year, the 
 whole family, his son Adino excepted, sailed from Halifax for 
 England. 
 
 Two years after Colonel Paddock abandoned his native 
 land, he was proscribed and banished. From 1781 until his 
 decease, he resided on the Isle of Jersey, and for several years 
 held the office of Inspector of Artillery Stores, with the rank 
 of captain. He died March 25, 1804, aged seventy-six years. 
 Lydia, his wife, died at the Isle of Jersey in 1781, aged fifty- 
 one. He received a partial compensation for his losses as a 
 Loyalist. 
 
 PADDOCK, ADINO, Junior. Of Boston. Son of Colonel Adino 
 Paddock. He accompanied his father to Halifax in 1776, as 
 related above, and in 1779 followed him to England, where he 
 entered upon the study of medicine and surgery. Having 
 attended the different hospitals of London, and fitted himself 
 for practice, he returned to America before the close of the 
 Revolution, and was surgeon of the King s American Dra 
 goons. In 1784 he married Margaret Ross, of Casco Bay, 
 Maine, and settling at St. John, New Brunswick, confined his 
 attention to professional pursuits. In addition to extensive 
 
502 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 successful private practice, he enjoyed from government, 
 the post of surgeon to the ordnance of New Brunswick. He 
 died at St. Mary s, York County, in 1817, aged fifty-eight. 
 Margaret, his wife, died at St. John in 1815, at the age of 
 fifty. The fruit of their union was ten children; of whom 
 three sons, namely, Adino, Thomas, and John, were educated 
 physicians. Adino commenced practice in 1808, and is still 
 (1846) living at Kingston, New Brunswick. Thomas mar 
 ried Mary, daughter of Arthur McLellan, Esquire, of Port 
 land, Maine, and died at St. John, deeply lamented, in 1838, 
 aged forty-seven. John, the youngest, resides at St. John. 
 
 PAFFORD, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 PAGAN, ROBERT. A native of Glasgow, Scotland. Was born 
 in 1750. He emigrated to America early in life, and estab 
 lished himself as a merchant at Falmouth, Maine (now Port 
 land). Though a young man, " He pursued on a large scale 
 the lumber business and ship-building. The ships which 
 were built were not generally employed in our trade, but with 
 their cargoes sent to Europe and sold. Mr. Pagan kept on the 
 corner of King and Fore streets, the largest stock of goods 
 which was employed here before the war ; he was a man of 
 popular manners and much beloved by the people." In 1775 
 he became involved in the controversies of the time, and aban 
 doned his business and the country soon after the burning of 
 Falmouth by Mo watt. In 1778 he was proscribed and ban 
 ished. He settled at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, in 1784, 
 and became one of the principal men in the County of 
 Charlotte. After serving the crown as agent for lands in New 
 Brunswick, and in superintending affairs connected with 
 grants to Loyalists, he was in commission as a magistrate, as 
 Judge of a Court, and as colonel in the militia, and being a 
 favorite among the freeholders of the County, was elected to 
 the House of Assembly, and for several years was a leading 
 member of that body. Judge Pagan died at St. Andrew, No 
 vember 23, 1821; and Miriam, his widow, (a daughter of 
 Jeremiah Pote,) deceased at the same place, January, 1828, 
 aged eighty-one. They were childless. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 503 
 
 PAGAN, THOMAS. Brother of Robert Pagan. He went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, was one of the 
 grantees of that city, and established himself as a merchant. 
 He removed to Halifax, and while absent in Scotland for the 
 benefit of his health, died in 1804. 
 
 PAGAN, WILLIAM. Of Maine. Brother of Robert and Thomas. 
 He settled in New Brunswick, and was a member of the 
 House of Assembly, and of the Council. His death occurred 
 at Fredericton, March 12, 1819. 
 
 PAGE, GEORGE. Embarked at Boston with the British army, 
 for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 PAINE, SAMUEL. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. Tn 1775 he 
 was sent by the Committee of that town, under guard, " to 
 Watertown or Cambridge, to be dealt with as the honorable 
 Congress or Commander-in-chief shall, upon examination, 
 think proper." His direct offences consisted, apparently, in 
 saying, that the Hampshire troops had robbed the house of 
 Mr. Bradish ; that he had heard the Whig soldiers were de 
 serting in great numbers ; and, that he was told " the men* 
 were so close stowed in the Colleges that they were lousy. 7 
 This is the substance of the testimony of a neighbor, the only 
 witness who appeared against him, and who had a conversation 
 with him (in the garden of the witness) immediately after he 
 had been on a visit to Cambridge, where the Whig army was 
 then encamped. Tn 1776 Mr. Paine accompanied the British 
 army from Boston to Halifax. During the war he wandered 
 from place to place, and apparently without regular employ 
 ment. After the war he returned to Massachusetts, and died 
 at Worcester in 1807. He was a son of Honorable Timothy 
 Paine, and a graduate of Harvard University of the class of 
 1771. 
 
 * PAINE, TIMOTHY. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1748. He was a member of 
 the General Court for some years, and a stout government- 
 man in the controversies in that body which preceded the 
 Revolution. In 1774 he was appointed a Mandamus Council 
 lor, and in August of that year, about fifteen hundred people 
 
504 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 assembled on the Common in Worcester, and elected Joseph 
 Gilbert, John Goulding, Edward Rawson, Thomas Dennie, 
 and Joshua Bigelow, a Committee, to wait upon him and to 
 demand of him satisfaction for having accepted the appoint 
 ment. After some delay he wrote and signed his resignation. 
 The committee insisted further, that he should personally 
 appear before the people ; this he did, when Mr. Dennie read 
 his resignation. It was then insisted that he should read the 
 paper himself, and with his hat off. He hesitated, and de 
 manded the protection of the committee, but finally complied, 
 and was allowed to retire to his dwelling unharmed. The 
 object of the multitude having been accomplished, they with 
 drew in companies, those of each town marching off in a sep 
 arate body. Mr. Paine died in 1793. 
 
 PAINE, WILLIAM. Of Worcester, Massachusetts. Son of Hon 
 orable Timothy Paine. Graduated at Harvard University in 
 1768. He was educated to the medical profession, and having 
 been proscribed under the act of 1778, became apothecary to 
 the British forces in Rhode Island and New York. He settled 
 after the Revolution in the province of New Brunswick, and 
 was a member of the House of Assembly for the County of 
 Charlotte. He, however, removed to Salem, Massachusetts, 
 and thence to Worcester, and died in the latter town, April, 
 1833, aged eighty-three years. 
 
 PALMER, GIDEON. A coroner, of Westmoreland County, New 
 Brunswick. Died at St. John in 1824, aged seventy-five. 
 
 PALMER, JACOB. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowl 
 edged allegiance, October, 1776. In 1779 he was an Addresser 
 of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. 
 
 PALMER, NATHAN. A lieutenant of Tory levies. He was 
 detected in the camp of General Putnam. Governor Try on 
 claimed his surrender, when Putnam replied, "Sir; Nathan 
 Palmer, a lieutenant in your king s service, was taken in my 
 camp as a spy, he was tried as a spy, he was condemned as a 
 spy, and you may rest assured, sir, that he shall be hanged as 
 a spy." 
 
 "P. S. Afternoon he is hanged." In some accounts this 
 man is call Edmund Palmer. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 5()5 
 
 PALMER. RICHARD. Cabinet-maker, of Philadelphia. In 1778 
 it was ordered by the Council of Pennsylvania, that, failing to 
 surrender and abide a legal trial for treason, he should stand 
 attainted. 
 
 PALMER, ROBERT. Of Beaufort, North Carolina. His prop 
 erty was confiscated in 1779. He went to England. 
 
 PALMER, THOMAS. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1761. In 1774 he was appointed a 
 Mandamus Councillor, but was not sworn into office. He died 
 in 1820. 
 
 PANTON, GEORGE. In July, 1783, he was at New York, and 
 one of the fifty-five Loyalists who petitioned for lands in Nova 
 Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 PANTON, W. Of Georgia. He removed beyond the limits 
 of that State, early in the struggle, and in 1793 lived at 
 Pensacola. During the Revolution he was the particular 
 friend and agent of Colonel Brown, who succeeded Colonel 
 Stuart in the British superintendency of the four southern 
 nations of Indians ; and a large proportion of the presents of 
 the British government to these nations passed through his 
 hands, and the hands of his connexions in different parts of 
 Florida : and from the Spanish government he had authority 
 to import goods directly from England, to conduct an exten 
 sive Indian trade. His importations are estimated in our State 
 papers at 40,000 annually. From these papers it appears 
 also, that he was particularly hostile to the United States, and 
 frequently told the Creeks, when he delivered them guns, that 
 " these guns were to kill the Americans, and that he had 
 rather have them applied to that use than to the shooting of 
 deer." That the feelings attributed to Mr. Panton were very 
 common among the Loyalists, who established their residence 
 with, or in the vicinity of the savage tribes, there is ample evi 
 dence. To the agency of such persons, indeed, the desolating 
 wars which occurred on our frontiers a few years after the 
 peace of 1783, and especially in Washington s administration, 
 are supposed to be justly chargeable. In the course of the 
 transactions of the firm of Pan ton, Leslie, and Company, of 
 43 
 
506 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 which Mr. Panton was a member, a large debt became due 
 from the Indians, which, by consent of Spain, was finally ex 
 tinguished by the conveyance of a tract of land in Florida 
 forty miles square ; this domain, I am led to conclude, was in 
 the hands of John Forbes and Company in 1821, as the suc 
 cessors of the first mentioned firm. 
 
 PARKER, JAMES. Of Virginia. He joined Lord Dunmore, 
 on the first revolt of Virginia ; was a captain in the service ; 
 and was captured by the French squadron, and carried pris 
 oner to France. On the passage, the ship in which he first 
 embarked foundered at sea ; but all on board were saved. 
 
 PARKER, JAMES. Of North Carolina. Was banished and 
 attainted, and his estate confiscated. In 1794 he resided in 
 England, and in that year applied to the British government 
 to interpose for the recovery of some large debts due to him in 
 America at the time of his banishment. 
 
 PARKER, JOHN. Of New -York. In the autumn of 1780 a 
 young Whig, of the name of Shew, was captured in the woods 
 near Ballston, by a party of Indians and Tories, and at the 
 instigation of Parker, instantly murdered. Parker himself, not 
 long after, fell into the hands of his foes, and was tried, con 
 victed, and executed at Albany, as a spy. 
 
 PARKER, JOSIAH. A lieutenant in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 PARKER, ROBERT. Of Massachusetts. He settled in New 
 Brunswick in 1783, and was directly appointed store-keeper of 
 ordnance, and comptroller of the customs for the port of St. 
 John, and filled these offices many years, until his decease. 
 He died in that city in 1823, aged seventy- three. His only 
 daughter, Eliza Jane, married Frederick Du Vernet, Esquire, 
 of the Royal Staff Corps, in 1816. His son, the Honorable 
 Robert Parker, is a Judge of the Supreme Court; and his son 
 Neville Parker, Esquire, is Master of the Rolls of New Bruns 
 wick. 
 
 PARKER, STEPHEN. Of North Carolina. , He was in com 
 mission as a lieutenant, and in 1776 was captured and im 
 prisoned. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 507 
 
 PARKER, TIMOTHY. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. 1783. 
 
 PARKINSON, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 17SO. 
 
 PARKS, ROLAND. A cornet in the King s American Dragoons. 
 
 PARLEE, PETER. Died at Sussex Vale, New Brunswick, 
 1832. 
 
 PARROCK, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. His estate was confis 
 cated in 1779. 
 
 PARRY, EDWARD. Merchant, of Portsmouth. Was proscribed 
 and banished by the act of New Hampshire, of 1778. He 
 was the Portsmouth consignee of the Tea. Two parcels were 
 sent to him. The first was landed and stored in the Custom 
 house, without the knowledge of the people. This, upon 
 requisition, he reshipped to Halifax without disturbance, after 
 paying the duty in order to obtain a clearance from the col 
 lector of the customs. The second- lot was likewise reshipped ; 
 but not until Mr. Parry had been in the hands of a mob, who 
 demolished his windows, and caused him to claim the protec 
 tion of the governor. 
 
 PARTELOW, JAHIEL. Of Connecticut. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the grantees of 
 that city. He died at St. John in 1831, aged eighty-seven. 
 His son Jahiel died at the same place in 1837, at the age of 
 sixty -six. John R. Partelow, Esquire, son of the second 
 Jahiel, was many years chamberlain of St. John, and is now 
 a member of the House of Assembly, and a leading politician 
 of New Brunswick. 
 
 PARTELOW, MATTHEW. Of Connecticut. Brother of Jahiel 
 Partelow. Was one of the grantees of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, 1783, and died there in 1834, aged eighty-seven. Mrs. 
 Hannah Wilbur, his daughter, died at the same place in 1846, 
 at the age of seventy- three. 
 
 PARTELOW, RICHARD. Of Connecticut. Died at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in the year 1800, aged ninety-eight. 
 
 PATCHEN, ANDREW and ASAEL. Of Reading, Connecticut. 
 Were members of the Association. 
 
508 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 PATERSON, JOHN. Of New York. Was an Addresser of the 
 king at London, 1779. 
 
 PATERSON, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 PATERSON. The following (residence unknown) were in the 
 military service of the crown in 1782. Robert, as a lieutenant 
 in the New York Volunteers; William, as surgeon of the 
 Second Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers ; John, as chaplain 
 of the Maryland Loyalists ; and William, as a lieutenant in 
 the Georgia Loyalists. 
 
 PATTEN, GEORGE. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 PATTEN, JOHN. Was at Halifax in July, 1776, a Loyalist 
 Refugee. 
 
 PATTERSON, JOSIAH. One of the grantees of St. John, 1783. 
 
 PATTERSON, WILLIAM. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 PATTERSON, W., ESQUIRE. Sheriff of Cumberland County, 
 New York. In the difficulties which occurred between the 
 Whigs and Loyalists of that County, early in 1775, he seems 
 to have borne a prominent, and a most unfortunate part. Ac 
 cording to a report drawn up by the Whig Committee, the 
 disputes then common in all parts of the country, were aggra 
 vated and increased by an attempt of some persons in author 
 ity in the royal interest, to suppress circular letters from the 
 Committee of Correspondence of the city of New York, in 
 1774. In the course of the dissensions which followed a 
 knowledge of this circumstance by the Whigs, an attempt was 
 made by them to prevent the usual session of the County 
 Court ; when Mr. Patterson appeared at the Court House, at 
 the head of a party of armed adherents of the crown ; directed 
 the king s proclamation to be read ; and ordered the Whigs 
 " to disperse in fifteen minutes, or by God he would blow a 
 lane through them." Colonel Chandler, one of the Judges, 
 had been consulted on a previous day, as to the expediency of 
 the Court s sitting in the existing state of public feeling, and 
 had promised, that no force should be used against the Whigs, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 509 
 
 who might assemble at the Court House, to carry out their 
 intentions of stopping legal proceedings ; and the presence of 
 Patterson, thus attended, was of course wholly unexpected. 
 The Whigs were unarmed. Colonel Chandler was appealed 
 to, acknowledged what he had said, and averred that arms 
 had been brought to the ground without his consent or knowl 
 edge ; and still continuing his pacific disposition, endeavored 
 to disarm Patterson s party, and prevent extremities. But his 
 exertions and moderate counsels were without avail. Angry 
 words, oaths, imprecations, and threats, ensued; and, finally, 
 bloodshed. Several of the Whigs were maimed and wounded, 
 and one, of the name of William French, received four bullets, 
 one of which went through his brain and killed him. Violent 
 commotions rapidly followed these proceedings. A consider 
 able body of men equipped for war, from New Hampshire and 
 Massachusetts, soon arrived; and the government of New 
 York interposed. That Mr. Patterson was very much in 
 fault, in the transactions which connect his name with the sad 
 deeds here briefly considered, hardly admits of a doubt ; and 
 appears as well from the statements of the Loyalists, as from 
 the report of the Whig Committee. And besides, the course 
 of events in the House of Assembly shows a state of feeling 
 quite unfavorable to his exculpation. By referring to the do 
 ings of that body, in the session commenced in January, 1775, 
 it will be found, that Mr. Brush, a member of the ministerial 
 party, moved for a grant of 1000, for the purpose of " re 
 instating and maintaining the due administration of justice in 
 said County, [of Cumberland] and for the suppression of riots 
 therein ; " which sum, after debate, was voted. But every 
 Whig member present, and several of Mr. Brush s party, voted 
 against the measure ; and it was carried by a majority of only 
 two, including the Speaker. It is to be remarked, that, while 
 the Whigs at the Court House deny that they were armed, 
 Patterson s friends assert the contrary ; though both agree in 
 the important circumstance, that the Loyalists were the first 
 to use weapons, the first to fire. 
 
 PATTINSON, THOMAS. Lieutenant Colonel of the Prince of 
 43* 
 
510 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Wales s American Volunteers. He died at Charleston, South 
 Carolina, before December, 1782. 
 
 PAUL, . Of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. In 1782 he 
 
 was sentenced to die as a spy, and was confined in the camp 
 of Lafayette. The evening before the day appointed for his 
 execution he escaped. 
 
 PAXTON, CHARLES. He was one of the Commissioners of the 
 Customs at Boston ; was proscribed and banished, and his 
 estate was confiscated. In 1769 he and his associates were 
 posted in the Boston Gazette by James Otis. It was this card 
 of Otis s which brought on the altercation with Robinson, 
 another commissioner, in the coffee-house in State street, that 
 stood on the site of the present Massachusetts Bank ; and 
 which resulted in injuries to the head of the first champion of 
 the Revolution, from which he never recovered. Paxton was 
 remarkable for finished politeness arid courtesy of manners. 
 His office was unpopular and even odious ; arid the wags of 
 the day made merry with qualities, which at any other time 
 would have commanded respect. On Pope-day, as the gun 
 powder plot anniversary, or 5th of November, was called, 
 there was usually a grand pageant of various figures on a 
 stage mounted on wheels and drawn through the streets with 
 horses. Lanterns, transparencies of oiled paper having in 
 scriptions; figures of the Pretender suspended to a gibbet 
 of the devil, and the Pope with appropriate implements 
 and dress, were among the objects devised to draw attention 
 and make up the show. Sometimes political characters, who 
 in popular estimation should keep company with the person 
 ages represented, were added, and of these, Commissioner 
 Paxton was one. On one occasion he was exhibited between 
 the figures of the devil and the pope, in proper figure, with 
 this label ; " every marts humble servant, but no mart s friend " 
 Pope-day was never celebrated after the shedding of blood at 
 Lexington. As head of the Board of Commissioners, Mr. 
 Paxton directed his deputy at Salem, Mr. Cockle, in 1760, to 
 apply to the Court for the writs of assistance, under which the 
 officers of the revenue were to have authority to enter and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 511 
 
 search all places which they should suspect to contain smug 
 gled goods. In the discussions consequent upon this applica 
 tion, James Otis distinguished himself, and during his great 
 speech on the question, " Independence," said John Adams, 
 " was born." Mr. Paxton accompanied the British army to 
 Halifax at the evacuation of Boston, and embarked for Eng 
 land with his family, in the ship Aston Hall, July, 1776. In 
 1780 he was a pall-bearer at the funeral of Governor Hutchin- 
 son. His own death occurred in England in 1782. 
 
 PEABODY, FRANCIS. A captain ; took refuge in New Bruns 
 wick at the close of the war, and settled at Maugerville, Sun- 
 derland County, of that Colony. 
 
 PEABODY, FRANCIS. Son of Captain Francis Peabody. Was 
 born in 1760, and emigrated with his father to New Bruns 
 wick at the peace. He resided at Chatham in that Colony 
 about half a century, and died there, July, 1841, aged eighty- 
 one years. 
 
 PEARCE, ABRAHAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 PEARIS, RICHARD. An ensign in the King s Rangers, Caro 
 lina. 
 
 PEARSALL, WILLIAM and THOMAS. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. William was 
 subsequently in arms on the side of the crown, and a party 
 who robbed the mother-in-law of Thomas, struck at him with 
 an axe. In 1781 Thomas was made prisoner by a party of 
 Whigs who came to North Hernpstead. 
 
 PEARSON, JACOB. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. He became a pilot of that port. 
 
 PEASE, SIMON. Of Rhode Island. Was an officer of the 
 Loyal Newport Associators. He died previous to January 1, 
 1778. 
 
 PEAVEY, WILLIAM. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 PECK, DAVID, HENRY, and JAMES. Were grantees of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, 1783. James returned to the United States. 
 
 PECKER, JEREMIAH. Of Haverhill, Massachusetts. Graduated 
 
512 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 at Harvard University in 1757. After the Revolution, he 
 taught a school in St. John, New Brunswick, and died in that 
 city in 1809. 
 
 PEDERICK, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 PEIRCE, JOHN. Of Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Eldest 
 son of the Honorable Daniel Peirce. Was born in 1746, and 
 died June, 1814. He was opposed to the Revolution, at its 
 commencement; but was respected by the Whigs, as a man 
 of principle and integrity. He was educated a merchant, and 
 became not only a thorough accountant, but had a peculiar 
 faculty of adjusting intricate and long contested claims. His 
 friends, his townsmen, corporations, and landed proprietors, at 
 various periods, honored him with important trusts ; and he 
 was connected, from time to time, with almost every matter 
 which required the exercise of his properties of character. He 
 was distinguished for benevolence, decision, and sound judg 
 ment. Under President Adams, he was Loan Officer for New 
 Hampshire. He seems to have been a superior man, every 
 way. 
 
 PELHAM, HENRY. Embarked, at Boston with the British 
 army, for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 PELL, JAMES. Of Westchester County, New York. A Pro 
 tester at White Plains. 
 
 PELL, PHILIP. A magistrate, of Westchester County, New 
 York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 PELLEW, HUMPHREY. Was an extensive merchant, and 
 largely concerned in shipping and in the American trade. He 
 purchased a tobacco plantation of two thousand acres in 
 Maryland, but it is not certain that he ever came to reside 
 upon it, or to visit it. This estate was confiscated, and the 
 city of Annapolis is built partly upon it. Three of his grand 
 sons served on the royal side during the Revolution, and 
 Washington expressed the opinion to a friend of the family, 
 that this circumstance would prevent the success of an appli 
 cation to Maryland for its restoration ; and as no compensation 
 was made under the act of parliament, the loss was total. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 513 
 
 These grandsons were John, Israel, and Edward Pellew. 
 John was aid-de-camp to General Phillips, and was killed in 
 one of the battles which preceded the surrender of Burgoyne. 
 Israel was an officer in the Flora frigate, and was on the 
 American station some part of the war. In after life he be 
 came Admiral Sir Israel Pellew, K. C. B., and died in 1832. 
 Edward was also a naval officer, and was engaged on Lake 
 Champlain. Arnold barely escaped becoming his prisoner. 
 The circumstance, as related at the time, and as confirmed by 
 Arnold s son James, (who is now a General in the British 
 army,) was briefly this. Arnold, while in command of the 
 Whig flotilla, ventured out upon the lake in a small boat, was 
 seen, and chased by young Pellew, who gained upon him, 
 and compelled him to make the nearest landing upon the 
 shore, and fly ; leaving behind him in the boat his stock and 
 buckle, which were taken by his pursuer, and which are still 
 preserved in the Pellew family. Edward subsequently joined 
 Burgoyne, and was included in the capitulation. He is known 
 in British naval history as Lord Exmouth, and one of the 
 most celebrated commanders of his time. His attack on the 
 defences of Algiers, in 1816, is one of the most memorable 
 and successful enterprises on record. He died in 1833, aged 
 seventy-six. 
 
 PEMBERTON, ISRAEL, JAMES, and JOHN. Of Philadelphia. Were 
 apprehended in that city in 1777, and ordered to be sent pris 
 oners to Virginia, for "being inimical to the Whig cause." 
 John had issued a seditious publication in behalf of certain 
 persons of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, which had attracted 
 the attention and action of Congress. The Pembertons were 
 Quakers. James died at Philadelphia in 1809, aged eighty- 
 six. Israel Pemberton s house was occupied by Hamilton, 
 while Secretary of the Treasury ; and the first United States 
 now the Girard Bank, stands partially on his lot. 
 
 PENUARVIS, RICHARD. Of South Carolina. Held a royal com 
 mission after the capitulation of Charleston. His property was 
 confiscated. 
 
 PENDERGRASS, D. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
514 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 PENDRED, GEORGE. An officer of infantry in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 PENN, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. He was born in Philadel 
 phia, and was called " the American Penn." He was a son of 
 Richard Penn, a grandson of William Penn, and governor of 
 Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1771, and from 1773 to the begin 
 ning of hostilities. In June, 1774, about nine hundred re 
 spectable freeholders in and near the city of Philadelphia, in 
 an urgent petition, requested him to call a session of the Assem 
 bly, to consider the subject of the Boston Port Act, but he re 
 fused. Through the same year he kept Lord Dartmouth regu 
 larly advised of the proceedings of the Continental Congress, 
 and in announcing to his Lordship the adjournment of that 
 body, took occasion to remark, that he had not " had the least 
 connexion or intercourse with any of the members." He con 
 tinued in the country after his government was at an end; 
 and in 1777; having refused to sign a parole, was sent by the 
 Whigs to Fredericksburgh, Virginia ; where, though restrained 
 in his liberty, and prevented from communicating with his po 
 litical friends, and from affording aid to the royal cause, he was 
 treated with the respect and consideration due to his position 
 in society, and to his private worth. His rights in Pennsyl 
 vania were. forfeited. And from a petition presented to Parlia 
 ment in 1774, it appears that he and Thomas Penn, who was 
 a son of William, the founder, were true and absolute Propri 
 etaries of the Colony, though, from a note in Sparks s Frank 
 lin, it is evident that the interest of Thomas was by far the 
 largest. That the reader may understand something of the 
 nature and value of the property of the Penns in Pennsylvania, 
 at the revolutionary era, a brief outline of the original grant 
 will be necessary. The royal charter to the distinguished 
 William Penn bears date in 1681. The consideration recited 
 in the preamble is, to reward the merits and services of 
 Admiral Penn, and to indulge the desire of his son William, to 
 enlarge the British empire, civilize the savage nations, &c. 
 The form of government was to be Proprietary ; that is, the 
 soil was given to William Penn in fee, but he, and his heirs 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 515 
 
 and assigns and tenants, were to bear true faith and allegiance 
 to the British crown. Penn and his successors were author 
 ized to govern the country by a legislative body, to erect 
 courts of justice, and administer the laws, and generally do all 
 things needful for the well-being of the inhabitants, so long as 
 they kept within the statutes of the realm. But yet there was 
 an appeal to the tribunals of England, and the patent required, 
 that an agent or representative should reside constantly in 
 Great Britain, to answer to alleged abuses, and to meet the 
 representations of individuals. Thus Pennsylvania was a 
 sort of hereditary monarchy in miniature. In time, and as the 
 Colony became rich and populous, disputes arose between the 
 Governors who represented the Penns, and the members of 
 the Assembly who represented the people. The popular party 
 attained great strength, finally ; and attempted to overthrow 
 the Proprietary form of government instituted by the patent, 
 and to procure the establishment of another more congenial to 
 their interest and feelings. Franklin was one of the leaders 
 of this party, and went to England as their authorized agent 
 as early as the year 1757. No change was, however, effected. 
 The Revolution merging all other dissensions dispossessed 
 the Penns at once of political power, and of their rights of 
 soil. These rights were of immense value, Mr. Sparks has 
 preserved in Franklin s works, a curious paper drawn up by 
 Thomas Penn, which gives a minute calculation of the sup 
 posed worth of the Proprietary Estate in Pennsylvania, and 
 which Franklin completed on Penn s basis. By Franklin s 
 additions and computations, the aggregate value was 15,875,- 
 500,12 ; 0, of the currency of Pennsylvania; or about ten 
 million pounds sterling. This estimation is, of course, extrava 
 gant. Yet Franklin said, that after "deducting all the articles 
 containing the valuation of lands yet unsold and unappropri 
 ated within their patent, and the manors and rents to be here 
 after reserved, and allowing for any small over-valuations in 
 their present reserved lands and incomes, (though it is thought 
 if any be, it will be not found to exceed the under-valuation in 
 other instances), there cannot remain less than a million of 
 
516 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 property which they now at this time have in Pennsylvania." 
 Thus, then. Franklin s own opinion in 1759, would make the 
 Penns Proprietary interest at that period, rive millions of dol 
 lars. But, still that sum included to some degree at least 
 the prospective value, as well as the present. Whatever was 
 the actual worth in 1759, or twenty years later, the whole 
 property of the Proprietary, except " the tenths " of the lands 
 already surveyed, was confiscated. Yet the Penns had pri 
 vate estates distinguished from their Proprietary interest, such 
 as manors, farms, and city and town lots, which were not 
 included in the forfeiture. Some part of these estates is yet 
 held or was a few years since by one of the family. 
 
 The Penn estate was by far the largest that was forfeited 
 in America, and perhaps that was ever sequestered during any 
 civil war in either hemisphere. The claim to compensation 
 made by the proprietaries upon the British government, caused 
 the commissioners much labor and investigation. The amount 
 claimed was 944,817 sterling. It was reduced to 500,000, and 
 as thus estimated and liquidated, was recommended to Parlia 
 ment for allowance. The commissioners made a special 
 report of this case (as they did of a few others), and from its 
 complicated nature, it occupied their attention many weeks. 
 Before coming to a decision, they obtained from Pennsylvania 
 the evidence of the person who had been the receiver general 
 of the proprietaries from 1753 to the Revolution, who carried 
 to England many accounts and papers, which served to explain 
 the value of the property, and the amount of the income de 
 rived from it. But the final adjustment appears to have been 
 different from that adopted by the government in common 
 claims, since, instead of granting a stipulated sum, a settlement 
 with the Penns was proposed by Mr. Pitt, which gave to them 
 and their heirs an annuity of 4000. His recommendation to 
 Parliament was, to grant 3000 per annum to John Penn, 
 Esquire, of Stoke Regis, in the County of Bucks, the son of 
 the elder branch, and 1000 per annum to John Penn, Esquire, 
 of Wimpole street, the son of the younger branch of the fam 
 ily, "to be considered as real estate, and issuing out of the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS, 517 
 
 County of Middlesex ; " and this plan was executed by an act 
 during the year 1790. 
 
 In addition to 4000 annuity thus secured to the two John 
 Penns, the State of Pennsylvania made a liberal provision for 
 others of the lineage and name, " in remembrance of the en 
 terprising spirit of the founder," and " of the expectations and 
 dependence of his descendants; " and " enacted, that the sum 
 of 130,000 should be paid to the devisees and legatees of 
 Thomas Penn and Richard Penn, late proprietaries, and to the 
 widow and relict of Thomas Penn, in just and equitable pro 
 portions by installment; the first payment to be made at the 
 expiration of one year after the termination of the war." 
 This large sum, the annuity of Parliament, the provision to 
 secure (in the confiscation act) to the different members of the 
 family their private lands, estates, and hereditaments, as above 
 mentioned, together with the offices which were subsequently 
 conferred, formed a very large remuneration ; and probably 
 placed the Penns in a condition quite as independent as that 
 which they enjoyed previous to the Revolution. But if they 
 were actually losers, it is still to be remembered, that without a 
 separation of the Colonies from England, some change in the 
 tenure and value of their property must soon have happened. 
 Their rights, as secured by the original grant, were opposed to 
 the spirit of the time, and to the progress in American soci 
 ety; and men would have been found who, like Franklin, 
 would have demanded concessions, and have continued their 
 endeavors until concessions were obtained. But yet the events 
 which extinguished the rights and terminated the influence 01 
 the Penns, the Fairfaxes, Johnsons, Phillipses, Robinsons, Pep- 
 perells, and other large landholders, and which committed the 
 destinies of the New World to new families, produced a ruin 
 ous change in the political fortunes and prospects of the old 
 families, who, up to the hour of the dismemberment of the 
 empire, had been but little less than hereditary colonial noble 
 men, and viceroys of boundless domains. Governor John 
 Penn died in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1795. His re 
 mains, some time after his decease, were removed to England. 
 44 
 
518 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 PENN, RICHARD. Brother of John Perm, and himself a 
 governor of Pennsylvania from 1771 to 1773. Unlike John, 
 who succeeded him, he did have some connexion and inter 
 course with the members of Congress. For Mr. Caesar Rod 
 ney wrote to Thomas Rodney from Philadelphia, September 24, 
 1774, that " Mr. R. Penn is a great friend to liberty, and has 
 treated the gentlemen Delegates with the greatest respect. 
 More or less of them dine with him every day. * * * All 
 these matters are for your own private speculation, and not 
 for the public view." From Washington s journal, it appears 
 that he was a guest at Mr. Penn s table. The liberal course 
 of Richard seems to have won general confidence ; and when 
 in 1775 he embarked for England, he was entrusted with the 
 care of the second Petition of the Continental Congress to the 
 King. After his arrival at London, he was examined in the 
 House of Lords as to American affairs, and expressed the 
 opinion, that " a majority of the people were not for indepen 
 dency." While John Penn was governor, Richard was a 
 member of his Council, and naval officer of Pennsylvania, 
 with a salary of 600. As governor, Richard was very pop 
 ular. He was u a fine, portly looking man." He died in Eng 
 land in 1811, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 PENNINGTON, EDWARD. An eminent merchant of Philadel 
 phia. In 1774 he was a member of the Philadelphia Com 
 mittee of Correspondence, and of the Pennsylvania Convention. 
 But in 1777, "for being inimical to the Whig cause," he was 
 ordered to be sent prisoner to Virginia. The ancestors of Mr. 
 Penriiugton were family connexions of William Penn s first 
 wife. 
 
 PENSIL, . Was engaged in the Massacre at Wyoming. 
 
 A brother, who was a Whig, sought refuge in a cluster of wil 
 lows, and claimed his mercy. Deaf to the appeal, the Loyal 
 ist instantly shot the other dead exclaiming, as he raised 
 his gun, " Mighty well, you damned rebel." 
 
 PENTON, GEORGE. Chaplain of the Prince of Wales s Amer 
 ican Volunteers. 
 
 PEPPERELL, SIR WILLIAM, BARONET. Of Kittery, Maine. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS, 
 
 519 
 
 Among the men of Cornwall who came to America, was Wil 
 liam Pepperell, who settled at the Isle of Shoals about the year 
 1676, became a fisherman, acquired property, and removed to 
 Kittery, where he died in 1734, leaving an only son of his 
 own name, who continued the business of fishing, amassed 
 great wealth, and arrived at great honors. The second Wil 
 liam Pepperell was born in 1696 at Kittery, and when about 
 the age of thirty-three, was elected a member of the Council 
 of Massachusetts, and held a seat in that body by annual 
 election for thirty-two years, until his death. He was also 
 selected to command a regiment of militia, and being fond 
 of society, and the life and spirit of every company, rich and 
 prosperous, was highly popular, and possessed much influence. 
 Indeed, Colonel Pepperell was a man of distinguished consider 
 ation in all respects, and the leading personage of Maine. His 
 political connexions, and his ample estate, gave him access 
 to the best circles of the capital ; and his business relations 
 required him to mingle with all classes of people who lived on 
 the Piscataqua and the Saco. He owned lands on both of these 
 rivers, where he erected mills and engaged in lumbering, and 
 he employed hundreds of men annually in fishing in the waters 
 of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. 
 
 The treaty of Utrecht, which secured the former Colony to 
 the British crown, gave France undisputed right to the latter, 
 and the French founded and built upon it the city of Louis- 
 burg, at enormous cost, and protected it with fortresses of 
 great strength. The walls of the defences were formed with 
 bricks brought from France, and they mounted two hun 
 dred and six pieces of cannon. The city had nunneries and 
 palaces, gardens, squares, and places of amusement, and was 
 designed to become a great capital, and to perpetuate French 
 dominion and the Catholic faith in America. Twenty-five 
 years of time, and thirty million of livres in money were 
 spent in building, arming, and adorning this city, " the Dun 
 kirk of the New World." That such a place existed at so 
 early a period of our history, is a marvel ; arid the lovers of 
 the wonderful may read the works which contain accounts of 
 
520 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 its rise and ruin, and be satisfied that "truth is sometimes 
 stranger than fiction." Louisburg soon became a source of 
 vexation to the fishermen who visited the adjacent seas, and 
 its capture was finally seriously conceived, and undertaken. 
 Governor Shirley, in 1744, listening to the propositions made to 
 him on the subject, submitted them to the legislature of Massa 
 chusetts, and that body in secret session, (the first ever held in 
 America,) and by a casting vote, authorized a force to be 
 raised, equipped, and sent against it. Other New England 
 Colonies joined in the enterprise, and the command was con 
 ferred upon Colonel Pepperell. His troops consisted of a mot 
 ley assemblage of fishermen and farmers, sawyers and loggers, 
 many of whom were taken from his own vessels, mills, and 
 forests. Before such men, and before others hardly better 
 skilled in war, in the year 1745 Louisburg fell. The achieve 
 ment is the most memorable in our Colonial annals. Yaughan, 
 a son of the Lieutenant Governor of New Hampshire, who 
 was second in command, who conducted extensive fisheries, 
 and who claimed the merit of conceiving the expedition upon 
 the representations of his fishermen, who had ascertained the 
 weak points of the defences, died without reward, while 
 in England, pressing his claims to consideration ; but Colonel 
 Pepperell was created a Baronet in 1746,* and was the only 
 native of New England who received that honor during the 
 whole period of our connexion with Great Britain. 
 
 After the fall of Louisburg, Pepperell went to England, and 
 was presented at Court. In 1759 he was appointed Lieu 
 tenant General ; he died the same year at his seat at Kittery, 
 aged sixty-three years. His children were two, Andrew, a 
 son, who graduated at Harvard University in 1743, and who 
 died under the most distressing circumstances in 1751, at the 
 age of twenty-five; and a daughter, Elisabeth, who married 
 Colonel Nathaniel Sparhawk. Lady Pepperell, who was 
 Mary Hirst, daughter of Grove Hirst, of Boston, and grand 
 daughter of Judge Sewell, of Massachusetts, survived until 
 
 * He received the arms, crest, and motto of " Peperi." 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 521 
 
 1789. Mrs. Sparhawk bore her husband five children ; 
 namely, Nathaniel, William Pepperell, Samuel Hirst, Andrew 
 Pepperell, and Mary Pepperell. Sir William, her father, soon 
 after the decease of her brother, executed a will by which, 
 after providing for Lady Pepperell, he bequeathed the bulk of 
 his remaining property to herself and her children. Her 
 second son was made the residuary legatee, and inherited a 
 large estate. By the terms of his grandfather s will, he was 
 required to procure an act of the legislature to drop the name 
 of Sparhawk, and assume that of Pepperell. This he did on 
 coming of age, and was allowed, by a subsequent act, to take 
 the title of Sir William Pepperell, Baronet. 
 
 The second Sir William, of whom we are now to speak, 
 received the honors of Harvard University in 1766; subsequent 
 ly he visited England, and became a member of the Council 
 of Massachusetts. In 1774, when that body was re-organized 
 under the Act of Parliament, he was continued under the 
 mandamus of the king, and incurred the odium which was 
 visited upon all the councillors who were thus appointed 
 contrary to the charter. The people of his own county 
 passed the following resolution in convention, in November 
 of 1774 
 
 " Resolved, Whereas the late Sir William Pepperell, Bar 
 onet, deceased, well known, honored and respected in Great 
 Britain and America for his eminent service in his life-time, 
 did honestly acquire a large and extensive real estate in 
 this country, and gave the highest evidence not only of his 
 being a sincere friend to the rights of man in general, but of 
 having a paternal love to this country in particular; and 
 whereas the said Sir William, by his last will and testament, 
 made his grandson, the present William Pepperell, Esquire, 
 residuary legatee and possessor of the greatest part of said 
 estate ; and the said William Pepperell, Esquire, hath, with 
 purpose to carry into force acts of the British parliament, made 
 with apparent design to enslave the free and loyal people of 
 this continent, accepted and now holds a seat in the pretended 
 Board of Councillors in this Province, as well in direct repeal 
 44* 
 
522 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of the charter thereof, as against the solemn compact of kings 
 and the inherent rights of the people. It is therefore, Resolved, 
 that said William Pepperell, Esquire, hath thereby justly for 
 feited the confidence and friendship of all true friends to 
 American liberty, and, with other pretended councillors now 
 holding their seats in like manner, ought to be detested by 
 all good men ; and it is hereby recommended to the good 
 people of this County, that as soon as the present leases 
 made to any of them by said Pepperell are expired, they im 
 mediately withdraw all connection, commerce, and dealings 
 from him and that they take no further lease or conveyance 
 of his farms, mills, or appurtenances thereunto belonging, 
 (where the said Pepperell is the sole receiver and appropriator 
 of the rents and profits), until he shall resign his seat pretend- 
 edly occupied by mandamus. And if any persons shall remain 
 or become his tenants after the expiration of their present leases, 
 we recommend to the good people of this County not only to 
 withdraw all connexion and commercial intercourse with 
 them, but to treat them in the manner provided by the third 
 resolve of this Congress." 
 
 The Baronet, not long after, thus denounced by his neighbors 
 and the friends of his family, retired to Boston. In 1775 he 
 arrived in England under circumstances of deep affliction j 
 Lady Pepperell, who was Elisabeth, daughter of Honorable 
 Isaac Royall, of Medford, Massachusetts, having died on the 
 passage. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished ; and the 
 year following was included in the conspiracy act. He is 
 recognized by his title in both statutes, and under the latter, 
 his vast landed estate in Maine, though entailed upon his heirs, 
 was confiscated. This estate extended from Kittery to Saco 
 on the coast, and many miles back from the shore ; and for 
 the purposes of farming and lumbering, was of great value ; 
 and the water-power and mill-privileges, rendered it, even at 
 the time of the sequestration, a princely fortune. The princi 
 ples which applied in the case of the Morris * heirs would 
 
 * See notice of Roger Morris. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 523 
 
 seem to apply here, and thus cast a doubt upon the legality 
 of the confiscation act, as far as the remainder or reversionary 
 interest of the heirs of the first Sir William were concerned ; 
 since it is apparently clear, that the life interest of the second 
 Sir William could only be, or by the statute actually was, 
 diverted and passed to the State. But however this may be, 
 the confiscation was total ; and so utter became the poverty of 
 the last survivors of the family, that they were literally 
 saved from the alms-house by the charity of individuals who 
 commiserated their fallen condition. During the Revolution 
 the Baronet was treated with great respect and deference by 
 his fellow exiles in England. His house in London was open 
 for their reception, and in most cases in which the Loyalists 
 from New England united in representations to the ministry 
 or to the throne, he was their chairman or deputed organ 
 of communication. He was allowed 500 sterling per annum, 
 by the British government, and this stipend, with the wreck 
 of his fortune, consisting of personal effects, rendered his 
 situation comfortable, and enabled him to relieve the distresses 
 of the less fortunate. And it is to be remembered to his 
 praise, and to be recorded in respect for his memory, that his 
 pecuniary benefactions were not confined to his countrymen 
 who were in banishment for their adherence to the crown, 
 but were extended to Whigs who languished in England in 
 captivity. It is to be remembered, too, that his private life 
 was irreproachable, and that he was among the founders of 
 the British and Foreign Bible Society. In 1779 the Loyal 
 ists then in London formed an Association, and Sir William 
 was appointed President. As a matter of curious history, 
 the proceedings of this body may not be unworthy of preser 
 vation. The account which follows, is derived from a manu 
 script record in the possession of a friend. 
 
 The first meeting was at Spring Garden Coffee House, May 
 29, 1779, and the Baronet occupied the Chair. This was 
 merely preliminary, and a Resolution to hold a general meeting 
 at the Crown and Anchor in the Strand, on the 26th of the 
 same month, " to consider of measures proper to be taken for 
 
524 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 their interest and reputation in the present conjuncture," was 
 the only business of moment which was transacted. About 
 ninety persons met at the place and time designated ; when a 
 committee composed of Loyalists from each Colony was 
 appointed, " to consider of the proper measures to be pursued 
 on the matters, which have been proposed relative to the 
 affairs of the British Colonies in North America, and to pre 
 pare anything relative thereto, and make report at the next 
 meeting, to be called as soon as ready." 
 
 This committee, accordingly, reported an Address to the 
 king, which was taken up on the 6th of July, and which, 
 having been read "paragraph by paragraph, and debated, was 
 agreed on." In this document it is said, that, " notwithstand 
 ing your Majesty s arms have not been attended with all the 
 effect which those exertions promised, and from which occa 
 sion has been taken to raise an indiscriminate charge of dis 
 affection in the Colonists,* we beg leave, some of us from our 
 own knowledge, and others from the best information, to 
 assure your Majesty, that the greater number of your subjects 
 in the confederated Colonies, notwithstanding every art to 
 seduce, every device to intimidate, and a variety of oppres 
 sions to compel them to abjure their sovereign, entertain the 
 firmest attachment and allegiance to your Majesty s sacred 
 person and government. In support of those truths, we need 
 not appeal to the evidence of our own sufferings ; it is notori- ^ 
 ous, that we have sacrificed all which the most loyal sub 
 jects could forego, or the happiest could possess. But with 
 confidence, we appeal to the struggles made against the usur 
 pations of Congress, by Counter Resolves in very large districts 
 of country, and to the many unsuccessful attempts by bodies 
 of the loyal in arms, which have subjected them to all the 
 rigors of inflamed resentment; we appeal to the sufferings 
 
 * It will be remembered, that at this time the royal cause wore an un 
 promising aspect ; Burgoyne had surrendered, and France had formed an alli 
 ance with the Whigs, arid the allusions of the Address were probably to 
 these circumstances. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 525 
 
 of multitudes, who for their Loyalty have been subjected to 
 insults, fines, and imprisonments, patiently enduring all in the 
 expectation of that period, which shall restore to them the 
 blessings of your Majesty s government ; we appeal to the 
 thousands now serving in your Majesty s armies, and in pri 
 vate ships of war, the former exceeding in number the troops 
 enlisted to oppose them; finally, we make a melancholy 
 appeal to the many families who have been banished from 
 their once peaceful habitations ; to the public forfeiture of a 
 long list of estates ; and to the numerous executions of our 
 fellow citizens, who have sealed their loyalty with their blood. 
 If any Colony or District, when covered or possessed by your 
 Majesty s troops had been called upon to take arms, and had 
 refused ; or, if any attempts had been made to form the Loy 
 alist militia, or otherwise, and it had been declined, we 
 should not on this occasion have presumed thus to address 
 your Majesty ; but if, on the contrary, no general measure to 
 the above effect was attempted, if petitions from bodies of 
 your Majesty s subjects, who wished to rise in aid of govern 
 ment, have been neglected, and the representations of the 
 most respectable Loyalists disregarded, we assure ourselves, 
 that the equity and wisdom of your Majesty s mind will not 
 admit of any impressions injurious to the honor and Loyalty 
 of your faithful subjects in those Colonies." 
 
 Sir William Pepperell, Messrs. Fitch, Leonard, Rome, Ste 
 vens, Patterson, Galloway, Lloyd Dulaney, Chalmers, Ran 
 dolph, Macknight, Ingram, and Doctor Chandler, composing a 
 committee of thirteen, were appointed to present this address. 
 At the same meeting it was resolved, " That it be recom 
 mended to the General Meeting to appoint a Committee, with 
 directions to manage all such public matters as shall appear 
 for the honor and interest of the Loyal in the Colonies, or who 
 have taken refuge from America in this country, with power 
 to call General Meetings, to whom they shall from time to 
 time report." Of this committee, Sir Egerton Leigh, of South 
 Carolina, was chairman. This body was soon organized. On 
 the 26th of July, Mr. Galloway of Pennsylvania, who was a 
 
526 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 member of it, reported rules for its government, which, after 
 being read and debated, were adopted. The proceedings of 
 this committee do not appear to have been very important ; 
 indeed, to meet and sympathize with one another, was proba 
 bly their chief employment. On the 2d of August, it was, 
 however, 
 
 Resolved, " That each member of the Committee be desired 
 to prepare a brief account of such documents, facts, and infor 
 mations, as he hath in his power, or can obtain, relating 
 to the rise, progress, and present state of the rebellion in 
 America, and the causes which have prevented its being sup-, 
 pressed, with short narratives of their own, stating their facts, 
 with their remarks thereon, or such observations as may occur 
 to them ; each gentleman attending more particularly to the 
 Colony to which he belongs, and referring to his document 
 for the support of each fact." This resolution was followed 
 by another, having for its design to unite with them the Loy 
 alists who remained in America, in these terms : 
 
 Resolved, "That circular letters be transmitted from the 
 committee to the principal gentlemen from the different Colo 
 nies at New York, informing them of the proceedings of the 
 General Meeting, the appointment and purposes of this stand 
 ing Committee, and requesting their co-operation and corres 
 pondence." 
 
 August 11, 1779, at a meeting of the committee, report was 
 made, that General Robertson had been " so obliging as to 
 undertake the trouble of communicating to our brethren in 
 New York, our wishes to have an institution established there 
 on similar principles to our own, for the purpose of correspond 
 ing with us on matters relative to the public interests of 
 British America." Whereupon it was resolved, that in place 
 of the circular letter resolved upon on the 2d, "a letter to 
 General Robertson, explanatory of our designs and wishes, 
 and entreating his good offices to the furtherance of an estab 
 lishment of a committee at New York, be drawn up and 
 transmitted." At the same meeting (August llth) Sir Wil 
 liam Pepperell stated, that Lord George Germaine had been 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 527 
 
 apprized of the proceedings of the " Loyalists for considering 
 of American aifairs in so far as their interests were concerned, 
 and that his Lordship had been pleased to declare his entire 
 approbation of their institution." The framing of the letter 
 to General Robertson above mentioned, seems to have been, 
 now, the only affair of moment, which, by the record, occu 
 pied the attention of the Association. It may be remarked, 
 however, that agreeably to the recommendation above stated, 
 a Board of Loyalists was organized at New York, composed 
 of delegates from each Colony. Another body, of which the 
 Baronet was the President, was the Board of Agents consti 
 tuted after the peace, to prosecute the claims of Loyalists to 
 compensation for their losses by the war, and under the con 
 fiscation acts of the several States. Sir James Wright, of 
 Georgia, was first elected, but at his decease, Sir William 
 was selected as his successor, and continued in office until the 
 commissioners made their final report, and the commission was 
 dissolved. Sir William s own claim was of difficult adjust 
 ment, and occupied the attention of the commissioners several 
 days. In 1788, and after Mr. Pitt s plan had received the 
 sanction of parliament, the Board of Agents presented an 
 Address of thanks to the king for the liberal provision made 
 for themselves and the persons whom they represented, which 
 was presented to his Majesty by the Baronet. On this occa 
 sion, he and the other Agents were admitted to the presence, 
 and " all had the honor to kiss his majesty s hand." As this 
 Address contains no matter of historical interest, it is not here 
 inserted. But some mention may be made of West s picture, 
 the " Reception of the American Loyalists by Great Britain in 
 1783," of which an engraving is before me. The Baronet is 
 the prominent personage represented, and appears in a volu 
 minous wig, a flowing gown, in advance of the other figures, 
 with one hand extended and nearly touching the crown which 
 lies on a velvet cushion on a table, and holding in the other 
 hand at his side, a scroll or manuscript half unrolled. 
 
 The full representation of this picture is as follows : " Re 
 ligion and Justice are represented extending the mantle of 
 
528 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Britannia, whilst she herself is holding out her arm and shield 
 to receive the Loyalists. Under the shield is the Crown of 
 Great Britain, surrounded by Loyalists. This group of figures 
 consists of various characters, representing the Law, the 
 Church, and the Government, with other inhabitants of North 
 America; and as a marked characteristic of that quarter of 
 the globe, an Indian Chief extending one hand to Britannia, 
 and pointing the other to a Widow and Orphans, rendered so 
 by the civil war ; also, a Negro and Children looking up to 
 Britannia in grateful remembrance of their emancipation from 
 Slavery. In a Cloud, on which Religion and Justice rest, are 
 seen in an opening glory the Genii of Great Britain and of 
 America, binding up the broken fasces of the two countries, 
 as emblematical of the treaty of peace and friendship between 
 them. At the head of the group of Loyalists are likenesses of 
 Sir William Pepperell, Baronet, one of the Chairmen of their 
 Agents to the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain ; and 
 William Franklin, Esquire, son of Doctor Benjamin Franklin, 
 who, having his Majesty s commission of Governor of New 
 Jersey, preserved his fidelity and Loyalty to his Sovereign 
 from the commencement to the conclusion of the contest, not 
 withstanding powerful incitements to the contrary. The two 
 figures on the right hand are the painter, Mr. West, the Presi 
 dent of the Royal Academy, and his Lady, both natives of 
 Philadelphia."* 
 
 Sir William continued in England during the remainder of 
 his life. He died in Portman Square, London, in December, 
 1816, aged seventy. William, his only son, deceased in 1809. 
 The baronetcy was inherited by no other member of the fam 
 ily, and became extinct. His daughters were Elisabeth, who 
 married the Reverend Henry Hutton, of London ; Mary, the 
 wife of Sir William Congreve ; and Harriet, the wife of Sir 
 Charles Thomas Palmer, Baronet. The Pepperell mansion- 
 
 * Mr. West was not born in Philadelphia, but in Springfield, Pennsyl 
 vania; Moses, the engraver, was mistaken. Mrs. West was Elizabeth 
 Shewell. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 
 
 529 
 
 house, at Kittery, is still standing. It is plain, but very large, 
 and contains several rooms, some of which are spacious. It 
 is near the sea, and lately passed into the hands of fishermen, 
 at a very low price, and is occupied by a number of families. 
 The tomb, which was erected in 1734, is near ; and when 
 entered by a visiter a few years since, contained little else 
 than bones strewed in confusion about its muddy bottom. 
 Among them were, of course, all that remains of the victor of 
 Louisburg, who was deposited in it at his decease in 1759. 
 His papers, (or many of them) not long ago, were seen in a 
 building which had insecure fastenings, and packed in dis 
 order in open casks and boxes. 
 
 PERANNEAR, HENRY. Was banished, and his property con 
 fiscated. In 1794 his executor, Robert Cooper ; in a memorial 
 dated at London, stated to the British government, that several 
 large debts due to him in America at the time of his banish 
 ment were unpaid, and interposition and interference were 
 desired to recover them. 
 
 PERCY, EZRA. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A mem 
 ber of the Association at Reading. 
 
 PERKINS, AZARIAH. Died in King s County, New Brunswick, 
 1825, aged eighty-three years. 
 
 PERKINS, JAMES. Of Boston. In 1760 he was one of the 
 fifty-eight Boston memorialists, who were the first men in 
 America to array themselves against the officers of the crown : 
 but in 1774 he was an Addresser of Hutchinson, and a Pro 
 tester against the Whigs ; and in 1775 an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 PERKINS, HOUGHTON. Of Boston. He went to Halifax, and 
 died there in 1778. 
 
 PERKINS, NATHANIEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage on 
 his arrival in 1774. He went to Halifax at the evacuation in 
 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 PERKINS, WILLIAM LEE. Physician, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax in 1776, and was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. He was in England, it is be 
 lieved, in 1781. 
 
 PERONNEAU, ROBERT. Of South Carolina. A Congratulator 
 45 
 
530 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780. In 1782 his 
 estate was confiscated, and he was banished. 
 
 PERRY, JOHN. Residence unknown. Died at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1803. 
 
 PERRY, MERVIN. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a loyal 
 Declarator in 1775. During the war, there was a privateer 
 manned by Loyalists and commanded by a Captain Perry, 
 who was taken prisoner in 1781. 
 
 PERRY, SAMUEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, 1780. 
 
 PERRY, SAMUEL, STEPHEN, THOMAS, SILAS, and SETH. Of Sand 
 wich, Massachusetts. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 Of these, the first three had previously joined the royal forces 
 at Rhode Island ; and Seth had been imprisoned at Sandwich ; 
 while Samuel, junior, accompanied his father to Rhode Island 
 in 1777. 
 
