THE INDUSTRIAL Hi STORY 
 OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 GILLS B. JACKSON 
 
 i> 
 D.WEBSTER DA 
 
 SCHOOL EDITION 
 
 Negro Educational Association 
 
THE 
 
 INDUSTRIAL 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEGRO RACE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 GILES B. JACKSON 
 
 AND 
 
 D. WEBSTER DAVIS 
 
 RICHMOND, VA. 
 
 NEGRO EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION 
 1911 
 
Copyright, 1908, by Giles B. Jackson 
 Richmond, Virginia 
 
 Revised Edition 
 Copyright, 1911 
 
 All Rights Reserved 
 
 Composition, Press Work and Binding 
 by L. H. Jenkins, Richmond, Va. 
 
260016 
 
[4] 
 
PREFACE 
 
 Every race has its history written by its own members. 
 This, to our mind, is a special reason why the Negro should 
 have a history of himself, written by members of his own 
 race, and that history should be taught in the schools of the 
 youth of the race. As history can be best gleaned from his 
 industrial progress, the writers of this book feel that a history, 
 showing the strides made by the race along industrial lines, 
 would prove most beneficial, not only to the adult, but espe 
 cially to the youth. 
 
 The information furnished through the medium of this 
 book could not be obtained through any other source or com 
 bination of sources ; for the reason that the authors have spent 
 large sums of money and labored for more than four years, 
 to secure it. 
 
 Giles B. Jackson has been engaged for a number of years 
 in the practice of law among his people, and in this capacity 
 has come in contact with every element of his people, and is 
 thus well prepared to speak of them from close contact. He 
 was the promoter of the Jamestown Negro Exhibit, whose 
 successful history is known to all the world. In this arduous 
 duty he traveled from one end of the country to the other, 
 and met the leading men and women in their own localities, 
 studying the industrial history and progress of his people, 
 and thus it can be readily seen he is well prepared to speak 
 upon many phases of this great subject. 
 
 D. Webster Davis has been for more than thirty years 
 a teacher in the Public Schools, a Conductor of Summer Nor 
 mals for teachers, a public lecturer and a minister of the 
 [5] 
 
6 PREFACE 
 
 Gospel, and is the author of three volumes that have met with 
 the commendation of the black and white public. 
 
 The getting together of a special Negro Exhibit of the 
 Jamestown Exposition, separate and distinct from that of the 
 white race, was a stupendous and difficult undertaking. Many 
 of the best thinking persons of our race thought that such 
 an exhibit would give aid and comfort to Negro discrimina 
 tion. Many thought it would be of such little moment as to 
 bring the race in disrepute, rather than aid in its development. 
 Our people were thus divided in sentiment, which made the 
 undertaking seemingly impossible; and yet the results will 
 justify the most sanguine hope of the most ardent friends of 
 the race. We think it not too much to say that the Negro 
 Exhibit was one of the central figures of the Exposition. From 
 three to twelve thousand people visited it each day and went 
 away astounded at the marvelous display of every possible 
 department of Negro thrift and industry. It silenced the 
 croakers, gratified the friends beyond expression, made friends 
 of the enemies, and indeed it may be said that "they who came 
 to scoff, remained to pray." 
 
 It has been demonstrated that of all races in the world, the 
 N.egro knows less about himself. The rank and file have no 
 conception of the industrial progress of their own race, and 
 even the learned but a poor, and, at best, partial knowledge 
 of what is going on among our people in this country. Per 
 haps the saddest feature of the Exposition was the fact that 
 so few of our people were able to see it, and thus gain the 
 inspiration that such a scene must have given the dullest soul. 
 
 To remedy this defect, we have decided to write a ull 
 history of this magnificent display to inspire the youth of the 
 land to high endeavor, to encourage them in every laudable 
 attempt to rise, and let them see what has already been accom- 
 
PREFACE j 
 
 plished, and thus give hope for the years to come. We pro 
 pose to place this book, if possible, in the hands of every 
 Negro school boy and girl in the land, that he may know his 
 own people, and, by virtue of that knowledge, be inspired to 
 do his part to build up to greater heights the race with which 
 he is identified. We feel that this book, teeming with infor 
 mation, is an absolute necessity if we are to be in the future 
 what the present progress would indicate. When our white 
 friends shall read this book they will feel encouraged to know 
 that their labors have not been in vain. When our enemies 
 and villifiers read it they must at least have a greater respect 
 for our people or prove themselves too prejudiced to accept 
 indisputable evidence of the powers of a people. 
 
 We feel it an injustice that the $200,000 spent upon this 
 exhibition should die in the minds of the people. Therefore, 
 we are using this means to perpetuate the great good that 
 was accomplished. If it shall encourage our friends, both 
 North and South, in the smallest measure, silence our enemies, 
 put new inspiration into thousands of ministers, teachers, 
 professional men, merchants, mechanics and laborers, who 
 are struggling for the uplift of the race, and fill the little 
 black boy and girl, studying in the school rooms of our land, 
 with a new hope, and point unmistakably that God is with 
 us and there is a "shout of a king in the camp," we shall be 
 satisfied. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION. Pages 17-18. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ORIGIN, ETHNOLOGY AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE NEGRO. 
 
 Negro a Human Being Not an Inferior Being The Humane 
 and Intelligent the Negro s Friend Dispersion of the Three 
 Sons of Noah Pyramids Built by Negroes Why the Negro is 
 Black His Curly Hair Curse of Cain No Curse Upon the 
 Negro Race Hope for the Race. Pages 19-24. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN SLAVERY IN AMERICA. Indian 
 and African Slavery Landing of First Slaves Slavery in 
 Other Colonies Slavery in Maryland Slavery in Delaware 
 Slavery in North Carolina Slavery in South Carolina Slavery 
 in Georgia Slavery in Pennsylvania Slavery in New Jersey 
 Slavery in New York Slavery in Connecticut Slavery in 
 Rhode Island Slavery in Massachusetts Slavery in New 
 Hampshire Slavery in Vermont Slavery in Other States- 
 Slavery in Virginia Fidelity of the Negro Slave The Im 
 ported Slaves- ^Treatment of Slaves in New York Treatment 
 of Slaves in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut- 
 Treatment of Slaves in New Hampshire and Maryland Treat 
 ment of Slaves in Delaware and Pennsylvania Treatment of 
 Slaves in North Carolina Treatment of Slaves in South Caro 
 lina Treatment of Slaves in Georgia. Page 25-35. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 SLAVERY NORTH AND SOUTH Slavery in the North Slavery 
 in the South Slaves in Virginia Old Mistress Fugitive 
 Slaves Under Ground Railroad Stations Dred Scott Decision 
 Slavery in the Territories Escape of the Slaves James 
 Summerset Black Laws Negro Insurrections. Pages 36-42, 
 [9] 
 
10 CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER IV. . 
 
 NEGRO AS A SOLDIER Man s Duty to His Country Negroes 
 Have Few Monuments Most Monuments Erected by the Govern 
 ment The Negro Veteran Negro in the Revolutionary War 
 Boston Massacre Negro Heroes in the War Feeling Among 
 Generals Rewards of Heroes of Revolution. Pages 43-47. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 NEGRO IN THE WAR OF 1812. Cause of the War Manuscript 
 of Mr. D. Lee Child Major Jeffereys. Pages 48-49. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 NEGRO IN MEXICAN WAR. Part Taken by Negroes Necessarily 
 Very Limited- Why Negroes were Scarce in This War Negro s 
 Record in War Hastened His Freedom. Pages 50-51. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. Slavery Not the Cause of the 
 War Fundamental Differences Between North and the South 
 Slavery Question Contributing Causes to the War First Gun 
 Fired at Fort Sumpter Not a History of the War Part Taken 
 by Negroes in the War Negroes in the Navy The First Offi 
 cial Authority for Enlistment of Negro Troops Commanders 
 of Negro Soldiers Battles in Which the Negroes Were En 
 gaged and Some Heroes of the War Battle Milliken s Bend, 
 Fort Wagner, Fort Pillow, Crater at Petersburg, Rodman s 
 Point Negro Wrought Out His Freedom by Valor of Arms. 
 Pages 52-57. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 RESUME OF THE WAR AND EMANICAPTION OF THE NEGRO. 
 Emancipation from Shackles, Emancipation of the Heart and 
 Mind Self-help the Best The War was Not Started to Free 
 the Slaves Mr. Lincoln s Inaugural Address Call for Troops 
 
CONTENTS II 
 
 Meaning of Emancipation Proclamation Text of the Emancipa 
 tion Proclamation The Effect of the Proclamation Hampton 
 Roads Conference South Against Slavery Gradual Emancipa 
 tion South the Negro s Home. Pages 58-65. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 NEGRO IN SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. Negroes in all the Wars- 
 Cuban Insurrection Ninth and Tenth Cavalry Some Heroes 
 of Spanish-American War -Sixth Virginia Regiment Charge 
 of San Juan Hill What the Record of the Negro in the Various 
 War Teaches. Pages GG-G7. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 RELIGION. Religious Advancement Religious Ideals of the Race 
 Infidelity and Atheism Experience of Grace Getting Happy 
 Religion and Ethics Great Preachers His Present Religious 
 Status Elements of Hope Possibilities of Growth Benevo 
 lence Some Benevolent Institutions Other Forms of Religious 
 Activity Some Religious Characteristics. Pages 68-75. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 EDUCATION OF THE NEGRO. Education of the Past The End 
 of Education Advancement in Negro Education Expenditures 
 for Negro Education History of Negro Education What the 
 Negro Has Done for Himself What the Race Must Learn 
 The Kind of Education the Race Needs Advantages of Indus 
 trial Education Some Great Industrial Schools Hampton 
 Normal and Agricultural School Tuskegee s Normal and In 
 dustrial School Other Schools with Industrial Features. Pages 
 76-87. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 BUSINESS AND COMMERCE. His Business Career Necessarily 
 Crude Every Man Must Work Negro Engaged in Every 
 Branch of Industry Report of A. F. Hilyer of Negro Business 
 
12 CONTENTS 
 
 Report of Atlanta Conference Conspicuous Business Enter 
 prises Other Than Commercial Business Disadvantages of 
 Negroes in Business With Whom He Trades Our Great Need. 
 Pages 88-96. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 ACCUMULATIONS OP THE NEGROES IN VIRGINIA. Property 
 Acquired in Various Counties of Virginia "Grand Fountain 
 United Order of True Reformers" "Jackson Ward" "Insur 
 ance Companies in Jackson Ward" "General Business Statis 
 tics of the Negroes of the City of Richmond." Pages 97-103. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A FARMER AND INVENTOR. Negro a Good 
 Farm Hand The Negro a Social Being Leaving the Farm for 
 the City Negro as a Land Owning Farmer How to Keep 
 the Negro on the Farm Farmers Congress and Conferences 
 Negro as an Inventor Success as an Inventor List of Promi 
 nent Inventions The Negro an Inventive Genius. Pages 104- 
 111. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 NEGRO IN LITERATURE. Book Making a High Achievement- 
 English Difficult Why Patois Effect of Negro Jorgon on 
 Whites Centuries to Make Great Writers Negro as Historical 
 Writer Some Historical Books Some Prose Books Some 
 Poetical Books Some Negro Text Books Some Fiction Ob 
 ject and Some of Negro Works His Future in Literature 
 Names of Prominent Negro Writers. Pages 112-121. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE NEGRO IN ART. Painting Sculpture Actors and Elocu 
 tionists Oratory Music Negro Composers Negro Si 
 Examples of Each. Pages 122-128. 
 
CONTENTS 13 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 NEGRO WOMANHOOD. Woman s Place in Race Development 
 The Race s Debt to the Mothers of the Past The New Mother 
 Woman s Work Woman s Work in Benevolence Need of 
 Systematic Effort. Pages 129-135. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 NEGRO DEVELOPMENT AND EXPOSITION COMPANY OP THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 DECLARATION OF PURPOSE. Letter to the White People of the 
 Country Special Appeal to the White People of Richmond and 
 the State of Virginia Comments from Ex-Governor J. Hoge 
 Tyler, of Virginia; C. B. Aycock, of North Carolina; Senator 
 John W. Daniel, of Virginia; Ex-President Grover Cleveland 
 The Petition to Congress To the Committee on Industrial Arts 
 and Expositions Including Notes on Negro Progress The 
 Negro as a Producer in Virginia Letter to the Governor of 
 Various States. Pages 13G-159. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 REPORT OP THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Negro Exhibit 
 Jamestown Exposition to April 30, 1908 An Extract from the 
 Report to the Tercentennial Commission Sunday Civic Act 
 The Contractors Field Agents Their Commission and their 
 Accomplishment Special Features The Emergency Hospital 
 Plantation Songs The Warrick Tableaux Department of In 
 ventions The Savings Bank Departments of Music and Litera 
 ture Ex-President Roosevelt s Visit Prof. Keely Miller s Ad 
 dress in Part Prof. Booker T. Washington s Visit Report of 
 the Advisory Board for the Negro Building for the Jury of 
 Awards Discussion of the Important Exhibits and a list of 
 those Awarded Prizes Comments From Governor Claude A. 
 
! 4 CONTENTS 
 
 Swanson, of Virginia; Governor R. E. Glenn, of North Carolina; 
 Hon. Andrew L. Harris Hon. A. B. Miller, Private Secretary 
 to Governor Stuart Exposition Notes Speech of Colonel Giles 
 B. Jackson Ex-President Roosevelt s Visit to the Headquarters 
 at Richmond, Virginia. Pages 160-250. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 POEMS. Plantation Melodies "Hail! Hail! Hail!" "My Lord 
 Delivere d Daniel" "View De Land" "Oh, Yes" "Nobody 
 Knows the Trouble I ve Seen" "The Danville Chariot" 
 "Swing Low Sweet Chariot" "The Angel Done Change My 
 Name" "The Negro Meets to Pray" "Ole Mistis" "De Ghana 
 Cup" "My Childhood s Happy Days" "De Niggers Got to 
 Go" "Aunt Chole s Lullaby" "When De Co n Pone s Hot" 
 "A Lullaby." Pages 251-291. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 REV. JOHN JASPER. His Life "The Sun Do Move" Sermon. 
 Pages 293-317 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 "THE NEGRO IN AMERICA." An Address by Andrew Carnegie, 
 Delivered Before the Philosophical Institute of Edinburgh, 
 October 16, 1907 Sketch of Mr. Carnegie s Life A Review of 
 the Achievements of the Negro Examples of Thrift and In 
 dustry. Pages 318-366. 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Pages 367-369. 
 
< I 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 History is a record of human events, chronicled not only 
 for the purpose of imparting information as to the achieve 
 ments of men and nations, but more to inspire men to greater 
 efforts and nobler things. What man has done, man can do 
 and more. The peoples of the earth have long since found 
 out the great power of history in shaping the destiny of 
 coming generations. The Negro youth of to-day needs this 
 stimulus more than the youth of any other race, because of 
 his backwardness as compared to other races living in thor 
 oughly civilized countries. Pride in the struggle and achieve 
 ments of the ancestors of a people furnish the most powerful 
 incentive to heroic endeavor. 
 
 The Negro child, on completing a course, in American his 
 tory, has found almost nothing concerning his own people, and 
 rises from his study with the feeling that all these things of 
 which he has studied have practically no relation to him 
 self, and therefore, in the concrete sense, is rather discouraged 
 than helped, and feels like Topsy, that "niggers ain t nothin 
 and can t be nothin no how." 
 
 The American system of education has no such desire in 
 view, and to supply this defect, that to the Negro youth is a 
 calamity, this volume has been prepared. 
 
 The Negro has been patriotic, he has shown valor and de 
 votion to his country the only one the Negro of to-day 
 knows America. 
 
 This book has been written along the same lines as Ameri 
 can history written by others. The facts have been positively 
 verified, and proofs of each statement can be found in the 
 [17] 
 
!g INTRODUCTION 
 
 Library of the United States at Washington. The tone is 
 fair and absolutely without prejudice to either race, and 
 should bring as much joy to the Anglo-Saxon race, that has 
 always been able to rejoice in the success of others as in their 
 own marvellous achievements, as it will give to the Negro. 
 Whatever these pages may show of credit to the Negro is 
 equally to the credit of American white men from whom he 
 has obtained his ideals, and by whose friendship and kind 
 ness he has been able to do what these pages show he has 
 done. 
 
 Finally, it remains with the Negro teachers of this country, 
 into whose hands this book must fall, to make it a powerful, 
 vitalizing influence to inspire the Negro youth and compel 
 him to feel and know that "good can come out of Nazareth," 
 and that "Ethiopia shall stretch out her hands unto God." 
 
 D. WEBSTER DAVIS. 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE 
 NEGRO RACE 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 ORIGIN, ETHNOLOGY AND EARLY HISTORY OF THE NEGRO 
 
 What is a Negro? It will seem passing strange to men, 
 who have not closely followed this subject, to know that some 
 one has actually written a book and attempted to prove that 
 the Negro is not a human being, not a descendant of Ham, 
 not a child of God, but an inferior being, having no connec 
 tion with the original creation. This book has been seriously 
 answered by another with the title, "The Negro a Man." Be 
 lieving that this proposition is hardly worthy of serious con 
 sideration, we pass it by with but this single notice. 
 
 A question, perhaps, of more serious moment is : Is the 
 Negro an inferior being? This can be readily answered by 
 the one proposition tfo :. if the statement of Holy Writ is 
 true, "God made man in His own image, in His own likeness 
 made He him, male and female made He them," the question 
 ; s at once answered. If God breathed in man the breath of 
 life and he became a living soul, then he is a part of God 
 himself. Soul property knows no inferiority. We must 
 acknowledge that at present we are inferior in advantages 
 and numbers, but certainly not innately. Men are not superior 
 or inferior by accident of race or color, but only superior or 
 inferior in heart and brain. Superiority is born of honesty, 
 virtue, charity and love, of liberty, and we are, inferior only 
 
20 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 to the man who loves God better and serves his fellowman 
 with more earnestness of purpose. The enemies of the 
 Negro, because he is a Negro, are enemies of liberty, progress, 
 humanity and God, who said, "Inasmuch as ye did it unto 
 the least of these ye have done it unto me." 
 
 The humane and intelligent of every age and every country 
 have been friends to the oppressed and down-trodden. George 
 Washington, of noble lineage, the father of this country; 
 Thomas Jefferson, the founder of our great Government; 
 Robert E. Lee, the Christian soldier and patriot; Thomas J. 
 Jackson (Stonewall), who could take time from a busy life, 
 as a professor in the Virginia Military Institute, to become a 
 teacher in a Negro Sunday-school for many years ; and the 
 noblest blood of Virginia have ever shown their great love to 
 human liberty by aiding the oppressed of our race. Women 
 who were willing to leave their homes of virtue and joy and 
 go to the leper colonies to care for the oppressed, and the 
 noblest of noble women, the old mistress on a Southern planta 
 tion, who found it her delight to administer to the sick and 
 dying of the Negro race upon hundreds of plantations, are 
 but types of love to human kind. As it has been in the past, 
 so it will be until time shall be no more : the best and noblest 
 of every land will be the friend to the Negro. 
 
 Let us accept the statement that God made of one blood all 
 men to dwell upon all the face of the earth, and the proposi 
 tion is at once established. Continuity of language, oneness 
 of feeling, and desire for worship ; these three unite the great 
 human family in a single whole. Let us watch upon the plain 
 of Shinah, the dispersion of races, if we accept the Bible story 
 of Noah and his family. Let us see the three sons as they 
 go forth to replenish the world. Central Asia was the original 
 home of the human race and the three brothers, Ham, Shem 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 21 
 
 and Japheth, who were destined to repeople the world, repre 
 sent the great divisions of the human family, and all other 
 races are but sub-divisions of these three. Japheth, the repre 
 sentative of the white race, now known as the Caucasian, 
 goes to Europe and gives to the world commerce ; Shem to 
 Asia, and gives to the world religion; Ham to Africa, and 
 gives the arts and sciences to civilization. Herodotus and 
 Strabo both mention him. Nero Ephodorus (B. C. 405) 
 seems to think well of the Ethiopian. Herodotus expressly 
 says that a great number of Ethiopians of his time had black 
 faces and curly hair. The Hebrew annals show Egypt to 
 have contained a number of Negroes, and mention a conquer 
 ing king invading Egypt at the head of a great Negro host, 
 and for a long time governing it. Thus, there is no doubt of 
 the antiquity of the Negro. 
 
 Pyramids were built by Negroes or by their close relation, 
 if we are to follow the inscriptions which we find thereon. 
 The God of Egypt was named Hammon or Amon, from Ham. 
 
 WHY Is THE NEGRO BLACK? We think it can be conclu 
 sively proven that climatic conditions have had to do with the 
 blackness of his skin and the curl of his hair. Many Africans 
 have black skin without curly hair, and many others have 
 curly hair and a very light skin, and as a fact known to every 
 traveler, in Africa can be found persons of purely African 
 type and yet perfectly white. Under the Equator they were 
 deep black, as the Aztecs. We find the copper color as we go 
 higher, as in the American Indian of North America ; the 
 Spaniard and the Italian being swarthy and inclined to dark 
 color; then the French, darker than the English white. The 
 English and the Germans are a florid complexion; while the 
 Swedes, being in a very cold climate, are of a dead white. 
 
22 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 There are gradations of color even in Africa itself. Inhabi 
 tants of the North, as we stated before, are white. As we 
 advance South, where the sun s rays shine very perpendicular, 
 we find a darker hue than that found in this country. This 
 fact may be clearly demonstrated : A person from the hot 
 regions of the South going North and remaining any length of 
 time, invariably becomes of a lighter hue, while the fairest 
 Caucasian, with a few seasons of tanning by African sun, 
 could be easily mistaken for a Negro, so far as color is con 
 cerned. 
 
 This curling hair is only a type of similar conditions. The 
 Jolofs, Mandingoes and Caffers have perfect limbs, with fea 
 tures as elegant as any Caucasian. The style of living also 
 modifies human features in the course of a single generation. 
 The Irish, driven from Antrim and Downes, developed pro 
 jecting jaws, large mouths, high cheek bones and bow legs 
 simply the result of being driven from a higher civilization. 
 Coarse and ill-prepared food, says Buffoon, the French Natu 
 ralist, will make any people become coarse in features as well 
 as in manner ; and the climatic effect upon the hair is well 
 known to the casual observer. The Negro has been men 
 tioned in history for more than six thousand years. Christ 
 fled into Egypt from the wrath of Shem and Japheth, and 
 was cared for in earliest childhood by a son of Ham, and, 
 groaning under the burden of the Cross of Calvary, being 
 whipped and spurred to accomplish the atonement for man 
 kind, Shem laughed and derided, Japheth scourged and mocked, 
 but Ham helped to bear his Cross. Phillip, in attempting to 
 spread the religion of the Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, 
 first taught it to an Ethiopian eunuch, w r ho spread it in his 
 own kingdom, and traces may still be distinctly found upon 
 the records of that now almost unknown country. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 23 
 
 Before we can pursue the study of this history with any 
 thing like a fair idea and open mind, it seems to us the first 
 thing to be done is to rid the mind of that much-mooted curse 
 of Cain. If we are to believe that God did really curse the 
 Negro race, if we are to believe that in struggling for our 
 own uplift we are striving against a positive edict of Jehovah, 
 then we might well give up in despair; and yet even if it 
 were a curse, this race has washed it out long ago in tears and 
 blood. 
 
 Sad as it may seem to relate, truth compels us to say that 
 Noah simply got drunk, and in his drunken stupor attempted 
 to curse Ham, but strange to say, cursed Cain instead, if 
 curse it could be called. But the best evidence of a prophecy 
 of God is its fulfillment. Instead of a "servant of servants 
 unto his brethren," the Hebrews, the direct descendants of 
 Shem, were in subjection to Ham, and there slavery was first 
 worked out on the shores of Africa for more than four hun 
 dred years. Abraham, the father of the faithful, we are told 
 by the Word of God, "Bowed down to the children of Heth," 
 in order to find a sepulchre for his dead, and again this same 
 Word tells us that the Canaanites would dwell in the land, 
 and it was utterly impossible for the sons of Shem to anni 
 hilate them. 
 
 Cush, the eldest son of Ham, father of Nimrod, was the 
 founder of the great City of Babylon, and Nimrod s son built 
 the City of Nineveh, to which place Jonah w r as sent to preach 
 repentance. We would have our people understand that no 
 curse rests between ourselves and the highest possible develop 
 ment. The Ten Commandments say, "The iniquity of the 
 father shall descend upon the children unto the third and 
 fourth generation of them that hate me." And if this be 
 true, certainly if by any stretch of the imagination it could 
 
24 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 be called a curse, it has long since passed away with the 
 fourth generation. Christ came to fulfill all things and to be 
 the brother and advocate of all mankind and to restore him 
 back to the love and favor of the Father. Let us not mind the 
 way the Lord takes to bring us home. "Weeping may endure 
 for a night, but joy cometh in the morning." 
 
 Let us begin to feel in the very outset of the study of our 
 history that the best men of all races are our friends, that we 
 have within ourselves the making of our own destiny, and 
 that God is ever the friend of the earnest, struggling, unselfish 
 race or individual. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 25 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN SLAVERY IN AMERICA 
 
 At the beginning of English colonization in North America, 
 Indian and African slavery had already been established in 
 the Spanish colonies in South America and in the West Indies. 
 It naturally was introduced in the English colonies, especially 
 from the Barbadoes. 
 
 The first authentic case of this introduction in America 
 was at Jamestown, in 1619, when a Dutch vessel, being in 
 need of supplies, landed here and exchanged fourteen Negroes 
 for food and supplies. These Negroes were enslaved, but 
 no law enforcing this fact was passed until 1622, at which 
 time there were nearly tw o thousand slaves in the colony, 
 most of whom had been imported from Africa to Jamestown, 
 and this is the first colony of which we can speak of slavery 
 as having had a definite beginning; for in the other colonies 
 the institution seems to have been so long established as to 
 have lost its novelty. The rule, soon established, that children 
 should take the condition of their mother, proved a spur to 
 the system and added to its iniquity. 
 
 SLAVERY IN THE OTHER COLONIES. While Virginia pre 
 sents the first authentic case of positive slavery, all of the 
 colonies north and south of Mason and Dixon s line were 
 equally guilty. 
 
 SLAVERY IN MARYLAND. In 1663 the Civil Law Ri:le was 
 adopted by the following provision : "Africans, or rather 
 slaves, within the province, or thereafter imported, should 
 serve through life, and their children also." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 27 
 
 SLAVERY IN DELAWARE. The Swedes, who settled in Dela 
 ware, at first prohibited slavery, but it was introduced here 
 by the Dutch. It probably existed in 1636, but its first legal 
 recognition was in 1721, when an act was passed providing 
 for trial of slaves by two justices and two free-holders. Here 
 slavery, with this single exception, was wholly a matter of 
 custom. 
 
 SLAVERY IN NORTH CAROLINA. When the two colonies 
 were united, the noth article provided that every freeman 
 should have "absolute power and authority over his colored 
 slaves of whatever opinion or religion soever." This became 
 a fundamental law of North Carolina without statutory enact 
 ments further than police regulations. 
 
 SLAVERY IN SOUTH CAROLINA. The first legislative act 
 was passed February 7, 1690, for the better ordering of slaves. 
 Slavery is said to have been introduced by Governor Yea- 
 mans, in 1670, and formally legalized by declaring that "all 
 Africans and Indians heretofore sold, or thereafter to be sold, 
 and their children, slaves to all intents and purposes." Many 
 cruel laws were passed for the treatment of slaves who should 
 run away for the fourth time, and yet an act was passed in 
 1704, and reenacted in 1708, for enlisting of colored troops in 
 the army. 
 
 SLAVERY IN GEORGIA. Here slavery was prohibited with 
 the establishment of the colony in 1732, but in 1749 Parlia 
 ment gave them power to repeal this act. In 1775 the Legisla 
 ture passed an act regulating the conduct of the slaves. 
 
 SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA. Slavery was first heard of 
 here in 1688, when Francis Daniel Pastorious drew up a 
 memorial against the practice for the Germantown Quakers ; 
 
28 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 upon which memorial the Qfuakers, at their yearly meeting, 
 acted favorably in 1696. In 1700 the Legislature forbade the 
 selling of slaves out of the province without their consent. 
 Frequent legislation was had to check and abolish slave trade, 
 but even in 1795, the State Supreme Court decided that slavery 
 was not inconsistent with the State Constitution. 
 
 SLAVERY IN NEW JERSEY. Slavery here was introduced by 
 the Dutch also, but not recognized by law until 1664, when 
 the word "slave" occurs in law for the first time. In East 
 Jersey they were tried by jury in 1694, and in West Jersey 
 the word "slave" was omitted from the law. New Jersey 
 never passed any harsh laws and the condition of the slaves 
 was more tolerable here than in any other colony where the 
 system was really established. 
 
 SLAVERY IN NEW YORK. Here slavery came in with the 
 Dutch West India Company, as early as 1628, but there was 
 no legal recognition until 1665, when the Duke of York s 
 laws forbade the enslavement of Christians, thus by implica 
 tion conniving at slavery of Negroes, who were considered 
 heathen. In 1683, full recognition was given by the Naturali 
 zation Act, that "it should not operate to free those held as 
 slaves"; and by an act of 1706, to allow "baptism of slaves 
 without freeing them." 
 
 SLAVERY IN CONNECTICUT. Here slavery was never directly 
 established by statute, and the time of its introduction is un 
 certain. They were considered as slaves rather than chattels, 
 could sue their masters for ill-treatment and deprivation of 
 property ; and the only legal recognition was in police regula 
 tions in 1690, in order to check the wandering and running 
 away of "purchased colored servants." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 29 
 
 SLAVERY IN RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island passed the first 
 act for the abolition of slavery in our history, May 19, 1652. 
 This act freed all slaves brought in the province after ten 
 years of slavery. This, however, was never obeyed, custom 
 being too strong for statutory law. 
 
 SLAVERY IN MASSACHUSETTS. An African is mentioned in 
 Massachusetts in 1633, as an "Estray conducted to his master." 
 In 1636 a Salem ship began the importation of African slaves 
 from the West Indies, and thereafter Pequot Indians were 
 constantly exchanged for Barbadoes serfs. Public sentiment, 
 after 1700, began to develop against slavery. In December, 
 1766, a jury gave a colored woman four pounds damages 
 against her master for restraining her of her liberty. In 
 1787, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts decided that under 
 the Constitution of 1780 a man could not be sold in that State 
 as a slave. John Ouincy Adams vouches for this statement. 
 
 SLAVERY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. Here there were but few 
 slaves, and slavery had only a nominal existence. An ac.t was 
 passed in 1714 regulating the conduct of African and Mulatto 
 servants and slaves. 
 
 SLAVERY IN VERMONT. Vermont never recognized slavery. 
 
 SLAVERY IN OTHER STATES. Milder provisions for the 
 regulation of slavery were made in Missouri, 1820; Texas, 
 1836; Florida, 1838; Kentucky, 1850; Indiana, 1851; Oregon, 
 1857; Louisiana, 1759; and Maryland (1860) provided for 
 the volunteer enlistment of free colored persons. 
 
 SLAVERY IN VIRGINIA. In Virginia slaves were mostly em 
 ployed in the cultivation of tobacco, wheat and corn, and this 
 became a profitable investment. They were enlisted in the 
 militia, but could not bear arms except in defence of the 
 
3 o INDUSTRIAL PI 1 STORY 
 
 colonies against the Indians. They performed the greater 
 part of manual labor, and were house servants and mechanics, 
 and, in fact, indispensable to the progress of Virginia planta 
 tions. Railroads, highways and magnificent colonial residences 
 were all the construction of Negro labor, and it may be said 
 that Negro hands made Virginia bloom and blossom like a 
 rose. 
 
 FIDELITY OF THE NEGRO SLAVE. Books might be written 
 upon this one phase of the Negro question-, and we can indeed 
 say with Daniel Webster, in speaking of the history of this 
 country, "the past, at least, is secure." Governors, represen 
 tatives and senators have been proud to speak of the gentle 
 ness, sweetness and loveliness of character of the black "mam 
 mies" on the Southern plantation. And never until men shall 
 fail to revere noble deeds, and honor finds a dishonored grave, 
 will men cease to speak of the unswerving fidelity of the 
 Negro slave upon the old Southern plantation during the four 
 years of dreadful carnage. 
 
 The imported slaves came chiefly from the west coast of 
 Africa, though a few were brought from the east coast and 
 southern coast as ^ ell. Many were bought direct from other 
 tribes who had captured them in war and sold them to white 
 traders, whose vessels landed on their coasts. Many others 
 were captured outright by crews from these ships, while others 
 were enticed by beads, pieces of bright cloth and gaudy tinsel. 
 Many of them came from tribes possessing more or less 
 knowledge of the use of tools and were skilled in making gold 
 and ivory ornaments, cloth and magnificent weapons of war. 
 The men had been trained in honesty, truthfulness and valor; 
 while the women were virtuous even unto death. Even their 
 system of polygamy had its bright side. The young girls 
 were, married off at early age for their own protection* The 
 
H 
 
 PQ 
 
32 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 slave had much respect for what he called law, honor for his 
 parents, and despised slavery. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN NEW YORK. For a while they 
 were treated better than in Virginia being taken to church, 
 baptized and allowed to get an education, yet slaves were once 
 sold in what is now the famous Wall Street, and the whipping 
 officer was once a regular institution in New York City. The 
 riot of 1712 shows something of the feeling against the Negro 
 population. Having been excluded from the schools, they 
 were not allowed to own land even when free, were forbidden 
 to strike a Christian or a Jew even in self-defence, and their 
 testimony was excluded from court; the iniquity was carried 
 further by setting torches to their houses and killing them in 
 the streets while they helplessly cried for mercy. The militia 
 finally subdued the riot, but not before many whites and 
 Negroes had been killed. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND 
 AND CONNECTICUT. In 1764 there were nearly 6,000 slaves in 
 Massachusetts; about 4,000 in Rhode Island, and about 3,900 
 in Connecticut. They were rated as horses and hogs, could 
 not bear arms or be admitted to school. They were baptized 
 in church, but this did not have the effect of making them free 
 men. The colonies finally became alarmed, fearing that unless 
 the slaves were treated better they would espouse the cause 
 of the enemy. The slaves, encouraged by a tract written by 
 Judge Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice of Massachusetts Supreme 
 Court, in 1700, presented a petition for their emancipation. 
 In 1773, Felix Holbrook and other slaves presented a petition 
 to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, asking to be 
 set free and granted some unimproved lands where they 
 might earn an honest living as free men. This petition was 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 33 
 
 delayed one year, and finally passed, but the English Gov 
 ernors, Hutchinson and Gage, refused to sign it because they 
 thought it might interfere with commerce. This act, with 
 others, caused the Negro slaves to feel that England was 
 inimical to their freedom, and a few years later, when Eng 
 land tried to subdue the colonies, the slave population enlisted 
 largely in its defence. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND MARY 
 LAND. The people in these colonies, seeing the sentiment in 
 regard to slavery, early passed laws against their importation. 
 They made up their minds that, as a matter of business as 
 well as humanity, it was best not to attempt to build up their 
 colony at the sacrifice of blood and in the traffic of human 
 souls. Up to 1630, Maryland was a part of Virginia, and the 
 treatment of the slaves here was similar to that in Virginia. 
 The feeling between the Catholics ;and the Protestants and the 
 enmity existing between them rel&ounded to the good of the 
 slaves. These religious denominations, in their endeavor to 
 out-do each other, naturally vied with one another in the 
 treatment of the slaves in the colony, and yet by law a white 
 man could kill a Negro and be subject only to a fine. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN DELAWARE AND PENNSYLVANIA. 
 In these colonies the slaves were treated about as they were 
 in New York. While the north of the colony was favorable 
 to slavery, the western part, being influenced by the Quakers 
 in Pennsylvania, were much kinder in their treatment. The 
 authorities of Pennsylvania were always opposed to slavery, 
 and William Penn showed himself especially friendly to the 
 slaves. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN NORTH CAROLINA. The relation 
 ship existing between whites and blacks in North Carolina 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 35 
 
 has, for some undefined reason, always been exceedingly har 
 monious. Prior to the War between the States there were 
 schools for free colored people and some of them owned slaves 
 themselves, and since the Emancipation, educational advan 
 tages for the Negroes of this State have been exceedingly 
 liberal. Slaves were worked, as a rule, on small farms, and 
 their treatment was milder, as was customary, than on farms 
 where there were large cotton plantations governed by cruel 
 overseers. Some of them, strange to say, were imported from 
 the North. Eastern North Carolina was thickly peopled with 
 slaves. Some landlords owned as many as two thousand. 
 They were employed to work small cotton plantations, pro 
 ducing rice and cereals found in the eastern part of this State. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Owing to the 
 peculiar fitness of the soil for the production of rice and cot 
 ton, slave labor was in great demand and under it the colony 
 prospered marvelously. Negroes were imported here from 
 Africa by the thousands, and here it was, perhaps, the harsh 
 ness and- cruelty of slavery reached its maximum. 
 
 TREATMENT OF SLAVES IN GEORGIA, It was a long time 
 before the trustees of this colony would consent to allow slav 
 ery. Finding it impossible to proceed without it, the trustees 
 finally relented and slaves were introduced in large numbers. 
 As usual, prosperity came with its introduction, and the 
 Negroes changed the richness of the soil into silver and gold 
 and made Georgia one of the proudest of the colonies. Cotton 
 plantations became numerous under the system, and the slaves 
 were experts in its cultivation. Sugar-cane and rice were 
 also raised in abundance. Georgia gradually treated her slaves 
 with greater harshness, as the fear of their leaving increased. 
 
36 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 SLAVERY IN NORTH AND SOUTH 
 
 SLAVERY IN THE NORTH. History conclusively proves the 
 abolition in the North was more a commercial than a humane 
 consideration. There being but little labor for the slave to 
 perform, the New Englanders being hearty and thrifty, and 
 the women accustomed to doing work, the use that could be 
 made of the slave was very limited, and this, coupled with the 
 sentiment of the abolitionists, who were opposed to slavery 
 from a humanitarian standpoint, brought about its abolition. 
 The slave gradually drifted to the South, where better use 
 could be made of his unskilled labor. Candor compels us to 
 acknowledge that the North shifted the problem from its 
 own soil and planted it in the South, by selling to the South a 
 large number of their Negro slaves. 
 
 SLAVERY IN THE SOUTH. Those reading the horrors of 
 "Uncle Tom s Cabin" will look upon slavery as did the old 
 abolitionists, that it was the sum of all iniquity, yet frank 
 ness compels a fair historian to say that upon many a South 
 ern plantation the Negroes were treated in the kindest pos 
 sible way. They were instructed in the tenets of Christian 
 religion, frequently given opportunities to learn to read, cared 
 for in sickness and health, and, in fact, many of them were 
 better cared for than if they were living upon their own 
 responsibility. On the other hand, many were treated with 
 great harshness, depending no longer upon the kindhearted- 
 ness of their masters, but the whim of the overseer who hap 
 pened to be employed upon the -plantation. 
 
 SLAVES IN VIRGINIA. Virginia was settled by the Cavaliers, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 37 
 
 who were unused to manual labor, and who expected to accu 
 mulate vast fortunes in this new country and go back to Eng 
 land to live. When they finally decided to make their homes 
 in this country, they lived like lords upon old Southern plan 
 tations, and the care of the farm, in a great measure, was left 
 in the hands of the overseers, many of whom were cruel and 
 relentless. Frequently the Negroes themselves were made 
 overseers upon these plantations, and just as the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, who came to Plymouth Rock, that they might enjoy 
 religious liberty, most persistently denied this liberty to others 
 and were the cruel oppressors of every other faith, so these 
 Negro overseers, having felt the force of the lash themselves, 
 frequently took great delight in laying it upon others. What 
 shall we teach our children? It is not for us to linger over 
 the horrors of this time ; it is not for us to cavil and to blame. 
 Human nature is the same under all conditions, and enlight 
 ened sentiment everywhere is unanimous in its condemnation 
 of human slavery. The North as well as the SoutK, the blacks 
 as well as the whites, rejoice that it is a thing of the past, and 
 our hope and prayer is that, united with all good men of every 
 race and every locality, we may step together to the march of 
 the music of progress. 
 
 OLD MISTRESS. There must have been rejoicing among, 
 the angels as they watched the order of creation. When God 
 made the world they took down their harps from the willow ; 
 when he created man, to rule and control the world, they tuned 
 the strings ; but when he made woman and brought her forth 
 in her pristine loveliness, to be the helper and companion of 
 man, the angels struck their harps, because they felt that God 
 Himself would do no better work. Let us pause to pay a 
 tribute to the old mistress on a Southern plantation, who, at 
 
; 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 39 
 
 all times, day and night, was willing to listen to the cry and 
 administer to the wants of the Negroes on the Southern plan 
 tations, and to such as she heaven awards its brightest crown. 
 
 FUGITIVE SLAVES. It must be remembered that many of 
 the slaves brought to this country were sons of African kings 
 and princesses, skilled in war and breathing the pure air of 
 liberty. While cowed by slavery the spirit was never broken, 
 and the number of hair-breadth escapes that these Negroes 
 made for life and liberty would fill a volume twice the size 
 of this. "The Underground Railroad, by William Still, will 
 be found profitable reading for all who are interested (and 
 all are) in this phase of the question. The "Life and Times 
 of Frederick Douglass" will also furnish valuable informa 
 tion. 
 
 UNDERGROUND RAILROAD STATIONS. By the underground 
 railroad is meant the numerous devices by which the Negroes 
 were aided in making their escape from slavery to liberty. 
 All along the railroad from the South to Canada were found 
 men who were willing to aid them in their escape. Each house 
 was known as a station and by some undefined telegraphy, 
 every Negro knew just where to go to find aid and succor 
 when fleeing for deliverance. 
 
 THE DRED SCOTT DECISION. The decision by Judge Taney 
 in the case of Dred Scott, that he be restored to his master, 
 in which he used the strange words that, "the Negro had no 
 right which the white man was bound to respect," hastened 
 the culmination of the institution of human slavery. The 
 South having invested their money in property frequently 
 bought from people of the North, felt they had a right to 
 retain their slaves, especially since the Constitution itself 
 recognized slavery by stating that "four-fifths of all other 
 
40 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 persons" should be taxable. This caused the South to feel 
 that they were keeping within their rights, and even so great 
 an abolitionist as William Lloyd Garrison was compelled to 
 admit that the Constitution allowed slavery by implication, if 
 not by exact words. 
 
 SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES. The Supreme Court de 
 cided that the Southern people had a right to take their slaves 
 into the newly acquired territories, and that such slaves, taken 
 into such territory, were as much the property of their owners 
 as when in their native country. This decision was combatted 
 by the abolitionists and the people of the North, who, having 
 once rid their territory of slaves, desired to keep it forever 
 free. This necessarily led to a breach of good feeling between 
 the people of the North and the South, and as slavery increased 
 and escapes became more frequent, this feeling was intensified. 
 
 ESCAPE OF THE SLAVES. In making their escape the slaves 
 were frequently pursued by bloodhounds, who would track 
 them by their scent. Sometimes infuriated and maddened 
 slaves, brought to bay by these animals, would kill them with 
 sticks and clubs, and whatever was most convenient, yet many 
 made their escape for freedom, and some to-day live to tell 
 their children of the marvelous guidance of Divine Providence 
 in bringing them to the much-coveted liberty. 
 
 JAMES SUMMERSET. In 1771, Charles Stewart, of Boston, 
 took his slave, James Summerset, to London, where the latter 
 fell sick and was sent adrift. Stewart, after finding Summer 
 set recovered, reclaimed him and put him on a ship on the 
 Thames, bound for Jamaica. Lord Mansfield issued a writ 
 of habeas corpus and decided, June 22, 1772, that the master 
 could not compel his slave to leave England, "whose laws did 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 41 
 
 not recognize 50 high an act of dominion." This same law 
 applied to Canada, and thus the objective point of the fugutive 
 slave was always the dominion of the English Jack. 
 
 BLACK LAWS. The penal laws of the slave States had a 
 very potent influence upon the legislation of some of the free 
 States, particularly where there was a large Southern immi 
 gration. In 1803, Ohio forbade colored people to settle in the 
 State without recording a certificate of their freedom, and in 
 1807, passed an act denying the colored people the privilege 
 of testifying in cases in which white men were interested on 
 either side, excluded them from public schools and required 
 them to give bond for their good behavior while residing in 
 the State. In 1849 these black laws were repealed as a part 
 of the bargain between the Democrats and the Free Soilers. 
 Illinois, in 1819, 1827* and 1853 imitated Ohio, and Indiana, in 
 1851, made similar provisions, which the State Court, in 
 1866, held to be void. Iowa, in 1851, Oregon, in 1857, did the 
 same; Indiana, 1816; Illinois, 1818; Iowa, 1846; Michigan, 
 1850; and Kansas, 1859, excluded colored people from their 
 States. 
 
 NEGRO INSURRECTIONS. No enslaved race has organized so 
 few insurrections as the colored race in the United States; 
 not only on account of cowardice, as will be shown later on; 
 not wholly due to the affection of the slave for their masters, 
 but we believe that the race has imbibed from the Anglo- 
 Saxon something of its respect for law and the natural respect 
 which a subjugated race must hold for one by whom it has 
 been enslaved. In 1710, one was planned in Virginia, which 
 was frustrated by being revealed by one of the conspirators, 
 who was rewarded with emancipation. In 1740, a local in 
 surrection broke out in South Carolina, which was instantly 
 
42 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 stamped out by the militia. In 1741, a plot was unearthed in 
 New York, and during the popular excitement a number of 
 Negroes and whites were hanged and several Negroes burned. 
 In 1820, Denmark Vesey, a San Domingo mulatto, organized 
 an insurrection in Charleston. Vesey and thirty-four others 
 were hanged and a like number was sold out of the State. In 
 August, 1831, the most formidable of all the insurrections 
 broke out in Southampton County, near Norfolk, Va., led 
 by Nat Turner. This was at once suppressed and Turner 
 was captured after several weeks concealment, and executed. 
 Thirty-one whites and over one hundred colored persons were 
 killed. These, with a few others, constitute the sum total of 
 Negro insurrections. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 43 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 THE NEGRO AS A SOLDIER 
 
 Man in society, to be worthy of serious consideration, must 
 contribute to the general good, patriotism and defence of his 
 country. 
 
 "Breathes there a man with a soul so dead, 
 Who never to himself hath said, 
 
 This is my own, my native land?" 
 
 The world has admired military heroes from the days of 
 Greece and Rome until the present day. War thus far has 
 made more heroes than have ever been found in the paths of 
 peace. This is not always the highest test, but in the early 
 history of man, when fighting was the practical business of 
 life, it was one of the most tangible. The Negro admires 
 heroism in common with all other races. 
 
 NEGROES HAVE ERECTED FEW MONUMENTS OF ANY KIND. 
 
 One to Emmet Scott, a prominent soldier, and another to 
 "Tom Mitchell, the brother of the editor of the Richmond 
 Planet, constitute the total number of public monuments in 
 the City of Richmond. 
 
 The government of our country has erected most of the 
 monuments. Indeed the government and the legislatures of 
 our various States have been conspicuous in the erection of 
 the largest number of monuments, but in this respect the 
 Negro has not as yet been seriously considered. 
 
 One erected near Boston Common, in memory of Crispus 
 Attacks, and one at Rochester, N. Y., in honor of Frederick 
 Douglas, make up the whole that we can at present recall. 
 The Negro, as a race, is not a student of history, and hence 
 
44 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 has not been deeply impressed by the valor of Negro arms. 
 He reads history more with his head than With his heart, and 
 is just beginning to admire those who have been the makers 
 of human history. The Negro is naturally docile. He is 
 more docile than warlike, and, therefore, has not had a natural 
 tendency toward the erection of monuments, to those who, to 
 him, have been engaged in rather unpleasant occupations : 
 that of killing their fellowmen. 
 
 The Negro veteran as such has never organized himself 
 thoroughly and completely, and thus become a nucleus around 
 which the people might gather and erect monuments. Sol 
 diers are not the real leaders among the colored people. Among 
 the white people the soldier has been the real leader in the 
 affairs of the nation. Few men have ever aspired to presi 
 dential honors without a military record, and the greater num 
 ber of Presidents, from Washington to Taft, have been placed 
 into office almost solely by virtue of their military achieve 
 ments. Among the Negroes the preacher and the teacher, 
 men who teach and preach good will to mankind, have been 
 the great leaders in the onward progress of the people, yet the 
 Negro is a soldier. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, the 
 Negro has always felt that it was his duty to engage in the 
 defence of his common country. He fought in the Colonial 
 Wars, side by side with the white man, against the hostile 
 Indians, who would destroy the infant American civilization 
 from the face of the earth. While their names are lost forever 
 from the pages of history, their deeds can never be forgotten 
 as long as men admire military valor and heroic action. 
 
 NEGRO IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 
 BOSTON MASSACRE. The first signal victory obtained by 
 the Negroes from a military standpoint was the sacrifice of 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 45 
 
 Crispus Attucks, upon the altar of this country. He laid down 
 his life in Boston Common in repelling an attack against the 
 American people when others dared not strike a blow. He 
 fell, and his death cast everlasting lustre upon the black race, 
 having shed the first blood in defence of the liberties of the 
 colonies. Johnson s "History of the Negro Race" makes the 
 following statement: "Five thousand Negroes are said to 
 have fought on the side of the colonies during the Revolution. 
 Many of them were from the Northern colonies. There were 
 possibly 50,000 Negroes enlisted on the side of the British, 
 and 30,000 of these were from Virginia." 
 
 Peter Salem killed Major Pitcairn at the Battle of Bunker 
 Hill, and thus saved the day. Primus Hall gave up his bed 
 to General Washington, who insisted on sharing it with the 
 humble Negro. A colored artilleryman at Bunker Hill fought 
 with one arm shot away until killed by the bullets of the Brit 
 ish. Prince, a Negro, captured Colonel Prescott, at Newport, 
 R. I., and Colonel Barton presented him with his sword in 
 honor of the valiant deed. Peter Whipple, a body-guard, can 
 be seen in the picture of Washington crossing the Delaware, 
 and did valiant service for the army. L. Latham, at Fort 
 Grotam. Connecticut, killed a British officer who had run his 
 sword through Colonel Ledyard, and then fell, pierced by 
 thirty-three British musket balls. John Freeman pinned Major 
 Montgomery to the ground at Fort Griswold, N. J., and was 
 set free and given a pension by his master for this heroic 
 deed. Samuel Charlton was publicly complimented by Gen 
 eral Washington for his bravery at the Battle of Monmouth ; 
 and James Armi stead, a scout for Lafayette, in Virginia, was 
 set free by a special act of the Virginia Legislature. These 
 are some of the many heroes whose names are known to 
 fame, but of whom the world seldom speaks. May ours be 
 
46 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 the race to rescue these names from almost entire oblivion, 
 and in bronze and marble, give to them the glory they so 
 richly deserve. 
 
 FEELING AMONG GENERALS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 
 FOR COLORED SOLDIERS. General Lafayette said in a letter to 
 Colonel Clarkson: "I would never have drawn my sword in 
 the cause of America, if I could have been convinced that 
 thereby I was founding a land of slavery." On his visit to 
 America in 1825, he desired to see the Negro soldiers who 
 fought with him for the liberties of America. He himself, 
 wanting to put in practice his anti-slavery ideas, bought a 
 plantation in French Guiana, and gradually freed slaves by 
 giving them one day a week, collecting the weapons, etc., used 
 in their punishment, and burned them as a protest against 
 the institution. 
 
 Kosciusko expressed sorrow that the colored soldiers of the 
 Revolution were not to be freed, and left $20,000 in the 
 hands of Thomas Jefferson to be used in educating colored 
 children. General George Washington set his own slaves free 
 by his last will and testament, and many others did likewise. 
 The Northern colonies generally freed the slaves who fought 
 in the Revolution. Virginia passed an act in 1783 emancipat 
 ing all slaves who fought on the American side in the War of 
 the Revolution. Many individual slaves were emancipated by 
 special acts of the legislatures. 
 
 REWARDS OF THE HEROES OF THE REVOLUTION. Monu 
 ments innumerable have been erected to white soldiers who 
 fought in the Revolution. Only a few kind words have been 
 said for the colored soldiers, but their monuments, in the 
 great majority of cases, have been chains and slavery, but with 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 47 
 
 the blessed assurance that He who never slumbers nor sleeps 
 will reward them in His own good time; for 
 
 Right is right, 
 
 As God is God, 
 And right the day must win, 
 
 To doubt would be disloyalty, 
 To falter would be sin. 
 
 But undeterred, undismayed by the results that came to 
 him in the War of the Revolution, history finds him again 
 ready to bear arms in defence of his country in the War of 
 1812. 
 
48 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 THE NEGRO IN THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 The cause leading up to the War of 1812 is well known to 
 every school boy. The suppression of American sailors, 
 claiming them as British subjects was the immediate cause 
 leading up to the second war between this country and the 
 mother country, England. Strange to relate, of the three 
 persons taken from the Chesapeake, as English subjects, one 
 Negro was found in the party. Free Negroes were freely 
 enlisted in the war, thcugh slaves were not allowed to do so. 
 Four hundred Negroes rre recorded as fighting in the Battle 
 of New Orleans, and a Negro is said to have suggested the 
 idea of defence by mean 5 of bales of cotton, having learned it 
 in Africa. Mr. D. Le< Child gives a manuscript to prove 
 this fact : One-fifth of .he marines were Negroes, and Com 
 mander vShaler says: "A ly officers conducted themselves in 
 a way that would have done honor to a more permanent ser 
 vice. The name of one rf my poor fellows who was killed 
 ought to be registered in the book of fame and remembered 
 with reverence as long as bravery is a virtue. He was a black 
 man by the name of Jchn Johnson. A twenty-four-pound 
 shot struck him in the hip and took away all of the lower 
 part of his body. In thir. state the poor, brave fellow lay on 
 the deck, and several -times exclaimed to his shipmates: Tire 
 away, my boys, do not h# ul a color down ! The other was a 
 black man by the name of John Davis, and was struck in 
 much the same way. He fell near me, and several times re 
 quested to be thrown overboard, saying he was only in the way 
 of others. Wliile America has such tars, she has little to fear 
 from the tyrants of the ocean." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 49 
 
 Major Jeffreys rallied the retreating Americans, and was 
 made a general by Andrew Jackson. He lived in Nashville 
 for the remainder of his life, respected by all. A sad occur 
 rence marks the closing period of this brave Negro : insulted by 
 a white ruffian in his native city, he struck him to the ground, 
 and, notwithstanding the justice of his cause, he was sen 
 tenced to receive thirty-nine lashes, and this humiliation broke 
 his proud heart. Jordan Noble, a veteran of the War of 1812, 
 died at New Orleans. This Negro was also a drummer dur 
 ing the Mexican War, and was known far and wide in the 
 army as the "Matchless Drummer." Many more names 
 might be brought forward, but these will be amply sufficient 
 to prove the Negro s case; that he was ever found on the 
 side of his country defending her honor. 
 
50 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 THE NEGRO IN THE MEXICAN WAR 
 
 The part taken by the Negro in the Mexican War is neces 
 sarily very limited. There are reasons for this, which must 
 prove entirely satisfactory to any fair-minded individual. 
 First, the war lasted but a short time, and the remarkable 
 victories of a handful of American soldiers over the great 
 hordes of Mexicans, made the war, in fact, rather much of a 
 farce. The Mexicans were so easily conquered that some 
 of the victories of the Americans were actually ridiculous. 
 Again, the Americans were fighting in a hostile country, and 
 there was little need for the digging of trenches, the throwing 
 up of embankments, and other forms of labor where the 
 Negro had hitherto proven himself so valuable. Again, the 
 people of the Southern States did the greater part of the fight 
 ing, and they were rather opposed to the Negro taking a more 
 prominent part in any battle than that of waiting on his 
 master, yet many Negro soldiers were found in this war acting 
 as bodyguards for their masters, and in this humble capacity 
 performed most valuable service. 
 
 The fact of the Negro s splendid record in all of the wars 
 of his country, from the colonial period until the Mexican 
 War, in 1845, naturally resulted in bringing about his freedom. 
 A man, who has once been a good sofdier, can never more 
 be readily enslaved. True the Negro raised few rebellions, 
 as has already been stated, but his helplessness and lack of 
 leadership was, in a great measure, the cause. Obstreperous 
 Negroes were whipped into submission, and when this did not 
 suffice, they were sold further down South, where their rest 
 lessness would be able to do but little harm, yet the few in- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 51 
 
 surrections recorded caused the South to be constantly under 
 patrol. The Negro had now become an object of suspicion. 
 Many of them had become exceedingly anxious to see slavery 
 a thing of the past. After the Southampton Insurrection, 
 many pepple of Virginia and North Carolina wished to have 
 their slaves removed, that they might be relieved of the ter 
 rible fear, and yet there is no man living but must confess that 
 the Providence of God was overruling events to the great 
 good of the Negro of this country. 
 
52 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 WAR BETWEEN THE STATES 
 
 It is a well-known fact to every individual of any degree of 
 intelligence that the War between the States was not started 
 primarily for the abolition of slavery. The North and the 
 South always had fundamental differences which operated to 
 separate the one from the other. 
 
 FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NORTH AND 
 THE SOUTH. Perhaps the most prominent of these was the 
 question of tariff. The North early in its history became an 
 industrial center, copying the example of the mother country, 
 imbued with the spirit of thrift and enterprise. It early began 
 to manufacture goods for its own consumption. It is true 
 many of these were crude, but Yankee ingenuity soon found 
 a way, and the North early became the center of the manu 
 facturing interest. Her productions being crude and her 
 labor unskilled, it was naturally difficult for her to compete 
 with England in the manufacturing industry. People in Eng 
 land could manufacture their goods in the mother country, 
 send them to America and sell them at a lower price than 
 the American manufactured article, and yet make a good 
 profit. To be able to meet this competition the North soon 
 clamored for a protective tariff, and having great influence 
 upon the central government, their wishes were naturally 
 recognized. The South, on the other hand, was a farming 
 and agricultural center. She manufactured comparatively 
 few goods, and was anxious to secure articles from England 
 at the most reasonable rate. This fundamental difference 
 between the North and the South soon engendered a feeling 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 53 
 
 of bitterness, and the question of high and low tariff assumed 
 national importance. The North and the South always dif 
 fered in their ideas of government. A large number of for 
 eigners had immigrated to the Northern States. These, hav 
 ing little vState interest and comparatively little State pride, 
 soon became a menace to the new public. They had come to 
 accumulate wealth and go back to their country to spend it on 
 themselves; while the handy pioneers had come for religious 
 liberty and to make for themselves a country. The North, 
 therefore, was in favor of strong central government, while 
 the South believed in the right of the States. This question 
 of State rights ultimately brought on the war between the 
 different sections of our common country. As has been said 
 before, the question of slavery naturally entered very largely 
 into the accentuating differences between the North and the 
 South. 
 
 SLAVERY QUESTION. The slaves of the North, having but 
 little to do, were sold into the South, and thus the base of 
 contention was changed from one section to another. The 
 Dred Scott decision, in which Judge Taney declared "The 
 Negro had no right which the white man was bound to respect," 
 so stirred up the ambitions of the North that the question 
 of the elimination of this disturbing element became simply a 
 question of time. 
 
 CONTRIBUTING CAUSE TO THE WAR. The influence of the 
 Quakers, who were bitterly opposed to human slavery, the 
 writing of "Uncle Tom s Cabin," by Harriet Beecher Stowe, 
 together with the fiery speeches, made all over this country 
 by Lovejoy, Douglas, Wendell Philips, Charles Sumner and 
 others brought matters to a crisis. 
 
 FIRST GUN FIRED. The firing on Fort Sumter by the 
 
54 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Confederates, under General Beauregard, was the first open 
 act of hostility, though the sending of troops to reinforce 
 Fort Sumter, without the consent of the State authorities of 
 South Carolina, and contrary to the Constitution of the United 
 States, was no doubt the contributing cause of the firing on 
 Fort Sumter; and though the South actually began the war, 
 the North no doubt was the cause of this open act on the part 
 of the Confederate Government. 
 
 NOT A HISTORY OF THE WAR. It is not the purpose of this 
 book to give a history of the War between the States, but 
 simply to give the part taken by the Negroes in this struggle, 
 fraught with such stupendous consequences. The records of 
 the War Department show that there were 178,595 Negroes 
 engaged in the War between the States on the side of the 
 Federals, while 6,000 were found on the Confederate side, 
 digging trenches, driving ammunition wagons, and per-* 
 forming other forms of manual labor. The first sugges 
 tion for the Negro soldiers to aid in the prosecution of 
 the war was made by General Hunter, June, 1862, and 
 Negroes were used by him without the authority of the 
 War Department. He claimed to have received his authority 
 from the fact that he was instructed to "enlist all loyal 
 persons on the side of the Union," and he, believing 
 the Negro to be the only loyal men of the Union in the South, 
 took upon himself to enlist them in the service of the country. 
 These Negroes, who were used on the Southern side as cooks, 
 bodyguards, drivers, etc., were highly spoken of by Southern 
 commanders. The South felt called upon to use them in self- 
 defence ; for as a Negro puts it, "Massa watch Yankee, Nigger 
 go ; Massa watch Nigger, Yankee come." When President 
 Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to suppress the "rebellion" in 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 55 
 
 the South, too strong for the ordinary army, it was understood 
 that u no Negroes need apply." McClellan agreed to this 
 proposition, and 
 
 "McClellan came to Richmond, 
 
 Some fifty thousand strong, 
 To keep back the niggers; 
 
 The Union he would save. 
 McClellan was defeated, 
 
 \Yith the Union men so brave, 
 And wanted all the help 
 
 From the colored volunteers." 
 
 General Phelps advocated the enlistment of Negro soldiers. 
 It was at that time opposed by General Butler, who finally 
 became one of the strongest advocates for their enlistment. 
 Finally, Congress authorized it when the Union men saw what 
 good use the South was making of them. 
 
 NEGROES IN THE NAVY. In the navy it was entirely dif 
 ferent. Here Negroes were readily accepted, and large num 
 bers were found in this branch of the service. 
 
 THE FIRST OFFICIAL AUTHORITY. The first official author 
 ity was issued by General Rufus Saxton, with the understand 
 ing that there was to be a discrimination in the pay of the 
 Negro soldiers, who were to receive $10 per month, while the 
 whites received $13. In Massachusetts the pay was even 
 lower. The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment refused to 
 receive the $7 per month offered them, and the authorities 
 were forced to pay them the same as whites. 
 
 COMMANDERS OF NEGRO SOLDIERS. General Banks declared, 
 "It gives me pleasure to say they answered every expectation ; 
 their conduct was heroic." Colonel Shaw commanded the 
 
56 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 First Colored Regiment organized in the North, the Fifty- 
 fourth Massachusetts, and is loud in praise of their courage 
 and patriotism. General Smith said, "The hardest fighting in 
 the battle was done by the Negro soldiers," and he went over 
 personally to thank them. Adjutant-General Thomas paid 
 them a high compliment in his report to the War Depart 
 ment. General S. C. Armstrong, the great founder of the 
 Hampton Normal School, speaks of their quick response to 
 good treatment, tidiness, and devotion to duty. He speaks 
 of their dash and daring in battle and their ambition to im 
 prove themselves. That splendid institution, the Hampton 
 Normal and Agricultural Institute, is, no doubt, the result of 
 the favorable impression made upon that great and good man 
 by the colored troops whom he commanded for two and one- 
 half years. 
 
 BATTLES IN WHICH THE NEGROES WERE ENGAGED AND 
 HEROES OF THE WAR. Port Hudson, May 27, 1863, Captain 
 Callioux, a brave Negro, was killed, and Sergeant Anselmas 
 Planiacois said to Colonel Nelson, "I will bring back these 
 colors in honor, or report to God the reason why," and he 
 fell, grasping the staff. Corporal Heath took it up, a musket 
 ball pierced his body, and he fell across the body of Planian- 
 cois. 
 
 MILIKEN S BEND, JUNE 16, 1863. In this battle no quarter 
 was to be given to the Negro, and in this furious charge 1,000 
 were killed and 500 wounded. The Negroes felt themselves 
 on trial and did their best to prove their worthiness. 
 
 FORT WAGNER, CHARLESTON, S. C. It was in this great 
 battle that the famous words were spoken by Sergeant Carney 
 as he came bleeding to the tents, "Boys, the old flag never 
 touched the ground." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 57 
 
 FORT PILLOW. In this battle 557 Federals were killed, 262 
 being colored. They made a stout resistance, but were de 
 feated by overwhelming numbers. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE CRATER, AT PETERSBURG. In this battle 
 what little success can be attributed to the Union Army, after 
 their fatal blunder, was no doubt due to the heroism of the 
 Negro soldiers, commanded by General Burnside. These 
 Negroes were driven into the burning crater to fearful slaugh 
 ter, after the white soldiers had refused to advance. 
 
 RODMAN S POINT. It was here these words were used by a 
 Negro soldier when the danger point was to be attacked, and 
 death was staring in the face the one who had volunteered to 
 do it, "somebody has got to do it, might as well be me." 
 
 So, while it may be claimed by the soldiers of the North 
 that they gave to us the blessed boon of emancipation, yet we 
 think it can be justly claimed that the Negro, by his valor, 
 wrought out his own salvation. 
 
58 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 RESUME OF THE WAR AND EMANCIPATION OF THE NEGRO 
 
 Forty and six years have passed away since the surren 
 der of General Lee at Appomattox Courthouse, and the real 
 emancipation of the Negroes of this country. Sufficient time 
 has elapsed for us to look dispassionately at the war and 
 philosophically at its result. Both the North and the South 
 now see clearly that Negro slavery was a curse to both sec 
 tions of the country, and that emancipation was the very best 
 thing that could possibly have happened, both for the Negro 
 and for the white man. While emancipation has not brought 
 to the Negro all the things of which he so fondly dreamed, it 
 has at least taught him this fact, that "one who would be 
 free himself must strike the blow," and that real emancipa 
 tion is not merely the throwing off of shackles which bind a 
 physical form, but those which bind the mind and heart. He 
 is slowly, but surely, reaching out for this new emancipation, 
 and the results of his efforts are, to say the least, exceedingly 
 encouraging. 
 
 SELF-HELP THE BEST. The best help which a man can 
 receive in all this world is an opportunity to help himself. 
 Racial growth, like individual growth, must ultimately be the 
 result of self-effort. Emancipation opened to the Negro an 
 opportunity for self -development, and it remains for him to 
 make the most of the opportunity. 
 
 THE WAR NOT STARTED TO FREE THE SLAVES. A few years 
 ago, practically all of the Negroes of this country, and a very 
 large per cent of the white people, labored under the mis 
 taken impression that the War between the States was started 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 59 
 
 for the purpose of freeing the slaves. Comparatively few in 
 telligent men and women of the Negro race believe this state 
 ment to-day. As has been said in another place, it was the 
 fundamental differences between the North and the South, the 
 difficulty of communication between the two sections, the 
 question of tariff or free trade that really brought on the war. 
 Of course slavery was the contributing cause, but by no means 
 the real cause. 
 
 MR. LINCOLN S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. Mr. Lincoln, in his 
 inaugural address, stated distinctly and positively that "he had 
 no purpose, inclination nor right to interfere with the institu 
 tion of slavery." He believed that the Union was older than 
 the States, and himself declared, "He was willing to save the 
 Union with or without slavery." 
 
 CALL FOR TROOPS. In his call for troops he used these 
 words : "To suppress combinations in the seceding States too 
 powerful for the law to contend with." At the beginning of 
 the war, great masses of people of the North had no concep 
 tion that the war would last more than ninety days. They 
 believed the South could be overpowered easily and forced 
 back into the Union, but the taking from the South of her 
 slaves was only the dream of the abolitionists. As the war 
 progressed and purely as a war measure, Mr. Lincoln issued 
 his Emancipation Proclamation. 
 
 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. It will be seen that the 
 proclamation itself was inadequate to accomplish real emanci 
 pation. It was done to encourage the abolition party at the 
 North and to win recruits for the Northern army. It was 
 effective in some parts of the country and not in others. It 
 was effective even in some parts of a State and not in others : 
 Thus the Negroes of Richmond were free, while those of 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 6l 
 
 Norfolk, Berkley, Accomac, Northampton County, Elizabeth 
 City, York, Princess Anne and the City of Portsmouth, were 
 still slaves. September, 1862, after the Battle of Sharpesburg 
 or Antietam, President Lincoln notified the Confederacy that 
 unless they returned to the Union in one hundred days, he 
 would declare their slaves forever free. It can be seen from 
 this very statement that had the South returned to the Union 
 in the prescribed one hundred days, they could have returned 
 with their slaves, the war would have ended and the Negro 
 yet a slave. 
 
 THE TEXT OF THE PROCLAMATION. The South having paid 
 no attention to Mr. Lincoln s threat, he, on January i, 1863, 
 issued the following proclamation : 
 
 "Whereas, on the 22cl of September, in the year of our Lord, one 
 thousand, eight hundred and sixty-three, a proclamation was issued 
 by the President of the United States, containing, among other things, 
 the following, to-wit : 
 
 "That, on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one 
 thousand, eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves 
 within any State or any designated part of a State, the people whereof 
 shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, 
 henceforward, and forever, free; and the Executive Government of 
 the United States, including the military and naval force thereof, 
 will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will 
 do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any 
 effort they may make for their actual freedom; that the Executive 
 will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate 
 the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people therein 
 respectively shall then be in rebellion against the United States; and 
 the fact that any State or people thereof shall on that day be in 
 good faith represented in Congress of the United States by members 
 chosen thereto, at elections wherein the majority of the qualified 
 voters of such States shall have participated, shall, in the absence of 
 strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that 
 
62 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 such State and the people thereof are not then in rebellion against 
 the United States. 
 
 "Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United 
 States, by virtue of the power in me vested, as Commander-in-Chief 
 of the Army and Navy of the United States in times of actual rebel 
 lion against the authorities and Government of the United States, 
 and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing this rebellion, 
 do on this, the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one 
 thousand, eight hundred and sixty-three, afcid in accordance with my 
 purpose so to do, publicly proclaimed for the full period of one 
 hundred days from the date of the first above-mentioned order, 
 designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof, 
 respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States. The 
 following, to- wit : 
 
 "Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
 South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. 
 
 "Louisiana (except the parishes of Placquemines, St. Mary, Jef 
 ferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, 
 Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Bernard, St. Martin, and Orleans, includ 
 ing the City of New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
 South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, except the forty-eight 
 counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of 
 Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess 
 Anne, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, 
 which excepted parts are for the present left as if this proclamation 
 were not made. 
 
 "And by virtue of the power for the purpose aforesaid, I do 
 order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated 
 States and parts of States are, and henceforward shall be, FREE; 
 and the Executive Government of the United States, including the 
 military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain 
 the freedom of such persons. 
 
 "And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain 
 from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend 
 to them, that, in all cases where allowed, they labor faithfully for 
 reasonable wages. 
 
 "And I further declare and make known, that such persons, if in 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE Os 
 
 ij 
 
 suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the 
 United States, to garrison forts, position, stations, and other places, 
 and to man vessels of all sorts in said service. And upon this, sin 
 cerely believed to be an act of justice warranted by the Constitution, 
 and upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of 
 mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God. 
 
 "In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the 
 seal of the United States to be affixed. 
 
 "Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the 
 year of our Lord, one thousand, eight hundred and sixty-three, and of 
 the independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh. 
 (Signed.) "ABRAHAM LINCOLN." 
 
 THE EFFECT OF THE PROCLAMATION. It can be seen that 
 the proclamation was effective only where the Federal troops 
 were in power, and "had no further authority than that which 
 the President held as Commander-in-Chief of the military 
 forces of the United States." 
 
 THE HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE. In further substan 
 tiation of the position taken, we would quote from the Hamp 
 ton Roads Conference, which conference was held on Febru 
 ary 3, 1865. It was informal in its nature and yet it might 
 have been frought with great consequence. There were pres 
 ent at this conference President Lincoln himself, Secretary 
 Sewell, representing the United States Government; Vice- 
 President, Alexander H. Stevens; Mr. Hunter, of Virginia; 
 Judge Campbell, representing the Confederacy. Mr. Lincoln 
 would hear of no condition save the immediate return of the 
 Southern States to the Union. He then declared his purpose 
 to save the Union with or without slavery. The Southern 
 commissioners insisted upon full recognition of the Southern 
 Confederacy. It can be seen that these two factions could 
 never have been reconciled and the Hampton Roads Confer 
 ence terminated without results. 
 
64 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 THE SOUTH AGAINST SLAVERY. It can be proven beyond 
 the shadow of a doubt that the best minds of the South have 
 always been opposed to human slavery. Mr. Jefferson pro 
 posed gradual emancipation of the slaves, but full emancipa 
 tion would certainly have come in time. A knowledge of 
 political economy, a thorough inculcation of the principles of 
 Christian religion would have brought about the results ulti 
 mately, but God saw fit to bring it by means of blood and 
 carnage, and it is not for us to question inscrutable wisdom. 
 
 GRADUAL EMANCIPATION. Had a system of gradual eman 
 cipation been adopted by Congress, paying the Southern plant 
 ers for their slaves, which frequently constituted the bulk 
 of their fortune, and giving the slaves themselves something 
 upon which to start the struggle for existence, the results, to 
 our finite minds, might have been better. Much of the bitter 
 ness engendered by wholesale abolition might possibly have 
 been averted, and much of the suffering, incident thereto, 
 avoided. Be this as it may, freedom is here. We have done 
 well ; we pray to do better. 
 
 SOUTH THE NEGRO S HOME. The South is in every way the 
 best home for the Negro of all places in all this world. No 
 race has made the progress he has made in the short space 
 of time. While the prejudice of the South and its hard and 
 exacting laws may be conceded, yet when everything has been 
 considered, the Negro has made more rapid progress here 
 than in any other part of the country ; not simply on account 
 of his superior numerical strength, but his very hardships 
 have proven stepping-stones, and it is an undeniable truth 
 that the honest, self-respecting, industrious and frugal Negro 
 can always find a white hand in our Southland stretched out 
 to help him to higher and better things. Let us make the best 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 65 
 
 of our opportunities, cease croaking and grumbling, make 
 friends of the people by whom we are surrounded, be loyal 
 and true to our Southland, and be determined, in the words 
 of Booker T. Washington, "to let down our buckets where 
 we are." 
 
66 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 
 
 THE NEGRO IN SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 
 
 In the Colonial War the Negro fought as a matter of force ; 
 in the wars of 1776 and 1812 as a matter of convenience; in 
 the War between the States he secured his own liberty, but 
 the question was still open as to whether the Negro could be 
 made to fight from pure patriotism. God gave him a chance 
 to answer that question in the War with Spain. 
 
 The Cuban insurrection, which began in 1898, developed 
 some great Negro fighters. Flor Crombet, Quintin Baudeau, 
 Antonio Maceo may be numbered among these men, and per 
 haps the most wonderful of all is the last, who was so really a 
 patriot that no amount of money was able to bribe him and 
 no flattery or cajolery move him from his purpose to fight 
 for the independence of his native land. When the war broke 
 out between this country and Spain, the Twenty-fourth United 
 States Regiment, which had been engaged in maintaining peace 
 in the West, were the first troops to be ordered to the front. 
 
 NINTH AND TENTH CAVALRY. The part played in the War 
 with Spain by the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry is too well known 
 to require more than a passing notice. Every man seemed to 
 have been absolutely without fear. It has been said that the 
 Spaniards hated to fight against Negroes, because they did 
 not seem to know when they had been beaten. The Twenty- 
 fourth Infantry nursed successfully yellow fever patients, 
 and proved themselves invaluable in many ways, and even 
 Colonel Roosevelt declared "he never expected to have, nor 
 wished to have, better men beside him in battle." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE C; 
 
 SOME HEROES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. General 
 Jordan was on Dewey s Flag Ship, the Olympia; 3,000 regu 
 lars were in the Philippines, and colored officers were raised 
 to colonel ; Colonel Young, of North Carolina, being deserv 
 ing of special recognition. 
 
 VIRGINIA REGIMENT. Major J. B. Johnson, of this 
 regiment, has submitted an account of this regiment, which 
 will be found appended to this volume. 
 
 Charge of San Juan Hill, July I, 1898, has served to shed 
 everlasting lustre upon the Negro troops, being told in song 
 and story, and will be toM as long as men love patriotism and 
 deeds of valor can call forth the enthusiasm of the human 
 heart. 
 
 WHAT THIS TEACHES. The splendid history of the Negroes 
 in the great wars of our country should impress upon the 
 minds of the boys and girls of the race that courage and 
 fidelity, like all the other higher virtues, know no color; that 
 he has a right to live, to acquire, to prosper in the country for 
 which his fathers fought; that we must love the old flag, our 
 country s flag, the flag for which our fathers died. And as 
 our hearts go up in pride for the magnificent progress made 
 along every line, let us remember that we have a part in this 
 country and have a right to feel proud of all of her noble 
 achievements. 
 
68 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 RELIGION 
 
 RELIGIOUS ADVANCEMENT. No people can rise higher than 
 their religion. According as his ideals of God are lofty or 
 base, so must that race or individual be. The gods of the 
 heathen were licentious and cruel, and the people were like 
 them. The Scripture says: They that made them are like 
 unto them." Each race has contributed something to the 
 Christian religion. The Jews preserved the idea of one God, 
 and gave to religion Ethics, the Ten Commandments and the 
 Sermon on the Mount : the Greeks contributed philosophy ; 
 the Romans polity^ the Teutons liberty and breadth of thought ; 
 the Anglo-Saxon, enterprise ; and the Negro, emotion. Burke 
 says : "Religion to have any force upon men s understanding, 
 indeed to exist at all, must be supposed paramount to law and 
 independent for its subsistence upon any human institution." 
 What Burke, the great English political philosopher, found 
 out by reason, the Negro learned by intuition. His faith rose 
 above the law that fixed his hard condition and held him there 
 above ecclesiastical juggling, to justify slavery by the Word 
 of God. Emotion is the vital moving principle of religion. 
 The Negro stands as a monument of patient faithfulness to 
 humble duty. 
 
 His RELIGIOUS IDEALS. Perhaps the most wonderful thing 
 about the Negro s religion is that he accepted without question 
 the God of his oppressors, and became in any sense of that 
 word a Christian. It was a religion without the Bible. Snatches 
 of Scripture, native superstition, coupled with a vivid imagi- 
 
70 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 nation, consituted the sum total of his religion of the past, 
 and yet it was the best he knew. 
 
 INFIDELITY AND ATHEISM. Infidelity and atheism are un 
 known things, as a rule, to the Negro of the past. Some may 
 say it was on account of his lack of power to think. Be this 
 as it may, it stands as an everlasting tribute to him that even 
 to-day agnosticism and free thought play no part in his on 
 ward progress. A firm reliance on God s justice, though long 
 delayed, was one of the leading characteristics of the race. He 
 prayed and accepted his freedom and never lost this hope, 
 though any other race would have lost it. The Jews had at 
 least the history of the past to think on while in Egypt and 
 Babylon, and yet they were constantly being called by the 
 prophets of God to a renewal of their faith in His Providence. 
 The Negro dealt in imagery and figures, and in his prayer 
 to-day we hear such expressions as "ride on the wings of the 
 wind," "Cluck unto Zion and bid her rise from her dust and 
 ashes," "We came down on our sin buckling cane," and other 
 equally figurative, and, in fact, beautiful expressions. He 
 likes the books of Daniel, Ezekiel and the Revelations. 
 
 EXPERIENCE OF GRACE. People have often wondered what 
 the Negro means by experience of grace, and yet there is no 
 mystery about it. The Bible being to him a sealed book, he 
 turned directly to God himself, and God in his tender mercy, 
 dealt with him miraculously. Dreams and visions to him 
 were forms of reality. He imagined he heard voices, being 
 a race of intense religious emotions, and from a psychological 
 point of view, he came readily to believe in strange things and 
 made them a part of his religion. 
 
 GETTING HAPPY. The getting happy of the Negroes simply 
 meant the lack of the power of control. Being emotional 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 71 
 
 rather than stoical, he easily gave way to his feelings, and get 
 ting happy was the natural result. True, there is about this 
 sometimes a certain form of hypocrisy, but as a rule, it. is 
 simply the result of the lack of control. 
 
 RELIGION AND ETHICS. His religion frequently failed to 
 have an ethical foundation, but this was caused more by igno 
 rance than by depravity, and yet the example set by others 
 around him, who sometimes prayed fervently on Sunday and 
 whipped most inhumanely on Monday, was the contributing 
 cause to this peculiar condition. Yet it was frequently genu 
 ine, and Bishop Haygood says: "I know that the religious 
 life of the colored people in the days of slavery was not what 
 it ought to have been, yet among them could be found the 
 holiest of men and women." 
 
 GREAT PREACHERS. It would seem strange that a race so 
 ignorant could produce great preachers, yet such was un 
 doubtedly the case. Harry Hosier, "Black Harry," the trav 
 eling servant of Bishop Asbury, was a more popular preacher 
 than the Bishop himself. Dr. Rush pronounces him "the 
 greatest orator in America," although he could neither read 
 nor write. Rev. Richard Wells ; Rev. John Jasper, of the 
 "Sun Do ]\love" fame; Rev. James H. Holmes, the beloved 
 pastor of the First Baptist Church of Richmond; Rev. Thorn 
 ton, of the City of Phoebus, Va., along with hundreds of others 
 whose names are too numerous to mention, were great preach 
 ers and leaders among their people and did magnificent work 
 for the uplift of the Negroes. 
 
 His PRESENT RFXIGIOUS STATUS. We must acknowledge 
 that even at present his religious ideals are defective. His 
 notions of church discipline are crude. He is frequently 
 more happy "turning out" than taking in the lambs to the 
 
72 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 fold. Sometimes he puts more stress on sound than on sense, 
 and even among the comparatively enlightened, more atten 
 tion is paid to signs, visions and human imagination than to 
 the power of the Word of God. He frequently thinks more 
 of the past experiences than of present life and character. 
 He very often has a wrong conception of truth and is more 
 often emotional than ethical. His religion frequently has in 
 it a strain of superstitions, yet heaven, hell and judgment are 
 to him stern realities. He believes all the Bible. The stories 
 of Jonah, Daniel, and the Three Hebrew Children, furnish no 
 stumbling blocks to his religious faith. 
 
 ELEMENTS OF HOPE. He is quick to respond to whatever 
 appeals to his sympathies, ready to help another in times of 
 distress, and comparatively few Negroes furnish inmates for 
 poorhouses and eleemosynary institutions. Is this not the 
 spirit of the Christ, who has said: "Pure religion and unde- 
 filed before God and the Father is this, to visit the widows 
 and orphans in their affliction, and to keep yourselves unspotted 
 from the world." He is but yet a little child, and yet this 
 childish faith is sweet and beautiful, and he who spake as 
 never a man spake, said : "Except ye become as a little child 
 ye shall not see the Kingdom of God." 
 
 POSSIBILITIES OF GROWTH. His emotional nature is highly 
 developed. To move men we must first reach their feelings. 
 Mark Anthony, in his great oration over the dead body of 
 Caesar, moved the Roman populace by his appeal to their 
 feelings when he uncovered the corpse and showed them 
 Caesar s gaping wounds. Patrick Henry, the magnificent 
 orator of Virginia, stirred up the people when he appealed to 
 their emotions by saying: "I know not what course others 
 may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death," 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 73 
 
 Feeling, being developed, brings conviction; conviction brings 
 action. Physical excitement is fast passing away and self- 
 control is taking its place, and among Negroes everywhere 
 can be found churches where the worship is beautiful and 
 inspiring. The sermons are logical and eloquent, with wor 
 shippers as fervent and devoted as can be found among the 
 proud Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 BENEVOLENCE. In proportion to his means, no race can 
 excel him in benevolence. Forty million dollars in church 
 property, hospitals, asylums, infirmaries and eleemosynary 
 institutions are evidences of that fact. 
 
 SOME BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. Among the most promi 
 nent may be named the Provident Hospital, in Chicago; the 
 Woman s Central League and the Richmond Hospital, in the 
 City of Richmond; Fred Douglas Hospital, in Philadelphia, 
 Pa. ; the Hale Infirmary, in Montgomery, Ala. ; Mrs. Watts 
 Orphanage, Covington, Ga., given by Mrs. Diana Pace Watts, 
 who toiled almost single-handed to accomplish her design; 
 the Tent s Old Folks Home, at Hampton, Va. ; the Old Folks 
 Home of the Richmond Charitable Union; the Old Folks 
 Home of the Grand Fountain, United Order of True Reform 
 ers; the Rescue Home, in Chicago; the Amanda Smith In 
 dustrial Home, also in Chicago ; and the Young Women s Pro 
 tective League, of Indianapolis, Ind., headed by the famous 
 Miss Daysie Dean Walker, are but a few that might be 
 named. 
 
 OTHER FORMS OF RELIGIOUS X\CTIVITY. The National Bap 
 tist Convention, the Lott Carey Convention, to say nothing 
 of the great A. M. E. Church, are engaged in doing splendid 
 missionary work in Middle Drift, S. A., Brazil and the Islands 
 of the sea. Out of a population (1900) of 9,312,585, more 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 75 
 
 than 3,000,000 are communicants of the Church, which means 
 that one-third of the whole race is actually connected with 
 the Church of God, to say nothing of the "Secret Disciples." 
 SOME RELIGIOUS CHARACTERISTICS. Love for music, the 
 one thing that brings man nearest to God, forgiveness, pa 
 tience and love are the religious characteristics which are 
 destined in the future to put the Negro in the front rank in 
 religious life. 
 
 Let others hate, we will teach our children love, 
 Let others fight, we will teach endure the wrong, 
 
 No cowards we, our teachings from above; 
 When weak in hate, then only are we strong. 
 
 Davis. 
 
;6 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 EDUCATION 
 
 Garfield says : "Next in importance to freedom and justice 
 is popular education, without which neither justice nor free 
 dom can be permanently maintained." 
 
 EDUCATION OF THE PAST. There was practically no educa 
 tion in the past. The law of the land wrote him down as a 
 chattel. In many States it was actually a crime to teach a 
 Negro to read. Ignorance was an absolute necessity to 
 human slavery. True, young Negroes sometimes "picked 
 up something" from their young masters as they carried 
 them to and from the school-house, and some Negroes were 
 taught in the South by the noble-hearted Southern mistresses. 
 Some went to school in the North, but a proposed college in 
 New Haven was strenuously objected to by the people of the 
 conservative State of Connecticut. 
 
 THE END OF EDUCATION. The end of education is to pre 
 pare men for usefulness in life. That the Negro has the power 
 to acquire learning is no longer a question. The best schools 
 of this country, from which he has graduated, holding his own 
 with his white competitor, bear indisputable evidence of this 
 truth. Education benefits any people, and the Negro is no 
 exception to this rule. It improves morals and character, 
 makes better citizens and neighbors, produces more efficient 
 workmen and diminishes the danger of race conflict. Says Dr. 
 Rnffner, "The Negro craves education. The civilization of 
 the race is progressing even faster than his thoughtful friends 
 anticipated." Yet education cannot change the Negro in a 
 clay as by a magic wand, but the element of time must enter 
 
78 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 into his development as with all other races. Whites mus ., 
 be educated as well as blacks. Henry W. Grady says : "Edu 
 cation is the solution of the Southern problem, education 
 is the solution of the Northern problem, education is 
 the solution of the problem of all human advancement. Right 
 education of the physical, mental and spiritual powers of 
 each individual will perfect society and nothing else will do 
 it. Christ, the great Teacher, has said, "Ye shall know the 
 truth and the truth shall make you free." 
 
 ADVANCEMENT IN NEGRO EDUCATION. In 1891 there were 
 fifty-two normal and industrial schools maintained by States 
 and by religious denominations, having approximately 10,000 
 students ; twenty-five denominational and six non-denomina 
 tional colleges and universities, having 8,000 students ; forty- 
 seven for secondary education, having at least 12,000 students ; 
 twenty-five schools of theology of various denominations, 
 with 700 students ; five schools for the exclusive study of 
 law, with 350 students ; five schools for the exclusive study 
 of medicine, with 550 students; sixteen schools receiving 
 State and Federal aid for industrial and agricultural training, 
 with 4,500 students, and all of these schools, with about three 
 exceptions, are located in the former slave States. 
 
 EXPENDITURES FOR NEGRO EDUCATION. Since 1876, the 
 South has expended approximately $383,000,000 for educa 
 tion. It is fair to presume that at least one-fourth of this was 
 spent on Negro education. This is indeed a tremendous 
 stride. At the close of the \Var between the States, the 
 South was poor. Four years of civil war had devastated the 
 land. Soldiers came home from the war, broken in health and 
 in fortune, to take up again the loom of l!Tc. The children of 
 the South were in sore need of education ; their resources were 
 

8o INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 meagre, an_ yet, notwithstanding these drawbacks, they 
 shared with the black children of the South the humble pit 
 tance they were able to spare from the absolute necessities 
 for the education of their children. In addition to this the 
 South felt naturally some resentment toward the Negro, be 
 cause of his recent enfranchisement. We must not forget 
 to think of these things when the question of the treatment 
 of the South to the Negroes is under consideration. Let 
 us pay our humble tribute for all that they have done and 
 show our appreciation by noble patriotism and honest living. 
 
 HISTORY OF NEGRO EDUCATION. September, 1861, under 
 the guns of Fort Monroe, the first schools were opened for 
 contrabands of war. In 1862 they were extended south to 
 the Carolinas. In 1863 the first public schools for Louisiana 
 were opened. General Grant called General Eaton the same 
 year to teach the freedmen in Mississippi, and Eaton had 
 under him at one time 770,000 people. He did a wonderful 
 work and the colored people paid from their earnings nearly 
 a quarter of million dollars. To this end, 1865, a Freed- 
 men s Bureau was established by an Act of Congress, with 
 General O. O. Howard as Commissioner. The Freedmen s 
 Bureau was aided by the American Missionary Association, 
 the chief body apart from the government, which now con 
 trols seventy-eight schools. The American Baptist Home 
 Missionary Society that supports Spelman, at Atlanta; Shaw, 
 at Raleigh ; Atlanta University > and the splendid Virginia 
 Union University, at Richmond, and many other schools in 
 various parts of the country; the Society of Friends, which 
 is doing a splendid work even to-day. The United Presby 
 terians, the Reformed Presbyterians, the United Brethren of 
 Christ, the North West Freedmen s Aid Commission, the 
 
82 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 National Freedmen s Aid Association, were also active in the 
 work. The first school for colored people in Vicksburg, 
 Mississippi, was established by the United Brethren, in the 
 basement of a Methodist Church. It was believed that Great 
 Britain contributed a million dollars, which was sent in money 
 and clothes. The Peabody fund of $2,000,000 in trusts acts 
 with the States, and has achieved remarkable results. The 
 John F. Slater fund of $1,000,000, to be used exclusively for 
 Negro education, did wonderful good, and the Negro will 
 never be ungrateful for this great succor in his time of need. 
 