 PERRY, TIMOTHY. Residence unknown. Was a member of 
 the Loyal Artillery, St. John, New Brunswick, 1795. 
 
 PERRY, WILLIAM. Of Boston. Was a Protester in 1774, an 
 Addresser the same year, and again in 1775. 
 
 PERTIE, PETER. Of Durham, Pennsylvania. In Council, in 
 1778, it was ordered, that, failing to surrender and be tried for 
 treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 PETERS, CHARLES. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 PETERS, JAMES. Of New York. He was one of the fifty- 
 five petitioners. See Abijah Willard. He settled in New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and was one of the agents to locate lands granted 
 to the Loyalists, who removed to that Colony. Of the city of 
 St. John he was a grantee. In 1792 he was a magistrate of 
 Queen s County. He was a member of the House of Assem 
 bly for a long period. He died at his seat in Gage town, New 
 Brunswick, in 1820, aged seventy-five. His son, the Honor 
 able Charles J. Peters, is the present attorney-general of New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 PETERS, HARRY. Son of James Peters. He was at New 
 York in July, 1783, and was one of the fifty-five petitioners. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 531 
 
 See Abijah Willard. He went to New Brunswick, and was a 
 member of the Council. 
 
 PETERS, HULET. Clerk of the town of Hempstead, Queen s 
 County, New York. In April, 1775, he certified to the pro 
 ceedings of "the most numerous Town-Meeting that had been 
 held there for many years past." The Resolutions six in 
 number appear to have been adopted with great unanimity ; 
 they are very loyal in their tone, and unsparing in censures of 
 the course of the Whigs. 
 
 PETERS, SAMUEL, D. D. An Episcopal clergyman. Was 
 born at Hebron, Connecticut, in 1735, and graduated at Yale 
 College in 1757. In 1762 he took charge of the churches at 
 Hebron and Hartford ; and was dismissed in 1774. His loyal 
 conduct, and his imprudence, involved him in many difficulties ; 
 and perhaps no minister of the time was more obnoxious. He 
 was charged with making false representations to his corres 
 pondents in England, and various acts of a similar nature. 
 To answer these accusations he signed the following declara 
 tion, in August, 1774. "I, the subscriber, have not sent any 
 letter to the Bishop of London, or the venerable Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel, &c., relative to the Boston Port Bill, 
 or the Tea affair, or the Controversy between Great Britain and 
 the Colonies, and design not to, during my natural life, as these 
 controversies are out of my business as a clergyman ; also, I 
 have not wrote to England to any other gentleman or designed 
 Company, nor will I do it. Witness my hand," &c. 
 
 This paper was extorted from him by about three hundred 
 persons, who assembled at his house; some of whom, in charg 
 ing him with his offences, threatened him with a coat of tar 
 and feathers. They demanded to see copies of all his letters, 
 and of the articles which he had sent to the newspapers for 
 publication ; and they obtained a copy of certain Resolves, 
 which he confessed he had composed for the press. These 
 Resolves are thirteen in number, and relate, principally, to the 
 Tea question. They are not temperate, and contain some 
 allusions, which might well create ill feeling among the Whigs; 
 arid their publication produced new difficulties. In September, 
 
532 . BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 he was again visited by the people, who made known their 
 determination to obtain retraction and satisfaction. He en 
 deavored to reason with a committee of their number, and to 
 justify his conduct, and the principles of the offensive resolves. 
 The committee, after listening awhile, told him that they did 
 not come to dispute with him, and advised that he should go 
 out and address the body without, who surrounded his house, 
 and promised him that he should return unharmed. He com 
 plied, and placing himself in the midst of the multitude, com 
 menced an harangue, which was disturbed by the discharge of 
 a gun in his house. It is said that Doctor Peters had assured 
 the committee no arms were in his dwelling, except one or 
 two old guns, which were out of repair ; but on searching it, 
 several guns and pistols, loaded with powder and ball, some 
 swords, and about two dozen large wooden clubs, were found 
 concealed ; but he was still allowed to finish his address, and to 
 retire without molestation, as had been promised to him. Yet 
 it was insisted, that he should draw up and sign another decla 
 ration. He completed a paper of this description, which was 
 rejected. He was then urged by the committee to affix his 
 name to another, framed by themselves. This he declined to 
 do ; and while in conversation on the subject, the mass, impa 
 tient of delay, and weary and hungry, rushed into the house 
 by the door and one window, and seizing the Doctor, bore him 
 to a horse and carried him to the Meeting-house Green, or 
 parade-ground, three quarters of a mile distant, and compelled 
 his acquiescence. Having signed the paper prepared by the com 
 mittee, he read it to the people himself; when they gave three 
 cheers and dispersed. During the affair, his gown and shirt 
 were torn, one sash was somewhat shattered, a table was turned 
 over, and a punch-bowl and glass were broken. Thus the 
 damage to his person and property was inconsiderable ; though 
 the multitude about three hundred in number were much 
 exasperated in consequence of the arms found secreted in his 
 house, contrary to his assurances. 
 
 The Doctor, soon after this occurrence, fled from Hebron to 
 Boston, with the design of embarking for England, to make a 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 533 
 
 representation of the treatment which he had received from the 
 inhabitants of his town and neighborhood. It was feared that 
 he would state his grievances in a light which would endanger 
 the Charter of Connecticut, and some anxiety was manifested 
 by the Whigs of that Colony ; and the more especially, as at 
 Boston he received the countenance of the Governor, of the 
 Commissioners of the Customs, the Mandamus Councillors, 
 and the Episcopal clergy, all of whom, it was feared, would 
 testify to his character, and to the injuries which he had sus 
 tained. It was deemed advisable, therefore, that his motions 
 should be watched, that communications with his friends in 
 Connecticut should be intercepted,* and % that other means 
 should be adopted to prevent his procuring testimony to make 
 out a case against the Colony of a nature likely to engage the 
 attention of the ministry in England. The following letter to 
 his mother, which was intercepted, shows that his plans were 
 indeed similar to those which were suspected by the persons 
 who observed his movements. 
 
 "Dear Mother: I am well, and doing business for my 
 intended route. I hear a mob was gathered for me the day I 
 left Hebron ; what they have done I cannot yet find out. As 
 Jonathan will be obliged to attend at New Haven when the 
 Assembly sits, I desire him to tell Mr. Jarvis, Andrews, Hub- 
 bard, &c., to collect all the facts touching mobs and insults 
 offered the clergy of our churches, or her members ; likewise 
 to send me a copy of the Clergy s petition to Governor Trum- 
 bull, and what he does in answer. If Jonathan is hurt, or my 
 house is hurt or damaged, let that be transmitted to me within 
 fourteen days, or, after that, send accounts to the care of Mr. 
 
 * Two of his friends, who were known to have visited him, were accused, 
 on their return, of having brought letters to his family, but denied the fact. 
 They were seen, however, afterwards, to go to a stone-wall, which, on being 
 examined, was found to contain two letters ; that given in the text is a copy 
 of one of them, and these men, when again questioned, confessed that they 
 had deposited them there. 
 
 45* 
 
534 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Rice Williams, a woollen draper, in London. I am in high 
 spirits. I should be happy if my friends and relations at He 
 bron were provided for at these bad times, when things are 
 growing worse. Six regiments are now coming from England, 
 and sundry men-of-war ; so soon as they come, hanging work 
 will go on, and destruction will first attend the sea-port towns ; 
 the lintel sprinkled on the side-posts will preserve the faithful. 
 I wish Hannah to take some papers which she and I laid 
 away, and bring them to me ; she knows where they be ; or 
 burn them if this letter appears to be opened before it is opened 
 by you. Mr. Beebe, and Mr. David Jones, Mr. Warner, and 
 Mr. Griffin, of Millington, must draught a narrative of their 
 sufferings, and such words as Colonel Spencer, &c., have 
 spoke, by way of encouragement to mobs, and let Doctor 
 Beebe send the same to me, to the care of Mr. Thomas Brown, 
 merchant, in Boston. 
 
 "I am, &c., 
 
 " SAMUEL PETERS." 
 
 In another letter to Reverend Doctor Auchmuty, of New 
 York, which was intercepted at the same time, dated at Bos 
 ton, October 1, 1774, Doctor Peters says: "I am soon to sail 
 for England; I shall stand in great need of your letters and 
 the letters of the clergy of New York. Judge Auchmuty, &c., 
 &c., will do all things reasonable for the neighboring charter; 
 necessity calls for such friendship, as the head is sick, and the 
 heart faint, and spiritual iniquity rides in high places with 
 halberts, pistols, and swords," &c. ; and he closes with the 
 significant remark, that "The bounds of New York may 
 directly extend to Connecticut river, Boston meet them, and 
 New Hampshire take the Province of Maine, and Rhode Island 
 be swallowed up as Dathan." 
 
 He w.ent to England, as he contemplated, and carried with 
 him, as is manifest, a desire to divide Connecticut between 
 New York and Massachusetts, and to swallow up Rhode 
 Island ; but the ministry, soon after his departure, had graver 
 work to attend to than any which he could have proposed, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 535 
 
 those whom he left behind, to fear for the success of his efforts, 
 soon lost sight of him and his plans, in the turmoils of civil 
 war. He remained abroad until the year 1805, when he re 
 turned to America. While absent, he was elected Bishop of 
 Vermont, but he declined the station. He preached sometimes 
 in London, but his style of composition, as well as his manner 
 of speaking, failed to interest hearers, and a fellow Loyalist, 
 who heard him deliver a sermon in a London pulpit, said it 
 was "hard to conceive how he got there." While absent, too, 
 he published a History of Connecticut, which "is embarrassed 
 in its authority by a number of fables," and which is never 
 referred to, but in amusement or disgust. He never, it is 
 affirmed, acknowledged that he was the author of this book ; 
 but the fact is now well ascertained. In 1817 and 1818 he 
 made a journey to the West, and as far as the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, claiming a large territory under Carver. He died in 
 New York, April 19, 1826, aged ninety, and was buried at 
 Hebron. He appears to have been a man of singular mind, 
 and to have been deficient in some qualities of character 
 necessary to command the respect, at least, of opponents. In 
 McFingal we read, 
 
 " From priests of all degrees and metres, 
 T our fag-end man, poor parson Peters." 
 
 Two children survived him; a daughter, who accompanied 
 him to England, and who married Mr. Jarvis; and a son, who 
 died at New Orleans. 
 
 PETERS, THOMAS. A magistrate ; died at Fredericton, New 
 Brunswick, 1813, aged sixty- four. 
 
 PETERS, V. H. A magistrate, of Queen s County, New York. 
 Ah Addresser of the royal governor of New York in 1780. 
 
 PETERS, WILLIAM. Died in King s County, New Brunswick, 
 in 1805. 
 
 PETERS, WILLIAM. Died at Woodstock, New Brunswick, 
 January, 1835. He emigrated to that Province at the close of 
 the Revolution. For ten years he was a member of the House 
 of Assembly, and was in the Commission of the Peace for a 
 much longer time. 
 
536 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 PETRIE. EDMUND. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780; was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 PETTET, JOHN S. Petty officer of the Customs. Embarked 
 at Boston for Halifax, with the British army, in 1776. 
 
 PETTINGILL, MATTHEW. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 1817, aged eighty-one years. 
 
 PETTIT. Eleven persons of this name of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 James, Samuel, Isaac, Increase, P., John, W., John, Samuel, 
 Obadiah, Joseph junior. Isaac had previously signed a Decla 
 ration at Jamaica. In 1780, James, William, and Joshua 
 Pettit, of that County, belonged to an armed party of Loyalists 
 under Lieutenant McKain. 
 
 PHAIR, ANDREW. In 1782 he was adjutant of Arnold s Ameri 
 can Legion. He settled in New Brunswick ; received half-pay ; 
 was postmaster of Fredericton, and died in that city. 
 
 PHEPOE, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780; also a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown ; was banished in 1782, and 
 his property confiscated. 
 
 PHILLIPS, A. F. Of Boston. Was a Protester, and one of 
 the Addressers of Hutchinson. In July of 1774, a Boston 
 Whig wrote to a friend at New York, that the Addressers and 
 Protesters led a miserable life, that " in the country the people 
 would not grind their corn, and in the town they refused to 
 purchase from, or sell to, them," &c. 
 
 PHILLIPS, BENJAMIN. Of Boston. Was a Protester against 
 the Whigs in 1774. 
 
 PHILLIPS, EBENEZER. Left Boston with the British army for 
 Halifax in 1776 ; and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOHN. Of Massachusetts. Was in London, 1779, 
 an Addresser of the king. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was captain lieutenant 
 of the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 PHILLIPS, JOSEPH. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Was ban 
 ished in 1778. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 537 
 
 PHILLIPS, MITCHELL. Of Virginia. Was denounced in March, 
 1775, by the Whig Committee of Princess Anne County, for 
 his loyal conduct, and especially because, as captain of a com 
 pany of militia, "he had exerted every effort to deter the men 
 under his command from acceding to the Association, and had 
 represented all the American proceedings in the light of abso 
 lute rebellion." And the Committee expressed the conviction, 
 li that no person ought to have any commercial intercourse or 
 dealing with him." 
 
 PHILLIPS, RICHARD. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson. 
 
 PHILLIPS, ROBERT. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, and a Petitioner to bear arms 
 on the side of the crown, in 1780; was banished, and lost his 
 estate under the confiscation act, 1782. 
 
 PHILLIPSE, FREDERICK. Of New York. He was descended 
 from Frederick Phillipse, who emigated from Holland in 1658. 
 The first Frederick was one of the founders of the city of 
 New York, and brought with him money, plate, and jewels, 
 with the design of settling upon and improving large estates 
 which he had purchased on the Hudson river. He had ob 
 tained two patents. The upper was named Phillipsbourgh, 
 and the lower Fredericksbourgh. The one contained one 
 hundred and fifty, and the other, two hundred and forty, 
 square miles of territory. He also purchased several houses 
 in the city, as well as lands there, and laid out lots and streets, 
 and erected buildings ; and having established his residence 
 in the city, he commenced the contemplated improvements on 
 the estate called Phillipsbourgh. At his decease, the whole 
 property descended to his heir. At the period of the Revolu 
 tion, it had been divided by the will of the previous possessor, 
 (whose name was Frederick Phillipse), between his four chil 
 dren ; and was in possession of Frederick Phillipse, who is the 
 subject of this notice ; of the heirs of Philip PhiHipse ; of 
 Susanna and Beverley Robinson ; and of Roger and Mary 
 Morris. 
 
 The Frederick Phillipse, of whom we are now to speak, 
 
538 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 occupied an elevated position in colonial society, but he does 
 not appear to have been a prominent actor in public affairs. 
 He was, however, a member of the House of Assembly, and 
 held the commission of colonel in the militia. Nor does it 
 seem that, though a friend of existing institutions, and an 
 opposer of the Whigs, he was an active partisan. In April, 
 1775, he went to the ground appointed by the Whigs of West- 
 chester County, to elect deputies to Congress ; and declared, 
 that he would not join in the business of the day, and, that 
 his sole purpose in going there was, to protest against their 
 illegal and unconstitutional proceedings. On some other occa 
 sions, he pursued a similar line of conduct ; but his name is 
 seldom met with in the documents of the time. Soon after 
 1771, Colonel David Humphreys, who subsequently became 
 an aid to Washington, and, under the Federal government, 
 minister to Portugal and Spain, and who had just completed 
 his studies at Yale College, became a resident in his family, 
 then living on Phillipse Manor. The late President Dwight 
 was well acquainted with him at this time, and speaks of him 
 as " a worthy and respectable man, not often excelled in per 
 sonal and domestic amiableness ; " and of Mrs. Phillipse, he 
 remarks, that she " was an excellent woman." 
 
 In the progress of events, Colonel Phillipse abandoned his 
 home, and took refuge in the city of New York, and finally 
 embarked for England. In person he was extremely large ; and 
 on account of his bulk his wife seldom rode in the same carriage 
 with him. Colonel Phillipse had one brother and two sisters, 
 who inherited the Manor of Fredericksbourgh, in equal por 
 tions. His brother, whose name was Philip, died before the 
 Revolution, and as his children were too young to take a part 
 in the war, their share was saved, and is still in the family. 
 For an account of Susanna and Mary, the sisters, the rea 
 der is referred to the notices of their husbands, the senior 
 Colonel Beverley Robinson, and Colonel Roger Morris. The 
 Manor of Phillipsbourgh was the property of Colonel Phil 
 lipse, and, like his sisters shares of the other estate, was confis 
 cated. He applied to the British government for compensation, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 539 
 
 and was allowed 62,075 sterling, or, about three hundred 
 thousand dollars. In 1809, in an English work, the value of 
 the two Manors, or the whole of the original Phillipse property, 
 was estimated at six or seven hundred thousand pounds. Nor 
 was the smaller sum extravagant. But it is to be remembered, 
 that lands in 1783 hardly had a fixed value ; while in 1809, 
 the impulse which the Revolution had given to settlements, to 
 increase of population, &c., had already effected vast changes 
 in the marketable prices of real property. Colonel Phillipse s 
 son Frederick, is also named in the New York confiscation 
 act. This gentleman married a niece of Sir Alured Clarke, 
 Governor of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 PHINNEY, FRANCIS. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. In 1777 
 he joined the royal party at Rhode Island. 
 
 PHIPS, DAVID. Graduated at Harvard University in 1741, 
 and died in England, July, 1811, aged eighty-seven years. 
 His father was Spencer Phips, himself a lieutenant-governor, 
 and adopted son of Sir William Phips, the first governor of 
 Massachusetts, under the charter of William and Mary. 
 David was colonel of a troop of guards in Boston, and sheriff 
 of Middlesex County. He was an Addresser on three occa 
 sions ; as his name is found among the one hundred and 
 twenty -four merchants and others, of Boston, who addressed 
 Hutchinson in 1774 ; among the ninety-seven gentlemen and 
 principal inhabitants of that town, and among the eighteen 
 country gentlemen who were driven from their homes, and 
 who addressed Gage in October, 1775. He went to Halifax in 
 1776, and was proscribed and banished: under the act of 1778. 
 His house at Cambridge was confiscated. 
 
 PICKEN, ROBERT. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 he signed a loyal Declaration. 
 
 PICKETT, DAVID. Of Stamford, Connecticut. Accompanied 
 by his wife and seven Children, he went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783. He was a magistrate, 
 and a justice of the Court of Common Pleas, in King s County, 
 for many years, where he died in 1826. 
 
 PICKETT, JAMES. Of Norwalk, Connecticut. Arrived at St. 
 
540 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 John, New Brunswick, with his wife and two children in the 
 ship Union, and was a grantee of that city. He died at Port 
 land, New Brunswick, in 1812. 
 
 PICKETT, LEWIS. Of Nor walk, Connecticut. Went to St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, with James and 
 David. 
 
 PICKET. Nathaniel Picket, of Fairfield County, and John 
 Picket, and John Picket, junior, of Reading, were members of 
 the Reading Association. John was a grantee of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 PICKLE, NICHOLAS. Died at Upham, King s County, New 
 Brunswick, in 1843, aged ninety-eight ; and his wife died at 
 the same place, the same year, at the age of eighty-three. 
 
 PICKMAN, BENJAMIN. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was born 
 at that place in 1740, graduated at Harvard University in 
 1759, and died in the town of his nativity, April, 1819, aged 
 seventy-nine years. He was a merchant ; a representative to 
 the General Court ; and commanded a regiment of militia. 
 His name appears among the Addressers of Gage on his arri 
 val in 1774, and in the banishment act of 1778. His estate 
 was confiscated, but a portion of it was restored on his return 
 from England. Gentlemen of his lineage are of distinguished 
 consideration in Massachusetts at the present time. 
 
 PIKE, THOMAS. A fencing master, of Philadelphia. Dis 
 sembled, and was supposed to be Whiggish. But in 1777 he 
 was apprehended (with several others) and sent to Virginia for 
 safe keeping. On the journey he acted the part of major-domo 
 or caterer, at the inns at which the party stopped. 
 
 PILES, JOHN. Of North Carolina. A colonel in the royal 
 service. " A violent and powerful Tory." The family of this 
 name, of whom Colonel John was the head, were noted for 
 their attachment to the royal interests. Before the close of the 
 year 1776, the Colonel was once seized and borne off from the 
 house of a fellow Loyalist, and once taken prisoner in battle. 
 In 1781 Cornwallis sent Tarleton to the district between the 
 Haw and Deep rivers, which was overrun with Loyalists, to 
 make enlistments. His exertions were successful, and persons 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 541 
 
 of the name of Piles, gave an example to others of like political 
 sympathies. Soon after, the Colonel who had previously 
 embodied a corps fell in with Colonel Lee s command, and 
 suffered a disastrous defeat. His force, indeed, was nearly 
 annihilated. The infatuated adherents of the king were 
 wholly unacquainted with arms, and imagining, as it would 
 seem, that Lee s troops were Tarleton s, and friends instead 
 of enemies, they allowed themselves to be cut to pieces, with 
 little or no resistance. 
 
 PINE, ALPHEUS. He was a native of New York, and accom 
 panied the Loyalists of that State to New Brunswick. For 
 several years he commanded a vessel on the river St. John. 
 On one occasion he sold a quantity of wood to General Arnold, 
 who, after the peace, lived for some time at St. John. Arnold, 
 not paying for it, and taking it away as had been agreed, he 
 sold it a second time. Just as the second purchaser was com 
 mencing to haul it off, Arnold appeared, and a quarrel en 
 sued. In the affray, Pine caught a stick from the pile, and 
 was about to "break the traitor s head," when some persons 
 in the crowd interfered. " But for this," Pine has frequently 
 told the writer, " I would not have left a whole bone in his 
 skin." After living in New Brunswick for a considerable 
 period, the Captain removed to Eastport, Maine, where he 
 kept a hotel, which was celebrated. Returning to St. John, he 
 died there in March, 1846, of apoplexy, aged eighty-four 
 years. He was universally known as an honest man. Fond 
 of relating anecdotes, and possessed of a ready memory, he 
 always had a story. His account of the sufferings of the Loy 
 alists, after they removed to New Brunswick, was interesting 
 and painful. 
 
 PINE, HENRY. Son of Stephen Pine. He served in the royal 
 army, and was discharged at Halifax at the peace. He con 
 tinued to reside in Nova Scotia until his death, in 1844. His 
 age was ninety-five years. A numerous family survive. 
 
 PINE, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. He was one of the 
 eighteen country gentlemen who were driven from their habi- 
 46 
 
542 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 tations to Boston, and an Addresser of Gage on his departure 
 in 1775. 
 
 PINE. Four persons of this name, of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : Reu 
 ben, James, Richard, and James. In 1780, David Pine, of the 
 same County, was in arms against the Whigs. 
 
 PINE, STEPHEN. Of Pine s Ferry, New York. He was in 
 the service, and connected with the transportation or wagon 
 department, until after the battle of Brandywine. In 1783 he 
 went to New Brunswick, and died on the river St. John in 
 that Colony, about the year 1786, aged sixty-six. Three sons, 
 Henry, Alpheus, and Stephen, survived him. Stephen is yet 
 (1846) living at the age of seventy-seven years, and resides 
 at Eastport, Maine. Pine s Ferry was a noted crossing-place 
 on the Croton River, and belonged to the family. At the period 
 of the Revolution, a bridge had been erected across the stream, 
 which, in turn, was known as Pine s Bridge. Smith, who 
 conducted Andre on his way to New York, took his leave at 
 this Bridge, in the belief that no difficulty would happen for 
 the remainder of the journey. The Cow-Boys had recently 
 been above it, while the territory below it was considered their 
 appropriate domain. These miscreants, though mostly refu 
 gees, and therefore belonging to the British side, Smith was 
 anxious to avoid ; but Andre, it was supposed, would meet no 
 interruption from them. It happened, however, that on the 
 morning he passed the Bridge, several persons who resided 
 within the Neutral Ground, went out for the professed ob 
 ject of obtaining whatever booty chance might throw in their 
 way. Whether the three of this party into whose hands Andre 
 fell, were better, or indeed, whether they were other than 
 Cow-Boys, has been a question of some discussion. Andre 
 himself was of the opinion, that Paulding, Van Wart, and 
 Williams, were men of doubtful virtue; and Major Tallmadge, 
 a Whig officer of distinguished merit, who was acquainted 
 with the circumstances, seems to have been impressed with the 
 same conviction. One of the Pines has assured me, that he 
 knew Van Wart was to use his own words "a British 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 543 
 
 militia-man," for he " had been told so by Yan Wart himself." 
 Mr. Sparks, a gentleman whose kindness and charity are 
 ever manifested, and are as remarkable as his fidelity in his 
 torical examinations, pursues a course of argument with rela 
 tion to the captors of Andre, which relieves them of the weight 
 of the imputations of their accusers. 
 
 PINCKNEY, CHARLES. Of South Carolina. In 1774 he was a 
 member of the Committee of Charleston, appointed to receive 
 donations for the relief of the sufferings at Boston, caused by 
 the passage of the Boston Port Bill. At that time he was 
 also a member of the Charleston Committee of Correspondence. 
 In 1775 he was President of the South Carolina Provincial 
 Congress. But in 1782, in consequence of his defection from 
 the Whig cause, his estate was amerced twelve per cent. This 
 gentleman was known as Charles Pinckriey, senior. He was 
 a colonel in the militia, and a member of the House of Assem 
 bly. He was educated for the bar, and at the period of the 
 Revolution, was one of the three eminent lawyers of South 
 Carolina, and as a public speaker, was surpassed but by few. 
 [n 1775 the Whig Charles Pinckney was a youth of seventeen. 
 
 PINKNEY, JONATHAN. Of Maryland. His son, the Honor 
 able William Pinkney, a mere lad at the commencement of 
 the Revolution, but a Whig in his political sympathies, became 
 a very distinguished man; having been an eminent lawyer, a 
 minister at several foreign courts, Senator to Congress, and 
 Attorney General of the United States. 
 
 PIPER, JOHN. Surgeon s mate of the North Carolina High 
 land Regiment. 
 
 PITFIELD, GEORGE. A magistrate ; died at Sussex Yale, New 
 Brunswick, in 1827, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 PLACE, AARON. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 PLACE, JAMES. An ensign in the Prince of Wales s American 
 Volunteers. *. 
 
 PLATEAU, JAMES. Of New York. See William Gorl. 
 
 PLATT, OBADIAH. Of Fairfield, Connecticut. In March, 1775, 
 the Whig Committee of Inspection pronounced, that "all 
 
544 
 
 .BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 connexions, commerce and dealings, ought to be withdrawn 
 from him by every friend to his country, for a breach of the 
 Association of the Continental Congress." 
 
 PLATT. Six of this name signed the Reading Association, 
 Connecticut. Abel, Joseph, and Josiah, of Fairfield County ; 
 and Isaac, Hezeldah, and Timothy, of Reading. 
 
 PLEASANTS, SAMUEL. Of Philadelphia. In 1777, charged 
 with disaffection to the Whigs, he was ordered to be sent 
 prisoner to Virginia. 
 
 PLUMBER, DANIEL. Of South Carolina. He was in commis 
 sion under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. He 
 died, probably, before the peace. His estate was confiscated. 
 
 PLUNKETT, WILLIAM. A colonel in the militia, of Pennsyl 
 vania. In the difficulties which occurred during the Revolu 
 tionary controversy, between the Connecticut people who 
 emigrated to Wyoming, and the authorities of Pennsylvania, 
 he was a prominent actor, both as a magistrate, and as the 
 leader of an armed force designed to suppress the alleged 
 misconduct of the Yankee settlers. He was a stout adherent 
 of the crown, and never, to his latest hour, would concede that 
 the authority of his royal master had passed away, or consent 
 to take an oath to support the new government. He died a 
 bachelor at an advanced age. He was an Irishman, and 
 came to America in early life. In 1750 it is affirmed, that he 
 was concerned in several robberies in England. By his own 
 admission, it appears, that he aided in the robbery of Lord 
 Eglintoun on Hounslow Heath. He was recognized in this 
 country by a person who had known him at home, but the 
 secret of his crime was not divulged. From the accounts of 
 him, it would seem, that he was a rough, fearless man, of 
 great energy and activity, but of an arbitrary and severe dis 
 position. He was buried at Sunbury, Pennsylvania. 
 
 POLHEMUS, ABRAHAM, ABRAHAM Junior, and JOHN. Of Queen s 
 County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 Abraham had signed a Declaration of loyalty the year before. 
 In April, 1779, Abraham, and Abraham junior, were Address 
 ers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling, of the Forty-second Regi- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 545 
 
 ment. In 1783, a person named Abraham Polhemus was a 
 magistrate of Queen s County. 
 
 POLHEMUS, JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. Was a captain ; 
 signed a Declaration of loyalty in 1775, and in 1777 was 
 designated in town meeting, a Trustee to provide fuel and 
 other necessaries for the guard-house and hospital of the royal 
 troops at Jamaica. September 13, 1783, he advertised in 
 Rivington s paper, that the ship was ready to receive the 
 Loyalists who had enrolled themselves in his company for 
 Annapolis, Nova Scotia, and that those who neglected his 
 notice, would not be provided with passages at the expense of 
 the government. 
 
 POLLARD, BENJAMIN. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 POMROY, JOSIAH. Physician, of Hatfield, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 POMROY, JOSIAH. Of New Hampshire. His estate was con 
 fiscated, and he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 POOLE, SAMUEL SHELDON. He was a member of the Assem 
 bly of Nova Scotia for fifty years, and was long known as the 
 Father of the House. He died at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, 
 in 1835, aged eighty-seven. 
 
 PORCHER, PHILIP. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 under the crown. His property was confiscated. Very proba 
 bly he was a Whig at the outset, as in 1775 he was a member 
 of the Provincial Congress. 
 
 PORTER, GEORGE DUDLEY. Was in the royal military service. 
 He died at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in 1841, aged eighty- 
 nine. 
 
 PORTER, JAMES. Comptroller General of the Customs. He 
 embarked at Boston with the British army for Halifax, in 
 1776. He arrived in England in August of that year. 
 
 PORTER, SAMUEL. Attorney at law, of Salem, Massachusetts. 
 
 Graduated at Harvard University in 1763. His name occurs 
 
 among the barristers and attornies who addressed Hutchinson 
 
 on his departure in June ; and among the Salern Addressers of 
 
 46* 
 
546 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Gage on his arrival, June, 1774 ; and is to be found in the 
 banishment act of 1778. He died in London in 1798. 
 
 POTE, JEREMIAH. Merchant, of Falmouth, Maine. He owned 
 and occupied one of the two principal wharves erected in that 
 town previous to the Revolution ; transacted a large business, 
 and filled offices of trust and honor. In 1774 a public meeting 
 was called to consider the state of public affairs, which he 
 attended ; but he desired that his dissent might be entered 
 against a resolution relative to the ministry and East India 
 Company, which was introduced and passed. In 1775 he 
 rendered himself obnoxious during the troubles with Mowatt, 
 which resulted in the burning of the town. He was sum 
 moned before the Whigs, who, under Thompson, assumed the 
 government, and organized themselves into a board of war, 
 and required him to contribute money and provisions, and to 
 give a bond in the sum of 2000, to appear at the Provincial 
 Congress of Massachusetts, and give an account of his con 
 duct. In the conflagration w^hich soon followed, his loss 
 in real estate was 656, and in other property 202. In 
 1778 he was proscribed and banished. After the peace he 
 settled in St. Andrew, at the mouth of the river St. Croix, 
 New Brunswick, where he died November 23, 1796, aged 
 seventy-one years. His son Robert deceased at the same 
 place, November 8, 1794, at the age of twenty-five : and his 
 widow, Elisabeth, died December 21, 1809, aged seventy- 
 nine. 
 
 POTTS, EDWARD. Was captain lieutenant of De Lancey s 
 Second Battalion. In 1809, E. Potts, Esquire, died at Hali 
 fax, Nova Scotia, probably the same. 
 
 POTTS, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. Judge of the Court of Com 
 mon Pleas. After Galloway deserted the Whig cause, and 
 went to England, he was a correspondent. In 1779 his estate 
 was confiscated. He was a petitioner for lands in Nova 
 Scotia in July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 POWELL, JACOB. Went from New York to Richebucto, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1783. He became a magistrate, and died in 1819, 
 aged fifty-three. 
 
OF AMERICAS LOYALISTS. 547 
 
 POWELL, JAMES EDWARD. Of Georgia. Went to England. 
 He was an Addresser of the king at London in 1779. 
 
 POWELL, JOHN. Of Boston. He was one of the rifty-eight 
 Boston memorialists, who, in 1760, arrayed themselves against 
 the officers of the crown. But in 1774 he was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson, and in 1775 an Addresser of Gage. He went to 
 Halifax in 1776, and in 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 In 1783 he was in England. 
 
 POWELL, ROBERT WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Before the Revolution he was a merchant, and conducted a 
 large business. In the early proceedings in that city, he ap 
 pears to have acted with the Whigs. He was a member of 
 the House of Assembly in 1774, and chairman of a general 
 meeting called at Charleston, to consider the Boston Port Bill 
 and other grievances, and to support the measures proper to 
 be adopted in consequence thereof; and, as the organ of the 
 committee, acquainted the House, that during the recess they 
 had nominated delegates to meet deputies from the other Colo 
 nies in the Congress at Philadelphia, in September of that 
 year. The nominations were confirmed. At a subsequent 
 period he was found among the adherents of the crown, and 
 during the war raised and commanded a regiment or battalion 
 of troops. He accordingly lost his large estate by confiscation, 
 but received partial compensation as a Loyalist under the act 
 of parliament. He went to England, and in 1794 represented 
 to the British government, that, at the time of his banishment 
 and the forfeiture of his property, large debts were due to him 
 in America, which, though the debtors were able to pay, 
 remained unpaid, and he prayed for interposition and relief. 
 Colonel Powell died in 1835. 
 
 POWELL, SOLOMON. Settled in Richebucto, Nova Scotia, and 
 died there. Elizabeth, his widow, deceased at that place in 
 1837, aged ninety-one. 
 
 POWELL, WILLIAM DUMMELL. Of Boston. He became Chief 
 Justice of Upper Canada, and died at Toronto, in that Colony, 
 in 1834, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 POWELL, AMOS, STEPHEN, and HENRY. Of Queen s County, 
 
548 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. In 1780 
 Stephen bore arms on the side of the crown. 
 
 POYNTON, THOMAS. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was one of 
 the forty-eight merchants and others, of the ancient town of 
 Salem, who addressed Gage on his arrival to succeed Hutch- 
 inson, June, 1774. He went to England the following year, 
 and there died before the peace. 
 
 PRENTICE, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 PRICE, BENJAMIN. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army, for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 PRICE, HOPKINS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780; was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. The estate of William Price, of 
 South Carolina, was amerced twelve per cent, by an act of the 
 last named year. 
 
 PRICE, WALTER. He settled in York County, New Bruns 
 wick, as an Episcopal minister, and died there. 
 
 PRINCE, JOHN. A physician, of Massachusetts. Went to 
 Halifax. His wife was a daughter of Honorable Richard 
 Derby. He was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 PRINCE, JOHN. Died at Hampton, New Brunswick, in 1825, 
 at an old age. 
 
 PRINCE, SAMUEL. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774 ; was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 PRINDALL, JONATHAN. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 PROCTOR, THOMAS. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Second American Regiment. In 1774, Thomas Proctor, of 
 Marblehead, Massachusetts, was an Addresser of Hutchinson. 
 
 PROCUE, PETER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 PROUD, ROBERT. Of Philadelphia. He taught a school in 
 that city for several years ; and later in life, wrote a History 
 of Pennsylvania, which was published, in two volumes, in the 
 years 1797 and 1798. The work is valuable on many accounts ; 
 but is wanting in continued and well sustained narrative. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 549 
 
 The publication was unprofitable, and occasioned him loss. 
 " Domine Proud wore a curled, grey wig, and a half-cocked, 
 ancient hat. He was the model of a gentleman." He was 
 tall, had a Roman nose, and -most impending brows." He 
 died in 1813, aged eighty-five. He was not only decided in 
 his attachment to the crown, but was of the opinion, that the 
 Revolution would prove both the cause and the commencement 
 of the decline of national virtue and prosperity in America. 
 
 PUNDERSON, . A physician, of Queen s County, New 
 
 York. In July, 1780, a party of Whigs surrounded his house, 
 took him prisoner, and carried him to Connecticut. The rebels 
 told his wife that the act was in retaliation for the capture 
 of John Smith, at Smithtown, and that they should hold 
 the Doctor for exchange. Such transactions were not un 
 common. 
 
 PURDY. Among the Protesters against the Whigs at White 
 Plains, New York, April, 1775, were twenty-four persons of 
 the name of Purdy, all of the County of Westchester. To wit : 
 Captain Joshua Purdy, Lieutenant Jonathan, and Lieutenant 
 Samuel. Sylvanus, Gilbert, Samuel, Timothy, Daniel, Seth, 
 David, Francis, Joseph, Gabriel, Elijah, Joseph, Isaac, Na 
 thaniel, Roger, Haccaliah junior, Jonathan junior, Joseph 
 junior, Elijah junior, Joshua junior, and Roger junior. David 
 subsequently entered the service, was an ensign in the King s 
 American Regiment ; and at the peace went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and was a grantee of two city lots. Gilbert was 
 also a grantee of that city ; one of the Samuels died in St. 
 John in 1841 ; and Joseph junior, was drowned in the river 
 St. John, 1844. Of the Purdy s of New York, not mentioned 
 above, Archibald embarked for Nova Scotia in 1783 ; and 
 Henry, a magistrate, died at Fort Lawrence, Cumberland 
 County, New Brunswick, 1S27, aged eighty-three. 
 
 PURVIS, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In June, 1775, when the 
 Provincial Congress (of which body he was a member) raised 
 two regiments of foot, and qne of horse, he was commissioned 
 a captain in the latter, and took the field as a Whig officer. 
 During the affair with the Cunninghams in July of that year, 
 
550 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 he went over to the adherents of the crown, and his troop fol 
 lowed his example. The desertion of Purvis and of Kirkland, 
 at the same time, with their commands, had a pernicious 
 influence upon the affairs of the Whigs of South Carolina. 
 
 PUTNAM, JAMES. Of Massachusetts. He was a graduate of 
 Harvard University, and a relation of the Whig General Israel 
 Putnam. His name appears among the Addressers of Hutch- 
 inson, and in the banishment act. He was the last royal 
 attorney general of Massachusetts. Leaving Boston with the 
 British army, he went to New York, Halifax, and England. 
 Settling finally in New Brunswick, he became a member of his 
 Majesty s Council, and Judge of the Supreme Court. He died 
 at St. John in 1789. The tablet erected over his remains, 
 records, that his widow, Elisabeth, died in 1798, aged sixty- 
 six; his daughter. Elisabeth Knox. in 1787, aged eighteen; his 
 grand- daughter, Elisabeth Knox, in 1789, aged five months ; 
 his son, Ebenezer, in 1798, aged thirty-six years; and his great- 
 grandson, James, in 1825, aged eleven months. The motto at 
 the close of the inscriptions is, " VIVIT POST FUNERA VIRTUS." 
 
 PUTNAM, JAMES, Junior. Son of James Putnam, of Massa 
 chusetts. Graduated at Harvard University in 1774. He 
 was one of the eighteen country gentlemen who were driven 
 to Boston, and who addressed Gage on his departure in 1775. 
 He went to England, and died there in March, 1838 ; having 
 been a barrack-master, a member of the household, and an 
 executor of the late Duke of Kent. 
 
 PYNCHON, WILLIAM. Counsellor at law, of Salem, Massa 
 chusetts. Graduated at Harvard University in 1743, and 
 died March, 1789, aged sixty-eight years. He was one of the 
 Salem Addressers of Gage, on his arrival to succeed Hutchin- 
 son in 1774; but remaining in the country, was not proscribed, 
 though his property and his peace suffered from the fury of 
 mobs. His name is also found among the barristers and attor- 
 nies who addressed Hutchinson. Lucy, his widow, died at 
 Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1814, aged seventy-four; and 
 his son, Erastus, died at that place in 1817, at the age of forty- 
 nine. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 551 
 
 QUACKENBUSH, DAVID. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County. 
 New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 QUAILL, HENRY. Of New York. In 1783 he was preparing 
 to embark for Nova Scotia. 
 
 Q,UIGLEY, JOHN. A magistrate, of New Hampshire. In 1775 
 he was seized and confined in the jail at Amherst. He was 
 released and fled. By the act of 1778, he was proscribed and 
 banished. His property was confiscated. 
 
 Q.UIN, MICHAEL. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 QUINCY, SAMUEL. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1754, and entering upon the practice of 
 law, rose to distinction, and was appointed Solicitor General 
 of the Crown. His brother Josiah was a Whig, and one of the 
 purest men of the time. Samuel, influenced by his official 
 duties and connexions, espoused the opposite side, and at the 
 evacuation of Boston left the country, and went to England. 
 His name appears among the barristers who were Addressers 
 of Hutchinson ; and in the proscription and confiscation acts. 
 He received the post of Attorney to the Crown, in the island 
 of Antigua, and held it at his death in 1789. He has descend 
 ants in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 
 
 Q.UINTARD, ISAAC. Of Stamford, Connecticut. He commanded 
 the second company of militia in that town, and in 1775 be 
 came involved in difficulty with the House of Assembly for 
 his opposition to the Whigs, and a Committee was appointed 
 to examine into his conduct. 
 
 QUINTON, DIXON. Of Worcester County, Maryland. The 
 Whig Committee of that County pronounced him to be an 
 enemy to his country, June 7, 1775. His offence consisted in 
 dealing in salt, " imported contrary to the Resolves of the 
 Continental Congress." 
 
 QUINTON, HUGH. Of Londonderry, New Hampshire. Set 
 tled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died there. His widow, 
 who married a Mr. McKeen, died at Carlton, New Brunswick, 
 in 1834, aged ninety-five. His son James, a ship-master of St. 
 John, was the first male child of British origin born in that 
 Colony. 
 
552 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 RADCLIFFE, THOMAS, Senior. Of South Carolina. In 1782 
 his estate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 RAINSFORD, ANDREW. After the Revolution, he became a 
 resident of New Brunswick, and was receiver-general, and 
 assistant barrack-master of that Colony. He died at Frede- 
 ricton in. 1820, at the age of eighty-six, leaving numerous de 
 scendants. Four of his sons, it is believed, held, or have held, 
 military commissions in the British service. 
 
 RALPH, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 RAMADGE, CHARLES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 RAMADGE, JOHN. Embarked at Boston with the British army 
 for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 RAND, ISAAC. Physician, of Boston. He was born in 1743, 
 and graduated at Harvard University in 1761. In 1764 he 
 settled in Boston as a practitioner of medicine, and rose to 
 great eminence. His political opinions were well known. He 
 continued in Boston during the siege ; but as he was at no 
 time an active partisan, the Whigs did not molest him. From 
 1798 to 1804 he was President of the Massachusetts Medical 
 Society. He was a man of great benevolence of character, 
 gave both money and professional services to the poor; and 
 whole families owed their support for years to his bounty. 
 His manners were polished ; his life in the highest degree 
 exemplary. He died in 1822, at the age of seventy-nine. He 
 wrote and published essays on medical subjects. 
 
 RAND, PHINEAS. Of Philadelphia. In 1777 he was seized and 
 ordered to be sent to Virginia, as an enemy to the Whig cause. 
 
 RANDALL, AMOS. Died in Argyle, Nova Scotia, 1839, aged 
 eighty. 
 
 RANDALL, JOHN B. A captain in the Georgia Loyalists. 
 
 RANDOLPH, JOHN. Of Virginia. Went to England. He was 
 in London in 1779. 
 
 RANDOLPH, ROBERT FITZ. He removed from New York to 
 Nova Scotia in 1783, and died in the County of Annapolis in 
 1831, at the age of ninety-four. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 553 
 
 RANKIN, JAMES and JOHN. Of York County, Pennsylvania. 
 Their estates were confiscated in 1779. 
 
 RAPALJE, JOHN, Esquire. Of New York. In 1774 he was a 
 member of the Committee of Correspondence, and in 1775 he 
 had a seat in the House of Assembly, and was one of the 
 fourteen who, during the recess that year, addressed General 
 Gage at Boston, on the subject of the unhappy contest. His 
 property was confiscated, and he departed the country. Dur 
 ing the war, he was in authority at Brooklyn, and it is sup 
 posed that he carried off the public records of that town, as 
 they were never seen after his removal. His estate was large, 
 and consisted principally of land. 
 
 RAPALJE. Sixteen persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, were signers of a Representation and Petition, ac 
 knowledging allegiance to Lord Richard and General William 
 Howe, October, 1776. To wit : Daniel senior, George, George 
 junior, Abraham J., John, Berns, Richard, Abraham, Daniel, 
 Cornelius, Martin, George, Jeromus, Joris, Jeromus, and Cor 
 nelius. In April, 1779, Daniel, Martin, Cornelius, Daniel, 
 George, John, Abraham J., Bermandus, and Jeronemus Ra- 
 palje, were Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling, of the 
 Forty-second Regiment. 
 
 RATHEU, JOSEPH. Of North Carolina. Went to England 
 previous to July, 1779. 
 
 RAYMOND, JOHN. Of Reading, Connecticut. Was a member 
 of the Association. 
 
 RAYMOND, RICE and STENT. Of Connecticut. Were grantees 
 of St. John, New Brunswick, 1783. 
 
 RAYMOND, SILAS. Of Norwalk, Connecticut. With his wife 
 and four children, and widow Mary, of the same place, arrived 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the spring 
 of 1783. Silas settled in King s County, and died there in 
 1824, aged seventy-six. 
 
 RAYMOND, WHITE. Of Norwalk, Connecticut. Went to New 
 Brunswick at the peace, deceased in 1835, at the age of 
 seventy-six, and was buried at Hampton. 
 
 RAYNOR. JOSEPH, ELIJAH, and EZEKIEL. Of Queen s County, 
 47 
 
554 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 New York. Assisted in the capture of the Whig privateer 
 Revenue, in 1780. 
 
 READ, CHARLES. Embarked at Boston with the British army 
 for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 READFORD, THOMAS. Of North Carolina. In 1776 he was 
 taken prisoner by the Whig Colonel Caswell, and imprisoned. 
 
 REED, JAMES. An Episcopal clergyman, of Newbern, North 
 Carolina. The 20th of July, 1775, by recommendation of 
 the Continental Congress, was kept as a day of fasting, humili 
 ation and prayer. He was requested and entreated to perform 
 divine service in his church, but refused, and gave in sub 
 stance as a reason, that "he should render himself obnoxious 
 to the ministry, and of course lose his parish." But he did 
 not save it. Subsequently, the Whig Committee "earnestly 
 requested the vestry of the parish to suspend his ministerial 
 functions, and that they immediately direct the churchwardens 
 to stop the payment of his salary." Mr. Reed was suspended. 
 It appears from the proceedings, that, on the day in question, 
 the people assembled at the church, in the expectation of ser 
 vices suited to the occasion, and that Mr. Reed " deserted his 
 congregation ; " when a " very animated and spirited discourse 
 was read by a member of the Committee, to a very crowded 
 audience." 
 
 REED, LEONARD. Of New York. In 1782 he was a lieuten 
 ant in the King s American Regiment. He settled on the river 
 St. John, New Brunswick, and received half-pay. 
 
 REED, RICHARD and SAMUEL. Of Marblehead. Were Address 
 ers of Hutchinson, 1774. 
 
 REED, ROBERT and JAMES. Residence unknown. Were gran 
 tees of St. John, 1783; the latter died at that city in 1820, 
 aged sixty-three. 
 
 REEF, JOHN. In 1775 he was sent prisoner from Long Island, 
 New York, to Massachusetts, and confined within the limits 
 of the town of Rutland. 
 
 REES, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. Was in commission of 
 the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 555 
 
 REGAN, JEREMIAH. A magistrate ; died at Sussex Vale, New 
 Brunswick, 1815, aged seventy-four. 
 
 REMSEN. Fifteen persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Rem P., John, Christopher, Abraham, John, Jeremiah, Rem, 
 John, Jacob, Rem, Jeromus, Simon, Isaac, Cornelius, and 
 Isaac junior. John Remsen, Ares, Rem, Rem junior, Daniel, 
 arid Jacob, were signers of the Jamaica, Long Island, Declara 
 tion of Loyalty, in 1775. In April, 1779, Jeromus and Jeremiah 
 Remsen, of Queen s County, were Addressers of Lieutenant 
 Colonel Sterling, of the Forty-second Regiment. John Rem 
 sen died at Clements, Nova Scotia, 1827. 
 
 RENCH, JAMES. Physician, of Delaware. By a law of 1778, 
 he was required to surrender himself and be tried for treason, 
 or lose his estate. 
 
 RENNIE, JOHN. He was banished, and his estate confiscated. 
 In 1794 he and other Loyalists presented a memorial to the 
 British government, on the subject of large debts due in 
 America, which were unpaid, though the debtors were rich, 
 and though the treaty of peace was supposed to afford means 
 of recovering all sums of money that were lawfully due be 
 fore the Revolution. 
 
 RENSHAW, JAMES. Died in the County of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1835, aged about eighty. 
 
 RENSHAW, THOMAS. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 REUBELL, JOHN CASPAR. A Lutheran clergyman, of Long 
 Island, New York, and "a rotund, jolly looking man." For a 
 time during the war, Colonels Atlee and Miles, of the British 
 service, were his boarders. He prayed in his pulpit for " King 
 George the Third, Queen Charlotte, the princes and princesses 
 of the royal family, and the upper and lower houses of par 
 liament." He was deposed from the ministry in 1784. 
 
 REYNOLDS, WILLIAM. A cornet in the King s American 
 Dragoons. 
 
 RHEMS, JOSEPH. Of South Carolina. Held a royal commis 
 sion after the capitulation of Charleston. Estate confiscated. 
 
556 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 RHOADES, HENRY. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 RHODES, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. Went to England. 
 
 RICE, JESSE. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 RICH, ABRAHAM. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester, April, 1775. 
 
 RICHARDS, OWEN. Tide-waiter, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 RICHARDSON, EBENEZER. Of Boston. An inferior officer of 
 the Customs, and an informer against smuggled goods. He 
 was very obnoxious. Early in 1770 he was assailed by a 
 mob, who drove him to his house, and threw stones through 
 the windows. As some of the multitude were about to force 
 their way into his dwelling, he fired upon them, and killed a 
 boy about twelve years of age. He was seized and dragged 
 through the streets and threatened with immediate death, but 
 was finally taken before a magistrate, who committed him to 
 prison. At the next term of the Court he was tried for the 
 offence, which all the Judges were of the opinion, was at 
 most but manslaughter, while one or more of them considered 
 the homicide justifiable; but the jury gave a verdict of 
 murder. The Judges, however, suspended sentence, and certi 
 fied to the Lieutenant Governor, that Richardson was a proper 
 object of pardon, and upon representation to the ministry, an 
 order was passed, that his name " should be inserted in the 
 next Newgate pardon," and in due time he was discharged, 
 when he immediately absconded. 
 
 RICHARDSON, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 RICHARDSON, . An ensign in the New York Volunteers. 
 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was 
 a grantee of that city. He received half-pay. 
 
 RICKER, JACOBUS. Of Queen s County, New York. Ac 
 knowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 RIED, ANDREW. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Also a Petitioner to be 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 557 
 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. 
 
 RIED, JOHN. A lieutenant in the First Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 RIERSON, SAMUEL. A captain in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 Rio, ALEXANDER. A lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion. 
 
 RIPPON, ISAAC. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 RISTEEN, JOSEPH. Died in the County of Carlton, New 
 Brunswick, in 1S39, aged ninety. 
 
 RIVINGTON, JAMES. Of New York. Printer and bookseller. 
 He was born in England, and emigrating to America, settled 
 in that city, where he published a paper called Rivington s Ga 
 zette. At the Revolutionary era, it received the name of Riv 
 ington s Lying Gazette. He became very obnoxious, and was 
 denounced in every section of the country. In Newport, 
 Rhode Island, the Whigs resolved, March 1, 1775, that, 
 
 " Whereas, a certain James Rivington, a printer and sta 
 tioner in the city of New York, impelled by the love of sordid 
 pelf, and a haughty domineering spirit, hath, for a long time, 
 in the dirty Gazette, and in pamphlets, if possible still more 
 dirty, uniformly persisted in publishing every falsehood which 
 his own wicked imagination, or the imaginations of others of 
 the same stamp, as ingenious perhaps in mischief as himself, 
 could suggest and fabricate, that had a tendency to spread 
 jealousies, fear, discord, and disunion through this country ; 
 and by partial and false representations of facts, hath endeav 
 ored to pervert truth, and to mislead the incautious into 
 wrong conceptions of facts reported,- and wrong sentiments 
 respecting the measures now carrying on for the recovery and 
 establishment of our rights," &c. " Therefore, it is the opin 
 ion," &c., "that no further dealings or correspondence ought 
 to be had with the said James Rivington; and we recommend 
 it to every person who takes his paper, to immediately drop 
 the same," &c. 
 
 47* 
 
558 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 On the 6th of the same month a similar resolution was 
 passed in Freehold, New Jersey; on the 8th, a paragraph 
 published in his paper attracted the attention of the Committee 
 of New York, who authorized Philip Livingston and Mr. Jay, 
 to wait on him and ask for the authority on which he had 
 made a false statement; on the 14th, the freeholders of Ulster 
 County, New York, voted to have no connexion or inter 
 course with him ; and in May, Richard Henry Lee wrote to 
 Gouverneur Morris, that he was " sorry, for the honor of human 
 nature, Rivington has so prostituted himself in support of a 
 cause the most detestable that ever disgraced mankind. " 
 His press was finally destroyed by a mob from Connecticut, 
 who also carried off a part of his types, and converted them 
 into Whig bullets, and compelled him to suspend the publica 
 tion of his paper. His conduct was examined by the Provin 
 cial Congress, who referred his case to the Continental Congress 
 at Philadelphia, and while the latter were employed in consid 
 ering it, he addressed to them the following letter. 
 
 "Whereas the subscriber, by the freedom of his publications 
 during the present unhappy disputes between Great Britain and 
 her Colonies, has brought upon himself much public displeasure 
 and resentment, in consequence of which his life has been 
 endangered, his property invaded, and a regard to his personal 
 safety requires him still to be absent from his family and busi 
 ness ; and whereas, it has been ordered by the Committee of 
 Correspondence for the city of New York, that a report of 
 the state of his case should be made to the Continental Con 
 gress, that the manner of his future treatment may be sub 
 mitted to their direction ; he thinks himself happy in having 
 at last for his judges, gentlemen of eminent rank and distinc 
 tion in the Colonies, from whose enlarged and liberal senti 
 ments, he flatters himself that he can receive no other than 
 an equitable, sentence, unbiased by popular clamor and resent 
 ment. He humbly presumes that the very respectable gentle 
 men of the Congress now sitting at Philadelphia, will permit 
 him to declare, and, as a man of honor and veracity, he can 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 559 
 
 and does solemnly declare, that however wrong and mistaken 
 he may have been in his opinions, he has always meant hon 
 estly and openly to do his duty as a servant of the public. 
 Accordingly his conduct, as a printer, has always been con 
 formable to the ideas which he entertained of English liberty, 
 warranted by the practice of all printers in Great Britain and 
 Ireland for a century past, under every administration ; au 
 thorized, as he conceives, by the laws of England, and coun 
 tenanced by the declaration of the late Congress. He declares 
 that his press has been always open and free to all parties, and 
 for the truth of this fact, appeals to his publications, among 
 which are to be reckoned all the pamphlets, and many of the 
 the best pieces that have been written in this and the neigh 
 boring Colonies in favor of the American claims. However, 
 having found that the inhabitants of the Colonies were not 
 satisfied with this plan of conduct, a few weeks ago he pub 
 lished in his paper a short apology, in which he assured the 
 public that he would be cautious for the future of giving any 
 further offence. To this declaration he resolves to adhere, and 
 he cannot but hope for the patronage of the public, so long as 
 his conduct shall be found to correspond with it. It is his 
 wish and ambition to be an useful member of society. 
 Although an Englishman by birth, he is an American by 
 choice, and he is desirous of devoting his life, in the business 
 of his profession, to the service of the country he has adopted 
 for his own. He lately employed no less than sixteen work 
 men, at near one thousand pounds annually; and his con 
 sumption of printing paper, the manufacture of Pennsylvania, 
 New York, Connecticut, and the Massachusetts Bay, has 
 amounted to nearly that sum. His extensive foreign corres 
 pondence, his large acquaintance in Europe and America, and 
 the manner of his education, are circumstances which, he 
 conceives, have not improperly qualified him for the station in 
 which he wishes to continue, and in which he will exert every 
 endeavor to be useful. rHe therefore humbly submits his case 
 to the honorable gentlemen now assembled in the Continental 
 Congress, and begs that their determination may be such as 
 
560 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 will secure him, especially as it is the only thing that can 
 effectually secure him in the safety of his person, the enjoy 
 ment of his property, and the uninterrupted prosecution of his 
 business. 
 