 "Until the years get old, 
 The stars grow cold, 
 And the leaves of the judgment book 
 unfold." 
 
 WHAT THE NEGRO RACE HAS DONE FOR ITSELF. In 1860 
 he was entirely illiterate; in 1870 he had reduced his illiteracy 
 to 85 per cent., in 1880 to 75 per cent., in 1890 to 64 per cent., 
 and to-day to 47 per cent. There are 6,500 studying to be 
 teachers, 2,900 in high schools, 1,944 graduates from normal 
 schools, 1,865 studying professions, 785 studying theology. 
 These figures are approximate only. 
 
 WHAT THE RACE MUST LEARN. The Negro of this country 
 must learn the economies of home life, character and virtue, 
 thrift and industry and skill in labor. We must remember, 
 since the race expects to do the majority of the work of the 
 land, that the mass of people in the meanwhile must make 
 preparation to do that work most effectively. As unwelcome 
 as it may sound, the world wants more cooks, housemaids, 
 waiters, barbers, mechanics, engineers, machinists, laborers, 
 hod-carriers than lawyers, doctors, preachers, teachers, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 83 
 
 artists, and poets. There are some 30,000 teachers, which 
 means one to every 334; one thousand lawyers, which means 
 one to every 10,000; 2,000 doctors, or one to every 5.000; 
 15,000 preachers, or one to every 700, and 80,000 business 
 men, and yet with all this, there still remains more than 7,000,- 
 ooo, who must make their living by the work of their hands. 
 
 WHAT KIND OF EDUCATION DOES HE NEED? First, thor 
 oughly trained men and women to teach the masses how to 
 think. He needs every kind of education and every opportunity 
 to show his capacity. Manual training alone means serfdom ; 
 without it, extinction. Men want something to eat, some 
 thing to wear, and somewhere to stay. True education may 
 teach them how best to supply these physical needs, and the 
 other things must come afterwards; for no man can enjoy 
 Virgil on a hungry stomach. Should we fail to do the work 
 given to us intelligently, others will take our place. Indus 
 trial training must be given to the vast majority, and manual 
 training to all to develop character. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. First, it gives 
 respect and love for labor. The fact that a man can do 
 something gives him moral backbone. Eighty-five per cent, 
 of the people living in the country must make their living from 
 the soil. It does not mean limited mental development, for 
 agriculture means botany, geology and chemistry ; carpentry 
 means architecture and mechanical drawing. Dairying, horti 
 culture, stock-raising and poultry-raising will give us as fine 
 a living as medicine and law. Industrial education teaches 
 how to work. It takes a boy from following the plow and 
 puts him on a harvesting machine, with an umbrella over his 
 head, and since 85 per cent, must depend upon the country 
 
84 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 products for a living, let us do this well. It teaches truth, 
 exactness, beauty, honesty and faith. 
 
 SOME GREAT INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS. Perhaps the foremost 
 of all industrial schools in this country is the Hampton Nor 
 mal and Agricultural Institute, opened in April, 1868, and 
 chartered in 1870, by a special act of the Legislature. This 
 school is controlled by seventeen trustees, representing dif 
 ferent sections of the country, and six religious denomina 
 tions, no one having a majority. The State contributes 
 $10,000 a year towards its support and appoints State curators 
 to see to its expenditure. The object is to train youths to go 
 and teach and lead the people. Its fundamental principle is 
 self-support, and all students must do some work. Nothing 
 is ever asked for a student that he can provide for himself. 
 It costs from $175,000 to $250,000 a year to maintain the 
 school. It derives its revenue from one-third of the land 
 grant that by the Merrill Act was allowed to Virginia for the 
 support of agricultural schools. It receives an appropriation 
 from Congress for the 120 Indian students attending the 
 school. It also receives some help from the Slater and Pea- 
 body funds, but its greatest support comes from its endow 
 ment fund, which is constantly increasing, and from popular 
 subscriptions. The value of the property is about $i,ooo r ooo. 
 It has about sixty buildings on the grounds proper, with 
 150 acres of land at the Henningway Farm; both of these 
 farms being cultivated by student labor. The enrollment is 
 about i, 080, including those attending the Whittier School, 
 which is practically a county school. There are over one 
 hundred teachers, officers, assistants, etc., and almost all of 
 these teach in the industrial department. The boys are 
 taught farming, carpentry, house-painting, wheel-wrighting, 
 
86 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 tailoring, harness-making, painting, shoe-making, engineer 
 ing, upholstering and wood-turning, plumbing and horticul 
 ture. Girls are taught housework, laundrying, sewing, dress 
 making, scientific cooking, slbyd, upholstering and agricul 
 ture. There is a trade school and domestic science building, 
 which rank among the best equipped in this country. Nine- 
 tenths of the graduates and undergraduates have done good 
 work. Tuskegee, Calhoun, Mount Meggs, Gloucester and 
 Kittrell are schools patterned after Hampton, and practically 
 the result of Hampton training; most of them being presided 
 over by Hampton graduates. 
 
 TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. This school 
 was opened June 14, 1881. The Alabama State Legislature 
 appropriated $2,000 a year for the support of a Negro school. 
 General Armstrong recommended Booker T. Washington as 
 a suitable person to establish such a school. This school has 
 about the same number of buildings, teachers, etc., as Hamp 
 ton, and ranks well with the mother school. 
 
 SOME OTHER SCHOOLS. Georgia State Industrial School, 
 established in 1891, Prof. R. R. Wright, president; Central 
 Tennessee College, established by the Methodists ; Spelman 
 Seminary (the Negro Vassar), at Atlanta, Georgia ; Fisk Uni 
 versity, Nashville, Tennessee ; Virginia Union University, 
 Richmond, Virginia; Virginia Normal and Industrial 
 Institute, at Petersburg, Virginia ; Christiansburg Industrial 
 Institute, at Cambria, Virginia ; Joseph K. Brick Industrial 
 School, Enfield, North Carolina ; Dinwiddie Normal and Agri 
 cultural Institute, Dinwiddie, Virginia; Princess Anne Acad 
 emy, at Princess Anne, Maryland ; Hartshorn Memorial Col 
 lege, at Richmond, Virginia; Theological Seminary and Col- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 87 
 
 lege, at Lynchburg, Virginia, and the Atlanta University, of 
 Atlanta, Georgia, all have some of industrial training in addi 
 tion to their literary course. These are but a few which go to 
 make up the progress of the Negro, and yet the call for an 
 education grows stronger and stronger as the years go by. 
 
88 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 BUSINESS AND COMMERCE 
 
 The Negro has practically just begun his business career. 
 It is therefore necessarily in a crude condition, but this has 
 been true of all races struggling to reach the light. Business 
 means civilization. If there is one lesson taught more dis 
 tinctly than any other by the Jamestown Exposition it is 
 that the Negro is rapidly waking up to business. 
 
 EVERY MAN MUST WORK. God s edict given in Eden says : 
 "By the sweat of thy brow shall thou eat bread, "and a posi 
 tive injunction is, "He that will not work neither shall he 
 eat." Idleness has in all ages been the greatest curse of all 
 people, and the old axiom comes back with greater force : 
 "The devil finds some mischief still for idle hands to do." 
 The Negro is no exception to this general law, and idleness 
 has been his curse. True, there are many idle, but it is equally 
 true that there are many thrifty and industrious among us 
 that are deserving of highest commendation. 
 
 NEGRO ENGAGED IN EVERY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY. The 
 Negro has more than $10,000,000 invested in business in this 
 country, of which 79 per cent, is in business with less than 
 $2,500 capital, showing the wide dispersion of business inter 
 ests. There are few skilled mechanics, because of lack of op 
 portunity, and no great corporations as a matter of course. 
 Perhaps the greatest financier the race has ever produced 
 was W. W. Browne, the founder of the great organization 
 known as the True Reformers. His plan is exceedingly 
 unique and is pronounced by good authorities to be admirable. 
 It might be stated in passing that the charter was obtained by 
 
9 o INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Colonel Giles B. Jackson. His bank is based upon the broad 
 est possible principles, and during the panic in our country 
 it was the only bank in the city of Richmond that never re 
 fused the payment of checks. The organizers of this organi 
 zation were among the best business men that the race has 
 yet produced. The Negro has no Morgans, no Rothschilds, 
 no Mantel Brothers, no Mark Hannas, nor Rockefellers, but 
 every Negro started with nothing, worked himself up slowly, 
 and by strict attention to business, and by sometimes the 
 severest deprivation, attained to his present height. 
 
 REPORT OF A. F. HILYER, U. S. COMMISSIONER TO PARIS 
 EXPOSITION, 1900. Mr. Hilyer reports that he visited 143 
 business places, with capital ranging from $500 to a bank, 
 whose daily balance was $82,000. He perhaps visited many 
 of the best and also many of the smaller ones. There was not 
 a single city visited by him where he did not have something 
 to report. He found 2,020 Negroes in business. First, bar 
 bers ; second, caterers ; third, small grocers ; fourth, cook 
 shops ; fifth, butchers. Nearly every Southern city could 
 boast of its Negro drug-store. He also visited three book 
 and tract publishing houses, one whose plant was valued at 
 $45,000. He also reports 200 newspapers, three magazines 
 and one paper (Richmond Planet) with a capital invested of 
 $10,000 and 5,000 subscribers. Washington could show 1,302 
 colored proprietors, capital invested $700,000, doing $2,000,- 
 ooo worth of business yearly, with 3,030 persons employed. 
 
 REPORT OF THE ATLANTA CONFERENCE, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, 
 1906. The Conference reports Negroes as carrying on every 
 kind of business, sometimes in a similar way that other races 
 can boast of. Four-fifths of them have been established five 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 91 
 
 years, and one-fifth more than twenty years, and 67 more than 
 thirty years, with an aggregate capital of $5,631,137. 
 
 CONSPICUOUS BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AMONG NEGROES OF 
 UNITED STATES. We have authentic reports from fifteen 
 building and loan associations, twenty-eight banks four of 
 these being in the city of Richmond 1,150 life insurance 
 companies and sick benefit associations, several mining compa 
 nies, one street railway, one foundry, one cotton mill, one silk 
 plant, valued at $45,000, one firm of truck gardeners, Noisette 
 Brothers, near Charleston, S. C, who cultivate 500 acres and 
 have carried on business for thirty years, sending several car 
 loads of truck to market every week, and have a railroad sid 
 ing built on their farm. J. H. Graves, near Kansas City, Kan., 
 raises potatoes particularly, and has 400 acres under cultiva 
 tion. He raised 7,500 bushels in 1900, sold $25,000 worth of 
 produce. Within a radius of 20 miles, there are 1,312 Negro 
 farms, which are reported as doing well. C. C. Leslie, Char 
 leston, S. C., a fish dealer, has $30,000 invested in nets, boats, 
 ice-houses, real estate, etc., and ships to northern markets from 
 three to five loads of fish weekly. In Columbus, Mississippi, 
 a Negro owns his own abattoir, kills for other butchers, and 
 supplies the best people in the town with meat. There is 
 also a pawn broker in Augusta, Georgia, with $5,000 in 
 vested. A department store conducted by the Saint Lukes 
 in the city of Richmond compares favorably with those con 
 ducted by our more favored brethren. There is another at 
 Baltimore, of which the same can be said. The largest drug 
 store is owned by a colored physician in Anniston, Alabama, 
 another is also found in Winstpu-Salem, North Carolina. 
 There are four in Richmond, one in Staunton, one in Peters 
 burg, and many in Washington and Baltimore. A ready-made 
 
92 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 clothing store in the city of Richmond, conducted by Major 
 I. J. Miller, carries $10,000 worth of stock ; there is also one in 
 Hampton and one in Newport News. There is a large shoe 
 store in Richmond, conducted by the Capital Shoe Company, 
 ard a shoe manufacturing company, known as the Fred 
 Douglas Shoe Company in Massachusetts. The late Samuel 
 Harris, of Williamsburg, Virginia, conducted the largest gen 
 eral store east of Richmond, and died worth $150,000. H. 
 L. Jackson, of Blackstone, Virginia, is a merchant of no mean 
 pretentious, while H. F. Jonathan and Thos. Smith, of Rich 
 mond, take high rank as fish merchants. Mr. Thomas Har- 
 man has made a comfortable fortune in the clothing business, 
 while Mr. W. T. Anderson and R. R. Palmer still carry on a 
 prosperous business. Mr. A. W. E. Bassette, of Hampton, 
 Virginia, is the owner of Bassette s Academy, a splendid 
 playhouse, and the only one for colored people in the city of 
 Hampton. There is a stock-breeder of Knoxville, Tennessee, 
 worth $100,000, with $50,000 invested in blooded horses. The 
 history of Lewis, the tailor, and the late Mr. Lee, the caterer, 
 of Boston, is well-known. A photographer in St. Paul, Minne 
 sota, carries on a $20,000 business. J. C. Farley and George 
 Brown, of Richmond, are making good success in the same 
 line. These are simply a few examples showing Negro thirft 
 and enterprise. 
 
 OTHER THAN COMMERCIAL BUSINESS. There are more 
 than one thousand reputable lawyers who. do a thriving busi 
 ness and are highly respected by the judges of the courts. 
 D. August Strakcr, of Detroit ; Stewart, of New York ; Cobb, 
 Terrell, Hewlett, of the District of Columbia ; J. Thomas New- 
 some, Newport News, Virginia ; J. C. Robertson, attorney for 
 the True Reformers, and G. W. Lewis, both of Richmond, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 93 
 
 are a few of those who might be mentioned. There are two 
 thousand doctors skilled in their profession. Among the most 
 prominent may be mentioned Drs. Purvis, Curtis and Willis- 
 ton, of Washington, D. C. ; Dr. Williams, formerly chief of 
 the Freedman s Hospital, Washington, D. C., whose surgical 
 work has taken high rank among the great doctors of his 
 tory; Dr. Wheatland, of Boston, whose practice is very ex 
 tensive; H. L. Harris, J. E. Merriweather and R. E. Jones, 
 of the city of Richmond, are pioneers in their profession in 
 this great city for Negro progress. Space would fail us to 
 mention the great number who are bringing things to pass, 
 but suffice it to say that the Negro doctor is no experiment. 
 There are some 32,000 Negro teachers ; the first and foremost 
 among these is the great Booker T. Washington, of Tuskegee 
 Institute. Mrs. Annie M. Cooper, for many years principal 
 in the Washington High School ; Dr. W. Bruce Evans, prin 
 cipal of Armstrong Manual Training School ; Wm. H. Coun 
 cil, Normal Alabama; Major R. R. Moten, commandant of 
 Cadets, Hampton School ; J. Hugo Johnston, State Normal 
 School, at Petersburg, Virginia, and hundreds of others in 
 various parts of the country have done their part to elevate the 
 teaching profession among the Negroes of the country to the 
 very highest point of efficiency. There are some 17,000 bar 
 bers, skilled in their profession. The Atlanta Conference has 
 made a study of these lines of work performed by the Negroes 
 of this country, which is full of intense interest. 
 
 DISADVANTAGES OF NEGROES IN BUSINESS. Perhaps the 
 most serious drawback to the Negroes of this country, when it 
 comes to the matter of business, has been lack of confidence 
 in each other. This is a serious drawback and yet not un 
 natural when we consider the fact that the institution of slav- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 95 
 
 ery could do nothing to increase the respect that one Negro 
 had for another. Again, he had had little previous business 
 training and consequently his methods have been loose, and 
 thus tended to destroy what little confidence there might have 
 been. He has had little opportunity to learn in the white 
 man s place of business. The Negro might become ever so 
 efficient in the performance of menial duty, he might go in 
 as janitor in any place of business conducted by members of 
 the more fortunate race, and however efficient he might be 
 come, once a porter means for him always a porter ; and when 
 he goes out to start business for himself he can only bring 
 to bear that which he has picked up" by serving in his own 
 humble capacity. The doors of large factories are practically 
 closed against him, and yet notwithstanding these serious dis 
 advantages he has gone into business, frequently made money, 
 and almost invariably has been able to save some of what he 
 has made. 
 
 WITH WHOM HE TRADES. There is no notion so erroneous 
 as the supposition that Negroes who go into business must 
 trade exclusively with members of their own race, and strange 
 as it may seem, many Negroes in business can frequently 
 boast of having a larger white than colored trade, and some 
 have their trade almost exclusively confined to the white 
 race. Some of the finest barber shops kept by colored men 
 wait on white customers exclusively, and a number of keepers 
 of fine restaurants have a trade among the very best white 
 people of the community. Besides these many dress-makers 
 and seamstresses confine their labors almost exclusively to 
 white people, even in southern communities. It may be only 
 fair to say in passing, that the white men and women of the 
 South have shown a most commendable spirit in their willing- 
 
g6 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 ness to help along colored men and women engaged in busi 
 ness. 
 
 OUR GREAT NEED. One of the greatest needs of the race 
 to-day is to have well conducted business colleges where 
 young men and women may be trained in the conduct of busi 
 ness. We are pleased to note the constant effort being made 
 to supply this need. Prof. T. P. Smith, of Lynchburg, Vir 
 ginia, is one of the pioneers in this work, and Prof. C. . 
 Mitchell, a full graduate of the Boston School of Business 
 and a remarkably capable man, turns out every year from the 
 West Virginia Colored Institute a large number of men and 
 women, who are thoroughly prepared to conduct business 
 from a high business standpoint. The work that tnese and 
 others are doing for the future of the business prosperity of 
 the Negro of this country cannot be over estimated. Many 
 high schools are also carrying a business course, and the out 
 look grows brighter daily. The young Negro must be taught 
 the value of system, the necessity of absolute accuracy, truth 
 fulness, reliability and these higher virtues, without which no 
 real business can be done. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 97 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 THE NEGRO AS A FARMER AND INVENTOR 
 
 It has been estimated that 90 per cent, of the inhabitants 
 of the United States live in the rural districts. While this 
 may not be true with regard to all races, it is abso 
 lutely true with regard to the Negro. He is indeed the 
 Anteus, a "son of the soil." There can be no question that 
 the Negro as a farm laborer, when it comes to really doing 
 the work, cannot be excelled ; and yet there is undoubtedly a 
 tendency on his part to leave the farm and come to the city. 
 The primary cause for this can be found in his social nature. 
 He is no misanthrope, no hermit, and can only find true hap 
 piness as he comes in contact with- his fellow-creatures. Lack 
 of society in rural districts has done more to drive the social 
 Negro to the city than any other one thing. When the com 
 munity progress, in vogue in Germany and other foreign 
 countries, shall find a foothold in America, then how to keep 
 the Negro on the farm will no longer be a problem. This 
 tendency to social intercourse, this inherent dislike for isola 
 tion has made him practically a failure as a farm laborer, and 
 railroads, coal mines, stone quarries, and city streets find more 
 attraction for him than the song of birds, the chirp of swal 
 lows, and commuion with nature ; for this reason the Negro 
 as a farm laborer has been practically a failure. The meagre 
 returns that come from tenant farming, and the constant 
 poverty which he must meet as he attempts to farm for some 
 body else have had the effect of making him a failure along 
 this line. The feeling that he must labor hour in and hour 
 out, and at the end find himself no further advanced prac 
 tically than when he began, has proven a means of discourage- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 99 
 
 ment to him, and yet this condition is not peculiar to the 
 Negro tenant farmer alone, for all persons of all races have 
 shown a like result. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A LAND OWNING FARMER. The Negro as 
 a land owning farmer is a success. There is no need of 
 statistics to prove this self-evident fact. A ride through the 
 country districts of any Southern State will clearly demon 
 strate this fact. In one Congressional district in Virginia 
 alone he owns one-fifteenth of the land, containing 125,597 
 acres, valued at $1,000,000. A colored planter now owns one 
 of President Jefferson Davis plantations in Mississippi. The 
 Negroes own 13,000 acres in Gloucester county, Virginia, 
 which is unencumbered, where twenty-five years ago they 
 owned less than 100. There are 12,690,152 homes and farms 
 in the United States, and the Negro owns 234,737. Accord 
 ing to the census of 1900, this amount is free from all encum 
 brances, while 29,542 are mortgaged. One strange thing, 
 and yet withal a very splendid one, the Negro as a rule de- 
 lights to pay as he goes, and this is clearly evidenced when 
 the census shows that n per cent, of the Negro farms are 
 mortgaged, while 39 per cent, of the entire number of farms 
 in the country are mortgaged. Agriculture is far from fas 
 cinating to him who owes every time he turns, but to him who 
 owes no man it possesses a charm all its own. 
 
 How SHALL \\ T E KEEP THE NEGRO ON THE FARM? First, 
 he must be made to know that all work requires labor, either 
 physical or mental, and to labor in one place is no greater 
 hardship than to labor in another. We must be taught that 
 the saving of expense of living in the country counterbalances 
 the lack of cash returns, and if he is frugal he will be able to 
 show at the close of the year a cash balance as great as that 
 
too INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 of a seemingly more successful neighbor in the city. The 
 German idea of settlement or the Northern idea of smaller 
 farms, and consequently a greater social contact, must be 
 made to prevail in the South. The State must see to it that 
 they give the country boy and girl better schools, more easily 
 reached, longer terms and of a higher grade. 
 
 Farmers Congresses and Conferences must be held con 
 stantly to emphasize the advantage of rural life and present 
 its attractiveness in tangible form. Schools must do more 
 thoroughly what they attempt to do, and in a limited way, 
 teach practical agriculture as a part of their curriculum, along 
 with horticulture, landscaping, gardening, poultry-raising and 
 other gainful forms of employment, and crown these by creat 
 ing in the heart of the country boy and girl a love for nature, 
 and then he, who dwells "near to nature s heart," will hear 
 her voices, listen to her pleadings, and live in her company. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS AN INVENTOR 
 
 INVENTORS CONTRIBUTION TO CIVILIZATION. No men have 
 made a greater contribution to modern civilization than in 
 ventors, and America has led the van. Whitney, Franklin, 
 Morse, Thompson, Erricson, Colt, Bell, Corliss and Edison 
 have contributed perhaps more to the progress of the people 
 by their inventive genius than any men of modern times, and 
 right beside them can be placed Woods, McCoy, Purvis, 
 Murray, Creamer and other members of the Negro race, who 
 have also done their part. The true measure of a nation s 
 worth is its contribution to the well-being of the world. This 
 can be applied equally well to races, and. judging by this 
 standard, the Negro has nothing of which to be ashamed. 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND INVENTORS. The United 
 States Government distinguishes inventors by nations and 
 
OF THi: NEGRO RACE IOI 
 
 not by races. An Englishman and an American can find out 
 what he has contributed of inventive genius, but a Scotch 
 man, Irishman, and especially a Negro, is kept in the back 
 ground. Only once in the records of the United States is a 
 distinction made, and this in the case of Henry Blair, "a 
 colored man of Maryland," who was granted a patent for a 
 corn harvester in 1834-36. He was evidently a free man, 
 hence this distinction. A slave could not get out a patent for 
 the simple reason that a patent is a "contract," according to 
 Attorney General Black, and since no Negro could make a 
 contract he could get out no patent. A slave of Jefferson Davis 
 invented a propellor for vessels, which was used in the Con 
 federate navy. This fact is well known, and yet because he 
 was a slave he could get no patent for his invention. 
 
 How STATISTICS OF NEGRO INVENTORS HAVE BEEN OB 
 TAINED. All data by which Negro inventors could be identified 
 in the United States Patent Office has been irrevocably lost, 
 and it is fair to presume that many inventions attributed to 
 whites really belong to Negroes. This is particularly unfor 
 tunate at this time when the Negro needs all he can get to 
 place to his credit. The employes of the Patent Office under 
 took to collect a list of Negro inventors for the Cotton States 
 Centennial in 1884, but met with little success. Another fairly 
 successful attempt was made in 1892 for the World s Fair, 
 at Chicago, and another attempt was made in 1893, for the 
 Negro Exhibit at Atlanta. But the very best results have 
 been obtained from the attempt that was made for the -Paris 
 Exposition by United States Commissioner T. J. Calloway in 
 1900. Letters were addressed to hundreds of patent lawyers, 
 manufacturing establishments, newspaper editors, and promi 
 nent men of the race, asking if they knew of and could positive- 
 
102 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 ly identify any colored patentees that had come under their no 
 tice. One white patent lawyer made a reply that the Negro 
 had never invented anything but lies. Notwithstanding the 
 discouragement that was met with, 400 colored patentees 
 were positively identified. Many more had applied to patent 
 lawyers for assistance, but had been compelled to abandon 
 their effort to obtain patents for lack of means. 
 
 KIND OF PATENTS AND SOME PATENTEES. The colored 
 patentees very naturally commenced with agricultural imple 
 ments and culinary utensils, as these were the subjects with 
 which they had most to do, and that most naturally called out 
 their inventive genius, which gradually broadened to include 
 nearly every possible range of subjects. Elijah McCoy, De- 
 triot, Michigan, heads the list with twenty-eight patents, 
 relating particularly to lubricating appliances for engineers, 
 but covering a large variety of other subjects. Granville T. 
 Woods, Cincinnati, Ohio, confines his inventions chiefly to 
 electrical telegraphy, telephone, phonograph, and to tele 
 graphing from moving trains, etc. The Bell Company uses 
 some of his appliances. W. B. Purvis, of Philadelphia, has 
 sixteen patents, dealing especially with paper bag machinery, 
 but he has also a few others. F. J. Ferrell, of New York, 
 has ten patents adapted to valves. Ex-Congressman Geo. W. 
 Murray has eight patents on agricultural implements. Wil 
 liam Henry Creamer has seven patents on steam traps. Mr. 
 Matzeliger of Massachusetts, has patent for attaching soles 
 to shoes. Mr. Joseph Lee, of Boston, patent for a kneading 
 machine. Miss Myriam E. Benjamin, of Massachusetts, the 
 only colored woman patentee, has a patent on gong signals, 
 which is used in the House of Representatives. Mr. Eugene 
 Burkis, of Chicago, has an invention for a rapid-firing gun. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 I0 3 
 
 Mr. Philip B. Williams, of Washington, D. C, has a patent 
 for coupling cars. These are but a few of the inventors and 
 inventions that can be ascribed to the Negro race, but these 
 are sufficient to show his capacity along inventive lines, and 
 to give reason for abundant hope. 
 
 This subject will be further elaborated upon in the report 
 of the Executive Committee of the Jamestown Negro Exhibit. 
 
104 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XIV 
 THE NEGRO AS A REAL ESTATE HOLDER IN VIRGINIA 
 
 Turned loose as he was on the 3d day of April, 1865, 
 without one foot of land or one dollar with which to pur 
 chase it, in forty-three years he has accumulated and owns 
 one twenty-eighth of all the land in Virginia. He owns 
 one-sixteenth of all the land in Virginia east of the Blue 
 Ridge. He owns one-twelfth of all the land in twenty-eight 
 counties out of one hundred counties in the State. He 
 owns one-ninth of Middlesex County, one-seventh of Han 
 over County, one-third of Charles City County, and he is 
 acquiring land at the rate of about fifty-five thousand acres 
 annually. Their real estate holdings would appear much 
 larger, if there were added farms upon which they have 
 contracts and are making payments, but have not received 
 the title thereto. Upon a mathematical per capita it will 
 be clearly shown that the colored man is largely exceeding 
 his white brother in acquiring property, both real and per 
 sonal. In order to clearly demonstrate this assertion it 
 would be well to make calculation on this basis. Give the 
 white race three hundred years of civilization and freedom 
 in this country, with the aid and assistance of all other 
 civilized nations of the globe, then put by his side the 
 Negro with only forty-three years of freedom, turned loose 
 entirely ignorant, and without a penny. In 1865, you could 
 walk from the mountains to seacoast without meeting a 
 single colored man or woman who could read or write his 
 name, and with all other nations pointing at them with a 
 finger of scorn upon their arrival in this country, and with 
 the hinderances and obstacles encountered by thern since 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 105 
 
 their emancipation, it will be clearly shown that the Negro 
 has exceeded all other races in acquiring property. We do 
 not mention these facts to the detriment of any other race, 
 but upon investigation we find ourselves justified from 
 statistics as proof of our assertions, and since the Negro 
 appears to be on trial and the world is sitting in judgment 
 upon him, the object of this writing is to produce evidence 
 that the trial judge may render an intelligent decision on 
 the problem now confronting the two races. 
 
 In Richmond, Y.irginia, the capital of the Southern Con 
 federacy, a certain ward was set apart especially for the 
 habitation of the colored people, namely, "Jackson Ward." 
 The white people who live among them in this ward are 
 there for the purpose of merchandise. Three-fourths of the 
 real estate in this ward belongs to the colored people. It 
 contains some of the finest residences of the colored people 
 in the State of Virginia. In this ward is located the 
 True Reformers Hall, valued at over $75,000, the True 
 Reformers Bank, valued at $50,000, which does a busi 
 ness of a million dollars annually ; both of which are owned 
 and operated by Negroes. The Grand Fountain United 
 Order of True Reformers, an organization, owning in its 
 own name real estate to the amount of $700,000, holds it 
 annual sessions in the hall bearing its name located in this 
 ward. This order has a membership of over 200,000, scat 
 tered throughout the country, especially where the colored 
 people are most largely populated. The Grand Fountain 
 United Order of True Reformers does a large insurance 
 business, employing more than three hundred clerks, agents 
 and messengers. In this ward the Southern Aid Insurance 
 Company, a Negro corporation, has its headquarters, sit 
 uated in a magnifiecent building, valued at $25,000. It does 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 107 
 
 an immense insurance business, and owns nearly a quarter 
 of million dollars worth of real estate. The American Bene 
 ficial Insurance Company has its office in this ward. It does 
 a flourishing business and employs several hundred clerks 
 and agents. The Richmond Beneficial Insurance Company, 
 one of the oldest companies of its kind in the State, also has 
 its headquarters in this ward, and employs a large force. 
 There is another insurance company in this city, but it has its 
 headquarters on Broad Street, the United Aid Insurance 
 Company. All four of these companies have on deposit in the 
 State Treasury ten thousand dollars each as a guarantee and 
 protection to its policy-holders. There is also situated in 
 this ward the Reformers Hotel, conducted by the Grand 
 Fountain, United Order of True Reformers, and also the 
 Miller Hotel, one of the largest colored hotels in the United 
 States. This ward contains also several hundred grocery 
 stores, among them one wholesale grocery store, conducted 
 by the True Reformers, four large drug stores. There is a 
 large number of residences owned by the colored people, and 
 one not knowing would conclude that these residences are the 
 property of rich white people ; among them are the residences 
 of R. T. Hill, cashier of the Reformers Bank, and W. L. Taylor, 
 Grand Worthy Master of the Grand Fountain, United Order 
 of True Reformers. These are beautiful and commodious 
 residences, with subjerb architectural effect. Mr. Taylor owns 
 seven or eight other houses in this ward. 
 
 Other property holdings in the city of Richmond, as shown 
 by a statement prepared by W. P. Burrell, Secretary of the 
 Grand Fountain, United Order of True Reformers, whose 
 authority cannot be disputed, are as follows : 
 
 In the city of Richmond, there are twenty-three colored 
 
Io8 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Baptist churches, one Catholic church, one Presbyterian, and 
 one Christian. The ministers are in the main well educated 
 and high class Christian gentlemen, and the influence of their 
 work is seen in the daily life of the people. The value of the 
 church property is $225,000. 
 
 In addition to the above there are n colored attorneys, 
 83 colored barber shops, 4 colored banks, 16 blacksmiths 
 and wheelwrights, I bookseller, 4 butcher firms, I cabinet 
 maker, 2 general caterers, 6 chair-caiiers, I cigar manufactory, 
 23 retail coal and wood dealers, 21 confectioneries and fruit 
 dealers, 7 contracting carpenters and builders, 8 plastering 
 firms, 6 co-operating establishments, 4 colored dentists 
 Drs. P. B. Ramsey and D. A. Ferguson, M. G. Ramsey and 
 Dr. Brown, all of whom do excellent work. There are 50 
 dressmakers, 4 drug stores, 4 dyeing and cleaning establish 
 ments, 2 restaurants and 32 eating-houses, i woman s ex 
 change, 14 fish and retail game dealers, 3 wholesale fish and 
 game dealers, 2 florists, 1 1 funeral directors and embalmers. 
 There are 13 public halls, ranging in capacity from 200 to 
 1,200; 3 asylums and hospitals, I boarding-house, with a 
 capacity of 25 ; 29 hucksters, I jeweler and watchmaker, I 
 music store, i junk dealer, 2 steam laundries, 8 livery stables, 
 I locksmith and bell hanger, i manufacturers agent, Mr. W. 
 H. Anderson ; 6 music teachers, 4 weekly newspapers, with 
 a combined circulation of 32,000; 8 notary public, 24 trained 
 nurses, 2 photograph galleries, 2 paperhangers, 12 physicians. 
 The colored physicians attend three-fourths of the 43,000 
 colored people. There are 6 poultry dealers, 2 real estate 
 dealers, 15 saloons-keepers, 2 schools for higher education 
 the Hartshorn Memorial College and Virginia Union Uni 
 versity, with its $300,000 plant for the education of young 
 men. One shoe dealer, 3 burial associations, with a capital 
 
& 
 
 CO 
 
no 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 stock of $10,000, owning nine burial grounds. One gent s 
 furnishing store, with a $10,000 stock, run by I. J. Miller. 
 One dry goods emporium, with $10,000 worth of dry goods 
 and millinery, run by the St. Luke s. 
 
 PROPERTY OWNED BY NEGROES IN OTHER WARDS. As 
 shown by a statement prepared by John H. Braxtcn, a colored 
 real estate dealer of the city of Richmond. 
 
 Assessed Value of Property Owned by Colored People in the City, 
 
 WARD. 
 
 REAL ESTATE TO 
 
 Total 
 
 Personal 
 
 Total 
 Real and 
 Personal 
 
 1906 
 
 1907 
 
 Clay 
 
 $ 72,043 
 520,931 
 586,364 
 74,745 
 216,854 
 233,185 
 240,730 
 
 $ 4,835 
 39,782 
 66,307 
 
 4,825 
 7,870 
 8,977 
 24,558 
 
 $ 76,878 
 560,713 
 652,671 
 79,570 
 224,724 
 242, 1 6 -1 
 265,288 
 
 $ 21,890 
 101,815 
 133,510 
 28,815 
 53,355 
 46,760 
 85,920 
 
 $ 98,768 
 662,528 
 786,181 
 108,385 
 278,079 
 288,922 
 351,208 
 
 Henry 
 Monroe. . . 
 Jofferson . 
 Madifon . . 
 Marshall. . 
 Lee. . 
 
 
 $1,944,852 
 
 $157,154 $2.102,006 
 
 $472,005 
 
 $2,574,071 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 III 
 
 Approximate Value of Church and Charitable Property Exempt 
 from Taxation. 
 
 
 Real 
 
 Personal 
 
 Total 
 
 First Baptist Church 
 
 $ 35 000 
 
 $ 6 45 
 
 $ 41 5 
 
 Second Baptist Church 
 
 45 000 
 
 5 (ICO 
 
 50 000 
 
 Ebenezer Baptist Church . . 
 
 60 000 
 
 3 000 
 
 63 000 
 
 Fourth Baptist Church 
 
 60 000 
 
 15 000 
 
 75 000 
 
 Fifth Baptist Church 
 
 10 000 
 
 700 
 
 10 700 
 
 Sixth Mt. Zion Baptist Church . 
 
 20 000 
 
 3 500 
 
 23 500 
 
 Moore-Street Baptist Church 
 
 2> 000 
 
 2 000 
 
 27 000 
 
 Fifth-Street Baptist Church 
 Mt. Calvary Baptist ChurHi 
 
 25,000 
 3 000 
 
 4,000 
 500 
 
 29,000 
 3 500 
 
 Rising JNIt. Zion Baptist Church 
 Fountain Baptist Churrh 
 Sharon Baptist Church 
 Mt. Carmel Baptist Church 
 Mt. Tabor Baptist Church 
 Mt. Olivet Baptist Church 
 
 14,000 
 30,000 
 15,000 
 14,600 
 3,500 
 900 
 
 600 
 1,000 
 700 
 1,200 
 1,000 
 300 
 
 14,600 
 31,000 
 15,700 
 15,800 
 4,500 
 1 200 
 
 Biver View Baptist Church 
 First Union Baptist Church.. 
 
 1,350 
 2 000 
 
 350 
 300 
 
 1,700 
 2 300 
 
 Trinity Baptist Church 
 
 500 
 
 300 
 
 80C 
 
 New Baptist Church 
 Bethlehem Baptist Church 
 
 4,000 
 500 
 
 100 
 
 4,000 
 600 
 
 Union Level Baptist Church 
 Third-Street Baptist Church 
 
 1,200 
 
 1 800 
 
 HCO 
 
 200 
 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 
 Pilgrim Baptist Church 
 Mt. Vern on Baptist Church 
 
 300 
 800 
 
 100 
 200 
 
 400 
 1,000 
 
 College View Baptist Church 
 Third-Street A M E Church 
 
 200 
 
 20 000 
 
 50 
 3 000 
 
 250 
 
 ) 
 
 Third-Street A. M. E. Church parsonage, etc 
 Asbury M. E. Church 
 
 2,700 
 f> 000 
 
 1 000 
 
 25,700 
 
 7 000 
 
 Leigh-Street M. E. Church 
 Bethel M. E. Church 
 St. Philip s P. E. Cnirch 
 First Presbyterian Church 
 St. Joseph s Catholic Church, Nunnery, Home, 
 School etc 
 
 10.000 
 500 
 lO.oro 
 8,500 
 
 Y> 000 
 
 000 
 100 
 1,OCO 
 1,500 
 
 15 000 
 
 10,900 
 600 
 11,000 
 10,000 
 
 27 000 
 
 Friends Orphan Asylum 
 
 5 000 
 
 500 
 
 5 500 
 
 Rd. Charitable Union (O. F. Home) 
 Woman s C. League, T. School, and Hospital . . 
 Richmond Hospital 
 Y. M. C. A 
 
 2,500 
 40,000 
 7,500 
 6 000 
 
 200 
 5,000 
 2,500 
 700 
 
 2,700 
 45,000 
 10.000 
 6 700 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 612,350 
 
 $ 78,225 
 
 $ 690,575 
 
 Grand Total 
 
 $2,714,356 
 
 $ 550,290 
 
 S3, 264, 646 
 
 
 
 
 
112 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XV 
 THE NEGRO IN LITERATURE 
 
 It sounds almost ridiculous to speak of the Negro in con 
 nection with literature. The making of books is about the 
 next best thing a race does. Books are born out of necessity 
 often, but making of a book requires leisure, and leisure 
 presupposes some wealth. The Negro child regards the 
 making of a book as one of the wonders of the world. He 
 does not know who made it, but as he goes on to read it and 
 finds that it tells all about white people, and has nearly all 
 pictures of white folks unless some few Negroes are placed 
 there in derision he naturally thinks the white folks made 
 them all. He should be taught as early as possible that brain 
 is colorless ; that white and black alike, have been makers of 
 books. 
 
 THE NEGRO IN LITERATURE. The English language is con 
 fessedly the most difficult language in the world, being a 
 mixture of Latin, Greek, French, and all the older languages. 
 The mastery of the English language, in any sense of that 
 Word, is a wonderful thing. Most Germans and Frenchmen 
 and other foreigners find it exceedingly difficult to manage it. 
 We are some times told to "look out" when we mean to "look 
 in," as could be testified to by the man on a railroad train, 
 who was told to "look out" as a means of warning, and had 
 his head severely cracked by a telegraph pole. No European 
 nation, except the English, can pronounce a Greek Theta as 
 the ancient Greeks did. They use "d" for "th," and "dis," 
 "dat," and "clem" for this, that and them. The Negro is 
 naturally no exception to this rule. He uses in many in- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 113 
 
 stances a kind of pigeon English or dialect. The whites 
 heard this jargon on southern plantations, and copied it, and 
 thus the language of the whites and blacks on southern plan 
 tations had a strange similarity. This dialect is different in 
 different States, and even in different parts of the same State. 
 In Northern Virginia, a vehicle is called a "fix," in Middle 
 Virginia, a "trap," and in Southern Virginia, a "convenience," 
 meaning a conveyance. When a colored persons finds diffi 
 culty in using the proper word, he does not hesitate to make 
 a word to suit himself, and these words have frequently been 
 incorporated into the language. "Tote" is an example of 
 the above. Some times he makes crude mistakes in meaning 
 of synonymous words. The president of a prominent colored 
 association of ministers, knowing that the word "amputate" 
 meant to "cut off," in trying to explain his lateness at a meet 
 ing, said, with all the dignity imaginable, "I am sorry to be 
 late, but I was amputated." Yet the Negro with all his crude- 
 ness has become a writer. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A WRITER Is NOT GREAT. Dumas, Pushkin 
 and Browning are exceptions to this statement. It is a well- 
 known fact that all of these had Negro blood in their veins, 
 and Dumas was never ashamed of it. Being twitted on his 
 ancestors, the following conversation took place : "Mr. Dumas, 
 what was your mother?" "A Quadroon," he replied. "What 
 was your father ?" "A mulatto," he answered. "What was your 
 grandfather?" "A Negro." "What was your great-grand 
 father?" "An Ape," he replied. "Sir, my ancestry begins 
 where yours ends." The making of a great writer is a matter 
 of centuries. England took centuries to produce Shakespeare, 
 Bacon, Milton, or "Rare" Ben Johnson ; Italy, a Dante ; 
 Russia, a Tolstoi; France, a Victor Hugo; Germany, a 
 
114 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Goethe or Schiller. America has not yet produced a writer 
 that deserves to rank with these, not even Browning and 
 Hawthorne can stand with them. A great writer must not 
 only have a national or racial quality, but a universal quality 
 as well. The Negro has done well to produce writers deserv 
 ing to be mentioned in the same breath with the extremely 
 few great writers of the world. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A HISTORICAL WRITER. It was natural for 
 the Negro to start out to write history. His own unique posi 
 tion and his surroundings furnished a fruitful, natural and 
 intensely interesting theme. George Williams perhaps ranks 
 first as an historical writer. His "History of the Negro Race * 
 is the best perhaps that has yet been produced, and his "Troops 
 in the Rebellion" deserves to rank with it. "The White Side 
 of a Black Subject," by E. H. Crogman, and "Talks for the 
 Times," by the same writer, are good. I. Garland Penn, of 
 Atlanta, Georgia, has compiled a very excellent historical 
 volume, known as the "Afro-American Press and Its Editor." 
 In connection with Dr. J. W. E. Bowen, he has written a 
 very helpful book ; "The Twentieth Century Negro, His 
 Progress and Problems." Joseph T. Wilson, of Virginia, has 
 also been a very fruitful writer. "The Black Phalanx" is his 
 best book, but he has also written "Twenty-two Years of 
 Freedom," "Emancipation," and the . Voice of a New Race," 
 which are well worthy of perusal. "Freedom and Citizenship" 
 is the best historical book of the late John M. Langstoru who 
 was at one time dean of the law department of Howard Uni 
 versity and a member of Congress from the Fourth District 
 of Virginia. He has written "From a Virginia Plantation to 
 the National Capital," "Lectures and Addresses." "Men of 
 Mark," by William Simmons, D. D., who was, in his day, a 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 115 
 
 great Baptist clergyman and presides: of the State University 
 of Kentucky, is a book well worthy of a place in any man s 
 library. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A PROSE WRITER. As has been stated, most 
 of his prose writings are historical rather than didactic. "The 
 Under Ground Railroad," by Dr. William Still, is both his 
 torical and didactic. It gives a thrilling and accurate account 
 of the kidnapping and the escape of slaves, of their trials 
 while seeking a land of freedom, and gives a short history of 
 some of the individuals who figured prominently in that day. 
 "The Story of My Life," by Amanda Smith, who still lives, 
 though of ripe old age, should be in every home. Perhaps 
 one of the best, if not the best written book, comes as an 
 offering from Liberia, Dr. Edward Wilmot Blyden being its 
 author. "Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race" is the sub 
 ject of this exhaustive and accurate treatise. He has also 
 written "From West Africa to Palestine." "The Rising Sun," 
 by Dr. William Wells Browne, is another valuable contribu 
 tion. He has also written "The Negro in the Rebellion," and 
 "The Black Man." Frederick Douglas, the sage of Anicosta, 
 contributes three volumes, "Life and Times of Frederick 
 Douglas," "My Bondage and My Freedom," and "Narrative 
 of My Experience in Slavery." Bishop D. A. Payne, of the 
 A. M. E. Church has written "Recollections of Seventy Years," 
 "Domestic Education," "History of the A. M. E. Church," 
 "Official Sermons," and the "Semi-Centennial of the A. M. E. 
 Church." These are all valuable, especially as they relate to 
 the history of the foremost church managed and controlled by 
 Negroes. An interesting little volume is that of Rev. William 
 Troy, at one time pastor and citizen of Richmond, Virginia, 
 namely : "Hair-Breadth Escapes from Slavery to Freedom." 
 