 " JAMES RIVINGTON." 
 
 " May 20, 1775. 
 
 For a time he made his peace with the Whigs, and on 
 the 7th of June following, the Provincial Congress of New 
 York resolved, that, u Whereas James Rivington, of this city, 
 printer, hath signed the General Association, and has lately 
 published a hand-bill declaring his intention rigidly to adhere 
 to the said Association ; and also asked the pardon of the pub 
 lic, who have been offended by his ill-judged publications; 
 therefore, he be permitted to return to his house and family ; 
 and this Congress doth recommend it to the inhabitants of this 
 Colony not to molest him in his person or property." 
 
 But Rivington, like almost every other person who once 
 incurred odium or suspicion, fell off. He went to Eng 
 land, where he furnished himself anew with materials for 
 printing, and was appointed king s printer for New York. In 
 1777 he returned, and resumed the publication of his paper, 
 but changed its name to that of the Royal Gazette. At the 
 peace he attempted to conciliate the Whigs, and to keep up his 
 Gazette, but failing in this, his editorial labors ceased in 1783. 
 He was possessed of fine talents, polite manners, and was well 
 informed. It is apparent from the correspondence of several of 
 the leaders on the popular side, as well as from what has 
 been here said, that his tact and ability in conducting a news 
 paper were much feared, and that his press had more influ 
 ence over the public mind than any other in the royal interest 
 in the country. Rivington died in 1802, aged seventy-eight 
 years. His son, John, a lieutenant in the eighty-third regi 
 ment, died in England in 1809. 
 
 ROBIE, THOMAS. A merchant, of Marblehead, Massachusetts. 
 He went first to Halifax, and thence to England, but returned 
 to the United States, and died at Salem. His son, the Honor- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 561 
 
 able S. B. Robie, of Halifax, was appointed Solicitor General 
 of Nova Scotia in 1815 ; Speaker of the House of Assembly 
 in 1817, 1819, and 1820; Member of his Majesty s Council in 
 1824 ; and Master of the Rolls in 1825 ; he is a gentleman 
 of wealth. 
 
 ROBERTS, FREDERICK. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 ROBERTS, JAMES. Of Surry, North Carolina. His property 
 was confiscated in 17 </ 79. * 
 
 ROBERTS, JOHN. Of the County of Philadelphia. He joined 
 the royal forces when Sir William Howe took possession of 
 Philadelphia, and was tried for his life in 1778. Thomas 
 McKean, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and at 
 that time Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, presided at the trial. 
 Roberts s offence was legally and satisfactorily proved, and he 
 suffered death as a traitor to his country. The year following 
 his execution, his estate was confiscated. 
 
 ROBERTS, ZACHARIAH. Of New York. Died in Queen s 
 County, New Brunswick, in 1833, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 ROBERTSON, ALEXANDER. Was a captain in the service of 
 the king, and at the peace he went to Shelburne, Nova Scotia. 
 In 1834 he fell through the ice at Shelburne, and continued in 
 the water nearly an hour ; though he recovered his speech and 
 recollection, the shock was fatal. His age was seventy-nine. 
 He was the last of sixteen Loyalist captains who were original 
 grantees of that city. 
 
 ROBERTSON, - .A physician, of North Carolina. Was 
 attached to a Loyalist corps, and was captured and sent to 
 prison in 1776. 
 
 ROBERTSON, JAMES. Was associated with his brother Alex 
 ander, who like himself was a Loyalist, and with John Trum- 
 bull, who was a Whig, in the publication of the Norwich 
 Packet, at Norwich, Connecticut. This connexion, which 
 commenced in 1773, ceased soon after the British troops took 
 possession of New York in 1776, and the Robertsons went to 
 that city, and printed the Royal American Gazette, during the 
 remainder of the war. After the peace, both James and 
 
562 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Alexander published a paper at Shelburne, Nova Scotia ; but 
 Alexander soon died. James removed to Scotland, where he 
 was alive in 1810, and engaged in printing and bookselling at 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 ROBERTSON, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. James Robertson, 
 of that city, was also an Addresser. 
 
 ROBERTSON, WILLIAM. Was an ensign in the Georgia Loy 
 alists. 
 
 ROBINSON, BEVERLEY. Of New York. He was a son of the 
 Honorable John Robinson of Yirginia, who was President of that 
 Colony on the retirement of Governor Gooch. He emigrated to 
 New York, and married Susanna, daughter of Frederick Phil- 
 lipse, Esquire, who owned an immense landed estate on the 
 Hudson river. By this connexion, Mr. Robinson became rich. 
 When the revolutionary controversy commenced, he was living 
 upon that portion of the Phillipse estate which had been given to 
 his wife, and there he desired to remain in the quiet enjoyment 
 of country life, and in the management of his large domain. 
 That such was his inclination, is asserted by the late President 
 Dwight, and is fully confirmed by circumstances, and by his 
 descendants. He was opposed to the measures of the minis 
 try, gave up the use of imported merchandise, and clothed 
 himself and his family in fabrics of domestic manufacture. 
 But he was also opposed to the separation of the Colonies from 
 the mother country. Still, he wished to take no part in the 
 conflict of arms. The importunity of friends overruled his 
 own judgment, and he entered the military service of the 
 crown. His standing entitled him to high rank. Of the 
 Loyal American Regiment, raised principally in New York, 
 by himself, he was accordingly commissioned the colonel. 
 He also commanded the corps called the Guides and Pioneers. 
 Of the former, or the Loyal Americans, his son Beverley was 
 lieutenant colonel, and Thomas Barclay, major. Besides his 
 active duty in the field, Colonel Robinson was employed to 
 conduct several matters of consequence ; and he figures con 
 spicuously in cases of defection from the Whig cause. In the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 563 
 
 real or supposed plan of the Whig leaders of Vermont, to 
 return to their allegiance to the king, or to form some other and 
 hardly less objectionable alliance with officers of the crown, 
 he was consulted, and opened a correspondence. In the 
 treason of Arnold, his name and acts occur continually ; and it 
 is supposed that he was acquainted with the traitor s purpose 
 before it was known to Sir Henry Clinton, or any other person. 
 And it appears certain, that Arnold addressed him a letter on 
 the subject of going over to the royal side, before soliciting the 
 command of West Point. As the plot matured, he accompa 
 nied Andre to Dobbs s Ferry to meet Arnold, according to a 
 previous arrangement; but an accident prevented an inter 
 view, and both returned to New York. Subsequently he went 
 up the Hudson in the Vulture, for the purpose of furthering 
 the objects in view ; but failed in his most material designs. 
 Arnold now sent Smith on board of the Vulture with a letter, 
 which was delivered to Colonel Robinson, and on the faith of 
 which, Andre went on shore. The treacherous Whig had 
 been expected on board of the ship in person, and it has been 
 said, that Robinson was much opposed to Andre s trusting 
 himself to the honor " of a man who was seeking to betray 
 his country." But the zealous young officer would not listen 
 to the prudent counsel, and determined to embark upon the 
 duty from which he never returned. That unfortunate gentle 
 man was captured on the 23d of September, 1780, and on the 
 26th, was conveyed a prisoner to Colonel Robinson s own 
 house, which, with the lands adjacent, had been confiscated by 
 the State, which Arnold had occupied as his head-quarters, 
 and of which Washington was then a temporary occupant. 
 After Andre s trial and conviction. Sir Henry Clinton sent 
 three Commissioners to the Whig camp, in the hope of pro 
 ducing a change in the determination of Washington, and of 
 showing Andre s innocence ; to this mission, Robinson was 
 attached in the character of a witness. He had previously 
 addressed the Commander-in-Chief on the subject of Andre s 
 release; and as he and Washington had been personal friends, 
 until political events had produced a separation, he took 
 occasion to speak of their former acquaintance in his letter. 
 
564 BIOGRAPHTCAL SKETCHES 
 
 Colonel Robinson at the peace, with a part of his family, 
 went to England. His name appears as a member of the first 
 Council of New Brunswick, but he never took his seat at the 
 board. His wife is included in the confiscation act of New 
 York, and the whole estate derived from her father passed 
 from the family. The value of her interest may be estimated 
 from the fact, that the British government granted her husband 
 the sum of 17,000 sterling, which, though equal to eighty 
 thousand dollars, was considered only a partial compensation. 
 After going to England, Colonel Robinson lived in retirement. 
 He was unhappy ; and did not conceal the sufferings which 
 preyed upon his spirits. He resided at Thornbury, near Bath, 
 and there closed his days. Susanna, his wife, died at the 
 same place in 1822, at the age of ninety-four. His eldest 
 daughter, Susan Maria, died in England in 1833, aged seventy- 
 two. The Robinson House, which was his residence on the 
 Hudson, and which has become of historical interest, is still 
 (1840) standing. It is situated within two or three miles of 
 West Point, and on the opposite, or eastern side of the river. 
 It is the property of Richard D. Arden, Esquire. The interior 
 remains much as it was when its original possessors, and 
 Washington, Arnold, and Andre, were its permanent or tem 
 porary occupants. The rooms are low, the timbers are large, 
 and many of them are uncovered ; and the fireplaces are orna 
 mented with polished tiles. In the chamber which was used 
 by Mrs. Arnold nothing has been changed ; and over the 
 mantel and in the wood- work are carved the words, " G. Wal- 
 lis, Lieut. VI. Mass. Regt." 
 
 Colonel Robinson s descendants in New Brunswick possess 
 some relics of the olden time, not destitute of interest. Among 
 them is a silver tea urn, of rich and massiveworkmanship, and 
 of considerable value, which was the present of an English 
 gentleman, who was the Colonel s guest in New York before 
 the Revolution. This urn, according to the family account, 
 was the first article of the kind in use in America. Prince 
 William Henry, who was afterwards King William the Fourth, 
 enjoyed Colonel Robinson s hospitality in New York at a later 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 565 
 
 day, and the circumstance may have contributed something to 
 the advancement of the family. The Robinsons were unques 
 tionably immediate sufferers from the events which drove them 
 into exile. Towards the Loyalists, the British government 
 evinced much liberality, and, if viewed as a body, the com 
 pensation which they received, probably, fully covered their 
 losses. The aggregate of the money grants, it cannot be men 
 tioned too often, was but little short of sixteen millions of dol 
 lars ; while large tracts of lands, pensions, half-pay, and 
 offices with handsome salaries, and held upon a life-tenure, 
 were freely bestowed. Yet individuals who possessed estates 
 of unfixed or prospective value, or who were unable to exhibit 
 sufficient proof of their claims, were losers. But, on the other 
 hand, the Loyalists who owed as much as the property which 
 they had in possession was worth, and yet claimed and received 
 of the government precisely as though they owed nothing, 
 were gainers. 
 
 The family of which we are speaking belonged to the class 
 first mentioned. But in considering the present value of Mrs. 
 Robinson s portion of the Phillipse Manor, it ought not to be 
 overlooked, that no inconsiderable part of it arises from the 
 success of the Whigs of the Revolution, and the turn of the 
 very events which its original proprietors resisted. The rebels 
 of 1776 made New York an independent nay, more the 
 Empire State. Had the old families continued their rule; had 
 the thirteen Colonies continued dependent ; had the resources 
 of the American continent been developed only as the mother 
 country permitted ; had population, wealth, the facilities for 
 transportation, manufactures, and commerce increased only as 
 in Colonial possessions they ever have, and still do, how 
 much would three quarters of a century of mere time, of 
 additional years of Colonial vassalage, have added to the 
 value of the Manor ? The descendants of the Loyalists, then, 
 in estimating the worth of the estates of their fathers, which 
 passed under the confiscation acts, are to be precluded from 
 every benefit derived from the glorious issue of the rebellion; 
 and they are to be confined in their computations to the actual 
 48 
 
566 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 value of wilderness lands at the time, adding the probable 
 increase since, had the British empire not been dismembered 
 in 1783. Tt is admitted, however, that Colonel Robinson was 
 not amply compensated in money by the government for 
 which he sacrificed fortune, home, and his native land. But 
 from the account which follows, of the distinction attained by 
 his children and grand-children, it will be seen, that though 
 deprived of their inheritance, they have not been without other 
 and substantial recompense; and that no persons of Loyal 
 ist descent have been or still are, more favored in official 
 stations, and in powerful family alliances, than the heirs of 
 the two daughters of Frederick Phillipse Susanna Robin 
 son, and Mary Morris. And that this may fully appear, the 
 notice of Colonel Roger Morris should be read in connexion. 
 
 ROBINSON, BEVERLEY. Son of Colonel Beverley Robinson, 
 and lieutenant-colonel of the Loyal American Regiment, com 
 manded by his father. Was a graduate of Columbia College, 
 New York, and at the commencement of the Revolutionary 
 troubles, was a student of law in the office of James Duane. 
 His wife, Nancy, whom he married during the war, was the 
 daughter of the Reverend Henry Barclay, Rector of Trinity 
 Church, New York, and sister of Colonel Thomas Barclay 
 who is noticed in these pages. At the evacuation of New 
 York, Lieutenant Colonel Robinson was placed at the head of 
 a large number of Loyalists who embarked for Shelburne, 
 Nova Scotia, and who laid out that place in a very handsome 
 and judicious manner, in the hope of its becoming a town of 
 consequence and business. The harbor of Shelburne is re 
 puted to be one of the best in North America, but though the 
 population rapidly rose to about twelve thousand persons, the 
 expectations of the projectors of the enterprise were not real 
 ized, and many abandoned Shelburne for other parts of British 
 America. Robinson went to New Brunswick, and resided 
 principally at and near the city of St. John. His deprivations 
 and sufferings for a considerable time after leaving New York 
 were great ; these were finally relieved by the receipt of half- 
 pay as an officer in the service of the crown. In New Bruns- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 567 
 
 wick he was a member of His Majesty s Council, and at the 
 period of the French Revolution, and on the occurrence of war 
 between England and France, was intrusted with the com 
 mand of the regiment raised in that Colony. 
 
 He died in 1816, at New York, while on a visit to two of 
 his sons, who continued residents of that city. He possessed 
 great energy, and his exertions and influence were sensibly 
 felt in settling and advancing the commercial emporium of 
 New Brunswick. In the confiscation act of New York, by 
 which his estate was forfeited and he was attainted and ban 
 ished, he is styled u Beverley Robinson the younger." Colonel 
 Robinson left six children. His son Beverley resides in the 
 city of New York, and is a counsellor at law. Morris resides 
 also at New York, was cashier of the Branch of the United 
 States Bank, and is President of the Life Insurance Company ; 
 a daughter is the wife of Alexander Slidell McKenzie, Esquire, 
 of the United States Navy. Frederick Phillipse is auditor- 
 general of New Brunswick, and lives at Fredericton. John 
 is a lieutenant in the British army, enjoys half-pay, and lives 
 near Fredericton. William Henry is a retired major in the 
 British army, and resides in New Brunswick. Susan, the 
 remaining child, is the wife of George Lee, Esquire, a half- 
 pay officer of the British army, who lives on the river St. 
 John. 
 
 ROBINSON, CHRISTOPHER. A relative of Colonel Beverley 
 Robinson. Was an officer in the Queen s Rangers. He set 
 tled at St. John, New Brunswick, and received the grant of a 
 city lot, but removed to Nova Scotia, and was a crown officer 
 in that Colony in 1813. He went, subsequently, to Upper 
 Canada, where he died. His son, the Honorable John Bever 
 ley Robinson, is, at the present time, one of the most dis 
 tinguished public men in that Colony. He was born in Upper 
 Canada, but received a legal education in England, and was 
 there admitted to the bar. He returned while yet young, 
 served in the war of 1812, and was in several battles. After 
 holding a seat in the House of Assembly for ten years, he was 
 appointed a member of the Council and attorney-general. 
 
568 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 During the recent insurrection in Canada, he took his musket 
 and went into the ranks accompanied by his two sons. When 
 the two Colonies were united under one government hy the 
 late act of parliament, he was President of the Council, but 
 lost that post and its emoluments by the change. He was 
 however, elevated to the place of Chief Justice of Canada 
 West, and in 1846 was appointed by the Governor General to 
 the office of Deputy Governor of the same division of the 
 Colony, (formerly Upper Canada.) 
 
 ROBINSON, SIR FREDERICK PHILLIPSE, G. C. B. Of New York. 
 Son of Colonel Beverley Robinson. He entered the king s ser 
 vice early in the Revolution, and at the peace retired to Eng 
 land with his father. He was continued in the British army, 
 and is now a Lieutenant General, and has received the honor 
 of knighthood. He was with the Duke of Wellington, and 
 saw much hard duty. At the storming of St. Sebastian 
 he was dangerously wounded. He was in the battles of 
 Vittoria, Nive, Authes, and Toulouse. During the war of 
 1812 he came to America, and was employed in Canada. He 
 commanded the British force in the attack on Plattsburgh, 
 under Prevost, and protested against the order of his superior, 
 when directed to retire, and because, from the position of his 
 troops, he was of the opinion, that his loss of men would be 
 greater in a retreat, than in an advance upon the American 
 works. After the conclusion of hostilities he embarked at 
 New York for England. On his journey from Canada, he 
 stopped at the Highlands to visit the place of his birth and 
 the scenes of his youth. A nephew relates that " he wept like 
 a child," as he saw and recollected the spots and objects once 
 familiar to him. Sir Frederick now (1846) lives at Brighton, 
 England, and is the only surviving child of his father. His 
 daughter, Maria Susanna, married Hamilton Charles James 
 Hamilton, her Majesty s minister to Rio Janeiro. 
 
 ROBINSON, MORRIS. Of New York. Son of Colonel Beverley 
 Robinson. He accepted a commission under the crown, and 
 was a captain in the Queen s Rangers. When that corps was 
 disbanded at the peace, most of the officers were dismissed 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 569 
 
 from service, and many of them as is seen in this volume 
 settled in New Brunswick. But Captain Robinson, partici 
 pating in the good fortune of his family, was continued in 
 commission. At the time of his decease he was a lieutenant- 
 colonel, and assistant barrack -master general, in the British 
 army. He died at Gibraltar in 1815, aged fifty-six. His wife 
 was a sister of Captain Waring, of the British navy. His 
 daughter, Margaret Ann, wife of Reverend J. Cross, died at 
 Thornbury, England, in 1837, at the age of forty-three. His 
 son Beverley is a captain in the Royal Artillery, and resides at 
 Ross, Herefordshire. Frederick is a staff officer in the British 
 army. John De Lancey is a lieutenant in the royal navy, on 
 half-pay. Oliver De Lancey, his remaining son, is major in 
 the Queen s Regiment. His daughters, Susan and Joanna, 
 reside in New Brunswick. The first is the wife of the Hon 
 orable Robert Parker, a Judge of the Supreme Court ; and the 
 latter, the wife of Robert F. Hazen, Esquire, barrister at law, 
 master in chancery, and formerly mayor of the city of St. 
 John. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN. Of New York. Son of Colonel Beverley 
 Robinson. During the Revolution, he was a lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment, commanded by his father, and when 
 the corps was disbanded he settled in New Brunswick, and 
 received half-pay. He embarked, and successfully, in com 
 mercial pursuits, and held distinguished public stations. He 
 was deputy paymaster-general of his Majesty s forces in the 
 Colony, a member of the Council, treasurer of New Bruns 
 wick, mayor of St. John, and president of the first bank char 
 tered in that city and in the Colony. He died at St. John in 
 1828, aged sixty-seven. Elisabeth, his wife, and daughter of 
 the Honorable George D. Ludlow, Chief Justice of New Bruns 
 wick, died in the south of France, while there for the benefit 
 of her health. His daughter, Frances Maria, wife of Colonel 
 Joshua Wilson, of Roseville, near Wexford, Ireland, died at 
 Bath. England, in 1837, at the age of forty-two. Five sons 
 survive. William Henry is deputy commissary-general in the 
 British army ; Beverley is treasurer of New Brunswick j George 
 48* 
 
570 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Duncan is lieutenant-colonel of St. John city light infantry, and 
 was lately a member of the House of Assembly; Daniel Lud- 
 low is a barrister at law, and registrar of the Court of Chan 
 cery ; and John Morris is a barrister at law, registrar of the 
 Court of Vice Admiralty, and a Master in Chancery. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN. Went from some part of New England to 
 St. Andrew, New Brunswick, at the close of the war, and was 
 one of the first settlers of that town. He died there in 1807, 
 aged fifty-three. Lydia, his widow, died at St. Andrew in 
 1820, aged fifty-five. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOHN. A grantee of St. John, 1783 ; died at Port 
 land, New Brunswick, 1839, aged ninety-one. 
 
 ROBINSON, JOSEPH. Of South Carolina. Held a royal com 
 mission after the capitulation of Charleston. Estate confis 
 cated. 
 
 ROBINSON, ROBERT. Of New Hampshire. An ensign in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. He was proscribed and banished 
 in 1778. 
 
 ROBINSON, THOMAS. Of Sussex on Delaware. In July, 1775, 
 the Sussex County Committee took him in hand for his acts 
 and words, and unanimously declared that he was " an enemy 
 to his country, and a contumacious opposer of liberty and the 
 natural rights of mankind." His offences were various. Peter 
 Watson swore, that, " being at Robinson s store, he saw his 
 clerk, John Gozlin, weigh and sell two small parcels of bohea- 
 tea, one of which he delivered to a girl, and the other to 
 Leatherberry Barker s wife." Robert Butcher testified, that 
 Robinson said to him, the Whig Committees " were a pack 
 of fools for taking up arms against the king, that our char 
 ters were not annihilated, changed or altered by the late acts 
 of parliament," &c. Nathaniel Mitchell testified, that Rob 
 inson had declared to him, " the present Congress were an un 
 constitutional body of men, and also, that the great men were 
 pushing on the common people between them and all danger." 
 After hearing this evidence, the Committee summoned Robin 
 son to appear before them to answer ; but he returned word, 
 that " he desired his compliments to the gentlemen of the Com- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 571 
 
 mittee, and to acquaint them that he did not, nor could not, 
 think of coming before them, unless he could bring forty or 
 fifty armed men with him." These "compliments" were 
 voted " to be insulting and injurious," and a Resolution pro 
 nouncing his defection from the Whig cause followed. In 1778 
 he was ordered to surrender himself for trial, or stand attainted 
 of treason. 
 
 ROBINSON, SIR WILLIAM HENRY. Of New York. Son of Colonel 
 Beverley Robinson. He accompanied his father to England, 
 and was appointed to a place in the commissariat department 
 of the British army, of which, at his decease, he was the head. 
 For his long and faithful services he received the honor of 
 knighthood. He was the youngest son of the senior Colonel 
 Beverley Robinson. He died at Bath, England, in 1836, aged 
 seventy-one. Lady Robinson, his relict, died at Wisthorpe 
 House, Marlow, England, in 1843, at the age of seventy-five. 
 Sir William was named for his Majesty William the Fourth. 
 His wife was Catharine, a daughter of Cortlaridt Skinner, 
 Attorney General of New Jersey, who was a Loyalist, arid a 
 brigadier-general in the service of the crown during the Revo 
 lution. Three children of Sir William survive. His son, 
 William Henry, is a captain in the seventy-second regiment of 
 the British army. Catharine Beverley, is the wife of Major 
 General Smelt, of the British army. Elisabeth, is the wife of 
 William Henry Robinson (her cousin), deputy commissary- 
 general in the British army, and son of the Honorable John 
 Robinson. 
 
 ROBBINS, EPHRAIM. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. Mem 
 ber of the Association at Reading. 
 
 ROBBINS, JOSEPH. A native of Plymouth, Massachusetts. He 
 died at Chebogue, Nova Scotia, 1839, aged eighty-two. His 
 descendants at the time of his decease were two hundred and 
 two, namely, thirteen children, ninety grandchildren, and 
 ninety-nine great-grandchildren. 
 
 ROBBINS, WILLIAM. A lieutenant of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 ROBBINS. Seven persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 
572 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 John, Jacob, Jeremiah, Samuel, Isaac, John junior, and Ste 
 phen. 
 
 ROBINS, JOHN. An ensign in the King s Rangers. He was 
 at the Island of St. John, Gulf of St. Lawrence, before the 
 close of 1782, and invited other Loyalists to join those already 
 there. 
 
 ROCHFORD, THOMAS. Innkeeper, of Jamaica, New York. In 
 May, 1778, he informed " the gentlemen of the army and navy, 
 and inhabitants of New York, that they can have breakfasts 
 and dinners at the shortest notice," and that he " had laid in 
 an assortment of liquors of the best quality." In July, 1779, 
 he advertised that he had removed to the Queen s Head, and 
 was " grateful to the gentlemen of the army and navy; " while 
 in October of that year it was announced, that tickets for the 
 Accession Ball were to be had at his house. In 1781 he re 
 moved a second time, and begged to inform " the ladies and 
 gentlemen, that at his new quarters he has an elegant garden, 
 with arbors, bowers, alcoves, grottos, naiads, dryads, hama 
 dryads." These trifling incidents show that, though a civil 
 war was raging, men and women were not wholly inattentive 
 to matters that gratified the appetite, the eye, and the taste. 
 
 ROGERS, DANIEL. Minister, of Littleton, Massachusetts. 
 Graduated at Harvard University in 1725. He was a lineal 
 descendant of John Rogers, who suffered at Smithfield in 
 1555 ; and some account of those of the martyr s name and 
 blood who came to New England, may very properly be given 
 in speaking of the subject of this notice, especially as several 
 of them were clergymen, and are distinguished in our annals. 
 The first who emigrated to America was the Reverend Na 
 thaniel Rogers, son of the Reverend John Rogers, of Dedham, 
 England, and grandson of the Reverend John Rogers, the mar 
 tyr, who was born in 1598, was educated at Emanuel College, 
 Cambridge, and arrived in Massachusetts in 1636. He settled 
 at Ipswich in 1639, as successor of the Reverend Nathaniel 
 Ward, author of the Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in Amer 
 ica, and as colleague of the Reverend John Norton. He 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 573 
 
 died at Ipswich in 1655, aged fifty-seven. He was eminent 
 for talents, eloquence, humility, and modesty. The second 
 was the Reverend Ezekiel Rogers, a son of Richard Rogers, 
 and cousin of Nathaniel Rogers, who was born in England in 
 1590, was educated at Cambridge, and became chaplain to Sir 
 Francis Barrington. He joined his kinsman in Massachusetts 
 in 1638, and commenced a plantation, and was ordained at 
 Rowley in 1639. He died in 1661, aged seventy, after a 
 lingering illness. Like his cousin, he was a man of ability 
 and eloquence. But he possessed some peculiar opinions, and 
 in an election sermon, preached in 1643, he exhorted the people 
 not to elect the same person for their governor for two succes 
 sive years. He bequeathed his library to Harvard University, 
 and his house and lands to the town of Rowley for the sup 
 port of the ministry. He suffered much affliction and pecu 
 niary loss. He was three times married ; his third wife was 
 a daughter of the Reverend John Wilson, the first minister 
 of Boston. His children all died in his life-time, and this 
 branch of the family became extinct, therefore, at his de 
 cease. 
 
 But the martyr s lineage was perpetuated by Nathaniel 
 Rogers, first mentioned, who left a daughter and a son. This 
 daughter married the Reverend William Hubbard, a graduate 
 in the first class of Harvard University, minister of Ipswich, 
 and the early historian of New England, who died in 1704, 
 leaving a son Nathaniel, who became a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of Massachusetts. The son was John Rogers, who 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1649, became his father s 
 colleague, but devoted himself finally to medicine, and with 
 drew from the ministry. In 1682, after the death of Doctor 
 Oakes, he was elected President of Harvard University, but 
 did not long survive, having died suddenly the day after com 
 mencement in 1684, aged fifty-three. His wife was Elisabeth 
 Denison, of a distinguished family. He left one daughter and 
 three sons. The daughter married John Leverett, a President 
 of Harvard University, and a grandson of Governor Leverett. 
 The sons were educated at Harvard University. Daniel 
 
574 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 graduated in 1686, studied medicine, settled at Ipswich, and 
 perished on Hampton Beach in 1722, or early in the year fol 
 lowing. Nathaniel was born at Ipswich, February 22, 1669, 
 graduated in 1687, was ordained at Portsmouth. New Hamp 
 shire, May 3, 1699, and died there October 3, 1723, aged fifty- 
 three, and was buried in the ancient bury ing- ground called 
 the Point of Graves, leaving a widow, whose maiden name 
 was Sarah Purkiss, and who died in 1704, from injuries re 
 ceived in the burning of the parsonage that year. His children 
 were nine, as follows : Nathaniel, a physician ; Sarah, the wife 
 of Reverend Joshua Gee, of Boston ; Elisabeth, who perished in 
 the flames at the time her mother was fatally injured ; George, a 
 merchant, who married a sister of Governor Hutchinson ; Elis 
 abeth, wife of Reverend John Taylor, of Milton j Mary, wife 
 of Honorable Matthew Livermore, of Portsmouth ; John, who 
 died at the age of five years ; Daniel, an apothecary in Ports 
 mouth; and Margaret, who died, unmarried, at the age of 
 twenty-two. John (the remaining son of John, President of 
 Harvard University) graduated in 1684, was ordained at 
 Ipswich some time after, and died in 1745, aged seventy-eight. 
 His three sons were clergymen, namely, John, who graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1711, settled in the ministry at 
 Kittery, Maine, and died in 1773, at the age of eighty-one, 
 leaving a son John, who was minister of Gloucester, Massa 
 chusetts, and died in 1782, aged sixty-three ; Nathaniel, who 
 graduated in 1721, became colleague pastor of his father, and 
 died in 1775, aged seventy-two ; and Daniel, who graduated 
 in 1725, was settled as a minister at Exeter, New Hampshire, 
 and died in 1785, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 Daniel, of Littleton, whom we are now to notice very 
 briefly, was the son of Daniel the physician, who perished on 
 Hampton Beach, as before related, and was, therefore, the 
 great, great, great, grandson of the martyr. He espoused 
 the loyal side, though with moderation and prudence pray 
 ing neither for the King nor the Congress. But his house, 
 which is still (1847) standing, and occupied as the parson 
 age, was beset by the multitude, and holes made by bullets 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 575 
 
 which were fired at it are yet to be seen. He died in 1782, 
 aged seventy-five. His children were Jeremiah Dummer ; 
 Daniel ; a daughter, who married Abel Willard, a Loyalist men 
 tioned in this work ; a daughter, who married Samuel Park- 
 man, Esquire, a gentleman of great wealth of Boston ; and a 
 daughter, who married the Reverend Jonathan Newell, of 
 Stow, Massachusetts. 
 
 ROGERS, JEREMIAH DUMMER. Son of Daniel Rogers, and 
 great, great, great, great, grandson of John Rogers, the martyr. 
 Graduated at Harvard University in 1762, and after studying 
 law, commenced practice in Littleton. In 1774 he was one of 
 the barristers and attorneys who were Addressers of Hutchin- 
 son. He took refuge in Boston, and after the battle of Breed s 
 Hill, was appointed commissary to the royal troops that con 
 tinued to occupy Charlestown, and lived in a house which 
 stood on the site of the present Unitarian church in that town, 
 where his grandson now ministers. At the evacuation of 
 Boston in 1776, he accompanied the royal army to Halifax, 
 and died in that city in 1784. His wife was a sister of the 
 Reverend Doctor Peter Thacher, minister of Brattle Street 
 Church, Boston. His children were three daughters, and four 
 sons. The daughters, and Samuel, one of the sons, were 
 children at the time of his decease, and returned to Boston, 
 where they were educated by his sisters, the ladies mentioned 
 in the notice of his father. One daughter married the late 
 David Ellis, Esquire, of Boston, whose son, the Reverend 
 George E. Ellis, of Charlestown, Massachusetts, is one of the 
 ablest writers of the day ; another, married the late Doctor 
 William Spooner, of Boston ; and the third, the late Jonathan 
 Chapman, Esquire, of Boston. His sons John and Daniel 
 died young. His son Samuel, merchant in Boston 3 deceased 
 in 1832. Jeremiah Dummer, the other son, went to England, 
 where he was educated by an uncle. He became a classical 
 tutor, and Lord Byron was among his pupils. He visited his 
 relatives in Massachusetts in 1824, and was honored with a 
 diploma from the University of which so many of his name and 
 family were graduates. He had become so much of an Eng- 
 
576 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 lishman as to feel strong prejudices against the civil and relig 
 ious institutions of the land of his immediate ancestry. He 
 returned to England, and died at Nottingham in 1832, where 
 a monument has been erected to his memory. 
 
 ROGERS, ROBERT. Of New Hampshire. He was the son of 
 an early settler of Dunbarton, New Hampshire, and, disposed 
 to military life, entered the service in the French war, and 
 commanded Rogers s Rangers, a corps renowned for their ex 
 ploits. After the peace he returned to his native Colony, and 
 lived on half-pay. His subsequent career was one of doubtful 
 integrity. In 1766 he was appointed governor of Michilli- 
 mackinac ; and, accused of a plot to plunder his own fort and 
 join the French, was sent to Montreal in irons. In 1769 he 
 went to England, and was presented to the king, but was soon 
 imprisoned for debt. As the Revolutionary controversy dark 
 ened, it was supposed that he was ready to side with the 
 Whigs, or with the adherents of the crown, as chance or cir 
 cumstances might direct. Towards the close of 1775, it was 
 rumored that he had been in Canada, had accepted a commis 
 sion under the king, and had been through one of the Whig 
 encampments in the habit of an Indian ; his course was there 
 fore closely watched. 
 
 Doctor Wheelock, at Dartmouth College, wrote at this pe 
 riod ; "the famous Major Rogers came to my house, from a 
 tavern in the neighborhood, where he called for refreshment. 
 I had never before seen him. He was in but an ordinary habit 
 for one of his character. He treated me with great respect ; 
 said he came from London in July, and had spent twenty 
 days with the Congress in Philadelphia, and I forget how 
 many at New York ; had been offered and urged to take a 
 commission in favor of the Colonies; but, as he was on 
 half-pay from the crown, he thought proper not to accept it ; 
 that he had fought two battles in Algiers under the Dey ; that 
 he was now on a design to take care of some large grants of 
 land made to him; that he was going to visit his sister at 
 Moor s Town, and then to return by Merrimac river to visit 
 his wife, whom he had not yet seen since his return from Eng- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 577 
 
 land ; that he had got a pass, or license to travel, from the 
 Continental Congress," &c.* 
 
 Major Rogers s account of himself and his plans was prob 
 ably not wholly true. He actually had a pass from Congress, 
 but he had been the prisoner of that body, and had been re 
 leased on his parole, and on signing a certificate, wherein he 
 "solemnly promised arid engaged on the honor of a gentleman 
 and soldier, that he would not bear arms against the American 
 United Colonies in any manner whatsoever, during the Amer- 
 can contest with Great Britain." He wrote to Washington 
 soon after leaving Doctor Wheelock, that, " I love America; it 
 is my native country, and that of my family, and I intend to 
 spend the evening of my days in it." At this very moment it 
 is possible that he was a spy. In January, 1776, Washington 
 said: "I am apt to believe the intelligence given to Doctor 
 Wheelock respecting Major Rogers [having been in Canada] 
 was not true ; but being much suspected of unfriendly views to 
 this country, his conduct should be attended to with some degree 
 of vigilance and circumspection." In June of that year the 
 Commander-in-Chief wrote again : " Upon information that. 
 Major Rogers was travelling through the country under suspi 
 cions circumstances, I thought it necessary to have him se 
 cured. I therefore sent after him. He was taken at South 
 Amboy, and brought to New York. Upon examination, he 
 informed me that he came from New Hampshire, the country 
 of his usual abode, where he had left his family ; and pretended 
 he was destined to Philadelphia on business with Congress. 
 
 " As by his own confession he had crossed Hudson s River 
 at New Windsor, and was taken so far out of his proper and 
 direct route to Philadelphia, this consideration, added to the 
 length of time he had taken to perform his journey, his being 
 found in so suspicious a place as Amboy, his unnecessary 
 stay there on pretence of getting some baggage from New 
 York, and an expectation of receiving money from a person 
 here of bad character, and in no circumstances to furnish him 
 
 * Sparks s Washington, Vol. 3, p. 208. 
 49 
 
578 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 out of his own stock, the Major s reputation, and his being a 
 half-pay officer, have increased my jealousies about him. The 
 business, which he informs me he has with Congress, is a secret 
 offer of his services, to the end that, in case it should be re 
 jected, he might have his way left open to an employment in 
 the East Indies, to which he was assigned ; and in that case 
 he flatters himself he will obtain leave of Congress to go to 
 Great Britain." 
 
 Washington s suspicions at this time were very strong, and 
 he sent Rogers to Congress under the care of an officer ; and 
 suggested to the president of that body, " Whether it would 
 not be dangerous to accept the offer of his services." If, after 
 arriving at Philadelphia, he did as he told the Commander-in- 
 Chief he intended to do, his overtures were declined; since 
 Congress directed that he should return to New Hampshire, 
 and be disposed of as the Provincial Congress should deem 
 proper and necessary. Every incident shows that either he 
 waited a bid from the Whigs, that his sympathies were se 
 cretly with the ministerial party, or, that from first to last he 
 played a part. Whichever conjecture be the true one, he 
 soon after openly joined the royal side, and notwithstanding 
 his parole of honor, accepted the commission of colonel, and 
 raised a command called the Queen s Rangers, a corps cele 
 brated throughout the contest. To encourage enlistments, he 
 promised recruits in a printed circular, " their proportion of 
 all rebel-lands " &c., a pledge which he was never able to ful 
 fil, but one which may be indicative of his own motives of 
 action. In the fall of 1776, while with his corps at an outpost 
 near Marroneck, he narrowly escaped being taken prisoner 
 by a party sent out by Lord Sterling. Soon after this he went 
 to England, and Simcoe succeeded him as commander of 
 the Queen s Rangers, In 1778 Colonel Rogers was proscribed 
 and banished under the act of New Hampshire. 
 
 ROGERS, SAMUEL. Merchant, of Boston. Graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1765. He went to Halifax in 1776, and 
 was proscribed under the act of 1778. One of the few who 
 returned from banishment, he died at Boston, June, 1804, at 
 the age of fifty-seven years. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 579 
 
 ROGERS. Five were grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. To wit : Thomas, James, Patrick, Nehemiah, who 
 had been a lieutenant in some Loyalist corps, and Fitch. The 
 last engaged in business as a merchant, but returned to the 
 United States. William and Patrick, others of the name, set 
 tled in New Brunswick, and died there ; the former at St. 
 John in 1833, aged seventy-three ; the latter, at Sussex Vale, 
 in 1821. Nathaniel, another, was quartermaster of De Lan- 
 cey s First Battalion. 
 
 ROME, GEORGE. Of Newport, Rhode Island. He was a 
 merchant, and carried on a large business in the whale fishery. 
 A letter of his to Doctor Moffatt, in which he indulged in some 
 severe remarks upon the political heresies of the time, and 
 especially upon the manner of administering justice in the 
 Colonies, found its way to England, and was thence transmit 
 ted by Franklin in 1772 to Massachusetts, with several letters 
 of Hutchinson, Oliver, and others. The House of Represen 
 tatives of Massachusetts censured Rome, by resolutions, but 
 did no more. The Assembly of Rhode Island, however, re 
 quired him to acknowledge himself the writer of the commu 
 nication, as it appeared in print, and upon his refusal, com 
 mitted him to prison, but finally permitted him to go at large. 
 In the course of the war he was a contractor in the royal ser 
 vice; but went to England previous to July, 1779. In 1780 his 
 property was confiscated. At the peace he was still abroad, 
 and was appointed agent of the Rhode Island Loyalists who 
 had suffered losses to prosecute their claims to compensation. 
 In 1788, when the commissioners had completed their duties, 
 and parliament had passed an act to remunerate the sufferers, 
 he joined the other agents in an address of thanks to the 
 king. 
 
 ROME, WILLIAM H., WILLIAM L , and JACOB. Were grantees 
 of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 ROMICK, JOSEPH. Of Northampton County, Pennsylvania. 
 His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 ROOFA, . A captain in a Loyalist corps. In 1777 he 
 
 was taken in arms, and hanged at Esopus, New York. His 
 
580 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 offence, as appeared at his trial, consisted in inducing per 
 sons of his own sentiments to enlist under the royal banner. 
 
 ROLLO, ROBERT. A captain of infantry in Arnold s Ameri 
 can Legion. 
 
 ROOME, JOHN L. C. In 1778 he was an officer of the cus 
 toms at New York, or on Long Island. He was a notary 
 public in the city in 1782. In July, 1783, he was one of the 
 fifty-five Loyalists who petitioned for grants of lands in Nova 
 Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 ROORBACK, BARRENT. Of New York. He was educated at 
 a college, studied medicine, and at the commencement of 
 the Revolution was in practice. But he abandoned his pro 
 fession, entered the service, and was a captain in De Lancey s 
 First Battalion. During the war he gave proofs of valor, 
 and continued in commission until the peace. After the corps 
 was disbanded, he married, and established his residence in 
 New York. In 1806, though he enjoyed half-pay, it is under 
 stood that his circumstances were needy ; and joining Miranda 
 in the attempt to create a revolution in Caracas, was an enthu 
 siast in the cause. His rank at first was that of captain in the 
 first regiment of riflemen, but he was soon appointed major of 
 brigade, and finally a lieutenant-colonel. He appears to* have 
 been one of the most popular officers engaged in the enter 
 prise. 
 
 ROPES, NATHANIEL. Of Salem, Massachusetts. Was born 
 in 1727, graduated at Harvard University in 1745, and died at 
 Salem, March, 1774, aged forty-seven years. He was repre 
 sentative to the General Court; a member of the Council ; 
 Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, and Judge of Probate for 
 the County of Essex ; and a Judge of the Superior Court, of 
 Massachusetts. He was a firm Loyalist. The night before 
 his death, his house was attacked by the multitude, and the 
 windows and furniture were demolished. 
 
 ROSE, HUGH. A physician, of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton, and a Petitioner to 
 be armed on the side of the crown in 1780 ; and John, of that 
 city, was the same ; both were banished and lost their estates 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 581 
 
 in 1782. Alexander, of that State, was a Congratulator of 
 Cornwallis after his success at Camden, and incurred the same 
 penalties. 
 
 ROSE, PETER. Embarked at Boston with the British army, 
 for Halifax. 
 
 ROSE, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 ROSEWELL, WALTER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 Ross, FINLEY. Of New York. He was a follower of Sir 
 John Johnson to Canada in 1776. After the Revolution, he 
 served in Europe, and was at Minden and Jena. He settled 
 at Charlottenburgh, Upper Canada, where he died in 1830, 
 aged ninety. 
 
 Ross, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 Ross, JOHN. Was an officer in the Queen s Rangers. He 
 settled at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and was a 
 grantee of that city. He received half-pay. 
 
 Ross, NICHOLAS. Of New York. He lived at or near War- 
 rensburgh. In 1775 he refused to sign the Whig Association. 
 
 Ross, THOMAS. Mariner, of Falmouth, Maine. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. He settled on the island of 
 Grand Menan, Bay of Fundy, where he followed the sea, as 
 master mariner. He died in 1804, while on his passage home 
 from the West Indies. The children who survived him, were 
 William, John, Margaret, Barbara, and Betsey; all of whom 
 are now (July, 1844) deceased, excepting John, who resides 
 at Grand Menan. 
 
 Ross, WILLIAM. Of Philadelphia. In 1778 the Council of 
 Pennsylvania ordered, that, failing to appear and be tried for 
 treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 ROTHBUN, JOSEPH. Of Rhode Island. He arrived at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in 1783. 
 
 ROTTEN, ROBERT. A captain in the King s Orange Rangers. 
 
 ROUPELL, GEORGE. Deputy Postmaster General, of South 
 Carolina. Went to England. He was in London in 1779. 
 49* 
 
582 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ROUTH, RICHARD. Collector of the Customs at Salem, Mas 
 sachusetts. Died in 1801. He was an Addresser of Gage, on 
 his arrival in 1774. In 1776 he went to Halifax with the 
 British army. After quitting Massachusetts, he was Collector 
 of the Customs, and Chief Justice, of Newfoundland. 
 
 ROWE, SAMUEL. Of South Carolina. Held a royal commis 
 sion after the fall of Charleston in 1780. His property was 
 confiscated. 
 
 ROWELL, JAMES. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A mem 
 ber of the Association at Reading. 
 
 ROWLAND, ISRAEL. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. 
 
 ROWLAND, WILLIAM. Pilot, of Delaware. To save his prop 
 erty from confiscation, he was required by an act of 1778, to 
 surrender himself to some judge or justice of the peace, and 
 abide his trial for treason. 
 
 Ro WORTH, SAMUEL. A captain in the King s Rangers, Caro 
 lina. 
 
 ROYALL, ISAAC. Of Medford. Massachusetts. Died in Eng 
 land, October, 1781. He was representative to the General 
 Court, and for twenty-two years a member of the Council. 
 In 1774 he was appointed Councillor under the writ of Man 
 damus, but was one of the twenty-six who were not sworn 
 into office. He bequeathed upwards of two thousand acres of 
 land in Worcester County, to found the first law professorship 
 of Harvard University, and his bequests for other purposes 
 were numerous and liberal. He was proscribed in 1778, and 
 his estate confiscated. A daughter married the second Sir 
 William Pepperell. 
 
 RUGGE, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 RUGELY, HENRY. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 of the crown after the capitulation of Charleston. Estate con 
 fiscated. 
 
 RUGGLES, JOHN. Of Hardwick, Massachusetts. Son of Gen 
 eral Timothy Ruggles. In 1778 he was proscribed and ban 
 ished. He settled in Nova Scotia, and died there. His widow, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 583 
 
 Hannah, only daughter of Doctor Thomas Sackett, of New 
 York, died at Wilmot, Nova Scotia, in 1839, aged seventy-six. 
 His only son, Captain Timothy Amherst Ruggles, of the Nova 
 Scotia Fencibles, died at the same place in 1838, at the age of 
 fifty-six. Three daughters were alive in 1839. 
 
 RUGGLES, JOSEPH and NATHANIEL. Of Hardwick, Massachu 
 setts. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 RUGGLES, RICHARD. Of Hardwick, Massachusetts. He went 
 to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 RUGGLES, TIMOTHY. He was a member of the House of 
 Assembly of Nova Scotia many years. He died at Granville, 
 Nova Scotia, in 1831. Sarah, his widow, died at that place, 
 1842, aged ninety-two. 
 
 RUGGLES, TIMOTHY. Of Massachusetts. He was the son of 
 the Reverend Timothy Ruggles, of Rochester, was born at 
 that place in 1711, and graduated at Harvard University in 
 1732. He appeared in public life for the first time in 1736, as 
 the representative from his native town. Removing to Sand 
 wich, he commenced the practice of law, though his father 
 had intended that he should adopt his own profession. At 
 Sandwich he married a widow, opened a tavern and person 
 ally attended the bar and stable, but continued his practice in 
 the Courts, where he was generally opposed to Otis. He 
 changed his abode a second time, and removed to Hardwick, 
 in the County of Worcester. Possessing military talents and 
 taste, he attained the rank of brigadier general, and led a 
 body of troops to join Sir William Johnson in the war of 
 1755. He distinguished himself in the action with Baron de 
 Dieskau, for which he was rewarded by the gift of a lucrative 
 place. In 1757 he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Common Pleas, and subsequently was placed at the head of 
 the bench of that Court. To the Congress of nine Colonies at 
 New York, in 1765, he, Otis, and Patridge, were the dele 
 gates from Massachusetts. Ruggles was made president of 
 that body. His conduct gave great dissatisfaction to the 
 Whigs of Massachusetts, and in addition to a vote of censure 
 of the House of Representatives, he was reprimanded in his 
 
584 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 place from the Speaker s chair. He offered reasons for his 
 course, which at first he had leave to insert upon the journal, 
 but after his statement was considered, the liberty to insert 
 was revoked. He became, as the Revolutionary quarrel pro 
 gressed, one of the most violent supporters of the measures of 
 the ministry, and he, and Otis, as the leaders of the two 
 opposing parties, were in constant collision in the discussions 
 of the popular branch of the government. In 1774 he was 
 named a Mandamus Councillor, which increased his unpopu 
 larity to so great a degree, that his house was attacked at 
 night, and his cattle were maimed and poisoned. On the 
 22d of December of that year, he addressed the following note 
 to the Printers of the Boston Newspapers. 
 
 " As Messrs. Edes and Gill, in their paper of Monday, the 
 12th instant, were pleased to acquaint the public, that the 
 Association sent by Brigadier Ruggles, &c., to the town of 
 Hardwick, &c., together with his son s certificate thereof, and 
 the Resolves of the Provincial Congress therein, must be 
 deferred till their next, I am so credulous as to expect then 
 to have seen their next paper adorned with the form of an 
 Association, which would have done honor to it, and, if at 
 tended to and complied with by the good people of the Prov 
 ince, might have put it in the power of any one very easily 
 to have distinguished such loyal subjects to the King, as dare 
 to assert their rights to freedom, in all respects consistent with 
 the laws of the land, from such rebellious ones, as under the 
 pretext of being friends to liberty, are frequently committing 
 the most enormous outrages upon the persons and property of 
 such of his Majesty s peaceable subjects, who, for want of 
 knowing who to call upon (in these distracted times) for 
 assistance, fall into the hands of a banditti, whose cruelties 
 surpass those of savages. But finding my mistake, I now take 
 the liberty to send copies to your several offices to be published 
 in your next papers, that so the public may be made more 
 acquainted therewith than at present, and may be induced to 
 associate for the above purpose. And as many of the people, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 585 
 
 for some time past, have been arming themselves, it may not 
 be amiss to inform them that their numbers will not appear so 
 large in the field as was imagined before it was known that 
 independency was the object in contemplation ; since which 
 many have associated in different parts of the Province to 
 preserve their freedom and support government; and as it 
 may become necessary in a very short time to give convincing 
 proofs of our attachment to government, we shall be much 
 wanting to ourselves if we longer trample upon that patience, 
 which has already endured to long-suffering, and may, if this 
 opportunity be neglected, have a tendency to ripen many for 
 destruction who have not been guilty of an overt act of rebel 
 lion, which would be an event diametrically opposite to the 
 humane and benevolent intention of him whose abused pa 
 tience cannot endure forever, and who hath already, by his 
 prudent conduct, evinced the most tender regard for a deluded 
 people. 
 
 " TIMOTHY RUGGLES." 
 
 The Association consisted of a preamble and six articles. 
 The principal were the first and third, which provided; 
 " That we will, upon all occasions, with our lives and for 
 tunes, stand by and assist each other in the defence of his life, 
 liberty, and property, whenever the same shall be attacked or 
 endangered by any bodies of men, riotously assembled upon 
 any pretence, or under any authority not warranted by the 
 laws of the land." 
 
 And, "That we will not acknowledge or submit to the 
 pretended authority of any Congress, Committees of Corres 
 pondence, or any other unconstitutional assemblies of men ; 
 but will, at the risk of our lives, if need be, oppose the forci 
 ble exercise of all such authority." 
 
 General Ruggles s plan of combining against the Whigs 
 seems to have been the model of similar Associations formed 
 elsewhere, and that in Reading, Connecticut, was composed of 
 many members. 
 
 During his residence in Boston, (in which town he had 
 
586 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 taken refuge when the above communication to the printers 
 was sent to them), he attempted to raise a corps of Loyalists, 
 but did not succeed. At the evacuation, he accompanied the 
 royal army to Halifax, and from thence repaired to Long and 
 Staten Islands, New York, where the attempt to embody a 
 force for the king s service was renewed. He organized a body 
 of Loyal Militia, about three hundred in number, but does not 
 appear to have performed much active duty. He is named in 
 the statute of Massachusetts of 1779, "to confiscate the estates 
 of certain notorious conspirators against the government and 
 liberties of" that State, and went into perpetual banishment. 
 After many vicissitudes incident to his position in so troubled 
 times, he established his residence in Nova Scotia. Of the 
 beautiful site of Digby in that Colony he was a proprietor and 
 a settler. He died in 1798, aged eighty-seven years. 
 
 General Ruggles was a good scholar, and possessed powers of 
 mind of a very high order. He was a wit and a misanthrope ; 
 and a man of rude manners and rude speech. Many anec 
 dotes continue to be related of him in the town of his nativity, 
 which show his shrewdness, his sagacity, his military hardi 
 hood and bravery. As a lawyer, he was an impressive pleader, 
 and in parliamentary debate, able and ingenious. That a 
 person thus constituted should make enemies, other than those 
 which men in prominent public stations usually acquire, is not 
 strange, and he had a full share of personal foes. In Mrs. 
 Warren s dramatic piece of The Group, he figures in the 
 character of Brigadier Hate-all. Numerous descendants are 
 to be met with in Nova Scotia, and the avocation of inn 
 keeper, adopted by the General at Sandwich, is not yet un 
 known in the family. 
 
 RUIN, GEORGE. Of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His 
 estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 RULOFSON, RULOF. He was in the service of the king from 
 the beginning to the close of the war. Soon after the peace 
 he settled in Hampton, King s County, New Brunswick, where 
 he was a magistrate. He died at Hampton, 1840, aged eighty- 
 six, leaving a widow, six children, several grand and great 
 grandchildren. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 587 
 
 RUMMER, RICHARD. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 RUSSEL, NATHANIEL. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 RUSSELL, CHARLES. Son of Honorable James Russell, of 
 Charlestown, Massachusetts. Graduated at Harvard Univer 
 sity in 1757, and died at Antigua, where he was a physician, 
 in 1780. His wife was the only child of Colonel Henry Vas- 
 sall, of Cambridge. By the banishment act of 1778, in which 
 he is proscribed, it appears that his residence was at Lincoln, 
 County of Middlesex. 
 
 RUSSELL, EZEKIEL. Printer, of Boston. Was born in that 
 town, and served an apprenticeship with his brother, Joseph 
 Russell. In November, 1771, he commenced a political publi 
 cation, called The Censor, which, during its short existence, 
 was supported by adherents of the British government ; and 
 Lieutenant Governor Oliver was said to have been a contributor. 
 Loyalists of the first character gave the Censor both literary 
 and pecuniary aid ; but its circulation was confined to a few 
 of their own party, and it was soon discontinued. Russell, 
 subsequently, attempted to establish a newspaper at Salem, 
 but did not succeed. He again removed to Darivers; but 
 finally returned to Boston, where he obtained support, princi 
 pally by printing and selling ballads, and small pamphlets. 
 His wife was an active and industrious woman, and not only 
 assisted him in printing, but sometimes wrote ballads on re 
 cent tragical events, which were published, and had frequently 
 a considerable run. Russell died, September, 1796 3 aged fifty- 
 two years. 
 
 RUSSELL, JAMES. Of Charlestown, Massachusetts. His pa 
 ternal ancestor was Richard Russell, who settled in that town 
 in 1640, and was treasurer of the Colony. His mother s family 
 was also ancient, and highly respectable. His father was the 
 Honorable Daniel Russell. He was born at Charlestown in 
 1715, and there, except during the Revolutionary period, he 
 passed the whole of his life. He sustained many public offices, 
 and was a judge. In 1774 he was appointed a Mandamus 
 
5S8 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Councillor, but did not take the official oath. He died in 1798, 
 aged eighty-two. A more excellent man has seldom lived. 
 He was not solicitous to shine, but he was anxious to do good. 
 As a son, a husband, brother, father, neighbor, and friend, he 
 was all that could be expected or desired. His understanding 
 was sound and practical ; and, possessed of great benevolence 
 and public spirit, he was incessant in his endeavors to promote 
 the happiness and advance the prosperity of the community 
 in which he lived. A bridge from Charlestown to Boston was 
 among the enterprises which he projected ; and he was the 
 first person in Massachusetts, probably, who conceived that 
 the plan of thus uniting the two towns was practicable. By 
 his persevering efforts, the work was finally commenced and 
 successfully accomplished ; and the Charlestown Bridge was 
 the first structure of the kind ever built across a broad river in 
 the United States. 
 
 RUSSELL, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 RUSSELL, JOSEPH. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, 1808, 
 aged seventy-three. 
 
 RUSSELL, MATTHEW. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. In 1778 
 the Council required him to surrender and be tried for treason, 
 or to stand attainted. 
 
 RUSSELL, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780; was banished, and lost 
 his property under the confiscation act of 1782. 
 
 RUSTIN, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. A pro 
 tester, April, 1775. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, HENRY. Established his residence in Nova 
 Scotia, and died at Digby in that Colony in 1808, aged fifty- 
 five. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, JAMES. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1777. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, JOHN. A member of his Majesty s Council of 
 North Carolina. On the 1st of March, 1775, he was present 
 in Council, and gave his advice to Governor Martin to issue 
 his Proclamation to inhibit and forbid the meeting of the Whig 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 589 
 
 Convention at Newbern, on the 3d of April following ; " the 
 Board, conceiving the highest detestation of such illegal meet 
 ings, were unanimous in advising his Excellency." 
 
 RUTHERFORD, THOMAS. Of North Carolina. He was a mem 
 ber of the Assembly under the royal government, from the 
 County of Cumberland ; and for a while appears to have been 
 with the Whigs. In 1774 he was elected to the Provincial 
 Congress, and in 1775 was a member of the Whig Convention 
 which Governor Martin denounced, and which sustained the 
 proceedings of the Continental Congress ; and in the military 
 organization of the State he was commissioned a colonel. But 
 in 1776, as he had joined the adherents of the crown, Colonel 
 Alexander McAllister displaced him in the command of the 
 Cumberland County Regiment. In 1779 Mr. Rutherford s 
 property was confiscated. 
 
 RUTTAN, PETER. A captain in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 RYAN, JOHN. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. He established a news 
 paper, and was king s printer. He is now (1846) living at 
 Newfoundland, and is queen s printer for that government. 
 
 RYDER, BARNARDUS. Of Jamaica, New York. Signer of a 
 Declaration in 1775. 
 
 RYDER, STEPHEN. An ensign in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 RYERSON, PETER, CORNELIUS, and GEORGE. Of Queen s Coun 
 ty, New York. Acknowledged allegiance in October, 1776. 
 Francis Ryarson, of that County, went to Nova Scotia at the 
 peace, and settled in Annapolis. 
 
 RYKEMAN, JOHN. A lieutenant of Tory levies. He was cap 
 tured by the Whigs in 1781, in the action in which Walter N. 
 Butler was slain. 
 
 RYSAM, WILLIAM JOHNSON. Of New Hampshire. He was 
 proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated. 
 
 SABB, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 50 
 
590 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SACKETT, WILLIAM. Of Queen s County, New York. Ac 
 knowledged allegiance in 1776, and was an Addresser of Lieu 
 tenant Colonel Sterling in 1779. 
 
 SALKIN, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. Went to New Brunswick, 
 and died at Mace s Bay in that Colony in 1821, aged eighty-six. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, LEVERETT. Of Massachusetts. He was the 
 youngest son of Judge Saltonstall, and was born December 
 25, 1754. Unlike his brother Richard, he bore arms against 
 his native land. At the breaking out of hostilities, he had 
 nearly completed his term of service with a merchant of Bos 
 ton. Becoming acquainted with the British officers, and fas 
 cinated with their profession, he accompanied the army to 
 Halifax, and subsequently accepted of a commission, and was 
 engaged in several battles. A captain under Cornwallis, he 
 fell a victim to the fatigues of a camp life, and died of con 
 sumption at New York, December 20, 1782, at the age of 
 twenty-eight. 
 
 SALTONSTALL, RICHARD. Of Massachusetts. He was de 
 scended from a most respectable and ancient family, and was 
 the eldest son of the Honorable Richard Saltonstall, Judge of the 
 Superior Court of Massachusetts. Colonel Richard Saltonstall 
 was born April 5, 1732, and graduated at Harvard University 
 in 1751. In 1754 he was commissioned to command a regi 
 ment, and was in active service in the French war that imme 
 diately followed. Soon after the peace he was appointed 
 sheriff of the County of Essex, and held that office at the 
 commencement of the Revolution. He was much beloved by 
 his neighbors, and notwithstanding his well known loyal prin 
 ciples, it was a long time before he lost his popularity. At 
 length he was compelled to leave Haverhill, the place of his 
 residence, and take refuge in Boston, to avoid the violence of 
 mobs. He left the country in 1775, and remained in England 
 throughout the war, until his death, October 1, 1785, at the 
 age of fifty-two. He was never married. The king granted 
 him a pension. 
 
 Colonel Saltonstall was a good man, and is entitled to the re 
 spect of all. He refused to enter the service of the crown, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 591 
 
 feeling on the other hand, that he could not conscientiously 
 bear arms on the side of the Whigs, he went into exile. His 
 military knowledge and skill were very considerable, and it 
 was supposed, that, had he embraced the popular cause, he 
 might have had a high command in the patriot army. In one 
 of his last letters written to his American friends, he said : "I 
 have no remorse of conscience for my past conduct. I have 
 had more satisfaction in a private life here, than I should have 
 had in being next in command to General Washington, where 
 I must have acted in conformity to the dictates of others, 
 regardless of my own feelings." 
 
 His integrity, frankness, and benevolence, his politeness, 
 superior understanding and knowledge of the world, won gen 
 eral praise and admiration. His remote family friends in 
 England received him kindly, and after his decease, erected a 
 monument to his memory. His brother Nathaniel, a physi 
 cian of eminence, and a graduate of Harvard University in 
 1766, was a firm Whig. His brother Leverett was a Loyalist. 
 His sister Abigail married Colonel George Watson of Ply 
 mouth; and his sister Mary was the wife of the Reverend 
 Moses Badger, an Episcopal clergyman and a Loyalist. 
 
 SAMPSON, JOHN. Of North Carolina. A member of the Coun 
 cil. He concurred with Governor Martin in his efforts to put 
 a stop to the unlawful meetings and assemblies of the Whigs. 
 
 SAMPSON, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Gage in 1775. 
 
 SAMS, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 SANDEMAN, ROBERT. He was the founder of the sect of 
 Sandemanians, many of whom, like himself, were Loyalists, 
 and are mentioned in these pages. His first society was estab 
 lished at Boston in 1764. Subsequently, several were formed 
 in Connecticut, and some in other parts of New England. The 
 Sandemanians gave the Whigs no little trouble. Mr. Sande- 
 man died at Danbury, Connecticut, in 1771, aged fifty-three. 
 He was born in Scotland, and was educated at St. Andrew s. 
 Before coming to America he organized a church of his faith 
 in London. 
 
592 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SANDFORD, JOHN. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 SANDFORD, THOMAS. A captain of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 SANDS, EDWARD. Served the crown as a military officer, 
 and at the close of the war retired to New Brunswick, and 
 received half-pay. He settled at St. John ; was a major in the 
 militia, an alderman of the city, and coroner for the city and 
 county. He died at St. John in 1803, at the age of forty- 
 three. 
 
 SANDS, SIMON, JOHN, PELHAM, GEORGE, HENRY, SAMUEL, and 
 BENJAMIN. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowledged 
 allegiance October, 1776. 
 
 SANGER, ELEAZAR. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished. 
 
 SANTICROIX, . A captain in a corps of Loyalists. He 
 
 went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was one 
 of the grantees of that city. He removed to Digby, Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 SAPPINFIELD, MATTHIAS. Of Rowan, North Carolina. His 
 property was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SARGENT, JOHN. Merchant, of Salem. His name stands 
 first among the Salem Addressers of Gage on his arrival in 
 1774. He was proscribed under the act of 1778. He went to 
 England. 
 
 SARGENT, JOHN. A lieutenant in the King s American Reg 
 iment. 
 
 SARGENT, WINWOOD. An Episcopal clergyman, of Cam 
 bridge, Massachusetts. I am not quite sure that this gentleman 
 should have a place in this volume. But I find that a Reverend 
 Mr. Sargent, of Massachusetts, died in exile during the war, 
 and that Mary, " relict of late Reverend Winwood Sargent, 
 formerly minister of the Episcopal Church, Cambridge, Mas 
 sachusetts, and daughter of Reverend Arthur Browne, rector of 
 Queen s Chapel, Portsmouth, New Hampshire," died at Bath, 
 England, in 1808. 
 
 SAUNDERS, HENRY. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 593 
 
 SAUNDERS, JOHN. Of New Jersey. Went to New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and died there. Elisabeth, his widow, a native 
 of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, deceased at Hampton, New 
 Brunswick, in 1838, aged eighty-six, leaving nine children, 
 seventy-one grandchildren, and forty-five great-grandchildren. 
 
 SAUNDERS, JOHN. Of Virginia. He was descended from an 
 English family, that adhered to the King in the civil Avar be 
 tween Charles and the Round- heads. His grandfather emi 
 grated to Virginia, and acquired large landed estates. In July, 
 1774, the subject of this notice was present at a meeting in 
 Princess Anne County, convened for the purpose of choosing 
 delegates to attend a convention of Whigs at Williamsburgh, 
 and was the only one who refused to sanction its proceedings. 
 In August of that year the Whigs formed a Provincial Associ 
 ation, and held meetings in various parts of the country. He 
 generally gave his attendance ; but steadily refused to bind 
 himself to observe the votes and resolutions, which were 
 adopted. The Continental Association was formed before the 
 close of 1774; but he continued a recusant. The Committee 
 of the County, considering that he was a young man, and that 
 he might be better advised, appointed some of their number to 
 wait upon him at his own house, and expostulate with him on 
 his course of conduct ; but to no purpose. Some days after their 
 visit, however, an intimate Whig friend went to him privately, 
 and pressed upon him the expediency of signing the necessary 
 agreement, which, finally, he apparently consented to do. His 
 friend, on looking at his signature, found written after it, the 
 word "No," in large characters. The Committee were indig 
 nant when informed of this, and summoned him to appear 
 and answer ; he declined the notice, and was forthwith pub 
 licly denounced. His Whig friends regretted the result of 
 their many overtures and persuasions; for "he had enjoyed 
 the advantages of a liberal education, and for some time past 
 had studied law," and was thought to possess much energy 
 and determination. 
 
 On Lord Dunmore s appeal to the loyalty of the Old Do 
 minion, Mr. Saunders raised a troop of horse at his own 
 50*. 
 
594 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 expense, and joined the royal standard. He was afterwards 
 attached to the Queen s Rangers, under Simcoe, and was 
 a captain of cavalry in that corps. He continued in service 
 during the conflict, was often engaged in partisan strifes, 
 and was twice wounded. When Colonel Simcoe retired 
 from the command of the Rangers, Major Armstrong and 
 Captain Saunders were deputed by the officers to present him 
 with an Address. At the peace he went to England, became 
 a member of the Middle Temple, and commenced the practice 
 of the law. In 1790 he succeeded Judge Putnam, as Judge 
 of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick ; and was soon after 
 appointed a member of the Council of that Colony. In 1822, 
 on the decease of Judge Bliss, he was created Chief Justice. 
 He died at Fredericton in 1834, aged eighty; having spent 
 sixty years of his life in the civil and military service of the 
 British crown. He possessed two estates in Virginia, both of 
 which were confiscated. His widow, Ariana- Margaretta 
 Jerkyl, died at Fredericton in 1845, in her seventy-eighth 
 year. His daughter Eliza, wife of Adjutant Flood, of the 
 seventy-fourth regiment, British army, died at the same place 
 in 1821, aged twenty-six. His only son, who bears the 
 name of the commander of the Rangers, John Simcoe, has 
 held the offices of Advocate General ; Justice of a Court of 
 Judicature ; member of the Council ; and is the present Secre 
 tary of New Brunswick. 
 
 SAUNDERS, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SAVAGE, ABRAHAM. Tax-gatherer, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774. He went to Halifax in 1776, and was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 SAVAGE, ARTHUR. Of Boston. An auctioneer. In 1757 his 
 place of business was on the north side of the town dock. In 
 1755 he was appointed Comptroller of the Customs at Fal- 
 mouth, and removed to that town. After the people began to 
 resist the officers of the revenue, he was often absent, when he 
 confided the duties of his station to Thomas Child, the only 
 Whig officer of the Customs at Falmouth. In 1771 he was 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 595 
 
 mobbed, and soon after returned to Boston. At the time of 
 this outrage, the collector was absent in England. Mr. Savage, 
 as filling his place, had ordered the revenue cutter of the 
 crown to seize a vessel of Mr. Tyng s, for a violation of the 
 revenue laws, which was probably the cause of the proceed 
 ing. The comptroller was proscribed and banished by the 
 act of 1778. He had abandoned the country two years previ 
 ously, having accompanied the British army at the evacuation 
 of Boston, and embarked at Halifax for England in the ship 
 Aston Hall, July, 1776. 
 
 SAVAGE, EDWARD. A Judge of the Supreme Court of South 
 Carolina. He was permitted to leave the country. 
 
 SAVAGE, JEREMIAH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished, 
 and in 1 782 his property was confiscated. 
 
 SAXTON, JOHN. An ensign in the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 SAYLOR, DAVID. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 SAYRE, JAMES. An Episcopal minister, of Connecticut. I 
 suppose that he was chaplain of one of De Lancey s Battal 
 ions, and that he abandoned the situation in 1777, " impelled 
 by distress, severity of treatment, and of duty." He was in 
 New Brunswick after the Revolution, and was a grantee of 
 the city of St. John ; but returned to the United States. 
 
 SAYRE, JOHN. An Episcopal minister, at Fairfield, Con 
 necticut. He was employed, and stationed at Fairfield, 
 by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For 
 eign Parts, several years before the Revolution. When 
 Try on, in 1779, appeared in force to bum that town, Mr. 
 Sayre s well known attachment to the crown, and the sacri 
 fices which he had made in behalf of the royal cause, gave 
 him some influence with the incendiary Governor, which, 
 at first, was exerted to prevent indiscriminate conflagration. 
 But, before the dreadful deed was fully consummated, his con 
 duct caused so much indignation among the people, that, with 
 his family, he was compelled to quit the town, and embark 
 
596 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 with Tryon. Mr. Sayre seems to have been involved in this 
 calamity equally with the Whigs, and to have lost nearly all 
 his property at Fan-field. The church building, in which he 
 officiated, was consumed. He fled to Flushing, New York. 
 In 1781 he was in the city of New York. He was still there 
 in July, 1783, when he was a petitioner for a grant of lands in 
 Nova Scotia, and one of the fifty-five. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 He arrived at St. John, New Brunswick, during the last- 
 mentioned year, and was a grantee of that city. He was 
 appointed by Lord Dorchester one of the agents of government 
 to locate the lands granted to the Loyalists who settled in New 
 Brunswick. Mr. Sayre continued in the Colony for the re 
 mainder of his life, and died at Maugerville, on the river 
 St. John. The following letter, which was addressed to the 
 society above named, towards the close of the year 1779, is 
 of interest. Some allowance, of course, is to be made for his 
 excited state of feeling, as it will be seen that he had but just 
 passed through the conflagration at Fairneld, and, as he states, 
 had been " left with a family, consisting of a wife and eight 
 children, destitute of food, house, and raiment." 
 
 " The circumstances of the Fairfield mission, when I first 
 went to it, are already known to the Society ; and since I 
 wrote to them, the congregations have been so far from dimin 
 ishing, that they have considerably increased, not only in 
 numbers, but also in attachment to the church ; notwithstand 
 ing the many oppositions to religion and loyalty which have 
 happened since. And I have great reason to think, that many 
 who did not actually join us, were prevented merely by their 
 apprehensions of a participation in our persecutions, for which, 
 it, seems, their minds were not yet sufficiently prepared. And 
 I believe, that if it shall please the Lord to restore the consti 
 tutional government to Connecticut, the church will greatly 
 increase in that province. The people of the parish of North- 
 Fairfield erected galleries in their church shortly after they 
 came under my care ; and even with that addition, it soon be 
 came incapable of accommodating the congregation. They 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 597 
 
 intended to have finished it completely, but were discouraged 
 by the many abuses which their church shared in common 
 with the other churches in the mission. Shooting bullets 
 through them, breaking the windows, stripping off the hang 
 ings, carrying off the leads (even such as were essential to the 
 preservation of the building), and the most beastly defile 
 ments, make but a part of the insults which were offered to 
 them. Add to this, that my people in general have been 
 greatly oppressed, merely on account of their attachment to 
 their church and king. Their persons have been frequently 
 abused, many of them have been imprisoned on the most 
 frivolous pretences, and their imprisonment aggravated with 
 many circumstances of cruelty. They have been heavily 
 fined, for refusing to rise in arms against their sovereign, and 
 their legal constitution ; and many, thinking their situation 
 intolerable at home, have, by flight, sought relief in the king s 
 protection, at the peril of their lives, suffering all the pungent 
 feelings and reflections which must attend a separation from 
 their families under such circumstances ; and not a few, im 
 patient of so miserable a servitude, and stimulated by repeated 
 injuries, have entered into the service, that they might con 
 tribute their aid for the recovery of the king s rights, and their 
 own liberties. All these things they have endured, with a pa 
 tience and fortitude indicative of the power of religion, and 
 the steadfastness of their virtue in the face of an opposition 
 very violent and formidable. 
 
 " The loss of all my books and papers, puts it out of my 
 power to transmit an exact account of the marriages, funerals, 
 and baptisms, since the first year of my residence in Fan-field, 
 but I think they have not greatly altered since that time. 
 There has been, however, a considerable augmentation in the 
 number of communicants. I think on my first going to Fair- 
 field they did not exceed forty. Some time ago they were 
 considerably more than a hundred ; but lately, I believe, some 
 thing less, owing to refugees, hinted at above. The present 
 confusions commenced shortly after my removal from the mis 
 sion of Newburgh to Fairfield ; and foreseeing the calamities 
 
598 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 which have befallen my people, I freely relinquished the rates 
 due to me from them by the laws of that province, and in 
 formed them that I should expect only a bare subsistence for 
 my family during the troubles towards which the Society s 
 bounty and my medical employment also contributed at the 
 same time assuring them that I desired only whatsoever they 
 were respectively able, and quite willing to give ; and (I will 
 say it to their honor) my people did not forsake or neglect me 
 in my most threatening situations, even when their very per 
 sonal safety seemed to require a very different kind of conduct. 
 Nothing but an opinion that it would be expected of me, could 
 have induced me to trouble the Society with my personal con 
 cerns. I shall therefore take but little of their time with it. 
 
 "For some time after I went to live at Fairfield, I lived in 
 tolerable quiet, owing to the indecisive measures of that period, 
 though always known to disapprove the public conduct, and 
 strangely suspected of endeavoring to counteract it. But this 
 repose was soon interrupted by a public order for disarming the 
 loyalists. Upon this occasion my house was beset by more 
 than two hundred horsemen, whose design was to demand my 
 arms ; but they were, for that time, diverted from their purpose 
 by the violent agitation they saw the terror of their appearance 
 had thrown my wife into ; and which, considering her being 
 sick, and in the latter stages of pregnancy, was indeed enough 
 to awaken some degree of humanity, even in their breasts. 
 After this, I was confined for some days to my house and gar 
 den, by order of the person who commanded the militia of the 
 town ; for which time I was pointed out by the leaders of the 
 people as an object of their hatred and detestation, and very 
 few of my neighbors (who were chiefly dissenters) would hold 
 any kind of society with me, or even with my family ; and my 
 sons were frequently insulted, and personally abused for carry 
 ing provision to the jail from my house, when some of my 
 parishioners were confined therein, as well as on other occa 
 sions. After this, 1 was advertised as an enemy to my country, 
 (by an order of the committee) for refusing to sign an associa 
 tion, which obliged its subscribers to oppose the king with life 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 599 
 
 and fortune, and to withdraw all offices of even justice, hu 
 manity, and charity, from every recusant. In consequence of 
 this advertisement, all persons were forbidden to hold any kind 
 of correspondence, or to have any manner of dealing with me, 
 on pain of bringing themselves under the same predicament. 
 This order was posted in every store, mill, mechanical shop, 
 and public house, in the county, and was repeatedly published 
 in the newspapers ; but through the goodness of the Lord we 
 wanted for nothing, our people, under cover of the night, and, 
 as it were, by stealth, supplying us with plenty of the comforts 
 and necessaries of life. These measures proving insufficient 
 to shake my attachment to his majesty s person and govern 
 ment, I was at length banished (upon the false and malicious 
 pretence of my being an enemy to the good of my country) 
 to a place called New Britain, in Farmington, about sixty or 
 seventy miles from Fairfield, where I was entirely unknown, 
 except to one poor man, the inhabitants differing from me both 
 in religious and political principles ; however, the family in 
 which I lived showed me such marks of kindness as they could, 
 and I was treated with civility by the neighbors. 
 
 " In this exile I remained about seven months, after which I 
 was permitted to return home, to be confined to the parish of 
 Fairfield, which is about four miles in diameter, my people 
 having given security in large sums that I should not trans 
 gress that limitation, and in that situation I remained about 
 eighteen months. After this, my bounds were made co-extensive 
 with those of Fairfield county, which was a great satisfaction 
 to me, as it allowed me to visit the congregations of North- 
 Fairfield and Stratfield, who had been so long deprived of my 
 ministry ; and so I remained, (officiating two Sundays of four 
 at Fairfield, dividing the other two equally between the two 
 other parishes,) until I came away. We did not use any part 
 of the liturgy lately, for I could not make it agreeable, either 
 to my inclination or conscience, to mutilate it, especially in so 
 material a part as that is, wherein our duties as subjects are 
 recognized. We met at the usual hours every Sunday, read 
 parts of the Old and New Testaments and some psalms. All 
 
600 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 these were selected in such a manner as to convey such in 
 structions and sentiments as were suited to our situation. We 
 sung psalms with the same view. On the Sunday mornings I 
 read the homilies in their course, and on the afternoons I ex 
 pounded either parts of the catechism, or some other passages 
 of holy scripture, as seemed adapted to our case in particular, 
 or to the public calamities in general. By this method we 
 enjoyed one of the two general designs of public religious 
 meetings I mean public instruction ; the other, to wit. public 
 worship, it is easy to believe was inadmissible in our circum 
 stances, without taking such liberties with the service as I 
 confess I should blame even a superior in the church for as 
 suming. Resolved to adhere to those principles and public 
 professions which, upon very mature deliberation and clear 
 conviction, I had adopted and made, I yielded not a tittle to 
 those who opposed them, and had determined to remain with 
 my people to see the end, but was compelled to alter this reso 
 lution by that sudden vicissitude which I must now, with 
 painful reflection, relate to the Society. fc On the seventh day of 
 July last, Major-General Tryon landed at Fairfield with a 
 body of his majesty s troops, and took possession of the town 
 and its environs, the greater part of the inhabitants having 
 tackled their teams and removed what they could on his 
 approach. This cut off all hope from the few loyalists of 
 saving any part of their effects if the town should be burnt, 
 every carriage being taken away. The General was so kind, 
 however, as to order me a guard to protect my house and some 
 others in its vicinity, when he had resolved to commit the rest 
 of the town to the flames ; for, as I have already hinted, I had 
 determined to remain at home. But the ungovernable flames 
 soon extended to them all, and in a few minutes left me with a 
 family, consisting of my wife, and eight children, destitute of 
 food, house, and raiment. Thus reduced, I could not think of 
 remaining in a place where it would have been impossible to 
 have clothed and re-furnished my family ; therefore, availing 
 myself of the protection offered by the present opportunity, I 
 retired with them within the king s lines. As it was impossible 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 601 
 
 (through want of carriages) to save anything out of the house, 
 the valuable little library given by the Society was burnt, 
 together with my own ; and the plate belonging to Trinity 
 Church, at Fairfield, was lost, as well as that of my family, 
 and the handsome church itself was entirely consumed. The 
 people of that mission have met with a heavy stroke in the loss 
 of their church, parsonage-house, plate, books, &c., not to 
 mention myself, their unworthy minister. My loss includes 
 my little all ; but what I most regret is my absence from my 
 flock, to which my heart was, and still is, most tenderly at 
 tached. I trust, however, that the Great Shepherd will keep 
 them in his own tuition and care. I bless the Lord for that, 
 through all my trials, I have endeavored to keep a conscience 
 void of offence towards God and towards men ; continually 
 striving to discharge my duties to my Master, my king, and 
 my people ; and am bound to thank the Lord daily for that 
 divine protection, that tranquillity of mind, and that peace of 
 conscience, which, through his grace, I have all along enjoyed. 
 Be assured, however, that I am nevertheless, Reverend Sir, 
 your affectionate brother, 
 
 "JOHN SAYRE." 
 
 SAYRE, JOHN, Junior. Son of John Sayre. Went to St. 
 John at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 In 1801 he was a merchant, and concerned in shipping. 
 
 SCAMMEL, THOMAS. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 SCHENCK, JOHN, MARTIN, Junior, MARTIN, ABRAHAM, and PETER. 
 Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance. 
 October, 1776. The house of Martin Schenck was twice 
 robbed during the war. The first time the robbers threatened 
 to strangle him unless he gave up his money. The second 
 time he received a blow with a musket which disabled one of 
 his arms. 
 
 SCHUREMAN, JACOB. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains, April, 1775, against Whig Con 
 gresses and Committees. 
 51 
 
602 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SCHURMAN, PHILIP. Of New Rochelle, New York. Son of 
 Frederick Schurman of that town. Settled in New Bruns 
 wick in 1783, and died at St. John in 1822, aged sixty-nine. 
 He has descendants in that city. 
 
 SCHUYLER, HON-YOST. A most singular being. He was 
 coarse and ignorant, and was regarded as half an idiot, but 
 yet possessed no small share of shrewdness. He partially 
 attached himself to the royal cause, but like the Cow-Boys, 
 cared but little, it is supposed, which party he served or 
 plundered. He was, however, captured by the Whigs, tried 
 for his life, found guilty, and condemned to death. His 
 mother, who it is said, was a sort of gypsy, came to camp 
 and plead with great eloquence and pathos that he might be 
 spared. Denied at first, she became almost frantic with grief 
 and passion. But it was at length agreed, that if Hon-Yost 
 would proceed to Fort Schuyler, and so alarm the British com 
 mander as to induce him to raise the siege of that post and 
 fly, he the convict-traitor should not die. Before Hon- 
 Yost departed, several shots were fired though his clothes, 
 that it might appear how narrow had been his escape from the 
 rebel forces approaching to relieve their friends. Such was 
 his address, that he fairly deceived the British officer, who 
 fled with the utmost haste the retreat, indeed, was disorder 
 ly to the last degree. Hon-Yost, subsequently, joined Sir John 
 Johnson, and was known as an out-and-out Tory. After the 
 war he returned to his old home in the valley of the Mohawk, 
 where he continued to live for the remainder of his days. He 
 died about the year 1818. It is said that General Herkimer, a 
 distinguished Whig, was his uncle. 
 
 SCOBY, WILLIAM. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 SCOPHOL, . Of Georgia, or South Carolina. He is said 
 
 to have been an " illiterate, stupid, and noisy blockhead," but 
 stupid though he was, he gave the Whigs no inconsiderable 
 trouble. In honor of him a band of Loyalists took the name 
 of Scopholites. Scophol was a colonel of militia. 
 
 SCOTT, JAMES. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 603 
 
 York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyalty. James 
 Scott, a Loyalist, died at St. John, New Brunswick, 1804, 
 aged fifty-six. 
 
 SCOTT, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Son of Jonathan Scott. 
 A Congratulator of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 
 1780. In 1782 his estate was confiscated, and he was ban 
 ished. 
 
 SCOTT, JOHN. A warrant officer in the King s New Bruns 
 wick Regiment. Died at St. John previous to July, 1803. 
 
 SCOTT, JONATHAN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 SCOTT, JOSEPH. Of Boston. In May, 1774, he was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson, and having in September of that year 
 sold some warlike stores to General Gage, he fell into the hands 
 of the people. There was much disturbance, and one account 
 states, that the Selectmen and Committee of Correspondence 
 of Boston, told him, that for the act " he deserved immediate 
 death," but the Committee in their version of the affair, would 
 not appear to convey this impression. They however aver, 
 that a guard was offered Mr. Scott by General Gage, but that 
 "he was informed no military guard could save him, and 
 would but stimulate the people to greater acts of violence." 
 Mr. Scott was fortunate enough to escape personal harm, 
 though his warehouse was injured. He seems to have re 
 mained at Boston, as in October, 1775, he was an Addresser of 
 Gage. But at the evacuation in 1776 he accompanied the 
 royal army to Halifax, and in 1778 was proscribed and ban 
 ished. 
 
 SCOVIL, DANIEL. Settled in St. John, New Brunswick, and 
 became a merchant. He died there in 1822. 
 
 SCOVIL, EZRA. Settled in New Brunswick, and was an 
 Alderman of the city of St. John. He went to Nova Scotia, 
 and died at Granville in 1825, aged seventy-three. 
 
 SCOVIL, JAMES. An Episcopal minister, of Connecticut. 
 Like Cooke, Andrews, Clarke, and Arnold, who were all 
 clergymen of his communion in that State, he settled in New 
 Brunswick after the Revolution. Mr. Scovil resumed his 
 
604 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 i 
 
 clerical duties in King s County, and died there. His widow 
 died in the same County in 1832, aged ninety. His son, the 
 Reverend Elias Scovil, Rector of Kingston, forty years in the 
 service of the Society for Propagating the Gospel, and one of 
 its oldest missionaries, died at that place in 1841, at the 
 age of seventy. 
 
 SCRIBNER. Of Connecticut. Five, of the name of Norwalk, set 
 tled in New Brunswick in 1783, namely, Hezekiah, who, with 
 his wife, Elias, who, with his wife and five children, and Thad- 
 deus, arrived at St. John in the ship Union, one of the spring 
 fleet ; Joseph, who was a grantee of St. John, and Thomas. 
 The first died in that city in 1820, aged sixty-one ; and the 
 last in 1837, at the age of seventy-seven. 
 
 SEABROOKE, JOSEPH. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. There is some evidence that at 
 the outset he was considered a Whig. 
 
 SEABROOKE, JOSEPH, Junior. Of South Carolina. He was 
 in office under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. 
 His property was confiscated. 
 
 SEABURY, DANIEL. A petitioner for lands in Nova Scotia, 
 July, 1783. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 SEABURY, SAMUEL, D. D. The first bishop of the Episcopal 
 Church in the United States. He was the son of the Reverend 
 Samuel Seabury, who was a Congregational minister at 
 Groton, and subsequently the first Episcopal minister of New 
 London. He was born at New London in 1728, and gradu 
 ated at Yale College in 1751. Soon after completing his 
 collegiate education, he went to Scotland for the purpose of 
 studying medicine, but changed his purpose and devoted his 
 attention to theology. In 1753 he took orders in London, and 
 returning to his native country, was settled at New Brunswick, 
 New Jersey. After the death of Mr. Colgan, Sir Charles 
 Hardy, Governor of New York, introduced him as clergyman 
 f the Episcopal Church at Jamaica, Long Island, where he 
 remained from 1756 to 1766. Near the close of the latter 
 year he removed to Westchester, and continued there until the 
 commencement of hostilities. In April, 1775, a large number 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 605 
 
 of Loyalists assembled at White Plains, and adopted the fol 
 lowing Protest. Mr. Seabury s name is the third affixed to it; 
 that of the Reverend Luke Babcock, another Episcopalian 
 minister, is the fourth. " We, the subscribers, freeholders, 
 and inhabitants of the County of Westchester, having assem 
 bled at the White Plains in consequence of certain advertise 
 ments, do now declare, that we met here to declare our honest 
 abhorrence of all unlawful Congresses and Committees, and 
 that we are determined, at the hazard of our lives and 
 properties, to support the King and Constitution; and that 
 we acknowledge no Representatives but the General Assem 
 bly, to whose wisdom and integrity we submit the guar 
 dianship of our rights, liberties, and privileges." Mr. Sea- 
 bury went into New York after the Revolution opened, and 
 at one time was chaplain of the King s American Regi 
 ment, commanded by Colonel Fanning. At the peace he set 
 tled at New London. In 1784 he went to England to obtain 
 consecration as a bishop, but objections arising there, he was 
 consecrated in Scotland, on the 14th of November of that 
 year, by three non-juring bishops. For the remainder of his 
 life, he presided over the diocess of Connecticut and Rhode 
 Island. His duties were discharged in an exemplary manner. 
 He died February 25, 1796, aged sixty-eight years. Two 
 volumes of his sermons were published before his decease, and 
 one volume in 1798. A sermon founded on St. Peter s exhor 
 tation, to fear God and honor the King, delivered before the 
 Provincial or Loyalist troops, was printed during the war, by 
 direction of Governor Try on. 
 
 SEAMAN, BENJAMIN. Of New York. His property was con 
 fiscated. In 1774, this gentleman seems to have been mode 
 rate in his course, and perhaps favored the popular movements. 
 Such inference I draw from a communication to the Com 
 mittee of Correspondence of Connecticut, which bears his sig 
 nature, and in which it is said, that " at this alarming juncture, 
 a general congress of deputies from the several Colonies, would 
 be a very expedient and salutary measure," &c. In July, 
 1783, he announced his intention to remove to Nova Scotia, 
 
606 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and was one of the fifty-five petitioners for grants of lands in 
 that Colony. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 SEAMAN, RICHARD. Settled in New Brunswick after the war. 
 He was an alderman of St. John, and treasurer of the Colony. 
 
 SEA.MAN. Twelve, of Queen s County, New York, acknowl 
 edged allegiance, in a Representation and Petition to Lord 
 Richard and General William Howe, October, 1776. To wit: 
 Israel, Ambrose, Abraham, Samuel, Isaac, Thomas, Jonathan, 
 Thomas, Obadiah, Thomas Cooper, Solomon, and Jacob. 
 
 SEAMAN, URIAH. Of Queen s County, New York. Was in 
 arms against the whigs in 1780. 
 
 SEAMAN, WILLIAM and JOHN. Of Duchess County, New York. 
 Were grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. And 
 Hicks Seaman (residence unknown, but probably New York), 
 who went to that Colony at the peace, died at Sheffield, in 
 1841, aged eighty-four. 
 
 SEARS, THATCHER. Of Connecticut. He was descended from 
 the Reverend Peter Thatcher, of Boston, and was the second 
 son of Nathaniel Sears, of Norwalk, Connecticut. The noted 
 Whig, King Sears, as he was called, of New York, was his 
 father s brother. In early life, Mr. Sears was much employed 
 in the Mohawk country, under the patronage of Sir John 
 Johnson, in the purchase of furs. His pecuniary affairs were 
 very considerably injured by the burning of Norwalk, and 
 were otherwise deranged, in consequence of his adherence to 
 the side of the crown. He was finally forced to leave home, 
 when he sought refuge with the royal army at New York. 
 He had become poor, and was compelled to live in retirement. 
 In 1783, he removed to St. John, New Brunswick, and re 
 ceived the grant of a city lot in King Street, which is now 
 valuable, and owned by his descendants. Upon this lot he 
 erected a dwelling. " With a sorrowful and heavy heart," he 
 said, "I commenced the task of cutting down and hewing the 
 timber for the building, which was to shelter, and be the abode, 
 of myself and family, in our exile in the wilderness." He died 
 at St. John in 1819, aged sixty-seven. He was twice mar 
 ried. His first wife was a daughter of Henry Smith, Esquire, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 607 
 
 of Huntingdon, Long Island, New York, and died in 1803. 
 His second child, Ann, who was born shortly after his arrival 
 at St. John, was the first native of that city. He reared a 
 large family of children ; but Edward, Robert, John, Elisa 
 beth, and Sarah, are the only survivors. Mr. Sears was the 
 only Loyalist of his family. His estate at Norwalk is now 
 owned by gentlemen of the name of Church. 
 
 SEATON, ROBERT EGLINTON. Ensign of infantry in the Brit 
 ish Legion. 
 
 SECORD, ISRAEL and BENJAMIN. Of Westchester County, New 
 York. Were Protesters. 
 
 SECORD, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. He was " a bold, bad 
 man," and joined the enemy, after having acted as a spy upon 
 the Whigs in the vicinity of Wyoming. 
 
 SEEKLES, DANIEL. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 1783. 
 
 SEEKLES, DANIEL, Junior. One of the grantees of St John, 
 New Brunswick, 1783. 
 
 SEELYE, or SEELY, NEHEMIAH, and NEHEMIAH, Junior. Of Con 
 necticut. Were members of the Reading Association. Seth, 
 and Seth junior, of Stamford, arrived at St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783, the former accompanied by his wife and seven 
 children younger than Seth junior. Ebenezer and Stewart, 
 others of the name, and natives of Connecticut, settled in New 
 Brunswick ; the former died at Carlton in 1833, aged eighty- 
 eight, the latter at St. George, in 1838, at an old age. 
 
 SEGEE, JOHN. Died at New Maryland, New Brunswick, in 
 1835. 
 
 SELBY, JOHN. Clerk of the Customs. Embarked at Boston 
 for Halifax with the British army, 1776. 
 
 SELICK, NOAH. An ensign in De Lancey s Third Battalion. 
 
 SELKRIG, JAMES. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to Hali 
 fax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 SELKRIG, THOMAS. Merchant, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 SEMPLE, JOHN. Merchant; of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch- 
 
608 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 inson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775 ; was proscribed and ban 
 ished in 1778. 
 
 SEMPLE, ROBERT. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Gage in 1775. He went to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 SERGEANT, JOHN. Embarked at Boston with the British army 
 for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 SERVANIER, JAMES. In 1782 he was lieutenant in the Third 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New Bruns 
 wick, and received half-pay. He died at St. John in 1803. 
 
 SERVICE, ROBERT. Trader, of Boston. He went to Halifax 
 in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 SERVICE, . Of New York. He lived in the vicinity of 
 
 Scoharie, and his house was a place of resort for Indians and 
 Tories, and a depot of supplies. His attachment to the king and 
 his measures was well known ; and in 1778, a party of Whigs 
 determined to seize him and carry him off. They took him 
 prisoner, but on being informed that he must accompany them, 
 he seized an axe and attempted to cut down one of the Whig 
 officers ; whereupon another officer shot him dead. This 
 party, while on their way, had dispersed a company of Tories 
 who intended to reach the dwelling of Service, and pass the 
 night there. 
 
 SESSIONS, DARIUS. Of Rhode Island. He was Deputy Gov 
 ernor of the Colony, and in April, 1775, in a written paper 
 dated from the Upper House, entered his written dissent to a bill 
 of the Assembly, for raising an army of fifteen hundred men. 
 In June of that year, his official functions had ceased, and the 
 post of Deputy Governor was filled by the Honorable Nicholas 
 Cooke, Esquire. Probably he was driven into retirement ; for 
 the Protest of Wanton, Sessions, Potter, and Wickes, as ap 
 pears by the Recantation of Potter, gave much uneasiness to 
 the good people of Rhode Island. 
 
 SETON, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was a notary public, and secre 
 tary to the superintendent of police in the city of New York. 
 
 SETON, WILLIAM. An officer in the superintendent depart 
 ment at New York. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 609 
 
 SEWALL, JONATHAN. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1748 ; taught school in Salem till 1756 ; 
 then studied law with Judge Russell ; and commenced the 
 practice of law in Charlestown. About the year 1767 he was 
 appointed Attorney General of Massachusetts. In 1775 he 
 left the country, went to England, and resided at Bristol. In 
 1788 he emigrated to New Brunswick, where he held the office 
 of Judge of Admiralty. He died in that Colony in 1796, 
 aged sixty-eight. His wife, Esther, who was a Quincy, and 
 sister of Hancock s wife, died at Montreal, January 21, 1810. 
 His son Jonathan resided at Quebec, was Chief Justice of 
 Canada thirty years, and died in 1839, aged seventy-four. His 
 son Stephen was Solicitor General, and died at Montreal in 
 1832. Judge Sewall was a man of fine talents and of honora 
 ble character. He arid John Adams were bosom friends. He 
 attempted to dissuade Mr. Adams from attending the first Con 
 tinental Congress; and it was in reply to his arguments, and 
 as they walked on the Great Hill at Portland, that Adams 
 used the memorable words: " The die is now cast; I have 
 now passed the Rubicon ; swim or sink, live or die, survive or 
 perish with my country is my unalterable determination." 
 They parted, and met no more until Sewall came to America 
 in 1788. The one, the high-souled, lion-hearted Adams, had a 
 country, and a free country ; the eloquent and gifted Sewall 
 lived and died a Colonist. It is thought that Sewall originally 
 sympathized with the Whigs, and that he was won over to the 
 other side by the address of Hutchinson, after some dissatis 
 faction with the Otises relative to the estate of his uncle, a 
 deceased Chief Justice of Massachusetts. He is said to have 
 adhered to the crown at last, as did thousands of others, 
 from a conviction that armed opposition would end in certain 
 defeat, and utter ruin to the Colonies. 
 
 In 1774 he was an Addresser of Hutchinson, and in Septem 
 ber of that year, his elegant house at Cambridge was attacked 
 by a mob, and much injured. He fled to Boston for refuge. 
 His name appears among the proscribed and banished, and 
 among those whose estates were confiscated. While in Eng- 
 
610 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 land he wrote to his fellow exile Curwen : "The situation of 
 American Loyalists, I confess, is enough to have provoked 
 Job s wife, if not Job himself; but still we must be men, phi 
 losophers, and Christians ; bearing up with patience, resigna 
 tion, and fortitude, against unavoidable suffering." In McFin- 
 gal it is asked, 
 
 " Who made that wit of water-gruel 
 A judge of admiralty, Sewall ? " 
 
 SEWALL, SAMUEL. Great-grandson of Chief Justice Samuel 
 Sewall, and son of Henry Sewall, Esquire, of Brookline, 
 Massachusetts. Was born December 31, 1745, graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1761, and died at Bristol, England, 
 May 6, 1811, aged sixty-six years. He was a citizen of Bos 
 ton, where he practised law. His name occurs among the 
 barristers and attornies who were addressers of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and he was proscribed under the act of 1778. His 
 estate in Brookline was confiscated. The Sewall family was 
 long one of the most eminent in New England. Of the Chief 
 Justice Samuel, it is related, that he received by his wife a 
 fortune of 30,000. which was paid him in sixpences. 
 
 SEYMOUR, JOHN. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member 
 of the Association. 
 
 SHADIN, DANIEL. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. 
 
 SHADWELL, EDMUND. An ensign in the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion. 
 
 SHANKS, DAVID. An officer of cavalry in the Queen s Ran 
 gers. 
 
 SHANKS, JAMES. A lieutenant in the Prince of Wales Amer 
 ican Volunteers. 
 
 SHANNON, LEONARD. An ensign in the Second Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 SHARP, JOHN. One of the grantees of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 SHAW, J^NEAS. An officer of infantry in the Queen s Ran 
 gers. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 611 
 
 SHAW, COLIN. Of North Carolina. His property was con 
 fiscated in 1 779. 
 
 SHAW, JOHN. A lieutenant in the North Carolina Volun 
 teers. 
 
 SHAW, JONATHAN. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 ordered, that, failing to surrender himself and be tried for 
 treason, he should stand attainted. 
 
 SHAW, MOSES. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 SHEAFE, GENERAL, SIR . Though a lad at the commence 
 ment of the Revolution, and not, therefore, strictly a Loyalist, 
 a notice of him may not be without interest. He was engaged 
 in the war of 1812, as a Major General, and in the affair of 
 Q,ueenstown Heights, took General Scott and his band prison 
 ers, for which he was created a Baronet. He stated to Gen 
 eral (then Colonel) Scott the circumstances of his youth, and 
 why it was that he was in arms against his native land. His 
 account was (in substance) that in 1775, he was living in 
 Boston with his widowed mother, with whom Earl Percy 
 had his quarters ; that his Lordship was very fond of him, 
 and took him away with a view of providing for him, which 
 he did, by giving him a military education, and by purchasing 
 commissions and promotion to as high rank as is allowed by 
 the rules of the service ; and that the war then existing found 
 him stationed in Canada. He stated, moreover, that reluctant 
 to serve against his own countrymen, he had solicited to be 
 employed elsewhere ; but at that time his request had not been 
 granted. 
 
 SHECK, CHRISTOPHER. Served in the contest; at the peace 
 retired to New Brunswick, and died at Sussex Vale, 1841, 
 aged eighty-six. 
 
 SHERBROOK, MILES. Of New York. His property was con 
 fiscated. Like Low, and several others spoken of in this 
 work, he seems to have been at first inclined to the popular 
 side, since he was a member of the committee of fifty raised in 
 that city, to correspond with our sister Colonies. Associated 
 with him were the illustrious Jay, and the renowned Isaac, or 
 King Sears. 
 
612 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SHELTON, JEREMIAH. Served during the contest as an officer 
 in a Loyalist corps, and at its close settled in New Brunswick. 
 He died at Portland in that Colony in 1819, aged sixty-four. 
 He received half-pay. 
 
 SHERLOCK, JOHN. Of Accomac County, Yirginia. The 
 Whig Committee denounced him in 1775, for his defection from 
 the popular cause. Several witnesses testified in substance, 
 that in different conversations Sherlock had said, all who 
 opposed " the ministerial measures with America were rebels ; 
 that he should be employed hereafter in hanging them, and 
 that, if no hemp could be got, he had plenty of flax growing." 
 The Whigs, subsequently, carried him to the Liberty-pole, 
 where he made a written recantation, which was published 
 with the proceedings against him. 
 
 SHEPHERD, JOSEPH. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 SHERIDAN, HENRY F. Major of the New York Volunteers, 
 or Third American Regiment. 
 
 SHERMAN, AMBROSE. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Royal Fensible Americans, and surgeon s mate of that corps. 
 He settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. His 
 wife was a Miss McLane, of Boston. He was drowned at 
 Burton. 
 
 SHERWIN, RICHARD. Saddler, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 SHERWOOD, JOHN. Of Connecticut. Was a member of the 
 Reading Association. 
 
 SHERWOOD, ABIJAH, JONATHAN, and JUSTUS. Were grantees of 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. The latter died in King s 
 County, 1836, at the age of eighty-four. 
 
 SHIELDS, LUKE, Junior. Pilot, of Delaware. By law, in 
 1778, his property was to be confiscated, unless he should 
 surrender himself on or before August 1, of that year, and 
 abide trial for treason. 
 
 SHIEVE, THOMAS. An ensign in De Lancey s Second Bat 
 talion. 
 
 SHIPPEN, EDWARD. Of Philadelphia. Doctor of Laws, and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 613 
 
 Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. His elevation to the bench 
 occurred in 1799, and he held the appointment until 1806, in 
 which year he died, aged seventy-seven. His daughter Mar 
 garet married General Benedict Arnold. The family of the 
 Chief Justice, at the period of the Revolution, was of the high 
 est respectability, as the descendants still are. Mr. Shippen re 
 mained in Philadelphia after its evacuation by the royal army. 
 While it was held by the British troops, he maintained close 
 intimacy with the officers, and his daughter, the future wife 
 of Arnold, was by them highly admired and flattered. There 
 is a story, that the Whig General Greene was Arnold s rival. 
 
 SHIPPY, NATHAN. Of Duchess County, New York. Went to 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the spring of 
 1783. 
 
 SHOALS, JOHN. Of Queen s County, New York. In 1776 he 
 professed himself a loyal and well affected subject to Lord 
 Richard and General William Howe. In 1779 his name ap 
 pears at the head of the Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel 
 Sterling. 
 
 SHOEMAKER, SAMUEL. Alderman, of Philadelphia. His estate 
 was conficated in 1779. 
 
 SHOMAKER, RUDOLPH. A magistrate, of Tryon, now Mont 
 gomery, County, New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration 
 of devotion to the crown, and expressed his abhorrence of 
 Whig measures. It was at his house, I suppose, that Walter 
 N. Butler and his party were captured in 1777. by a detach 
 ment of Whigs sent out by Colonel Weston. 
 
 SHOTTOWE, THOMAS. Of South Carolina. Was a member 
 of the Council, and Secretary of the Colony. 
 
 SHUTTS, CHR. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SILKORD, THOMAS. Of Pennsylvania. In 1778 the Council 
 ordered, that, unless he appeared and took his trial for treason, 
 he should stand attainted. 
 
 SILSBY, DANIEL. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch inson 
 in 1774. In 1776 he was in England. In 1778 he was pro 
 scribed and banished. 
 52 
 
614 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SIMMONDS, WILLIAM. In 1776 he embarked at Boston with 
 the British army for Halifax. He may have settled in New- 
 Brunswick. The son of a Loyalist of Massachusetts remem 
 bers that a fellow exile of his father s of this name died on 
 the river St. John about the year 1790. 
 
 SIMMONS, CHARLES H. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SIMMONS, HEZEKIAH. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester. 
 
 SIMMONS, ISAAC. Laborer, of Christiana, Delaware. In 1778 
 he was required to surrender himself within a specified time, 
 or surfer the loss of his estate. 
 
 SIMMONS, SAMUEL. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of the 
 Declaration against the proceedings of the Whigs, January, 
 1775. 
 
 SIMONS, MAURICE. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 SIMONSON, ABRAHAM. Of Queen s County, New York. Was 
 in arms against the Whigs. 
 
 SIMPSON, JAMES. Attorney General of South Carolina. Went 
 to England. At the peace he was appointed by the Loyalists 
 of South Carolina who had suffered losses, agent to prosecute 
 their claims to compensation. He was in London in 1788. 
 
 SIMPSON, JEREMIAH. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax. 
 
 SIMPSON, JOHN. He embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 SIMPSON, JONATHAN. Of Boston. Graduated at Harvard Uni 
 versity in 1772 ; was proscribed under the act of 1778. He 
 was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage on his 
 departure in October, 1775. He was commissary of provisions 
 in the Britfsh service, but returned, and died at Boston, De 
 cember, 1804, aged eighty-two years. 
 
 SIMPSON, ROBERT. An ensign in the North Carolina Volun 
 teers. 
 
 SIMPSON, WILLIAM. Merchant, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 615 
 
 SIMSON, WILLIAM B. Of Rhode Island. Went to England. 
 In 1779 he was in London. 
 
 SINKER, BENJAMIN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SKENE, ANDREW P. Of New York. Son of Philip Skene. 
 His property was confiscated by an act of that State. Early 
 in the contest he was taken prisoner on Lake Champlain, and 
 sent to Connecticut, where he was confined. 
 
 SKENE, PHILIP. Of New York. At the commencement of 
 the struggle he held the posts of Lieutenant Governor of Crown 
 Point and Ticonderoga, and of surveyor of his Majesty s woods 
 bordering on Lake Champlain ; and had command of a corps 
 of militia. Previously, he had seen much military service, 
 having been at Carthagena, Porto Bello, and Flanders, and 
 with Amherst in Canada, and at the conquest of Martinique 
 and Havana. He had been often wounded. His residence 
 was at the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, where he 
 owned lands. In 1775 he was empowered to raise a regiment. 
 In June of that year, while at Philadelphia, he was arrested, 
 and his papers were examined by order of Congress. Mr. 
 James Lovell, a distinguished Whig of Massachusetts, having 
 fallen into the enemy s hands at Boston, an exchange was 
 proposed early in 1776. Some delay occurred in completing 
 the arrangement, but in October Colonel Skene, who was 
 then a prisoner at Hartford, was conveyed to a British ship of 
 war in the Hudson, though it was not known that Mr. Lovell 
 had arrived from Halifax, or was at liberty. Colonel Skene 
 was attainted, and his estate was confiscated. He died in 
 England in 1810. 
 
 SKIDMORE. Nathan, John, Whithead, Joseph senior, Walter, 
 Samuel junior, Samuel, and Joseph, of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 SKINNER, CORTLANDT. Of New Jersey. He was Attorney 
 General of that Colony at the commencement of the Revolu 
 tion, arid in the performance of his official duties evinced both 
 ability and integrity. He accepted service under the crown, 
 and was authorized to raise a corps of Loyalists, to consist 
 
616 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of t\vo thousand five hundred men. He was allowed to 
 nominate his own officers. Three battalions were organized 
 and officered, and called the New Jersey Volunteers. But the 
 enlistments of common soldiers were slow. After several 
 months of active exertions, the whole number of men who had 
 rallied under his standard was but one thousand one hundred 
 and one. Skinner continued in command of the corps, with 
 the rank of brigadier general. His daughter Catharine mar 
 ried William Henry, afterwards Sir William Henry Robinson 
 of the British army, and son of the senior Colonel Beverley 
 Robinson. His daughter Gertrude was married to Captain 
 Meredith, of the seventieth regiment, royal army, at Jamaica, 
 New York, in July, 1780. He went to England at the peace. 
 His claim to compensation for his losses as a Loyalist was 
 difficult to adjust, and caused the commissioners much labor. 
 
 SKINNER, CORTLANDT, Junior. Of New Jersey. Son of Cort- 
 landt Skinner. In 1782 he held a commission in the British 
 army, as distinguished from the Provincial or Loyalist corps. 
 
 SKINNER, JOHN. Of New Jersey. Brother of Cortlandt 
 Skinner, Junior. During the Revolution he was a midship 
 man in the British navy, and in an affair with some Whig 
 batteries on the Hudson river lost an arm. In the latter part 
 of his life he was a retired lieutenant in the royal navy, and 
 commanded a steam-packet between Holyhead and Dublin. 
 Consenting, while engaged in this service, to put to sea in a 
 violent gale, to gratify others, and much against his own judg 
 ment, he perished. 
 
 SKINNER, FRANCIS. Clerk of the Council, of Massachusetts. 
 He was at Halifax in July, 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed 
 and banished. 
 
 SKINNER, JOHN. In 1782 he was deputy muster-master-gen 
 eral of the Loyalist forces. 
 
 SKINNER, PHILIP. An ensign in the First Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 SKINNER, STEPHEN. A member of the Council, of New 
 Jersey. In 1775, (February 8,) he sent the following letter to 
 the House of Assembly, from which it appears, that he was 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 617 
 
 in some pecuniary difficulty on account of his former office 
 of treasurer. 
 
 " Mr. Speaker : The message of the House, ordering the late 
 Treasurer to attend this day at ten o clock, to inquire of him 
 the deficiency of the Treasury, I have received ; but as I have 
 the Honor to be one of his Majesty s Council, I can t possibly 
 attend till such time as I have laid the order before the Coun 
 cil, which I shall immediately do upon their meeting. As the 
 order is to inquire concerning the deficiency of the Treasury, 
 I can assure the House, had I been apprized of their wanting 
 the public* money, I should have taken care that the whole 
 should have been in the Treasury for their inspection ; but as 
 I have amply secured the Treasurer, I shall take care that he 
 shall have the whole amount of the bond I have given him 
 within the time appointed for cancelling the public money. 
 "I am with great respect, &c. 
 
 "STEPHEN SKINNER." 
 
 He was at New York in July, 1783, and a petitioner for 
 lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 SKYLER, HENRY. Of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. His 
 estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SLAYTER, JOHN. He settled in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and 
 was an officer of the Customs there quite fifty years. He died 
 at Halifax in 1824, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 SLIP, JOHN. Settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died 
 on Long Island, Queen s County, in that Colony, in 1836, leav 
 ing numerous descendants. 
 
 SLOCUM, EBENEZER. Of Rhode Island. Arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, with his wife and two children, in 1783, in 
 the ship Union. 
 