Il6 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Dr. Booker T. Washington has been a most prolific writer; 
 his best volumes being "Up from Slavery," "Story of My Life 
 and Work," and "The New Negro for the New Century." 
 Bishop H. M. Turner, senior bishop of the A. M. E. Church, 
 has contributed "African Letters," "Methodist Polity," 
 "The Negro in all Ages," "Apology for American 
 Methodism," "Is the Negro Cursed?" "Outlines of History," 
 "The Negro s Origin," "The Negro African and American," 
 "Theological Lectures." One of the best books written by 
 a woman is "The Voice from the South," by Mrs. Anna J. 
 Cooper, of Washington, D. C. "The Twentieth Century 
 Literature," by Dr. D. W. Gulp, is undoubtedly one of the 
 best books yet produced. It consists of essays by one hun 
 dred of the leading Negroes of the country on questions af 
 fecting the race. It is natural that the older men should have 
 written most of the books along the line that they did write. 
 The younger men have struck a different key. 
 
 POETICAL BOOKS. Along with historical and prose writings, 
 it was but natural that souls full of faith and suffering should 
 have attempted to put these thoughts into verse. The first to 
 so express herself as to catch the ear of the world was Phillis 
 Wheatly, who was brought on a slave ship to Boston and 
 bought by Mrs. Wheatly. Her poetry called for expressions 
 of appreciation and brought forth the following letter from 
 George Washington, the Father of the Country : 
 
 "Miss Phillis: CAMBRIDGE, Feb. 28, 1776. 
 
 "Your favor of the 26th of October, did not reach my hands 
 until the middle of December. I thank you most sincerely for 
 your polite notice of me in the elegant lines you enclosed; 
 and however undeserving, I may be of such encomium and 
 panegyric, the style and manner exhibits a striking proof of 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 117 
 
 your poetical talents, in honor of which, and as a tribute 
 justly due to you, I would have published the poem, had I 
 not been apprehensive that, while I only meant to give the 
 world this new instance of your genius, I might have incurred 
 the imputation of vanity. This and nothing else, determined 
 me not to give it place in the public prints. 
 
 "If you should ever come to Cambridge, or near head 
 quarters, I shall be happy to see a person so favored by the 
 Muses, and to whom Nature has been so liberal and bene 
 ficent in her dispensations. I am with great respect, 
 "Your humble servant, 
 
 "GEORGE WASHINGTON." 
 
 Mrs. Francis Ellen Watkins Harper, who still lives in 
 Philadelphia, has written some beautiful books of poems. 
 "Moses," "Story of the Nile," "Sketch of Southern Life," 
 "Shalmanezer," "Sparrow s Fall and Other Poems," "Mis 
 cellaneous Poems" have all come from her prolific pen, and 
 are well worth reading. George M. Horton, a slave, was also 
 gifted along this line. He would dictate his poems to others, 
 he himself being unable to read or write. A. A. Whitman, 
 said by some to be the equal of Dunbar, has also done some 
 splendid work. "Not a Man and Yet a Man," "The Rape of 
 Florida," and "Poems" by him have received considerable 
 attention. J. D. Corruthers has also written some excellent 
 poetry. Daniel Webster Davis has given three books to the 
 public: "Idle Moments," "Way Down Souf," and "A Night 
 on the Old Plantation." The first place as a writer of poetry 
 must be given to Paul Laurence Dunbar, who sang a sweet 
 song but for a short space and then came night. He was a 
 most industrious and indefatigable worker notwithstanding his 
 state of health. He was best in dialect poetry and good in 
 
Ii8 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 all. His best dialect poems are, "When Malinda Sings," and 
 the "Party." Perhaps his best in pure English is, "The 
 Warrior s Prayer." He has written "Oak and Ivy," "Majors 
 and Minors," "Lyrics of Lowly Life," "Lyrics of the Hearth- 
 Stone," "Poems of Cabin and Field," "Candle-Lightin Time." 
 "When Malinda Sings," "The Negro Love Song." Stanley 
 Braithewaite is bidding fair to become a great writer, and 
 hundreds of dialect writers are seeking to fill the place left 
 vacant by the immortal Dunbar. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A TEXT-BOOK WRITER. It seems a pity and 
 yet natural that the Negro has written such few text-books, 
 but we are glad to see that this field is being diligently pur 
 sued. W. S. Scarborough, has written "First Lessons in 
 Greek," "Latin Modes and Tenses," and "Questions on Latin 
 Grammar." These are splendid books and are being used in 
 many of the best schools of the land. J. E. Bruce (Bruce 
 Grit), of Albany, New York, has in manuscript form a 
 School Reader, with selections from Negro authors. Silas 
 X. Floyd, of Augusta, Georgia, has also written a book of 
 the same nature, known as "Floyd s Flowers." Professor 
 Kelly Miller, professor of mathematics at Howard Univer 
 sity, is preparing a geometry for school use; and "Gram 
 mar Land," by Mrs. Scruggs, is also receiving much notice. 
 Numbers of teachers of the race have frequently expressed to 
 the writers their desire to put in permanent form notes that 
 they have been using for years and found valuable in teach 
 ing ordinary subjects of the school-room. We would express 
 the hope that this may soon be done, as it will prove a valua 
 ble impetus to Negro progress. 
 
 THE NEGRO IN FICTION. As a writer of fiction, the Negro 
 is beginning to become prominent. "The Boy Doctor," by 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 119 
 
 Dr. R. C. O. Benjamin; "Poor Ben," by Mrs. L. N. C. Cole- 
 man ; "Aunt Linda," by Mrs. Victoria Earle Matthews ; 
 "Shadows Uplifted," by Mrs. F. E. W. Harper; "Clar 
 ence and Corinne" and the "Hazeley Family," by Mrs A. E. 
 Johnson; "Imperio In Imperium," and the "Hindered Hand," 
 by Sutton E. Griggs, are a few of the books of fiction that 
 demand a large number of readers. The late Paul Laurence 
 Dunbar also did some good work in fiction. "The Uncalled," 
 "Folks from Dixie," "Strength of Gideon," "Sport of the 
 Gods," and the "Love of Landy" are his best known books. 
 Mrs. Alice Ruth Moore Dunbar has also contributed "Violets" 
 and the "Goodness of Saint Roch." Charles W. Chestnut 
 has done some splendid work, although he writes more like a 
 white man writing about Negroes than a Negro writing about 
 his own people. His best works are "The Conjure Woman," 
 "The Wife of His Youth," "Biography of Fred Douglas," 
 and "The House Behind the Cedars." 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND SCOPE OF His \VORK. First, it has been 
 biographical, to let the world know what he is and what he 
 has done. The history of the world is but the history of a 
 few great men, and this equally true of races. Second, his 
 work has been religious. The Negro being naturally religious 
 he has written much along this line. There have been many 
 volumes of sermons, few good, some indifferent and some 
 bad. Blyden is our best writer on religious themes." Bishop 
 Payne, Dr. Brawley, Dr. A. Binga, Jr., Bishop Turner, Bishop 
 Hood rank close behind. Third, scientific works ; there have 
 been few scientific works. Banneker, on Science ; R. C. Bates, 
 on "Architecture and Building,"; J. E. Gordon, on "Politics"; 
 Prof. D. B. Williams, late Professor of Latin and Greek in 
 what was, in his day, the Virginia Normal and Collegiate 
 
120 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Institute, on "The Science and Art of Teaching," and a valua 
 ble series of lectures and addresses written by himself, con 
 stitute the principal writers on scientific subjects. Sociological 
 themes are beginning to be a serious subject of study among 
 the Negroes of this country. Dr. W. E. B. Dubois and Prof. 
 Kelly Miller are our leading writers on sociological subjects. 
 Dr. Dubois has written two books that are exceedingly valua 
 ble, "Suppression of African Slave Trade," and "Soul of the 
 Black Folk." The Papers of the American Negro Academy, 
 of the Atlanta Conference and "the Hampton Conference, 
 issued from time to time, have been very valuable. "The; 
 Cushite," by Perry; "The Hamite," by Dr. Harvey Johnson, 
 of Baltimore, "The Scourging of a Race," by Dr. W. Bishop 
 Johnson, of Washington, D. C, and "The Negro Race 
 Pioneers in Civilization," by the late Dr. D. B. Williams, are 
 splendid contributions to sociological literature. 
 
 THE NEGRO MUST WRITE OF HIMSELF. To be great in 
 literature the Negro must write of himself. The Greeks, 
 Romans and Hebrews all wrote of their own race. Shake 
 speare wrote of England, Burns wrote of Scotland, Haw 
 thorne of America, and made for themselves a place in the 
 literature of the world. Negro traditions, superstition and 
 folk-lore will furnish an almost inexhaustible field for the 
 poet and the novelist. His epic is yet to be written ; who will 
 write it? His drama is not yet written. Many have tried 
 and have almost succeeded, but the world has not yet heard 
 it in all its intensity. Written in dialect his effort will captivate 
 the world. Dunbar, Chestnut, Blyden and perhaps Dubois, 
 have made their places secure in the literature of the world. 
 The world wants more joy and sunshine than sorrow and tears. 
 The Negro is ready to give this joy and the world is waiting 
 for it. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 121 
 
 NEGRO NEWSE>APERS. The Negro has never yet produced 
 a great newspaper, and it is not expected that he should in 
 such a short space of time. The New York Age, under 
 Thomas Fortune, was perhaps the best that we have had. 
 The Dallas Express ranks close behind. The Colored Ameri 
 can, by the late E. E, Cooper, bade fair to be a great paper. 
 The Freeman, of Indianapolis, Indiana, and The Southwestern 
 Christian Advocate are among the best. The great Negro 
 newspaper has yet to come. 
 
 NEGRO MAGAZINES. The Negro has published a number 
 of magazines that have been of credit to him. The A. M. E. 
 Church Review, The Colored American Magazine, the late 
 Voice of the Negro, Howard s Magazine, Alexander s Maga 
 zine. McGirt s Magazine are worthy of mention. 
 
 NEGROES ON WHITE JOURNALS. Charles Stewart has free 
 access to a large number of white newspapers and magazines 
 and is doing excellent work. Prof. G. W. Henderson, of 
 Straight University; Prof. W. H. Council, before his health 
 began to fail ; Booker T. Washington, and the late Paul 
 Laurence Dunbar, and a few others have written excellent 
 articles for white newspapers. 
 
122 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XVI 
 THE NEGRO IN ART 
 
 As literature represents the next highest degree of culture, 
 art represents the highest. Artistic taste is recognized the 
 world over as the best thing that man can do. That the Negro 
 at this stage of development should make any pretentions to 
 art is one of the marvels of history. Oratory and music seem 
 to be a natural gift to the Negro, and he is rapidly putting 
 them to the best possible use. 
 
 ART IN THE PAST. As a slave, he came little in contact 
 with the artistic ; landscape gardening being practically un 
 known to the whites upon the old plantations. England has 
 always been artistic. America strove for the natural. The 
 houses were built in a plain but commodious manner. The 
 paintings on the walls were usually crude, though occasion 
 ally some old master-pieces could be found. Heppelwhite 
 and Chippendale furniture was the property of a few of the 
 very wealthiest famalies, and the average corn-field Negro 
 was never allowed in these sacred precincts. His dress might 
 have been picturesque, but not artistic. Dirty floors and uncov 
 ered walls were no incentive to artistic tendencies ; yet the 
 Negro in this short time has done something along all 
 artistic lines. 
 
 PAINTINGS. The best painter the Negro has yet produced 
 is Henry O. Tanner, who is the son of Bishop Tanner, and 
 was born and reared in Philadelphia. He struggled with 
 poverty, started a photograph gallery in Atlanta, and failed, 
 taught free-hand drawing, and finally secured an opportunity 
 to study his beloved art in Paris. His first great picture was 
 
124 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 sold to Mr. Ogden. The subject is "The First Lesson on 
 the Bag Pipe," which was exhibited at the Columbian Exposi 
 tion. This splendid picture now hangs on the walls of the 
 magnificent Huntington Library Building at Hampton 
 School, being a gift to that school by Mr. Ogden himself, 
 who is one of its trustees. Some of his other pictures that 
 have brought him fame and wealth are "Daniel in the Loin s 
 Den," which received honorable mention at the Columbian 
 Exposition, and up to a short time ago the "Raising of 
 Lazarus" was considered his best work. A recent work of 
 his has served to place him even higher on the ladder of 
 fame. He makes his home in Paris and enjoys the patronage 
 of all lovers of art in that great center. 
 
 Clark Hampton, who supports a widowed mother, and who 
 is yet a very young man, is a real genius. "Napoleon s 
 Waterloo" and "Waiting in the Wilderness" are his best 
 works ; and in a modest studio he is often heard to say, "If 
 I live the race shall yet be proud of me." 
 
 SCULPTURE. Miss Edmonia Lewis takes first rank in this 
 line of art. She is a lady of lowly birth and was left an orphan 
 at an early age. She saw the statue of Franklin in Boston, 
 when quite a child, and said, "I, too, can make a stone man." 
 She was introduced to one of Boston s famous sculptors, who 
 gave her the first start in her chosen profession. She was 
 able to go to Rome to pursue her studies. "Hager in the 
 Wilderness," "Hiawatha s Wooing," are perhaps her best 
 studies ; while her busts of Longfellow, Browning and Wendell 
 Phillips have received much attention. Mrs. May Howard, 
 now Mrs. Sherman Jackson, of Washington, D. C., has a 
 wonderful gift along this line, and Miss Wilson, formerly of 
 Washington, is also a painter and sculptor of no mean ability. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 125 
 
 Mr. Isaac Hathaway is a young sculptor of great promise. 
 Miss Meta Vaux Warrick is one of our late sculptors, who 
 is receiving much attention. An account of Miss Warrick, 
 together with a sketch of the Historical Tableaux prepared 
 by her for the Negro Exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition, 
 appears later. 
 
 ACTORS AND ELOCUTIONISTS. J. A. Arneaux ranks among 
 the first of the race along this line. His father was a Parisian, 
 and his mother of French descent. He was born in Georgia 
 in 1855, and was graduated at Beach s Institute. He studied 
 languages in New York in order to become more proficient 
 in his chosen profession. He then visited Paris, and took a 
 course in elocution in the Royal Academy. He played lago in 
 1884, with wonderful success. He formed the Astoria Place 
 Tragedy Company, and essayed Richard the Third, and is said 
 to have excelled in this character. He is a graduate of the 
 New York Consevatory of Music. In elocution Ira Aldrige 
 ranks as the father of tragedy so far as the Negro is con 
 cerned. He was born in Belair, near Baltimore, in 1804. 
 He was brought in contact with Edmund Keene, who was so 
 pleased with young Aldrige that he took him through Europe. 
 He played the difficult role of Othello in the best London 
 theatres. In Ireland he played Othello and Keene, lago. He 
 appeared in Germany in 1852, and won fresh laurels there. 
 The King of Prussia was so charmed with his acting that he 
 made him a chevalier. He rose to the very top of his pro 
 fession and deserves to rank with the best for his histrionic 
 ability. Henri Strange, of Philadelphia, Ednorah Nahi, Hallie 
 Q. Brown, Hogan, of ministrel fame ; Henrietta Vinton Davis, 
 of Washington, D. C., and the wonderful Williams and 
 Walker have made not only histrionic success, but some 
 
126 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 money as well. Herman Moore, the prestigiator, Hurle 
 Bavardo, the actor, Davis, of Washington, and others have 
 won fame on the stage. Richard B. Harrison was born in 
 London, Canada, 1864, and was one of the greatest dramatic 
 readers of the age. Mrs. Adrienna Herndon, of Atlanta, 
 Georgia; Charles Winter W r ood, of Tuskegee, Alabama, and 
 many others have done splendid work. 
 
 ORATORY. The Negro is a natural born orator, and talking 
 seems to be a second nature. Even the darker days of slavery 
 developed a degree of oratory. The art of expressing one s 
 self clearly and forcibly is a thing to be much desired. Some 
 of the greatest orators that the race has produced have been 
 Frederick Douglas, J. C. Price, J. W. E. Bowen, John M. 
 Langston, E. C. Morris, Jas. H. Hayes, Gregory W. Hayes, 
 N. C. Granderson, Charles S. Morris, C. T. Walker, W. A. 
 Credit, John R. Hawkins and W. T. Vernon. 
 
 Music is as old as the world itself. Heirschel speaks of 
 tlie music of the spheres, and Young tells us that the world 
 rolled around their season in a "choir forever charming and 
 forever new." Its history is enveloped in profoundest mys 
 tery. Its infancy was spent in Greece. 
 
 "When music, heavenly maid, was young, 
 While yet in early Greece she sung; 
 The Passions oft, to hear her swell, 
 Thronged around her magic cell." 
 
 The first music of which we read was that used for the 
 worship of God. Not only human voices were used to sing 
 the praise of the Heavenly Master, but every possible kind of 
 instrument was brought in vogue to the same end. Music is 
 born of suffering or of joy. Dr. Antonio D. Vorak says, I 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 127 
 
 am satisfied that the future music of this country must be 
 founded on what is called Negro melody the only Ameri 
 can music." This is indeed true. The splendid melodies 
 "Nobody Knows de Trouble I see," "My God s Writin alt 
 de Time," "View de Land I m a Rolling," " Gwine to Ride 
 up in de Chayot," and others are beautiful and inspiring, and 
 accord with the spirit of Him who marks the sparrow s fall 
 and loves the lowly and the humble. Thanks to Hampton, 
 Tuskegee, and other schools that are rapidly following this 
 line. This sweet old music is destined to retain its place in 
 the history of the world. 
 
 NEGRO COMPOSERS. As little as it may be known, the great 
 est composer was Justin Holland, who was born in Norfolk 
 County, Virginia, in 1819. As a child he improvised music 
 from words taken from old song books Without music. At 
 fourteen he went to Boston to live. His first teacher was 
 Simon Knachel, of Kendall s Brass Band. He played the 
 guitar, flute and piano. He completed his musical education 
 in Oberlin, after which he became a teacher oi music, and has 
 arranged more than three hundred pieces for the guitar. S. 
 Brainard Sons, of Cleveland, Ohio, made use of him to this 
 end. His chief book was "Holland s Comprehensive Method 
 for the Guitar," which is considered by many to be the be^t 
 book published along this line. Joseph White was born in 
 Montanzas, Cuba. He had a violin as soon as he could ho d 
 one. He went to Paris in 1856, at the suggestion of Gotch- 
 chalk, and graduated from the conservatory there in 1856. 
 He arranged "Stryrienne," and "Carnival of Venice," and 
 lived in Paris for a number of years, after which he came to 
 America and won great laurels, especially in Boston. S. 
 Coleridge Taylor is the greatest living Negro musician. He 
 
128 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 is a native of London, England, and easily takes high rank 
 among the composers of any race. He is highly respected 
 by all people irrespective of race. His "Hiawatha" and 
 "Atonement," as sung by the Choral Society, of Washington, 
 D. C, elicited unstinted praise from the highest musical 
 critics. Gussie L. Davis, the popular song writer, has writ 
 ten, "In the Baggage Coach Ahead," which has brought tears 
 to many eyes, and "Just Tell Them That You Saw Me," 
 which has caused many a girl, inclined to be wayward, to think 
 on her ways. Will Cook s "Mandy" is a beautiful little "coon 
 song." Harry Burley, the famous baritone songster, is also 
 a composer of no mean ability. One of the best songs is 
 "Old Blandford Church," by Miss Lucinda Bragg. Wendell 
 Phillips Dabney, now of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a musical genius, 
 and his "Leathern Trunk" and several of his sacred songs 
 have met with remarkable favor. 
 
 NEGRO SINGERS. The greatest of Negro singers was Eliza 
 beth Taylor Greenfield (Black Swan), whose charming voice 
 has stirred the crowned heads of Europe ; The Luca Family, 
 Nellie Brown Mitchell, Gerard Miller, Madam Selika and her 
 husband, Flora Batson, Sidney Woodward, T. J. Louden, 
 Harry Burley, Sisseretta Jones, Miss Brazely, of New Orleans, 
 have also made themselves great reputations as solo singers. 
 The Fisk Jubilee Singers, the Macadoo Singers, of Hampton, 
 the Hampton Quartette and others have sung to the world 
 Negro songs and made for the Negro a place in music that 
 can never be gainsaid. Church choirs among the Negroes are 
 also a means of attraction to the house of God, and the music 
 sung by these choirs is frequently of the highest order. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 129 
 
 CHAPTER XVII 
 NEGRO WOMANHOOD 
 
 While all that has been said applies with equal force to 
 male and female, while women have entered every possible 
 walk of life, even the military, and succeeded, yet we feel that 
 her peculiar importance in race development demands for her 
 a separate chapter. 
 
 NEGRO WOMEN IN SLAVERY. During the days of slavery 
 the Negro woman had no home of which she could become 
 the queen. The family tie was practically unknown, and 
 motherhood became a burden rather than a pleasure. She 
 had practically no control of her own offsprings, and could 
 be sold like cattle at the will of the master. % 
 
 WOMAN S PLACE IN RACE DEVELOPMENT. She must give 
 the children their first education. When she teaches her 
 young child to talk she is training him in language ; when 
 she teaches him to count, she is giving him first lessons in 
 mathematics ; when she tells him the names and habits of 
 domestic animals, she is teaching zoology; when she teaches 
 the use of the hands and the feet, she is teaching physiology ; 
 when she attempts to describe to him the beautiful flower 
 that blooms by the roadside, she is instructing him in botany ; 
 when she points out places and directions she is giving a 
 lesson in geography; when she calls his attention to the 
 moon, the sun, and the beautiful stars that stud the heavens, 
 she is teaching him astronomy ; when she reproves him for his 
 misdeeds, she is teaching him lessons of truth, and is delving 
 in moral philosophy ; and if she tells him of God and heaven, 
 
130 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 she is giving a lesson in theology. When she teaches her youngi 
 girl sweeping and dusting, she is giving her a course in 
 domestic science ; when she teaches her boy to saw wood and 
 bring in the water, she is giving him manual training. Happy 
 is that child whose earliest years were blessed with an intelli 
 gent mother. Since the stream can rise no higher than its 
 source, so the mother must play an important part in the 
 progress of the race. 
 
 THE RACE S DEBT TO THE WOMEN OF THE PAST. This is a 
 debt that can never be paid. The mothers who toiled night 
 and day to give their children an education, conferred a last 
 ing blessing upon the whole race, and their power and influ 
 ence can never be forgotten. The mother of the great Dr. 
 Simmons, of Kentucky, made him what he was. The wife 
 of Frederick Douglas was his comforter and helper, and all 
 men and women to-day who have amounted to anything in 
 the world can almost invariably point to a woman s hand 
 that first led the way. Our race has been a race of mothers, 
 because of the fact that peculiar conditions made the mother 
 almost the sole keeper of the child so far as his training was 
 concerned. Amanda Smith, Charlotte Cushman, Fannie 
 Jackson Coppin, Sojourner Truth, and hundreds of others 
 have been a blessing to the race, and will be until time shall 
 be no more. The new mother may be a great improvement 
 on the old mother in ability, but not in influence. Any home 
 may be frequently a place of beauty, but not always a joy 
 forever, for 
 
 Home is not merely four square walls, 
 Though with pictures hung and gilded, 
 
 Home is where affection calls, 
 
 Filled with shrines the heart hath builded." 
 
OF 77/71 NEGRO RACE 131 
 
 .Home, go ask the wandering dove, 
 
 Sailing in the sky above us ; 
 Home is where there s one to love, 
 
 Home is where there s one to love us. 
 
 THE NEGRO RACE NEEDS HOUSEKEEPERS. The race needs 
 wives who stay at home, being supported by their husbands, 
 and then they can spend time in the training of their children. 
 
 NEGRO WOMEN IN EVERY AVOCATION. Negro women have 
 been engaged in every avocation in life ; dressmaking taking 
 the lead. Among the most prominent are Mrs. A. A. Casneau, 
 of Boston, Massachusetts, Miss Dora Miller, of New York, 
 Mrs. Mary Patterson and Mrs. Fannie Chrisp Payne, of Rich 
 mond, Virginia. These ladies, and others, have their own 
 parlors and are patronized by the wealthiest white people in 
 their respective cities, sometimes making costumes costing as 
 high as $200. Philadelphia, Boston and Washington can 
 boast of female undertakers who are doing their work in a 
 practical satisfactory way. There are a number of pharma 
 cists who are doing excellent work. Mrs. L. N. C. Coleman, 
 of Newport News, Virginia; Mrs. Gray, of Washington, D. 
 C., are each graduate pharmacists, run their own drugstores 
 and are doing a thriving business. Mrs. Nellie Meade Benson, 
 of Richmond, Virginia, is also a graduate pharmacist, and is 
 doing excellent work. Miss Clara Smyth conducts a drug 
 store in Richmond, Virginia, and enjoys a large patronage. 
 Women of the race have made excellent physicians. Dr. 
 Susan McKinney, of New York ; Dr. Archibald Gilmer, of 
 Kentucky; Dr. Matilda Evans, of Columbia, South Carolina, 
 and the late Dr. Sarah G. Jones, of Richmond, may be num 
 bered among the most successful. Sick nurses are rapidly 
 forging to the front, and there are more than three hundred 
 
132 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 graduate nurses receiving from $5 to $25 a week and giving 
 perfectly satisfactory service. 
 
 PUBLIC LECTURERS. As public lecturers, women have also 
 occupied prominent places. Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, of 
 Washington, D. C. ; Mrs. Ida Wells Barnett, of Chicago, 
 Illinois; Mrs. Fannie Jackson Coppin, Mrs. Fannie Barrier 
 Williams, of Chicago; Miss Mattie Bowen, of Washington, D. 
 C., and Miss Dayse Dean Walker, of Indianapolis, may be 
 classed as among the most successful. 
 
 THE JOURNALISTIC FIELD. The journalistic field has also 
 furnished a means of outlet for women s activities. Miss Lil 
 lian Lewis, of Massachusetts, and Mrs. Maggie Mitchell 
 Walker, are managing editors of reputable papers, while a 
 large number of colored women are employed as type-setters 
 and reporters, and writers for journals, both white and black. 
 Perhaps the best work that has ever been done has been that 
 of the St. Luke Society, an association, composed chiefly of 
 women, and in which women occupy the most prominent 
 positions. The leader of this magnificent organization is 
 Mrs. Maggie L. W T alker, of Richmond, Virginia, a woman of 
 great ability, rare tact and business foresight. She has ac 
 complished some marvelous work for this organization. They 
 run a newspaper, job printing office, a bank and department 
 store, all of which are doing \vell and bringing dividends to 
 the stockholders. Mrs. Walker has as her chief assistant in 
 the newspaper business Mrs. Lillian H. Payne, a woman who 
 has shown special capabilities in this line. 
 
 WOMEN S WORK IN BENEVOLENCE. Without the aid of 
 women the work of the church would undoubtedly lose halt 
 its power. She assists, in paying the pastor s salary, con 
 ducts entertainments and gives liberally for the support of the 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 133 
 
 Master s vineyard. She is the principal factor in the Sunday 
 School Union, B. Y. P. U., Christian Endeavor and other 
 forms of Christian work. If Paradise was lost by her she is 
 certainly doing her full part to regain it. She forms societies 
 for the conduct of kindergartens and day nurseries, Young 
 Women s Christian Associations, and her best work for the 
 uplift of the race is undobtedly that of the W. C. T. U., and 
 by her influence and power she has carried elections for 
 temperance, thus lessening crime in the community and add 
 ing to the wealth of the body politic. 
 
 NEED OF SYSTEMATIC EFFORT. For years, alone or in small 
 bands, the women have labored for the good of the race. In 
 1896, a national association of colored women w as formed 
 by the union of two large organizations. They lacked both 
 money and experience but accomplished great results. Many 
 kindergartens were established that gave good reports. Sani 
 tariums and training schools for nurses were established in 
 New Orleans, Louisiana. At Tuskegee the women undertook 
 the teaching of the poor on the plantations surrounding the 
 school, and a woman s club in Memphis bought a tract of 
 land for an Old Folks Home. The federation in Illinois is 
 doing rescue work and reform work for women and girls. 
 Federations in Tennessee and Louisiana petitioned against 
 the "Jim-Crow Car Law" and the convict lease system. While 
 it was not altogether successful it at least showed that they 
 were thinking. They inaugurated a .crusade against the one- 
 room cabin, and colored people all over the land are living 
 better lives. The Richmond Charitable Union operated an 
 Old Folks home in the city of Richmond, which is now an 
 the hands of the Negro Baptist Churches of Richmond and 
 vicinity. 
 
134 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 SOMETHING COLORED WOMEN CAN Do. They can dignify 
 domestic service. Here the Negro is rapidly losing ground, 
 because of the fact that so many consider domestic service 
 lowering. Those in so-called higher circles of life frequently 
 look down upon those who are called to labor for their daily 
 bread. They can engage more extensively in train nursing, 
 learning scientific cooking, domestic economy, and all call 
 ings that will make home life not only much more pleasant, 
 but at the same time relieve the strain that too frequently 
 falls upon a hard-working husband because of lack of sys 
 tematic care of the home. They can do their part to teach 
 wage-earning colored women the dignity of their calling and 
 the need of making the race thoroughly proficient and relia 
 ble. They can improve the social atmosphere; first, by requir 
 ing the same standard of morality for both men and women ; 
 secondly, by requiring a high moral standard and living up 
 to it themselves ; thirdly, by knowing who visits the home, 
 and his character and standing; fourthly, by knowing where 
 their daughters are at night and the kind of places they fre 
 quent ; fifthly, to respect woman for the work she does, for 
 the life she lives, for what she is, and not for what she seems 
 to be. 
 
 How WOMAN WIELDS HER INFLUENCE. That woman has 
 an influence can never be denied. That this influence is con 
 stantly increasing is a self-evident fact. She can wield in 
 fluence and make it more potent by her personal appearance. 
 It is a woman s duty to be as beautiful as she can and as 
 gracious and kind as God intended her to be, by dressing 
 herself as neatly as she can both at home and abroad, by her 
 decorum, by conducting herself becomingly on the street and 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 135 
 
 in her home, by her character ; for nothing is so powerful as 
 a pure, clean, character to influence others ; and last, and best 
 of all, by her love. Women were made to bring the world to 
 better things by the touchstone of the God given principle of 
 womanly love. Let her see to it that she does it. 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 NEGRO DEVELOPMENT AND EXPOSITION COMPANY OF THE 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 Seeing the opportunity of greatly aiding the race, Colonel 
 Giles B. Jackson procured the organization and charter of 
 the Negro Development and Exposition Company of the 
 United States of America, and the following address was then 
 published, which explains itself: 
 
 To the Public: 
 
 The Negro Development and Exposition Company of the 
 United States of America, chartered under the laws of Vir 
 ginia, herein sets forth its declaration of purpose. 
 
 This company was chartered on the I3th day of August, 
 1903, by the Corporation Commission of Virginia, with an 
 authorized capital stock of $800,000, divided into shares of 
 $10 each, for the purpose of uniting with the white people 
 in celebrating the three hundredth anniversary of the landing 
 of the English speaking people at Jamestown, Virginia, on 
 the 1 3th day of May, 1607, and in furtherance of this object 
 to place upon exhibition the achievement of the Negro race in 
 America, as the result of his having been brought to this 
 country, and especially to show what the race has accumulated 
 for the betterment of its condition since 1865. 
 
 This accomplishment will be shown at the Exposition to be 
 held at Jamestown, Virginia, 1907. 
 
 It is proposed to show at this Exposition what the race 
 has made, produced, woven, carved, engraved, invented, writ 
 ten and published ; in fact, every thing it has done that the 
 world may form a correct opinion of the Negro race of this 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 137 
 
 W. I. JOHNSON, President N. D. & E. Co. 
 
138 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 country to the end that a proper solution of the "problem" 
 may be had from a business, commercial, financial and indus 
 trial standpoint ; that the unjust and unfair critics of tlie 
 Negroes may be silenced. 
 
 Further, to exhibit to the world what the race has done 
 and is doing toward upbuilding the great Commonwealth of 
 Virginia and the material support and advancement of the 
 United States. 
 
 We commend the Jamestown Exposition Company for 
 promulgating this Ter-Centenary, and cheerfully according 
 the Negro race an opportunity to exhibit the results of its 
 labor, and to place itself properly upon record as endeavoring 
 to improve its condition and to be a support to the State and 
 general government instead of a burden and hindrance. 
 
 We believe that the business relations of the two races, 
 especially in the Southern States, should be mutual ; that 
 they should abide together in peace, and that it is our duty to 
 cultivate friendly relations with the white people for the 
 benefit of both races, in the North and the South. 
 
 Now, in order to carry out the foregoing declarations, we 
 shall appeal to our own race, through our churches, societies, 
 and newspapers throughout this country, for their undivided 
 support in raising the money necessary to make a creditable 
 display by the purchase of the capital stock which is placed 
 within the reach of all, shares being $10 each ; to assist in 
 collecting all articles within the classes above mentioned, and 
 such other things of value to be placed upon exhibition. 
 
 When such articles suitable for exhibition shall have been 
 located, then this office is to be informed of the proposed 
 exhibits, the names of the persons owning the same, that we 
 may communicate with them. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 139 
 
 To the White People of the Country: 
 
 To our white fellow-citizens, especially to those whom we 
 believe to be friendly to us and our cause, we appeal for a 
 liberal subscription to the fund proposed to be raised, for 
 the purpose herein set forth. We feel that you will be proud 
 of the exhibits that will be made by the Negroes of this coun 
 try, particularly those of the Southern States, who possess 
 90 per cent, of the wealth of the whole race. 
 
 We ask your support and influence in this effort, because 
 the Negro cannot succeed in any great enterprise without 
 the aid of the whites, who make and control the money, who 
 make and execute the laws, who build and run the railroads 
 and navigate the waterways. 
 
 We call upon you for assistance because we believe that 
 you will help us in this great patriotic cause. 
 
 SPECIAL APPEAL TO THE WHITE PEOPLE OF RICHMOND AND 
 THE STATE OF VIRGINIA 
 
 It is our intention to erect suitable buildings upon the 
 Exposition, Grounds for each State in which the Colored 
 population is sufficiently numerous to justify it ; that each 
 State of the Union may have a separate exhibit. State pride 
 makes us feel anxious that Virginia shall have the largest 
 building and shall make the best showing of all, because the 
 relations between the two races here are so well and satis 
 factorily defined that we have prospered greatly beyond the 
 expectation of those not so situated, and because the Negroes 
 first landed upon the soil of Virginia, at Jamestown, whence 
 all others descended. Hence we ask that you contribute 
 liberally to the fund we are raising for this purpose. Any con 
 tribution you may make will be thankfully received and 
 
140 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 acknowledged by R. T. Hill, Treasurer, and Cashier of the 
 True Reformers Bank, No. 604 North Second Street, Rich 
 mond, Va., or Samuel Harris, Sub-Treasurer, Williamsburg, 
 Virginia. 
 
 The Metropolitan Bank, at the corner of Tenth and Main 
 Streets, city of Richmond, has been selected as the depository 
 of the Negro Development and Exposition Company. Any 
 subscription may be sent to Mr. Henry A. Williams, cashier 
 of the said bank, who will in like manner acknowledge receipt 
 for the same. 
 
 We are proud to say that we have the support of the mem 
 bers of the National Negro Business League of the United 
 States, of which Booker T. Washington is president, and of 
 many of the best and most influential white men of this 
 country, among whom we are pleased to mention ex-Presi 
 dent Grover Cleveland, the Hon. John W. Daniel, Senator 
 of the United States, from Virginia ; ex-Governor J. Hoge 
 Tyler, of Virginia, and Governor C. B. Aycock, of North 
 Carolina. That you may fully understand their attitude to 
 wards us, we hereto attach copies of their letters : 
 
 BALWICK, EAST RADFORD, VA., June 22, 1903. 
 Giles B. Jackson, 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 Dear Sirv 
 
 Your letter just received. It is well known to you that I 
 have ever desired and aided the material advancement of your 
 people. Considering the great difficulties with which they 
 have had to contend, I think they deserve the greatest credit. 
 I trust, under the blessings of a kind Providence and the con 
 tinued helpful hand of their true friends in the South, 
 that the future will show even greater progress than the 
 
GILES B. JACKSON, Director-General N. P, & E, Co, 
 [141] 
 
142 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 past. Those who are leading them to higher aspirations in 
 material and educational advancement deserve great praise. 
 May they be led in those lines that will best promote their 
 interest and that will preserve the kindly feelings of the 
 people among whom Providence has cast their lot. 
 
 I think it is a commendable purpose that of showing the 
 advancement your people have made since 1865. Let them 
 bring together the fruits of their labor and the best samples 
 of their skill and talent. They owe it to themselves, and 
 they owe it to the South, to show what progress they have 
 made. 
 
 I am perfectly willing to serve on the Advisory Board 
 you propose to organize, and to do anything that I can to 
 aid you in your laudable work. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J. HOGE TYLER. 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA, 
 Executive Department, 
 
 Raleigh. 
 Giles B. Jackson, Esq., 
 
 812 East Broad Street, 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 Dear Sir : 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of July 6th. I am much in 
 terested in the progress which the colored people have made 
 in the United States, and I am glad to be of any service to 
 them in showing to the world what they have done. I believe 
 that pride in what they have accomplished will be a stimulus 
 to them to accomplish more and still better results, I shall 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 143 
 
 be glad to serve on the Advisory Board of your organization 
 with Governor Tyler and the other gentlemen named. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 C. B. AYCOCK. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATE, 
 Washington, D. C., 
 
 September 9, 1903. 
 Giles B. Jackson, Esq., 
 
 812 East Broad Street, 
 
 Richmond, Va. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 I sympathize in every movement for the betterment of the 
 colored people, and wish them success in their part in the 
 Jamestown Exposition. Any good offices I could render them 
 would be bestowed with the most friendly disposition, yet I 
 would prefer no official relation to any company that might 
 look for Federal aid directly, or indirectly, as my position in 
 the Senate makes me a part of the government, and I wish to 
 be entirely independent and disinterested. Your President, 
 John H. Smythe, ex-Minister to Liberia, is well known to 
 me. I regard him with, great respect for his intelligence and 
 character, and hope and believe that he and his associates may 
 have the good will and co-operation of the white people of 
 our State. I will be glad to meet or to confer with him or 
 yourself, or any representative men of your organization, and 
 to do all I can to promote the success of your worthy en 
 deavors. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 JOHN W. DANIEL. 
 
144 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 PRINCETON, June 24, 1903. 
 Giles B. Jackson, Esq. : 
 
 Dear Sir, I am in hearty sympathy with the project of 
 making an exhibit of the advancement of the colored people 
 of the South a feature in the "Tor-Centennial" celebration. 
 
 I am, however, constrained to ask to be excused from act 
 ing as a member of "The Advisory Committee." 
 
 It would be impossible for me to give the matter any 
 attention, and I am unwilling to take such a position and do 
 no duty. 
 
 GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 PETITION TO CONGRESS 
 
 To the Honorable, the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America: 
 
 Your petitioner, the Negro Development and Exposition 
 Company of the United States of America, a company duly 
 incorporated under the laws of Virginia, with headquarters 
 at Richmond, Virginia, as will be seen by its address and 
 declaration of purpose herewith submitted, marked Exhibit 
 A," and asked to be read and considered as a part of this 
 petition, as the object and purpose of ypur petitioner is more 
 fully set forth in the said address, and in which are the appeals 
 to the country for subscription to the fund your petitioner 
 is raising for a successful exhibition of the achievements of 
 the Negroes of this country at the Jamestown Tercentennial, 
 to be held at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1907, in commemoration 
 of the landing of the first English-speaking people in this 
 country. This Centennial, in commemoration as aforesaid, 
 is being conducted by the Jamestown Exposition Company, 
 of which General Fitzhugh Lee is president. Through this 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 145 
 
 company, your petitioner proposes to secure the privilege of 
 building upon the Exposition Grounds suitable buildings for 
 the exhibits of the colored people of every State in the Union 
 wherein a sufficient number of their population will justify it. 
 Your petitioner desires to erect a building for each State, 
 to be used for the exhibits of the colored population of their 
 respective States, wherein it is justifiable, as aforesaid. 
 
 Your petitioner proposes to use every effort in securing 
 for this Exposition every exhibit worthy of exhibition made, 
 as mentioned and described in the address and declaration of 
 purpose hereinbefore referred to as a part of this petition. 
 
 That to carry out the purpose here indicated, we find that 
 it will require the expenditure of a larger amount of money 
 than at first anticipated, hence we feel that without the assist 
 ance of the National Government we cannot successfully carry 
 out the purposes referred to in the said address. 
 
 Your petitioner is advised and believes that this Centennial 
 is far more important than any that has been held in this 
 country, in that it will be the commemorating of the greatest 
 event of the nation, and since the race of people for whom 
 we speak constitutes more than ten per cent, of the nation, 
 who came next after the first settlers in this country, and 
 under the peculiar condition under which we came, and under 
 which we lived for two hundred and fifty years, and under 
 which we are now struggling to improve, we think this the 
 greatest opportunity to show to the world our capabilities as 
 a race, as a result of what we have done in the improvement 
 of our condition within the last thirty-eight years, and to 
 exhibit the results on this great occasion, while this com 
 memoration will be held in Virginia, upon the ground where 
 we first landed in this country. 
 
 It is not a State affair, but a national affair, of the greatest 
 
I 4 6 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 importance to both races. We, therefore, appeal to you as 
 the representatives of the National Government, to make an 
 appropriation of one million two hundred thousand dollars 
 ($1,200,000) to enable us to carry out the purpose for which 
 this company was formed. 
 
 First, we respectfully ask the appropriation of two hun 
 dred thousand ($200,000), now lying in the Treasury of the 
 United States, due to the estates of deceased soldiers, but 
 unclaimed, as will be seen from the report of the Second 
 Atiditor of the Treasury to the Secretary of the Treasury, 
 July 27, 1894, as set out in the report of the Committee on 
 Military Affairs of the Fifty-seventh Congress, first session, 
 which reported on House bill 3108, having for its object the 
 provision for a home for aged and infirm colored people, 
 which bill, however, failed of passage. 
 
 Now, the promoters of the said bill are thoroughly in 
 accord with your petitioner to secure two hundred thousand 
 dollars of the said fund for the purpose of this Exposition, 
 as by this means the whole colored race of over ten million 
 people will enjoy the results of its expenditures and be bene- 
 fitted. It is certain that this money will never be called for 
 by the heirs or next kin to the deceased soldiers, killed in 
 the war of 1861-1865, because of their inability to establish 
 their right, on account of the condition of slavery, and the 
 manner in which thousands were enlisted, some enlisting 
 under the name of their father, some under the name of their 
 mother, and others under the names of their masters ; hence 
 their heirs and those who would be entitled are unable to pro 
 ceed intelligently in the premises, and for other reasons set 
 out in the report of the said Committee on Military Affairs 
 of the Fifty-seventh Congress, first session, a copy of which 
 
NEGRO DEVELOPMENTS EXPOSITION GO 
 
148 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 is herewith filed, marked Exhibit "B," and asked to be read 
 and considered in connection with this petition. 
 
 Your petitioner does not believe that this money can be 
 used for any better purpose than the one herein mentioned, 
 wherein the whole colored race will be benefitted, including 
 the heirs and the next of kin of the deceased soldiers. 
 
 We respectfully ask for an appropriation of one million 
 dollars ($1,000,000) out of the United States Treasury, from 
 any money not otherwise appropriated. We feel that we are 
 entitled to ask for such an appropriation. First, because we 
 compose more than 10 per cent, of the nation, but seldom ask 
 for any appropriation, if ever, except for the reimbursement 
 of twelve hundred thousand dollars, of which they were 
 defrauded by the Freedman s Bank swindle, which we have 
 never received, notwithstanding a bill for the purpose has 
 more than twice passed the Senate of the United States, ap 
 propriating the above amount for the repayment to the de 
 positors of the said bank, which consist almost exclusively 
 of colored people, but which failed of passage in the House 
 of Representatives. The fact of its passing the Senate proved 
 the justice and merit of the claim, yet we feel that in making 
 us the appropriation for this Exposition will in some measure 
 repay the heirs of the deceased depositors of the said Freed 
 man s Bank, who have long ago lost their pass-books and 
 other receipts, showing their deposits, and will also in a 
 measure pay back to a race of people the money out of which 
 they were swindled by the said Freedman s Bank fraud. 
 
 We ask that more interest be taken in our petition than 
 was taken in the petition of the depositors of the Freedman s 
 Bank ; that our bill may be favorably considered, since it 
 seems impossible to secure the passage of the bill to repay 
 the said depositors ; that the government will not lose by 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 149 
 
 making us this appropriation, but will gain tenfold ; that our 
 fidelity to the master during slavery and to the government 
 during the war entitle us to this appropriation ; that the 
 amount we contribute in the way of production and consump 
 tion to the government more than entitles us to this appro 
 priation. This is the first time that such an appropriation has 
 been asked for such a worthy purpose, and we hope that this 
 petition may find sufficient friends among your members to 
 support and vote for a bill making the desired appropriation, 
 as the money will be wisely spent and for a great cause. 
 