 SLOCUM, ELEAZER. Of Massachusetts. Arrived at St. John, 
 New Brunswick, with his wife and one child, in the ship 
 Union. 
 
 SMILER, SAMUEL. A member of the Loyal Artillery. Died at 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1820. 
 52* 
 
618 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SMITH, CHARLES. Of New York. In 1778, his messenger 
 was detected with a letter for Brant, when Smith himself 
 was pursued by a party of Whigs, and slain. His scalp was 
 taken and sent to General Stark. 
 
 SMITH, CLAUDIUS. Of New York. In 1779 he was seized 
 and put to death, in the County of Orange, by a party of 
 Whigs. A man, says a writer of the time, "infamous, and a 
 villain." 
 
 SMITH, FREDERICK. Chief Justice of New Jersey. In 1773, 
 he was appointed, under the great seal of England, one of the 
 Commissioners to examine into the affair of the burning of 
 the king s ship, Gaspee, by a party of Rhode Island Whigs, 
 the previous year. In 1774, in delivering a charge to the 
 Grand Jury of Essex County, he spoke of the troubles of the 
 time, and said that the " imaginary tyranny, three thousand 
 miles distant," was less to be guarded against, than the "real 
 tyranny at our own doors." The Jury excepted to this course 
 of remark, and made a spirited and a Whig reply. 
 
 SMITH, GEORGE. A physician, of Albany, New York. In 
 1781, he was actively engaged in fomenting disaffection among 
 the people of Vermont, and was believed to have had a special 
 commission for the purpose. I suppose that Chief Justice 
 Smith was a brother. There is much mystery hanging over 
 the conduct of Ethan and Ira Allen, and some other Whigs, at 
 this period ; but sufficient appears to have become known to 
 warrant the impression, that their intentions were hardly to be 
 excused. 
 
 SMITH, ICHABOD. Was captain lieutenant of De Lancey s Sec 
 ond Battalion. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783, 
 and was a grantee of that city; subsequently he was a captain in 
 the militia, and a magistrate. He died in Maugerville, New 
 Brunswick, in 1823, aged sixty-seven. He received half-pay. 
 
 SMITH, ISAAC. Graduated at Harvard University in 1767, 
 and was subsequently connected with that institution as a 
 tutor. He went to England, and was ordained as a clergyman 
 in 1778, but returned after the Revolution, and resumed his 
 connexion with the University as librarian. He was after- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 619 
 
 wards preceptor of Dummer Academy, at Byfield, Massachu 
 setts. 
 
 SMITH, JACOB. Of New York. A captain in De Lancey s 
 First Battalion. In 1783, when the corps was disbanded, he 
 settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He died 
 on the river St. John, in 1837, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 SMITH, JAMES. A captain. After the Revolution, he settled 
 on the Island of Grand Men an, Province of New Brunswick, 
 where he died, July, 1836, aged eighty-seven years. 
 
 SMITH, JOSHUA H. Of New York. In Arnold s treason, in 
 1780, he figured prominently, either as a tool or an accomplice ; 
 and the truth perhaps is, that he was at first the traitor s dupe, 
 and, before the affair was at an end, his willing associate. 
 Smith brought Andre on shore, and he and Arnold had their 
 first interview at his house, the White House near Stony 
 Point. When the plot was complete, and Andre was ready to 
 return, Smith, for some reason never explained, refused to 
 carry him on board of the Vulture, but agreed to accompany 
 him on the way to New York by land, and he did so, to a 
 point of supposed safety. Before they started, Andre divested 
 himself of his military coat, and leaving it behind, received 
 one of Smith s in exchange. Smith was tried by a military 
 court for his connexion with this affair, but acquitted. He was 
 however taken into custody by the civil authority of the State, 
 and committed to jail. After some months imprisonment, he 
 made his escape, and, sometimes disguised in a woman s dress, 
 made his way through the country to New York, where he 
 was among friends. At the close of the war he went to Eng 
 land. In 1808, he published in London, An Authentic Nar 
 rative of the Causes which led to the death of Major Andre. 
 The book is regarded with no favor by historians. It is be 
 lieved that he was a brother of Chief Justice William Smith. 
 
 SMITH, NATHAN. A physician, of Rhode Island. He en 
 tered the king s service, and was surgeon of one of the Loyalist 
 regiments. In 1783 he settled at St. John, New Brunswick, 
 received half-pay, and continued in that city until his decease. 
 He died in 1818, aged eighty-one. His son, William Howe 
 
620 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Smith, who was bom in Rhode Island in 1777, died at St. John 
 in 1822, leaving four sons and two daughters, of whom one 
 son (1846) survives. 
 
 SMITH, RICHARD. Of New York. Son of Claudius Smith. 
 After the execution of his father, and the death of his brother, 
 who was shot in an affray, he led a band, who, it is averred, 
 committed every possible enormity. On one occasion, having 
 killed John Clark, the following Warning to the Rebels, 
 was pinned to Clark s coat : " You are hereby warned, at 
 your peril, to desist from hanging any more friends to govern 
 ment, as you did Claudius Smith. You are warned, likewise, 
 to use James Smith, James Fluelling, and William Cole, well, 
 and ease them of their irons, for we are determined to hang 
 six for one, for the blood of the innocent cries aloud for ven 
 geance. Your noted friend, Captain Williams, and his crew 
 of robbers and murderers, we have got in our power, and the 
 blood of Claudius Smith shall be repaid. There are particu 
 lar companies of us that belong to Colonel Butler s army, 
 Indians as well as white men, and particularly numbers from 
 New York, that are resolved to be avenged on you for your 
 cruelty and murder. We are to remind you, that you are the 
 beginners and aggressors, for by your cruel oppressions and 
 bloody actions, you drive us to it. This is the first, and we 
 are determined to pursue it on your heads and leaders to the 
 last till the whole of you are murdered" Such are the hor 
 rors of civil war ! 
 
 SMITH, RUFUS. Of New York. Went to New Brunswick 
 a year after the first emigration, in 1784. He studied med 
 icine, established himself as a physician in the County of 
 Westmoreland, and was several times elected a member of the 
 House of Assembly. He died in Westmoreland in 1844. He 
 was in the practice of physic upwards of fifty years. 
 
 SMITH, THOMAS. An officer of the privateer Adventure. He 
 was captured, and sent to Simsbury Mines, Connecticut, whence 
 he made his escape, and published an account of the treat 
 ment which he received from the Whigs while in their power. 
 Ebenezer Hathaway, of whom there is a notice in these pages, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 621 
 
 was his companion in prison, and joined in his statement. 
 Smith, in an affray with the Rebels, lost a part of his nose. 
 He settled in New Brunswick, survived Hathaway, and was 
 an attendant in his last moments, and evinced much feeling in 
 parting with his old associate. 
 
 SMITH, TITUS. A native of Hadley, Massachusetts. He 
 embraced the views of Robert Sandeman, and became an 
 Elder in the Sandemanian Church. He went to Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, and died there in 1807. 
 
 SMITH, WILLIAM. Of New York. He was Chief Justice, 
 and a member of the Council of the Colony, and considered to 
 be in office in 1782. His father, the Honorable William Smith, 
 an eminent lawyer, and Judge of the Supreme Court, died in 
 1769. William Smith, the subject of this notice, graduated at 
 Yale College in 1745. It appears, that he was at a loss as to 
 the side which he should espouse in the controversy which pre 
 ceded the Revolution, and that he made no choice until late in 
 the war. It seems, also, that a number of other gentlemen of 
 wealth and influence, who had wavered like himself, joined 
 the royal cause about the same time, in 1778. It is be 
 lieved that, at first, he opposed the claims of the ministry. 
 However this may be, his final decision excited the remark of 
 both the Whigs and the Loyalists ; the former indulging their 
 wit in verse, and calling him the "weathercock," that "could 
 hardly tell which way to turn ; " and the latter noticing his ad 
 hesion in their correspondence. He settled in Canada, after 
 the war, and was Chief Justice of that Colony. He published 
 a history of New York, which was continued by his son 
 William. The celebrated Dr. Mitchell, of New York, is said 
 to have related the following anecdote. 
 
 " This eloquent man," alluding to Judge Smith, " having 
 been an adherent to the royal cause during the Revolution, left 
 the city of New York in 1783, with the British troops, and 
 was afterwards rewarded by his sovereign with a high ju 
 diciary office at Quebec. Judge Smith, although thus removed 
 from the place of his origin, always contemplated the politics 
 of his native country with peculiar solicitude. One evening, 
 
622 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 in the year 1789, when Dr. Mitchell was in Quebec, and pass 
 ing the evening at the Chief Justice s house, the leading sub 
 ject of conversation was the new Federal Constitution, then 
 under the consideration of the States, on the recommendation 
 of the Convention which sat at Philadelphia, in 1787. Mr. 
 Smith, who had been somewhat indisposed for several days, 
 retired to his chamber with Mr. Grant, one of the members of 
 the Legislative Council, at an early hour. In a short time, 
 Mr. Grant came forth, and invited Dr. Mitchell, in Mr. Smith s 
 name, to walk from the parlor into Mr. Smith s study, and sit 
 with them. Mr. Mitchell was conducted to a sofa, and seated 
 beside the Chief Justice, before whom stood a table, support 
 ing a large bundle of papers. Mr. Smith resumed the subject 
 of American politics, and untied his papers. After searching 
 among them a while, he unfolded a certain one, which he said 
 was written about the time the colonial commotions grew vio 
 lent, in 1775, and contained a plan, or system of government, 
 sketched out by himself then, and which nearly resembled the 
 Constitution afterwards proposed by the Federal Convention 
 of the United States. He then read the contents. The piece 
 was long and elaborate, and written with much beauty and 
 spirit. This, sir, added he, after finishing it, is a copy of a 
 letter, which I sent to a member of Congress in 1775, who was 
 an intimate friend of General Washington. You may trace to 
 this source the sentiments in favor of a more energetic govern 
 ment for your country, contained in the Commander-in-chief s 
 circular letters, and from this, there can be no doubt, that the 
 citizens of all the States derived their leading hints for your 
 new form of government. " 
 
 SMITH, . The captain of a Tory band. In 1778 he 
 
 enlisted a company of Tories in the neighborhood of Catskill, 
 New York, and while on his way to join Sir John Johnson at 
 Niagara, was assailed by a Whig force, who shot him dead, 
 and put his men to flight. 
 
 SMITH. Fifty-four, of Queen s County, New York, acknowl 
 edged allegiance in a Representation and Petition to Lord 
 Richard and General William Howe, October, 1776. To wit : 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 623 
 
 John, Samuel, Thomas junior, George, Cornel, Amos, Peter 
 junior, Plat, Nathaniel, Peter senior, Samuel junior, Jacob, 
 Benjamin R. ; Joseph, Silas, James, Samuel, Walter, Nathaniel, 
 Charles, Thomas, W. of Cow Neck, Benjamin, Noah, Nicholas, 
 Isaac, James, Daniel junior, John, Benjamin junior, Israel, 
 John, Samuel, John, Richard, John, Daniel, Richard, Isaac, 
 Zebulon, W. junior, Daniel, Richard, Gershom, W. junior, 
 Jonathan, William, Timothy, Thomas, Richard, Thomas 
 Howell, William, John, and Stephen. The Whigs often accused 
 the Loyalists of placing the names of men of straw on their 
 addresses to the royal functionaries, and there seems some rea 
 son to suppose that the same person signed the document repeat 
 edly ; and the same remark will apply, perhaps, to the Jack- 
 sons, the Remsens, the Townsends, and others who signed the 
 Representation and Petition of the Loyalists of Queen s 
 County. Several persons of the name of Smith, of Jamaica, 
 affixed their signatures to a Declaration of Loyalty in 1775, 
 namely, Ludlam, John, Charles, and William. In 1780, 
 Joseph, Israel, William R., and Barnabas Smith, of Queen s 
 County, were in arms, and assisted in the capture of the Whig 
 privateer Revenue. 
 
 SMITH. The Loyalists of this name were very numerous. 
 In addition to the preceding seventy, there were thirty-eight 
 others who remain to be noticed. These are Alexander Smith, 
 a blacksmith, of Philadelphia, who, in 1778, was ordered to 
 surrender himself or stand attainted ; Alexander, of the same 
 city, and keeper of the New Jersey Ferry, whose estate was 
 confiscated in 1779 ; and Alexander, of Charleston, South Car 
 olina, who was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 Of the name of William there seems to have been five ; Wil 
 liam, of Philadelphia, who in 1777 was sent prisoner to Vir 
 ginia ; William Drewit, a druggist of that city, who was pro 
 scribed in 1778; William, of Charleston, South Carolina, an 
 Addresser of Clinton ; William, of Maryland, who went to 
 England previous to July, 1779 ; and William, of New York, 
 who settled in New Brunswick in 1783, and died at Frederic- 
 ton in 1834, aged eighty-three. In Queen s County, New 
 
624 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 York, there was Thomas, a magistrate, who was an Addresser 
 of Governor Robertson in 1780; and in New Hampshire, 
 Thomas, who was proscribed and banished in 1778. Of the 
 name of James, one was a lieutenant in the King s Rangers; 
 and another James, who belonged to South Carolina, was in 
 England in 1779. Of the name of John, four of the five fol 
 lowing, and perhaps all, were different persons. Thus, John 
 was paymaster-general of the Loyalist forces, and in 1783 was 
 at New York, a petitioner for a grant of lands in Nova Scotia ; 
 John, of Tryon, now Montgomery. County, New York, was a 
 loyal Declarator ; John, of New Hampshire, was proscribed 
 and banished ; John, who settled in New Brunswick at the 
 peace, died in Belville, Upper Canada ; and John, a grantee 
 of St. John, died in King s County, New Brunswick, in 1843, 
 aged eighty-four. Besides those mentioned who were in ser 
 vice, there were Joseph, who was a captain in the King s 
 Rangers, Carolina; Peter J., a lieutenant in the King s Ameri 
 can Regiment; Samuel, an officer of infantry in the Queen s 
 Rangers ; Abraham, a cornet of cavalry in the American 
 Legion under Arnold ; Nathaniel, surgeon of De Lancey s 
 First Battalion ; and Stephen, a sergeant in the King s Amer- 
 can Regiment, who, while stationed on Long Island, New 
 York, warned all persons not to trust his wife Mary. In 
 Massachusetts, were Richard, a merchant, of Boston, who was 
 an Addresser of Hutchinson; and Henry, a merchant of the 
 same town, who accompanied the royal army to Halifax ; 
 Joshua, a trader, of Townsend, and Solomon, a boatman, of 
 Taunton, were severally proscribed and banished ; and Bowen, 
 son of Honorable Josiah Smith, of Pembroke, who died at 
 Shediac, Nova Scotia, in 1836. In Pennsylvania, was Andrew, 
 against whom there was a proclamation of proscription. In 
 Delaware, was Christian, of Newcastle, who was ordered to 
 surrender himself, or be attainted. In South Carolina, Nicho 
 las, of Charleston, an Addresser of Clinton. In Connecticut, 
 was Daniel, of New Milford, who arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783, in the ship Union, received a grant of a city 
 lot, and died in the County of Sunbury in 1834, aged seventy. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 625 
 
 Among those whose residence is unknown, were Edward, 
 who accompanied the royal army from Boston to Halifax in 
 1776 ; Shubal, who went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee ; Robert, a magistrate, who died in 
 Fredericton, New Brunswick, in 1820, aged sixty-nine ; Rob 
 ert, a magistrate, who died in Queen s County, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1829, aged seventy-seven; Elijah, a magistrate, who 
 deceased in Queen s County in 1833, at the age of seventy- 
 three ; and Michael, a staunch Loyalist, who died at Wood 
 stock, New Brunswick, in 1842, aged eighty-five. 
 
 SMYTH, ALEXANDER. Adjutant of the King s Rangers. He 
 was at the Island of St. John, Gulf of St. Lawrence, before 
 the close of 1782, where he had settled, or thought of settling, 
 and where he invited his countrymen and fellow sufferers to 
 follow him. 
 
 SMYTH, JAMES. Of South Carolina. Was in commission of 
 the crown after the capitulation of Charleston in 1780. Estate 
 confiscated. 
 
 SMYTH, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, 
 and his property confiscated. Early in the controversy he may 
 have been a Whig, as in 1774 he was a member of the Com 
 mittee of Correspondence. 
 
 SNEAD, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SNEDEKER. Abraham, Barnt, Christian, W., Gorce, John, 
 Albert, and Johannes, of Queen s County, New York, acknow 
 ledged allegiance, October, 1776. Abraham, Johannes, and 
 John, had signed a Declaration of Loyalty the year before. 
 Rem Snedeker, of that County, had signed the same. 
 
 SNEDEN, ROBERT. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 SNELLING, JONATHAN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch- 
 inson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. In 1776 he went to Hali 
 fax. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. A person of 
 this name died at Halifax in 1809, aged fifty-one. 
 53 
 
626 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SNODGRASS, NEAL. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SNODGRASS, NIEL. Of North Carolina. Went to England. 
 He was an Addresser of the king, July, 1779. 
 
 SNOW, ELISHA. A minister, of Thomaston, Maine. He 
 was professedly a friend, but really a traitor to General Peleg 
 Wadsworth, (the father of Captain Alexander S. Wadsworth, 
 of the United States Navy), who commanded the eastern dis 
 trict in 1780. When, in that year, another adherent of the 
 crown betrayed the condition of the General to the British 
 commander at Castine, the party dispatched from that place to 
 make him prisoner were concealed at Snow s house until a 
 late hour of the night, and departed thence to complete their 
 enterprise, in which they were successful. 
 
 SNOWDEN, RANDOLPH. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 SNYDER, WILLIAM. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 SORRELL, WILLIAM. An ensign in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Yolunteers, and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
 SOUTHARD, JAMES, and ABEL. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Assisted in the capture of the Whig privateer Revenue 
 in 1780. Abel was wounded. 
 
 SOWER, CHRISTOPHER, Senior. Of Germantown, Pennsyl 
 vania. His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SOWER, CHRISTOPHER, Junior. Received a good education, 
 and was ordained minister over a society of German Bap 
 tists ; but having also been taught the art of printing, suc 
 ceeded to his father s business as a printer and bookseller, at 
 Germantown, Pennsylvania, about the year 1744. For a con 
 siderable period his was the most extensive concern for print 
 ing and binding books in America. The Revolution broke up 
 his establishment ; arid the part he took in it, caused the con 
 fiscation of his estate. When the British entered Philadel 
 phia, he joined them, and remained in the city while they pos 
 sessed it. Among his property which was forfeited, was a 
 part of an edition of the Bible unbound and in sheets, of which 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 627 
 
 some copies were made into cartridges, and thus used for the 
 destruction of men s bodies, rather than for the salvation of 
 their souls. Sower was esteemed a man of integrity and 
 merit. His losses by the battle of Germantown, and other 
 wise, were estimated at thirty thousand dollars. He died near 
 Philadelphia, quite aged, in August, 1784. 
 
 SOWER, CHRISTOPHER, the 3d. Was a printer, of German- 
 town, Pennsylvania, and for a short time was connected with 
 his father. He sought royal protection, and retired from the 
 United States with the British troops. After the conclusion of 
 the war, he settled in New Brunswick, and published the 
 Royal Gazette, at the city of St. John. In 1792 he was deputy 
 postmaster-general of the Colony. His health becoming im 
 paired, he left New Brunswick in 1799 ; and died at Baltimore 
 in July of that year. 
 
 SPARHAWK, ANDREW. Of Kittery, Maine. Brother of Sam 
 uel Hirst Sparhawk. He went to England, and died there 
 in 1783. His wife, who accompanied him, died previ 
 ously. 
 
 SPARHAWK, SAMUEL HIRST. Of Kittery, Maine. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1771. He was in Boston in 
 1774 and 1775, and was an Addresser of both Hutchinson and 
 Gage. Subsequently he went to England. The second Sir 
 William Pepperell was his brother. 
 
 SPEARS, ROBERT. Quartermaster of the Royal Fensible Amer 
 icans. 
 
 SPENCE, JAMES. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783. 
 
 SPENCE, PETER. A physician, of South Carolina. Estate con 
 fiscated. 
 
 SPENCE, WILLIAM. Went to New Brunswick in 1783, in cir 
 cumstances of great poverty and destitution ; but accumulated 
 a large estate. He died at Hampton, New Brunswick, in 1821, 
 at the age of seventy-four. 
 
 SPENCER, BENJAMIN. A magistrate. In 1775 he was mobbed, 
 and his person injured. His residence was in the New Hamp 
 shire Grants, now the State of Vermont. 
 
628 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SPENCER, GEORGE. An officer of cavalry in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 SPERGEN, WILLIAM. Of North Carolina. His property was 
 confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SPIERS, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. He died there in 1820, 
 aged seventy-three. 
 
 SPINK, N. Of Rhode Island. He left the State during the 
 war, and joined the enemy ; but returning, was, by act of May, 
 1783, ordered and required to quit it. 
 
 SPOONER, EBENEZER. Embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax in 1776. 
 
 SPOONER, GAPHINEAH. A magistrate, of New York. In April, 
 1782, he signed an Address to the British Legion, on their 
 departure from the District of Foster s Meadow and Spring 
 field, " in behalf of twenty-six most respectable inhabitants," 
 and Loyalists of that neighborhood. 
 
 SPOONER, GEORGE. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774; was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 SPRAGG, CALEB and RICHARD. Were grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 SPRAGG, THOMAS. A captain. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. He died 
 at Springfield, King s County, in 1812, aged eighty-two. 
 
 SPRING, MARSHALL. A physician, of Massachusetts. Was born 
 in Watertown. In 1762 he graduated at Harvard University. 
 He settled at Waltham, where his practice became extensive. 
 Though opposed to the Revolution, he was a friend of the ad 
 ministration of Mr. Jefferson. He left his son a large fortune. 
 He died in January, 1818, aged seventy-five. His reputation 
 for medical skill was great, and his wit keen. 
 
 SPRINGER, WILLIAM. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 SPRISD, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SPROULE, THOMAS. Of Long Island, New York. He settled 
 in New Brunswick, and became surveyor-general of that Col- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 629 
 
 ony, and a member of his Majesty s Colonial Council. He 
 died at Fredericton in 1817, aged seventy-six. 
 
 SPROUT, DAVID. Was a commissary of naval prisoners at 
 New York. It was stated that upwards of eleven thousand 
 Americans died on board of the prison ships at New York, 
 and the statement, it is believed, has never been contradicted. 
 Mr. Sprout returned subequent to the Revolution, and fixed 
 his residence at Philadelphia, where he died. 
 
 SQUARE, RICHARD. Of Lanesborough, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 SQUEIRS. Of Connecticut. Seth, accompanied by his wife 
 and six children, and Seth junior, arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the spring of 1783, in the ship Union ; and 
 Richard was a grantee of that city the same year. They be 
 longed to Stratford. 
 
 STAGEY, RICHARD. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 STACKHOUSE, ROBERT. Died at Carlton 3 New Brunswick, in 
 1831, aged seventy-six. 
 
 STACKS, HENRY. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Failing to 
 surrender himself for trial, it was ordered in Council in 1778, 
 that he stand attainted. 
 
 STAFFORD, WILLIAM. He was surgeon s mate of the Mary 
 land Loyalists. 
 
 STANBURY, JOSEPH. Was largely concerned in the lumber 
 business. In 1780 he was detected in illicit trade with the 
 royal forces, and was committed to prison in Philadelphia. 
 
 STANLEY, THOMAS. An ensign of infantry in the British Le 
 gion. 
 
 STANSBURY, ADONIJAH. Of Delaware. He became a settler 
 at Wyoming, where he was soon recognized as a disguised 
 enemy. In 1777, after the marriage of his daughter to a per 
 son of opposite political sentiments, who purchased his prop 
 erty, he retired from the settlement, and from the storm which 
 his course of conduct had created. 
 
 STANTON, BENJAMIN. Of Rhode Island. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 53* 
 
630 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 He was a member of the Loyal Artillery of St. John, in 1795. 
 He died in 1823, aged sixty-eight. His son Benjamin was 
 the first male child of Loyalist parentage born in St. John. 
 
 STANTON, GILES. Of Rhode Island. In 1777 he received a 
 commission as lieutenant in the Loyal Newport Associators. 
 
 STAPLETON, SAMUEL. Cornet of cavalry in the British Legion. 
 
 STARK, JOHN. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Guides 
 and Pioneers. 
 
 STARK, WILLIAM. Of New Hampshire. He was an officer in 
 the French war, and saw much service ; having been engaged in 
 the capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Louisburg, and Que 
 bec. As the war of the Revolution opened, he applied for the 
 command of a regiment, but the New Hampshire Assembly 
 preferred another officer, and he went over to the side of the 
 crown, and became a colonel in the royal army. He endeav 
 ored to persuade General John Stark, the victor of Bennington, 
 who was his brother, to adopt the same course ; but John was 
 not to be moved. William Stark is represented as a man of 
 great bravery and hardihood, but as wanting in moral firmness. 
 He was killed at Long Island, New York, by a fall from his 
 horse. His name appears in the banishment and proscription 
 act of New Hampshire, and his estate was also confiscated. 
 
 STARR, DAVID. Died at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 1828. 
 
 STARR, JOSEPH. Died at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 1840, 
 aged eighty-four years. 
 
 STAVERS, BARTHOLOMEW. Of New Hampshire. He was pro 
 scribed and banished. 
 
 STEARNS, JONATHAN. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1770. Removing to Nova Scotia with 
 the British army in 1776, he was appointed Solicitor General 
 of that Colony in 1797, but died the following year, and was 
 succeeded by James Stewart. His wife was a daughter of 
 Thomas Robie, a Loyalist, who is noticed in these pages. 
 Before leaving the United States, Mr. Stearns was driven from 
 his residence, and was one of the eighteen country gentlemen 
 who were Addressers of Gage. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 631 
 
 STEDMAN, ALEXANDER. Of Philadelphia. In 1778, the Coun 
 cil of Pennsylvania ordered, that if he failed to surrender 
 himself within a certain time, and take his trial for treason, 
 he should stand attainted. 
 
 STELLE, EDWARD. Captain Lieutenant of the Second Bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 STENHOUSE, ALEXANDER. Of Maryland. Went to England. 
 In 1779 he was in London. 
 
 STEPHENS, JOHN. Died in Nova Scotia in 1805. 
 
 STEPHENS, SOLOMON. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished. Solomon Stephens, a Loyalist, died at Mus 
 quash, New Brunswick, 1819, aged sixty-six. 
 
 STEPHENS, THOMAS. A captain in the militia of Danbury, 
 Connecticut. In 1775, he was Moderator of a public meet 
 ing, called, as appears, on purpose to discountenance the 
 proceedings of the Whigs of that town, at a previous meet 
 ing. 
 
 STERLING, BENJAMIN F. Embarked at Boston with the Brit 
 ish army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 STEVENS, BENJAMIN. Of Kittery, Maine. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1740, and was ordained a minister in 
 1751. At a subsequent period, he received the degree of 
 Doctor of Divinity. On the death of Doctor Holyoke, Presi 
 dent of Harvard University, he was thought of as his succes 
 sor. Hutchinson says, that "the corporation, who were to 
 elect a" president, "consulted the Boston representatives in 
 every step. Two of the corporation [Doctor Winthrop, Pro 
 fessor of Mathematics, and Doctor Cooper, one of the ministers 
 of Boston], great friends of the popular cause, were succes 
 sively elected, and declined accepting. The minister of Kittery 
 would have had the voice of the people, if his political prin 
 ciples had not been a bar. The want of a concurrence with 
 other necessary qualifications in the same person, caused the 
 place to remain vacant longer than usual." Doctor Stevens 
 died in 1791, aged seventy. Several of his sermons were pub 
 lished. He sustained an excellent character, and was an able 
 man. 
 
632 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 STEVENS, ENOS. Of New Hampshire. His estate was con 
 fiscated, and he was proscribed and banished. 
 
 STEVENS, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 STEVENS, PHINEAS. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished. 
 
 STEVENS, SHUBAL. Died in King s County, New Brunswick, 
 1826, aged seventy-four. 
 
 STEVENS, WILLIAM. Of Saluda, South Carolina. Held a 
 royal commission after the capitulation of Charleston, in 1780. 
 Estate confiscated. 
 
 STEVENSON, FRANCIS. An officer of infantry in the Queen s 
 Rangers. 
 
 STEVENSON, WILLIAM. In 17S2 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Third Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 STEVENSON. . An officer in a band of plunderers. 
 
 STEWART, ANDREW. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. Thomas Stewart, 
 of that city, was also an Addresser. 
 
 STEWART, ANTHONY. In July, 1783, he was at New York, 
 and one of the fifty-five who petitioned for grants of lands in 
 Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. 
 
 STEWART, DUNCAN. Of Connecticut. Went to England. In 
 July, 1779, he was in London. 
 
 STEWART, ISAAC. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 STEWART, JAMES. I conclude was a Loyalist. He was an 
 early settler of St. John, New Brunswick, and survived all the 
 gentlemen who, with him, in 1785, were appointed to civil 
 office under the charter of that city. He died at Cheltenham, 
 England, in 1840, aged seventy-nine years. 
 
 STEWART, WILLIAM. He removed to St. Andrew, New Bruns 
 wick, on the evacuation of Castine by the royal troops, in 
 1783, where he continued to reside until his decease. For 
 many years he was a pilot of that port. A large family of 
 children and grandchildren survived him. His wife died at St. 
 Andrew s Island, September, 1843, at the age of eighty-four. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 633 
 
 STEWART. Besides the preceding, eleven were in service. 
 Thus : 
 
 STEWART, ALEXANDER. Was lieutenant-colonel of the North 
 Carolina Highland Regiment. 
 
 STEWART, ALEXANDER. Brother of William Stewart. A 
 lieutenant in the King s American Dragoons. After the war 
 he and William settled in Upper Canada. 
 
 STEWART, ANDREW. A captain in the Georgia Loyalists. 
 
 STEWART, DONALD. A lieutenant in the North Carolina 
 Highland Regiment. 
 
 STEWART, HUGH. A lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion. 
 
 STEWART, JAMES. An officer in a corps of Loyalists. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was one of the 
 grantees of that city. He died at Nashwaak, New Brunswick, 
 in 1837, aged eighty-two, leaving a widow, eight children, 
 and forty-two grandchildren. 
 
 STEWART, JAMES. Chaplain in the King s Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 STEWART, JOHN. An ensign in the Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 STEWART, NEAL. A lieutenant in the King s Orange Ran 
 gers. 
 
 STEWART, PATRICK. A captain of infantry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 STEWART, WILLIAM. A captain in the King s American 
 Dragoons. 
 
 STILWELL, DANIEL. An early settler of the Colony of New 
 Brunswick. He died at Grand Lake, Queen s County, in 
 1842, at the age of eighty-six years, having resided in New 
 Brunswick fifty-nine years. 
 
 STILWELL, JOHN. Of Tuscarora, Pennsylvania. Failing to 
 appear and be tried for treason, the Council, in 1778, ordered 
 that he should stand attainted. 
 
 STIMSON, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 STINSON, JOHN, JOHN Junior, and SAMUEL. Of New Hamp 
 shire. Were proscribed and banished in 1778. John Stinson, a 
 Loyalist, was a grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
634 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 STIRLING, JOHN. A lieutenant in the Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 STIRLING, JONATHAN. Of Maryland. A captain in the Mary 
 land Loyalists. He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. He received 
 half-pay. He died at St. Mary s, York County, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1826, aged seventy-six. Ann, his widow, died at the 
 same place in 1845, at the age of eighty-two. 
 
 STIRLING, WILLIAM. Was an ensign in the Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 STIVERS, JASPER. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester. 
 
 ST. JOHN, NEHEMIAH. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Reading Association. 
 
 ST. JOHN, THOMAS. An ensign in the Royal Garrison Bat 
 talion. 
 
 STOBO, JOHN. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1799, 
 aged thirty-five. 
 
 STOCKTON, ANDREW. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the Loyal 
 Foresters. In 1784 he received the grant of a lot in the city 
 of St. John, New Brunswick. He died at Sussex Vale. He 
 enjoyed half-pay. 
 
 STOCKTON, RICHARD V. During the Revolution he was a 
 major in the New Jersey Volunteers, and was taken prisoner. 
 He went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and was 
 a grantee of that city. He received half-pay. He died in 
 New Brunswick. His daughter Phebe Harriet died at Sussex 
 Vale, in that Colony, in 1821, aged sixty. Major Stockton 
 was called in the contest, "Stockton, the famous land-pilot " 
 of the king s troops. 
 
 STODDARD, SIMEON, Junior. Of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 STODDARD, . A major in the militia of Massachusetts. 
 
 When, in 1775, Graves and Jones were committed to North 
 ampton jail, and placed in close confinement, on a charge of 
 improper communication with Gage at Boston, a hue and cry 
 was raised against him, and he fled to New York for safety. 
 I suppose he belonged to Pittsfield. " Our Tories," says a wri 
 ter of the time of that town, " are the worst in the Province." 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 635 
 
 STOKES, ANTHONY. Chief Justice, of Georgia. 
 
 STOKES, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate 
 was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 STOLLER, MICHAEL. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 he signed a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 STOPTON, JOHN. He was banished, and his estate was con 
 fiscated. In 1794 he represented to the British government in 
 a memorial dated at London, that at the time of his banish 
 ment, several large debts were due to him in America, which 
 he had been unable to recover, and he desired relief. Though 
 sums of money due to proscribed Loyalists were not included, 
 (as it was generally admitted), in the confiscation acts, the 
 courts of some of the States were slow to coerce debtors. 
 
 STONE, EBENEZER. Died in Queen s County, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1836, aged eighty-nine. 
 
 STORY, ENOCH. Of Pennsylvania. Went to England. In 
 1779 he was in London. 
 
 STOWE, EDWARD. Mariner, of Boston. He went to Halifax 
 in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 STOWELL, CORNELIUS. Lieutenant of militia, of Worcester, 
 Massachusetts. Returning at night, early in 1775, from a 
 visit to a neighbor, who Avas suspected of desertion from the 
 popular cause, he was knocked down, and badly bruised and 
 wounded, because he was known as a true friend to govern 
 ment, and was supposed to exercise an influence upon the 
 political course of a neighbor, at whose house he had passed 
 the evening. 
 
 STRAIGHT, WILLIAM. Of Killingsworth, Connecticut. He 
 was a refiner of iron. In 1783 he arrived at St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in the ship Union. 
 
 STRANG, DANIEL. In 1777 he was taken with a paper in 
 his possession written by Colonel Robert Rogers, who then 
 commanded the Queen s Rangers, dated at Valentine s Hill, 
 30th December, 1776, which authorized him, or any other 
 gentleman, to bring in recruits for his Majesty s service, and 
 which pointed out the terms and rewards that were to be 
 offered to persons who enlisted. When captured, Strang was 
 
636 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 near the Whig camp at Peekskill. " He was tried by a court- 
 martial, and, making no defence, was condemned to suffer 
 death, on the charge of holding correspondence with the ene 
 my, and lurking around the camp as a spy. General Wash 
 ington approved the sentence." 
 
 STRANG, GABRIEL. Was an officer in a corps of Loyalists. 
 He went to St. John New Brunswick, at the peace, and was 
 one of the grantees of that city. He settled there, and re 
 ceived half-pay. He died at St. John in 1826, aged seventy- 
 one. 
 
 STRANGE, LOT, the 3d. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. He died at or near St. John, 
 New Brunswick, about the year 1819. 
 
 STRICTLAND, JAMES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 STUART, JOHN. An Episcopal minister, of New York. 
 He lived at or near Warrensburgh. In 1775 he refused to 
 sign the Whig Association. I suppose this to have been the 
 gentleman who is mentioned in Mrs. Grant s Memoirs of an 
 American Lady, under the year 1759, as " a pious missionary 
 in the Mohawk country, as one who was perfectly calculated 
 for his austere and uncourtly duties, who was wholly de 
 voted to them, and who scarce cast a look back to the 
 world which he had forsaken." He went to Canada. 
 
 STUART, JOHN. A native of South Carolina. Was Indian 
 Agent, and member of his Majesty s Council for most of the 
 Southern Colonies. The documents of the time show that 
 Mr. Stuart was an active and formidable opponent of the 
 Whigs and their measures. In June, 1779, the Committee of 
 Intelligence of Charleston, addressed to him two letters, 
 in which they set forth the views entertained of him by the 
 public, and to which he replied very fully, July 18, of that 
 year. Mr. Stuart was then at St. Augustine, Florida, to which 
 place, it appears, he had gone from Charleston, in consequence 
 of information of a design to seize his person. The Committee 
 called his quitting South Carolina, a precipitate departure ; but 
 he answered, that he should "ever consider it a most fortu- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 637 
 
 nate escape." They told him that his estate would be consid 
 ered as a " security for the good behavior of the Indians," to 
 which remark he rejoined, that it was " disagreeable that his 
 all should be held by so precarious tenure," and the " holding 
 of his personal safety and life itself on such terms, would be 
 more so." 
 
 STRUDWICKE, SAMUEL. The secretary, and a member of the 
 Council, of North Carolina. He was present with Hasell. 
 Rutherford, Howard, and Cornell, in Council, March 1, 1775, 
 and conceiving the highest detestation of illegal meetings, 
 advised Governor Martin to issue a Proclamation to inhibit 
 and forbid the meeting of the Whig Convention called at New- 
 bern on the 3d of April following. 
 
 STURGIS, EBENEZER. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. Two others of the 
 name, of Reading, were members; viz: a second Ebenezer, 
 and Benjamin. 
 
 SULLIVAN, BARTHOLOMEW. Embarked at Boston with the 
 British army for Halifax, in 1776. George Sullivan did the 
 same. 
 
 SULLIVAN, JOHN. Of Pennsylvania. Went to England. In 
 1779 he was in London. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, ALEXANDER. Was an ensign in the Royal Fen- 
 sible Americans. He was continued in service after that 
 corps was disbanded, and received a commission in the British 
 army. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, WILLIAM. In 1782 he was a lieutenant in the 
 Royal Garrison Battalion, and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
 SUTTEN, WILLIAM. A magistrate, of Westchester County. 
 New York. A Protester. 
 
 SUTTER, CHARLES. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 SUTTER, JAMES. Died in New Brunswick in 1817, at the 
 age of eighty-six. 
 
 SUTTON, WILLIAM. A magistrate, of North Hempstead, New 
 York. A distinguished Loyalist. In 1779 he was seized at 
 Cow Neck, by a party of Whigs, and carried away prisoner. 
 54 
 
638 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 SUYDAM. Cornelius, Jacob, Farnandus, Jacobus, John, and 
 Hendrick, of Queen s County, New York, acknowledged 
 allegiance, October, 1776. John Suydam was an Addresser of 
 Lieutenant Colonel Sterling, of the Forty-second Regiment, 
 April, 1779. Some Whigs, taken prisoners, were quartered at 
 the house of Jacob. 
 
 SWANTON, JOHN. An ensign in the Second Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 SWAN WICK, RICHARD. An officer of the Customs, Philadel 
 phia. His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 SWASEY, JOSEPH. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. An Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 SWEET, GEORGE. Of Rhode Island. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, with his wife and one child, in the ship 
 Union, in the spring of 1783. He died at Carlton, near that 
 city, in 1818, aged sixty-nine. 
 
 SWIFT, JOSEPH. A captain in the Pennsylvania Loyalists. 
 
 SWITZER, PETER. A grantee of a lot in St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 SYMONDSON, JOHN. Entered the military service of the king, 
 and in 1782 was a lieutenant in the Third Battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. He settled in New Brunswick, and re 
 ceived half-pay. He died in that Colony. 
 
 TARBELL, HUGH. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. In 
 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 TARBELL, SAMUEL. A lieutenant in the King s American 
 Dragoons. 
 
 TAYLOR, ARCHIBALD. Of North Carolina. A major of the 
 Royal Militia of North Carolina. He died at Nassau, New 
 Providence, in 1816. 
 
 TAYLOR, DANIEL. Of New York. In 1777 he was dispatched 
 by Sir Henry Clinton to Burgoyne, with intelligence of the 
 capture of Fort Montgomery, and was taken on his way by 
 the Whigs as a spy. Finding himself in danger, he turned 
 aside, took a small silver ball or bullet from his pocket and 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 639 
 
 swallowed it. The act was seen, and Qerieral George Clinton, 
 into whose hands he had fallen, ordered a severe dose of 
 emetic tartar to be administered, which caused him to dis 
 charge the bullet. On being unscrewed, the silver was found 
 to contain a letter from the one British General to the other, 
 which ran as follows. 
 
 " Fort Montgomery, Oct. 8, 1777. 
 
 "Nous voici and nothing between us but Gates. I sin 
 cerely hope this little success of ours may facilitate your 
 operations. In answer to your letter of 28th of September by 
 C. C., I shall only say, I cannot presume to order, or even 
 advise, for reasons obvious. I heartily wish you success. 
 
 " Faithfully yours, 
 
 " H. CLINTON." 
 " To General Burgoyne." 
 
 Taylor was tried, convicted, arid executed, shortly after his 
 detection. 
 
 TAYLOR, GILHAM. Died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1843, 
 aged eighty-six. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES. Died at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, 
 January, 1835, aged seventy-nine years. He was a native of 
 Glasgow, Scotland, and emigrated to New York in early life, 
 and during the Revolution was present on many a hard fought 
 field. He went to St. Andrew at the peace in 1783, and 
 built the third house erected in that town, which stood until 
 within a few months of his decease. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES. One of the earliest settlers of New Bruns 
 wick. Died on the river St. John, January, 1834, at the 
 age of seventy-three. He was a member of the House of 
 Assembly for some years, for the County of Sunbury. He 
 left a large family. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES. Of New York. Settled in New Brunswick 
 in 1783, and died at Sheffield, in that Colony, in 1841, aged 
 eighty-six, leaving three sons and four daughters. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES. A magistrate. Died at Fredericton, New 
 Brunswick, in 1835, aged seventy-nine. 
 
640 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN. Of Boston. Addresser of Hutchinson in 
 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same year. In 
 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. John Taylor, Esquire, 
 died at Boston in 1817, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN. In 1782 he was a captain in the First Bat 
 talion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN. In 1782 he was quartermaster of the 
 Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN WARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH. Merchant, of Boston. Was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. He went to England. I conclude that 
 Joseph Taylor, who died at Boston in 1816, at the age of 
 seventy-one, was the same. 
 
 TAYLOR, MATTHEW. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 TAYLOR, NATHANIEL. Deputy naval officer, of Boston. An 
 Addresser of Gage in 1775, went to Halifax in 1776, and was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser of 
 Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to Hali 
 fax in 1776. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 A person of this name died at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 
 1810, aged seventy-three. 
 
 TELFAIR, ALEXANDER. Of Halifax, North Carolina. In 1779 
 his property was confiscated. 
 
 TELFAIR, HUGH. Of Halifax, North Carolina. His property 
 was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 TEMPLE, ROBERT. Of Massachusetts. In 1775 he took pas 
 sage at Boston for London, but the vessel in which he em 
 barked proving leaky, the captain put into Plymouth, Massa 
 chusetts, to refit. While at Plymouth, in May 31, 1775, Mr. 
 Temple addressed the following letter to the Committee of 
 Safety. 
 
 " I, Robert Temple, of Ten Hills, near Charlestown, New 
 England, do declare, that I have received no injury to my 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 641 
 
 property, nor have I been under any apprehensions of danger 
 to either my person or property from the troops that are under 
 the command of General Ward ; but it is a fact, that I have 
 been so threatened, searched for, attacked by the name of 
 Tory, an enemy to this country, and treated in such a manner, 
 that not only my own judgment, but that of my friends, and 
 almost the whole of the town where I lived, made it necessary 
 for me to fly from my home. I am confident that this is 
 owing to the wickedness of a few, who have prejudiced some 
 short-sighted people against me, who live too far from my 
 abode to be acquainted with my proper character. I am con 
 firmed in this opinion from the kind protection that my wife 
 and family have received, and continue to receive from Gen 
 eral Ward, as well as from the sentiments which the Commit 
 tee of Safety have been pleased to entertain of me. 
 
 "R. TEMPLE." 
 
 As Mr. Temple was represented to be " a high-flying Tory," 
 he was made prisoner at Plymouth, and sent to the camp at 
 Cambridge. His papers were also secured, and among them 
 were found several letters from officers of the royal army at 
 Boston to friends at home. He was released, went abroad, 
 and was in London with his family in 1780. He died in Eng 
 land before the close of the war. His brother, Sir John Tem 
 ple, Baronet, who was consul-general of Great Britain to the 
 United States, married a daughter of Governor Bowdoin. 
 
 TENBROECK, PETER. A magistrate, of Tryon, now Montgom 
 ery County, New York. A signer of the Declaration of loyalty 
 in 1775. 
 
 TERREE, ZEBEDEE. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. He went 
 to Halifax in 1776, and was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 The son of a Freetown Loyalist has informed me, that Terree 
 was in New Brunswick for a time, but returned to, and died 
 in the United States, at or near his old home in Massachu 
 setts. 
 
 TERRY, EPHRAIM. Died at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, in 1833, 
 aged ninety-one years. 
 54* 
 
642 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 TERRY, PARTIAL. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Son of a 
 respectable Whig of that beautiful valley. Joining the force 
 of Tories and Indians sent against the settlement, it is averred, 
 that "with his own hands he murdered his father, mother, 
 brothers, and sisters, stripped off their scalps, and cut off his 
 father s head." The story is of doubtful truth, though it ob 
 tained common belief in 1778, and is yet to be found in his 
 tory. 
 
 TERRY, THOMAS. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. He was also 
 engaged in the Massacre, and the tale that he "butchered his 
 own mother, his father-in-law, his sisters and their infant chil 
 dren," rests upon the same dubious authority as the account 
 which precedes. 
 
 THACHER, BARTHOLOMEW. A captain in the Second Battalion 
 of New Jersey Yolunteers. 
 
 THADFORD, WILLIAM. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 a Declaration against the Whigs, January, 1775. 
 
 THAIN, JAMES. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was 
 a grantee of that city in 1783. 
 
 THAYER, ARODI. Marshal of the Admiral Court, Massachu 
 setts. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 THA.YER, ZIPHION. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. 
 
 THEALE, CHARLES. Died in King s County, New Brunswick, 
 in 1814, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 THOMAS, CHARLES. Of Connecticut. In the struggle he en 
 gaged in marine enterprises on the side of the crown, but was 
 unfortunate in his exertions and results. He settled at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783, and died in that city in 1818, 
 aged seventy-five, " a worn-out American exile." That "he 
 never wavered in his attachment to his king," was his 
 boast. 
 
 THOMAS, EVAN. A native of Pennsylvania. Settled at New 
 Brunswick. He died at Pennfield, December, 1835, aged nine 
 ty, leaving children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and 
 great, great-grandchildren. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 643 
 
 THOMAS, GEORGE. An ensign in the King s American Regi 
 ment, and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
 THOMAS, HENRY. Of New York. During the Revolution 
 he commanded a company in a Loyalist corps; and in 1783 he 
 removed to St. John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of 
 that city. The British government continued him in service, 
 and he was assistant engineer in New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia for a period of forty years. He died at St. John, in 
 1828, at the age of eighty-two. 
 
 THOMAS, NATHANIEL RAY. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1751. He bore the odious office of Man 
 damus Councillor, and shared in the troubles from mobs, which 
 were visited upon most of the members of that board. His 
 property was confiscated. He went to Halifax in 1776. His 
 death occurred in Nova Scotia in 1791. He is spoken of in 
 McFingal, as 
 
 " That Marshfield blunderer, Nat. Ray Thomas." 
 
 THOMAS, STEPHEN, SAMUEL, WALTER, and THOMAS. Were 
 grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. The last 
 died in that city in 1831, aged eighty-five. 
 
 THOMAS, . He commanded a company of Loyalists 
 
 called the Bucks County Volunteers ; and for a time was en 
 gaged in a predatory warfare in the vicinity of Philadelphia. 
 After Arnold s treason, he was under the traitor s orders, and 
 accompanied him in his expedition to Virginia. 
 
 THOMPSON, SIR BENJAMIN. Better known as Count Rum- 
 ford. He was born in Massachusetts, in 1753. It was intended 
 that he should become a merchant, but he evinced great devo 
 tion to the mechanic arts, and little or no aptitude for business. 
 Through the kindness of his friend, Sheriff Baldwin, he ob 
 tained leave to attend philosophical lectures at Cambridge : and 
 afterwards taught school at Rumford, now Concord, New Hamp 
 shire. While at Concord, he married a daughter of the Reverend 
 Mr. Walker, then the widow of B. Rolfe. By this marriage his 
 pecuniary circumstances were rendered easy. In the Revolu 
 tionary controversy, he seems inclined to have been a Whig, 
 
644 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 but was distrusted by that party, and at length incurred their 
 unqualified odium. Had there been less suspicion, and more 
 kindness, it is very probable that his talents would have been 
 devoted to his country. As it was, he adhered to the king, 
 abandoned his family, and in 1775 went to England. There 
 he accepted of civil employment under the government, and 
 under the patronage of Lord Germaine, and became an under 
 secretary. Towards the close of the war he came out to New 
 York, and was in command of a regiment called the King s 
 American Dragoons. Returning to England, he was knighted, 
 and received half-pay. Becoming acquainted with the min 
 ister of the Duke of Bavaria, he was induced to go to Munich, 
 where he introduced important reforms in the police. From 
 this prince he received high military rank, and the title of 
 Count Rurnford, of the empire. He was again in London in 
 the year 1800, and projected the Royal Institution of Great 
 Britain. He died in France in 1814. His first wife, whom he 
 appears to have deserted, died in New Hampshire, in 1792. 
 Count Rumford bequeathed a handsome sum to Harvard Uni 
 versity, and a Professorship bears his name. His philosophical 
 labors and discoveries gave him a high reputation, and caused 
 him to be elected member of many learned societies. His 
 name is found among the proscribed and banished in New 
 Hampshire, by the statute of 1778. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN. Of New York. In 1777 he was appointed 
 by General Robertson to the agency of cutting and supplying 
 the poor of the city of New York with wood, at the "cost of 
 cutting and carting, and four shillings per load for his trouble." 
 Fuel, at the time of this appointment, was high ; but, in con 
 sequence of the large quantities brought in, walnut wood was 
 soon reduced to 4 per cord, and fifty-five shillings for any 
 other. During some part of the war, the ill-fated Andre was 
 Mr. Thompson s boarder. In 1783 he removed to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, where he established himself as a merchant. 
 He was an alderman, and for eighteen years the chamberlain 
 of that city. He died at St. John in 1825, aged seventy. He 
 occupied the Caldwell House, in Prince William Street, which 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 645 
 
 was the first framed building erected in St. John, and was 
 burned in the fire of 1837. 
 
 THOMPSON, ANDREW and G. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 Were addressers of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. A Loyalist of 
 the name of George Thomson, of South Carolina, was in Eng 
 land the year previous. Perhaps some of the following should 
 be Thomson. 
 
 THOMPSON, ARCHIBALD. Was detected in 1778, with a letter 
 for Brant, and imprisoned. 
 
 THOMPSON, DAVID. Shipwright, of Southwick, Pennsyl 
 vania. His estate was confiscated in 1779. David Thomson 
 was at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, in 1784, an Addresser of Sir 
 Charles Douglass. 
 
 THOMPSON, DOUGALD. Of New York. Was at Castine, 
 Maine, from the time the royal forces took possession of that 
 place until they evacuated it at the peace. He died at St. 
 Andrew, New Brunswick, in 1812, aged sixty-three. 
 
 THOMPSON, GEORGE. Of Georgia. Went to England pre 
 vious to July, 1779. 
 
 THOMPSON, JOHN. Of Halifax, North Carolina. Lost his 
 property by confiscation in 1779. 
 
 THOMPSON, WILLIAM. Of Mispillion, Delaware. Was pro 
 scribed in 1778. 
 
 THOMPSON, . Of Medford, Massachusetts. In June, 1775, 
 
 news reached the Provincial Congress, (as a Committee of 
 that body reported), that, the Irvings of Boston, had fitted out, 
 under color of chartering to Thompson, a schooner of their 
 own, to make a voyage to New Providence to procure " fruit, 
 turtle, and provisions of other kinds, for the sustenance and 
 feasting of those troops who are, as pirates and robbers, com 
 mitting daily hostilities and depredations on the good people of 
 this Colony and all America." Congress therefore resolved, 
 that Captain Samuel McCobb, a member, " be immediately 
 despatched to Salem and Marblehead, to secure said Thomp 
 son, and prevent said vessel from going said voyage, and cause 
 the said Thompson to be brought to this Congress." A Mr. 
 Thompson, of Medford, died in England during the war; 
 
646 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 probably the same. I find also, that James Thomson accom 
 panied the British troops to Halifax at the evacuation of Bos 
 ton ; and that Joseph Thompson, of Massachusetts, was in 
 London in 1779, an Addresser of the king. 
 
 THOMPSON. Residence unknown. Three were officers in 
 the New Jersey Volunteers ; namely, John, a lieutenant in the 
 first battalion ; Lewis, an ensign, and Cornelius, an ensign 
 and adjutant of the second. Benjamin was cornet of cavalry 
 in the Queen s Rangers; and James, a lieutenant in the Second 
 American Regiment ; possibly the latter was the James Thom 
 son above, who left Boston in 1776. 
 
 THORN, WILLIAM and JOSEPH. Were grantees of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 THORNE, PETER. Died at Wilmot, Nova Scotia, in 1744, aged 
 eighty-seven. Peter Thorn, of Fairfield County, Connecticut, 
 was a member of the Reading Association in 1 775. 
 
 THORNE. Twenty-three, of Queen s County, New York, 
 acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit: Charles, 
 Samuel, Joseph, Samuel, Benjamin junior, John, Benjamin, 
 Melancthon, Stephen, Thomas junior, George, Joseph, Philip, 
 Stephen, Philip, Daniel, Stephen junior, Joseph, Thomas, 
 Richard, John, Edward, and Oliver. 
 
 THORP, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was 
 a grantee of that city in 1783. 
 
 THROCKMORTON, JOHN. A lieutenant in the King s Rangers. 
 In November, 1782, he had retired to the Island of St. John, 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 THURSTON, JOHN, Junior. Of Rhode Island. In 1777 he 
 received a commission as lieutenant in the Loyal Newport 
 Associators. , 
 
 TIDD, JOSEPH. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, and was 
 a grantee of that city in 1783. 
 
 TILDEN, ISRAEL. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 TILLY, SAMUEL. Of Brooklyn, New York. A grantee of 
 St. John, New Brunswick. He died in that Colony. Elisa 
 beth Morgan, his widow, died at Portland, New Brunswick, 
 in 1835, aged eighty-four. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 647 
 
 TILSON, MATTHEW. Of Pennsylvania. Was tried in 1778 
 on a charge of supplying the enemy with provisions, and 
 found guilty. He was sentenced to be confined in the Provost, 
 and by day to be continually employed on fatigue duty, one 
 month. 
 
 TILTON, JOHN. He was one of the party who hung Captain 
 Huddy in 1782. 
 
 TIMMINS, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. He went to England, and I 
 suppose he died there before the year 1808 ; as the decease of 
 Mary, his widow, at Liverpool, is then recorded. 
 
 TIMMS, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 TISDALE, EPHRAIM. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. In 1775 
 he fled from home, and went to New York. During the war, 
 while on a voyage to St. Augustine, he abandoned his ves 
 sel at sea, to avoid capture, and gained the shore in safety. 
 Though nearly destitute of money, he accomplished an over 
 land journey to New York, a distance by the route which he 
 travelled, of fifteen hundred miles. In 1783 he embarked at 
 New York for New Brunswick, in the ship Brothers, Captain 
 Walker ; and on the passage, his wife gave birth to a son, who 
 was named for the master of the ship. Mr. Tisdale held civil 
 and military offices in New Brunswick. He removed to Upper 
 Canada in 1808, and died in that Colony in 1816. He left 
 eight sons and four daughters. Walker Tisdale, Esquire, of 
 St. John, (the son above referred to), was in Canada in 1845, 
 when the descendants of his father there were one hundred and 
 sixty-nine, of whom he saw one hundred and sixty-three. 
 The Tisdales of Canada were active on the side of the crown 
 during the recent Canadian rebellion. They are distinguished 
 for Loyalty. 
 