 We respectfully submit that should you have any fear of 
 its not being judiciously spent, that we will relieve your doubt 
 by stating that the president of the Negro Development and 
 Exposition Company represented the United States Govern 
 ment as Minister to Liberia under two Presidents, and is 
 now at the head of a large institution in Virginia, for which 
 the State makes an annual appropriation. The treasurer is 
 the cashier of the first and largest colored bank in the coun 
 try, handling millions of dollars a year. We have an Ad 
 visory Board consisting of some of the best and most influen 
 tial white citizens of the South, among them are His Excel 
 lency, Governor C. B. Aycock, of North Carolina; J. Hoge 
 Tyler, ex-Governor of Virginia; Emanuel Raab, a millionaire 
 and capitalist ; Charles Milhiser, a capitalist of Richmond, 
 Virginia, and Simon Seward, president of the First National 
 Bank of Petersburg, Virginia. All of these gentlemen are 
 experienced business men, and to whom we shall look for 
 counsel and advice. Should you take a favorable view of 
 this petition, we hope that a bill may be framed and an appro 
 priation be made before the adjournment of this session of 
 
150 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Congress, as the work before us is great, and requires a great 
 deal of time and money. 
 
 Your petitioner will ever pray. 
 
 The Negro Development and Exposition Company of the 
 United States. 
 
 By GILES B. JACKSON, 
 
 Director General, 
 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. 
 
 After preparing the foregoing address and declaration of 
 purpose of the said company, we felt that, being a part of this 
 government, we were entitled to petition it for assistance in 
 our efforts herein set forth, and especially, since the govern 
 ment has appropriated millions of dollars for expositions of 
 other races, and as we have never called upon the govern 
 ment for an appropriation for such a worthy cause wherein 
 the whole race will be greatly benefitted. Therefore, in our 
 behalf, the Honorable John Lamb, of the Third Congressional 
 District of Virginia, introduced the following bill in the 
 Fifty-eighth Congress : 
 
 "A bill authorizing the appropriation of one million, two 
 hundred thousand dollars ($1,200,000) to the Negro Develop 
 ment and Exposition Company of the United States of 
 America. 
 
 "Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representa 
 tives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled : 
 
 "That the sum of two hundred thousand ($200,000) dollars, 
 out of all moneys, arrears of pay and bounty which are due 
 the estates of deceased colored soldiers who served in the 
 late War between the States, and which were in the hands 
 of the Commissioner of the Freedman s Bureau, and have 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 151 
 
 been repaid in the Treasury, is hereby appropriated out of 
 any such money in the Treasury of the United States to the 
 Negro Development and Exposition Company of the United 
 States of America, a corporation duly incorporated under the 
 laws of Virginia, and that the sum of one million dollars ($i,- 
 000,000) is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the 
 Treasury of the United States not otherwise appropriated to 
 the said Negro Development and Exposition Company of 
 the United States of America for the purpose of making a 
 creditable exhibit on behalf of the colored people of this 
 country at the Jamestown Exposition, to be held at James 
 town, Virginia, in 1907, in commemoration of the landing of 
 the first English-speaking people of this country. Provided, 
 that no money shall be paid to the said Negro Development 
 and Exposition Company of the United States of America 
 under the provisions of this act until the Attorney-General of 
 the United States shall have reported to the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, after proper investigation, that such Association is 
 legally incorporated for the accomplishment of the purposes 
 specified in this act, nor until the company shall have given 
 good and sufficient bond, to be approved by the Judge of 
 the United States District Court for the Eastern District of 
 Virginia, conditioned upon the faithful discharge of their 
 duties in the proper expenditure of the above mentioned fund. 
 "And provided further, that no claim or obligation upon 
 the United States for any appropriation of money for an 
 exposition s support shall ever be asserted against the United 
 States, nor will the United States recognize any obligation 
 growing out of this act, and the Secretary of the Treasury is 
 authorized and directed to pay the money hereby appropriated 
 to the said Negro Development and Exposition Company 
 
152 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 of the United States of America in the manner provided for 
 and upon the fulfillment of the terms of this act." 
 
 After a lengthy correspondence with Hon. John Lamb, 
 Representative of the Richmond District in Congress, Colonel 
 Jackson was finally able to appear before Congress, and made 
 a telling speech, which resulted in the appropriation of $100,- 
 ooo to aid the Negro Development and Exposition Company 
 of the United States of America, in making a special Negro 
 exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition. Hon. John Lamb was 
 especially active and interested in securing the appropriation 
 and is deserving of the lasting gratitude of the colored people 
 of this country. 
 
 To the Committee on Industrial Arts and Expositions: 
 
 We esteem it a high privilege to be permitted to appear 
 before you on behalf of the Negro Development and Exposi 
 tion Company of the United States of America, which repre 
 sents more than ten million of Negroes of this country, whose 
 object and purpose are more clearly set forth in the address 
 of the said company. 
 
 We appear before you as representatives of more than 
 ten million people, to ask the influence of your good office to 
 assist us in making a creditable exhibit at the Jamestown Ter- 
 Centennial of what the Negro has accomplished within the 
 last forty years. 
 
 Emancipated, as we were, without a dollar, without food 
 or clothes, we were left among our former masters to make 
 such terms as we could for our then future existence. Now, 
 after forty years, the records show that the terms we made 
 were agreeable and satisfactory in a majority of cases. LTpon 
 examination of various authorities, it will be seen that the 
 
OF THE XEGRO RACE 153 
 
 Negro has largely exceeded any other race similarly situated ; 
 he has prospered largely beyond his expectations. 
 
 As members of the National Negro Business League of the 
 United States, of which Professor Booker T. AYashington is 
 president, which convenes annually in the month of August, 
 we have succeeded in gathering all, or nearly all, the informa 
 tion as to what the Negro of this country has done in the 
 material development of his race, the amount of taxes he 
 pays, the amount of property, both real and personal, he has 
 accumulated since his emancipation. To ascertain correctly 
 what the Negro has done, it has become necessary for our 
 informants, in sending in the figures and authorities from 
 which they were derived, to send us in a large degree authen 
 ticated statements from various authorities throughout this 
 country, showing what the Negro has accumulated and accom 
 plished within the last forty years. As the result of this, it 
 will be shown that the Negro race has accumulated about 
 forty million (40,000,000) dollars worth of church property, 
 and built nineteen thousand, eight hundred (19,800) churches, 
 with a seating capacity of six million (6,000,000). Negro 
 children in the common schools, one million, five hundred 
 thousand (1,500,000); Negro students in the higher institu 
 tions, forty thousand (40,000) ; Negro teachers, thirty thou 
 sand (30,000) ; Negro students learning trades, twenty-five 
 thousand (25,000) ; Negro students pursuing classical courses, 
 one thousand, two hundred (1,200); Negro students pursuing 
 scientific courses, one thousand, two hundred and fifty 
 (1,250); Negro students pursuing business courses, one thou 
 sand, one hundred and fifty (1,150) ; Negro graduates, twenty- 
 six thousand (26,000). There are two hundred and fifty thou 
 sand (250,000) volumes in the Negro libraries, one hundred 
 and fifty-six (156) institutions for the higher education of 
 
154 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Negroes, eight hundred (800) Negro physicians, three hun 
 dred and fifty (350) books written by Negroes, five hundred 
 and twenty-one (521) Negro lawyers, six (6) magazines edited 
 by Negroes, and five hundred and twenty-two (522) news 
 papers under their management. The value of their libraries 
 is five hundred and fifty thousand (550,000) dollars. Their 
 farms are worth sixty-six million (66,000,000) dollars. This 
 does not include their homes, valued at three hundred and 
 thirty-five million (335,000,000) dollars, nor their personal 
 property, worth one hundred and seventy-two million (172,- 
 000,000) dollars. 
 
 NOTES OF NEGRO PROGRESS 
 
 There are forty-six (46) banks in America owned and man 
 aged entirely by colored men, among which are the Penny Sav 
 ings Bank of the St. Lukes, the True Reformers Bank, the 
 Nickel Savings Bank, and the Mechanics Bank, all of Rich 
 mond, Virginia ; the Penny Savings Bank of Birmingham, 
 Alabama, and the A. M. E. Zion Church Bank, at St. Louis, 
 Missouri. Another bank has been started in Philadelphia, one 
 in Cincinnati and one in the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial 
 School. 
 
 The colored people of the United States own one hundred 
 and thirty-seven thousand (137,000) farms and homes, valued 
 at seven hundred and fifty million (750,000,000) dollars, and 
 personal property valued at one hundred and seventy million 
 (170,000,000) dollars ; total amount of farms, homes and per 
 sonal property, nine hundred and twenty million (920,000,000) 
 dollars. The race owns six hundred thousand (600,000) acres 
 of land in the South alone. 
 
 The Negro race has twelve (12) colleges, ten (10) academies, 
 sixty (60) high schools, five (5) law schools, and twenty-five 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 155 
 
 (25) theological seminaries. It has accumulated more than 
 twelve million (12,000,000) dollars worth of school property 
 and raised nearly eleven million (11,000,000) dollars for 
 education. 
 
 The Negro has reduced his illiteracy 55.5 per cent, in forty 
 years, as will be shown by official records. 
 
 In Virginia alone he is acquiring real estate, as will be seen 
 from the report of the Auditor of Public Accounts of that 
 State, at the rate of nearly fifty thousand (50,000) acres per 
 annum, and pays taxes on seventeen million, four hundred and 
 forty-two thousand, two hundred and twenty-seven (17,442, 
 227) dollars on real and personal property. 
 
 He has accumulated in forty years in Virginia one-thirty- 
 sixth of all of the land in the said State, and one-sixth of all 
 the land west of the Blue Ridge. He owns one-tenth of all 
 the land in twenty-five (25) counties out of the one hundred 
 (100) counties : he owns one-seventh of Middlesex county, 
 one-sixth of Hanover county, one-third of Charles City 
 county. The real estate holdings would appear much larger 
 if there was added the farms for which he has contracted and 
 upon which he is making payments. 
 
 THE NEGRO AS A PRODUCER IN VIRGINIA 
 
 The amount of grain produced for the year 1899 was nine 
 teen million, three hundred and twenty thousand, seven hun 
 dred and seventy-three (19,320,773) bushels, as follows: 
 
 Corn, bushels 13,524,742 
 
 Wheat, bushels 4.368,010 
 
 Oats, bushels 1,698,021 
 
 Total I9 590.773 
 
156 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Of this production, fourteen million, four hundred and 
 ninety thousand, five hundred and seventy-nine (14,490,579) 
 bushels were produced by the Negro. We have not at our 
 command at this writing sufficient data to show the amount of 
 tobacco and iron produced by him ; suffice it to say, however, 
 from what information we have obtained on this subject, his 
 product of these two articles largely exceeds that of wheat, 
 corn and oats. 
 
 We, therefore, feel that we are a part of this government, 
 yet we have no representative in the legislative body, whose 
 duty it would be to call upon you and present to you our 
 cause, hence we come as a committee, asking a word of com 
 mendation from this honorable committee. 
 
 We will be very thankful for a favorable consideration of 
 our appeal. 
 
 GILES B. JACKSON, 
 
 Director-General. 
 528 East Broad Street, Richmond, Va. 
 
 Viewing the situation as it is, we felt that it would not be 
 out of place to solicit an appropriation from the several States 
 in which the colored population would justify it. Accordingly, 
 the Director-General sent the following letter to a number of 
 the Governors of the several States: 
 
 To His Excellency: 
 
 Dear Sir, In view of the fact that the white people of 
 this country have decided to celebrate the three hundredth an 
 niversary of the landing of the first English-speaking people 
 in this country, at Jamestown, Virginia, 1907, we desire to 
 petition you in behalf of the Negroes of this country. 
 
 In order to do this the Legislature of Virginia granted a 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 157 
 
 charter to the Jamestown Exposition Company, which com 
 pany now has charge of the Exposition, which will commence 
 in the month of May, 1907, at Jamestown, Virginia. 
 
 Now, thirteen years after the landing of the white people 
 at Jamestown came the Xegro, while not of his own choice 
 or liking, but under peculiar circumstances, yet he is here, 
 and since his coming has taken part in many events which 
 have added to the glory of this country, as history will bear 
 witness. 
 
 We, therefore, feel that this is the most fitting time anc! 
 best opportunity for the Negro to -unite with the white people 
 in this celebration, and to place upon exhibition the result 
 of his achievements since his landing in this country, at James 
 town, especially since his emancipation. 
 
 For this purpose, we have secured a charter of incorpora 
 tion under the laws of Virginia for the Negro Development 
 and Exposition Company of the United States of America, 
 which company has full charge of the part the Negro pro 
 poses to take in this, the greatest and most important Exposi 
 tion ever held in this country. 
 
 Enclosed herewith, please find a copy of the Address and 
 Declaration of Purpose of the said Company, for which we 
 ask your favorable consideration. After reading the same, 
 should you agree with us in our efforts we would most re 
 spectfully ask that you recommend to your Legislature an 
 appropriation to our company to enable us to make a credita 
 ble exhibit of what the Negro has accomplished in your State, 
 as I am sure whatever may be done in their behalf will be 
 highly appreciated by them. 
 
 It will necessarily take a large sum of money to carry 
 out the purpose of this company, which is partly set forth 
 in the Address and Declaration. 
 
I5 8 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 We have written a similar letter to a number of the Gov 
 ernors of the various States. 
 
 Now, should you have any doubt as to this company s 
 ability to handle such funds, we would respectfully submit 
 that the President, Hon. John H. Smith, is an ex-minister to 
 Liberia, having served under two administrations, and is now 
 the president and manager of the Negro Manual Training 
 School, a State institution. Mr. R. T. Hill, the Treasurer, is 
 cashier of the Reformers Bank of Richmond, Virginia, which 
 is owned and run entirely by colored men, and since its organ 
 ization has handled over twelve million (12,000,000) dollars, 
 and is now handling between five and six hundred thousand 
 dollars annually. Mr. Samuel Harris, the Sub-Treasurer, of 
 Williamsburg, Va., has accumulated and runs a business of 
 over two hundred thousand (200,000) dollars. 
 
 Should you have further doubt as to the ability, we should 
 respectfully submit that we have on our Advisory Board, Hon. 
 J. Hoge Tyler, ex-Governor of Virginia, a man of great 
 wealth ; Mr. Fritz Sitterding, one of the richest men in Vir 
 ginia ; Mr. Simon Seward, a millionaire of Petersburg, Vir 
 ginia, and president of the First National Bank of that city ; 
 Mr. F. Raab, several times a" millionaire, of Richmond, Vir 
 ginia; Mr. Charles Milhiser,^also a wealthy man of Richmond, 
 Virginia; Governor C. B. Aycock, of North Carolina, and 
 other white gentlemen of wealth and prominence. 
 
 We will be indeed thankful for any assistance you may give 
 us in raising the money necessary to carry out the objects and 
 purposes set forth. 
 
 Hoping a favorable reply, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 GILES B. JACKSON, 
 Director-General. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 159 
 
 While replies were received from a large number of the 
 Governors of the various States, the State of North Carolina, 
 was the only one to make a direct appropriation. The appro 
 priation of $5,000 caused this State to make a most creditable 
 exhibit at the Exposition. 
 
 In answer to the foregoing declaration and appeal, subscrip 
 tion to the capital stock of the said company was made to the 
 amount of nearly $50,000. On the 3ist day of June, 1906, 
 the Congress of the United States, in reply to the petition 
 printed above, passed an act appropriating $100,000 in aid of 
 the Negro Development and Exposition Company. The ex 
 penditure of the said amount was entrusted to an Executive 
 Committee, consisting of Giles B. Jackson, Thos. J. Galloway 
 and Andrew F. Hilyer. Airs. Namah Curtis, the wife of Dr. 
 A. M. Curtis, of Washington, D. C., was appointed Fiscal 
 Agent to certify vouchers made upon the Treasury Depart 
 ment of the United States. 
 
!6o INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XIX 
 
 REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, NEGRO EXHIBIT, 
 JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION, TO APRIL 30, 1908. 
 
 An extract of the report of the Executive Committee as 
 made to the Ter-Centennial Commission and the Negro 
 Development and Exposition Company follows : 
 
 The Negro Department of the Jamestown Exposition 
 proved to be one of its most successful features. It was not 
 in the original scheme of the Exposition to have a Negro 
 department. As an afterthought the feature took the form of 
 an annex on a reservation of six acres. This isolation proved 
 both a benefit and a disadvantage; a disadvantage in that 
 visitors were compelled to go to this particular spot to see the 
 work of the colored people, whose handicraft would have 
 compared favorably with that of the white exhibitors if dis 
 played alongside, but the benefits more than offset this, among 
 which were the freedom of the managers of the Negro exhibit 
 to make a display in all lines of skill, which were both varied 
 and comprehensive. 
 
 The inception of the scheme for a separate Negro exhibit 
 originated with Giles B. Jackson, who was instrumental in 
 organizing and securing a charter for the Negro Development 
 and Exposition Company of the United States of America. 
 The charter for this company was granted under the laws of 
 Virginia, August 13, 1903. Its avowed object was to manage 
 a separate department at the Jamestown Exposition, and upon 
 application, the Jamestown Exposition Company set aside six 
 acres of land at the western entrance for this purpose. It 
 was agreed between the two companies that the Exposition 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 161 
 
 Company should receive all gate receipts, and that the Negro 
 Development Company should have all commissions, per 
 centages and profits it m^ght provide for on the six acre reser 
 vation. Under ordinary circumstances of good attendance 
 and good management this scheme should have proven profit 
 able to all parties. That it proved anything but a financial 
 success is due to the fact that attendance fell far short of all 
 reasonable expectations. 
 
 We have already observed that the Negro Development 
 and Exposition Company was chartered under the laws of 
 Virginia. Its capital stock was fixed at $800,000, with shares 
 at the par value of $10 each. The leading men in the organi 
 zation were W. Isaac Johnson, President ; Rev. A. Binga, Jr., 
 D. D., Vice-President ; Giles B. Jackson, Director-General; 
 R. T. Hill, Treasurer, and Robert Kelser, Secretary, well 
 known citizens of Virginia, and most of them of Richmond. 
 The stock was offered to the public and its sale solicited by 
 agents commissioned in the various States. These agents also 
 listed exhibits. "The Negro Criterion," edited by the Direc 
 tor General, a weekly newspaper, was issued to a large mail 
 ing list. In this way a very considerable interest was created 
 throughout the country. After nearly two years of exploita 
 tion, the company asked Congress for an appropriation of 
 $200,000, to aid in making this exhibit at Jamestown. There 
 was no little opposition to such an appropriation, particularly 
 on the part of a number of leading colored men. After thor 
 oughly investigating the matter, however, and through the 
 persistent efforts of Giles B. Jackson, who appeared before 
 Congress single-handed, Congress concluded that the money 
 would aid a worthy cause, the President having taken a per 
 sonal interest in the matter and appropriated $100,000 in the 
 following terms : 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 163 
 
 "That in aid of the Negro Development and Exposition 
 Company of the United States of America to enable it to make 
 an exhibit of the progress of the Negro race in this country at 
 the said Exposition, the sum of $100,000 is hereby appro 
 priated out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appro 
 priated. This sum shall be expended by the Jamestown Ter- 
 Centennial Commission. Under rules and regulations pre 
 scribed by it and for such objects as shall be approved by both 
 the said Negro Development and Exposition Company of the 
 United States of America and the said commission ; provided, 
 however, that a reasonable proportion of the said appropria 
 tion shall be expended for a building within which to make 
 such exhibit. 
 
 "That except to the extent and in the manner by this act 
 provided and authorized, the United States Government shall 
 not be liable on any account whatever, in connection with the 
 said exposition." 
 
 SUNDRY CIVIL ACT, APPROVED JUNE 30, 1906. 
 
 The success of the Negro exhibit having been assured by 
 this appropriation, the campaign of the Negro Development 
 and Exposition Company was continued and numerous field 
 agents were appointed in a great many of the States. Plans 
 for a Negro building were arranged for and approved, but 
 otherwise, the progress towards the making of the exhibit 
 was slow. 
 
 The managers of the Negro department were anxious that 
 the best showing possible should be made, but there were* 
 some of them who had serious doubt that Negro contractors 
 could be found who could and would erect expeditiously and 
 skilfully a building costing forty thousand dollars. The more 
 aggressive officers of this company, however, insisted that 
 
1 64 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 to have a Negro exhibit in a building erected by white 
 mechanics, would be to discount our own enterprise, and to 
 say to the visiting world, "behold our incapacity to build the 
 very roof over our heads." It was determined that the build 
 ing should be erected by Negro artisans, or the enterprise be" 
 abandoned, that any other position would be untenable and 
 stultifying. Within a few minutes after the conference the 
 chairman of the Executive Committee and the architect who 
 had prepared the plans were on the train en route to find the 
 contractors, and before sun up, that very night, had induced 
 two Negro mechanics to lake the contract and to meet the 
 conditions of a heavy bond necessary in the case. 
 
 The architect referred to was W. Sidney Pittman, now the 
 son-in-law of Booker T. Washington, whose office was in the 
 upper story of a building on the corner of Louisiana avenue 
 and Sixth Street, N. W., in the city of Washington. He is a 
 native of Montgomery, Alabama, where he was born in 1875. 
 His mother, an ex-slave, and a widow from the boy s earlv 
 infancy, supported herself and him and kept him in the public 
 schools of Montgomery, until he had completed the grammar 
 grades, when she aided him to enter the Tuskegee Institute, 
 where he matriculated at seventeen years of age as a work 
 student, that is, he worked during the day and attended school 
 at night. He was fortunate enough to be admitted into the 
 department of mechanical ::nd architectural drawing and soon 
 decided to make that work his life calling. After five years at 
 Tuskegee, he entered Drexel Institute Philadelphia, grad 
 uating therefrom in 1900. He then spent five years at 
 Tuskegee as a teacher, resigning in 1905, to enter business 
 for himself. One year later he had the opportunity to enter the 
 competition for appointment as architect of the Negro build- 
 
1 66 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 architects were told that the building must contain 60,000 
 square feet of Boor space, must be two stories high, with a 
 post free auditorium, and must be ornamental and well lighted 
 and must be such as to be erected for $30,000. Of the designs 
 submitted, that of Mr. Pittman was accepted in October, 1906, 
 as being superior to the others. 
 
 When it came to awarding the contract for erecting the 
 building it was found that while the building according to 
 the accepted design could have been erected under normal 
 building conditions for the sum specified, no contractors 
 would undertake it on the Expositions Grounds with all the 
 difficulties of transportation and double cost of labor and 
 material for less than twice the estimated cost. Twice in 
 succession the plans had been reduced but even then no 
 bidders had been secured. It was at this juncture that the 
 conference of the managers above referred to was held when 
 it was seriously debated whether we should abandon Negro 
 contractors and award the contract to white men. When it 
 was definitely decided to have Negro artisans to erect the 
 building for a Negro exhibit, it was also decided to increase 
 the allottment to forty thousand dollars, if necessary, in order 
 to secure competent and reliable contractors. The building 
 was to be erected under the supervision and according to the 
 regulations of the Supervising Architect of the United States 
 Treasury, and one of those regulations was that the con 
 tractor give a bond of fifteen thousand dollars, one half the 
 allottment for the building. Any approved bonding company 
 would be accepted as security. This was a hard condition 
 for colored men, especially since the bonding company re 
 quired a certified check for $10,000, to be held until the build 
 ing was completed. The conditions were all met, however, 
 by the firm of Boiling & Everett, of Lynchburg, Virginia, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 167 
 
 and these men signed the contract, February 5, 1907, the 
 American Bonding Company having become their security. 
 
 THE CONTRACTORS 
 
 S. H. Boiling, the senior member of the firm, was fifty 
 years of age, the son of a slave brick mason, of whom the 
 son learned the same trade. At sixteen years of age he had 
 learned to read blue print plans, and had sufficient educa 
 tion to understand ordinary specifications. When twenty-one 
 years old he took a contract for a twelve-room brick-house, 
 and completed it with a good profit. He has erected buildings 
 in Roanoke, Farmville, Lynchburg and elsewhere in Virginia, 
 also in Charleston, South Carolina. 
 
 A. J. Everett, the junior member, is a native of Lynchburg, 
 Virginia, and a successful carpenter. He has erected many 
 beautiful cottages, and built for himself a large and com 
 modious home with all modern improvements. He has trained 
 his sons in his own trade and educated them in a way to be of 
 great assistance in taking and executing contracts. The firm 
 of Boiling & Everett is not a permanent partnership, but was 
 formed in 1903, to erect a one hundred thousand dollar build 
 ing in the city of Washington for the Grand Fountain, United 
 Order of True Reformers, and reformed in 1907 to construct 
 the Negro building at Jamestown. 
 
 The plans and specifications of the Negro building as finally 
 adopted, call for a structure 213 feet long, 129 feet wide, and 
 two stories high. There were to be eighty-six windows, of 
 which thirty-two were eight feet wide by sixteen feet high, 
 each with ninety-four panes of glass. The others were but 
 little smaller. 128 pillars were required to support the second 
 floor, in addition to the support of the walls, which were to be 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 169 
 
 finished off on the exterior with pebble dash, plaster and staff. 
 The most difficult feature was the roof, which was to be 
 erected on trusses, covering a clear span of ninety-three feet. 
 The building was lighted by electricity, approximately 4,000 
 incandescent lamps having been used for that purpose. The 
 wiring was a large undertaking, requiring careful work. The 
 contract was let under open bids for $1,900 to Arthur N. John 
 son, a young Negro electrical contractor of Wytheville, Vir 
 ginia. Mr. Johnson performed this highly technical work 
 with perfect satisfaction to the electrical inspectors of the 
 Exposition and to the managers of the Negro exhibit. 
 
 The contractors could have had no more embarrassing cir 
 cumstances under which to erect the building. It was but 
 eighty days before the scheduled opening of the Exposition 
 when they made their contract and hence they felt the pres 
 sure of haste at all times in carrying on their work. But not 
 withstanding the necessity for haste everything tended to 
 prevent rapid progress. The Exposition Grounds were nine 
 miles from Norfolk, Virginia, the nearest town or shipping 
 point. The sixteen transportation lines centering in Norfolk, 
 transferred all freight to a single one track railroad to the 
 Exposition, and it was regarded fortunate if freight delivered 
 in Norfolk reached the Exposition Grounds within ten days 
 thereafter. All the mechanics and laborers had to come by 
 street car or boat and these lines were proverbial in break 
 downs, landing passengers at 10 o clock who should have been 
 at work at 7 130. As many as a hundred mechanics and 
 laborers were employed on the Negro building, and the super 
 vision of these was, under the circumstances, very difficult, 
 requiring efficient executive management. 
 
 The Negro building was handsomely decorated through- 
 
170 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 out the interior. The walls, ceiling and posts were covered 
 with burlap. Strips of red, white and yellow cheese cloth, 
 sewed together, were freely used, as were also the national 
 colors, all together producing a very pleasing effect. 
 
 The Executive Committee took the view that this appro 
 priation by Congress was an "aid fund," and that the strictest 
 economy should be exercised in its expenditure. We en 
 deavored to get the most possible out of this opportunity to 
 show the world what the colored people have accomplished 
 in about forty years of freedom. We pursued most rigidly the 
 policy of economy. We believe that it would have been diffi 
 cult under the conditions which surrounded us in our work 
 to have secured, on the whole, greater results for the sum 
 expended. No large salaries were paid, and every item of 
 expense was most carefully considered. Vouchers and re 
 ceipts were submitted for every item of expenditure in accord 
 ance with the regulations of the Commission and of the 
 Treasury Department, and the committee feels great satisfac 
 tion in the fact that our recommendations have been approved 
 in almost every case. 
 
 FIELD AGENTS 
 
 The following were the Field Agents : 
 
 W. E. Hope Delaware, New Jersey and the New England 
 States. 
 
 F. D. Lee Pennsylvania and New York. 
 
 D. N. E. Campbell Maryland. 
 
 D. E. Wiseman District of Columbia. 
 
 Robert Kelser Virginia, West Virginia. 
 
 C. H. Williamson North Carolina. 
 
 A. L. Macbeth South Carolina, Florida, Georgia and 
 Alabama, 
 
172 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 F. G. Smith Tennessee. 
 
 J. H. May Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas and 
 Oklahoma. 
 
 W. W. Fisher Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. 
 
 C. H. Johnson Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. 
 
 J. H. Porter Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Michigan. 
 
 No attempt was made, owing to the short time the com 
 mittee had to collect exhibits from points further west than in 
 the States named, although there were a number of race 
 patriots who sents exhibits from the extreme western States, 
 and from at least one of the islands. The above named agents 
 were summoned to meet the Executive Committee in the city 
 of Washington, on January 22, 1907, and there to report the 
 exhibits they had listed and the general status of affairs in 
 their several fields. During a two days conference, the com 
 mittee heard from each and then outlined to them the plan 
 of the further campaign. They were told to solicit exhibits 
 under the following classifications : 
 
 (1) Education, including photographs of buildings, classes and 
 campus, samples of literary and mechanical work of pupils, cata 
 logues, sets of text books used by the pupils, drawings, compositions, 
 kindergarten paraphernalia, etc. 
 
 (2) Homes, to include small models of good homes, photographs of 
 exteriors, stables, yards, interiors, parlors, dining-rooms, bed-rooms, 
 kitchens, etc. 
 
 (3) Farms, samples of agricultural products, canned and preserved 
 goods, soils, photographs of barns, stock and machinery. 
 
 (4) Skilled trades and organized labor : to include inventions, 
 samples of workmanship, photographs of shops and products. 
 
 (5) Business enterprises, including photographs of banks, stores, 
 shops, samples of stationery, etc. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 NEGRO BUILDING. CORNER ENTRANCE. 
 
174 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 (6) Professions, photographs, libraries, diplomas, etc. 
 
 (7) Military life, to include swords and guns worn in service, photo 
 graphs, medals, and other trophies won for valor, etc. 
 
 (8) Church life, to include photographs of church buildings show 
 ing exteriors and interiors, pulpits, etc., also photographs of bishops, 
 elders, pastors, and officers with statement showing value of church 
 property, number of communicants, and various branches of work, 
 etc. 
 
 (9) Books and periodicals. We desire especially to have an exhibit 
 of all books and periodicals written or published by Negro authors. 
 
 (10) Music and art, the collection of art work at this Exposition 
 promises to be especially good. Send your work. 
 
 (11) Woman s work. While no distinction will be made against 
 woman s work in any line, we desire to emphasize that we want a full 
 collection of samples of all skilled work which our women are per 
 forming. 
 
 Each of the field agents was required to forward a daily 
 report on a card addressed to the committee. The blank read : 
 
 DAILY REPORT TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 Within the 24 hours ending o clock M. (Month.) 
 
 (Day.) I have performed the following (including travel) : 
 
 One week from to-day I plan to be at, 
 ..Date.. 
 
 (Sign here) 
 
 Field Agent, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 175 
 
 If an agent failed to make daily reports he was at once 
 called upon for an explanation. No feature of the work of 
 promotion was more fortunate than this, for the Executive 
 Committee could on each day definitely estimate the progress 
 of the work and the faithfulness of the agents. 
 
 When the conference of the field agents closed on January 
 23d, one of them, C. H. Williamson, went home with the 
 determination to make for his State the best showing of them 
 all. He and C. N. Hunter immediately began plans for 
 aggressive work, and succeeded in securing from the State 
 of North Carolina an appropriation of $5,000 without a single 
 dissenting vote in the Legislature. With these funds they 
 were able to bring out a fine exhibit. 
 
 Early antagonism made it difficult for the field agents to 
 secure a ready response. It was decided, therefore, to furnish 
 to the Negro newspapers specially, and to the press generally, 
 items of interest relative to the progress of the exhibit. R. 
 W. Thompson, of Louisville, Kentucky, who collected the 
 newspaper exhibit, was secured for the purpose, and he did 
 most excellent service in his weekly news notes. Most of the 
 neswpapers printed these notes, and thus, without compensa 
 tion, which we were unable to give, they aided materially in 
 stimulating interest in the success of the exhibit. 
 
 For the convenience of the committee, headquarters were 
 secured in the Treasury Building, Washington, D. C. The 
 office force was here completely organized. All mail was 
 opened by one clerk, who "briefed" it, i. e., wrote on a fold of 
 the letter, or upon a slip pasted to it, the list of its contents. 
 These letters went to the chief clerk, who distributed them 
 to the chairman or secretary of the committee, or to the 
 fiscal agent, whose office was with the committee. The 
 
NEGRO BUILDING, EASTERN DOOR, showing the fine architectu 
 ral detail that entered into every part of the building. Overhead are 
 the big electric cables that brought current for four thousand electric 
 lights. 176] 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 177 
 
 Director General maintained a separate office in Richmond, 
 Virginia. Three stenographers took dictation, a book-keeper 
 kept the records, and three other clerks devoted their time 
 exclusively to addressing envelopes, folding circulars and 
 letters and miscellaneous work. All dictated letters were 
 copied in letter press books, which were indexed and given 
 cross references. An alphabetical index record-card was made 
 of each correspondent and these letters were then filed under 
 subject classification. That is, letters relating to a field 
 agent, were filed in a pocket bearing his name and number, 
 those relating to exhibits generally, were filed in a pocket 
 bearing another number and so on. Each subject was given 
 a number and a pocket, and the index record-card indicated 
 the pocket where the letter could be found. The book-keep 
 ing was done with equal exactness. Vouchers were required 
 for all expenditures, and a book record was made of each item. 
 All accounts were posted daily, and a record was kept of all 
 obligations incurred. 
 
 When it came to preparing for the reception of the ex- 
 hib f s, care was taken to provide a record for each step. 
 When a field agent reported the name of a proposed exhibitor 
 a circular letter was sent to the address with an attached 
 blank to be filled out setting forth the nature of the exhibit, 
 its value, size and general description, and the date when it 
 would be ready for shipment. When the time for shipment 
 approached, shipping labels and tags with full instructions 
 printed thereon, were sent to exhibitors in order to secure a 
 correct delivery at Jamestown. The label was a sheet, eight 
 by eleven inches, so printed that one half was white and the 
 other half black. When these labels were pasted on packages 
 of exhibits, transportation agents came to recognize them at 
 a glance as intended for the Negro building. When packages 
 
178 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 were received, each was given a number before being opened, 
 the number being marked on the box or package, and entered 
 on a register kept for that purpose. The package was then 
 opened and a record card filled out showing box or package 
 number, name and address of exhibitor, name of transporta 
 tion company at starting point, name of company from which 
 received, date when shipped, date when received at Negro 
 building, amount of charges, a description of each article 
 and its condition when received. The clerk making the record 
 signed his initial at the bottom, thus making himself respon 
 sible for its accuracy. These cards were carefully filed and 
 checked up. When the exhibits were subsequently catalogued, 
 errors and omissions were noted and corrected. In repack 
 ing the exhibits for returning, these cards were of invaluable 
 aid, enabling the packer to replace articles in the original 
 cases, thus insuring" dispatch and accuracy. The system of 
 records and accounts was planned by Andrew F. Hilyer, 
 Secretary-Treasurer of the committee. In carrying out this 
 work the committee was most fortunate in having the services 
 of T. A. Hill as stenographer and chief clerk, Mattie E. Tyler 
 as book-keeper, Ruby P. Hughes, as file clerk; Arsine E. 
 Gresham and Frank H. Hallion. as stenographers, Nannie B. 
 Jackson and Frances B. Dorkins, as mailing clerks. Others 
 were pressed into service temporarily during rushes. 
 
 SPECIAL FEATURES 
 
 Among the many special features of the Negro exhibit was 
 the Emergency Hospital Exhibit. A committee of physi 
 cians, consisting of Dr. A. M. Curtis, chairman; Dr. George 
 C. Hall, of Chicago ; Dr. Joseph J. France, of Portsmouth, 
 Virginia; Dr. R. F. Boyd, of Nashville, Tennessee, and Dr. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 179 
 
 W. A. Warfield, of Washington, D. C, kindly gave their 
 services to the work of gathering an exhibit showing the 
 work of Negro physicians. To do this effectively a separate 
 building was arranged for and this was fitted out with three 
 rooms for exhibits, patients and attendants. Dr. James F. 
 Lawson, was secured as resident physician. Many cases of 
 injury and sudden illness were treated. 
 
 PLANTATION SONGS 
 
 In order to provide an exhibit of original plantation Negro 
 music, it became necessary to make a special arrangement 
 therefor. A representative of the Executive Committee went 
 to Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, the home of the 
 original Fisk Jublilee Singers, and negotiated with the presi 
 dent of that institution an arrangement whereby a dozen 
 selected voices, male and female, should come to the Negro 
 building and render two or more concerts daily for the enter 
 tainment of visitors. It was agreed to employ each of them 
 for certain hours as guards and guides, paying each sufficient 
 salary to cover his expenses. The concerts in the Negro 
 building were free, but the singers were enabled to give pay 
 concerts in another part of the Exposition, and in the vicinity, 
 thus realizing an income for meeting their expenses in the 
 coming year of school. 
 
 The Warwick Tableaux were prepared by Miss Meta Vaux 
 Warrick, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The committee gave 
 her the contract February 27, 1907, to construct in a true and 
 artistic manner a series of fifteen model groups to be so ar 
 ranged as to show by Tableaux the progress of the Negro in 
 America from the landing at Jamestown to the present time. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 181 
 
 These Tableaux will be found heading the various chapters 
 of this volume. 
 
 To demonstrate the Negro s skill as a mechanic and inven 
 tor it was arranged to have at the Jamestown Negro Exhibit 
 a department in which to have mechanical devices, manu 
 factures and inventions by artisans of the race. This depart 
 ment was in charge of Arthur N. Newman, the instructor in 
 electricity and physics at the Armstrong Manual Training 
 School, Washington, D. C. He was assisted by Franklin N. 
 Hilyer, a graduate of that school, who had shown in his 
 studies a marked aptitude in mechanics. A section of the 
 first floor of the Negro building, containing twelve hundred 
 square feet, was set aside for the installation of inventions 
 and mechanical devices. Stress was laid on those which 
 could be kept in operation during the hours of exhibit. 
 Others were arranged with a view to showing their adapta 
 bility to the purposes intended. Here follows a list of the 
 articles and inventions actually on exhibit. 
 
 DEVICE. INVENTOR OR MAKER. 
 
 Book or copy-holder B. T. Montgomery 
 
 Boat propeller S. G. Crawford 
 
 Barber s sign G. A. E. Barnes 
 
 Cotton chopper, scraper, cultivator L. D. Moore 
 
 Cotton planter A. C. Taylor 
 
 Coal and wood cabinet Barton 
 
 Cigarmaker s board (improved) A. C. Cambridge 
 
 Chestnut gatherer S. G. Crawford 
 
 Curtain support . . A. C. Taylor 
 
 Duplex mouthpiece for telephone. Ira Ashe 
 
182 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Gun Alfred McKnight 
 
 Horse over-boot R. Coater 
 
 Horse over-shoe Wm. Hill 
 
 Hot air evaporator A. F. Hilyer 
 
 Headlight W. H. Montgomery 
 
 Harness buckle and strap R. B. Benford 
 
 Incubator and bread-raiser G. F. Carr 
 
 Invalid s bed A. C. Taylor 
 
 Musical clock W. T. Davis 
 
 MINIATURE RAILROAD 
 
 Block system A. C. Newman 
 
 Trolley wheel G. R. Robinson 
 
 Car fender M. A. Cherry 
 
 Showing 
 
 Electric system A. C. Newman 
 
 Spring seat for chair A. B. Blackburn 
 
 Model battleship W. W. Davis 
 
 Plough E. Nelson 
 
 Plough and heel sweep (improved) R. P. Rodgers 
 
 Patent models U. S. Patent Office 
 
 Passenger register Wm. Lawrence 
 
 Ring puzzle George Ellis 
 
 Track crossing and wheel E. R. Robinson 
 
 Model steam engine Eldridge Nichols 
 
 Wagon J. W. Dorkins 
 
 Model battleship Percy Smith 
 
 Model schooner. James Stanley 
 
 Model steamboat George Kelley 
 
 Model battleship Willis Toliver 
 
 Model tugboat 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 183 
 
 Horse shoe exhibit John Showell 
 
 Electric automobile, original design F. N. Hilyer 
 
 Horse shoe exhibit Clarence Kittrell 
 
 Horse shoe exhibit John Showell 
 
 Horse shoe exhibit J. H. Stone 
 
 Engine and boiler J. Moore 
 
 Pattern exhibit G. A. Harrison 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 Disinfecting generator F. A. Thomas 
 
 Friction heater C. S. L. Baker 
 
 i one-half H. P. nov D. C. Motor. 
 
 2 one-eighth H. P. nov D. C. Motors. 
 
 ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT, 
 Armstrong Manual Training School, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 In addition to the devices listed above there were displayed 
 printed descriptive drawings and specifications of three hun 
 dred and fifty-one patents by Negroes, loaned by the United 
 States Patent Office. 
 
 THE SAVINGS BANK EXHIBIT 
 
 The Negro exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition had the 
 unique and novel feature of a real bank in operation for the 
 convenience of visitors. It was a branch of the Savings 
 Bank of the Grand United Order of True Reformer s, with 
 headquarters in Richmond, Virginia. A banking business of 
 $75,731.87 was done during the Exposition period, many white 
 persons, including officials of the United States on duty 
 at the Exposition, being among its patrons. 
 
 The affability and polite manners of the young colored 
 
[ 184 ] REAR DOOR TO NEGRO BUILDING AND THE 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL SCHEME SURROUNDING IT 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 185 
 
 cashier, R. T. Hill, Jr., were commented on by numerous 
 visitors, and these good qualities won for his bank much of its 
 popularity. The bank was not conducted as a money-making 
 venture, though it so proved. It was provided there in the 
 Negro building, among ten thousand other exhibits, to show 
 the business capacity and progress of the Negro. The great 
 success it had in demonstrating this capacity was another 
 proof of the wise business sense and practical wisdom with 
 which the organization of which it was an exhibit has been 
 and is now being conducted. 
 
 In the Negro exhibit at Jamestown we had an excellent 
 collection of printed scores, composed by Negro musicians. 
 The collection was made and installed by Clarence C. White, 
 a violinist of fine ability, and consisted of two hundred and 
 twenty-nine compositions by seventy-eight Negro composers. 
 
 There was also a collective exhibit of newspapers, edited 
 and published by Negroes, including 175 newspapers and 
 magazines. The Brooklyn Life referring to this exhibit said : 
 "One of the most convincing proofs of the progress is to be 
 found in an alcove devoted entirely to newspapers owned and 
 edited by Negroes. The number of such publications is 
 astonishing." 
 
 A collection of three hundred volumes of books written 
 by Negro authors was displayed in the Negro Building. The 
 exhibit was prepared by Daniel Murray, who has been en 
 gaged for several years in collecting bibliography of Negro 
 authors. 
 
 A considerable section of the building was set aside for an 
 agricultural exhibit and this feature was admirably worked out 
 by A. L. Macbeth, who arranged as wall decorations a series 
 of mosaics, made of grains and seeds. The ideas were original 
 
186 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 and the effect unique. Different domestic farm animals were 
 well executed in these mosaics. 
 
 It was difficult to say what was the most creditable exhibit, 
 but one of the most convincing features certainly, was the large 
 collection of 719 exhibits of fancy needle-work by 409 individ 
 ual exhibitors. There was every variety of excellence, but by 
 far the most of it was highly creditable. No intelligent de 
 scription of it is possible within the limits of the space of 
 this report. For a further description of these exhibits, at 
 tention is invited to the report of the special jury of awards 
 which is included in and made a part of this report. 
 
 When it was desired to arrange for guards to protect the 
 exhibits, application was made to Major R. R. Moten, for two 
 Hampton students to act as officers in charge of guard duty, 
 and he selected two graduates, J. R. Burruss and E. D. Mickel, 
 and it was largely due to the conscientious attention to duty 
 of these two young men, together with J. H. Smith, an ex 
 perienced night watchman, that practically nothing was stolen 
 from the building. 
 
 THE PRESIDENT S VISIT 
 
 By June loth, we were sufficiently ready to receive the 
 President, and were honored by a visit from him on that day, 
 the only exhibit building which he visited at the Exposition. 
 After inspecting all the exhibits carefully, accompanied by 
 Mrs. Roosevelt, Hon. Victor H. Metcalf, Secretary of the 
 Navy; Governor Terrell, of Georgia, and others, President 
 Roosevelt said in parting: 
 
 "My friends, I can simply say one word of greeting, it is 
 a great pleasure to be here to go through this magnificent 
 building arid to see the unmistakable evidences of progress 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 187 
 
 you are making, as shown by the exhibits I find here. I con 
 gratulate you upon it ; may good luck be with you." 
 
 Hon. George B. Cortelyou, Secretary of the Treasury and 
 chairman of the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission, 
 visited the Negro Building on July 3d, and after listening to 
 the Jubilee singers and examining the exhibits, he addressed 
 the assembled audience as follows : 
 
 "Mr. Chairman, I want to say to you that I am delighted to 
 have been able to visit you, and I congratulate you most 
 heartily upon what you have done. I think in making this 
 exhibit, you have chosen the way of winning the confidence of. 
 the right thinking people, because, in making it, you show 
 capacity, signifying progress, progress consistent with your 
 self-respect, progress that has come through self-help, the 
 kind of progress that wins its way through the world every 
 where. You are, indeed, to be congratulated upon what you 
 have already accomplished. May the leaders of your race, 
 those who have your best interest at heart, lead in the way of 
 the progress you have indicated here, and may the people of 
 all sections lend a helping hand as you strive to solve the 
 problem that confronts you." 
 
 July 4th, Independence Day, was selected as the formal 
 opening day of the Negro Building, Professor Kelly Miller, 
 of Howard University, Washington, D. C., was the orator 
 and his address was a vigorous presentation of the relations 
 of the races and the hopefulness of a final and complete ad 
 justment. 
 
 A large attendance was present, and from that day, the 
 Negro exhibit was pronounced by the visiting public a success. 
 
 Prof. Miller s address was in part as follows: 
 
 "A dozen years after the founding of the European popula- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 189 
 
 tion at Jamestown, there came another bark from another 
 continent with a human cargo another color and clime. 
 Europe and Africa have made America. One year later was 
 planted the Plymouth colony at the North that handful of 
 corn in the earth whose fruit has covered and reclaimed the 
 continent. By a strange coincidence of history, within the 
 period of thirteen years, there was set in motion the three 
 streams of population and tendency, the conflict, adjustment 
 and balance between which have marked the measure of 
 American progress. 
 
 It is especially fitting that the Negro should have his part 
 in this Ter-Centennial celebration, at the place which has 
 witnessed the long trial of trials and tragedy and triumph, 
 too, which have characterized his presence on this continent. 
 In this region round about, the first African slaves entered 
 the house of bondage. These placid waters have for three 
 centuries heard the songs of sadness and joy of slave and 
 freeman, as he rowed his skiff and poured out his over-bur 
 dened soul, surrounded by the blue waters underneath and 
 the blue sky overhead. On this peninsula were enacted many 
 of the most stirring incidents of that war which broke his 
 bonds and set him free. It was on this shining sheen of water 
 that iron monsters first contended in titanic conflict for mas 
 tery of the sea, the turning point not only of our War be 
 tween the States, but of all wars in the future. Over across 
 the way, under a weeping willow, Samuel Chapman Arm 
 strong, who represents philanthropy incarnate, and who gave 
 himself for us, sleeps the final sleep of the just made per 
 fect. How fitting then that the Negro, too, should com 
 memorate this time and place, which is intended to show 
 something of the part which he has played in the general 
 progress of the nation." 
 
190 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 August 3d was set aside by the Jamestown Exposition 
 Company as Negro Day, and all the machinery of the Exposi 
 tion was used to make it a success. Dr. Booker T. Washing 
 ton was the orator of the day, and there assembled to hear 
 him one of the largest and most representative audiences of 
 colored people ever gathered in this country. Of the ten thou 
 sand assembled probably two thousand were teachers, minis 
 ters and other leaders who had been in attendance upon the 
 Hampton Negro Conference. The program of the day in 
 cluded an exhibition drill by two hundred Hampton students, 
 led by their own brass band, the address by Dr. Washington 
 and a concert by the Fisk University Jubilee Singers. 
 
 Dr. Washington introduced his speech as follows: 
 
 "I have been surprised and pleased at the neat and attrac 
 tive appearance of the Negro Building and at the large ex 
 hibit, which has been installed in such an attractive and in 
 structive manner. I am free to say that I wish that every 
 member of my race could come here and witness these evi 
 dences of progress in agricultural, mechanical, house-keep 
 ing, educational, moral and religious development." 
 
 September 131!! was the banner day in attendance at the 
 Negro Building, no less than eighteen thousand people hav 
 ing passed through the building on that day. It was the oc 
 casion of the Grand United Order of True Reformers, whose 
 headquarters are at Richmond, Virginia. Rev. W r . L. Taylor, 
 the president, spoke to an audience that filled the large audi 
 torium. 
 
 There were many other notable occasions, and altogether, 
 it is estimated from our register and daily records that ap 
 proximately three-fourths of a million people visited the Negro 
 Building. 
 
192 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 REPORT OF THE ADVISORY BOARD FOR THE NEGRO BUILDING OF 
 THE JURY OF AWARDS,, JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION 
 
 The Advisory Board was composed of: 
 
 T. S. Inborden, B. S., Chairman. 
 
 Principal Joseph K. Brick, Industrial and Normal School, 
 Enfield, North Carolina. 
 
 Mary Church Terrell, A. M., Secretary; member of the 
 Board of Education, Washington, D. C., magazine writer and 
 lecturer. 
 
 W. D. Crum, M. D., Collector of the Port, Charleston, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 J. C. Napier, LL. B., Cashier One Cent Savings Bank, and 
 attorney at law, Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 W. T. B. Williams, A. B., Agent John F. Slater Fund, 
 School Visitor for the South, Hampton, Virginia. 
 
 The report was as follows : 
 
 Dr. Albert Shaw, President of the Jury of Awards: We 
 beg leave to submit the following report: 
 
 The Negro exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition is surpris 
 ingly large and varied, and in many ways full of significance. 
 Practically every section of the country is represented by 
 exhibits ; and their variety is highly illustrative of the increas 
 ing diversity of interests of the colored people. The high 
 quality, too, of so large a number of exhibits, shows in a 
 striking way the advance being made by these people. It is 
 generally agreed that in every particular this exhibit surpasses 
 the exhibits made by the colored people at former expositions 
 held at New Orleans, Atlanta and Charleston. The beauti a!, 
 commodious Negro Building, designed and constructed by 
 Negroes in itself an excellent exhibit of the Negroe- taste 
 and skil These qualities are also further displayed in the 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 193 
 
 pleasing decorations of the building and in the effective in 
 stallation of the exhibits. 
 
 The whole range of Negro exhibits collected in one building 
 sets off the Negro Building in sharp contrast with the other 
 buildings of the Exposition, which contained exhibits by 
 classes respectively. This general and comprehensive ex 
 hibit, however, has proven very attractive to the visitors. 
 The exhibits are arranged according to subjects, except in 
 the case of the North Carolina exhibit. No partition was 
 allowed to exceed eight feet in height. This kept every 
 exhibit within easy reach of the eye, and insured good ventila 
 tion throughout the building. The Negro Building also 
 serves as a social center for the colored people who attend 
 the Exposition. This gives the building a pleasing air of 
 hospitality and cheer that doubtless helps to secure a large 
 number of interested visitors. The total number of exhibits 
 installed is 9,926. Of this number the Jury of Awards, 
 selected as worthy of special consideration, 220. While all 
 these are good in many respects, some are especially deserv 
 ing of mention in this report. 
 
 Probably the most artistic of these exhibits and the one 
 most suggestive of the development of the Negro is a series 
 of historical tableaux by Miss Meta Vaux Warrick, a young 
 colored sculptress of Philadelphia. For the tableaux she 
 chose a number of significant incidents in the career of the 
 Negro in this country and modeled in plaster peculiarly ap 
 propriate figures to represent him in each stage of his ad 
 vancement. The first tableau shows the landing of the slaves 
 at Jamestown. In this scene they are bound together and 
 wear only their native savage dress. The second tableau 
 identifies them with the economic interests of the country, 
 by representing them at work in a cotton field. Here they 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 195 
 
 are properly clothed, and show other evidences of increas 
 ing civilization. It is also readily apparent that the slaves are 
 no longer uniformly black. The third scene represents a run 
 away slave in hiding ; the fourth goes a long step forward and 
 shows a Negro organization the historically true beginning 
 of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the greatest 
 organization of the race. The fifth tableau is a spirited repre 
 sentation of the Negro s loyalty to his master during the 
 War between the States. He is shown here, defending his 
 owner s home. The scenes that follow represent the Negro 
 in freedom, and show the pathetic beginning of Negro edu 
 cation, the erection of the first home of the freedmen ; Negro 
 soldier, the Negro as an independent farmer, skilled work 
 men, and builders and contractors, and the Negro as a busi 
 ness man and banker. The last three scenes include tableaux 
 of the home and church of the modern, successfully educated, 
 and progressive Negro, and of a college commencement. The 
 story of the development of the colored people from their land 
 ing at Jamestown down to the present, is skillful and artisti 
 cally told, no less in the dress, physical bearing, and facial ex 
 pression of the characters than in the subject of the tableaux. 
 It is a remarkable representation admirably executed. 
 
 In sharp contrast with the other States, and especially 
 with Virginia, on whose soil the Negro first landed, shortly 
 after the founding of Jamestown, North Carolina enjoys the 
 distinction of having made an appropriation to assist her 
 colored citizens in making a display of their progress at this 
 Exposition. The bill making the appropriation of $5,000 for 
 this purpose, passed both houses of the General Assembly 
 without a dissenting vote. North Carolina is also the only 
 State whose officials included in their exercises at the James 
 town Exposition and official visit to the Negro Building and 
 
196 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 a speech from the Governor of the State, full of encourage 
 ment and hope. 
 
 The North Carolina exhibit covers nearly 2,000 square feet, 
 and occupies a place of distinction in the Negro Building, 
 the center facing the main entrance. The exhibit is large, 
 containing over 2,000 entries, well organized, but it lacks 
 somewhat in effectiveness owing to want of room. In the 
 department of agriculture there are displayed fine samples of 
 wheat, corn, and other cereals, grasses, tobacco and cotton. 
 The department of horticulture, and domestic science, also 
 have fine displays. Under the head of needle-work there are 
 300 entries, including excellent work of all kinds from in 
 dividual exhibitors all over the State, and exhibits from many 
 of the schools of Durham, and Greensboro, the State Normal 
 School at Elizabeth City, the High Point Normal and Indus 
 trial School, the Joseph K. Brick School, and the St. Augus 
 tine School. These schools, together with the Agricultural 
 and Mechanical College at Greensboro, also had large exhibits 
 of mechanical work. A unique exhibit is that of the North 
 Carolina Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. It in 
 cludes excellent samples of sewing, brooms, mattresses, etc. 
 There are besides, interesting departments of the forestry, 
 minerals, fine arts, literature, and photographs of homes, 
 schools, churches, offices and business houses, illustrative of 
 the general progress of the colored people of the State of 
 North Carolina. 
 
 That Negroes are not wanting in inventive genius is well 
 illustrated in the exhibit of inventions by colored persons. 
 In order to show the authenticity of the inventions there are 
 displayed about fifty models, and the specifications and draw 
 ings of about three hundred and fifty-one patents issued to 
 Negroes by the United States Patent Office. The exhibits 
 
198 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 show particular inventions pertaining to agriculture, railroads 
 and manufactures. Some of the best inventions on exhibit 
 are as follows : Three inventions by A. C. Taylor, a com 
 bined fertilizer, distributer and cotton planter, and an exten 
 sion step-ladder, and convenient bed-springs, that may, by 
 the turning of a lever, be converted into chair ; a steel car- 
 wheel, by E. R. Robinson, so cast that it is perfectly round 
 when it comes out of the mould, and does not have to be 
 turned on a lathe as is the case with other wheels. By this 
 method the hardest kind of cast iron may be used, and the 
 wheel lasts five or six times as long as the ordinary wheel. 
 P.* B. Williams has an invention for an electric switch, con 
 trolled from the car. This enables the motorman or engi 
 neer to operate the switch while the car is in motion. A. C. 
 Newman has an invention for a block system for railroads, 
 operated by alternating currents. When two trains are in 
 the same block at the same time, red lights are lit in the cabs 
 of both engines. The device is cheap and effective. 
 
 The large and attractive display of shoe polish made by A. 
 C. Howard, its inventor and manufacturer, is a fine sample of 
 a very practical invention of a Negro. His two factories, one 
 in Chicago and one in New York, are further illustrations of 
 a Negro s ability as a manufacturer and a business man. 
 
 The most effective exhibit of the Negro in business is that 
 made by the True Reformer s Bank of Richmond, Virginia. 
 It maintains a branch bank in full operation in the Negro 
 Building. Up to September ist, this bank had handled $21,- 
 146. The central bank in Richmond does an annual business 
 of $1,500,000 and carries deposits by Negroes to the amount 
 of $336,272.87. 
 
 A noteworthy exhibit of china painting by Mrs. Frances 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 199 
 
 Spencer Dorkins deservedly attracts a great deal of attention. 
 A number of her exhibits have been sold. Among the pur 
 chasers is Secretary Metcalf of the Navy Department. 
 
 The display of sewing and fancy work is one of the notable 
 features of the Negro exhibit. It includes more entries than 
 any other subject, and the exhibitions represent every sec 
 tion of the country. These exhibits include the work of both 
 schools and individuals, and comprise practically every class 
 of sewing and fancy needle-work, crocheting and embroidery, 
 battenburg, Irish point lace, madiera, French and Roman em 
 broidery, hebedo work, and several patterns worked in har- 
 danger and mountmelick embroidery, are to be seen among 
 many other patterns and designs. 
 
 The excellence of this work elicits from the visitors con 
 stant praise and admiration. A list of those deserving of 
 praise would be far too long to include here. A few of the 
 most excellent exhibits and the fancy work of the students of 
 the St. Francis de Sales Institute, at Rock Castle, Virginia ; 
 two large centerpieces, by Mrs. Margaret Fortie, of Phila 
 delphia ; an embroidered skirt, by Mrs. Julia Harris, of Nor 
 folk, Virginia ; a lace collar, by Mrs. Susie Clingman, of 
 Denver, Colorado ; a battenburg centerpiece, by Mrs. Ida 
 Underwood, of Rainbow, Connecticut; embroidered priest s 
 stoles, by Mrs. Arthur L. Coombs, of Augusta, Georgia ; a 
 mountmelick centerpiece, by Mrs. Marcelia Mickens, of Cov- 
 ington, Virginia, and a child s dress, hand-made, by Mrs. Eliza 
 Williams, Brooklyn, New York. 
 
 The exhibit of paintings occupies considerable space, and 
 the number of individual exhibitors is large. The most suc 
 cessful paintings are a portrait of Booker T. Washington, by 
 J. R. Thompson ; two oil paintings, "Adam and Eve" and "An 
 
200 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Old Woman," by Allen Jones ; a painting, "Eloise," by Robert 
 E. Bell, and some portrait paintings by T. W. Hunster 
 In tfie department of sculpture there are but few exhibitors. 
 
 ELECTRIC RAILWAY SWITCH 
 
 Patented by P. B. Williams, of Washington, D. C. The motorman 
 may by this apparatus move switches to suit himself by simply turning 
 a lever. This model was in actual operation in the Negro Building. 
 
 However, Miss Bertina B. Lee submitted ten exceptionally 
 fine pieces. 
 The photographers exhibit, on the other hand, is exceedingly 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 2OI 
 
 large and interesting. Most of this work is of high grade. The 
 subjects chosen by the exhibitors added greatly to the inter 
 est of the exhibit without detracting from the excellence of 
 the photographers work. Pictures of distinguished colored 
 men and of the houses of many of the more successful colored 
 people of the various cities of the country make up a large 
 part of this exhibit. A. N. Scurlock, of Washington, D. C. ; 
 A. P. Bedou, of New Orleans; H. M. Brazelton, of Chatta 
 nooga, and A. L. Macbeth, of Charleston, South Carolina, 
 stand out as the most successful of these exhibitors. 
 
 Agriculture, in which so many of the colored people are 
 engaged, is given a large space in this exhibit. The display 
 was very attractively arranged by Mr. A. L. Macbeth, of 
 Charleston, South Carolina. Agricultural displays are also 
 shown in the exhibits of a number of the schools. Fine grades 
 of grain, grasses, tobacco and vegetables are shown. A 
 particularly beautiful exhibit of vegetables by Henry Kirklin, 
 of Columbia, Missouri, is especially deserving of mention in 
 this connection. 
 
 The lack of education among the colored people and their 
 great desire for self-improvement had for years made educa 
 tion the interest of greatest importance among them. Ac 
 cordingly, no exhibit of the progress of the Negro is com 
 plete without some representation of their schools. The 
 work of most of these schools is so many-sided, novel and ob 
 jective, and so far removed from mere text-book routine, that 
 it lends itself readily to the purpose of exhibition. It is very 
 natural, then, that exhibits of the work of Negro schools 
 should form a large part of this presentation of the Negro s 
 progress in this country. Both the literary and industrial 
 schools have many representatives in this display ,and every 
 phase of work from the primary grades to the college and 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 203 
 
 professional school, is shown in some form. Public and pri 
 vate schools, and schools for defectives, alike have work on 
 exhibition. 
 
 Most of this work is very creditable and some of it highly 
 meritorious. But in consideration of what it stands for in the 
 main, it is all worthy of great praise. It is the representation 
 of what is coming to be a general movement in education 
 throughout the South no less than in other sections of the 
 country. It is expected, of course, that practical manual 
 training work should be shown by the better private colored 
 schools, for in fact it is through them that such work has made 
 its way into the schools, but that public schools to so great 
 an extent are emphasizing training for the economic efficiency 
 and at the same time making the work educating is agreeably 
 surprising. And especially is this true when it is found that 
 such work is finding its way into the rural schools, as is illus 
 trated by the exhibit of Norfolk county, Virginia. The fine 
 showing made by these schools is due to the work of the 
 Southern Industrial Classes, which also carry on the manual 
 training work in the Norfolk and Portsmouth schools. The 
 classes are mainly supported by philanthropy, but their work 
 receives the support and sympathy of the local school offi 
 cials. The public schools of the cities of Newport News, 
 Lynchburg, Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia; Durham 
 and Asheville, North Carolina, together with other cities, had a 
 very good exhibit of both literary and manual training work. 
 There is also a unique exhibit from Washington, D. C., show 
 ing the work of the schools from the elementary grades 
 through the high and Normal schools. Miniature school 
 rooms displayed the equipment of these schools and appro 
 priate figures represent teachers and pupils at work. The 
 
204 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 exhibit made by the Armstrong 1 Manual Training School of 
 Washington, D. C., is in itself also very meritorious. 
 
 Nearly all the educational work among the colored people 
 above the graded schools is carried on by private schools and 
 colleges. These institutions fall roughly into two general 
 groups the industrial schools, and the colleges devoted 
 mainly to literary training. The best exhibits made by repre 
 sentatives of the industrial schools are those from the Hamp 
 ton Institute and from the St. Emma and St. Francis de 
 Sales Institute at Rock Castle, Virginia. The colleges hav 
 ing the best exhibits are Fisk and Howard Universities. These 
 exhibits are worthy of mention in some detail. 
 
 In its order, completeness and artistic arrangement, the 
 exhibit of the Hampton Institute is by far the best made by 
 industrial schools. It is fortunately located near one of the 
 main entrances. The ample space allotted to it is enclosed 
 in a restful room with walls covered with grayish brown bur 
 lap and hung w r ith large, pleasing pictures, illustrating the 
 work of the school. An ample fireplace, flanked by inviting 
 settees, welcomes visitors, an exhibit showing effectively one 
 of the practical industries taught at the school. About the 
 room are neatly finished, substantial chairs, desks, tables and 
 show-cases made by the students, and used here to display 
 other work. Each subject taught is represented in three 
 ways by a large fine picture of the students performing the 
 work, by a sample of the work itself, and by a chart outlining 
 the course of study for that trade or industry. For example, the 
 machinists trade is represented by a picture of the shop and 
 an engine made by the boys ; printing, by a picture of students 
 at work and by books and pamphlets turned out by that de 
 partment ; wheel-wrighting and blacksmithing are objectively 
 represented by a fine delivery wagon; and harness-making, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 205 
 
 by an excellent set of harness, etc. Agricultural work is 
 illustrated by cases of growing plants showing the growth of 
 roots in different soils at varying depths. The girls manual 
 training work is shown by the exhibits of cooking, canned 
 
 
 HAND-PAINTED CHINA, BY FRANCES SPENCER DORKINS, 
 VALUED AT $5O.OO. 
 
 fruits, dresses and underwear made "at the school. And, as 
 examples of the all round training given the girls, there are 
 pictures showing girls washing, ironing, house-cleaning, cook- 
 
206. INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 ing, setting tables, cutting and sewing. A fine picture of a 
 young man reading to two old people in their cabin, aptly 
 illustrates the community work and the missionary spirit 
 cultivated at Hampton Institute. The literary work done at 
 the school is clearly set forth on large charts containing the 
 course of study for the trade school, the under-graduate 
 academic course, and the graduate courses. Altogether, this 
 is the most effective exhibit, eloquent of the very practical and 
 many-sided training given by this finely equipped and well 
 maintained institution. 
 
 The exhibit made by the St. Francis de Sales and the St. 
 Emma Industrial Institutes is also striking in the excellence 
 of its industrial display. The number of fine vehicles on ex 
 hibition is rather indicative of a factory than of a trade school. 
 The other wood-work, harness, shoes, etc., show very good 
 workmanship ; and the sewing and fancy work of the girls 
 department easily surpasses that of the other schools, and 
 rivals much of the best of the private exhibitors. The school 
 also has a good exhibit of its literary work covering the com 
 mon school branches and the three-year high school course. 
 
 Prominent among a number of schools having highly credi 
 table industrial exhibits are Tougaloo University of Missis 
 sippi, Claflin University of South Carolina, the Joseph K. 
 Brick School and the High Point Normal and Industrial 
 School of North Carolina, the Virginia Normal and Industrial 
 Institute and the Robert Hungerford Industrial School of 
 Florida. 
 
 A large number of schools and colleges devoted mainly to 
 literary studies also have exhibits of their work, school plants, 
 courses of study, etc. These are represented in the main by 
 pictures and charts. In this way the American Baptist Home 
 Missionary Society, for instance, shows the buildings and 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 207 
 
 many features of the work of their whole system of schools 
 for the colored people. Several of these schools have samples 
 of their literary work on exhibition. These are excellent illus 
 trations and represent work of college grades. Howard Uni 
 versity, Washington, D. C., makes a fine display of its build 
 ings, grounds, and emphasizes its professional schools of law, 
 medicine, pharmacy, theology and education. This exhibit 
 occupies a booth to itself. A noteworthy feature of the dis 
 play is a sociological chart with data relative to the number, 
 apportionment, occupations and vital statistics, etc., of the 
 Negroes in this country. 
 
 Fisk University of Nashville, Tennessee, has a very unique 
 exhibit and one that proves to be not only a most interesting 
 feature of the Negro exhibit, but of the Exposition as well. 
 It consists of demonstrations of various phases of the work of 
 the University by its students in regular class-room order, and 
 of the singing of folk songs, popularly known as plantation 
 melodies, by the students. These demonstrations are given 
 twice daily, and always to large audiences. The most inter 
 esting demonstrations have proved to be those in chemistry 
 (qualitative analysis), physics, astronomy, biology, and the 
 simpler branches of college mathematics. No more character 
 istic exhibit of the Negro could well be made than by the 
 singing of the plantation melodies, the songs of the old colored 
 people, by the Fisk students. These folk songs are regarded 
 by eminent musical authorities as the only distinctive contri 
 bution which America has made to the music of the world. 
 At any rate they are singularly beautiful ; and no one of the 
 thousands, white and black, who heard this musical exhibit 
 will forget the songs or the remarkable singing of the stu 
 dents. The "JrttMl ee Club," as these singers are called at 
 Fisk, represent, in a way, .the first "Jubilee Club" of this 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 institution, which, between 1871 and 1878, "sang up" Jubilee 
 Hall, the main building of the university, constructed at a 
 cost of $150,000, by means of concerts in this country and in 
 Europe. It is but natural, then, that Fisk should be inter 
 ested in keeping alive these old songs. And it is a pleasing 
 tribute of Fisk s appreciation of this music to present it along 
 with her demonstrations of the higher training of the Negro. 
 This "live" exhibit amply merits the warm and continuous 
 welcome which it receives. 
 
 Other significant and interesting exhibits are those of the 
 Negro press, and of music and books written by Negroes. 
 A long list of newspapers is on exhibition. The large and 
 varied exhibit of music written by colored persons is surpris 
 ing. Much of it is the waning popular "rag" music, but much 
 of it is also of high order, and there are popular pieces that 
 have been sung the country over without the least suspicion of 
 the authors being colored men. 
 
 The book exhibit contains most of the recent books writ 
 ten by colored men and women as well as a number of older 
 books. Most of these books bear upon some phase of the his 
 tory, development or the economic and social condition of the 
 Negro. 
 
 Aside from the valuable writings of men like Booker T. 
 Washington, DuBois and Sinclair, probably the most inter 
 esting feature of the book display is a rare set of bound 
 pamphlets shown by Mr. Daniel Murray, who collected the 
 book exhibit, a card catalogue of five thousand Negro authors 
 gives some idea of the literary work done by Negroes. This 
 catalogue was compiled by Mr. Daniel Murray, who is em 
 ployed in the Congressional Library. 
 
 The report of the jury would hardly be complete without 
 some reference to the men and women who contributed most 
 
2io INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 BY MRS. ELIZA WILLIAMS 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 211 
 
 toward making the Negro exhibit a possibility and toward 
 making of it the great success it has proven. The concep 
 tion of the idea of a special Negro exhibit, the securing from 
 the United States Government sufficient means to give tangi 
 ble form to the idea, the fortunate selection of the architect 
 for the Negro Building, and his singularly happy design suc 
 cessfully executed by fellow Negro contractors and builders, 
 the attractive installation of the numerous and significant 
 exhibits, the excellent system of accounts and records and 
 the very effective general management of the Negro Building, 
 merit our highest commendation, and make a telling exhibit of 
 the all-around, practical development of the Negro. 
 
 The following are deserving of special mention : Mr. Giles 
 B. Jackson, for the general idea and for securing the neces 
 sary appropriation; Mr. W. Sidney Pittman, the architect; 
 Messrs. Boiling & Everett, the contractors and builders ; Mr. 
 Andrew F. Hilyer, who developed the system of accounts ; 
 Mr. C. H. Williamson, who collected and installed the North 
 Carolina exhibit. Other collaborators, A. L. Macbeth, T. 
 W. Hunster, Daniel Murray, R. W. Thompson, and Clarence 
 White ; and finally the efficient general manager, Mr. T. J. 
 Calloway, and his very capable wife, who rendered him inval 
 uable service in almost every department. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 213 
 
 NUMBER OF EXHIBITORS, EXHIBITS AND AWARDS BY GROUPS 
 IN THE NEGRO BUILDING 
 
 Exhibi- Ex- 
 tors, hibits. Awards 
 
 Group I. Historical Art 2 151 2 
 
 Group II. Education 117 6.334 59 
 
 Group III. Social Economy 37 338 7 
 
 Group IV. Fine Arts: 
 
 Painting s and drawings 93 244 o 
 
 China Painting 6 90 4 
 
 Sculpture 3 14 o 
 
 Pyrography, carving, etc 7 50 I 
 
 Architecture House models 11 13 2 
 
 Photography 40 426 10 
 
 Group V. Manufactures 102 213 TO 
 
 Liberal Arts 90 237 10 
 
 Inventions 55 4 J 4 9 
 
 Fancy needle-work 409 719 43 
 
 Group VI. Machinery I I o 
 
 Group VII. Transportation i 12 I 
 
 Group VIII. Agriculture 31 34 2 
 
 Group IX. Horticulture 3 10 o 
 
 Group X. Food and Food Products. . 17 107 2 
 
 Group XT. Forestry, Fish and Game. . 3 3 o 
 
 Group XII. Mines and Mining 6 6 o 
 
 Group XIII. Graphic Arts 454 510 o 
 
 Total i ,504 9,962 162 
 
 No awards for paintings, drawings and sculpture were 
 made, the Exposition Company having abolished that depart- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 215 
 
 ment after such exhibits were collected for the Negro Build 
 ing 
 
 There were exhibits in Group IX, Horticulture, Group XI, 
 Forestry, Fish and Game, and in Group XII, Mines and Min 
 ing, and Group XIII, the Graphic Arts, which contained a 
 large number of books and several samples of printing, on 
 which no awards were made 
 
 The following is a detailed list by groups of medals awarded : 
 
 GROUP I. HISTORICAL ART 
 
 GOLD MEDALS 
 
 Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, painting of Original 
 Jubilee Singers. 
 
 Meta Vaux Warrick, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Historic 
 Tableaux of the Negroes Progress. 
 
 GROUP II. EDUCATION 
 
 GOLD MEDALS 
 
 Agricultural and Normal University, Langston, Oklahoma, 
 photographs and industrial work. 
 
 Claflin University, Orangesburg, South Carolina, class-room 
 and industrial exhibit. 
 
 Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, a demonstration and 
 literary work. 
 
 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, Hampton, 
 Virginia, photographs and industrial work. 
 
 Howard University, Washington, D. C., photographs. 
 
 Lynchburg, Virginia, Public School, class-room and indus 
 trial work. 
 
 Norfolk County, Virginia, Public School, class-room and 
 industrial work. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 21? 
 
 Penn School, St. Helena Island, South Carolina, photo 
 graphs and basketry. 
 
 St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural College, Rock Castle, 
 Virginia, industrial work. 
 
 St. Francis de Sales Institute, Rock Castle, Virginia, fine 
 needle-work. 
 
 Virginia Union University, Richmond, Virginia, photo 
 graphs, literary and industrial work. 
 
 West Virginia Colored Institute, Charleston, West Vir 
 ginia industrial exhibit. 
 
 Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, Ohio, drawings, paint 
 ings, literary and industrial work. 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 Agricultural and Mechanical College, Greensboro, North 
 Carolina, class-room and industrial work. 
 
 Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, Alcorn, Mis 
 sissippi, class-room and industrial work, model houses. 
 
 Armstrong Manual Training School, Washington, D. C., 
 industrial work. 
 
 Joseph K. Brick School, Enneld, North Carolina, class-room 
 and industrial work. 
 
 Hartshorn Memorial College, Richmond, Virginia, literary 
 and industrial work. 
 
 High Point Normal and Industrial School, High Point, 
 North Carolina, industrial work. 
 
 Robert Hungerford Normal and Industrial School, Eaton- 
 ville, Florida, industrial work. 
 
 Knoxville College, Knoxville, Tennessee, photographs. 
 
 Lincoln Public School, Leavenworth, Kansas, drawings. 
 
 Mount Vernon Public School, Camden, N. J., class-room 
 and manual training work. 
 
o 
 
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 X 
 
 W 
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 2 " 
 
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 * 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 Newport News, Virginia, Public School, class-room and 
 industrial work. 
 
 Norfolk Mission College, Norfolk, Virginia, photographs 
 and industrial work. 
 
 Portsmouth, Virginia, Public School, industrial work. 
 
 Princess Anne Academy, Princess Anne, Maryland, photo 
 graphs and industrial work. 
 
 Richmond, Virginia, Public School, class-room and indus 
 trial work. 
 
 Sheldon s Kindergarten School, Topeka, Kansas, kinder 
 garten work. 
 
 St. Augustine s School, Greensboro, North Carolina, class 
 room and industrial work. 
 
 Temperance and Industrial Institute, Claremont, Virginia, 
 industrial exhibits. 
 
 Tougaloo University, Tougaloo, Mississippi, class-room 
 and industrial work. 
 
 Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, Petersburg, Vir 
 ginia, literary and industrial work. 
 
 Xenia, Ohio, Public School, class-room and industrial work. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 American Baptist Home Missionary Society, New York, 
 photographs. 
 
 Asheville, North Carolina, Public School, class-room and 
 industrial work. 
 
 Attucks Public School, Carbondale, Illinois, class room 
 work. 
 
 Boydton Academy, Boydton, Virginia, class-room and in 
 dustrial work. 
 
 Chilicothe, Ohio, Public School, class-room work. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 221 
 
 Curry Normal and Industrial Institute, Urbana, Ohio, class 
 room and industrial work. 
 
 Dorchester Academy, Thebes, Georgia, examination papers. 
 
 Georgia State College, College, Georgia, industrial exhibit. 
 
 Harlem Academy, Tampa, Florida, class-room work. 
 
 Henderson, Kentucky, Public School, class-room and indus 
 trial work. 
 
 Lincoln Public School, East St. Louis, Illinois, class-room 
 work. 
 
 Memphis Public School, Memphis, Tennessee, examina 
 tions. 
 
 Orange Park Normal School, Orange Park, Florida, photo 
 graphs. 
 
 Owensborough, Kentucky, Public School, class-room work. 
 
 Portsmouth, Ohio, Public School, class-room and industrial 
 work. 
 
 St. Joseph, Missouri, Public School, industrial work. 
 
 St. Joseph s Industrial School, Clayton, Delaware, indus 
 trial work. 
 
 St. Paul s Normal and Industrial School, Lawrenceville, 
 Virginia, industrial exhibit. 
 
 St. Peter Claver s School, Tampa, Florida, class-room work. 
 
 Talladega College, Talladega, Alabama, literary and indus 
 trial work. 
 
 Terre Haute, Indiana, Public School, class-room work. 
 
 Thyne Institute, Chase City, Virginia, class-room work. 
 
 Western University, Quindaro, Kansas, class-room work 
 and industrial work. 
 
 Whitted Graded School, Durham, North Carolina, class 
 room and industrial work. 
 
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 1 
 
 - 
 bo <u 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 22$ 
 
 GROUP III. SOCIAL ECONOMY 
 
 GOLD MEDAL 
 
 Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, 
 Industrial work. 
 
 SILVER MEDAL 
 
 Freedman s Hospital, Washington, D. C., photographs. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 Bute Street Baptist Church, Norfolk, Virginia, photographs, 
 Rev. R. H. Boiling, pastor. 
 
 Bath House, Baltimore, Maryland, photographs. 
 
 W. H. Crocker, Suffolk, Virginia, photographs showing 
 Negroes progress in Suffolk, Virginia. 
 
 Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C., statistical charts. 
 
 Dr. J. T. Wilson, Nashville, Tennessee, Wilson s Infirmary. 
 
 GOLD MEDAL 
 
 Frances Spencer Dorkins, Norfolk, Virginia, hand-painted 
 china. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 Addie Byrd, Columbus, Ohio, hand-painted china. 
 Anna Buckhart, Lincoln, Nebraska, hand-painted china. 
 Fannie Clinkscales, Topeka, Kansas, hand-painted china. 
 G. Athur Lewis, St. Louis, Missouri, pyrography. 
 
 GOLD MEDALS 
 
 A. P. Bedou, New Orleans, Louisiana, photographs. 
 A. N. Scurlock, Washington, D. C., photographs. 
 
224 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 H. M. Brazelton, Chattanooga, Tennessee, photographs. 
 George O. Brown, Richmond, Virginia, photographs. 
 George W. Hill, Anderson, South Carolina, photographs. 
 
 First Quality Corn, Wheat and Oats displayed on a background of 
 prime cotton lint. 
 
 J. J. Lay, Nashville, Tennessee, photographs. 
 
 A. L. Macbeth, Charleston, South Carolina, photographs. 
 
 G. A. Turner, Washington, D. C, photographs. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 225 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 J. C. Farley, Richmond, Virginia, photographs. 
 
 Daniel Freeman, Washington, D. C., photograph. 
 
 James de Shields, Wilmington, Delaware, house model. 
 
 Charles McNeil, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, house 
 model. 
 
 The fact that there were no awards in painting and draw 
 ing does not mean that there were no highly creditable ex 
 hibits in this class, but that the Jamestown Exposition abol 
 ished the department of fine arts after the exhibits were col 
 lected. 
 
 GROUP V. MANUFACTURES 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 Walter S. Ebb, Baltimore, Maryland, buffet (hand-made)t 
 J. H. Stone, Atchison, Kansas, horse-shoe. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 James Archer, Chester, South Carolina, casket. 
 
 C. W. Diggs, Burlington, New Jersey, furniture. 
 
 Durham Elite Mattress Company, Durham, North Caro 
 lina, mattresses. 
 
 Durham Hosiery Mills, Durham, North Carolina, hose. 
 
 A. C. Howard, New York city, shoe polish. 
 
 L. Simms, Norfolk, Virginia, shoe-repairing and shoe- 
 making. 
 
 William E. Spencer, Cedarville, Ohio, combination book 
 case. 
 
 J. W. Vandervall, East Orange, New Jersey, mattresses. 
 
226 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 LIBERAL ARTS 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 Dr. E. B. Jefferson, Nashville, Tennessee, plate work (den 
 tistry). 
 
 Made of Grains of Corn of different colors. 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 Dr. Richard G. Baker, Baltimore, Maryland, plate work 
 (dentistry). 
 
 Dr. Howard Bundy, Trenton, New Jersey, plate work 
 (dentistry). 
 
 Mrs. T. A. Ceruti, Jacksonville, Florida, hair work. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 227 
 
 Mrs. Fowler, Henderson, Kentucky, hair work. 
 Mrs. E. Warrick, Atlantic City, New Jersey, hair-dressing. 
 John T. Dooley, Old Sweet Springs, West Virginia 
 (jewelry). 
 
 W. N. Page, Providence, Rhode Island, violin. 
 
 O. M. Tibbs, Boston, Massachusetts, musical instruments. 
 
 J. H. Wood, Baltimore, Maryland, iron work. 
 
 INVENTIONS 
 GOLD MEDALS 
 S. G. Crawford, Baltimore, Maryland, boat propeller. 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 A. C. Newman, Washington, D. C, block signal system. 
 A. C. Taylor, Charleston, South Carolina, cotton planter. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 G. F. Carr, Lexington, Kentucky, incubator and bread- 
 maker. 
 
 Robert Coates, Washington, D. C., overboot for horses. 
 
 William Hill, Denver, Colorado, horse over-shoe. 
 
 L. D. Moore, Little Rock, Arkansas, cotton chopper, scraper 
 and cultivator. 
 
 R. P. Rodgers, Spartanburg, South Carolina, improved 
 plow and heel sweep. 
 
 A. C. Taylor, Charleston, South Carolina, extension ladder. 
 
 FANCY NEEDLEWORK 
 GOLD MEDALS 
 
 Margaret Fortie, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, embroidered 
 centerpieces. 
 
 Marcelia Mickens, Covington, Virginia, Mountmelick cen 
 terpiece. 
 
228 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Edna Nixon, Trenton, New Jersey, centerpiece. 
 Ida Underwood, Rainbow, Connecticut, battenburg center 
 pieces. 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 
 Lettie Beauford, Colorado Springs, Colorado, table cover. 
 
 Constructed of Rice, Oats, Black Beans, surrounded with Corn. 
 
 Annie M. Cormick, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pillows. 
 Jennie Higgins, Westerville, Ohio, battenburg work. 
 Annie F. Holloway, Washington, D. C., burial robe. 
 Julia Harris, Norfolk, Virginia, embroidered skirt. 
 M. R. Jennings, Roanoke, Virginia, hardanger centerpiece. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 229 
 
 Anna C. Marrow, New York city, table cover. 
 
 Katie Moseley, Stoneville, Mississippi, Chocheter bed-set. 
 
 Annie McNorton, Yorktown, Virginia, centerpiece. 
 
 Ida Parsans, Princess Anne Courthouse, Virginia, batten- 
 burg work. 
 
 Florence Paul, Baltimore, Maryland, table cover. 
 
 Virginia Scott, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, lunch set. 
 
 Esther Turner, Richmond, Indiana, counterpane. 
 
 Eliza Williams, Brooklyn, New York, child s dress. 
 
 Airs. J. L. Wright, Lincoln, Nebraska, bureau scarf and 
 table cover. 
 
 BRONZE MEDALS 
 
 Bettie Allen, Stems, North Carolina, a home-woven blanket. 
 
 Clara E. Allen, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, counterpane. 
 
 Mrs. P. C. Barber, Norfolk, Virginia, knitted work. 
 
 Blanche Brown, Findlay, Ohio, table cover. 
 
 Mrs. J. M. Brown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, shadow- 
 work dress. 
 
 Eva Bundy, Sommerset, Pennsylvania, lunch set. 
 
 Susie Clingman, Denver, Colorado, lace collar. 
 
 Martha Cooper, Washington, D. C., doily. 
 
 Linnie Davis, Portsmouth, Virginia, counterpane. 
 
 Ella P. Green, Cornwall, New York, pillow. 
 
 Phillippa Hardy, Wilmington, Delaware, silk waist. 
 
 Frances F. Jackson, Sutherlin, Virginia, centerpiece. 
 
 Sadie Price Lewis, William s Bridge, New York, suit of 
 underwear. 
 
 Kate Moody, New York, New York, centerpiece. 
 
 Mrs. B. F. Macfarland, Tampa, Florida, bureau scarf and 
 pillow. 
 
 Kate Nelson, Battery, Virginia, fancy work. 
 
230 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Mrs. F. E. Paul, Baltimore, Maryland, table cover. 
 Mrs. Harry A. Plato, Hartford, Connecticut, battenburg 
 collar. 
 
 Mollie Pollock, Norfolk, Virginia, table cover. 
 
 Elizabeth Pope, Raleigh, North Carolina, battenburg collar. 
 
 SOME FORCES OF THE SOUTH 
 
 Mrs. R. W. Smith, Covington, Virginia, centerpiece. 
 Mrs. W. A. Thomas, Millwood, Virginia, table cover. 
 Woman s Exchange, Norfolk, Virginia, needlework. 
 
 GROUP VII. TRANSPORTATION 
 
 BRONZE MEDAL 
 
 J. B. Powell, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, buggy. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 231 
 
 GROUP VIII. AGRICULTURE 
 
 SILVER MEDAL 
 
 Ruftis Jordan, Henderson, Kentucky, tobacco. 
 
 BRONZE MEDAL 
 
 "I "- 
 
 Wm. Sutton, Henderson, Kentucky, tobacco. 
 
 GROUP X. FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS 
 
 GOLD MEDAL 
 
 Henry Kirklin, Columbia, Missouri, canned vegetables. 
 
 SILVER MEDALS 
 L. E. Kennedy, Interlachen, Florida, canned fruit. 
 
 In submitting this report as the final statement of the Exe 
 cutive Committee, we desire to express our appreciation for 
 the cordial and hearty confidence of the Ter-Centennial Com 
 mission and the Negro Development and Exposition Company 
 and our lasting gratitude to our field agents, installers, and all 
 other employes for their faithful service and especially to the 
 hundreds of exhibitors who risked the loss and damages of 
 their valuable exhibits in order to enable us to make a good 
 showing at Jamestown. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 THOS. J. CALLOW AY, 
 
 Chairman. 
 ANDREW F. HILYER, 
 
 Secretary-Treasurer. 
 GILES B. JACKSON, 
 
 Director-General. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 233 
 
 Mr Giles B. Jackson, 
 
 Richmond, Virginia. 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 I visited and examined several times the Negro exhibit at 
 the Jamestown Exposition, and was very much pleased with it. 
 It indicated the great progress that is being made by this race. 
 The exhibit was very fine, well collected and well exhibited. 
 You deserve much commendation for the success of your 
 work. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 CLAUDE A. SWANSON, 
 Governor of Virginia. 
 
 Mr. Giles B. Jackson, 
 
 200 East Broad Street, 
 
 Richmond, Virginia. 
 My Dear Sir : 
 
 Ldo not exactly recall the contents of my last letter, but I 
 have ho hesitation in saying that the Negro exhibit at the 
 Jamestown Exhibition was a success, and deserved the ap 
 proval of all good citizens, white and colored. 
 
 North Carolina donated $5,000 towards its colored exhibit, 
 and in my opinion the exhibition made by the colored people 
 from our State was a fine advertisement for the State and 
 amply repaid us for the money expended. The whole exhibit 
 was well managed and creditable, showing the progress of the 
 Negro from the time of his emancipation up to the present 
 time, and giving a better idea of his advancement and capa 
 bility than has been heretofore shown. 
 
 Again, I repeat, that the exhibit was in every way credita- 
 
[234] 
 
 WASHINGTON SCHOOL EXHIBIT 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 33$ 
 
 ble to your race and I take pleasure in commending the man 
 agement of the exhibition. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 R. B. GLENN, 
 
 Governor. 
 
 Mr. Giles B. Jackson, 
 Director-General, 
 
 528 East Broad Street, 
 Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 My Dear Sir: 
 
 In response to your letter of the 9th, I take pleasure in 
 making the following report of my experience at Jamestown : 
 
 I visited the Negro Building at the Jamestown Exposition 
 and I was politely received and conducted through all of its 
 departments by the superintendent. I was very agreeably 
 surprised at the wonderful advance made by the colored people 
 of the United States as evidenced by the exhibit there made. 
 The departments embraced nearly every line of production and 
 art, and were all full, and the arrangements were tastefully 
 made. I was especially impressed with the numerous models 
 of useful machinery, many of them set up and in successful 
 operation. The large building in which the exhibit wa? made, 
 I was informed, was designed by a Negro architect and built 
 by Negro mechanics. The entire Negro exhibit, including 
 the building, was highly creditable. 
 
 Hoping that this may answer your purpose, I anij 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 ANDREW L. HARRIS. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 237 
 
 June 15, 1908. 
 Mr. Giles B. Jackson, 
 
 528 East Broad Street, 
 Richmond, Virginia. 
 My Dear Sir : 
 
 In reply to your letter of the Qth instant, I beg leave to 
 advise you that owing to Governor Stuart s limited stay at 
 the Jamestown Exposition he was compelled to forego the 
 pleasure of visiting your exhibit, and he is, therefore, unable 
 to give an opinion concerning its success. He directs me to 
 say, however, that from statements he has heard concern 
 ing your department, it was an entire success. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 A. B. MILLAR, 
 Private Secretary. 
 