 TISDALE, HENRY. Of Freetown, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. At the peace he went to St. 
 John, New Brunswick, and was a grantee of that city. After 
 living in New Brunswick about three years, he returned to 
 Freetown, where he died. 
 
648 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 TITUS. Six of the name, of Queen s County, New York, 
 acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : Samuel, 
 Charles, Samuel, Richard, Peter, and Peter junior. David 
 Titus, of the same County, was an Addresser of Lieutenant 
 Colonel Sterling, of the Forty-second Regiment, April, 1779. 
 
 TOBLER, JOHN. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his estate was 
 amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 TOD, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 TODD, CORTLANDT. Of Solebury, Pennsylvania. He was 
 proscribed in 1778. In 1782 he was an ensign in the Penn 
 sylvania Loyalists. 
 
 TOLLY. JOHN. Of South wick, Pennsylvania. His estate 
 was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 TOMLINSON, ISAAC. Was a lieutenant in the King s Ameri 
 can Dragoons. John and Joseph were grantees of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. J. E. Tomlinson, of North Caro 
 lina, went to England, and was an Addresser of the king in 
 1779. 
 
 TOMPKINS, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester at White Plains. His son John was also a Protester. 
 
 TOMPKINS, THOMAS. Died at St. Andrew, New Brunswick, 
 in 1817, aged eighty. His wife, with whom he lived fifty 
 years, died at the same place, the same year, at the age of 
 seventy-seven. The Honorable Thomas Wyer, a member 
 of the Council of New Brunswick, married their daughter. 
 
 TONGE, W. P. Was banished, and his estate was confis 
 cated. In 1794 he represented to the British government, that 
 several large debts due to him in America at the time of his 
 banishment had not been recovered, and he prayed for relief. 
 
 TONGUE, WINKWORTH. An ensign in the Royal Fensible 
 Americans. He died at Jamaica, West Indies. 
 
 TOOLE, JOHN. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1827, 
 aged seventy-four. 
 
 TOWNE, BENJAMIN. Commenced the publication of the Penn 
 sylvania Evening Post, at Philadelphia, January, 1775, as a 
 Whig paper, and in opposition to Humphrey s s Ledger, com- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 649 
 
 menced the same month. Towne remained a Whig until the 
 British army took possession of the city, when he became a 
 Loyalist. On the evacuation of the city, he professed to 
 return to his former sentiments, and his paper again advocated 
 the popular cause, but he had now the respect and confidence 
 of neither Whigs nor Loyalists. Though proscribed by the 
 government of the State for his aberration, he continued the 
 Evening Post without being molested. Desiring to get into favor 
 with his first friends, he requested the celebrated Witherspoon, 
 then a member of Congress, to renew his contributions to the 
 Post, which the Doctor declined, but told him if he would 
 make his peace with the country by publishing an acknowl 
 edgment of his offence, a profession of his penitence, and a 
 petition for forgiveness, their old relations should be resumed. 
 This Towne promised to do, and asked Witherspoon to 
 write the article, which he did immediately ; but Towne, dis 
 liking some passages which the Doctor would not allow him to 
 omit, refused to comply with his promise. The piece, how 
 ever, found its way into the public prints, and passing as the 
 production of Towne, raised his reputation as a writer. In 
 this Recantation, Towne is made to speak of himself thus. 
 " I was originally an understrapper to the famous Galloway 
 in his infamous squabble with Goddard, and did in that ser 
 vice contract such a habit of meanness in thinking, and scur 
 rility in writing, that nothing exalted * * * * could ever be 
 expected from me. Now changing of sides is not any way 
 surprising in a person answering the above description." 
 Again, and in conclusion, " I do hereby recant, draw back, eat 
 in, and swallow down, every word that I have ever spoken, 
 written, or printed to the prejudice of the United States of 
 America, hoping it will not only satisfy the good people in 
 general, but also all those scatter-brained fellows who call one 
 another out to shoot pistols in the air, while they tremble so 
 much they cannot hit the mark," &c. &c. Towne died July, 
 1793. He did not possess the faculty of gaining and retaining 
 property, though not deficient in talents. That he lacked sta 
 bility, if not moral principle, seems manifest. 
 55 
 
650 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 TOWNSEND, BENJAMIN. Residence unknown. Was an ensign 
 in the New York Volunteers. 
 
 TOWNSEND, CHAUNCEY. Of Wilmington, North Carolina. 
 Lost his property by confiscation in 1779. 
 
 TOWNSEND, GREGORY. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774, and of Gage in 1775. Was proscribed and ban* 
 ished in 1778. A person of this name died at Halifax, Nova 
 Scotia, in 1798. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOB. Residence unknown. A grantee of St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 TOWNSEND, JOHN. A magistrate. He lived at Oyster Bay, 
 New York. In 1779 a party of Rebels seized him in his 
 house, and carried him prisoner to Connecticut. 
 
 TOWNSEND, LEVIN. Residence unknown. A lieutenant in 
 the Maryland Loyalists. 
 
 TOWNSEND, RICHARD. A store-keeper, at North Hempstead, 
 New York. A distinguished Loyalist. In 1782 a party of 
 Whigs carried him prisoner to Connecticut, but subsequently 
 released him on parole. 
 
 TOWNSEND, STEPHEN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 TOWNSEND. Twenty-two, of Queen s County, New York, 
 acknowledged allegiance to Lord Richard and General Wil 
 liam Howe in a Representation and Petition, October, 1776. 
 To wit : Micajah, Timothy, W., Henry junior, Richard, John, 
 Richard junior, Richard, Absalom, Robert, Henry, Samuel, 
 Henry, John junior, James junior, Hewlett, John, Prior, Sam 
 uel, George junior, W., and Jotham. Nathaniel and Nicholas 
 Townsend, of the same County, signed a Declaration against 
 the Whigs in 1775. 
 
 TOWERS, WILLIAM. Died at Tower Hill, St. David, Province 
 of New Brunswick, January, 1835. He was the principal 
 workman at the erection of the fort at Bagaduce, (now Cas- 
 tine, Maine,) which was built by the British forces, and main 
 tained to the close of the Revolution. After the evacuation of 
 that post, he removed to St. Andrew, New Brunswick, and 
 built there, in 1783, the first house. Thence he removed to 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 651 
 
 St. David, an entire wilderness, and settled about seven miles 
 from the head of Oak Bay, on a fine hard- wood ridge, to which 
 he gave the name of Tower Hill. He was the father of a 
 numerous family, and was possessed of a strong constitution. 
 His age was eighty-four years. 
 
 TRAIL, ROBERT, Esquire. He was Comptroller of the Cus 
 toms, at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, with a salary of about 
 180 sterling per annum. He was included in the New Hamp 
 shire proscription act of 1778. His wife was a near relative 
 of William Whipple, a signer of the Declaration of Independ 
 ence. He had three children, Robert and William, who set 
 tled in Europe ; and Mary, who married Kieth Spence, Esquire, 
 of Portsmouth, and whose son, Robert Trail Spence, was a 
 captain in the United States Navy. 
 
 TRAPHAGER, HENRY. Of New York. A grantee of St. John, 
 New Brunswick ; he died there in 1817, aged seventy-four. 
 
 TRAVERS, FRANCIS. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1821, aged sixty-eight. 
 
 TRAVIES, JEREMIAH. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester. 
 
 TRECARTIN, MARTIN. Of Duchess County, New York. Went 
 to St. John, New Brunswick, with his wife, in the ship Union, 
 in the spring of 1783, and was a grantee. 
 
 TRUP, JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of a Decla 
 ration of loyalty in 1775. 
 
 TROUTBECK, REVEREND JOHN. Of Boston. Assistant rector 
 of King s Chapel from 1755 to 1775. Doctor Caner was the 
 rector. The Revolution drove both from their people. Mr. 
 Troutbeck was an Addresser of Gage, and was proscribed and 
 banished. He went to England, and died there, near the close 
 of the war ; he was a Loyalist Addresser of the king as late 
 as July, 1779. 
 
 TROWBRIDGE, EDMUND. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1728. At the Revolutionary era he 
 was a member of the Council, and a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court. He was elected to the Council several times prior to 
 1776, but was left out that year with other government-men, 
 
652 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 namely, Hutchinson, and Andrew and Peter Oliver; and 
 the Governor, in the exercise of his prerogative, disallowed 
 the choice of several Whigs. Judge Trowbridge died in 1793. 
 
 TRUIR, HUGH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Addresser 
 of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 TRUITT, SOLOMON, Junior. Of Sussex County, Delaware. In 
 1778 he was required by law, to surrender himself within a 
 specified time, or lose his estate. 
 
 TRYON, HONORABLE WILLIAM. He was educated to the pro 
 fession of arms, and was an officer in the British service. 
 Appointed Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, the death 
 of Governor Dobbs left him at the head of the government of 
 that Colony in 1765 ; and he continued to administer its af 
 fairs until July, 1771, when he was transferred to New York. 
 During the whole period of his administration in North Caro 
 lina, the public mind was successively agitated by the Stamp 
 Act, and a civil war, known in the annals of the Colony as 
 the Regulation, or the rebellion of a party who assumed the 
 name of Regulators. The oppressive taxes growing out of the 
 French war, and the knavery of the officers of the law, were 
 the subjects of their complaints, and the alleged causes of their 
 taking up arms. 
 
 Governor Tryon s wife a Miss Wake and her sister, 
 Miss Esther Wake, were lovely and accomplished women, and 
 tradition relates, that they exercised much influence in public 
 affairs. For the first two years of his administration his head 
 quarters were on the Cape Fear River ; but he succeeded, 
 through the blandishments of Lady Tryon and her sister, in 
 obtaining an appropriation for a splendid palace, though the 
 Colony was poor, and great opposition was made to the meas 
 ure. The sum of 5,000 was first set apart for the purpose ; 
 but 10,000 more were found necessary to complete the edi 
 fice ; and as Tryon s dinners were princely, and the fascina 
 tion of the ladies of his family were irresistible, the Assembly 
 were prevailed upon, after a great deal of management, to 
 make a second, and the required grant. As the controversy 
 progressed, the Governor s unpopularity increased ; and, to 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 653 
 
 save his waning authority, he mingled with the common peo 
 ple, and prepared for them feasts and routs. On one occasion, 
 according to the accounts of the day, he barbecued an ox, and 
 placed it on the table as one dish; but the people, on its being 
 announced that the repast was ready, rushed in a mass to the 
 table, upset the barrels of liquors which had been provided, 
 and threw the ox into the river. Tryon, mortified and de 
 jected, retired from the crowd to his house. The day was 
 passed in riot and tumult. Quarrels with the Assembly on 
 various subjects followed from time to time; and in 1771, as 
 before remarked, Tryon was transferred to the government of 
 New York, and was succeeded in that State by General Rob 
 inson in 1780. 
 
 The spirit of the man, while at the head of affairs in New 
 York, may be fully illustrated by a single circumstance. " I 
 should," said he in 1777, " were I in more authority, burn 
 every committee-man s house within my reach, as I deem those 
 agents the wicked instruments of the continued calamities of 
 this country ; and in order sooner to purge the country of 
 them, I am willing to give twenty-five silver dollars for every 
 acting committee-man who shall be delivered up to the King s 
 troops." 
 
 It is claimed by the friends of Governor Tryon, that he was 
 " a gentleman of rank and honor, and of undaunted courage." 
 His political course in North Carolina gives evidence of con 
 siderable talents; and his military operations in New York 
 evince much ability and skill. But that he showed himself, in 
 either State, to be a man of honor, or that his civil or mili 
 tary life in America entitles his memory to respect, is a matter 
 of great doubt, I imagine, even with the most liberal and char 
 itable of those, who are familiar with his public conduct. 
 When Fairfield was burned, Mrs. Burr, a lady of great dig 
 nity of character, and possessed of most of the qualities which 
 give distinction to her sex, resolved to remain in her dwelling, 
 and, if possible, save it from the flames. She made personal 
 application to Tryon to spare it ; but he answered her not only 
 uncivilly, but rudely, brutally, and with vulgarity ; and when 
 55* 
 
654 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 a soldier attempted to rob her of her watch, Tryon refused to 
 protect her. At the burning of Norwalk his conduct was 
 equally exceptionable ; since he seated himself in a chair on 
 the top of Grammon s Hill, and calmly enjoyed the scene. 
 Governor Tryon s property, both in North Carolina and New 
 York, was confiscated. 
 
 TUCKER, SOLOMON. Of Stamford, Connecticut. Arrived at 
 St John, New Brunswick, with his wife and four children, in 
 the ship Union, in the spring of 1783. 
 
 TUCKER, . A physician, of Wilmington, North Caro 
 lina. His property was confiscated in 1779. When Mr. 
 Q,uincy, of Massachusetts, was on his southern tour in 1773, 
 he dined, March 29th, as he recorded in his journal, " at Doctor 
 Thomas Cobham s in company with Harnett, Hooper, Burg- 
 win, Doctor Tucker," &c. Hooper and Harnett were eminent 
 Whigs, and the former became a signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence. Doctor Tucker, if at that time inclined to the 
 popular side, adhered to the crown subsequently, and to his 
 ruin. 
 
 TUFTS, SIMON. Of Boston. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1767, and became a merchant. In 1775 he was 
 charged by the Boston Committee of Inspection, with selling 
 tea, and was examined. He made a statement of the facts of 
 the case under oath, which was published by the Committee. 
 In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. He died in 1801. 
 
 TUPPER, ELDAD. Laborer, of Dartmouth, Massachusetts. 
 Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 TUPPER, PRINCE. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. In Feb 
 ruary, 1778, he was placed in confinement for his political 
 delinquency. 
 
 TURILL, JOSEPH. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774. In 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 TURNBULL, GEORGE. In 1782 he was lieutenant-colonel 
 commandant of the Third American Regiment, or New York 
 Volunteers. 
 
 TURNER, DAVID. Of South Carolina. Was in commission 
 of the crown after the surrender of Charleston. Estate con 
 fiscated. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 655 
 
 TURNER, ROBERT. Of Guilford, North Carolina. His pro 
 perty was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 TURNER, WILLIAM. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 a loyal Declaration in 1775. 
 
 TURNEY, DAVID. Of Reading, Connecticut. A member of 
 the Association. 
 
 TURNEY, THOMAS. Died at Burton, County of Sunbury, 
 New Brunswick, in 1840, aged eighty-seven, leaving thirteen 
 children. 
 
 TYNG, WILLIAM. Sheriff of Cumberland County, Maine. 
 His ancestor came to New England about the year 1630. His 
 grandfather, the Honorable Edward Tyng, was a gentleman 
 of distinction, and was appointed Governor of Annapolis, 
 Nova Scotia, but died in France. His father was the gallant 
 Commodore Tyng, who performed valuable service as a naval 
 officer in the war between England and France in 1745 ; he 
 was the senior commander of the colonial fleet sent against 
 Louisburg in that year, and Sir Peter Warren, who com 
 manded the ships of the crown in the same expedition, offered 
 him the rank of post-captain, which he declined on account of 
 his declining years; he died at Boston in 1775, at the age of 
 seventy-two. 
 
 William, the subject of this article, was born in Boston, 
 August 17, 1737, and passed most of his youthful days in his 
 native town. His early life was distinguished for correct 
 morals, dignity of deportment, and an ardent desire to assist 
 the unfortunate. In 1767 he \vas appointed sheriff of the 
 County of Cumberland, and removed to Portland. Two years 
 after, he married Elisabeth Ross, daughter of Alexander Ross, 
 Esquire. He represented Falmouth in the General Court in 
 the years 1772 and 1773; and was instructed by the town as 
 follows : 
 
 "Sir: Whereas, we are sensible there is reason to com 
 plain of infringements on the liberties of the people of this 
 province, and as you are a representative for this town, we 
 would offer a few things for your consideration on transacting 
 the very important business that may lay before the General 
 
656 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Court at the next session. We are not about to enumerate any 
 grievances particularly, as we doubt not the wisdom of the 
 General Court is amply sufficient to investigate, not only every 
 grievance, but every inconvenience the province at present 
 labors under; all we mean is, to suggest some method whereby 
 all grievances may be redressed. And considering the singular 
 abilities and good disposition of the present governor, together 
 with his family, being embarked on the same bottom with 
 ourselves, we know of no expedient more effectual than for 
 the members of the General Court, by a rational and liberal 
 behavior, to conciliate the affections of his Excellency. The 
 particular mode of doing this, we must leave to their wisdom 
 and prudence, which on this important occasion they will un 
 doubtedly exert, only beg leave to observe, that could his Ex 
 cellency be prevailed upon to join the other branches of the 
 legislature in supplicating the throne for redress of any of our 
 grievances, it appears to us the most probable way of obtain 
 ing his Majesty s royal attention and relief." 
 
 His conduct was generally conciliatory to those whose polit 
 ical tendencies he could not respect. There were several per 
 sonal quarrels between the citizens of Fal mouth in conse 
 quence of their political divisions ; and Colonel Tyng was 
 involved in one of them, and with a friend. He and General 
 Preble met in King street, when some conversation took place 
 about an expected mob, in which he called the General an old 
 fool, and said, that " were he not an old man he would chas 
 tise him;" whereupon Preble "threatened to cane or knock 
 him down, if he should repeat the words." Tyng drew his 
 sword, and in turn threatened to run the General through ; 
 but the latter collared and shook him. They, however, parted 
 on good terms, as the Colonel asked Preble s pardon. When, 
 in September, 1774, he appeared before the County Conven 
 tion to answer certain questions propounded by the Whigs, he 
 seems to have given entire satisfaction in affixing his name to 
 a Declaration as follows : 
 
 " Whereas great numbers of the inhabitants of this County 
 are now assembled near my house, in consequence of the false 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 657 
 
 representation of some evil-minded persons, who have reported 
 that I have endeavored all in my power to enforce the late 
 acts of Parliament relating to this province ; I do hereby sol 
 emnly declare, that I have not in any way whatever acted, or 
 endeavored to act, in conformity to said acts of Parliament. 
 And in compliance with the commands of the inhabitants so 
 assembled, and by the advice of a committee from the several 
 towns in this County now assembled in Congress, I further de 
 clare I will not, as Sheriff of said County, or otherwise, act in 
 conformity to, or by virtue of, said acts, unless by the general 
 consent of said County. I further declare, I have not received 
 any commission inconsistent with the charter of this province, 
 nor any commission whatever, since the first day of July 
 last."* 
 
 Soon after the affair at Lexington, he left Maine, and went 
 to Halifax. During the troubles with Mo watt, which termi 
 nated in the burning of Falmouth, the country people who as 
 sembled there under Thompson, took from his house a silver 
 cup and tankard, and his gold-laced hat. But Congress or 
 dered the silver plate to be restored, and it was delivered to 
 Mrs. Tyng s mother. After the royal troops entered the city 
 of New York, he repaired thither. In 1778 he was proscribed 
 and banished under the act of Massachusetts. While in New 
 York, Edward Preble, a midshipman in the service of Massa 
 chusetts, who was afterwards the distinguished Commodore 
 Preble of the Navy of the United States, was carried there a 
 prisoner of war. He was the son of General Preble, with 
 whom Colonel Tyng had the quarrel related above ; but the 
 young naval officer, who was afflicted with a dangerous sick 
 ness, was restored to his family through Tyng s intercession, 
 after receiving from him every attention and kindness that his 
 situation required. At the close of the war, Colonel Tyng 
 retired to the river St. John, New Brunswick, and was one of the 
 agents of the British government for the settlement of the Loy 
 alists who emigrated to that Colony. He was also appointed 
 
 * He was commissioned a colonel by Gage, in 1774. 
 
658 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Chief Justice of a Court of Judicature, and was respected for 
 his dignity and humanity as a Judge. Six lots in the city of 
 St. John were granted him by the crown. He resided there in 
 1784; but was at Georgetown in 1785. In 1793 he returned 
 to the United States, and settled at Gorham, Maine, where he 
 remained during life. He was devotedly attached to agricul 
 tural pursuits, and to the enjoyments of social intercourse. His 
 house was the seat of hospitality, and of instructive and de 
 lightful conversation ; and the sorrowing, care-worn, and 
 unfortunate, were ever relieved. He died December 10, 1807, 
 of apoplexy. St. Paul s Church, of the Episcopal commun 
 ion, Portland, was erected under his immediate patronage, 
 and there his remains were carried for the performance of 
 the funeral service, attended by his brethren of the Masonic 
 Lodge, clad in full mourning. His wife, to whom he was 
 most tenderly devoted, bore him no children. Denied poster 
 ity, he regarded with the most affectionate tenderness those 
 whom he adopted, to supply the place of natural offspring. 
 He was a Christian ; and secret communion with his God 
 was his daily practice. In the outward observances of his pro 
 fession, as a member of the church, he was blameless. William 
 Tyng, in a word, was a true man in every relation of life ; 
 and his memory is to be cherished by all who love such, 
 whatever their sectarian or political differences or preferences. 
 Madam Tyng, as his relict was denominated, continued at 
 Gorham, and closed her life there towards the end of the year 
 1831. 
 
 TYRELL, WILLIAM. Warehouse-keeper of the Superinten 
 dent Department, established by Sir William Howe at New 
 York, in 1777. 
 
 UNDERBILL. Of New York. Several of this name were Pro 
 testers against Whig Congresses and Committees, at White 
 Plains, April, 1775. N. Underbill, Esquire, who signed as 
 mayor, John Underbill, Lancaster, Israel, Bartholomew, and 
 Benjamin. In the Protest, the signers pledged life and prop 
 erty to support the king and existing institutions. These 
 Underbills were of Westchester County. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 659 
 
 UNDERBILL. Eight persons of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Isaac, Peter, Caleb, Thomas, Daniel, Baruch, Amos, and 
 George. 
 
 UNDERBILL, WILLIAM. A grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, JOBN. Of Rhode Island. He joined the enemy 
 during the war, but returning to that State, was required to 
 quit it, by act of May, 1783. He went to St. John, New 
 Brunswick, the same year, in the ship Union. 
 
 UNIACKE, BARTHOLOMEW. Captain lieutenant of the King s 
 Orange Rangers. 
 
 UPBAM, JABEZ. Of Massachusetts. Brother of Joshua Up- 
 ham. He died at Hampton, New Brunswick, in 1822. 
 Bethiah, his widow, died at the same place in 1834, at the age 
 of eighty-one. 
 
 UPBAM, JOSBUA. Of Brookfield, Massachusetts. Graduated 
 at Harvard University in 1763. In 1775 he addressed to the 
 Committee of Correspondence of Brookfield an able and in 
 teresting letter relative to his political sentiments, which was 
 unanimously voted to be satisfactory. Subsequently, he in 
 curred the displeasure of the Whigs, and became a refugee ; 
 and was proscribed and banished. Entering the British army, 
 he attained the rank of colonel of dragoons. Settling in New 
 Brunswick after the war, he was a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court, and a member of the Council. Going to England on 
 public duty in 1807, he died there the year following. Of the 
 Loyalists who went to New Brunswick, few performed greater 
 service to the Colony; of few is the memory more deeply 
 cherished. Judge Upham was connected by marriage, or 
 by blood, with many of the present distinguished families 
 and official characters of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 
 His second son, Joshua N., died in Massachusetts in 1805, .at 
 the age of thirty. His eldest daughter, Elisabeth, died unmar 
 ried at Federicton, in the spring of 1844, in the seventy-fourth 
 year of her age ; and his other daughter, Frances Chandler, 
 wife of Honorable John W. Weldon, Speaker of the House of 
 
660 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Assembly, died at Richebucto, May 19, of that year, at the 
 age of thirty-nine. His son, Reverend Charles Wentworth 
 Upham, late Pastor of the First Church at Salem, Massa 
 chusetts, is a gentleman of fine attainments, and has en 
 riched the literature of his country with several valuable 
 and able productions ; for his Life of Sir Henry Vane, he 
 deserves the thanks of every lover of civil right, and of 
 religious truth. 
 
 USTICK, WILLIAM and HENRY. Traders, of the city of New 
 York. In April, 1775, at a meeting at the Liberty Pole, these 
 persons were denounced as inveterate foes to American free 
 dom one voice only dissenting on a charge of purchasing 
 spades and shovels, and of manufacturing bill-hooks and 
 pick-axes for the use of the royal army at Boston. 
 
 VALANCEY, CHARLES. A captain in the King s American Regi 
 ment. 
 
 VALENTINE. Caleb, Jacob, Jonah, Obadiah, David, Robert, 
 Philip, Thomas, and William, of Queen s County, New York, 
 acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. William signed a 
 Declaration the year before, as did Jeremiah Valentine, of the 
 same County. 
 
 VALENTINE, WILLIAM. Of Camden, South Carolina. Held an 
 office under the crown after the surrender of Charleston. His 
 property was confiscated. 
 
 VALENTINE, WILLIAM. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished, 
 and his property was confiscated in 1782. 
 
 VAN ALLEN, HENRY. An ensign in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 VAN ALLEN, WILLIAM. A captain in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 VANAMEER, ABRAHAM. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 VANAUSDAL, NICHOLAS. Of Jamaica, New York. Signed a 
 Declaration against the proceedings of the Whigs, January, 
 1775. Abraham and Isaac Vanausdal, were also signers. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 601 
 
 VAN BRUNT, JOOST. Of Jamaica, New York. Signed a 
 Declaration in 1775. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, ABRAHAM. Of New Jersey. Entered the mili 
 tary service of the king, and in 1782 was lieutenant-colonel of 
 the Third Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He was with 
 Arnold in his expedition to New London, and the traitor, in 
 his official account of his honorable deeds there, speaks of the 
 Volunteers, and of the exertions of Colonel Van Buskirk. He 
 settled in Nova Scotia, at the close of the contest, and in 1784 
 was mayor of Shelburne. He received half-pay. He died in 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, ABRAHAM. Of New Jersey. A captain in the 
 King s Orange Rangers. He settled in Nova Scotia, and re 
 ceived half-pay. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, GARRAT. Was a native of New Jersey. His 
 connexion with the Revolutionary troubles in that section, 
 compelled him to leave the country at the close of the contest, 
 and he went to St. John, New Brunswick, but subsequently 
 settled in Nova Scotia. He died in Aylesford in 1843, aged 
 eighty-seven years. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, JACOB. Of New Jersey. Entered the military 
 service of the king, and in 1782 was a captain in the Third 
 Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. After the war he settled 
 in Nova Scotia, arid received half-pay. 
 
 VAN BUSKIRK, JOHN. Of New Jersey. A lieutenant in the 
 Third Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 VAN CORTLANDT, PHILIP. Of New York. In 1775 he was 
 elected a deputy from Westchester County, to meet delegates 
 from other counties to appoint delegates to the Continental 
 Congress. But he entered the military service of the king, 
 and in 1782 was major of the Third Battalion of New Jersey 
 Volunteers. At the peace he went to Nova Scotia. One of his 
 daughters married Sir Edward Buller of the royal navy; 
 another married Captain Evans of the British army. 
 
 VAN CORTLANDT, PHILIP, Junior. Of New York. In 1782 he 
 was an ensign in the Third Battalion of New Jersey Volun 
 teers* 
 
 56 
 
662 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 VAN DAM, ANTHONY. Of New York. In 1775 he took an 
 active part in the Revolutionary proceedings ; was appointed 
 a member of the Committee of One Hundred, and of the 
 Committee for Instituting a Military Night Watch. He was 
 also officially employed in matters connected with forwarding 
 stores to Albany. He went to England, and died in London 
 in 1807, aged seventy-seven. 
 
 VAN DEUSEN, JAMES. Was at first a Whig and enlisted in 
 the army, but deserted, and joined the royal forces. He was 
 taken by his former friends, tried, convicted, and put to death, 
 in 1780. 
 
 VAN DUMONT, WILLIAM. A lieutenant in the First Battalion 
 of New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 VAN DYNE, DOMINICUS and ARUS. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance in 1776. In 1779, William, 
 Meneus, Dow, and Ort Van Dyne, of that County, were Ad 
 dressers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. 
 
 VAN HORNE, GABRIEL. Died at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 
 in 1815, aged sixty-seven ; and his widow, Mary, died at the 
 same place the same year. 
 
 VAN HORN, WILLIAM. A lieutenant of cavalry in the South 
 Carolina Royalists. 
 
 VAN NOORSTRANT. Eight of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 John, Abraham, Cornelius, John, Jacob, Martin, Albert, and 
 John. 
 
 VAN NORSTRANDT, AARON. Of Jamaica, New York. Signed 
 a Declaration in 1775. 
 
 VAN NOSTRANDT. Four of this name, of Queen s County, 
 New York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit : 
 Daniel junior, John, Anthony, and Aaron. 
 
 VAN ORDEN, JOHN. A lieutenant in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 VANPELT, SARAH. She went to St. John, New Brunswick, 
 at the peace, and was one of the grantees of that city. 
 
 VANPELT, TEUNIS. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 663 
 
 VAN SHAACK, PETER, Esquire. Of Kinderhook, New York. An 
 exile to England, but returned to New York after the war, prac 
 tised law, and was eminent in the profession. He seems to 
 have been a most estimable man, and to have enjoyed the entire 
 confidence and friendship of John Jay, Egbert Benson, Richard 
 Harrison, Gouverneur Morris, George Clinton, and other Whigs, 
 without interruption and during life. In 1778 the state of 
 Mrs. Van Shaack s health became alarming, and it was desira 
 ble that she should visit the city of New York, the place of 
 her nativity. Her physicians were of the opinion, that, in the 
 peculiar state of her mind, her native air and proximity to the 
 sea would be of more benefit than medicine. Her husband 
 applied to the Governor of New York for leave to carry her 
 there. The city was in possession of the British, and though 
 that lady herself, as well as her partner, were objects of univer 
 sal love and esteem, the request of the dying woman was refused. 
 Such was the stern decree of war, of civil war. Again, Mr. 
 Van Shaack applied for liberty to take his sick wife within the 
 British lines, and was again refused. She was wasting away 
 under a consumption. Of the medical staff of Burgoyne s 
 army then prisoners, was a Doctor Hayes, of great reputed 
 skill, and Lafayette was asked to allow the British surgeon 
 to visit her, but the Committee of Safety interfered, and the 
 humane mission was forbidden. She soon died. In her last 
 moments, she told her heart-broken husband, that she forgave 
 him who had prevented her from going to New York ; and 
 when he desired to know whether she would not also forgive 
 those who had prevented Doctor Hayes from coming to her, 
 she answered, yes, she forgave them, and every body. 
 
 Of all the circumstances of her sad fate, Mr. Van Shaack 
 wrote a most touching account. He was sorely stricken. 
 Within eight years he had lost six children, he had buried his 
 father, had been deprived of the use of one eye, and was 
 harassed with the fear of total blindness. Under these cir 
 cumstances, the commotions of the time had broken up a flour 
 ishing business, and he was now an outlaw about to depart 
 from his native land. " Torn from the nearest and dearest of 
 
664 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 all human connexions," are his own words, "by the visitation 
 of Almighty God, and by means of the public troubles of my 
 country, I am now going into the wide world, without friends, 
 without fortune, with the remembrance of past happiness, and 
 the future prospect of future adversity." 
 
 The order for his banishment bore the signature of Leonard 
 Gansevoort, Junior, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners, 
 who had been his student at law. " Leonard," said he, " you 
 have signed my death warrant, but I appreciate your mo 
 tives." In other words, "Leonard, I know your worth, you 
 have taken one side of the controversy, and I the other. You 
 decided from principle, and so did I." Of overt acts against 
 his country, Van Shaack had committed none, his sole offences 
 were his opinions. That he was a pure and noble man, there 
 is sufficient proof. On his return from England, Mr. Jay went 
 on board of the ship, took him to the Governor s, the Chief 
 Justice s, &c., and he received a hearty welcome from all ; and 
 it is to be remarked, that the friends who thus cordially 
 greeted him, were not of the moderate Whigs alone, but of 
 those styled violent Whigs, of whom George Clinton was 
 regarded the head. Mr. Van Shaack died in 1832, aged 
 eighty-five, and was buried at Kinderhook, New York. His 
 Life, by his son, which is mainly composed of his correspon 
 dence, is an interesting and instructive work. 
 
 VANDYKE, . He belonged, probably, to New Jersey; 
 
 but possibly to Pennsylvania. In 1777, or 1778, he was com 
 missioned to raise a corps of Loyalists, and in May of the lat 
 ter year he had embodied a force consisting of three troops of 
 light dragoons, and one hundred and seventy-four foot soldiers : 
 total number, three hundred and six. 
 
 VAN WART, JACOB. Of New York. Emigrated to New 
 Brunswick at the close of the war, where he settled. He died 
 in King s County in 1838, aged seventy-eight. He was accom 
 panied by his brothers, William and Isaac. Isaac died some 
 years ago, but William is still living in New Brunswick. 
 These Van Warts, and Isaac Van Wart, who was one of the 
 captors of Andre, were kinsmen. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 665 
 
 VAN WICKTEN, GAR. Of Jamaica, New York. Signed a 
 Declaration in 1775. Evart Van Wickten, also signed a 
 Declaration. 
 
 VAN WINKLE, SIMEON. Saddler, of Duck Creek, Delaware. 
 In 1778 he was proscribed. 
 
 VAN WYCK, THOMAS. Of New York. In 1776 he acknowl 
 edged allegiance to Lord Richard and Sir William Howe. In 
 1780 he was an Addresser of Governor Robinson ; in 1781 
 he was in the king s service, as a captain in the Loyal Queen s 
 County Militia. 
 
 VARDILL, JOHN. He was educated at King s College, New 
 York, for the ministry. Early in 1774 he embarked at that 
 city for England, for the purpose of taking orders. After his 
 departure, and on the death of Doctor Ogilvie, he was appoint 
 ed to the rectorship in New York, but did not accept it, pre 
 ferring to remain in England. It is supposed that he received 
 some employment from the government. He was the author 
 of some poetical satires on the Whigs ; and Trumbull, in his 
 McFingal, says ; 
 
 " In Vardill, that poetic zealot, 
 I view a lawn bedizen d Prelate ; 
 While mitres fall, as t is their duty, 
 On heads of Chandler, and Auchmuty." 
 
 VASSAL, JOHN. Of Cambridge, Massachusetts. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1757. In 1774 he was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson. Early in 1775 he was driven from 
 his seat by mobs, and took up his residence at Boston. The 
 Committee of Safety, June 24, of the last mentioned year, 
 " Ordered, That the commanding officer who has the charge 
 of the hay on John Vassal, Esquire s estate, be directed to 
 supply Mr. Seth Brown, who has the care of the Colony horses, 
 with as much hay as they may need for their consumption." 
 And furthermore, and on the same day, " Ordered, That Mr. 
 Brown, the keeper of the Colony horses, do not admit any horses 
 into the stables of John Vassal, Esquire, but such as are the 
 property of this Colony." On the 6th of July, the Committee 
 56* 
 
666 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 
 
 voted, "That Joseph and Parsons Smith be allowed to cut, 
 each, one ton of English hay and one ton of black-grass, on 
 the estate of John Vassal, Esquire, in Cambridge, they to be 
 accountable therefor ; and that Mr. David Sanger be directed 
 accordingly." Similar orders and votes passed this body rela 
 tive to the estates of other Loyalists, who had been driven 
 from their homes ; and the subject came up in the Provincial 
 Congress the same year. On the llth of July, Congress 
 "Resolved, that the persons employed in cutting the grass on 
 .the land of the Refugees, be allowed half a pint of rum each 
 per day." These incidents, though slight in themselves, 
 throw light on the transactions of the day. 
 
 Mr. Vassal s mansion-house at Cambridge became the head 
 quarters of Washington; and is now occupied by Professor 
 Longfellow, of Harvard University. Mr. Vassal, with his 
 family, went to England. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished", and his estate confiscated. He died in England in 
 1797, aged sixty. His widow survived until 1807. His son 
 Spencer was an officer in the British army, and when he fell 
 before Monte Video, in 1806, was a lieutenant-colonel. The 
 Vassal family was one of the oldest and most respectable in 
 Massachusetts. The name of Vassal is attached to the title of 
 Lord Holland, and the late Lady Holland was of this lineage, 
 and a descendant of the emigrant to America. This gentle 
 man, William Vassal, Esquire, who possessed a fortune, came 
 early to New England, and was one of the Assistants of the 
 Colony of Massachusetts proper. But as he remained an 
 Episcopalian, he was viewed with jealousy ; and removing to 
 Scituate, in the Colony of Plymouth, he became proprietor of 
 a large estate, which bore the name of West Newland. After 
 the conquest of Jamaica, he obtained an extensive grant there. 
 He died at Barbadoes in 1655, leaving several sons and daugh 
 ters. One daughter married Resolved White, a brother of the 
 first person born in New England of English parents ; a 
 second married James Adams, of Virginia ; and a third was 
 the wife of Nicholas Ware, of the same Colony. Most of his 
 descendants in Massachusetts at the Revolution were Loyal- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 667 
 
 ists. A part or the whole of the property at Jamaica was 
 still in the family; and the subject of this notice, in losing his 
 estate at Cambridge, was, therefore, still in the enjoyment of a 
 handsome patrimony. 
 
 YASSALL, WILLIAM. Of Boston. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1733. In 1774 he was appointed a Mandamus 
 Councillor, but was not sworn into office. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. He died in England in 1800, at the 
 age of eighty-five. 
 
 VALK, JACOB. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Address 
 er of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and a Petitioner to be armed 
 on the side of the crown. He was banished in 1782, and his 
 property confiscated. 
 
 VEAL, NATHANIEL. One of the grantees of St. John, New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 VEAL, THOMAS. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester. 
 
 VERNON, GIDEON. Of Pennsylvania. A nephew of Nathan 
 iel Vernon. Following the example of his uncle, he entered 
 the royal service, and was a captain in a corps of Loyalists. 
 He possessed a landed property of seven hundred acres, which 
 was confiscated, and which now is of great value. For the 
 loss of this estate, the British government made him no com 
 pensation. He settled in New Brunswick at the close of the 
 war, and was the first sheriff of the County of Charlotte. 
 The latter part of his life was passed in Canada, and he died 
 there in 1836. His son, Moses Vernon, Esquire, who was a 
 magistrate of Charlotte County for several years, is a resi 
 dent of St. John. 
 
 VERNON, NATHANIEL. Of Pennsylvania. He was sheriff of 
 the County of Chester, and by a document of 1775, his office 
 appears to have been worth 100 per annum. He accepted a 
 commission in the military service of the crown, and in 1782 
 was a captain of cavalry in the British Legion. His estate 
 was confiscated. 
 
 VIETS, ROBERT. An Episcopal clergyman. He abandoned 
 his native country u to continue his allegiance to his sovereign," 
 
668 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 and was employed as an Episcopal missionary at Digby, Nova 
 Scotia, for a period of twenty-four years. He died at Digby 
 in 181 1, aged seventy -four. 
 
 VINCENT, CHARLES, Senior. Of Westchester County, New 
 York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 VINCENT, ELIJAH. An ensign in the Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 WADDINGTON, JOHN. Quartermaster of the First Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 WADE, THOMAS. Of Rhode Island. He and one child ar 
 rived at St. John. New Brunswick, in the ship Union, in the 
 spring of 1783. 
 
 WALBRIDGE, ZEBULON. Of New York. Was included in the 
 disfranchising law of that State of 1784, but was restored to 
 his civil rights by an act of 1786, on his taking the oath of 
 abjuration and allegiance. 
 
 WALDO, FRANCIS. Of Fal mouth, Maine. He was the second 
 son of General Samuel Waldo, and graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1747. Until 1758, there was no Custom-house 
 in Maine A naval officer and a deputy-collector resided at 
 Falmouth for some years previously, but the first collection 
 district was created in that year, when Mr. Waldo was com 
 missioned collector. His authority extended from Cape Porpus 
 to the Kennebec. In 1763, "in pursuance of strict orders from 
 the surveyor-general, he issued a proclamation against smug 
 gling rum, sugar, and molasses, which had previously been 
 winked at, and the officers were directed to execute the law 
 with rigor." He was representative to the General Court from 
 Falmouth for the years 1762 and 1763. but forfeiting the favor 
 of the popular party, he was not afterward elected. In 1770 
 George Lyde succeeded him as collector of the customs. Soon 
 after the burning of Falmouth he retired from Maine, and 
 never returned. In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. 
 His property passed to the State under the confiscation act, and 
 was sold in 1782. He went to England, and died in London 
 in 1784. He was never married ; disappointed in an affair of 
 the heart, in 1768, his intentions in this respect were forever 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 669 
 
 abandoned. His sister married Thomas Flucker, Secretary of 
 Massachusetts, and Flucker s only daughter married General 
 Knox. Mrs. Knox was a lady of strong mind, and lofty man 
 ners. She inherited a large share of the Waldo Patent. The 
 children of General Knox were three. Henry ; the wife of 
 Honorable Ebenezer Thatcher of Maine, and the mother of 
 the late B. B. Thatcher, a fine writer ; and the widow of the 
 late Honorable John Holmes. 
 
 WALDO, SAMUEL. Brother of Francis, and eldest son of Gen 
 eral Samuel Waldo, a large landed proprietor in Maine. He 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1743, and removed to 
 Falmouth immediately after. His family had long exercised 
 a great influence in Maine, in consequence of their estate, and 
 in 1744 he was elected a member of the General Court. Gov 
 ernor Shirley, the same year, gave him the commission of 
 colonel. In 1753 he went to Europe, with authority from his 
 father to procure emigrants to settle the Waldo Patent, and 
 was successful in the objects of his mission. In 1760 he was 
 appointed Judge of Probate for the County of Cumberland, 
 and continued in office until his decease. Thus he held the 
 first probate courts in Maine, and his brother Francis was 
 appointed to the charge of the first custom-house. After his 
 first election as representative, he was frequently re-elected, 
 and was a member of the legislature for eight years. He died 
 April 16th, 1770, aged forty-nine. He was buried four days 
 after " with great parade, under the church, with a sermon, 
 and under arms." His remains were subsequently removed 
 to Boston. His first wife was Olive Grizzel, of Boston, whom 
 he married in August, 1760, and who died the following Feb 
 ruary. In March, 1762, he married Sarah Erving, who bore 
 him six children, namely, Samuel, John Erving, Francis, 
 Ralph, Sarah, and Lucy. 
 
 WALDO, JOSEPH. Merchant, of Boston. He went to England, 
 and died there in 1816, aged ninety-four. He was educated 
 at Harvard University, and for a considerable period was the 
 oldest graduate living, having received his degree in 1741. 
 
 WALDRON, LIFFORD. An ensign in the Georgia Loyalists, 
 and quartermaster of the corps. 
 
670 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WALKER. Five persons of this name in Massachusetts, were 
 proscribed and banished in 1778, namely, Adam, of Worcester; 
 John, of Shrewsbury; and Gideon, Benjamin, and Zera, of 
 Marshfield. 
 
 WALKER, DANIEL. Of Charlotte County, New York. Was 
 known as -little Walker," and in 1775 some Whigs declared 
 that "they would have him, if he could be found above 
 ground." 
 
 WALKER, ALEXANDER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was 
 an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 WALKER, THOMAS. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant 
 in the New York Volunteers. 
 
 WALLACE, ALEXANDER. A merchant, of New York, whose 
 property was confiscated. He was a member of the Com 
 mittee of Correspondence, composed of fifty prominent men, 
 of whom Mr. Jay was one; and like several others of that 
 body who finally adhered to the royal cause, was in the be 
 ginning, I suppose, of Whig sympathies. To this Committee, 
 Francis Lewis, subsequently a signer of the Declaration of 
 Independence, was added by unanimous consent. May 19, 
 1774. 
 
 WALLACE, HUGH. Of New York. A member of the Coun 
 cil of the Colony, and was considered to be in office in 1782. 
 His estate was confiscated. 
 
 WALLACE, JONATHAN. Was one of the first loyal emigrants 
 to New Brunswick. He died at St. George, August, 1840, at 
 the age of eighty-nine. 
 
 WALLACE, MICHAEL. Merchant, of Virginia. He was probably 
 in North Carolina in 1779, when his property in that State 
 was confiscated. John Wallace was included in the attainder, 
 and belonged also to Virginia. 
 
 WALLOP, BENNET. A captain of infantry in the Q,eeen s 
 Rangers, and major of brigade in the Loyalist forces. 
 
 WALSH, HENRY. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 WALTER, WILLIAM, D. D. He was Rector of Trinity Church, 
 Summer Street, Boston. Was inducted into office in 1768, 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 671 
 
 and left his people early in the year 1776. He was an Ad 
 dresser of Gage, and was proscribed and banished. Doctor 
 Parker, who was among the very few Episcopal clergymen of 
 New England, who remained with his flock during the Revo 
 lution, was his successor. Doctor Walter graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1756. He died in Boston in the year 1800. 
 He is alluded to in McFingal. At one period of the Revolu 
 tion he appears to have been chaplain to De Lancey s Third 
 Battalion, and in 1785 in charge of an Episcopal Church at 
 Shelburne, Nova Scotia. His son, Arthur Maynard Walter, a 
 young gentleman of great promise, died at Boston in 1807, 
 aged twenty-six. 
 
 WALTERMEYER, JOHN. A Tory partisan leader. He was 
 noted for enterprise and daring, but not for cruelty or ferocity. 
 In 1781, at the head of a band of Tories, Indians, and Cana 
 dians, he attempted to carry off General Schuyler, whose abode 
 at that time was in the suburbs of Albany. The party entered 
 the dwelling, commenced packing up the plate and a search for 
 the General. But that gentleman opened a window, and as if 
 speaking to an armed force of his own, called out "Come 
 on, my brave fellows, surround the house and secure the vil 
 lains who are plundering." The happy stratagem caused 
 Waltermeyer and his followers to betake themselves to flight. 
 
 WALTON, ABRAHAM. Of Queen s County, New York. In 
 1779 a party of rebels assailed his house, forced open the 
 door, seized his person, and plundered the dwelling of silver 
 plate and money. The leader of the party was supposed to 
 be one Benjamin Kirby, " a native of Long Island, who had 
 taken the oath of allegiance, but on D Estaing s arrival at 
 Sandy Hook, revolted to Jonathan." Mr. Walton was a mem 
 ber of the Committee of One Hundred, of the City and County 
 of New York, in 1775, and one of the twenty-one delegates 
 chosen to the Provincial Congress the same year. As a mem 
 ber of the Committee, he signed a letter to the Lord Mayor, 
 Aldermen, and Common Council of London, containing the 
 following emphatic expression ; * * * " all the horrors of 
 civil war will never compel America to submit to taxation by 
 
672 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 authority of Parliament." But yet he was subsequently 
 known as a distinguished Loyalist. 
 
 WALTON, JACOB. Of New York. In 1769 he was re 
 turned to the House of Assembly from the city, and his elec 
 tion was viewed as a triumph of the Episcopalians over the 
 Presbyterians. During the recess of 1775 he joined Cruger, 
 Phillipse, and others, of the Ministerial party, in a letter on 
 the state of public affairs to General Gage at Boston. In 1776 
 General Lee ordered him to remove from his house, for the 
 accommodation of the Whig troops. 
 
 WALTON, WILLIAM. Secretary to the superintendent of police 
 of the city of New York. 
 
 WANTON, JOSEPH. Of Rhode Island. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1751. In 1769 he was elected Governor of 
 Rhode Island. In 1775 the House of Assembly, or House of 
 Magistrates, passed an act to raise and organize an army of 
 fifteen hundred, against which, he, the Deputy Governor, 
 and other members of the Upper House, entered a written 
 dissent. Subsequently, in the same year, the popular branch 
 passed an act, recapitulating this offence in the preamble, and 
 stated in addition, that he had refused to issue a proclamation 
 for a day of fasting and prayer, in accordance with a Resolve 
 of the Assembly ; that, though he had been elected Governor 
 of the Colony for that year, he had not taken the oath of 
 office ; and, that he had refused to sign the commissions of the 
 officers appointed to command the troops. In the body of the 
 act, all power as governor was taken from him until he should 
 comply with certain conditions therein stated, and authority to 
 sign civil and military commissions was intrusted to Henry 
 Ward, Esquire, the Colonial Secretary. These proceedings 
 occurred in April and May, and in June the Assembly passed 
 another act, which recited that Governor Wanton had appeared 
 and demanded that the official oath be administered to him, 
 but that as he had not given satisfaction to that body, his 
 request could not be complied with. From that period, Deputy 
 Governor Nicholas Cooke appears as the head of the executive 
 branch of the government, and affixed his signature accord- 
 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 673 
 
 ingly. Mr. Wanton served as Governor of Rhode Island from 
 1769, and when superseded, had administered the government 
 upwards of five years. Perhaps his appointment, under the 
 great seal of England, to inquire into the affair of the burning 
 of the king s ship, the Gaspee, by the Whigs in 1773, hastened 
 his decline and fall. He died in 1782. 
 
 WANTON, WILLIAM. Of Rhode Island. In July, 1783, he was 
 at New York, and a petitioner for grants of lands in Nova Scotia. 
 See Abijah Willard. He settled afterwards in New Brunswick, 
 and about the year 1786 was appointed Collector of the Cus 
 toms for the port of St. John. He held that office for a period 
 of thirty years. In 1801 he went to England, accompanied 
 by his lady, in the mast-ship, Duke of Kent. He died at St. 
 John in 1816, aged eighty-two. His widow died at Exeter, 
 England, in 1824. The monument erected over his remains 
 is in a ruinous condition. 
 
 WARD, BENJAMIN. Of New York. A lieutenant in the 
 Loyal American Regiment. 
 
 WARD, DANIEL. Of New York. A grantee of St. John, 
 New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 WARD, GILBERT. Of Westchester County, New York. One 
 of the Loyalist Protesters at White Plains, April, 1775. 
 
 WARD, JOHN. Of Westchester County, New York. He 
 was an officer in the Loyal American Regiment, and entered 
 the military service of the crown as early as 1776. During 
 the war he was frequently in battle. The Loyal Americans 
 went to New Brunswick in 1783; and when, in the course of 
 that year, the corps was disbanded, he settled at St. John as a 
 merchant. He filled various public stations; and for many 
 years enjoyed the appellation of The Father of the City. At 
 the time of his decease he was not only the senior magistrate of 
 the City and County of St. John, but the oldest merchant and 
 half-pay officer in New Brunswick. Mr. Ward was a gentle 
 man of noble and venerable appearance. He died in 1846, in 
 the ninety- third year of his age. His remains were taken to 
 Trinity Church, "where the impressive funeral service of the 
 Church of England was read, and were subsequently interred 
 57 
 
674 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 in the New Burial Ground, followed to the grave by one of the 
 largest and most respectable funeral processions ever seen in 
 this city, including, in distinct bodies, the Justices of the 
 Peace for the City and County of St. John, the Common 
 Council of the city, headed by his Worship the Mayor, and 
 his Honor the Recorder, the members of the Legal Profes 
 sion, (the Barristers being in their Gowns,) at the head of 
 whom was his Honor Mr. Justice Carter, supported by the Hon 
 orable the Attorney General and Solicitor General, the Grand 
 Jury for the City and County, then attending the Circuit Court, 
 and the officers and men of the New Brunswick Regiment 
 of Artillery of St. John ; as well as a vast concourse of other 
 citizens, all anxious to pay the last sad tribute of respect to 
 one who was so intimately associated with the early history of 
 the country," &c. 
 
 WARDEN, JOHN. Of Virginia. A lawyer of some celebrity. 
 He was unfriendly not only to American Independence, but to 
 the adoption of the Federal Constitution. 
 
 WARDEN, JAMES. Was an Addresser of Hutchinson in 1774; 
 Joseph and William Warden went to Halifax in 1776. All be 
 longed to Boston, and the last, who was a peruke-maker, was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WARDROBE, DAVID. Of Westmoreland County, Virginia. In 
 November, 1774, he was examined by the Whig Committee of 
 that County, concerning a letter "false, scandalous, and inim 
 ical to America," which he had written to a correspondent in 
 Scotland. The Committee passed a number of Resolves, 
 which they recommended " to all those who regard the peace, 
 the liberty, and rights of their country; " two were as follows. 
 " Resolved, That the vestry of Cople Parish be desired no 
 longer to furnish the said Wardrobe with the use of the vestry- 
 house for his keeping school therein." And, " That all persons 
 who have sent their children to school to the said Wardrobe, 
 do immediately take them away, and that he be regarded 
 as a wicked enemy to America, and be treated as such." 
 
 WARNER, CHRISTIAN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 675 
 
 WARNER, JOHN. A lieutenant in the militia, of Westchester 
 County, New York. A Protester at White Plains. 
 
 WARREN, ABRAHAM. He embarked at Boston with the British 
 army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 WARREN, JAMES. Brewer, of Philadelphia. In 1778 the 
 Council ordered, that failing to appear and be tried for treason, 
 he should stand attainted. 
 
 WARTONBY, WILLIAM. Bricklayer, of Duck Creek, Dela 
 ware. In 1778 he was required to submit himself for trial 
 for treason within a specified time, on pain of losing his 
 
 estate. 
 
 WASHBURN, . Of New York. An adherent of the crown, 
 
 of most infamous character. He was taken prisoner by the 
 Whigs, and when the exchange of General Silliman and Judge 
 Jones was arranged, it was stipulated that he should be re 
 leased. In May, 1780, he was accordingly given up. 
 
 WATERBURY, DAVID. Of Connecticut. Settled in St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and held various public stations. He died 
 there in 1833, aged seventy-five. In 1775 there was a David 
 Waterbury, lieutenant-colonel of the Connecticut militia, who, 
 because of some difficulty, resigned. 
 
 WATERBURY, JOHN. Of Connecticut. Went to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, at the peace, and was a grantee of that city ; 
 and entered upon the life of a merchant. In 1795 he was 
 a member of the Loyal Artillery. He died in that city in 
 IS 17, aged sixty -eight. 
 
 WATERBURY, PETER COOKE. Of Connecticut. Was a cornet 
 of cavalry in Arnold s American Legion. In 1783 he settled 
 at St. John, New Brunswick, and received half-pay. 
 
 WATERHOUSE, SAMUEL. Of Boston. An officer of the cus 
 toms. He is described as " the most notorious scribbler, sati 
 rist, and libeller, in the service of the conspirators against the 
 liberties of America." He accompanied the British troops to 
 Halifax at the evacuation, and embarked for England with his 
 family, in the ship Aston Hall, July, 1776. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. In 1779 he was in London, a Loy 
 alist Addresser of the king. 
 
676 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WATERS, ABEL. A cornet in the King s American Dra 
 goons. 
 
 WATKINS, . An ensign in, and the adjutant of the 
 
 King s American Regiment. He was killed in 1779, at New 
 Haven, Connecticut. 
 
 WATSON, BROOK, Esquire. He professed to be a Whig. 
 Thus assuming, he visited several of the principal towns and 
 cities in the Colonies, and gained the attention of many per 
 sons of distinction, and especially of members of Congress. 
 At this time he was a merchant at Montreal ; and returning 
 there, after a tour which embraced Massachusetts, Pennsyl 
 vania, and New York, some of his letters to persons in Gage s 
 army at Boston, which were intercepted, revealed his true 
 character to be that of a spy. He went to England. In 1775, 
 when Lord North s bill to cut off the fisheries of New Eng 
 land was before Parliament, he was called before the House of 
 Commons and examined. In 1786 he became agent for the 
 Colony of New Brunswick in England, and was the first one 
 employed. At a subsequent period of his life, he was Lord 
 Mayor of London. He is represented as having been a man 
 of talents, but artful and insincere. He died at London in 
 1807, and was styled, Sir Watson Brook, Baronet. 
 
 WATSON, GEORGE. Of Massachusetts. He was appointed a 
 Mandamus Councillor, but does not appear to have taken the 
 oath of office. I suppose this gentleman to have been the 
 Colonel George Watson, of Plymouth, who died at that place 
 in the year 1800 ; and who is said to have possessed almost 
 every virtue that can adorn and dignify the human character. 
 