 The wisdom of a separate department showing the achieve 
 ments of the Negro at the Jamestown Exposition was evi 
 denced by the fact that it afforded him an opportunity to 
 demonstrate to the world his capacity as a producer and the 
 maker of any and everything that has been made by other 
 races. It was indeed startling to the world to behold such 
 a magnificent exhibit on behalf of the colored people of the 
 country. It was stimulating to the race and placed a different 
 estimate upon the Negro as a race. The white people of the 
 country were especially interested in this department as shown 
 by the thousands of them who frequented the Negro Build 
 ing. By actual count there were from three to twelve thou 
 sand white people who visited the building every day, from 
 the day of the opening until the day it closed, all of whom 
 were loud in their praise and admiration of the showing made 
 by the Negro. Among the visitors there was a large num- 
 
OP THE NEGRO RACE 239 
 
 her of Governors and others in high places from the different 
 States. We here produce letters from a few Governors, who 
 have expressed their opinion of this exhibit. 
 
 EXPOSITION NOTES 
 JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION GROUNDS, June 14, 1907. 
 
 It is now Friday and I just composed myself to write some 
 thing about the great Negro exhibit upon these grounds. It 
 was only announced on Friday last that the President of the 
 United States would visit the Negro Building on his second 
 visit to this exposition to participate in the Georgia Day cele 
 bration. There were a number of colored people assembled at 
 the Negro Building to get a glimpse of the President, and 
 not only did he come, but also Mrs. Roosevelt, who honored 
 the Negro Building with her presence. Gov. Terrell, of 
 Georgia, accompanied President and Mrs. Roosevelt on their 
 visit. 
 
 The Negro reservation is in the hands of the Executive 
 Committee, composed of Thomas J.. Galloway, Chairman; A. 
 F. Hilyer, Secretary, and Giles B. Jackson, Director-General. 
 It was announced that the President would reach the Negro 
 Building at 12:30 o clock, and at 11:30 the whole Negro 
 reservation, consisting of six acres of land with eight or ten 
 outbuildings and the mammoth exhibit building were turned 
 over to General Grant. The soldiers were in the building, and 
 for the time being the building was under martial law. No 
 one could enter or go out without the permission of the 
 soldiers. Tickets of admission had been issued to hundreds of 
 persons who gained admission to the building before the sol 
 diers had surrounded it, and still there were hundreds on the 
 outside. They remained patiently until the arrival of the 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 241 
 
 President, who was detained about three-quarters of an hour. 
 A few minutes after 12 o clock it was announced by Mr. T. J. 
 Galloway that the President was detained in reviewing the 
 troops ; that the line was much longer than it had been ex 
 pected, therefore, he could not reach the Negro Building at 
 the time appointed. Mr. Galloway thereupon introduced to 
 the audience Colonel Giles B. Jackson, Director-General of the 
 Negro exhibit. In presenting him, he said : "Ladies and 
 gentlemen : I present to you the man who created this exhibit ; 
 the man through whose efforts this exhibit was made pos 
 sible ; the man who secured the appropriation of $100,000 from 
 the Government of the United States to make this exhibit 
 the success that it is." Colonel Jackson came forward and 
 said : "Ladies and gentlemen, friends and fellow-citizens : 
 I have always been used as one to fill in in the absence of 
 others. I have always accepted this position whenever I was 
 called upon to do so, and now I am called upon to entertain 
 you until the President of the United States can reach you 
 in other words, I am to entertain you for the President. It 
 has always been my lot, not only to fill in for others, but to 
 fill in for a great cause, and I know of no cause greater than 
 the creating of this special exhibit for the purpose of showing 
 to the world the capacity of the Negro race of this country, 
 therefore, I have made a specialty for the last three years to 
 create interest sufficient to bring about this exhibit that you 
 now see installed in this building. These beautiful exhibits 
 are evidence of the thrift and progress made by the colored 
 people in this country. No one would believe that the thou 
 sands of exhibits installed in this building were made by 
 colored people unless they were in a separate building, there 
 fore, you will agree with me that my effort to bring about this 
 separate exhibit will do credit to the Negro race of this 
 
242 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 country. Would you believe that the Negro could bring- 
 about such results were you not here to see for yourself ? And 
 yet there are thousands of members of my race who would 
 not believe that for the fact that this committee placed here 
 
 FANCY WORK BY MRS. MARCELIA MICKENS, COVINGTON, VA. 
 
 in charge of this exhibit is held responsible by the Govern 
 ment of the United States. The government would not have 
 a committee who would not tell the truth. We have evidence 
 from every section of the country that they are the work of 
 the Negroes, and that they are owned and operated by the 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 243 
 
 Negroes. Come to the exposition building and see the 
 Negroes demonstrate their work. See the products produced 
 by Mr. A. L. Macbeth, of Charleston, South Carolina ; see 
 the exhibit of Miss Frances Spencer, of Philadelphia, Penn 
 sylvania, who is an artist of great ability, and who is demon 
 strating her work of china painting. See the different exhibits 
 from the Negro schools sent from all over the country, where 
 there are Negro pupils and Negro teachers. 
 
 .Would you not agree with me that the separate exhibit has 
 done a great deal to encourage and stimulate the race, and it 
 will cause other members of our race to go home and do 
 something? I don t claim to be a leader of the race, but I 
 want to do something for the benefit of the Negro. If any one 
 wants to be punished, let him start out to do something as a 
 leader of the race, and he will meet with difficulties, obstacles 
 and abuse at the hands of those who are doing nothing and 
 don t want to do anything. If I were to tell you of the many 
 obstacles that I met with in trying to bring about this exhibit 
 you would all be startled, but right triumphs over wrong with 
 less effort than wrong triumphs over right. Knowing that I 
 was in the right in trying to bring about this exhibit, I went 
 forward and feared nothing. You go home and tell the people 
 of the great progress we have made here. There never has 
 been such an exhibit as this one before. The building that 
 is used to house the Negro exhibit is one of the finest build 
 ings on the grounds, if not the finest. You may think strange 
 for me to say this, but if you don t believe it you can come 
 and see." 
 
 At this time the President drove up and Colonel Jackson 
 ended his speech. Mrs. A. M. Curtis, hostess of the Negro 
 Building, met the President and his party at the door and 
 presented him to Colonel Jackson. The President shook 
 
Exhibit of Oil Color Painting of Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, by 
 J. R. Thompson, of New York. Mrs. Terrell is a member of the 
 School Board of the District of Columbia and the only lady on the 
 Jury of Awards for the Negro Building. [ 44 ] 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 245 
 
 hands with and congratulated Mr. Jackson upon the great 
 progress the Negro had made, then Colonel Jackson intro 
 duced to the President, Mr. W. I. Johnson, the President of 
 the Negro Development and Exposition Company ; Rev. A. 
 Binga, Jr., Vice- President ; Mr. R. T. Hill, Treasurer, and 
 Prof. R. Kelser, Secretary of the company. Colonel Jackson 
 made an apology to the President because the exhibit was not 
 complete, he said that not one-tenth of the exhibits had been 
 installed, but said that if he would come again in about a 
 month he would see what the Negroes had done in this coun 
 try. As we have a large number of carloads of exhibits at 
 every station in the city of Norfolk and steamboat landings, 
 but the exhibits you will see as already installed in this build 
 ing is of itself a great success. You will be surprised when 
 you shall have gone around this building and seen the evi 
 dence of thrift and progress made by the Negroes of this 
 country. The President was then shown around the building 
 by the committee and expressed admiration and astonishment 
 at the character of the exhibits that he found installed. On 
 several occasions he would call Mrs. Roosevelt s special 
 attention to the workmanship upon the exhibits. The Presi 
 dent expressed himself as being wonderfully pleased and satis 
 fied at what he saw at the Negro exhibit. To say that the 
 exhibit, even as it is, without the carloads waiting to be de 
 livered, it is a success beyond all expectations. To say this 
 would not be expressing it too strong, for there is no doubt 
 of the fact that the Negro exhibit is now a success from the 
 point on number and character of the exhibit. Governor Ter 
 rell, of Georgia, who accompanied the President, was aston 
 ished at what he saw. He was satisfied with what they al 
 ready had installed that the Negro exhibit was complete. 
 The President and his party left the building giving the Negro 
 
246 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 all the praise and admiration for the exhibit they saw. Gov 
 ernor Glenn, of North Carolina, came the next day and he was 
 surprised at the character of the exhibit confronting him. He 
 
 OIL PAINTING, BY R. E. BELL, NASHVILLE, TENN. 
 
 said that when Colonel Jackson visited him in Raleigh, he at 
 once took an interest in the Negro exhibit and has done all 
 in his power to aid the Negro to make a good showing. His 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 247 
 
 State gave them $5,000 and he was proud of it. From the 
 Negro Criterion. 
 
 NOTEWORTHY INCIDENT. 
 
 When the President s carriage, driven by Mr. Edward 
 Fairfax, containing Mayor McCarthy, Governor Montague, 
 Secretary Loeb, and the President reached a point on Broad 
 Street, it was stopped, and the President gave a particularly 
 marked bow of recognition to the young ladies of the Harts 
 horn Seminary and the young men of the Virginia Union 
 University; special effort having been put forth to have the 
 President visit the two schools. 
 
 The next pause in the line of march occurred a few mo 
 ments later, when the President s carriage stopped in front 
 of 528 East Broad Street, the headquarters of the Colored 
 Jamestown Exposition Company, where the President called 
 for Mr. Giles B. Jackson, who hastened down from his office 
 window, hastily rushed through the crowd and approached the 
 carriage, standing bare-headed while the President said : 
 
 "Mr. Jackson, I congratulate you upon your work. The 
 banks here and the business enterprises among your people 
 show evidences of their thrift and success. I assure you of 
 my support in your efforts. 
 
 "I want to congratulate you upon the showing your school 
 children have made, and further, I wish, as an American, to 
 congratulate the representatives of the colored race, who have 
 shown progress in the industrial interest of this city. All they 
 have done in that way means genuine progress for the race. 
 I am glad, as an American, for what you are doing. The 
 standing of the banks in this city, as managed by colored men, 
 should give genuine pride to all the colored men of this coun- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 249 
 
 try. Its record is an enviable one. You, colored men, who 
 show in business life both ability and a high order of integrity, 
 are real benefactors, not only of your race, but of the whole 
 country." 
 
 With a smile, Mr. Jackson bowed his acknowledgements 
 of the President s remarks to him, as an individual, and in 
 behalf of the colored citizens in general. With a tremendous 
 cheer the procession moved on to the Capitol Square, where 
 the Mayor presented the Governor and the Governor intro 
 duced the President. 
 
 NOTE. This refers to President Roosevelt s visit to Rich 
 mond in October, 1905. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 251 
 
 CHAPTER XX 
 POEMS, PLANTATION MELODIES, ETC. 
 
 The highest expression of the thoughts and feelings of a. 
 race must be found in its folk-songs and more ambitious 
 poems. We have thought it wise to give a few of these in this 
 volume for the pleasure and study of our readers. They are 
 taken from various sources, but all are true to Negro thought, 
 and are well worthy of preservation. 
 
 HAIL! HAIL! HAIL! 
 
 Oh, look up yonder, what I see 
 
 I m on my journey home; 
 Bright angels comin arter me 
 
 I m on my journey home. 
 
 Chorus. Children, hail ! hail ! hail ! 
 
 -Uc 
 
 I m gvvine jine saints above; 
 Hail! hail! hail! 
 
 I m on my journey home. 
 
 If you git dere before I do 
 
 I m on my journey home; 
 Look out for me, I m comin too 
 
 I m on my journey home. 
 
 Chorus. Children, hail ! etc. 
 
 Oh, hallelujah to de Lamb! 
 
 I m on my journey home; 
 King Jesus died for ebery man 
 
 I m on my journey home. 
 
 Chorus. Children, hail ! etc. 
 
ST. EMMA INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, 
 [252] ROCK CASTLE, VA. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 MY LORD DELIVERED DANIEL. 
 
 I met a pilgrim on de way, 
 An I ask him whar he s a-gwine. 
 I m bound for Canaan s happy land, 
 An dis is de shouting band. Go on ! 
 
 Chorus. My Lord delibered Daniel, 
 My Lord delibered Daniel, 
 My Lord delibered Daniel 
 Why can t he deliber me? 
 
 Some say dat John de Baptist 
 
 Was nothing but a Jew ; 
 
 But de Bible doth inform us 
 
 Dat be was a preacher, too. Yes, he was ! 
 
 Chorus. My Lord delibered Daniel, etc. 
 
 Oh, Daniel cast in the lions den, 
 He r ray both night and day; 
 De angel came from Galilee, 
 And lock de lions jaw. Dat s so. 
 
 Chorus. My Lord delibered Daniel, etc. 
 
 He delibered Daniel from de lions den, 
 Jonah from de belly ob de whale, 
 An de Hebrew children from de fiery furnace 
 An why not ebery man ? Oh, yes ! 
 
 Chorus. My Lord delibered Daniel, etc. 
 
 De richest man dat eber I saw 
 Was de one dat beg de most ; 
 His soul was filled wid Jesus, 
 An wid de Holy Ghost. Yes, it was. 
 
 Chorus. My Lord delibered Daniel, etc. 
 
 253 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE, 255 
 
 VIEW DE LAND. 
 
 I m born of God, I know I am View de land, view de land ! 
 And you deny it if you can Go view de heav nly land. 
 I want to go to heaven when I die View de land, view de landl 
 To shout salvation as I fly Go view de heav nly land. 
 
 Chorus 
 
 Oh, way over Jordan View de land, view de land! 
 Way over Jordan Go view de heav nly land. 
 
 What kind of shoes is dem-a you wear? View de land, etc. 
 Dat you can walk upon the air? Go view, etc. 
 Dem shoes I wear are de Gospel shoes View de land, etc. 
 An you can wear dem ef-a you choose Go view, etc. Cho. 
 
 Der is a tree in paradise View de land, etc. 
 
 De Christian he call it de tree of life Go view, etc. 
 
 I spects to eat de fruit right off o dat tree View de land, etc. 
 
 Ef busy old Satan will let-a me be Go view, etc. Cho. 
 
 You say yer Jesus set-a you free View de land, etc. 
 Why don t you let-a your neighbor be? Go view, etc. 
 You say you re aiming for de skies View de land, etc. 
 Why don t you stop-a your telling lies? Go view, etc. Cho. 
 
 OH, YES. 
 
 Ef eber I land on de oder sho Oh, yes ! 
 
 I ll neber come here for to sing no more Oh, yes. 
 
 A golden band all round my waist, 
 
 An de palms of victory in my hand, 
 
 An de golden slippers on to my feet 
 
 Gwine to walk up an down o dem golden street. 
 
 Chorus. Oh, wait till I put on my robe 
 
 Wait till I put on my robe. Oh, yes ! Oh, yes ! 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 257 
 
 An my lobely bretherin, dat ain t all Oh, yes 
 
 I m not done a-talkin about my Lord, 
 
 An a golden crown a-placed on-a my head, 
 
 An my long white robe a-come a-dazzlin down ; 
 
 Now wait till T get on my Gospel shoes, 
 
 Gwine to walk about de heaven an a-carry de news. Cho. 
 
 I m anchored in Christ, Christ anchored in me. Oh, yes. 
 
 All de debils in hell can t a-pluck me out; 
 
 An I wonder what Satan s grumbling about. 
 
 He s bound into hell, an he can t git out, 
 
 But he shall be loose and hab his sway 
 
 Yea, at de great resurrection day. Cho. 
 
 I went down de hillside to make a-one prayer Oh, yes ! 
 
 An when I got dere Ole Satan was dere Oh, yes ! 
 
 An what do you t ink he said to me? Oh, yes! 
 
 Said, "Off from here you d better be." Oh, yes ! 
 
 And what for to do I did not know Oh, yes ! 
 
 But I fell on my knees and I cried "Oh, Lord!" Oh, yes! 
 
 Now, my Jesus bein so good an kind, 
 
 Yea, to the with-er-ed, halt, and blind 
 
 My Jesus lowered His mercy down, 
 
 An snatch-a me from a-dem doors ob hell, 
 
 He a-snatch-a me from dem doors ob hell, 
 
 An took-a me in a-wid him to dwell. Cho. 
 
 I was in de church an prayin loud, 
 
 An on my knees to Jesus bowed; 
 
 Ole Satan tole me to my face 
 
 "I ll git you when-a you leave dis place." 
 
 Oh, brother, dat scare me to my heart, 
 
 I was fraid to walk-a when it was dark. Cho. 
 
 I started home, but I did not pray, 
 An I met ole Satan on de way; 
 Ole Satan made a-one grab at me, 
 But he missed my soul an I went free, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 259 
 
 My sins went a-lumberin down to hell, 
 
 An my soul went a-lcapin up Zion s hill, 
 
 I tell you what, bretherin, you d better not laugh, 
 
 Ole Satan ll run you down his path ; 
 
 If he runs you as he run me 
 
 You ll be glad to fall upon your knee. 
 
 Chorus. Oh, wait till I put on my robe 
 
 Wait till I put on my robe. Oh, yes ! Oh, yes 1 
 
 NOBODY KNOWS THE TROUBLE I VE SEEN. 
 
 Sometimes I m up, sometimes I m down Oh, yes, Lord. 
 Sometimes I m almost to de groun Oh, yes, Lord. 
 Although you see me goin long so Oh, yes, Lord. 
 I have my trials here below. : Oh, yes, Lord. 
 
 Chorus. Oh, nobody knows de trouble I ve seen, 
 Nobody knows but Jesus ; 
 Nobody knows de trouble I ve seen 
 Glory Hallelujah! 
 
 One day when I was \valkin along Oh, yes, Lord. 
 De element opened, an de love came down Oh, yes, Lord. 
 I never shall forget dat day Oh, yes, Lord, 
 When Jesus washed my sins away. Oh. yes, Lord. 
 Chorus. Oh, nobody knows the trouble, etc. 
 
 THE DANVILLE CHARIOT. 
 
 Chorus. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot; 
 
 Pray let me enter in, 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 
 I done been to heaven, an I done been tired, 
 I been to the water, an I been baptized 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 O, down to the water I was led, 
 My soul got fed with heav nly bread 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 Cho. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot, etc, 
 
i : : !V, ii 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 261 
 
 I had a little book, an I read it through, 
 I got my Jesus as well as you; 
 
 Oh, I got a mother in the promised land, 
 I hope my mother will feed dem lambs 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 Cho. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot, etc. 
 
 Oh, some go to church for to holler an shout, 
 Before six months they re all turned out 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 Oh, some go to church for to laugh an talk, 
 But cley knows nothin bout dat Christian walk 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 Cho. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot, etc. 
 
 Oh, shout, shout, de deb l is about ; 
 Oh, shut your do an keep him out 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 For he is so much-a like-a snaky in de grass, 
 Ef you don mind he will get you at las 
 
 I don t want to stay here no longer. 
 Cho. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot, etc. 
 
 SWING LOW, SWEET CHARIOT. 
 
 Oh, de good ole chariot swing so low, 
 Good ole chariot swing so low, 
 Oh, de good ole chariot swing so low, 
 I don t want to leave me behind. 
 
 Chorus. Oh, swing low, sweet chariot, 
 Swing low, sweet chariot, 
 Swing low, sweet chariot, 
 I don t want to leave me behind. 
 
 Oh, de good ole chariot will take us all home, 
 I don t want to leave me behind. 
 Cho. Oh, swing low, sweet, etc. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 263 
 
 THE ANGELS DONE CHANGED MY NAME. 
 
 "I went to the hillside, I went to pray; 
 
 I know the angels done changed my name 
 Done changed my name for the coming day; 
 . . I knew the angels done changed my name. 
 
 "I looked at my hands, my hands was new, 
 I knew the angels done changed my name; 
 
 I looked at my feet, and my feet was, too 
 Thank God the angels done changed my name." 
 
 While the Negro brought out from bondage no literature and no 
 theology, yet he did bring with him the plantation songs which show 
 in Christian song that the doctrines of Christianity were held by these 
 people in the days of slavery. \Ye cannot expect to find the same 
 modes of expression now that prevailed among them while in slavery, 
 but that they held to the fundamental truths of religion must be 
 recognized by all who study these songs. That they believed in Christ 
 as a Saviour from sin and in the Atonement is beautifully illustrated 
 in the refrain 
 
 "I ve been redeemed! I ve been redeemed! 
 Been washed in de blood ob de lamb." 
 
 The Divinity of Christ is shown in 
 
 "Jus stan right still and steady ye self; 
 
 I know that my Redeemer lives. 
 Oh, jus let me tell yo about God hisself ; 
 
 I know that my Redeemer lives." 
 
 At Tougaloo, Mississippi, they sing a hymn which especially em 
 phasizes the personality of Satan, which, it seems, they never doubted 
 
 "Ole Satan he wears de hypocrite shoe ; 
 If yo don min he slip it on yo ." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 26$ 
 
 Frederick Douglass says that 
 
 "Run to Jesus, shun the danger, 
 
 I don t expect to stay much longer here." 
 
 sung on the plantation where he was a slave, first suggested to him the 
 thought of escaping from slavery, or as he put it, "Praying with his 
 feet." 
 
 While their lives were full of misery on account of the oppression of 
 their masters, their songs do not show anywhere a revengeful spirit. 
 They looked forward with confidence, expecting to be relieved in the 
 land of the redeemed. 
 
 "Shine, shine, I ll meet you in that morning. 
 Oh, my soul s goin to shine, to shine; 
 I m goin to sit down to a welcome table 
 Shine, shine, my soul s goin to shine." 
 
 THE NEGRO MEETS TO PRAY. 
 Written for the great Negro Congress held in Atlanta, Ga., 1902. 
 
 In days of old, when our fond mother earth, 
 
 Now seamed and wrinkled with her weight of years, 
 
 Was young and gay, rejoicing in her birth, 
 
 Nor gave one thought of future cares and tears. 
 
 When prehistoric man roamed hill and dell, 
 
 And gods and genii ruled the world below, 
 Came Odin, great, to drink of Mimir s well, 
 
 That he all wisdom of the world might know. 
 
 "W T ho drinks of Mimir s well must leave behind, 
 His gift most dear, that he doth highly prize." 
 The gift was made, and he, though wise, half blind, 
 Has left in Mimir s grasp one of his eyes. 
 
 So gods of wisdom ask of men to-day 
 
 Who would be wise, some sacrifice must make; 
 Some good give up, something of self away, 
 
 Ere he the wisdom of this world can take. 
 
OF 77/7- XE(JRO RACE 267 
 
 So this black-child, our father s image fair, 
 
 In eb ny cut, as we, too, would be wise, 
 Our gift hath made, our pledges, too, are there, 
 
 Of years of suffering, toil and sacrifice. 
 
 In life s hard school we ve conned these lessons o er 
 
 Mid sobs and tears of slavery s galling chain; 
 Mid darkening days, God grant may come no more; 
 
 Mid opposition, prejudice and pain. 
 
 What lessons learned? That God and right must win, 
 
 God is not dead, but guards the weak alway; 
 The stars still shine, though faith and hope grow dim, 
 
 We still can trust the Negro meets to pray. 
 
 W r e seek the truth, nor wish one fault to hide; 
 
 The truth alone is that can make men free, 
 Expose the sores, the remedies applied 
 
 Will soothe and heal, and give true liberty. 
 
 Not to complain of burdens hard to bear; 
 
 To fret and whine, resolve and go away; 
 \\ e meet to plan how we can do our share 
 
 To lift the load the Negro meets to pray. 
 
 We know full well of all the gloomy past ; 
 
 Of all the darkness in which now we grope; 
 Of all the night that seems will never pass; 
 
 And still we meet with bosoms filled with hope. 
 
 No night so dark, but comes some cheering ray, 
 No sky so drear, but some bright star is there; 
 
 The harbor bells still ring and seem to say, 
 "Just look this way; the world is still so fair." 
 
 We needs must fear the foes that lie within, 
 
 That spoil our youth. With hearts both brave and stout, 
 
 Must fight gainst our own ignorance and sin, 
 More than the hate and prejudice without. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 269 
 
 Let others hate, we ll teach our children love; 
 
 Let others fight, we ll teach endure the wrong; 
 No cowards we, our teaching s from above, 
 
 When met in right then only are we strong. 
 
 We ve met each trust, when slave as well as free, 
 
 Our record s made, go search it, ye who will. 
 Oh, Country fair, our fathers died for thee, 
 
 From Boston field to blood-bought San Juan Hill. 
 
 Their children come; no special favors ask, 
 
 In Dixie land, the fair place of our birth ; 
 But equal chance in this God-given task, 
 
 To make our home the fairest spot on earth. 
 
 Yc leaders here, no nobler work than thine 
 
 Could men or angels ask. We vow to-day 
 To lift our race, by lifting as we climb; 
 
 For this great task the Negro meets to pray. 
 
 No flaming sword, no curses loud and deep, 
 
 We bring to-day, though we have suffered long, 
 Oh, rouse, ye race, from calm indifferent sleep, 
 
 And face life s work then only are we strong. 
 
 God hear us now, and guide our thoughts aright, 
 
 Give inspiration from above to-day; 
 Plan for us well, and help us see the light ; 
 
 By Thy command, Thy children meet to pray. 
 
 And from our knees to rise to bear our load, 
 To reach the unreached Negro youth and save ; 
 
 To spend ourselves for Country, race and God, 
 Each in his field with hearts both stout and brave. 
 
 So soon for aye the lights of earth are o er, 
 
 The gloom be past, the toil and conflict done ; 
 And angels voices sing on yonder shore, 
 
 For war-scarred veterans, God ? sxveet welcome home, 
 
 David Webster 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 OL MISTIS. 
 
 Oh, de times is fas a-changin , 
 
 Ez de years ar rollin on, 
 An de days seem mighty lonesum , 
 
 Sense de good ol times is gon , 
 While I m jo} ? cin in my freedum, 
 
 Nor wish fur slab ry days, 
 Yit it warms my heart to member 
 
 Sum good ol -fashun ways. 
 
 De pledjur ub de harves 
 
 De huntin ul) de coon, 
 Weh down in de low groun , 
 
 By de shinin ub de moon ; 
 De dancin in de cabin 
 
 An didn t we hah de fun, 
 While de banjer wuz a-twangin , 
 
 When de daily wuck wuz don ? 
 
 Ub all de plezzun mem riz, 
 
 Dar s one dat fills my heart, 
 Tiz de thought ub dear ol Mistis, 
 
 An twill nebber frum me part. 
 No matter what de trubble 
 
 De Lord uz pleased to sen , 
 We had jes to tell ol Mistis, 
 
 She would alwa s be a fren . 
 
 Ef de oberseer buze us, 
 
 An frum de lash we d run, 
 An weery, col , an starvin/ 
 
 Afeard to kum back horn , 
 Jes git word to ol Mistis, 
 
 She d smoov de trubble o er, 
 An back we d kum a sneakin , 
 
 An hear ub it no mo . 
 
 271 
 
8 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 273 
 
 When sickness, kheer an sorrow 
 
 Gib nights ub akin pain, 
 An tears frum werry eyelids 
 
 Kum pou in down like rain; 
 Racked wid pains an scotched wid febers, 
 
 \Yid lim s a-growin col , 
 She had lin ments fur de body, 
 
 An de Bible fur de soul. 
 
 An when de partin speerit 
 
 Would fly to yuther lan s, 
 She d gently clos de eyelids 
 
 Wid tender, reb rent han s, 
 An wid words ub consolation 
 
 Would pint de heart abov , 
 To whar dar is no shadders 
 
 De heb ny Ian ub lov . 
 
 When de ebenin sun wuz settin , 
 
 On a Sunday afternoon, 
 We d gether in de great house, 
 
 An jine her in a chime; 
 Den she d read de fam ly Bible, 
 
 An lif her soul in prayhr, 
 Tell I eenmos see de angels, 
 
 An majin I wuz dar. 
 
 All T knows erbout de lijun, 
 
 I wuz teeched besize her knee, 
 All erbout de blessid Sabyur, 
 
 Who died fur eben me ; 
 An when I gits to glory 
 
 Tt kan t be long, I kno - 
 I spects to meet ol Mistis 
 
 On de bright an happy sho . 
 
bo 
 <u 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 275 
 
 DE GHANA CUP. 
 
 Our church had a meeting, where the brethien gathered 
 
 To transact the business they had for the Lord, 
 To turn out the lambs who had strayed from the sheep-fold, 
 
 And to take in repentants in accord with his word. 
 The axe had been falling with impartiality 
 
 On drunkards and policy-players of old, 
 On sisters who d fallen from pathways of virtue, 
 
 And all who had wandered like sheep from the fold. 
 
 At last came a sister whose skirts were all muddy, 
 
 With drabbling in sin all the days of yer youth, 
 Had been caught and excluded mid tears of the brethren, 
 
 But now would return to the pathway of truth. 
 "I am truly repentant, the Lord has forgiven; 
 
 Since last month, when excluded, I ve prayed night and day. 
 Will you, brethren, forgive and restore me to fellowship, 
 
 And with Jesus to guide, I ll no more go astray?" 
 
 Bless the Lord !" said the brethren ; "Amen !" said the sisters, 
 
 Thank God, she s returning; I move take her in." 
 The motion was carried with great hallelujahs 
 
 For the sister restored from the by-ways of sin. 
 Brother Slaughter waxed warm, and spoke of the prodigal, 
 
 And the rejoicing in heaven o er sinners returned; 
 "Ef yo fall, don t yo woller, yo kin tell a true Christyun, 
 
 Fur down in de heart speretu l oil will burn." 
 
 "De sister am good ez befo , ef not better, 
 
 Fur dear is de lam s when returned to de fol , 
 Ef yuz gwine ter sin, jes be sho yo don t woller, 
 
 An yo sho ub de glory ez a pi Jin his hole." 
 Up spoke Brother Van : "My brudder, hoi on, dar ! 
 
 Youz ressin de skripshur, an leadin us wrong. 
 Taint better to wander den keep de straight pafway, 
 
 An* de Lord lubs de young lam s cjat keep right along/ 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 277 
 
 "I once had a chana cup I sot right much sto by, 
 
 One day bein keerless, I drapped on de flo . 
 I patched it wid glu , sah, an do it held water, 
 
 // nebber did ring like it did befo . 
 Yo may dribe in a nail right in dis here pos here, 
 
 Den draw out de nail, but de hole is still dar; 
 Yo may bu n fhar arm, an heal up de bu n, sah, 
 
 But de schar gwy tell on you wharebber you ar ." 
 
 Daniel Webster Davis. 
 
 MY CHILDHOOD HAPPY DAYS. 
 
 Many poets, great and gifted, whom the Muse s touch has blessed, 
 Have sung in rhythmic measure, at the spirit s high behest. 
 Of the days of childish glory, free from sorrow . and from pain, 
 When all was joy and pleasure and wished them back again; 
 But, somehow, when my mind turns back to sing in joyous lays, 
 I remember great* discomforts in my childhood s happy days. 
 
 Why, my earliest recollections are of pains and colics sore, 
 
 With the meanest kinds of medicines the grown folks down would 
 
 pour 
 
 Ipecac and paregoric and though I hard would kick, 
 They still would dose and physic, "Cause the baby must be sick." 
 When 1 think of this, how can I sing a song in joyous lays, 
 And speak in tones of rapture of my childhood s happy days? 
 
 Off to school I then was started, and the simple rule of three 
 
 Was as hard as now quadratics or goemetry s to me. 
 
 And then the awful thrashings with a paddle at the school, 
 
 And again at home with switches if I broke the simplest rule. 
 
 Oh ! my life was one vast torment so, of course, I m bound to praise 
 
 The time that poets nickname "our childhood s happy days." 
 
 On a cold December morning, when lying snug in bed, 
 
 I heard the sound, "You, Webster!" and I wished that I was dead. 
 
 I knew I had the fires to make, bring water, and cut wood; 
 
 And then, perhaps, I might have chance to get a bit of food, 
 
 When on to school I trotted. These were the pleasant ways 
 
 In which I spent that "festive time," my childhood s happy days. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 279 
 
 Father s breeches, out to fit me, was, of course, the proper thing; 
 And nowhere did they touch me ; my one "gallus" was a string ; 
 I couldn t tell the front from back part; and my coat of navy blue 
 So variously was mended, it would match the rainbow s hue. 
 TwiU do all right for rich white boys to sing these merry lays, 
 But the average little "Jap" fared tough in childhood s happy days. 
 
 I had a place back of my head the comb could never touch 
 I d jump three feet when tested. At last 1 cried so much, 
 Mother said that she would cut it. Oh fate ! to see me then. 
 My head was picked by dull shears, as if some turkey hen 
 Had gotten in her cruel work; and the boys with jolly ways 
 Hallo ed "buzzard!" when they saw me, "in childhood s happy days." 
 
 \ 
 In the evening, holding horses, selling papers "Evening News!" 
 
 To earn an honest penny for the folks at home to use. 
 
 Vet, of course, T had my pleasures stealing sugar, playing ball, 
 
 But I cannot go in raptures o er that season, after all. 
 
 And we repeat our childhood, and all life s sterner ways 
 
 Are mixed with rain and sunshine, as were childhood s happy days. 
 
 Still I find that life s a "hustle" from the cradljp to the tomb, 
 With little beams of sunshine to lighten up the gloom. 
 If we can help a brother, and mix our cares with joys, 
 Old age will be as happy as the days when we were boys, 
 Till at last we sing in rapture heav nly songs of love and praise, 
 When our bark is safely anchored there to spend our happiest days 
 
 Daniel Webster Davis. 
 
 DE NIGGER S GOT TO GO. 
 
 Dear Liza, I is bin down-town 
 
 To Marster Charley s sto , 
 An all de talk dis nigger hear 
 
 Is, "Niggers got to go." 
 I fess it bodders my ol head, 
 
 An I would lik to kno , 
 What all we cullud folks is doin , 
 
 Dat now we z got to go? 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 281 
 
 I hear dem say dat long ago 
 
 To ol Virginny s sho , 
 Dar kum a ship wid cullucl folks, 
 
 Sum twenty odd or mo ; 
 Dey tells me dat dey hoed de corn, 
 
 An wuz good wuckers, sho , 
 Dey made Virginny like de rose 
 
 But now dey s got to go. 
 
 Uat, when ol Ginnel Washin ton 
 
 Did whip dem Red-koats so, 
 A nigger wiu de fus to fall 
 
 A-hghtin ub de fo ; 
 Dat, in de late "impleasureness" 
 
 Dey watched at Mayster s do , 
 Proteckin ub his lubin ones 
 
 But now (ley s got to go. 
 
 I fess I lubs dis dear ol place 
 
 Twuz here we beried Jo ; 
 An little Liza married off, 
 
 So menny years ago. 
 An now wez- feeble, an our lim s 
 
 A-getting mighty slo . 
 We d hate to lebe de dear ol place 
 
 But den, wez got to go. 
 
 I don t kno much bout politicks, 
 
 An all dem things, yo kno , 
 But de las leckshun T jes vote 
 
 Ez de whi folks tol me to; 
 Dey tole me vote fur Dimikrats, 
 
 An twould be better, do 
 Sense now dey don de leckshun win, 
 
 Dey sez we z got to go. 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 283 
 
 Dey sez de whi folks mad long us, 
 
 Cause we kummin up, yo kno ; 
 An sum un us is gittin rich, 
 
 Wid do -bells on de do ; 
 An got sum lawyers, doctors, too, 
 
 An men like dat, fur sho . 
 But den it kan t be jes fur dis 
 
 Dat we all got to go. 
 
 De Lord he made dis lubly ian 
 
 Fur white and black folks too, 
 An gin each man his roe to ten 
 
 Den what we gvvine to do? 
 We habes ouselbes an specks dc laws, 
 
 But dey s peckin mo an mo . 
 We ain t don nuffin t all to dem, 
 
 Den huccum we mils go? 
 
 Fur ebry nashun on de glob 
 
 Dis seems to be a horn ; 
 Dey welkums dem wid open arms, 
 
 No matter whar dey frum; 
 But we, who here wuz bred an borhn, 
 
 Don t seem to hab no show ; 
 We ho ped to mek it what it is, 
 
 But still we z got to go. 
 
 It pears to me, my Liza, dear, 
 
 We z got a right to stay, 
 An not a man on dis broad urf 
 
 Gwine dribe dis nigger way. 
 But why kan t whi folks lef us Ion , 
 
 An weed dar side de ro ; 
 An what dey all time talkin bout 
 
 "De nigger s got to go?" 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 285 
 
 " Rastus," Liza sed, "trus in God, 
 
 He ll fix things here belo , 
 He don t hate us bekase we z black 
 
 tie made us all, yo kno ; 
 He lubs us, ef we z cullud folks, 
 
 Ef de hart is white an pure, 
 An cepin de Lord sez "Forward, march!" 
 
 We z not a-gwine to go." 
 
 Daniel Webster Davis. 
 
 AUNT CHLOE S LULLABY. 
 
 Hesh ! my baby ; stop yer fuss, 
 1 s fraid you gittin wuss an wuss; 
 Doncher cry, an I gvvy mek 
 Mammy s baby lasses cake. 
 Hesh ! my lubly baby chil , 
 I gwy rock yo all de whil ; 
 Muffin gwyne to ketch yo now, 
 Cause yer mammy s watchin yo . 
 Sleep ! my little baby, sleep ! 
 Mammy s baby, Lou ! 
 
 How dem dogs do bark to-night ! 
 Better shet yer eyes up tight ; 
 Dey kan t hab dis baby dear ; 
 Mammy s watchin , doncher fear. 
 Hear dem owls a-hootin so? 
 Dey shan t ketch dis baby, do . 
 Jes like mistis lub her chil , 
 Mammy lubs dis baby too. 
 Sleep ! my little baby, sleep ! 
 Mammy s baby, Lou ! 
 
 Mammy s baby, black an sweet, 
 Jes like candy dat you eat, 
 Mammy lay yo in dis bed. 
 While she mek de whi folks bread, 
 Angels (ley gwy look belpw, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 287 
 
 Watch dis baby sleepin so. 
 Go to sleep, my bunny, now, 
 Ain t yer mammy watchin you ? 
 Sleep ! my little baby, sleep ! 
 Mammy s baby, Lou ! 
 
 Daniel Webster Davis. 
 
 WHEN DE CO N PONE S HOT. 
 
 Dey is times in life when Nature 
 
 Seems to slip a cog an go, 
 Jes a-rattlin down creation, 
 
 Lak an ocean s overflow; 
 When de worl jes stahts a-spinnin 
 
 Lak a picaninny s top, 
 An yo cup o joy is brimmin 
 
 Twell it seems about to slop, 
 An you feel jes lak a racah 
 
 Dat is trainin fu to trot 
 When yo mammy ses de blessin 
 
 An de co n pone s hot. 
 
 When you set down at de table, 
 
 Kin o weary lak an sad, 
 And you se jes a -little tiahed, 
 
 An purhaps a little mad ; 
 How yo gloom tu ns into gladness, 
 
 How yo joy drives out de doubt, 
 When de oven do is opened 
 
 An de smell comes po in out ! 
 Why, de lectric light o Heaven 
 
 Seems to settle on de spot, 
 When yo mammy ses de blessin 
 
 An de co n pone s hot. 
 
 When de cabbage pot is steamin 
 
 An de bacon s good an fat, 
 When de chittlin s is a-sputter n 
 
 So s to show yo whah dey s at ; 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 289 
 
 Take away yo sody biscuit, 
 
 Take away yo cake and pie, 
 Fu de glory time is comin , 
 
 An it s proachin very nigh, 
 An yo want to jump an hollah, 
 
 Do you know you d bettah not, 
 When yo mammy ses de blessin 
 
 An de co n pone s hot. 
 
 I have heerd o lots o sermons, 
 
 An I ve heerd o lots o prayers ; 
 An I ve listened to some singin 
 
 Dat has tuk me up de stairs 
 Qf de Glory Lan , an sent me 
 
 Jes below de Mahster s th one, 
 An have lef my haht a-singin 
 
 In a happy aftah tone; 
 But dem wu s so sweetly murmured 
 
 Seem to tech de softes spot, 
 When my mammy ses de blessin 
 
 An de co n pone s hot. 
 
 Paul Lawrence Dunbar. 
 
 A LULLABY. 
 
 Bedtime s come fu little boys, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 Too tiahed out to make a noise, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 You gwine t have to-morrer sho ? 
 Yes, you tole me dat befo , 
 Don t you fool me, chile, no mo , 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
THE INCUBATOR AND BREAD RAISER, by G. F. Carr, is an 
 arrangement whereby the same machine may be used as an Incubator 
 on one side and a Bread Raiser on the other. As long as the little 
 chicks and the dough are not in the same compartment at the same 
 time it would appear that the scheme ought to work well. 
 [290] 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 You been bad de livelong clay, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 Th owin stones an runnin way, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 My, but you s a-runnin wild ! 
 Look jes lak some po folks chile; 
 Mam gwine whup you after while, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 Come hyeah ! you mos tiahed to def, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 Played yo sel clean out o bref, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 See dem han s now sich a sight! 
 Would you evah b lieve dey s white? 
 Stan still twell I wash dem right, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 Jes cain t hoi yo haid up straight, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 Hadn t oughter played so late 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 Mammy do know whut she d do, 
 Ef de chillun s all lak you; 
 You s a caution now, fu true, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 Lay yo haid down in my lap, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 Y ought to have a right good slap, 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 You been runnin roun* a heap, 
 Shet dem eyes an don t you peep 
 Dah now, dah now, go to sleep 
 
 Po little lamb. 
 
 Paul Lawrence Dunbar. 
 
 2 9 I 
 
OP THE NEGRO RACE 293 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 REV. JOHN JASPER 
 
 We feel that this work would not be. complete without in 
 viting the attention of our readers to the Rev. John Jasper, 
 who, though not a man of learning, deserves to rank among 
 the world s great men great because he was himself in all his 
 dealings with humanity, great because he was original, great 
 because he promulgated a doctrine, which not only startled 
 the country but baffled the wisdom of learned astronomers. 
 He achieved great notoriety and attracted the attention of 
 the world on account of his sermon entitled "The Sun Do 
 Move." 
 
 It is not our purpose to eulogize upon his life, but only to 
 mention a few facts, which we think will especially interest 
 all. Indeed his whole career is a study ; it was the longing 
 of a sincere and persevering soul, encased in ignorance and 
 superstition, surrounded with the hardships of slavery ; to 
 attain what he believed was his mission. 
 
 John Jasper was born a slave July 4, 1812, in Fluvanna 
 county, Virginia. His father, Phillip, was a noted preacher 
 among the slaves, but died two months before young Jas 
 per s birth. His mother, Tina, was a woman of sterling 
 qualities and ever instilled into her son those principles which 
 assuredly make him the exemplar of Christian fortitude, noble 
 thought and humble endeavor. 
 
 His entire schooling consisted of what could be gained from 
 the New York speller taught him bv a fellow-slave and room 
 mate at midnight. Jasper often referred to this fact, in after 
 life, with due reverence. Until 1825, Jasper passed his life 
 
294 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 upon the farm of a Mr. Peachy. He was trusted and be 
 loved and most of his time was spent in work around the 
 great house," as it was then called. From 1825 to 1839, 
 he was hired out to work upon various plantations, spend 
 ing the greater part of this time upon farms near Richmond. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF LYNCH BURG 
 
 It was in the Capitol Square of the City of Richmond, on 
 July 4, 1839, that Mr. Jasper gave his heart to Christ and 
 soon thereafter united with the old African Baptist Church. 
 The day of Mr. Jasper s confession is the day that he began 
 public preaching. From this time until his death the greater 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 295 
 
 part of his life he passed upon the rostrum, proclaiming the 
 Gospel with remarkable influence. 
 
 He pastored in Petersburg a few years after his advent 
 into the ministry. At this time no colored man was allowed 
 to pastor a church. A white preacher could be the pastor 
 in name, who should be present at all services, but a colored 
 preacher could carry on the entire service. A colored man 
 could not be ordained, but it mattered not whether the white 
 brother was ordained. \Yhile Mr. Jasper was preaching 
 in the Third Baptist Church in Petersburg, people from all 
 other churches flocked to hear him. 
 
 Mr. Jasper made a specialty of funeral sermons, and was 
 often invited to different parts of the State of Virginia to 
 preach the funeral of slaves. 
 
 On the first Sunday in September, 1867, Mr. Jasper organ 
 ized the Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church, with nine mem 
 bers, on Brown s Island, in the James River, just opposite the 
 city, in a little old wooden shanty, which had been used by 
 the government for a stable. The membership and congre 
 gation of this church increased so rapidly in one year s time 
 that the old stable was not large enough to accommodate 
 them so they left the island, and came over to the city 
 and rented an old carpenter shop on the corner of Fourth 
 and Cary streets, in which they held their meetings for two 
 years. When the membership and congregation had gotten 
 too large for the old shop they were compelled to look out 
 for another and more spacious house for their worship. Dur 
 ing this time they heard that there was a little brick church, 
 on the corner of Duval and St. John s streets, for sale, and 
 could be bought for a reasonable sum. They immediately 
 took advantage of the opportunity, made the necessary ar- 
 
296 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 rangements, and bought the church for the sum of two thou 
 sand and twenty-five dollars. 
 
 The following, from the Richmond Times-Dispatch, will 
 give you some idea of the esteem in which Mr. Jasper was 
 
 MADE BY STUDENTS OF PORTSMOUTH PUBLIC SCHOOLS 
 
 held. Space will not permit us to print the many invitations, 
 comments and congratulations that he has received. 
 