 WATSON, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of the city. He died at Wickham, 
 Queen s County, in 1846, at the great age of ninety-nine 
 years. 
 
 WATSON, JOHN. A physician, of Newcastle, Delaware. 
 Was proscribed in 1778 ; John, of Charleston, South Carolina, 
 was an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; and John, 
 (perhaps the former), was at New York July, 1783, a petitioner 
 for lands in Nova Scotia. See Abijah Willard. Jonathan, of 
 Virginia, was in London in 1779, an Addresser of the king. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 677 
 
 WATTS, JOHN. Of New York. Was a member of the 
 Council of the Colony, and was considered to be in office in 
 1782. His estate was confiscated. He went to England. A 
 daughter married Sir John Johnson, of New York, knight and 
 baronet. 
 
 WATTS, - . Of New York. Son of John Watts. He 
 entered the royal service, and was an officer in the Royal 
 Greens, under Sir John Johnson, his brother-in-law. In 1777 
 he was in the battle of Oriskany, one of the severest, and for 
 the numbers engaged, one of the most bloody actions of the 
 war. He was wounded, and left on the field with the slain, 
 and was reported among the killed. But reviving from faint- 
 ness, produced by loss of blood, he crawled to a brook, slaked 
 his thirst, and two or three days after was found by some 
 Indian scouts, and conveyed to the British camp. 
 
 WATTS, GEORGE, and GEORGE, junior. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 WAY, JOHN. Of Queen s County, New York. Acknowl 
 edged allegiance in 1776, and in 1779 was an Addresser of 
 Lieutenant Colonel Sterling. The latter document was also 
 signed by James Way of that County. 
 
 WAYNE, RICHARD. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and a Petitioner to be 
 armed on the side of the crown. He was banished, and his 
 property confiscated in 1782. 
 
 WEATHERHEAD, JOHN. Merchant, of the city of New York. 
 His property was confiscated. 
 
 WEBB, JOHN. Of Marblehead, Massachusetts. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Hutchinson in 1774. 
 
 WEBB, NEHEMIAH. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WEBB, SAMUEL. Of Westchester County, New York. Was 
 a Protester in 1775. 
 
 WEBB, F. Of New York. Was in London in 1779. 
 
 WEBB, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 57* 
 
678 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WEBB, WILLIAM. Residence unknown. Was a grantee of 
 St. John, New Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
 WEEKES. Twenty-eight persons of this name, of Queen s 
 County, New York, were signers of a Representation and Pe 
 tition to Lord Richard and General William Howe, acknowl 
 edging allegiance, October, 1 776. To wit : Richard, Refine, 
 Jesse, Samuel, John, Daniel junior, Abraham, Nathaniel, Ja 
 cob, John, Michael, Townsend, George, Daniel, Edmond, 
 George, Anthony, Levi, Daniel, Richard, John junior, Samuel, 
 Seaman, George senior, Joseph, John senior, John, and Nicho 
 las. In 1778 the house of one of the Johns was plundered by 
 a band from Connecticut, led by one Carehart, who, pretend 
 ing to be an adherent of the crown, had previously visited 
 Weekes and others, and had been kindly entertained. 
 
 WEEKS, WINGATE. In 1782 he was chaplain of the King s 
 Orange Rangers. After the war he settled in Nova Scotia, 
 and was an Episcopal clergyman. 
 
 WEITNER, GEORGE. Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. It was 
 ordered in Council, in 1778, that he surrender himself for trial, 
 or stand attainted. 
 
 WELCH, JAMES. Of Brandywine, Delaware. In 1778 he was 
 required by law to surrender and be tried for treason, or lose 
 his estate. 
 
 WELCH, THOMAS. Quartermaster of the Maryland Loyal 
 ists. 
 
 WELDEN, PATRICK. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at 
 the peace, and was a grantee of that city. 
 
 WELLING, WILLIAM. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer cf 
 the Declaration against the proceedings of the Whigs, January, 
 1775. Samuel Willing, and Charles Willing, of Jamaica, signed 
 the same paper. 
 
 WELLS, JOHN. Was born in Charleston, South Carolina, and 
 succeeded his father, who was a firm Loyalist, as a printer 
 and bookseller of that city, in 1775. Until the capitulation of 
 that city, John was a Whig, having borne arms against the 
 British. But he then commenced the publication of a Royal 
 Gazette, which he continued until December, 1782. At the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 679 
 
 close of the war he was among the proscribed; and abandon 
 ing the United States, he went to Nassau, New Providence, 
 where he established the Royal Bahama Gazette. Dissatisfied 
 with his residence there, he was preparing to return to his 
 native land, " when he was summoned to the world of spirits." 
 He had married at Nassau, and was highly esteemed. 
 
 WELLS, JOHN, Junior. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished in 
 1782, and his property confiscated. 
 
 WELLS, JOHN. A physician, of South Carolina. In 1782 
 his estate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
 WELLS, ROBERT. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, New 
 York. Joined in a loyal Declaration in 1775. 
 
 WELLS, ROBERT. A native of Scotland. Established him 
 self at Charleston, South Carolina, in 1758, as a bookseller, 
 printer, and publisher of a newspaper. For many years he 
 was the principal bookseller in the Carolinas, and his business 
 was both extensive and profitable. He held the office of Mar 
 shal of the Admiralty Court; and was also a noted auctioneer 
 for the disposal of cargoes of slaves. Firmly attached to the 
 royal cause, he resigned his establishment to his son John, at 
 the commencement of the Revolution ; went to Europe, and 
 never returned. He was a good editor, and in his relations as 
 a man of business, was active, prompt, and just. His news 
 paper was the second published in South Carolina; and in 
 1775 it was called the South Carolina and American General 
 Gazette, which may have been its name from its commence 
 ment. 
 
 WELLS, SAMUEL. Of Cumberland County, New York. He 
 was a colonel of militia, Judge of the County Court, and mem 
 ber of the House of Assembly. During the recess of the As 
 sembly in 1775, he joined other ministerial members in a letter 
 to General Gage at Boston. 
 
 WELSH, JAMES and PETER. Embarked at Boston with the 
 British army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 WEMPLE, ANDREW. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 a signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
680 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WENTWORTH, BENNING. He was proscribed and banished, 
 and his estate was confiscated, under the act of New Hamp 
 shire of 1778. I suppose, that, before abandoning the country, 
 he was a resident of Boston. In 1795 he was appointed a 
 member of the Council, and the year following, Secretary of 
 Nova Scotia. At this time he enjoyed the office of Treasurer 
 of that Colony, but resigned the trust in 1797. In 1800 he 
 was commissioned Master of the Robes, and Registrar in 
 Chancery. He died at Halifax in 1808. His son, Lieutenant 
 Benning William Bentinck Wentworth, of the Royal Navy, 
 and heir to the titles and honors of the Earldom of Strafford, 
 died in England, in 1810, at the age of twenty-one years. 
 
 WENTWORTH, SIR JOHN, Baronet, LL. D. Surveyor of the 
 king s woods in North America, and Governor of New Hamp 
 shire and of Nova Scotia ; was born in 1736, graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1755, and died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 
 April 8th, 1820, aged eighty-three years. He was proscribed 
 by the act of New Hampshire of 1778, and his estate confis 
 cated. His uncle, Benning Wentworth, preceded him as Gov 
 ernor of New Hampshire. John was in England at the time 
 it was determined to remove Benning, and having become 
 acquainted with some members of the administration, of 
 whom the Marquis of Rockingham (himself a Wentworth) 
 was the head, solicited that his relation might not be ejected 
 from office, but be allowed to resign. This was acceded to, 
 and the nephew, at the early age of thirty-one, succeeded to 
 the honors of the uncle. John Wentworth was an admirable 
 chief magistrate, and occupied the executive chair from 1767 
 to 1775, and was the last royal governor of the province. He 
 enjoyed at the same time the dignity of surveyor of the king s 
 woods in America, an office of some patronage, of but little 
 care and duty, and worth 700 per annum. He remained 
 very popular until Gage applied to him to procure workmen 
 in New Hampshire, to proceed to Boston to erect barracks for 
 the British troops. The carpenters at Boston had refused the 
 employment, and Wentworth endeavored secretly to comply 
 with Gage s desire. This act was a death-blow to his au- 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 681 
 
 thority and confidence, and he soon after abandoned his gov 
 ernment. His last official act was performed at the Isle of 
 Shoals, where he prorogued the Assembly. He embarked 
 in the Scarborough ship of war for Boston, August 24, 1775. 
 He soon went to England, where he remained some time. On 
 the 14th of May, 1792, he was sworn in as Lieutenant Gover 
 nor of Nova Scotia, and continued in office until 1808, when 
 he was succeeded by Sir George Prevost. In 1795 he was 
 created a baronet. On retiring from the executive chair, and 
 the Colony of Nova Scotia, a pension was granted him of 
 500 per annum. In the early part of the year 1810, he and 
 lady Wentworth returned to renew their residence in Nova 
 Scotia, and received an affectionate address from the people of 
 Halifax. Here he remained until his decease. 
 
 Sir John was an excellent public man every way. In busi 
 ness, few surpassed him in promptness, intelligence, and effi 
 ciency. His talents were of a high order, his judgment was 
 sound, and his views were broad and liberal. He was dis 
 tinguished for literary taste and attainments. The Universi 
 ties of Oxford and Aberdeen conferred upon him the degree of 
 Doctor of Laws. He was the friend of learning, and gave to 
 Dartmouth College its charter rights. He did much to en 
 courage the agriculture and promote the settlement of New 
 Hampshire, and he endeavored by every means in his power 
 to increase the wealth and importance of the province. When 
 the Revolutionary troubles commenced, his zeal was un 
 wearied to prevent a rupture. He could not resist the great 
 movement which released America from the bondage of the 
 Colonial system; but he did retire from his official trusts, with 
 a character unimpeached, and with a good name. No royal 
 Governor of his time in the thirteen Colonies, was so highly 
 respected by the Whigs as Wentworth ; and not one of the 
 official dignitaries, who clung to the royal cause, will go down 
 to posterity with a more enviable fame. Had Bernard and 
 Hutchinson been like him, the Revolution might have been 
 delayed. But since colonies become nations, as surely as boys 
 become men, thafr event could not have been prevented, and 
 
682 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 would have happened, probably, in another generation, though 
 every servant of the crown on the continent had possessed the 
 admirable traits of character of the subject of this notice. 
 Lady Wentworth died in England in 1813. No child of Sir 
 John s is now alive. His son, Sir Charles M. Wentworth, 
 baronet, who was the last survivor, and who was a native of 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, was appointed a member of his 
 Majesty s Council, in Nova Scotia, in 1801, and died at King- 
 sand, Devonport, England, in April, 1844. Sir John owned a 
 fine farm, and erected a large and elegant house at Wolfe- 
 borough, New Hampshire. This estate has been in various 
 hands since it passed from his possession under the confisca 
 tion act of that State, and as long ago as 1814 the mansion 
 was in a ruinous condition. 
 
 WENTWORTH, MARK HUNTING. Of New Hampshire. Was 
 the son of Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth, and father 
 of Sir John Wentworth. He was bred a merchant, and had 
 the agency of procuring spars for the royal navy. He took 
 part in politics, and was a member of the Council. His death 
 occurred in 1785, in New Hampshire. His character was 
 highly honorable ; his charity and kindness unbounded. His 
 fortune, which he amassed in business, was large. 
 
 WENTWORTH, PAUL. Was at London in 1785, and joined 
 other Loyalists in a petition to the government for relief. 
 
 WESTON, RICHARD. Of Frankstown, Pennsylvania. Failing 
 to appear and be tried for treason, the Council, in 1778, or 
 dered that he should stand attainted. 
 
 WESTOVER, JOB. Of Sheffield, Massachusetts. In May, 1775, 
 the Whig Committee of Observation unanimously denounced 
 him as an enemy of American liberty. Job had affirmed, that 
 "the parliament of Great Britain had a right to tax the Amer 
 icans," and had said many things disrespectful of the Conti 
 nental and the Provincial Congress. 
 
 WESTROP, JOHN. An ensign in the Prince of Wales s Amer 
 ican Volunteers. 
 
 WETHERFORD, MAJOR. An ensign in the King s Rangers, 
 Carolina. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 683 
 
 WETMORE, CALEB. Of New York. Settled in St. John, New 
 Brunswick, and in 1805 was an alderman of the city. He 
 removed, subsequently, to King s County, where he still (1846) 
 resides. 
 
 WETMORE, DAVID B. Of New York. Went to New Bruns 
 wick, and was one of the first settlers of the Colony. For 
 many years he was a member of the House of Assembly, and 
 a judge of the Common Pleas for King s County. He died at 
 Norton, in that County, in 1845, aged eighty-two, leaving 
 many descendants. 
 
 WETMORE, ROBERT G. Of New York. Son of Timothy Wet- 
 more. He became a resident of New Brunswick, and aban 
 doning the profession of the law, to which he was educated, 
 devoted himself to the study of divinity, and was ordained a 
 clergyman of the Episcopal church. He died in 1803, in Sa 
 vannah, Georgia, at the seat of the Honorable Joseph Clay, 
 junior. 
 
 WETMORE, THOMAS. Of New York. Son of Timothy Wet- 
 more. Removed to New Brunswick, where he filled several 
 important public stations. In 1792 he held the offices of 
 Deputy Surrogate of the Colony, was Master and Examiner 
 in Chancery, Register of Wills and Deeds for the County of 
 Queens, and was a member of the Council. At a later period 
 he was appointed Attorney General, and continued to serve 
 the crown in that capacity until his decease in 1828. 
 
 WETMORE, TIMOTHY. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 He was a person of consideration and influence. In Septem 
 ber, 1774, the freeholders and inhabitants of that County met 
 at Rye, and declared, that they were "much concerned with 
 the unhappy situation of public affairs," and that they con 
 sidered it to be their duty to state that they had had no part 
 "in any resolution entered into, or measures taken, with re 
 gard to the disputes at present subsisting with the mother 
 country." They also expressed their " dislike to many hot 
 and furious proceedings in consequence of said disputes, 
 which," in their opinion were " more likely to ruin this once 
 happy country, than remove grievances, if any there are." 
 
684 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 They also declared their " great desire and full resolution to 
 live and die peaceable subjects to our gracious Sovereign King 
 George the Third and his laws." To this cautious Declara 
 tion Mr. Wetmore affixed his name. It appears to have satis 
 fied neither party, and was misconstrued by both. A few 
 weeks after he accordingly submitted the following explana 
 tion. 
 
 "The above paper [quoting it] like many others, being lia 
 ble to misconstruction, and having been understood by many 
 to import a recognition of a right in the Parliament of Great 
 Britain to bind America in all cases whatsoever, and to signify 
 that the Colonies labor under no grievances, I think it my 
 duty to explain my sentiments upon the subject, and thereby 
 prevent future mistakes. It is my opinion that the Parliament 
 have no right to tax America, though they have a right to 
 regulate the trade of the Empire. I am further of opinion, 
 that several acts of Parliament are grievances, and that the 
 execution of them ought to be opposed in such manner, as 
 may be consistent with the duty of a subject to our Sovereign; 
 though I cannot help expressing my disapprobation of many 
 violent proceedings in some of the Colonies. 
 
 " TIMOTHY WETMORE." 
 
 "November 3, 1774." 
 
 This for the time, and in New York was much like a 
 Whig s view of the controversy, and might have passed for a 
 Recantation. Fifteen of those who met at Rye, and were fel 
 low signers with Mr. Wetmore, had previously expressed their 
 "sorrow that they had any concern " in the Declaration, and 
 " utterly disclaimed every part thereof, except their professions 
 of loyalty to the King, and obedience to the constitutional 
 laws of the Realm ; " and thus the proceedings in September, 
 by so great defection, rather served than injured the Whigs of 
 that County. 
 
 Whatever were the causes which induced Mr. Wetmore to 
 join in repudiating the sentiments, which he probably em 
 bodied for the action and adoption of his associates, which he 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 685 
 
 felt required to expound, and which, in his explanation, he 
 nullified ; he finally fell off, adhered anew to the royal party, 
 and in the course of events became an exile. After the close 
 of hostilities he retired to New Brunswick, resided at St. John 
 for several years, and held situations of honor and trust. 
 
 WEYMEN, MOSES. Of Westchester County, New York. A 
 Protester. 
 
 WHARTON, THOMAS, the elder. Of Pennsylvania. He was a 
 merchant of great wealth and influence, and of the sect of 
 Quakers. In the enterprise of Galloway and Goddard, to es 
 tablish the Chronicle, a leading newspaper, he was their part 
 ner; and the parties supposed that Franklin, on his return 
 from England, would join them. Previous to the Revolution, 
 Franklin and Mr. Wharton were correspondents. In 1774, 
 Washington records, that he "dined with Thomas Wharton." 
 In 1777, he was apprehended and sent prisoner to Virginia; and 
 at a subsequent period was proscribed as an enemy to his 
 country, and lost his estate under the confiscation decrees of 
 Pennsylvania. Thomas Wharton, junior, was a distinguished 
 Whig, and President of Pennsylvania. In the early part of 
 the controversy, and indeed, until near the time when blood 
 was shed, both acted together, and were members of the same 
 deliberative assemblies and committees. 
 
 WHEATON, CALEB. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WHEATON, JOHN. Went to St. John, New Brunswick, at the 
 peace, and was a grantee of the city. 
 
 WHEELER, AMAZIAH, HENRY, and ELIAS. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged ^allegiance October, 1774. 
 
 WHEELER, CALVIN. Of Fairfield County, Connecticut. A 
 member of the Association at Reading. Of the same, were 
 Enos Wheeler and Lazarus Wheeler, of Reading. 
 
 WHEELER, DANIEL. Of Fairfield, Connecticut. The Whig 
 Committee of Inspection ordered public, notice to be given, that 
 "All connexions, commerce, arid dealings, ought to be with 
 drawn from him by every friend to his country," because he 
 58 
 
686 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 had violated the Association of the Continental Congress. This 
 occurred in March, 1775. 
 
 WHEELER, JOSIAH. A lieutenant in the Prince of Wales s 
 American Volunteers. 
 
 WHEELOCK, OBID. A captain. Died at Annapolis, Nova Sco 
 tia, in 1807, aged seventy-two. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, JOB. Of Boston. A Protester against the 
 Whigs in 1774. 
 
 WHEELWRIGHT, JOSEPH. Embarked at Boston with the Brit 
 ish army for Halifax, 1776. 
 
 WHITE, ABIJAH. Of Marshfieldj Massachusetts. He was a 
 member of the House of Representatives from that town, and 
 a government man of great zeal, but of little discretion. He 
 carried to Boston the famous Marshfield Resolves, censuring 
 the Whigs, and on his arrival at the capital caused the docu 
 ment to be published. The act drew upon him the wrath of 
 the writers in the Whig newspapers, and he sunk under the 
 burden of general ridicule. He is commemorated in McPingal. 
 
 WHITE, ALEXANDER. Sheriif of Try on, now Montgomery, 
 County, New York. He rendered himself particularly obnox 
 ious to the Whigs from the beginning of the controversy. In 
 1775 a band of Whigs, to the number of about fifty, released 
 by force a Whig whom he had arrested and imprisoned, and 
 proceeded to his dwelling and demanded his surrender. White 
 discharged a pistol from his chamber window, and thus, it is 
 said, fired the first shot in the Revolution west of the Hudson. 
 His fire was instantly returned by the discharge of forty or fifty 
 muskets, but he escaped with a slight wound in the breast. 
 The Whigs demolished the doors of the house, and were at the 
 point of seizing him, when the alarm-gun of Sir John Johnson 
 admonished them that his retainers, a much more numerous 
 body than themselves, would soon muster and overpower them, 
 and they accordingly dispersed. During the difficulties be 
 tween the Whigs and Tories of that County, in 1775, White 
 was dismissed from his office by the Committee, who acted for 
 the people in their sovereign capacity, but was restored by 
 Governor Tryon. But the Committee would not allow him to 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 687 
 
 perform his official duties after his appointment, and popular 
 indignation against him became at length so strong, that he 
 was compelled to fly. He was, however, pursued and taken 
 prisoner, and placed in confinement at Albany. On his release, 
 after a short imprisonment, he left the country. Besides firing 
 the first shot, as mentioned above, it is also said that Sheriff 
 White and a band of Loyalists cut down the first Liberty-pole 
 which was erected in the valley of the Mohawk that at Ger 
 man Flatts. He had been a captain in the French war. In 
 1775 he joined Sir John Johnson and others, in a Declaration 
 of loyalty. 
 
 WHITE, HENRY. Of New York. He was a member of the 
 Council of the Colony, and considered to be in office in 1782. 
 His estate was confiscated. He was a merchant, arid one of 
 the New York consignees of the Tea. He was on terms of 
 intimacy with, and transacted business for, Governor Martin, 
 of North Carolina ; and a letter of his Excellency, which was 
 intercepted, and in which he asked Mr. White to send him a 
 royal standard, was considered in the Provincial Congress, 
 July, 1775. The standard, he informed the Committee of 
 Congress, was not sent. Mr. White went to England in 1783. 
 In 1836, there died in New York, at the age of ninety-nine, 
 " Eve, relict of Harry White, Esquire, a commissary of the 
 British service." She was of the family of Van Courtlandt. One 
 of her sons was Lieutenant General White, of the British Army. 
 Another son was Rear Admiral White, of the Royal Navy. 
 One of her daughters was Dowager Lady Hayes, and widow 
 of the late Peter Jay Monroe, Esquire. Madam White was a 
 lady of wealth, and her recollections of New York society 
 were curious. 
 
 WHITE, JOHN. Removed to New Brunswick in 1783, and 
 settled at Long Reach, King s County, on land granted him by 
 the crown. On this land he resided for about fifty-five years. 
 He died at Long Reach in 1838, at the advanced age of nine 
 ty-six. 
 
 WHITE, PHILIP. He was taken prisoner by the Whigs, and 
 while some light-horse were conveying him to camp, he at- 
 
688 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 tempted to escape; though called upon to stop, he continued to 
 run, and as he was about to leap into a bog, was cut down. 
 In retaliation, the Tory Captain Lippincott hung the Whig 
 Captain Huddy, as mentioned in the notice of Lippincott. 
 White belonged to New York, or New Jersey, and his death 
 occurred in March, 1782. It was pretended that he was un 
 justly killed ; but there is proof that, after making tokens of 
 surrender, he took up a musket and killed a son of Colonel 
 Hendrickson ; and this fact rests on the evidence of a Loyalist 
 who was taken prisoner at the same time. It was said, also, 
 that after his capture, the Whigs maimed him and broke his 
 legs, and tauntingly bid him run ; but the story is false. 
 
 WHITE, . Of New York. On the night of the fire in 
 
 that city, in 1776, he was hanged on a tavern sign-post at the 
 corner of Cherry and Roosevelt streets. He was, says a writer 
 of the time, "a decent citizen, and a house-carpenter, rather too 
 violent a loyalist, and latterly, had addicted himself to liquor." 
 Several persons were arrested and examined for the murder of 
 this man, but it is believed that the Offenders were never dis 
 covered. 
 
 WHITE. Besides the preceding, there were many others, and 
 among them, in Massachusetts John, of Boston, and Samuel, 
 of Marblehead, who were Addressers of Hutchinson, 1774. 
 Gideon, junior, of Taunton, who went to Halifax in 1776. 
 Cornelius, of Plymouth ; Cornelius the 3d, of Marshfield, and 
 Daniel, junior, of Marshfield, who, Samuel excepted, were 
 severally proscribed and banished in 1778. Gideon White, 
 Esq., a Loyalist, died at Shelburne, Nova Scotia, 1833, aged 
 eighty-two. In Connecticut was Thomas, of New Haven, 
 who settled in New Brunswick, and died at L Tete Passage, 
 Charlotte County, 1819, aged sixty. In New York was 
 Thomas, whose estate was confiscated. In Pennsylvania 
 was Robert, a merchant and mariner, who was proscribed in 
 1778. And residence unknown were James, who was a 
 cornet of cavalry in the British Legion ; Thomas and Vincent, 
 who were grantees of St. John, New Brunswick, 1783 ; and 
 William, who died at Portland, New Brunswick, in 1838, aged 
 seventy-seven. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 689 
 
 WHIFFLE, EBENEZER. Of Rutland, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1775. 
 
 WHISTON, or WHEATON, OBADIAH. Blacksmith, of Boston. 
 Went to Halifax in 1776 ; in 1778 he was proscribed and ban 
 ished. A Loyalist of the name of Obadiah Wheaton died in 
 New Brunswick, where he had become a resident, many years 
 ago. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, BENJAMIN. A captain in the militia, of Jamaica, 
 Long Island, New York. His attachment to the royal cause 
 involved him in many difficulties. He died at Jamaica in 
 September, 1780, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. A per 
 son of this name, of Jamaica, signed a Declaration against the 
 Whigs, and of attachment to the crown, in 1775 ; and an ac 
 knowledgment of allegiance, in 1776. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, BENJAMIN, Junior. Of Jamaica, New York. A 
 signer of a Declaration of loyalty in 1775. A person of this 
 name was a magistrate of Queen s County in 1783. 
 
 WHITEHEAD, JAMES. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 WHITING, BENJAMIN. Sheriff of Hillsborough County, New 
 Hampshire. He was proscribed and banished, and his prop 
 erty confiscated. 
 
 WHITING, WILLIAM. Of Virginia. Went to New Brunswick 
 in 1783. He died at St. John in 1830, aged seventy-one. He 
 was among the few Loyalists of that State, or of those south 
 of it, who came to the northern Colonies. 
 
 WHITLOCK, JOHN. In 1782 he was an officer of infantry in 
 the Queen s Rangers. He settled in New Brunswick, received 
 half-pay, and was a magistrate of Queen s County, and a 
 lieutenant-colonel in the militia. 
 
 WHITLOCK, THOMAS. Was an officer in a corps of Loyalists. 
 In 1783 he settled at St. John, New Brunswick, and was the 
 grantee of a city lot. The Whitlock House built by him in 
 Prince William street, was the second framed building which 
 was erected after the landing of the Loyalists. He received 
 half-pay. 
 
 WHITLOCK, WILLIAM. Established his residence in New 
 58* 
 
690 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Brunswick. Was an alderman of St. John, and died in that 
 city in 1821, aged fifty-five. 
 
 WHITLOCK. Four of this name belonged to the Reading As 
 sociation. To wit : Hezekiah, Nehemiah, and Ebenezer, of 
 Fairfield County, and Ephraim, of Reading. In the Queen s 
 Rangers there was a Lieutenant Whitlock, who probably be 
 longed to Connecticut, since he had " a perfect knowledge 
 of the country about Nor walk," and " proposed to burn the 
 whale-boats, which harbored there, and had infested " Long 
 Island Sound. 
 
 WHITENECK, JOHN. Died at Studholm, King s County, New 
 Brunswick, in 1841, aged one hundred years. 
 
 WHITMAN, MICHAEL. Of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. 
 His estate was confiscated in 1779. 
 
 WHITNEY, SYLVANUS. Of Stamford, Connecticut. In June, 
 J775, he was arraigned before the Committee of that town, 
 charged with the offence of buying and selling Tea. He made 
 a written confession of the fact, delivered up the tea remain 
 ing in his possession, and was allowed to depart. As the 
 reader may be curious to learn how the Whigs sometimes dis 
 posed of this obnoxious article of drink, the following account 
 of the destruction of that received of Mr. Whitney, is here 
 given. "About eight o clock in the evening a gallows was 
 erected in the middle of the street. * * * * A large concourse 
 of people soon collected, and were joined by a number of the 
 soldiery quartered in the town. A grand procession soon 
 began to move. In the first place a large guard under arms, 
 headed by two captains who led the van, with the unfor 
 tunate Tea hung across a pole, sustained by two unarmed 
 soldiers. Secondly, followed the Committee of Observation. 
 Thirdly, the spectators who came to see the great sight. And 
 after parading through part of the principal streets, with 
 drums beating and fifes playing a most doleful sound, they 
 came to the gallows, where the common hangman soon per 
 formed his office, to the general satisfaction of the spectators. 
 As it was thought dangerous to let the said Tea hang all 
 night, for fear of invasion from our tea-lovers, a large bonfire 
 
OF AMERICA* LOYALISTS. 691 
 
 was made under it, which soon reduced it to ashes ; and, after 
 giving three loud huzzas, the people soon dispersed to their 
 respective homes, without any bad consequences attending." 
 Mr. Whitney was present " during the execution," adds the 
 writer, "and behaved himself as well as could be expected." 
 He removed to St. John, New Brunswick, at the peace, and 
 was a magistrate, and one of the aldermen of that city. He 
 died at St. John in 1827, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 WHITNEY, SAMUEL. He settled in New Brunswick after the 
 acknowledgment of American Independence, and established 
 himself as a merchant. In 1795 he was a member of the St. 
 John Loyal Artillery. He died in that city in 1815, aged 
 sixty-one. His son, James Whitney, Esquire, of St. John, is 
 the enterprising and well known proprietor of the steam ves 
 sels, which ply in different parts of New Brunswick and Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 WHITWORTH, MILES. A physician, of Boston. A graduate 
 of Harvard University in 1772, and an Addresser of Hutchin- 
 son in 1774. In 1776 he was arrested and confined. He died 
 in England. 
 
 WICKES, THOMAS. Of Rhode Island. He was a member of 
 the Upper House of the government of that Colony, and in 
 April, 1775, joined Governor Wanton, and Deputy Governor 
 Sessions, in a Protest against a bill passed by the Assembly 
 for raising an army of fifteen hundred men. His name ap 
 pears among the members in the session of May following, 
 but he was not in office at the meeting of the Assembly in 
 June, and I conclude that he had been forced to retire. See 
 the notice of Joseph Wanton, and of Darius Sessions. 
 
 WICKHAM, JOHN. An ensign in the King s American Regi 
 ment. 
 
 WICKHAM, PARKER. Of New York. His property was con 
 fiscated by act of that State. 
 
 W^IGFALL, JOHN. Of South Carolina. After the surrender 
 of Charleston by General Lincoln in 1780, held an office under 
 the crown. His property was confiscated. 
 
 WIGGINS, JOHN, BENJAMIN, THOMAS, and HENRY. All of 
 
692 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 Jamaica, New York. Signed a Declaration of Loyalty at 
 that place in 1775. 
 
 WIGGINS. THOMAS, DANIEL, BENJAMIN, and RICHARD. Of 
 Queen s County, New York. Acknowledged allegiance, Octo 
 ber, 1776. Daniel, in 1783, removed to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, and was a grantee of the city. 
 
 WIGGINS, JACOB. A magistrate. Died at Grand Lake, New 
 Brunswick, in 1815. aged fifty-four. 
 
 WIGGINS, JOHN. Died at Portland, New Brunswick, in 1815, 
 aged sixty-two. 
 
 WIGGINS, SAMUEL. Of New York. Removed to St. John, 
 New Brunswick, and died in that city in 1821, aged sixty-six. 
 His son, Stephen Wiggins, Esquire, of St. John, is one of the 
 most eminent merchants in New Brunswick. 
 
 WILBORE, JOSHUA. Of Sandwich, Massachusetts. Was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WILBOUR, WILLIAM. An officer in a Loyalist corps. In 
 1783 settled in New Brunswick, and received half-pay. He 
 died at St. John in 1838, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 WILDRIDGE, JAMES. Mariner, of Falmouth, now Portland, 
 Maine. Was proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WIGHTMAN. There seems to have been three, and probably 
 four, of this name in the service. But little is known of them. 
 The Colonel of the Loyal New Englanders was one, though 
 that officer s name is sometimes spelled Whiteman. There 
 was a William Wightman, who was a lieutenant in the King s 
 American Regiment ; a Lieutenant John Wightman of a Loy 
 alist corps, who died at Carlton, New Brunswick, in 1819, 
 aged seventy-one; and a Captain Wightman, who was a 
 grantee of St. John in 1783. I conclude that they all belonged 
 to one family. 
 
 WILKINS, ISAAC, D. D. Of New York. His father was a 
 rich planter of Jamaica, West Indies, and died when he was 
 quite young. He was sent to New York to be educated, and 
 enjoyed the best advantages which the country afforded. He 
 prepared himself for the ministry, but did not take orders. 
 Having settled in the County of Westchester, he was returned 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 693 
 
 as a member of the House of Assembly, in which body he 
 became a leader on the ministerial side. His influence with 
 his associates and with his party was very great. Near the 
 close of the session of the Assembly of February, 1775, Colo 
 nel Woodhull (a Whig who met a sad and an early death,) 
 moved that the thanks of the House should be presented to 
 the delegates to the Continental Congress who met at Phila 
 delphia in September previously. The motion was opposed 
 and lost, Mr. Wilkins voting against it. When the question 
 of appointing delegates to the second Congress came up, he 
 made a speech, which was much admired by his friends for its 
 eloquence, clearness, and precision. Schuyler, and George 
 Clinton, were his principal antagonists in the debate. As this 
 speech affords a good specimen (and perhaps the best that has 
 been preserved) of the views of the Loyalists of the state of 
 the controversy at that period, I insert it entire, and nearly 
 verbatim as it was delivered. As a matter of curious history, 
 and as the effort of an able man, the reader will be interested 
 in its perusal. 
 
 " Mr. Speaker: The subject now under our consideration 
 is the most important, I believe, that has ever come before 
 this House ; nothing less than the welfare, I had almost said 
 the existence, of this Colony, and perhaps of all America, 
 depends upon the result of our present deliberations. Deeply 
 impressed with this idea, I rise with the greatest anxiety of 
 mind to deliver my sentiments on this occasion. Whether they 
 are such as this House will think proper to approve, I cannot 
 tell ; but sure I am they are such as are dictated by an honest 
 heart an heart biased by no selfish or sinister motives, and 
 warped by no attachment to sect, persons or party. There 
 is not, I am persuaded, an individual in this Assembly, who 
 does not wish well to America in general, and who is not so 
 licitous for the preservation of this province in particular. 
 For my own part, I feel more real concern than I can well 
 express, at the gloomy prospect of our affairs, and I would 
 sacrifice more, much more, than most men would be willing 
 to believe, if I could by that means rescue my country from 
 
694 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the ruin and destruction that is now ready to overwhelm her. 
 The necessity of a speedy reconciliation between us and our 
 mother country, must be obvious to every one who is not 
 totally destitute of sense and feeling ; so that there can be no 
 dispute now, I presume, but about the means of accomplish 
 ing it. Before I give my opinion, however, upon this matter, 
 I must beg the indulgence of the House, while I exhibit a 
 short view of the rise and progress of our present disturbances 
 in America. 
 
 " Ever since the first settlement of these Colonies, Great 
 Britain has claimed and exercised the right of jurisdiction 
 over them, and her claim was founded in reason, and in the 
 nature of civil government ; for it is certain beyond all man 
 ner of doubt and controversy, that the supreme authority of 
 every empire must extend over the whole and every part of 
 that empire, otherwise there must be imperium in imperio t 
 two absolute and distinct powers in one and the same govern 
 ment, which is impossible ; and consequently the supreme 
 authority of the British empire, which is vested in the King, 
 Lords, arid Commons, must extend over these Colonies, which 
 are a part of the British empire. This authority was never 
 disputed by the Colonies till the time of the Stamp Act, and 
 then no farther than as to the right of imposing internal taxes; 
 for the right of regulating trade, and of imposing duties upon 
 articles of commerce, was universally acknowledged as essen 
 tial to the supremacy of the British Parliament. Their right 
 of internal taxation over the Colonies, was by the Americans 
 opposed upon this principle, that it was contrary to one of the 
 fundamentals of our free Constitution, which forbids the tak 
 ing of the subjects money without their consent, given either 
 personally or by their representatives. This power of dispos 
 ing of their property, they imagined and asserted was lodged 
 in their Provincial Legislatures only. Be that as it will, this 
 was certainly placing their liberty upon a proper basis : here 
 they ought to have rested ; here they ought to have bounded 
 their demands ; this would have been a sufficient barrier 
 against arbitrary power. The Parliament, in consequence of 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 695 
 
 this, although they did not relinquish their claim or right to 
 tax the Colonies, repealed that impolitic and oppressive act ; 
 and although they afterwards imposed duties on paper, glass, 
 paints, colors, &c., yet those also, in compliance with our de 
 mands, were taken off: so indulgent has our mother country 
 been to the claims and humors of her children. This comply 
 ing disposition, however, in her. so far from exciting our grati 
 tude, or satisfying our uneasiness and discontent, has only 
 emboldened us to make farther encroachments upon her au 
 thority. We foolishly attributed this gentle conduct towards 
 us to fear, and to a consciousness of her inability to compel us 
 to submission. And when a three penny duty on tea was 
 demanded of us, we peremptorily refused to comply ; and in 
 stead of expostulating, or of showing our disapprobation of 
 that act, by remonstrating in a legal and constitutional way, 
 as we ought to have done; or instead of taking that easy and 
 effectual method that offered itself to us, I mean the not 
 purchasing that commodity, while encumbered with the duty, 
 we flew into the most indecent rage, and hastily adopted 
 every unwarrantable measure that could irritate and provoke 
 the government ; we either destroyed or sent back, in a most 
 contemptuous manner, all the tea that entered our harbors; 
 we insulted her ministers, and absolutely denied her au 
 thority. 
 
 " The Colony of Massachusetts Bay was the foremost and 
 the most violent in this opposition, and chastisement followed 
 close upon the transgression, which, though the mildest that 
 could possibly have been inflicted, considering the nature of 
 the offence, has kindled such a flame through the whole conti 
 nent of America, as threatens universal devastation. The 
 Colonies, instead of endeavoring to extinguish it, are increas 
 ing its violence; instead of striving to restore peace and good 
 harmony, so essential to the welfare of both countries, are 
 using every possible means to widen the breach and make it 
 irreparable. Good God ! that we should be so void of com 
 mon sense ! that we should be so blind to our own happiness ! 
 What advantage, in the name of Heaven, can we propose to 
 
696 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 ourselves, in being at enmity with Great Britain? Shall we 
 by this means become more powerful, more wealthy, or more 
 free ? Let us pause for a moment, and reflect a little upon the 
 absurdity and folly of such expectations. On the contrary, 
 shall we not derive every desirable advantage from being in 
 friendship and amity with her ? Shall we not derive strength, 
 protection and stability, from that oak around which we have 
 so long twined ourselves, and under the shadow of whose 
 branches we have so long flourished, in security ? 
 
 " Permit me to carry on this allusion. We are a vigorous 
 and fertile vine; but without some prop, without some sufficient 
 support, we shall only trail upon the ground, and be liable to 
 injury and destruction from the foot of every passenger. But 
 if Great Britain gives us her protection; if she cultivates us 
 with tenderness and care, we shall yield her a rich and plenti 
 ful vintage, as necessary to her welfare and prosperity, as her 
 support is to our existence. In this mutual relation do we 
 stand to each other. Let us therefore, like wise men, endeavor 
 to establish a lasting and permanent union between us ; let us 
 endeavor to remove every obstacle to this desirable end ; and 
 let us reject with the utmost disdain and abhorrence every 
 measure that can tend to increase the difference between us, 
 and make this necessary union impracticable. Let us there 
 fore, to the utmost of our power, endeavor to put a stop to the 
 illegal and disorderly proceedings and resolutions of commit 
 tees, associations, and congresses. They have already driven 
 this Colony to the brink of a precipice ; some of our sister 
 Colonies (I speak it with the deepest concern,) have already 
 taken the desperate plunge, and unless the clemency of Great 
 Britain shall work a miracle in their favor, I know not how 
 they will escape perdition. Let us* be warned by their exam 
 ple ; let their folly and precipitation teach us wisdom ; and, 
 instead of linking ourselves to the chain of their evil destiny, 
 let us instantly break loose, and, by a well-timed effort, rescue 
 ourselves from destruction, and endeavor to make peace for 
 ourselves, not a shameful, not an ignominious peace, but 
 such an one as shall be worthy of freemen ; such an one as will 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 697 
 
 secure to us our liberties and properties, and render the union 
 between us and our mother country permanent and lasting 
 in short, such as will be worthy Great Britain to offer, and 
 Americans to receive. 
 
 " And here let it not be said that it will be a base desertion 
 of our sister Colonies, to withdraw our assistance from them 
 when in so critical and dangerous a situation. But let it be 
 remembered that Great Britain is our mother, a kind and 
 indulgent mother, who hath nourished, protected, and estab 
 lished us in this land of Canaan, this land flowing with milk 
 and honey, a mother, whose arms are open to receive all 
 such of her children as will return to their duty ; who is will 
 ing to hear their complaints, and to redress their grievances. 
 And shall we take part against such a parent? Shall we, 
 like detestable parricides, wound her bosom for the sake of 
 ungrateful brethren, who have wilfully shut their eyes both to 
 their interest and their duty, and who are obstinately bent upon 
 their own destruction? Surely we cannot. No, I am per 
 suaded there is not an individual in this House who would 
 not reject such a proposal with the utmost abhorrence. We 
 have too much understanding not to know that the interest 
 of these Colonies and of Great Britain is the same ; that we 
 are all one people of the same laws, language and religion, 
 each of us equally bound to one another by the ties of reciprocal 
 affection ; and we have too much loyalty to the best of sove 
 reigns too great a regard to order and good government, to 
 assert that insurrections and tumults in one Colony, can or ought 
 to justify them in another. Indeed, so far am I from thinking 
 that this conduct in us would be deserving the common cause 
 of the Colonies, that I am convinced it is the only expedient 
 left, by which we can in any measure promote their real and 
 true interest. By uniting with them, we shall in probability 
 sink with them, but by rending ourselves from the rash and 
 ill-judged combination in which they have engaged, while we 
 are doing good to ourselves, we may do good also to them. 
 We may have it in our power, as I know we shall have it in 
 59 
 
698 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 our will, to stretch out an helping hand to raise them from the 
 pit into which they are falling. And I will venture to assert 
 with boldness >and confidence, that if this Loyal Province will 
 do her duty, and act with wisdom and moderation in the criti 
 cal juncture, she may yet save America. 
 
 "Great Britain is not the only quarter from whence danger is 
 to be apprehended. Her resentment, no doubt, is to be dreaded, 
 and it behoves us, if possible, to avert it ; she may destroy our 
 cities ; she may ruin our commerce ; she may reduce us to so 
 deplorable a condition that we shall be willing to accept of 
 peace and reconciliation upon any terms which she shall think 
 proper to impose. This is what she may do, and what most 
 probably she will do, unless we alter the mode of our conduct 
 towards her. But if she should think proper to decline the 
 contest ; if in her wrath she should give us up to our own 
 direction, arid leave us to cut and shuffle for ourselves, and to 
 settle our boundaries, and to appoint our forms of government, 
 deeper and more terrible scenes of distress will present them 
 selves to our view. Fain would I draw a veil over this mel 
 ancholy prospect, and hide it from the eye of humanity ; but 
 my duty to my family to my constituents to my country, 
 forbids me to be silent. Factions and animosities will lay waste 
 our country. Provinces will rise against Provinces, and no 
 umpire to determine the contest but the sword. This once 
 flourishing and happy land will smile no more; it will become 
 a field of blood, and a scene of terror and desolation. To such 
 calamities shall we awake from our dreams of independence, 
 and to such miseries will our unreasonable love of liberty lead 
 us. Let us, therefore, moderate a little the eagerness of our 
 dispute, and not prostitute this noblest and best principle of 
 the human heart, to the unworthy purposes of sedition and 
 rebellion. 
 
 " The Americans love liberty, tis their grand, their darling 
 object, and may they ever have virtue and spirit enough to 
 assert and defend it, as well as wisdom and prudence to enjoy it. 
 But that love of liberty which beats so strongly in our hearts, 
 
OFMMERICAN LOYALISTS. 699 
 
 and which seems to animate and inspirit almost every individ 
 ual, if not carefully watched and attended to, will, on some 
 future day, (should we be so fortunate as to escape our present 
 danger) prove a dreadful source of misfortune to us, if not our 
 ruin. Liberty and licentiousness are nearly allied to each 
 other ; like wit and madness, there is but a thin partition be 
 tween them ; and licentiousness invariably leads to slavery. 
 Almost every page of history will furnish abundant proofs of 
 the truths of these observations; and God grant that the annals 
 of this country may riot add to the number ; but I fear from 
 the present licentious conduct, we are much nearer to a state of 
 slavery and oppression than we seem to be aware of. So far 
 already have we advanced towards it, that all internal order and 
 subordination is nearly at an end among us. The authority of 
 the civil magistrate is become useless, and almost contempti 
 ble ; even the authority of this House, nay, of the whole Legis 
 lative body of this Province, has been treated with the utmost 
 contempt, and our power in a manner wrested from us, by a 
 set of men who have arrogated to themselves the style of the 
 People s Representatives. If they are in reality such, to what 
 purpose are we here assembled ? If they are authorized to make 
 laws, to establish penalties, and to regulate the concerns of 
 this Colony, why are we called together? What is left for us 
 to do? Nothing, sir, but to do our duty; to undo, if possible, 
 all that they have done ; to strip them of their borrowed 
 plumes, and to resume that authority, which has been delega 
 ted to us for the most important purposes ; for the preservation 
 of liberty, order, and good government. We are the represen 
 tatives of the inhabitants of this Colony ; they have entrusted 
 us with the guardianship of their rights and liberties, and they 
 look up to us for the preservation of them. Let us, therefore, 
 act as becomes us, with firmness and resolution. The eyes of 
 all honest and good rnen are upon us ; their hopes, their expec 
 tations of peace and safety, under Heaven, are centred here. 
 Let us not disappoint their hopes, but let us lay aside every 
 prejudice ; let us suppress every passion and sentiment that 
 
700 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 can interfere with our country s welfare, and let us unite with 
 one voice arid one mind, to save her from destruction. 
 
 "We have this day before us the choice either of peace or 
 war; of happiness or misery; of freedom or slavery; and 
 surely we cannot hesitate a moment which to choose. By pro 
 ceeding in a firm, but in a peaceable, loyal, and constitutional 
 manner, in the settlement of this unhappy difference with our 
 mother country, we cannot fail, I am convinced, of meeting 
 with all desirable success. We shall by these means, undoubt 
 edly secure to ourselves a free constitution ; we shall have a 
 line of government stretched out and ascertained, and we shall 
 be restored to the favor and protection of the parent state, 
 which, next to the favor and protection of Heaven, will be our 
 best and strongest safeguard and security. But if you listen 
 to the dictates of violent and enthusiastic men ; if you adopt 
 the ill-judged, tyrannical, and destructive measures of the Con 
 gress, where will your miseries end ? Where, indeed, I cannot 
 tell ; but from that moment you must date the commencement 
 of them ; from that moment be assured that your ruin is inev 
 itable. NOAV is the critical moment of our fate ; we have it now 
 in our power to do the most essential good, or the most essential 
 mischief to ourselves and our posterity. If we neglect this 
 opportunity of promoting our common felicity, and of estab 
 lishing our liberties upon a firm and lasting basis, we may, 
 perhaps, never have another, and we shall repent of our fatal 
 infatuation and folly, when too late to retrieve the mistake ; 
 when the horrors and miseries of a civil war shall be increased, 
 if possible, tenfold upon our heads, by the curses and execra 
 tion of our distracted and deluded constituents ; when all 
 orders and degrees of men shall, in the bitterness of their 
 hearts, point us out as the authors of their ruin ; when we 
 shall be obliged to submit to the laws of conquest, or the pen 
 alties of rebellion. 
 
 "I have now, sir, delivered my sentiments freely and candid 
 ly upon the subject of our consideration. I have shown that the 
 rise of our present disputes with Great Britain has been an 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 701 
 
 unreasonable jealousy on our part, originating from an impol 
 itic exertion of authority on hers. I have proved that it is 
 both our interest and our duty to cultivate the closest and most 
 intimate union with her. I have shown that the authority of 
 the British Parliament, which is the supreme Legislature of 
 the empire, extends over these Colonies, which are parts of 
 that empire. I have shown the extreme danger of undue 
 opposition to that authority, which, either by exerting itself 
 against us, or giving us up to our own government, will equally 
 involve us in misery and destruction. I have shown, that by 
 a peaceable and loyal conduct, we may procure for ourselves, 
 and perhaps for our sister Colonies, a more perfect system of 
 government than that which we have hitherto enjoyed, which 
 was indeed better calculated for our infant state, than for the 
 present period of our present maturity a period that requires, 
 (however paradoxical it may seem) at the same time more 
 liberty and a stricter government. I have, therefore, Mr. 
 Speaker, nothing more to add, than that, if contrary to my 
 hopes and my most ardent wishes if, contrary to the honor 
 and dignity of this House if, contrary to the dictates of hu 
 manity, and to the duty which we owe to our constituents and 
 our country, you adopt the unjust and destructive measures of 
 the Congress, and by that means involve our country in a civil 
 war, the most dreadful calamity that can befall a people, I 
 hereby declare my honest indignation to that measure, and 
 now call Heaven and this House to witness, that I am guiltless 
 of the blood of my fellow-subjects that will be shed upon the 
 occasion. I am guiltless of the ruin of my country." 
 
 That this speech was sufficiently loyal, and quite ardent 
 enough for the occasion, need not be said. A criticism of it 
 is not necessary. Yet it may be remarked, that Mr. Wilkins 
 approval of the act for shutting up Boston, (the Boston Port 
 Bill,) and his declaration in the other passage which I have 
 marked, show to what extent a man of pure life and well in 
 formed mind, could allow his feelings to carry him, though 
 uttering at the same moment a disclaimer of being "warped" 
 59* 
 
702 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 by " attachment to sect, persons, or party." In the one case 
 he sanctioned, in terms, an act of Parliament, which involved 
 in the most wanton misery thousands of persons who had no 
 possible agency in the deeds which it was meant to punish, 
 and even expressed his conviction, that it was the "mildest 
 that could possibly have been inflicted, considering the nature 
 of the offence;" and in the other, by assuming that "the eyes 
 of all honest and good men " were fixed upon the Assembly, as 
 distinguished from "the Congress," and looked to the former 
 body only, he distinctly conveyed the opinion that no "honest 
 or good man " was a Whig. He claimed himself, to act from 
 " an honest heart ; " was not his charity wide enough to allow 
 that, among his opponents, there were some whose motives 
 were as "honest" as his own? 
 
 Mr. Wilkins s zeal and extreme loyalty rendered him very 
 obnoxious to the Whigs. Besides his prominent position in the 
 Assembly, he gave utterance to his thoughts in essays. It is a 
 singular circumstance, that the youthful Hamilton, who was 
 also born in the West Indies, undertook the task of replying to 
 two of his political effusions. One of them, The Congress 
 Canvassed, &c., which was signed A. W. Farmer, was ex 
 tensively circulated ; and as well as that called, A View of the 
 Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies, was 
 summarily disposed of, whenever they fell into the hands of 
 those whose measures they criticised and condemned. Both 
 were burned in all parts of the country; and on some occasions, 
 the former was dressed in tar and turkey-buzzard s feathers. 
 The plumage of this bird was selected as being " the most 
 stinking fowl in creation," though failing to be "a fit emblem 
 of the author s odiousness ; " but yet, as he could not be found, 
 " to receive a suit of the same gorgeous apparel," his book was 
 "thus decorated, nailed to the whipping-post, and set on fire," 
 as the best means of showing indignation of his person and 
 sentiments. A few months after the delivery of the speech 
 above quoted, he abandoned the country, and went to Eng 
 land. At the moment of his departure, he issued the following 
 Address : 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 703 
 
 " New York, May 3, 1775. 
 
 " My Countrymen : Before I leave America, the land I 
 love, and in which is contained every thing that is valuable 
 and dear to me my wife, my children, my friends and prop 
 erty permit me to make a short and faithful declaration, 
 which 1 am induced to do neither through fear, nor a con 
 sciousness of having acted wrong. An honest man and a 
 Christian hath nothing to apprehend from this world. God is 
 my judge, and God is my witness, that all I have done, written 
 or said, in relation to the present unnatural dispute between 
 Great Britain and her Colonies, proceeded from an honest 
 intention of serving my country. Her welfare and prosperity 
 were the objects towards which all my endeavors have been 
 directed. They are still the sacred objects which I shall ever 
 steadily and invariably keep in view. And when in England, 
 all the influence that so inconsiderable a man as I am can have, 
 shall be exerted in her behalf. 
 
 "It has been my constant maxim through life to do my duty 
 conscientiously, and to trust the issue of my actions to the 
 Almighty. May that God, in whose hands are all events, 
 speedily restore peace and liberty to my unhappy country. 
 May Great Britain and America be soon united in the bonds of 
 everlasting unity, and when united, may they continue a free, 
 a virtuous and happy nation to the end of time. I leave Amer 
 ica, and every endearing connexion, because I will not raise 
 my hand against my Sovereign, nor will I draw my sword 
 against my country ; when I can conscientiously draw it in 
 her favor, my life shall be cheerfully devoted to her service. 
 
 "ISAAC WILKINS." 
 
 In 1776 he returned to Long Island, where he remained 
 until the peace, when he retired to Shelburne, Nova Scotia. 
 He remained in Nova Scotia several years, and lived a part of 
 the time at Lunenburgh. About the year 1800, he again es 
 tablished his residence in Westchester County, New York, and 
 was settled over the Episcopal parish there. He continued in 
 the ministry until his decease in 1830, at the age of eighty-nine. 
 
704 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 He wrote the following epitaph a short time previous to his 
 death : 
 
 SACRED 
 
 To the memory of 
 
 THE REVEREND ISAAC WILKINS, D. D., 
 
 who for thirty-one years was the 
 
 diligent and faithful minister of 
 
 this parish, 
 placed here, as he believed, by his Redeemer. 
 
 He remained satisfied with the 
 
 pittance allowed him, rejoicing that even in that 
 
 he was no burden to his 
 
 parishioners ; 
 
 nor ever wished nor ever went forth 
 Jo seek a better living. 
 
 Doctor Wilkins married Isabella, sister of Lewis Morris, a 
 signer of the Declaration of Independence, and of Gouverneur 
 Morris, another distinguished Whig. Their mother espoused 
 the royal side, and remained within the British lines ; their 
 correspondence with her, during hostilities, occasioned suspicion, 
 and caused them difficulty, notwithstanding their sacrifices and 
 services. At the moment when Lewis voted in Congress for In 
 dependence, British ships of war were lying within cannon shot 
 of his house ; and soon after, his manor of Morrisania was 
 desolated, his woodland of one thousand acres destroyed, and 
 his family driven into exile. Three of the sons of Lewis served 
 in the Whig army. Staats, brother of Lewis and Gouverneur, 
 was an officer in the royal service ; became a member of par 
 liament, and a lieutenant-general. Thus was the Morris fam 
 ily divided. 
 
 Doctor Wilkins has a son in Nova Scotia, who bears the 
 name of his uncle, Lewis Morris, and who has obtained dis 
 tinction. He was elected a member of the House of Assembly 
 about the time of his father s return to the United States; and 
 when, in 1806, William Cottarn Tonge, Esquire, who was 
 elected Speaker, was disallowed by the Governor, Lewis Morris 
 Wilkins was chosen in his place, and approved of, and occupied 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 705 
 
 the chair, by subsequent elections, until 1817, when he was 
 removed to be placed on the bench of the Supreme Court of 
 the Colony. Judge Wilkins resides at Windsor. 
 
 WILLAKD, ABEL. Of Massachusetts. He graduated at Har 
 vard University in 1752. In 1774 he was one of the barristers 
 and attornies who were Addressers of Hutchinson. In 1776 
 he accompanied the royal army to Halifax. In 1778 he was 
 proscribed and banished. He died in England in 1781. Eliza, 
 his widow, daughter of Reverend Daniel Rogers, died in 
 Boston in 1815. 
 
 WILLARD, ABIJAH. Of Lancaster, Massachusetts. In 1774 
 he was appointed a Mandamus Councillor, and was soon an 
 object of public indignation. While at Union, Connecticut, 
 in that year, he was seized and confined over night. In the 
 morning, the multitude who guarded him, consisting of about 
 five hundred persons, condemned him to go to prison, but after 
 carrying him six miles on the way thither, released him on his 
 signing a Declaration, which they dictated, as follows : 
 
 " Whereas I, Abijah Willard, of Lancaster, have been ap 
 pointed, by Mandamus, a Councillor for this Province, and 
 having without due consideration taken the oath, do now 
 freely and solemnly declare, that I am heartily sorry that I 
 have taken said oath, and do hereby solemnly and in good 
 faith promise and engage that I will not sit or act in said 
 Council, nor in any other that shall be appointed in such man 
 ner and form, but that I will, as much as in me lies, maintain 
 the Charter rights and liberties of this province ; and do hereby 
 ask the forgiveness of all honest, worthy gentlemen that I 
 have offended, by taking the above said oath ; and desire this 
 may be inserted in the public prints. 
 
 "Witness my hand, 
 
 "ABIJAH WILLARD." 
 
 " August 25th, 1774." 
 
 He went to Halifax with the royal army in 1776 ; and in 
 1778 was proscribed and banished. He was at Long Island at 
 
706 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 a subsequent period of the war ; and in July, 1783, in the city 
 of New York, where he, and fifty-four other Loyalists, joined 
 in a petition to Sir Guy Carleton for extensive grants of lands 
 in Nova Scotia. These petitioners were, and still are known, 
 as the Fifty-Five. They represented, that their position in 
 society had beeii very respectable, and that previous to the 
 Revolution they had possessed much influence. They stated, 
 that they intended to remove to Nova Scotia, and desired that 
 the same number of acres that were granted to field-officers of 
 the army, might be granted to each of them. And they asked, 
 that, if possible, the lands should be conveyed free from quit- 
 rents, and from other incumbrances. This petition created 
 much clamor at New York, and a copy of it having been sent 
 to St. John and printed, created an excitement there. Mr. 
 Willard settled in New Brunswick, on the coast between the 
 St. Croix and St. John, and at a place which he called Lan 
 caster the name by which it is still known. He was a 
 member of the Council of that Colony. He died in 1789, 
 aged sixty-seven. After his decease, his family returned to 
 Massachusetts. He could have had the commission of colonel 
 in the royal service, but would not bear arms against his coun 
 try. It is believed that Colonel Prescott, who commanded the 
 Whig force in the battle of Bunker s Hill, was a connexion, and 
 his brother-in-law. It is said, that Mr. Willard, on the day of 
 the action, was in company with one of the British Generals 
 in Boston, who from one of the hills, and with a spy-glass, 
 watched the movements of the rebels in their intrenchment ; 
 and that the Briton asked Willard if they would fight. The 
 latter, after a survey through the glass, and after recognizing 
 Prescott, replied, that he would not answer for his men : but, 
 said he, " Prescott will fight you to the gates of h 1." 
 
 WILLARD, JOHN. Of South Carolina. Estate confiscated. 
 
 WILLARD, LEVI. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed and 
 banished. 
 
 WILLARD, SOLOMON. Of New Hampshire. He was pro 
 scribed and banished in 1778. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and was a grantee of the city, and became 
 a merchant. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 707 
 
 WILLET, GILBERT COLEURN. A magistrate, of Queen s County, 
 New York. In 1776 he signed a profession of loyalty and 
 allegiance. He entered the royal service, and was a captain in 
 De Lancey s Third Battalion. 
 
 WILLET, GILBERT GOLDEN. A captain in De Lancey s Third 
 Battalion. 
 
 WILLET, SAMUEL. A cornet of cavalry in the British Legion. 
 He settled in Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and received 
 half-pay. He died at Wilmot, Nova Scotia, in 1839, aged 
 eighty-seven. 
 
 WILLET, WALTER. A lieutenant of cavalry in the British 
 Legion. 
 
 WILLETS, CHARLES and EDWARD. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. In 1777 
 Edward was appointed to inspect and give certificates of the 
 wood provided for the use of the guard house and hospital of 
 the royal forces stationed at Jamaica. 
 
 WILLETS, THOMAS. Sheriff of Queen s County, New York. 
 Was apprehended by the Whigs in 1776 ; in 1780 he was an 
 Addresser of Governor Robertson. 
 
 WILLIS, DAVID. Mariner, of Boston. Was proscribed and 
 banished in 1778. He went to Halifax in 1776. 
 
 WILLIS, JOHN. An ensign in the second battalion of New 
 Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 WILLIS, JOHN. An ensign in the Royal Garrison Battalion. 
 
 WILLIS, OLIVER, MORDECAI, and W. Of Queen s County, 
 New York. Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ELIJAH. Of New Hampshire. A lawyer, at Keene ; 
 but abandoned his practice at the commencement of the war. 
 He was proscribed and banished, and his estate confiscated, 
 under the acts of New Hampshire. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ELIJAH. Attorney at Law, of Deerfield, Massa 
 chusetts. Graduated at Harvard University in 1764. He 
 entered the British army soon after the affair at Lexington, 
 and was proscribed under the act of 1778. He returned in 
 1784, and received half-pay during life. He died in 1793, 
 aged forty-seven years. 
 
708 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WILLIAMS, ISRAEL. Of Massachusetts. He was long a 
 member of the House of Representatives, and in 1774 was 
 appointed a Mandamus Councillor, but declined serving. 
 Though old and infirm, he was visited by a mob at night, 
 taken from his house, carried several miles, and put into 
 a room with a fire, when the doors and the top of the chimney 
 were closed, and he was kept several hours in the smoke. On 
 being released, he was compelled to sign a paper dictated by 
 his tormenters. The circumstance did not escape TrumbuU s 
 caustic pen ; and he asks, in McFingal, 
 
 " Have you made Murray look less big, 
 Or smoked old Williams to a Whig ? " 
 
 Mr. Williams was a graduate of Harvard University, of the 
 class of 1727. He died in 1788, aged seventy-nine. 
 
 WILLIAMS, JOHN. Inspector General of the Customs, and 
 resided at Boston. When Hancock s sloop was seized in 1768, 
 the mob broke several windows in his house, which was near 
 the Common. 
 
 WILLIAMS, ROBERT. Was banished and attainted, and his 
 estate was confiscated. In 1794 he resided in England, and in 
 that year petitioned the British government to interfere for the 
 recovery of some large debts due to him in America at the time 
 of his banishment. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SETH. Of Taunton, Massachusetts. He gradu 
 ated at Harvard University in 1765. In 1776 he went to Hal 
 ifax ; thence to England, and was in London in 1779, a 
 member of the Loyalist Association formed there, and an Ad 
 dresser of the king. He died in London prior to 1791. 
 
 WILLIAMS, WILLIAM. Of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1729. In 1771 he was a 
 member of the House of Representatives, and Hutchinson 
 speaks of him as one of the government members, " who, in 
 common times, would have had great weight," but who, over 
 borne by the superior numbers of the Whigs, were inactive. 
 Mr. Williams was subsequently an officer in the military ser 
 vice of the crown. He died in 1785, aged eighty -three. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 709 
 
 WILLIAMS, ELIJAH. Of New Hampshire. Was proscribed 
 and banished, and lost his estate under the confiscation act. 
 There was a Lieutenant Williams in the New Hampshire Regi 
 ment, or Wentworth s Volunteers ; probably the same. 
 
 WILLIAMS. In Connecticut was Benjamin, of Fairfield 
 County, and Ebenezer, of Reading, who were members of 
 the Reading Association. 
 
 WILLIAMS. In New York, were Isaac, John, and Gilbert, of 
 Westchester County, who were Protesters in 1775 ; and John, 
 Thomas, Micah, William, and Wilson, of Queen s County, 
 professed themselves to be true and dutiful subjects in 1776. 
 Reuben, of Brooklyn, was a grantee of St. John in 1783, and 
 died in Queen s County, New Brunswick, in 1802. Thomas 
 P. died at St. John in 1827. William, (perhaps the above), 
 died in King s County, New Brunswick, in 1802. 
 
 WILLIAMS, SAMUEL. Of Anson County, North Carolina. 
 Estate confiscated in 1779. 
 
 WILLIAMS. In South Carolina were three who belonged to 
 Charleston ; namely : Robert, James G., and George R., all of 
 whom were Addressers of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; and the 
 first, being also a Petitioner to be armed on the side of the 
 crown, lost his property under the confiscation act in 1782. 
 
 WILLIAMS. Residence unknown, Job, who embarked with 
 the royal army at Boston, in 1776 ; and Jonathan, a captain in 
 the Guides and Pioneers. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, ANDREW. Of South Carolina. Estate confis 
 cated. A member of the Provincial Congress in 1775, when 
 he was probably a Whig. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, FRANCIS. Of Currituck County, North Caro 
 lina. His property was confiscated in 1779. Previous to the 
 Revolution, he was a member of the House of Assembly. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Of Jamaica, New York. A signer of 
 the Declaration of Loyalty in 1775 ; he also signed an ac 
 knowledgment of allegiance in 1776. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, CHRISTOPHER. Of Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He died at 
 Charleston in 1814, aged sixty-seven. 
 60 
 
710 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WILLOUGHBY, BLISS. Of New York. He lived in the County 
 of Albany, near Bennington ; and early in 1775, being one 
 of his Majesty s Justices of the Peace, kept his house and 
 retainers armed, fearing an attack from the rioters or rebels of 
 that region. 
 
 WILMOT, LEMUEL. Of Long Island, New York. Entered 
 the king s service as an officer, and at the peace was a captain 
 in the Loyal American Regiment. In 1783 he settled on the 
 river St. John, New Brunswick, where he continued to reside. 
 He died near Fredericton in 1814. He received half-pay. 
 Hannah, his wife, a daughter of the Honorable Daniel 
 Bliss, died in 1810. Five sons survived him. The Honorable 
 Lemuel A. Wilmot, the son of his youngest son William, is a 
 member of the Executive Council of New Brunswick, and 
 a leading politician of the party of the Liberals of that 
 Colony. 
 
 WILSON, ARCHIBALD. A trader, of Boston. Was an Address 
 er of Hutchinson in 1774 ; went to Halifax in 1776 ; and was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WILSON, JOSEPH. Of Boston. Was a Protester in 1774. 
 
 WILSON, . Coppersmith, of Wilmington, Delaware. 
 
 W^as proscribed in 1778. 
 
 WILSON, ROBERT. A physician, of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina. W r as an Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780, and a 
 Petitioner to be armed on the side of the crown ; and in 1780 
 was banished and lost his estate. John Wilson, of George 
 town, incurred the same penalties for offences not specified. 
 
 WILSON, JOHN. Of New York. He went to Nassau, New 
 Providence, and became one of the editors of the Royal Ga 
 zette. 
 
 WILSON. Four of this name (residence unknown) were in 
 service, namely : Samuel Richard, who was a lieutenant in the 
 Royal Garrison Battalion ; Robert, a lieutenant in the Royal 
 Fensible Americans ; John, an officer of cavalry in the Queen s 
 Rangers ; and a second John, a lieutenant in the Second Ameri 
 can Regiment ; while George was a grantee of St. John. New 
 Brunswick, in 1783. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 711 
 
 WILTBANK, ABRAHAM. Of Delaware. Was a Whig, and a 
 lieutenant in the service of that State, but changed sides. In 
 1778 he was required to abide a trial for treason, or submit to 
 the forfeiture of his property. 
 
 WINCHESTER, JOHN. Died at Annapolis, Nova Scotia, in 1840, 
 aged ninety-eight. 
 
 WINGATE, JOHN. An Episcopal clergyman, of Orange County, 
 Virginia. In 1775 he was charged with having in his posses 
 sion several pamphlets containing very obnoxious reflections 
 on the Continental Congress, and the proceedings of the 
 Whigs ; and was waited upon by the Committee of that Coun 
 ty, who desired him to surrender them. This he refused, but 
 after several peremptory demands, finally consented, to pre 
 vent extremities. That the reader may learn the titles of 
 some of the publications of the Loyalists, a list of those taken 
 from Mr. Wingate, is here given, namely : The Congress Can 
 vassed, by A. W. Farmer : A View of the Controversy between 
 Great Britain and her Colonies, by the same : Free Thoughts 
 on the Proceedings of the Continental Congress, &c. : Short 
 Advice to the Counties of New York : and An Alarm to the 
 Province of New York. Most of these were printed at New 
 York, by Rivington ; and were publicly committed to the 
 flames. 
 
 WINNET, JOHN, Junior. Embarked at Boston with the Brit 
 ish army for Halifax, in 1776. 
 
 WINSLOW, EDWARD. Of Massachusetts. Brother of General 
 John Winslow. He graduated at Harvard University in 1736. 
 He resided at Plymouth, subsequently, and was Clerk of the 
 Courts, Register of Probate, and Collector of the Port. He 
 left the country with his family at the evacuation of Boston, 
 in 1776, and went to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died in 
 1784, aged seventy-two years. The ceremonies at his funeral 
 were of a style to confer the highest honor. His estates in 
 Massachusetts were confiscated ; but every branch of his fam 
 ily was amply provided for by the British government. 
 
 WINSLOW, EDWARD, Junior. Of Massachusetts. Son of Ed 
 ward Winslow. He graduated at Harvard University in 1765. 
 
712 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 In 1775 he joined the royal army at Boston, and entering the 
 king s service, became a colonel. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. In 1782 he was muster-master general of the Loyalist 
 forces employed under the crown. After the war he settled in 
 New Brunswick, and was a member of the first Council form 
 ed in that Colony ; Surrogate General ; Judge of the Supreme 
 Court; and finally, Administrator of the Government. He 
 died at Fredericton in 1815, aged seventy years. His son, 
 Edward F. Winslow, Esquire, is sheriff" of Carlton County, 
 New Brunswick. Judge Winslow was one of the founders of 
 the Old Colony Club, at Plymouth, and was one of its most 
 active members. He delivered the first anniversary address 
 of that association, on the 22d of December, or Fore-fathers 
 Day, in 1770. 
 
 WINSLOW, ISAAC. A physician, of Marshfield, Massachusetts. 
 Son of General John Winslow. He graduated at Harvard 
 University in 1762. He commenced the practice of physic, 
 and though of the same principles as other members of his 
 family, remained upon his estate during the war and his life. 
 He died in 1819, aged eighty-one. His son John, an eminent 
 lawyer, deceased at Natchez, in 1820. His widow, Frances, 
 died at Hingham, in 1846, aged eighty-four; and his daughter 
 Ruth S., widow of Captain Thomas Dingley, died at Pem 
 broke, the same year. The family tomb of the Winslows is 
 at Marshfield, near the residence of the Honorable Daniel 
 Webster. 
 
 WINSLOW, ISAAC. Of Boston. In 1774 he was an Addresser 
 of Hutchinson, and in 1775 of Gage. He was appointed a 
 Mandamus Councillor, and was qualified. In 1776 he accom 
 panied the royal army to Halifax; and in 1778 was proscribed 
 and banished. In his religious sentiments, Mr. Winslow was 
 a Sandemanian. 
 
 WINSLOW, ISAAC, Junior. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutch 
 inson in 1774, and a Protester against the Whigs the same 
 year. In 1775 he was an Addresser of Gage. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOHN. Of Boston. An Addresser of Hutchinson 
 in 1774. In 1776 he accompanied the royal army to Halifax. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 713 
 
 WINSLOW, JOHN, Junior. Merchant, of Boston. An Addresser 
 of Hutchinson in 1774, and of Gage in 1775; was proscribed 
 and banished in 1778. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOHN. Of Marshfield, Massachusetts. He was 
 the grandson of the second, and the great-grandson of the first 
 Governor Winslow, of the Colony of Plymouth; and no native 
 of New England, probably, Sir William Pepperell only ex- 
 cepted, was more distinguished as a military leader, at the 
 time he lived. In 1740 he was a captain in the unfortunate 
 expedition to Cuba; and subsequently, endured much hard 
 service in the several enterprises against Crown Point, and 
 Nova Scotia, and to the Kennebec, in the two French wars. 
 He will be remembered in our annals, principally, for his agency 
 in the removal of the Acadians from Nova Scotia in 1755. The 
 force employed in that Colony at this period was composed 
 almost entirely of Massachusetts troops, specially enlisted for 
 the service, to act as a distinct body. They were formed into a 
 regiment of two battalions, of which Governor Shirley was the 
 Colonel, and of which, Winslow, then a half-pay captain in 
 the British army, and a major-general in the militia, was Lieu 
 tenant-colonel. As Shirley could not leave his government to 
 take the command in person, Monckton, a lieutenant-colonel in 
 the army, was appointed to conduct the first battalion, and 
 Winslow the second. There was, indeed, much adroit man 
 agement on the part of the Governor, in arranging the whole 
 affair; and the same remark may be made of those who par 
 ticipated in the enterprise elsewhere. It is especially applica 
 ble to Governor Lawrence, of Nova Scotia, and his Council. 
 The plan for abducting the Acadians was kept a profound 
 secret, both by those who formed it, and by those who were 
 sent to execute it. 
 
 A proclamation was issued by Colonel Winslow, requiring 
 the inhabitants of certain districts and " of all other districts, 7 
 " both old men and young men, as well as all the lads of ten 
 years of age, to attend at the Church at Grand Pre," on the 5th 
 of September, 1755, "at three o clock in the afternoon, that we 
 may impart to them what we are ordered to communicate to 
 60* 
 
714 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 them ; declaring that no excuse will be admitted on any pre 
 tence whatever, on pain of forfeiting goods and chattels, in 
 default of real estate." The victims came. Four hundred and 
 eighteen men assembled and were shut up in the church. This 
 done, Winslow placed himself in their midst with his officers 
 around him, and addressed them in a speech of some minutes ; 
 and after making known that it was " very disagreeable to his 
 natural make and temper " to communicate his instructions, 
 yet that it was not his business to "animadvert, but to obey 
 such orders as he should receive," he announced the cruel, 
 wholly unjustifiable decree, that their "lands and tenements, 
 cattle of all kinds and live stock of all sorts, are forfeited to the 
 crown; with all other effects, saving their money and house 
 hold goods," and that they themselves were " to be removed 
 from this his Majesty s Province." This, said he, "is peremp 
 torily his Majesty s orders, that the whole French inhabitants 
 of these districts be removed." On finishing his discourse, he 
 declared that all to whom it had been addressed, were "the 
 King s prisoners." In a short time, the number of persons col 
 lected, and on whom this edict was to fall, was four hundred 
 and eighty-three men, and three hundred and thirty-seven 
 women, who were heads of families, and their sons arid daugh 
 ters, to the aggregate of eleven hundred and three, making a 
 total of one thousand nine hundred and twenty-three. Their 
 stock consisted of seven thousand eight hundred and thirty- 
 three horned cattle, four hundred and ninety- three horses, and 
 twelve thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven sheep and 
 swine. Some of these wretched people endeavored to fly from 
 the doom pronounced against them, when "the country was 
 laid waste to prevent their subsistence." In one district alone, 
 six hundred and seventy-eight buildings, of which more than a 
 third were dwelling-houses, were destroyed. 
 
 The moment of embarkation is thus described. "The pre 
 parations having been all completed, the 10th of September 
 was fixed upon as the day of departure. The prisoners were 
 drawn up six deep, and the young men, one hundred and six 
 ty-one in number, were ordered to go first on board of the 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 715 
 
 vessels. This they instantly and peremptorily refused to do, 
 declaring that they would not leave their parents ; but ex 
 pressed a willingness to comply with the order, provided they 
 were permitted to embark with their families. Their request 
 was immediately rejected, and the troops were ordered to fix 
 bayonets and advance towards the prisoners, a motion which 
 had the effect of producing obedience on the part of the young 
 men, who forthwith commenced their march. The road from 
 the chapel to the shore, just one mile in length, was crowded 
 with women and children, who, on their knees, greeted them 
 as they passed with their tears and their blessings ; while the 
 prisoners advanced with slow and reluctant steps, weeping, 
 praying, and singing hymns. This detachment was followed 
 by the seniors, who passed through the same scene of sorrow 
 and distress. In this manner was the whole male part of the 
 population of the district of Minas put on board of five trans 
 ports, stationed in the river Gaspereaux; each vessel being 
 guarded by six non-commissioned officers and eighty privates. 
 As soon as the other vessels arrived, their wives and children 
 followed, and the whole were transported from Nova Scotia." 
 
 Hutchinson, in speaking of the distresses of these people, says: 
 "In several instances, the husbands who happened to be at a 
 distance from home, were put on board vessels bound to one of 
 the English colonies, and their wives and children on board 
 other vessels, bound to other colonies remote from the first. 
 One of the most sensible of them, describing his case, said, * It 
 was the hardest which had happened since our Saviour was 
 upon earth. 1 
 
 Deeds of deeper, darker hue, have seldom been done. The 
 brute animals, at least, had committed no acts against the 
 majesty of England; but, "The volumes of smoke which the 
 half-expiring embers emitted, while they marked the site of the 
 peasant s humble cottage, bore testimony to the extent of the 
 work of destruction. For several successive evenings the cat 
 tle assembled around the smouldering ruins, as if in anxious 
 expectation of the return of their masters; while all night long 
 the faithful watch-dogs of the Neutrals howled over the scene 
 
716 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 of desolation, and mourned alike the hand that had fed, and 
 the house that had sheltered them." In another section of the 
 Colony, two hundred and fifty- three houses were set on fire at 
 one time, and their owners beheld the awful calamity from the 
 neighboring woods in unspeakable agony. When, at length, 
 an attempt was made to burn their church, they suddenly 
 emerged from the forest, slew and maimed about thirty of their 
 enemies, and quickly returned to " God s first temples." Seven 
 thousand of these wretched people were hunted up, in the 
 course of the year, and sent to different parts of the thirteen 
 Colonies. Sole and forlorn, they were to be met with after 
 wards in every principal town from Boston to Savannah. 
 Hundreds of them perished ; few were ever in comfort. Those 
 who were carried to Georgia, distant as they were from home, 
 attempted to make a voyage round the coast to Nova Scotia, 
 but after reaching New York and Boston, were met by orders 
 which compelled them to relinquish their design. 
 
 It is said by the historian,* from whom this brief narrative 
 is chiefly derived, that no records of this event have been pre 
 served in the archives of Nova Scotia. " The particulars of 
 this affair," he remarks, "seem to have been carefully con 
 cealed, although it is not now easy to assign the reason, unless 
 the parties were, as in truth they well might be, ashamed of 
 the transaction." There can be no excuse for the transporta 
 tion of the Acadians, and for the wanton destruction of their 
 possessions ; and humanity is shocked at the accounts, which, 
 though the contrivers of the plan "carefully concealed " their 
 relative agency in forming and executing it, have still been 
 preserved for the execration of mankind. The most responsible 
 persons appear to have been Charles Lawrence, Governor of 
 Nova Scotia, the members of his Council, the Honorable Vice 
 Admiral Boscawen, and Rear Admiral Moystyn. Colonel 
 Winslow was but the instrument, and acted under the Gov 
 ernor s written and positive instructions. Still, from the state 
 ments of another historian,! who was personally acquainted 
 
 * Haliburton. f Hutchinson. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 717 
 
 with all the circumstances, he must have known the nature of 
 the service before he voluntarily engaged in it. In truth, his 
 own popularity, and the assurances held out, that Governor 
 Shirley would command the expedition, and that he would be 
 the officer next in rank, seems to have been given, to gain the 
 assent of the Legislature of Massachusetts to send off her troops, 
 to promote enlistments of men, and to insure the success of the 
 measure generally. It is certain, also, that Win slow, so far 
 from being reluctant to engage in the duty, smothered his dis 
 pleasure when he ascertained that Shirley, instead of conduct 
 ing the enterprise, designed that Monckton should assume the 
 direction of it, and that he should still be second under this 
 arrangement. 
 
 Whatever were the offences of some of the Acadians, it is 
 undeniably true that, as a people, they were involved in hope 
 less and utter misery, in consequence of their unalterable at 
 tachment to their religion, and their devoted loyalty to their 
 sovereign ; and was the head of the most ancient and most 
 loyal family of New England the proper instrument to punish 
 them for faithfulness to conscience and to duty? Twenty years 
 after, as will be seen by the accompanying notices, nearly every 
 person of Winslow s lineage became sufferers in turn, and for 
 similar reasons ; and the fact, that they, by the force of events, 
 were transplanted to the very soil from which the Acadians were 
 expelled, and that men of their blood and name are now as 
 rarely to be met with in the country in which for a century and 
 a half they were prominent actors, as are those of French origin 
 in the former Acadia of France, affords another instance, and 
 the last to be recorded in this volume, of the vicissitudes of hu 
 man life, and the changes of condition effected by civil war. 
 
 In 1756 the indefatigable Shirley determined to raise three 
 thousand men in Massachusetts, to aid the mother country in 
 her operations against the French in America ; and of these, 
 and of six thousand other troops, Winslow was to be com- 
 mander-in-chief, with the rank of major-general. His zeal not 
 only prompted him to sustain this large requisition upon his 
 native Colony, but induced him to propose an increase of the 
 
718 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 number. But causes of dissatisfaction existed in consequence 
 of some occurrences while upon the unhappy service the pre 
 vious year, just mentioned, and men enrolled themselves slow 
 ly and reluctantly. Before the quota was completed, Shirley 
 was superseded in his military authority, and the Massachu 
 setts troops, accordingly, performed but a secondary part in 
 the enterprises which succeeded. Win slow took the field at 
 the head of nearly eight thousand men, raised in New England 
 and New York, and was in position to meet Montcalm, who, 
 to save Crown Point and Ticonderoga, made a movement from 
 Oswego (which fell into his hands) by the route of the St. 
 Lawrence. As soon as the French General returned to Canada, 
 Winslow and his army returned to Massachusetts. The cam 
 paign was attended with no results ; discomfiture happened to 
 the British arms every where. Win slew s force was diminished 
 by considerable desertions, and by deaths on his march home 
 ward, and deaths in camp after he had reached the Colony ; 
 and he found, to add to his embarrassments, that the govern 
 ment had made no provision for the payment of his officers 
 and men. The latter difficulty was met by an appropriation 
 of the General Court, and the General was finally permitted to 
 enjoy repose. 
 
 In 1762 he was appointed one of the commissioners "to 
 repair to the river St. Croix ; determine upon the place where 
 the said easterly line [of Maine] is to begin ; extend the said 
 line as far as should be thought necessary ; and ascertain and 
 settle the same by marked trees, or other boundary marks." 
 William Brattle and James Otis were his associates, and they 
 made a report of their doings, which was printed. This may 
 have been the first of the many efforts made to solve that vexed 
 question " Which is the true river St. Croix?" 
 
 In compliment to General Winslow, "the fourth of a family 
 more eminent for their talents, learning, and honors, than any 
 other in New England," one of the towns incorporated on the 
 river Kennebec, in 1771, was called by his name.* Of this 
 
 * It is still Winslow, though the town of Waterville was formed of a part 
 of it in 1802. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 719 
 
 town he was one of the original grantees in 1766 ; and it is an 
 interesting incident, as connected with his political sympathies, 
 that the first settlers were stanch Whigs, who, though living 
 almost in a wilderness, had their Committee of Safety, and in 
 1776, voted to raise or provide "one hundred and twenty-five 
 thousand of shingles, and ten thousand of clapboards, to pur 
 chase a town stock of ammunition." General Winslow was a 
 member of the Legislature of Massachusetts during the Stamp 
 Act difficulties, and acted, possibly, with the Whigs. He was 
 associated with Gushing, Dexter, and Samuel Adams, on sev 
 eral occasions, in preparing answers to the speeches of Gov 
 ernor Bernard, and the papers which, apparently, they jointly 
 submitted, contain very pungent rebukes, and an examination 
 of the grounds and principles of the controversy. He died at 
 Hingham, in 1774, aged seventy-one. His widow, I suppose, 
 embarked with the royal army in 1776. She was in England 
 in 1783, and enjoyed a pension from the government. As has 
 been remarked, the Revolution caused the removal of most of 
 the members of this ancient family ; and the Winslows of Brit 
 ish America are, probably, at the present time, the nearest 
 direct descendants of Edward Winslow, the Mayflower Pil 
 grim, and one of the earliest governors of the Old Colony. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOSEPH. The Committee of Newport, Rhode 
 Island, of which Jonathan Otis was chairman, wrote to the 
 Committee of Easthampton, New York, in June, 1775, that 
 he was "an inveterate enemy of our county," and that it 
 "was generally thought," he had gone to a hospital to take 
 the small-pox, for the purpose of spreading that disease in the 
 Whig camp at Cambridge. Thomas Gilbert and Ebenezer 
 Philips were charged with taking the small-pox for the same 
 purpose. The truth of such an averment may be doubted. 
 
 WINSLOW, JOSHUA. Of Boston. In 1760 he was one of 
 the fifty-eight Boston Memorialists, who arrayed themselves 
 against the officers of the crown, and in 1767 was a member of 
 the Committee of that town appointed to adopt means to stop 
 unnecessary importations, "which threaten the country with 
 poverty and ruin." But in 1774 he was an Addresser of 
 Hutchinson, and a Protester against the Whigs. 
 
720 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WINSLOW, PELHAM. Attorney at law, of Plymouth, Massa 
 chusetts. Son of General John Winslow. He graduated at 
 Harvard University in 1753. In 1778 he was proscribed and 
 banished. He entered the royal service, and was a major. 
 He died at Long Island, New York, in 1783. 
 
 WINSTANTLY, THOMAS. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished 
 and his property confiscated in 1782. 
 
 WINTERMOOT, . Of Wyoming, Pennsylvania. He was 
 
 a noted adherent of the crown, and a large land proprietor. 
 A fort bearing his name was erected on his estate, and was 
 occupied by the miscreant Colonel Butler, as his head-quarters, 
 while on his murderous enterprise against Wyoming. Winter- 
 moot was himself active in bringing destruction upon the 
 valley, and after doing all the mischief in his power, removed 
 to Canada. In the war of 1812 he had a son in the British 
 service, with the rank of lieutenant, who was killed at Fort 
 Erie, by an American volunteer from the neighborhood of 
 Wyoming. 
 
 WISWALL, JOHN. An Episcopal clergyman, of Falmouth, 
 Maine. He was a son of John Wiswall, of Boston, and 
 graduated at Harvard University in 1749. He commenced a 
 school at Falmouth as early as the year 1753, at which time 
 he was a Congregationalist and a student of divinity. In 
 1756 he was ordained over the society in New Casco. He be 
 came deranged in 1762, and continued in an unsound state of 
 mind several months. In 1764 he changed his religious views, 
 and embraced Episcopacy. Several attempts were made be 
 fore the last named year, to form a society of Episcopalians at 
 Falmouth, but none had proved successful. At this time 
 great divisions existed in the only parish there, and after a 
 part of the members had agreed to secede and erect a church, 
 a quarrel arose among them, and "two of the most respectable 
 of" the seceders "fought in the street." Of the new society 
 Mr. Wiswall was invited to become the minister. The " sece 
 ders from the old parish had for some time been paying him 
 court," and he "suddenly left his people without the usual 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 721 
 
 formalities, declared for the Church of England," and accepted 
 the call. After preaching several times in the town-house, he 
 embarked for England to be ordained, and, as was common in 
 those days, took passage in a mast-ship. He returned in 
 May, 1765. His flock, July, 1766, consisted of seventy fami 
 lies, and, as he wrote at the time, of " a considerable number 
 of strangers." * The Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel in Foreign Parts contributed 20 per annum, and his 
 people paid the remainder of his salary. The latter, under 
 the existing laws, were required, also, to aid in the support 
 the minister and colleague pastor of the old parish ; but of 
 this burden they were eventually relieved by consent of both 
 parties, and by an act of the General Court. The two 
 parishes thus terminated their strife ; no others existed in that 
 part of Falmouth, which is now Portland, anterior to the Rev 
 olution. 
 
 But though religious differences came to an end, the increas 
 ing public disputes caused new divisions in Mr. Wiswall s 
 own communion. Among those who were offended, and 
 seceded because of their minister s loyalty, was General Pre- 
 ble, a very distinguished Whig, to whom the Provincial Con 
 gress first offered the command of the Massachusetts forces, 
 but who, on account of his age, declined the appointment, 
 when it was conferred upon General Ward. Mr. Wiswall, 
 however, continued to perform his duties, until Falmouth was 
 burned by Mowatt in 1775. In that wanton outrage, St. Paul s 
 Church, the building in which he officiated, was consumed. 
 His conduct during the troubles with Mowatt, which preceded 
 
 * Parson Smith, to whom Mr. Wiswall seems to have been a source of great 
 affliction, and a sort of evil genius, and who was either recording, that the 
 community was in a " sad toss," or in a " sad uproar," in consequence of the 
 dissensions which resulted in the formation of the Episcopal Church, says, in 
 his Journal: " June 29th, (Sunday,) The Lieutenant Governor, Judge 
 Oliver, Mr. Goff, Mr. Winthrop, and Mr. Bowdoin, at meeting," to hear 
 him. Though seventy families had gone off, that the good old man retained 
 the strangers of distinction, must have been, under the circumstances, highly 
 grateful to his feelings. 
 
 61 
 
722 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 the conflagration, caused much offence ; and while walking 
 with that miscreant, he was seized, and carried before the 
 Whig Committee, or Board of War, a prisoner. Though he 
 was soon released, his usefulness was at an end, and yielding 
 to circumstances, he soon departed from town. During the 
 war he went to England, and in 1778 was included in the 
 banishment act of Massachusetts. While abroad he received 
 some professional employment, and in 1781 was a curate at 
 Oxford. After the peace he returned to America, and settled in 
 Nova Scotia. He died in that Colony in 1812. His son, the 
 Honorable Peleg Wiswall, was appointed a Judge in the 
 Supreme Court of Nova Scotia in 1816, and died at Annapo 
 lis in 1836, aged seventy-four. 
 
 WITTINGTON, WILLIAM. Embarked at Boston with the Brit 
 ish army for Halifax. 
 
 WOGNER, JOHN. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. He was banished, and 
 his property confiscated, in 1782. 
 
 WOLGIMOT, JOHN. Of Tryon, now Montgomery, County, 
 New York. In 1775 a signer of a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 WOOD, ELIJAH. Of Queen s County, New York. He was 
 an officer in the royal service, and in 1780 commanded the 
 party of Loyalists, who, after a skirmish of six hours, cap 
 tured the rebel privateer sloop Revenue. 
 
 WOOD, JOHN. Died at St. John, New Brunswick, in 1817, 
 aged eighty-one years. 
 
 WOOD, ROBERT. Of New York. Was a merchant of that 
 city, and a member of the firm of Peter Miller and Company. 
 In 1783 he went to St. John, New Brunswick, and established 
 himself in business the year following. He died at St. John in 
 1827, aged sixty-eight. 
 
 WOODBRIDGE, TIMOTHY. Of Massachusetts. A member of the 
 General Court in 1771 ; and of weight on the ministerial side. 
 
 WOODRUFF, NATHANIEL and JABEZ. Of Queen s County, New 
 York. In 1775 signed a Declaration of loyalty. In 1776 
 Jabez professed himself to Lord Richard and General William 
 Howe a loyal and well affected subject. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 723 
 
 WOODWARD, ISAAC. One of the first who left the United 
 States for New Brunswick. He died in that Province, No 
 vember, 1833, at the age of seventy-three. He belonged to the 
 society of the Friends. 
 
 WOODWARD, JESSE. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey. 
 His ancestor came to America three years after William Penn, 
 and built a stone house, which is still standing. He was a 
 man of consequence in his neighborhood, and was employed 
 by Lord Cornwallis to contract for stores and forage, for the 
 royal army. When his Lordship left that part of the country, 
 considerable sums were due to persons of whom Mr. Wood 
 ward had made purchases, for which he was held accountable ; 
 and unable to make payment, he was imprisoned by the Whig 
 authorities, and remained in confinement three years. In 1783 
 he removed to Beaver Harbor, New Brunswick, and thence to 
 St. John, where he died. He belonged to the religious society 
 of the Friends, or Quakers. 
 
 WOODWARD, JESSE. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey. 
 Son of Jesse Woodward. After receiving a good education, he 
 chose a seaman s life, and was absent on a voyage at the com 
 mencement of the struggle, and remained abroad until its 
 close. His political sympathies were, however, on the side of 
 the crown, and he joined his father s family in emigrating to 
 New Brunswick. He settled at St. John, and was a ship 
 master. He removed to Halifax in 1808 ; and died in Africa 
 in 1832. Three sons and six daughters survived him. His 
 son, Isaac Woodward, Esquire, of St. John, was recently a 
 County member of the House of Assembly. 
 
 WOODWARD, JOHN. Of Monmouth County, New Jersey. 
 Brother of the preceding. Although of the religious faith 
 of his father, he accepted a military commission, and in 1782 
 was an ensign, and at the close of the war a lieutenant in the 
 first battalion of New Jersey Volunteers. He settled at St. 
 John, New Brunswick, was the grantee of a city lot, and re 
 ceived half-pay. He died at St. John about the year 1805. 
 After his decease, his widow and children returned to New 
 Jersey. His son Leeson now (1846) resides at Philadelphia. 
 
724 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WOODWARD, ROBERT. An ensign in the Third Battalion of 
 New Jersey Volunteers. 
 
 WOODWARD, THOMAS. Of Queen s County, New York. 
 Acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. He was among the 
 Addressers of Lieutenant Colonel Sterling, of the Forty-second 
 Regiment, April, 1779 ; as was Nathaniel Woodward, of the 
 same County. 
 
 WOODWARD, WILLIAM. Of Westchester County, New York. 
 A Protester. 
 
 WOOLEN, WILLIAM. An officer of the Customs. Embarked 
 at Boston in 1776 for Halifax, with the British army. 
 
 WOOLSEY, BENJAMIN MUIRSON. An officer of cavalry in the 
 Queen s Rangers. At the peace he settled in New Brunswick, 
 and was a major in the militia. He returned to the United 
 States. 
 
 WOOTTEN, MORRIS. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 WORDEN, JARVIS. Of North Castle, New York. Gave up 
 all for his loyalty, and was a grantee of St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, in 1783. He died at Greenwich, King s County, New 
 Brunswick, in 1842, aged eighty-six, and was buried by his 
 desire on his own farm. 
 
 WORDEN, JEREMIAH. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, 
 in 1783. 
 
 WORDEN, SAMUEL. Of Murderkill, Delaware. Was pro 
 scribed in 1778. 
 
 WORMLEY, JOHN. A captain in the North Carolina Volun 
 teers. 
 
 WORRALL, THOMAS G. Embarked at Boston with the Brit 
 ish army for Halifax. 
 
 WORTHINGTON, JOHN, L. L. D. Of Massachusetts. He gradu 
 ated at Yale College in 1740, and devoted himself to the profes 
 sion of the law. The late President D wight, in speaking of him, 
 said that he was u a lawyer of the first eminence, and a man 
 who would have done honor to any town, and any country." 
 He was a member of the House of Representatives of Massa 
 chusetts in 1771 and in 1774, and was appointed a Mandamus 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 725 
 
 Councillor, but declined the perilous honor. Although on the 
 side of government, and opposed to the course of the Whigs, 
 he was moderate and temperate in his opinions and actions. 
 He continued in the country, and died at Springfield in 1800, at 
 the age of eighty-one. One of his daughters married the pure 
 and gifted Fisher Ames, another was the wife of Judge Bliss, 
 a Loyalist, who is noticed in these pages. Mr. Worthington 
 received the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 WOSSORD, BENJAMIN. Of South Carolina. Was in office 
 under the crown after the capitulation of Charleston. His 
 property was confiscated. 
 
 WRAGG, JOHN. Of Broad Street, Charleston, South Carolina. 
 An Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780 ; and a Petitioner 
 to be armed on the side of the crown. He was banished and 
 his property confiscated in 1782. 
 
 WRAGG, WILLIAM. Of South Carolina. He was born in 1714, 
 and was educated and fitted for the practice of the law in Eng 
 land. After returning to South Carolina, he was a member of 
 the Assembly and of the Council for many years. In 1709 he 
 declined the appointment of Chief Justice of the Colony, that 
 he might give evidence to those whose political course he op 
 posed, that his own conduct was not influenced by the hope of 
 official distinction. Refusing to take an oath prescribed by the 
 Provincial Congress, he was compelled to go into banishment. 
 He embarked for Europe in the summer of 1777, but perished 
 on the passage, at the age of sixty-three. He possessed an 
 ample fortune, and, until the Revolutionary controversy com 
 menced, was held in the highest consideration. That he was 
 a gentleman of talents and of blameless life, was universally 
 admitted. 
 
 WREN, MILES. A grantee of St. John, New Brunswick, in 
 1783. 
 
 WRIGHT, DANIEL. Residence unknown. Went to Halifax 
 from Boston in March, 1776. 
 
 WRIGHT, ELIAS. Of New York. Went to New Brunswick 
 in 1783, was a grantee of St. John, and became a magis- 
 61* 
 
726 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 trate. He died at Beaver Harbor, on the Bay of Fundy, in 
 1825, aged seventy-six. 
 
 WRIGHT, JAMES. Of Georgia. Was major of the Georgia 
 Loyalists. 
 
 WRIGHT, JOHN. A merchant, of Falmouth, Maine. Was 
 proscribed and banished in 1778. 
 
 WRIGHT. Fourteen of this name, of Queen s County, New 
 York, acknowledged allegiance, October, 1776. To wit: 
 Hallet, Joseph, Zebulon, Samuel, Nathaniel, Samuel, Thomas, 
 Nicholas, Gilbert, William, Gideon, Theophilus, George, and 
 Anthony. 
 
 WRIGHT, SIR JAMES, BARONET. Of Georgia. He was the son of 
 Judge Wright, of South Carolina. Sir James held at different 
 periods the highest posts in Georgia, having been Attorney 
 General, Judge, and Lieutenant Governor, before assuming the 
 government of the Colony in 1761. He was governor at the 
 commencement of hostilities, and was the last who adminis 
 tered affairs in the name of the king. In writing to the Earl of 
 Dartmouth, from Savannah, December, 1774, he said, that 
 " since the Carolina Deputies have returned from the Conti 
 nental Congress, as they call it, every means have been used to 
 raise a flame again in this Province." In the same letter he 
 remarked, that the proceedings of that Assembly had roused so 
 rebellious a feeling, as that "God knows what the conse 
 quences may be, or what man, or whose property may escape." 
 In 1776, such had been the progress of Revolutionary principles 
 in Georgia, that the communications of Sir James to the legis 
 lature were entirely disregarded. Having threatened the 
 Whigs that he would resort to a military force to stop their pro 
 ceedings, Colonel Joseph Habersham, a member of the Assem 
 bly, was directed to seize his person. Sir James gave his parole 
 of honor to confine himself to his own house, but soon violated 
 the pledge ; and making his escape to an armed vessel of the 
 crown in the harbor of Savannah, he planned an attack upon 
 the town, which proved unsuccessful. He embarked for Eng 
 land. In 1779 he was dispatched to re-assume the govern 
 ment of Georgia. Savannah at this time was in possession 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 727 
 
 of the king s forces ; and the Whigs under General Lincoln, 
 assisted by the French under Count D Estaing, resolved to 
 recover it. An assault was made October 9th, but was unsuc 
 cessful, and caused the assailants the loss of nearly one thou 
 sand men. The friends of Sir James claim, that by his deter 
 mined zeal and spirit, the defence of his capital was "one of 
 the most brilliant events of the war in the South." This 
 defence, it is also affirmed, would not have been made but for 
 his vote in the council of war ; as the other members were 
 equally divided, when he decided for vigorous opposition to 
 the combined force sent to Georgia, though very superior to that 
 under Prevost, the royal general. Sir James, before the peace, 
 was at New York. At the close of the war he retired to Eng 
 land. He owned a large property in Georgia, which was con 
 fiscated. From " his situation, age, activity, and zeal, as well 
 as abilities, he was placed at the head of the Board of Agents of 
 the American Loyalists," for prosecuting their claims to com 
 pensation for losses. His own claim occupied the attention of 
 the commissioners for a considerable time. "After a long ex 
 amination of his case," they reported him " to have rendered 
 eminent services to Great Britain ; to have lost real and per 
 sonal property to the value of 33,702, and his office of Gov 
 ernor, value 1000 per annum." During the investigation, he 
 produced letters from Lord George Germaine, and Lord Mans 
 field. Sir James died in England previous to 1788, and was 
 succeeded in the Presidency of the Board of Agents by Sir 
 William Pepperell, of Maine. 
 
 WRIGHT, WILLIAM. Of Path Valley, Pennsylvania. Was 
 proscribed in 1778. 
 
 WYATT, JOSEPH. Of Charleston, South Carolina. An Ad 
 dresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 WYER, DAVID. Of Falmouth, Maine. He was bred to the 
 sea, and became a ship-master. His residence was at Charles- 
 town, Massachusetts, while thus employed, but he removed to 
 Falmouth, and was an officer of the Customs. When the 
 Revolution commenced he was still in office, and with all the 
 officers of the revenue of that port (Thomas Child only ex- 
 
728 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 cepted, who was a Whig) abandoned the country. His loss 
 in the conflagration of Falmouth was inconsiderable, being 
 estimated at only 67. During the military possession of the 
 town by Thompson, and preceding that event, he was re 
 quired to give his presence before the Board of War as being 
 a Tory. 
 
 WYER, DAVID, Junior. Of Falmouth, Maine. Son of David 
 Wyer. He was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1741, 
 and graduated at Harvard University in 1758. In 1762 he 
 was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of law 
 at Falmouth. Until the year 1774, he and Theophilus Brad 
 bury, who removed from Newbury, Massachusetts, were the 
 only lawyers who resided in that town, and of course they 
 were ever antagonists. It is said, too, that their characters 
 were as opposite as their position in Court. " Bradbury," 
 (says the correct and diligent Willis, in his History of Port 
 land,) " was grave and dignified in his deportment, while 
 Wyer was full of gayety and wit, the shafts of which did not 
 always fall harmless from his adversary ; the life of the 
 former was marked by steadiness and uniformity, that of the 
 latter was desultory and irregular ; one was distinguished by 
 genius, the other by method ; they both had qualities to ele 
 vate them in society, and give them a fair rank in the Courts, 
 Bradbury was more of a special pleader, and by the weight 
 of his character and manners had great influence with the 
 Court and Jury; but Wyer often carried his point by the 
 vigorous sallies of his wit, and when he lost the jury, he fre 
 quently gained the laugh and the audience." They were 
 also of opposite sects in religion, and of different parties in 
 politics. 
 
 On the testimony of Governor Sullivan, and other lawyers 
 who practised in Maine prior to the Revolution, Daniel Davis, 
 Esquire, said of Wyer, that "he was a high-minded, sterling 
 fellow, of strong talents, an able and eloquent advocate, and 
 extremely independent in his opinions and character." Mr. 
 Wyer kept his office in his house, which was in Congress 
 Street, nearly opposite the north school-house. This house 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 729 
 
 was not burned in 1775, and is now (or was until a short time) 
 standing. If without the regular appointment and commis 
 sion of king s attorney, Mr. Wyer acted in that capacity when 
 occasion required the services of such an officer in the Courts 
 of Maine. He died in 1776 at Stroudwater, to which place he 
 removed after the burning of Falmouth, at the age of thirty- 
 five, of an epidemic which prevailed at that time, and which 
 carried off many persons old and young. His wife was a 
 Miss Russell, a niece of Thomas Russell. Mrs. Wyer and two 
 children survived him. One of the latter, a daughter, married 
 Captain Samuel Waite, of Portland. The three were living 
 in that city in 1833. 
 
 WYER ; THOMAS. Of Falmouth, Maine. Brother of David 
 Wyer, Junior. He was born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, 
 June 15, 1744, and removing to Falmouth with his father, was 
 also employed as an officer of the Customs. He lost 325 in 
 real and personal estate by the burning of the town in 1775. 
 In 1778 he was proscribed and banished. In 1781 he was in 
 New York, where he was settled for the time with his wife. 
 In 1784 he went to St. Andrew, New Brunswick, with other 
 Loyalists, and continued there until his decease. He was an 
 agent of the British government for settling and allotting lands 
 to adherents of the crown in the Revolution, the first Sheriff 
 of Charlotte County, a Judge of the Common Pleas, and 
 Deputy Colonial Treasurer. He died February 24, 1824. He 
 had a numerous family, but only one son survived him. This 
 son, the Honorable Thomas Wyer, of St. Andrew, is a mem 
 ber of her Majesty s Council, Justice of the Common Pleas, 
 member of the Board of Education, Commissioner of Wrecks, 
 and Lieutenant Colonel of Militia. The wife of the first Mr. 
 Wyer was the daughter of Jeremiah Pote, a fellow Loyalist 
 of Portland, and a settler of St. Andrew. The family account 
 is, that, the senior Wyer was a graduate of Harvard Uni 
 versity, but no person of his name is found upon the cata 
 logue. 
 
 WYLLY, ALEXANDER. Of South Carolina. In 1782 his es 
 tate was amerced twelve per cent. 
 
730 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 WYLLY, ALEXANDER CAMPBELL. A captain in the King s 
 Rangers, Carolina. 
 
 WYNN, WILLIAM. Of Duchess County, New York. In 1783 
 he retired to New Brunswick, where he remained nineteen 
 years. He removed to Upper Canada, and died at Queenstown 
 in 1834. 
 
 YARBOROUGH, . A captain. Of South Carolina. Was 
 
 in commission under the crown after the surrender of Charles 
 ton. Estate confiscated. 
 
 YEAMANS, JOHN. Of Duchess County, New York. Removed 
 to New Brunswick in 1783. He was the first member of the 
 Assembly returned from the County of Queens, and held a 
 seat in that body for many years. At the time of his decease, 
 he was the presiding magistrate of Queen s County. He died 
 in 1824, aged eighty-nine years. His son, Peter Yeamans, 
 Esquire, is a major of militia, and a magistrate of the same 
 County. 
 
 YORKE, THOMAS. His estate was confiscated, and he was 
 attainted and banished. In a memorial dated at London in 
 1794, he represented to the British government, that he had 
 not been able to recover debts due to him in America at the 
 time of his banishment, and he prayed for redress. 
 
 YOUNG, EPHRAIM. Was one of the first settlers of St. An 
 drew, New Brunswick, and lived there before the erection of a 
 frame-house by any one. He died at St. George, New Bruns 
 wick, October, 1841, aged eighty-eight. His wife, with whom 
 he lived sixty-six years, survived him. His descendants are 
 thirteen children, one hundred and eight grandchildren, one 
 hundred and forty great-grandchildren, and three great, great 
 grandchildren. 
 
 YOUNG, FRANCIS and GEORGE. Went to St. John, New Bruns 
 wick, at the peace, and were grantees of that city; the latter 
 died there in 1827, aged severity-one. 
 
 YOUNG, GEORGE. Of Charleston, South Carolina. Was an 
 Addresser of Sir Henry Clinton in 1780. 
 
 YOUNG, JOHN. Residence unknown. Was a lieutenant in 
 the King s American Regiment. 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 731 
 
 YOUNG, JOHN. Of Philadelphia. Lost his estate by confis 
 cation in 1779. 
 
 YOUNG, WILLIAM. Of Pennsylvania. Settled in New Bruns 
 wick, and died at Carlton in 1804, aged forty-nine, leaving 
 nine children. 
 
 YOUNG, WILLIAM. Of Rhode Island. Was banished from 
 the State, and was forbidden to return at his peril, by act of 
 June, 1783, after the peace. 
 
 YOUNG, . Of Little Lakes, (now the town of Warren,) 
 
 New York. Founded a small Colony, which was known as 
 Young s Settlement, of which he continued to be the head 
 man. In 1778, a party of Whigs plundered and burned his 
 habitation in retaliation for similar deeds of the Tories, at the 
 secluded hamlet of Andrus-town, in the vicinity. This per 
 son, possibly, was Frederic Young, Esquire, who, in 1775, 
 signed a Declaration of loyalty. 
 
 YOUNGHUSBAND, GEORGE and ROBERT. Were grantees of St. 
 John, New Brunswick, in 1783. The first was a member of 
 the Loyal Artillery, in 1795, and an alderman of the city in 
 1803. 
 
 ZABRISKIE, JOHN. A magistrate, of New Jersey. His estate 
 was confiscated during the war ; and by an act of December, 
 1783, it was given to Major General Baron Steuben, in reward 
 for his services. John Zabriskie, Junior, Esquire, was a mem 
 ber of the Bergen County Committee of Correspondence in 
 1774, as was also Peter Zabriskie, Esquire. 
 
 ZEDWITZ, HERMAN. A lieutenant-colonel in the Whig ser 
 vice and Continental army. In June, 1775, he petitioned the 
 New York Provincial Congress to be allowed to raise a regi 
 ment of six hundred men in Pennsylvania. In August of 1776 
 he was discovered in a correspondence with Governor Tryon, 
 of New York. The object of this correspondence, it appeared, 
 was to obtain a large sum of money to be immediately sent 
 him, on condition of his giving the royal commander informa 
 tion of the strength and situation of the army of Congress, 
 agreeably to a promise which he had made to Tryon previous 
 
732 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 
 
 to his accepting the commission. He confessed, at his trial, 
 that he had written to Try on, and that the letter produced was 
 his; but he averred that his end was not treasonable, and that 
 his aim was to draw from the royal coffers the sum of 2000 
 sterling, to reimburse himself for expenditures in raising a regi 
 ment in Germany for the Marquis of Granby, which remained 
 unpaid. His life was saved by a casting vote. He was, how 
 ever, dismissed from the army, and declared incapable of hold 
 ing any military office under the United States. His perfidy, 
 it seems, was made known by a German, who had charge of 
 a communication to Governor Try on, but who carried it im 
 mediately to Washington. 
 
 ZUBLY, JOHN JOACHIM, D. D. He was the first minister of 
 the Presbyterian Church in Savannah, Georgia. He was a 
 man of great learning, of vigorous and penetrating mind. In 
 1775 he was a member of the Provincial Congress of Georgia 
 that assembled at Tondee s Long Room, Savannah, July 4th ; 
 and preached a sermon in his own church before that body on 
 the alarming state of American affairs, for which a committee 
 was appointed to return him the thanks of the Congress. He 
 appears to have been an active member, and to have assented to 
 the measures which were adopted. On the 7th of July he was 
 selected as one of the delegates of Georgia to the Continental 
 Congress at Philadelphia, a fact which shows that he possessed 
 the confidence of his associates. He, however, expressed his 
 surprise at the choice, said that he thought himself to be an 
 improper person on many accounts, and declared that he 
 would not go unless he had the approbation of his people; 
 whereupon a committee was appointed to request their consent. 
 In the subsequent proceedings he assisted to prepare a letter 
 to the President of the Continental Congress, and an Ad 
 dress to the Governor of Georgia. The task of framing a 
 Petition to the King was assigned to his individual pen. His 
 name is attached to an appeal to the inhabitants of Georgia, 
 dated July 25th, in which it is said, that " A civil war in 
 America is begun. Several engagements have already hap 
 pened," and at the close, an earnest recommendation is made 
 
OF AMERICAN LOYALISTS. 733 
 
 for " a steady perseverance in the cause of liberty." His con 
 gregation having given their assent that he should attend the 
 deliberations at Philadelphia, he declared his willingness to 
 undertake the duty, and returned his thanks for the honor 
 conferred, and the faith reposed, by his associates. He took 
 his seat in the Continental Congress accordingly, but was soon 
 detected in a correspondence with the royal governor of 
 Georgia. A copy of his letter was obtained, and Mr. Chase, of 
 Maryland, denounced him in open Congress as a traitor. 
 Doctor Zubly denied the charge, and called upon his accuser 
 for the proofs. But he did not wait for the nature of his offence 
 to be established, for he immediately fled. Mr. Houston, one 
 of his colleagues, was directed to pursue him, and to counter 
 act the evils to be apprehended from his defection. The 
 remainder of Doctor Zubly s life was embittered in conse 
 quence of his separation from his Whig friends, and he was 
 involved in most unhappy disputes. He died at Savannah 
 before the close of hostilities, in July of 1781. His prop 
 erty was forfeited under the confiscation laws. 
 
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