 "It is a sad coincidence that the destruction of the Jefferson 
 Hotel and the death of the Rev. John Jasper should have 
 fallen upon the same day. John Jasper was a Richmond Insti- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 297 
 
 tution as surely so as was Major Ginter s fine hotel. He 
 was a national character, and he and his philosophy were 
 known from one end of the land to the other. Some peo 
 ple have the impression that John Jasper was famous simply 
 because he flew in the face of the scientists and declared 
 that the sun moved. In one sense, that is true, but it is also 
 true that his fame was due, in great measure, to a strong 
 personality, to a deep, earnest conviction, as well as a devout 
 Christian character. Some preachers might have made this 
 assertion about the sun s motion without having attracted 
 any special attention. The people would have laughed over 
 it, and the incident would have passed by as a summer breeze. 
 But John Jasper made an impression upon his generation, be 
 cause he was sincerely and deeply in earnest in all that he 
 said. No man could talk with him in private, or listen to 
 him from the pulpit, without being thoroughly convinced of 
 that fact. His implicit trust in the Bible and everything in it 
 was beautiful and impressive. He had no other lamp by 
 which his feet were guided. He had no other science, no 
 other philosophy. He took the Bible in its literal signifi 
 cance; he accepted it as the inspired word of God; he trusted 
 it with all his heart and soul and mind ; lie believed nothing 
 that was in conflict with the teachings of the Bible scien 
 tists and philosophers and theologians to the contrary notwith 
 standing. 
 
 ! They tried to make it appear, he said, in the last talk 
 we had with him on the subject, that John Jasper was a 
 fool and a liar when he said that the sun moved. I paid no 
 attention to it at first, because I did not believe that the 
 so-called scientists were in earnest. I did not think that there 
 was any man in the world fool enough to believe that the sun 
 did not move, for everybody had seen it move. But when 
 
2 9 8 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 I found that these so-called scientists were in earnest I took 
 down my old Bible and proved that they, and not John Jas 
 per, were the fools and the liars. And there was no more 
 doubt in his mind on that subject than there was of his 
 existence. John Jasper had the faith that removed inoun- 
 
 PORTSMOUTII, VA., PUBLIC SCHOOL EXHIBIT 
 
 tains. He knew the literal Bible as well as Bible scholars did. 
 He did not understand it from the scientific point of view, 
 but he knew its teachings and understood its spirit, and he 
 believed in it. He accepted it as the true word of God, 
 and he preached it with unction and with power. 
 
 John Jasper became famous by accident, but he was a 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 299 
 
 most interesting man apart from his solar theory. He was 
 a man of deep convictions, a man with a purpose in life, a 
 man who earnestly desired to save souls for heaven. He fol 
 lowed his divine calling with faithfulness, with a determina 
 tion, as far as he could, to make the ways of his God known 
 unto men, His saving health among all nations. And the 
 Lord poured upon His servant, Jasper, the continual dew of 
 His blessing. J: 
 
 The white people, including philosophers and scientists, 
 came from afar and near to hear him preach his wonderful 
 sermon on the sun, which is as follows: 
 
 THE SUN Do MOVE" 
 
 In presenting John Jasper s celebrated sermon on "De Sun 
 Do Move," I beg to introduce it with several explanatory 
 words. As intimated in a former chapter it is of a dual char 
 acter. It includes an extended discussion, after his peculiar 
 fashion, of the text, "The Lord God is a man of war; the 
 Lord is His name." Much that he said in that part of his 
 sermon is omitted, only so much being retained as indicates 
 his view of the rotation of the sun. It was really when he 
 came into this part of his sermon that he showed to such 
 great advantage, even though so manifestly in error as to 
 the position which he tried so manfully to antagonize. It 
 was of that combative type of public speech which always 
 put him before the people at his best. I never heard this ser 
 mon but once, but I have been amply aided in reproducing 
 it by an elaborate and altogether friendly report of the ser 
 mon published at the time by The Richmond Dispatch. Jas 
 per opened his discourse with a tender reminiscence and quite 
 an ingenious exordium. 
 
 "Low me ter say," he spoke with an outward composure 
 
300 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 which revealed an inward but mastered swell of emotion, "dat 
 when I wuz a young man and a slave, I knowed nuthin 
 wuth talkin bout consarnin books. Dey wuz sealed mys 
 teries ter me, but I tell yer I longed ter break de seal. I 
 thusted fer de bread uv learnin . When I seen books I ached 
 ter git in ter urn, fur I knowed dat dey had de stuff fer me, 
 
 an 1 wanted ter taste dere contents, but most of de time dey 
 wuz bar d aginst me. 
 
 "P>y de mursy of de Lord a thing happened. I got er room- 
 feller he wuz a slave, too, an he had learn d ter read. In 
 de dead uv de night he giv me lessons outen de New York 
 Spellin book. It wuz hard pullin , I tell yer ; harder on him, 
 fur he know d jes a leetle, an it made him sweat ter try 
 ter beat sumthin inter my hard haid. It wuz wuss wid me. 
 Up de hill ev ry step, but when I got de light uv de less n 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 301 
 
 into my noodle I farly shouted, but I kno d I wuz not a 
 scholur. De consequens wuz I crep long mighty tejus, git- 
 tin a crum here an dar until I cud read de Bible by skip- 
 pin de long words, tolerable well. Dat wuz de start uv my 
 eddicashun dat is, wat little I got. I mek menshun uv dat 
 young man. De years hev fled erway sense den, but I ain t 
 furgot my teachur, an nevur shall. I thank mer Lord fur 
 him, an I carries his mem ry in my heart. 
 
 " Bout seben months after my gittin ter readin , Gord 
 cunverted my soul, an I reckin bout de fust an main thing 
 dat I begged de Lord ter give me wuz de power ter und stand 
 His "Word. I ain t braggin , an I hates self-praise, but I 
 boun ter speak de thankful word. I b lieves in mer heart 
 dat mer pra r ter und stand de Scripshur wuz heard. Sence 
 dat time I ain t keer d bout nuthin cept ter study an preach 
 de \Yord uv God. 
 
 "Not, my bruthrin, dat I z de fool ter think I knows it all. 
 Oh, mer Father, no ! Fur f rum it. I don hardly und stand 
 myse f, nor ha f uv de things roun me, an dar is milyuns uv 
 things in de Bible too deep fur Jasper, an sum uv em too 
 deep fur ev rybody. I doan t cerry de keys ter de Lord s 
 closet, an He ain t tell me ter peep in, an ef I did I m so 
 stupid I wouldn t know it when I see it. No, frens, I knows 
 my place at de feet uv my Marster, an dar I stays. 
 
 "But I kin read de Bible and git de things whar lay on 
 de top uv de soil. Out n de Bible I knows nuth n extry bout 
 de sun. I sees is courses as he rides up dar so gran an 
 mighty in de sky, but dar is heaps bout dat flamin orb dat 
 is too much fer me. I know dat de sun shines powerfly an 
 po s down its light in floods, an yet dat is nuthin compared 
 wid de light dat flashes in my min frum de pages of Cord s 
 Book, But you knows all dat, I knows dat de sun 
 
302 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 oh, how it did burn in dem July days. I tell yer he cooked 
 de skin on my back many er day when I wuz hoein in de corn 
 feil . But you knows all dat, an yet dat is nuthin der to 
 de divine fire dat burns in der souls uv God s chil n. Can t 
 yer feel it, bruthrin? 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS EXHIBIT, XENIA, OHIO 
 
 "But bout de courses uv de sun, I have got dat. I hev dun 
 rang d thru de whole blessed Book an scode down de las 
 thing de Bible has ter say bout de movements uv de sun. I 
 got all dat pat an safe. An lemme say dat if I doan t giv 
 it ter you straight, if I gits one word crooked or wrong, you 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 303 
 
 jes holler out, Hoi on dar, Jasper, yer ain t got dat straight, 
 an I ll beg pardon. If I doan t tell de truf, march up on 
 dese steps here an tell me I z a liar, an I ll take it. I fears 
 I do lie sometimes I m so sinful, I find it hard ter do right; 
 but my Gord doan t lie an He ain t put no lie in de Book uv 
 eternal truf, an if I giv you wat de Bible say, den I boun ter 
 tell de truf. 
 
 "I got ter take yer all dis arternoon on er skershun ter a 
 great bat l feil . Mos folks like ter see fights some is 
 mighty fon er gittin inter lights, an some is mighty quick 
 ter run down de back alley when dar is a bat l goin on, 
 fer de right. Dis time I ll scort yer ter a scene whar you 
 shall witness a curus bat l. It tuk place soon arter Isrel got 
 in de Promus Lan . Yer member de people uv Gibyun inak 
 frens wid Cord s people when dey fust entered Canum an 
 dey wuz monsus smart ter do it. But, jes de same, it got em 
 in ter an orful fuss. De cities roun bout dar flar d up at 
 dat, an dey all jined dere forces and say dey gwine ter mop 
 de Gibyun people orf uv de groun , an dey bunched all dar 
 .armies tergedder an went up fer ter do it. \Yen dey kum 
 up so bol an brave de Giby nites wuz skeer d out n dere 
 senses, an dey saunt word ter Joshwer dat dey wuz in troubl 
 an he mus run up dar an git em out. Joshwer had de 
 heart uv a lion an he wuz up dar drekly. Dey had an 
 orful fight, sharp an bitter, but yer might know dat Ginr l 
 Joshwer wuz not up dar ter git whip t. He played an he 
 fought, an de hours got erway too peart fer him, an so 
 he ask d de Lord ter issue a speshul ordur dat de sun hoi 
 up erwhile an dat de moon furnish plenty uv moonshine down 
 on de lowes part uv de nghtin groun s. As a fac , Josh 
 wer wuz so drunk wid de bat l, so thursty fer de blood uv 
 de en mies uv de Lord, an so wild wid de vict ry dat he tell 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 de sun ter stan still tel he cud finish his job. Wat did de 
 sun do? Did he glar down in ri ry wrath an say, What 
 you talkin bout my stoppin f er, Joshwer ; I ain t navur 
 started yit. Bin here all de time, an it wud smash up ev ry- 
 thing if I wuz ter start ? Naw, he ain t say dat. But wat 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS, LYNCHBURG, VA. Decoration work by pupils. 
 
 de Bible say? Dat s wat I ax ter know. It say dat it wuz at 
 de voice uv Joshwer dat it stopped. I doan t say it stopt; 
 tain t fer Jasper ter say dat, but de Bible, de Book uv Gord, 
 say so. But I say dis ; nuthin kin stop untel it hez first 
 started. So I knows wat I m talkin bout. De sun wuz 
 travlin long dar thru de sky wen de order come. He hitched 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 305 
 
 his red ponies and made quite a call on de Ian uv Gibyun. 
 He purch up dar in de skies jes as frenly as a naibur whar 
 comes ter borrer sumthin , an he stan up dar an he look 
 lak he enjoyed de way Joshwer waxes dem wicked armies. 
 An de moon, she wait down in de low groun s dar, an pours 
 out her light and look jes as ca m an happy as if she wuz 
 waitin fer scort. Dey nevtir budg d, neither uv em, long 
 as de Lord s army needed er light to kerry on de bat l. 
 
 "I doan t read when it wuz dat Joshwer hitch up an drove 
 on, but I spose it wuz when de sun didn t stay dar all de 
 time. It stopt fur bizniz, an went on when it got thru. Dis 
 is bout all dat I has ter do wid clis perticl r case. I dun 
 show d yer dat dis part uv de Lord s word teaches yer dat de 
 sun stopt, which show dat he wuz moving, befo dat, an dat 
 he went on art rwards. I toll yer dat I wud prove dis an 
 I s dun it, an I derfies ennybody to say dat my p int ain t 
 made. 
 
 "I tol yer in de fust part uv dis discose dat de Lord Gord 
 is a man uv war. I spec by now yer begin ter see it is so. 
 Doan t yer admit it ? When de Lord cum ter see Joshwer 
 in de day uv his feers an warfar, an actu ly mek de sun 
 stop stone still in de heavens, so de fight kin rage on tel all 
 de foes is slain, yer bleeged ter und rstan dat de Gord uv 
 peace is also de man uv war. He kin use bofe peace an 
 war ter hep de reichus, an ter scattur de host uv de ailyuns. 
 A man talked ter me las week bout de laws uv nature, an 
 say dey carn t poss bly be upsot, an I had ter laugh right 
 in his face. As if de laws uv ennythin wuz greater dan my 
 Gord is great; He rules in de heavens, in de earth, an doun 
 und r de groun . He is great, an greatly ter be praised. Let 
 all de people bow doun an worship befo Him! 
 
 "But let us git erlong, for dar is quite a big lot mo comin 
 
3 o6 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 on. Let us take nex de case of Hezekier. He wuz one of 
 dem kings of Juder er mighty sorry lot I mus say dem 
 kings wuz, fur de mos part. I inclines ter think Hezekier 
 wuz bout de highes in de gin ral avrig, an he \var no mighty 
 
 PUBLIC INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, SALEM, MD. 
 
 man hisse f \Yell, Hezekier he got sick. I dar say dat a 
 king when he gits his crown an fin ry off, an when he is 
 posterated wid mortal sickness, he gits bout es common 
 lookin an grunts an rolls, an is bout es skeery as de res 
 of us po mortals. We know dat Hezekier wuz in er low 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 307 
 
 state uv min ; full uv fears, an in a tur ble trub le. De fac 
 is, de Lord strip him uv all his glory an landed him in de 
 dust. He tol him dat his hour had come, an dat he had 
 bettur squar up his affairs, fur death wuz at de do . Den it 
 wuz dat de king fell low befo Gord ; he turn his face ter de 
 wall ; he cry, he moan, he beg d de Lord not ter take him 
 out n de worl yit. Oh, how good is our Gord ! De cry uv de 
 king moved his heart, an he tell him he gwine ter give him 
 anudder show. Tain t only de kings dat de Lord hears. De 
 cry uv de pris-nur, de wail uv de bondsman, de tears uv de 
 dyin robber, de prars uv de backslider, de sobs uv de domun 
 dat wuz a sinner, mighty apt to tech de heart uv de Lord. 
 It look lik it s hard fer de sinner ter git so fur orf or so fur 
 down in de pit dat his cry can t reach de yere uv de mussiful 
 Saviour. 
 
 But de Lord do evun better den dis fur Hezekier He 
 tell him He gwine ter give him a sign by which he d know 
 dat what He sed wuz cummin ter pars. I ain t erquainted 
 wid dem sun diuls dat de Lord tol Hezekier bout, but enny- 
 body dat lies got a grain uv sense knows dat dey wuz de 
 clocks uv dem ole times an dey marked de travuls uv de sun 
 by, dem diuls. When, darfo , Gord tol de king dat He wud 
 mek de shadder go backward, it mus hev bin jes lak puttin 
 de han s uv de clock back, but, mark ycr, Izaer spressly say 
 dat de sun return d ten dergrees. Thar yer are ! Ain t dat 
 de movement uv de sun? Bless my soul. Hezekier s case 
 beat Joshwer. Joshwer stop de sun, but heer de Lord mek 
 de sun walk back ten dergrees; an yet dey say dat de sun 
 stan stone still an nevur move er peg. It look ter me he 
 move roun mighty brisk an is ready ter go ennyway dat de 
 Lord ordurs him ter go. I wonder if enny uv dem furloser- 
 fers is roun here dis arternopn. I d Jik ter take a squar look 
 
3 o8 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 at one uv dem an ax him to splain dis mattur. He can t 
 do it, my bruthrin. He knows a heap bout books, maps, fig- 
 gers an long distunc.es, but I derfy him ter take up Heze- 
 kier s case an splain it orf. He carn t do it. De Word 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CAMDEN, N. J. 
 
 uv de Lord is my defense an bulwurk, an I fears not what 
 men can say nor do ; my Gord gives me de vict ry. 
 
 " Low me, my frens, ter put myself squar bout dis move 
 ment uv de sun. It ain t no bizniss uv mine wedder de sun 
 move or stan still, or wedder it stop or go back, or rise 
 or set. All dat is out er my han s tirely, an I got nuthin 
 ter say. I got no the-o-ry on de subjik. All I ax is dat we 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 309 
 
 will take wat de Lord say bout it an let His will be run 
 bout ev rything. \Yat dat will is I karn t know cept He 
 whisper inter my soul or write it in a book. Here s de Book. 
 Dis is nough fer me, and wid it ter pilut me, I karn t git 
 fur erstray. 
 
 "But I ain t dun wid yer yit. As de song says, dere s mo 
 ter follow. I envite yer ter heer de fust vers in de sev nth 
 chapter uv de Book uv Reverlashuns. \Yhat do John, und r 
 de pow r uv de Spirit, say ? He say he saw fo anguls stand- 
 in on de fo corners uv de earth, holdin de fo win s uv de 
 earth, an so fo th. Low me ter ax ef de earth is round , 
 whar do it keep its corners? Er flat, squar thing has cor 
 ners, but tell me where is de cornur uv er appul, ur a marbul, 
 ur a cannun ball, ur a silver dollar. Ef dar is enny one uv 
 dem furloserfurs whar s been takin so many cracks at my 
 ole haid bout here, he is korjully envited ter step for d an 
 squar up dis vexin bizniss. I here tell you dat yer karn t 
 squar a circul, but it looks lak dese great scolurs dun learn 
 how ter circul de squar. Ef dey kin do it, let em step ter 
 de front an do de trick. But, mer bruthrin, in my po judg- 
 mint, dey karn t do it ; tain t in em ter do it. Dey is on der 
 wrong side of de Bible ; dat s on de outside ub de Bible, an 
 dar s whar de trubbul comes in wid em. Dey dun got out uv 
 de bres wuks uv de truf, an ez long ez dey stay dar de 
 light uv de Lord will not shine on der path. I ain t keer n so 
 much bout de sun, tho it s mighty kunveenyunt ter hav it, 
 but my trus is in de Word uv de Lord. Long ez my feet 
 is flat on de solid rock, no man kin move me. I se gittin 
 my orders f um de Gord of my salvashun. 
 
 "Tother day er man wid er hi coler and side whick rs cum 
 ter my house. He was one nice North rn gemman wat think 
 a heap of us col rd people in de Souf. Da ar luvly folks an* 
 
3io 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 I honours em very much. He seem from de start kinder 
 strictly an* cross wid me, and after while, he brake out furi us 
 and frettid, an he say: Erlow me, Mister Jasper, ter gib 
 you sum plain advise. Dis nonsans bout de sun movin whar 
 you ar gettin is disgracin yer race all ober de kuntry, an 
 
 St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural School, Rock Castle, Va. 
 
 as a f ren of yer peopul, I cum ter say it s got ter stop. Ha ! 
 Ha ! Ha ! Mars Sam Hargrove nuvur hardly smash me dat 
 way. It was equl to one uv dem ole overseurs way bak yon- 
 dur. I tel* him dat ef he ll sho me I se wrong, I giv it all up. 
 "My ! My ! Ha ! Ha ! He sail in on me an such er storm 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 3! I 
 
 about science, nu scuv ries, an de Lord only kno s w at all, 
 I ner hur befo , an den de tel me my race is ergin me an 
 po ole Jasper mus shet up is fule mouf . 
 
 "When he got thru it look lak he nuvur wud, I tel him 
 John Jasper ain set up to be no scholur, an doan t kno de 
 f erlosophiz, an ain trying ter hurt his peopul, -but is wurk- 
 in day an night ter lif em up, but his foot is on de rock 
 uv eternal truff. Dar he stan and dar he is goin ter stan 
 til Gabrul soun s de judgment note. So er say to de gem- 
 man wat scol d me up so dat I hur him mek his remarks, 
 but I ain hur whar he get his Scritur from, an dat tween 
 him an de wurd of de Lord I tek my stan by de Word of 
 Gord ebery time. Jasper ain mad; he ain nghtin nobody; 
 he ain bin pinted janitur to run de sun; he nothin but de 
 servunt of Gord and a lover of de Everlasting Word. What 
 I keer about de sun? De day comes on wen de sun will be 
 called frum his race-trac, and his light squincked out for* 
 uvur; de moon shall turn ter blood, and this yearth be kon^ 
 soomed wid fier. Let um go ; dat wont skeer me nor trubble 
 Cord s erlect d peopul, for de word uv de Lord shell aindu 
 furivur, an on dat Solid Rock we stan an shall not be 
 muved. 
 
 "Is I got yer satisfied yit? Has I prooven my p int? Oh, 
 ye whose hearts is full uv unberlief ! Is yer still hol in out? 
 I reckon de reason yer say de sun don move is cause yer 
 are so hard ter move yerse f. You is a reel triul ter me, but, 
 nevur min , I ain t gi n yer up yit, an nevur will. Truf is 
 mighty; it kin break de heart uv stone, an I mus fire anud- 
 der arrur uv truf out n de quivur uv de Lord. If yer haz 
 er copy uv God s Word bout yer pussun, please tu n ter dat 
 miner profit, Malerki, wat writ der las book in der ole Bible, 
 an look at chaptur de fust, vurs leben; what do it say? I 
 
3 I2 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 bet r read it, fur I got er noshim yer critics doan t kerry enny 
 Bible in thar pockits ev ry day in de week. Here is wat it 
 says: Fur from de risin uv de sun evun unter de goin 
 doun uv de same. My name shall be great mong de Gen- 
 
 Fancy Work by Mrs. Kate Moseley, Stoneville, Ya. 
 
 tiles. . . . My name shall be great mong de heathen, sez 
 de Lord uv hosts/ How do dat suit ye? It look lak dat ort 
 ter fix it. Dis time it is de Lord uv hosts Hisse f dat is doin 
 de talkin , an He is talkin on er wonderful an glorious sub- 
 jik. He is tellin uv de spredin uv His Gorspel, uv de kum- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 313 
 
 min uv His larst vict ry ovur de Gentiles, an de wurldwide 
 glories dat at de las He is ter git. Oh, my bruddrin, wat er 
 time dat will be. My soul teks wing es I erticipate wid joy 
 dat merlenium day ! De glories as dey shine befo my eyes 
 blin s me, an I furgits de sun an moon an stars. I jes mem 
 bers dat long bout dose las days dat de sun an moon will 
 go out uv bizniss, fur dey won be needed no mo . Den will 
 King Jesus come back ter see His peopul, an He will be de 
 suffishunt light uv de wutT. Joshwer s bat ls will be ovur. 
 Hezekier woan t need no sun diul, an de sun an moon will 
 fade out befo de glorius splendurs uv de New Jerruslem. 
 
 But wat der mattur wid Jasper? I mos furgit my biz 
 niss, an mos gon ter shoutin ovur de far away glories uv 
 de secun cummin uv my Lord. I beg pardun, an will try 
 ter git back ter my subjik. I hev ter do as de sun in Heze- 
 dier s case fall back er few degrees. In dat part uv de 
 Word dat I gin yer frum Malerki dat de Lord Hisse f spoke 
 He klars dat His glory is gwine ter speed. Speed ? Whar ? 
 Frum de risiiv uv de sun ter de goin down uv de same. Wat? 
 Doan t say dat, duz it? Dat s ekzakly wat it sez. Ain t dat 
 cleer nuff fer yer? De Lord pity dese doubtin Tommusses. 
 Here is nuff ter settul it all an kure de wuss cases. Walk 
 up yere, wise folks, an git yer med sin. \Yhar is dem high 
 collar d furloserfurs now? Wat dey skulkin roun in de 
 brush for? W T hy doan t yer git out in der broad arternoon 
 light an fight fer yer cullurs ? Ah, I un stans it ; yer got no 
 answer. De Bible is agin yer, an in yer konshunses yer are 
 convict d. 
 
 "But I hears yer back dar. \Vhat yer wisprin bout? I 
 know ; yer say yer sont me sum papurs an I nevur answer 
 dem. Ha, ha, ha! I got em. De differkulty bout dem 
 papurs yer sont me is dat they did not answer me. Dey never 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 menshun de Bible one time. Yer think so much uv yoursef s 
 an so little uv de Lord Gord an thinks wat yer say is so 
 smart dat yer karn t even speak uv de Word uv de Lord. When 
 yer ax me ter stop believin in de Lord s Word an ter pin 
 
 N. C. Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute. Work of Blind Girls. 
 
 my faith ter yo words, I ain t er gwine ter do it. I take my 
 stan by de Bible an res my case on wat it says. I take 
 wat de Lord says bout my sins, bout my Saviour, bout life, 
 bout death, bout de wurl ter come, an I cares little wat de 
 haters of mer Gord chooses ter say. Think dat I will fursake 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 315 
 
 de Bible? It is my only Book, my hope, de arsnel uv my 
 soul s surplies, an I wants nuthin else. 
 
 "But I got ernudder vvurd fur yer yit. I done \vuk ovur 
 dem papurs dat yer sont me widout date an widout yer name. 
 Yer deals in figgurs an thinks yer are biggur dan de arkan- 
 juls. Lemme see wat yer dun say. Yer set yerese f up ter 
 tell me how fur it is frum here ter de sun. Yer think yer 
 got it down ter er nice p int. Yer say it is 3,339,002 miles 
 from de earth ter de sun. Dat s wat yer say. Nudder one 
 say dat de distuns is 12,000,000; nudder got it ter 27,000,000. 
 I hers dat de great Isuk Nutun wuk t it up ter 28,000,000, an 
 later on de ftirloserfurs gin ernudder rippin raze to 50,- 
 000,000. De las one gits it bigger dan all de yuthers, up to 
 90,000,000. Doan t enny uv em ergree ekzakly an so dey 
 runs a guess game, an de las guess is always de bigges . 
 Now, wen dese guessers kin hav a kunvenshun in Richmun 
 an all ergree pun de same thing, I d be glad ter hear frum 
 yer ag in, an I duz hope dat by dat time yer won t be 
 ershamed uv yer name. 
 
 "Keeps uv railroads lies bin built sense I saw de fust one 
 wen I wuz fifteen yeers ole, but I ain t hear tell uv er rail 
 road built yit ter de sun. I doan see why ef dey kin meshur 
 de distuns ter der sun, dey might not git up er railroad er a 
 telurgraf an enabul us ter fin sumthin else bout it den mere 
 ly how fur orf de sun is. Dey tell me dat a kannun ball cu d 
 mek de trep ter de sun in twelve years. Why doan dey send 
 it? It might be rig d up wid quarturs for a few furloserfurs 
 on de inside an fixed up fur er kumfurterble ride. Deey wud 
 need twelve years rashuns an a heep uv changes uv ramint 
 mighty thick clo es wen dey start and mighty thin uns wen 
 dey git dar. 
 
 "Oh, mer bruthrin, dese things mek yer laugh, an I doan 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 blem yer fer laughin , cept it s always sad ter laugh at der 
 follies uv fools. If we cu d laugh em out n kount nens, we 
 might well laugh day an night. Wat cuts inter my soul is, 
 dat all dese men seem ter me dat dey is hittin at de Bible. 
 
 Fancy Work by Lettie Buford, Pueblo, Colo. 
 
 Dat s wat sturs my soul an fills me wid reichus wrath. Leetle 
 keers I wat dey say bout de sun, purvided dey let de Word 
 uv de Lord erlone. But nevur min . Let de heethun rage 
 an de people madgin er vain thing. Our King shall break 
 em in pieces an dash em down. But blessed be de name uv 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 317 
 
 our Gord, de Word uv de Lord indurith furivur. Stars may 
 fall, moons may turn ter blood, an de sun set ter rise no mo , 
 but Thy kingdom, oh, Lord, is f rum evurlastin ter evurlastin . 
 "But I has er word dis arternoon fer my own bruthrin. 
 Dey is de people fer whose souls I got ter watch fer dem 
 I got ter stan an report at de last dey is my sheep an I se 
 der shepherd, an my soul is knit ter dem forever. Tain fer 
 me ter be troublin yer wid dese questions erbout dem heb nly 
 bodies. Our eyes goes far beyon de smaller stars ; our home 
 is clean outer sight uv dem twinklin orbs ; de chariot dat will 
 cum ter take us to our Father s mansion will sweep out by 
 dem flickerin lights an 1 never halt till it brings us in clar 
 view uv de throne uv de Lamb. Doan t hitch yer hopes to 
 no sun nor stars ; yer home is got Jesus fer its light, an yer 
 hopes mils trabel up dat way. I preach dis sermon jest fer 
 ter settle de min s uv my few brutherin, an repeats it cause 
 kin frens wish ter hear it, an I hopes it will do honour ter 
 de Lord s Word. But nuthin short of de purly gates can 
 satisfy me, an I charge, my people, fix yer feet on de solid 
 Rock, yer hearts on Calv ry, an yer eyes on de throne uv de 
 Lamb. Dese strifes an griefs 11 soon git ober; we shall see 
 de King in His glory an be at ease. Go on, go on, ye ransom 
 uv de Lord ; shout His praises as yer go, an I shall meet 
 yer in de city uv de New Jeruserlum, whar we shan t need 
 the light uv de sun, fer de Lam uv de Lord is de light uv 
 de saints." John Jasper, the Unmatched Negro Preacher and 
 Philosopher. 
 
318 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 No more fitting close could be found fcr this work than 
 this magnificent address of one of the greatest leaders of 
 thought. His review of the Negro in this country is ex 
 haustive and is worthy of a permanent place in the history of 
 the race. 
 
 THE NEGRO IN AMERICA 
 
 AN ADDRESS 
 
 Delivered before the Philosophical Institution of 
 Edinburgh, i6th October, 1907 
 
 By 
 Andrew Carnegie, Esq., LL. D. 
 
 SKETCH OF MR. CARNEGIE S LIFE. 
 
 If there ever was a man more capable than most of his fellows of 
 recognizing and seizing opportunity that man is Mr. Carnegie. His 
 career from his youth up has been phenomenal in this respect. He has 
 shown the same wise perception in his judgment of men. His life has 
 been phenomenal also for the performance of one s whole duty and a 
 "little more." 
 
 Andrew Carnegie was born on November 25, 1837, in the ancient 
 burgh of Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland. He owes much tj his 
 parentage. His father, William Carnegie, a master linen weaver before 
 the days of steam, was a man of rugged character, a radical in politics, 
 and a born reformer. To him are largely due his son s radical notions 
 of equality and that superb faith in republican institutions which 
 has blossomed into "Triumphant Democracy." His mother was a 
 remarkable woman of fine temperament, and of great force of cl ar- 
 acter united with a strong will and of determination fitted to over 
 come obstacles. She was her children s only teacher until Andrew v/as 
 eight years old when he was placed at school. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 319 
 
 After the introduction of steam machinery and of the factory system, 
 the family in 1848 crossed the ocean in a sailing vessel and went t3 
 Allegheny City. There Andrew found his first employment, when 
 twelve years old, as a bobbin boy in a cotton factory at $1.20 a week 
 Before he was thirteen he had learned to run a steam engine and was 
 
 By Annie Cormick, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 employed as an engine man in a factory for making bobbins. He was 
 quickly advanced to the clerkship of his employer. When fourteen 
 years old, he obtained a situation as messenger boy in the telegraph 
 office of Pittsburg at $2.50 a week. Of this position Mr. Carnegie 
 writes : "My entrance into the telegraph office was a transition from 
 
320 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 darkness to light." While here he spent all his spare time in prac 
 ticing sending and receiving messages by sound. He soon became 
 proficient and was one of the two persons in the United States who 
 could then receive dispatches by sound. He became an operator in 
 the telegraph office at $25 per month, earning a little additional money 
 by copying telegraphic messages for newspapers. This latter Mr. 
 Carnegie considers a "little business operation" which marks his 
 entrance into the business world. The death of his father at this 
 time threw the burden of the support of the family on the boy s 
 shoulders. He left the telegraph office to become the telegraph opera 
 tor of the Pennsylvania Railroad and secretary to Colonel Thomas A. 
 Scott, at the salary of $35 a month. He remained in this service thir 
 teen years finally becoming the successor to Mr. Scott as superin 
 tendent of the Pittsburg Division. At the advice of his friend, Colonel 
 Scott, he purchased at this time ten shares of the Adams Express 
 Company, the family mortgaging their home for the necessary $500. 
 Later he met by chance and introduced the inventor of the sleep 
 ing car to Colonel Scott ^nd he accepted the offer of an interest in 
 this venture. For his share of the money, $217.50, he made his first 
 note and got a banker to take it. In company with several others, 
 he purchased the now famous Storey Farm on Oil Creek, Pennsylvania. 
 
 When the War between the States broke out Mr. Carnegie was 
 called to Washington and entrusted with the charge of the military 
 railroads and telegraphs of the government. 
 
 Mr. Carnegie organized the Keystone Bridge Works, the first com 
 pany to build iron bridges, and the first step on the road to the pre 
 eminence he has attained as the largest iron and steel master in the 
 world. By 1888 he had built or acquired seven distinct iron and steel 
 works, all of which are now included in the Carnegie Steel Company, 
 Limited. In the aggregate the Carnegie Steel Company can produce 
 monthly 140,000 tons of pig iron and 160,000 tons of steel ingots. The 
 monthly pay-roll exceeds $1,125,000 or nearly $50,000 for each working 
 day. 
 
 Mr. Carnegie is a strong advocate of the payment of labor on a 
 sliding scale based upon the prices obtained for the products manu 
 factured. 
 
 Mr. Carnegie has found leisure to indulge in literary work and the 
 articles from his pen are welcomed by the principal periodicals, both 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 321 
 
 in the United States and England. Some of his books are "Round 
 the World," "An American Four-in-Hand in Briton," and "Triumphant 
 Democracy; or Fifty Years March of the Republic." Besides his 
 books Mr. Carnegie has also published pamphlets and review articles 
 on political and kindred subjects. "The Gospel of Wealth," presents 
 
 CURRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE, URBANA, OHIO 
 
 Mr. Carnegie s sentiments in regard to the rich man s duty to his 
 fellow-men. To quote his own words : "The man who dies rich, dies 
 in disgrace. That is the gospel I preach, that is the gospel I prac 
 tice, and that is the gospel I intend to practice during the remainder of 
 my life." 
 
 Mr. Carnegie s philanthropic generosity which is by no means wholly 
 represented in his munificent gifts for the establishment of free 
 
322 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 libraries has won for him the respect and esteem of thinking men 
 the world over, and has brought him other rewards, of which he is 
 very proud, among them the freedom of seven cities of his native land, 
 including the capital. But greater than all to him must be the con 
 sciousness that he has been able to serve his fellow-man. In an 
 address Mr. Carnegie says, "What a man owns is already subordinate 
 in America to what he knows ; but in the final aristocracy the question 
 will not be either of these, but what has he done for his fellows? 
 Where has he shown generosity and self-abnegation? When has he 
 been a father to the fatherless? And the cause of the poor, where has 
 he searched that out ? How has he worshipped God will not be asked 
 in that day, but how he has served man." 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen of the Philosophical Institution : 
 
 So many and varied have been the subjects treated by my 
 predecessors in your long history, that one has some difficulty 
 in selecting a theme. I escape this, however, by breaking 
 fresh ground in bringing to your attention "The Negro in 
 America." 
 
 No racial movement in the world to-day is more interest 
 ing; few, if any, are more important. We here deal with 
 ten millions of people double the population of Scotland 
 recently not men but slaves, the very last slaves held by a 
 number of our English-speaking race, who were not only 
 suddenly made free-men, but also entrusted with the ballot. 
 
 Proud is the boast, 
 
 "Slaves cannot breathe in Britain! If their lungs 
 Receive our air, that moment they are free. 
 They touch our country, and their shackles fall." 
 
 But where the poet-liberator stops, his part finished, the 
 statesman s work only begins. The shackles fall, but the citi 
 zen fails to emerge. How is the slave to gain self-control, 
 wisdom s root, when all his days he has been controlled by 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 323 
 
 others? " Arise and walk" was once said to the lame, but a 
 miracle-worker was required to effect this instant cure. It is 
 the necessarily slow development of the slave into the citizen 
 which I propose to lay before you to-night. 
 
 aM 
 
 M:., fc W! 
 
 Sheldon Kindergarten, Topeka, Kan. Under auspices of author of 
 "In His Steps." 
 
 In one respect the problem is unique. The Negro is called 
 upon to rise in the scale from slavery to citizenship in the 
 presence of a civilization representative of the highest, his 
 shortcomings, backslidings, failures, cannot but be numerous 
 and discouraging, and the contrasts between whites and blacks 
 
324 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 in many respects such as to produce the belief in the minds 
 of their former masters that the end striven for is unattain 
 able. Once a slave, always a slave, so far as the Negro race 
 is concerned, is their natural conclusion. 
 
 The first cargo of slaves, twenty in number, was landed at 
 Jamestown, Va., August, 1619, only a few years after the 
 original Colonists settled at Jamestown, and one year before 
 the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. When the Declaration of 
 Independence was signed in 1776, there were already five hun 
 dred and two thousand slaves in the country. The Constitu 
 tion, however, limited their importation, and the act of 1807 
 abolished it. Natural increase almost alone, therefore, pro 
 duced in the hundred years, 1790 to 1890, a ten-fold increase, 
 to seven millions and a half. The last slaves were smug 
 gled in against the law as late as 1858. 
 
 Boston had become one of the chief ports for the slave 
 trade, but experience proved that the warmer South, not 
 the icy North, was to be the Negro s home. They rapidly 
 gravitated southward, and found their place in the cotton 
 fields. Virginia, under the influence of Jefferson, was the 
 first to prohibit the importation of slaves. Slavery was abol 
 ished by State after State in the North, and it became com 
 mon for people of the best element in the border States, 
 represented by Washington and his circle, sometimes before 
 and frequently by will after their death to manumit their 
 slaves. Needless to say, good men and women treated them 
 well, and were often repaid by loyal and even intense devo 
 tion, but, if it were to continue, the relationship demanded 
 that it be unlawful to teach slaves to read. Education is 
 moral dynamite which invariably explodes into rebellion. 
 This is one of the penalties that we of the English-speaking 
 race have to pay for our well-meant attempts to govern what 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 325 
 
 arc called subject races. In teaching our history, we supply 
 them with the most deadly explosives, sure some day to burst 
 and rend the teacher. We "teach bloody instructions which 
 return to plague the inventors," unless we be wise, and from 
 time to time grant the liberties we ourselves extol and enjoy. 
 
 Intelligence forces equal rights; hence the unrest in Egypt, 
 India, the Philippines and other countries under foreign 
 tutelage is, in one sense, a wholesome sign as proving that 
 the awakening masses are stirred to action and demand 
 recognition as fellow-citizens, thus showing that our teach 
 ing, and especially our example, have had their inevitable 
 
326 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 
 
 and, let us never forget, their salutary effect. Let it never 
 be said that our race teaches men how to remain slaves, but 
 always how they can become freemen not that they should 
 forget their own country, but how they can repeat, like our 
 selves, with throbbing heart. 
 
 "Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 
 Who never to himself has said, 
 This is my own, my native land? " 
 
 Only so can the mother of nations be proud of her chil 
 dren, or America some day be proud of the Philippines to 
 which she has just given a Legislature. 
 
 It is, at first thought, remarkable that the Negro in Amer 
 ica has been so long-suffering. There never was a Negro 
 conspiracy nor a united revolt of any great importance in 
 the United States. Never were national troops needed to 
 repress serious outbreak. But let it be remembered that the 
 Southerner, the master, knew better than to teach them as 
 we now teach subject races. It was unlawful to teach the 
 slave to read. Ignorance is the only possible foundation 
 upon which dominion over others can rest. When I talked 
 to the natives of India who had been educated in your 
 schools there, and heard from them how Washington, Crom 
 well, Sidney, Pym, Hampden and others were revered, I 
 was proud that our race develops men, not slaves. As Burke 
 said "We view the establishment of the colonies on princi 
 ples of liberty, as that which is to render this kingdom 
 venerable in future ages" a nobler triumph than all Britain s 
 armies and fleets ever give. This is true glory. 
 
 The North would probably have acquiesced in the con 
 stitutional recognition of slavery in the original slave States 
 so long as each citizen felt that his own State was free from 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 327 
 
 Case of watch works, gold and silver rings, watch chains 
 and engravings, by J. T. Dooley, a Negro jeweler of 
 Sweet Springs, W. Va. 
 
328 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 its blight, and it might have died peacefully as with you in 
 the West Indies through compensation. 
 
 Population from North and South began to pour into 
 the Western territories. Were these to be "slave" or "free"? 
 This was the issue; hence sprang the irrepressible conflict. 
 The South claimed the right to hold slaves anywhere upon 
 common territory. The North opposed granting a single 
 foot of territory beyond the old States, where the Constitu 
 tion recognized slavery. The same spirit that stirred Britain 
 and compelled the abolition of slavery in the West Indies 
 animated the North. Slavery became in the eyes of North 
 ern people the accursed thing, "sum of all villainies," and, 
 as a matter of fact, it was not good Americanism. Many 
 runaway slaves crossed the border, pursued by officers, who in 
 some cases were accompanied by trained dogs. Slaves also 
 passed over the border rivers sometimes on the ice. The pur 
 suers were not accorded enthusiastic welcome in the North, 
 and- little of the assistance which the law required was given 
 in the chase. The South demanded and secured a fugitive 
 slave law from Congress. The rival parties, Free-Soil North 
 erners and Slave-holding Southerners, encountered each 
 other in the Territories, and very soon the whole country 
 was at fever heat. 
 
 When the North was required by law to assist in capturing 
 men flying from slavery and return them to it, there was an 
 end to all discussion. Human slavery at last became not 
 merely a political but also a moral question. Was the 
 Republic to be a Free or Slave Power? an issue only to be 
 decided by the most gigantic contest of modern times. Into 
 this the slaves were drawn. Lincoln with a stroke of the 
 pen emancipated them, and thus almost the last vestige of 
 slavery vanished from the civilized world. (Brazil abolished 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 329 
 
 slavery, in 1871; Porto Rico, in 1873; Cuba, in 1880, and 
 the United States abolished slavery in the Philippines in 
 1902). Then the rash step was taken of instantly conferring 
 the suffrage upon them. Perhaps the best defense of the 
 
 SAMPLES OF WORK BY L. H. PIERCE, OF LANSING, MICH. - 
 
 measure is that it was a choice of evils. Only through 
 Negroes, it was urged, was the general government enabled 
 to maintain its sovereignty and ensure loyal Congressional 
 representatives, thus securing Constitutional Government 
 over the South. The white people of the South, intensely 
 
330 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 loyal to their States as against the government, were infu 
 riated by the ascendency of their former slaves. No situa 
 tion could be imagined more certain than this to drive fur 
 ther apart the two races, and to embitter the feelings of the 
 Southern whites against the colored allies of the victorious 
 North. Such was the condition in America at the close of 
 the war, some forty-odd years ago. 
 
 Here we have between four and five millions of slaves, 
 formerly held in ignorance, unable to read or write, without 
 churches, schools, or property of any kind, and yet called 
 upon to perform the duties of citizenship, their former mas 
 ters surrounding them incensed at their elevation. How 
 were the Negroes recently slaves to be made fit as citizens? 
 a problem that might appall the bravest. Yet this was 
 the one fundamental requirement, for without improvement 
 of the black race no satisfactory solution was possible. 
 
 After a period of fifty years we are to-night to enquire 
 whether the American Negro has proved his capacity to 
 develop and improve; this I propose to answer by citing 
 facts. 
 
 The first question the ethnologist will naturally ask is : 
 Has he proved himself able to live in contact with civiliza 
 tion, and increase as a freeman, or does he slowly die out like 
 the American Indian, Maori or Hawaiian? The census an 
 swers that the total number of Negroes in America 
 In 1880 was 6,580,793, 
 In 1900 was 8,840,789. 
 
 Increase in twenty years, 2,259,996, equal to 34.3 per cent., 
 almost double the rate of increase of the United Kingdom, 
 and within 3 per cent, of the increase of America, white and 
 black combined. The Negro race numbers to-day about 
 ten millions. It does not increase as fast as the white in 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 331 
 
 America because there is no black immigration ; taking only 
 native whites and blacks, their relative increase must be 
 about equal. There is no trace of decline here, but a sur 
 prisingly rapid rate of increase, one of the surest proofs of 
 a virile race calculated to survive in the struggle for exist- 
 
 PYROGRAPHY BY C. ARTHUR LEWIS, EAST ST. LOUIS, ILL. 
 
 ence. The first test, therefore, we may consider successfully 
 met. 
 
 Now for the second. Scotland s proud position among 
 nations rests chiefly upon the realization of the famous 
 declaration of John Knox, "I will never rest until there is 
 a public school in every parish in Scotland," which finally 
 led to the noble enactment which proclaims that, "no father, 
 of what estate or condition that ever he may be, use his 
 children at his own fantasie, especially in their childhood, 
 
332 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 but all must be compelled to bring up their children in learn 
 ing and virtue." You will agree with me, I am sure, that 
 the second test of capacity to reach the standard of citizen 
 ship is the passion for education, the desire to be able to 
 read, write and cypher. Before the war this broad avenue to 
 all progress was closed to the slave. Let us see whether 
 he has taken advantage of the door that opened after slavery 
 was abolished. 
 
 The censuses of 1870 and 1900, thirty years apart, com 
 pare as follows as to illiteracy of the Negro males of voting 
 age: 
 
 Total Number Illiterates Per Cent. 
 
 1870 1,032,475 862,243 83.5 
 
 1900 2,060,302 976,610 47.4 
 
 Thus in thirty years illiteracy has fallen 43 per cent. At 
 the same rate of progress, it is to-day (1907) not one-half 
 as great as in 1870. 
 
 Of the first 1,032,000 of people in 1870, 862,000 were illiter 
 ate. The second 1,028,000 of 1900 added only 114,000, nearly 
 eight illiterates in the 1870 males of voting age to one 
 illiterate in the second million increase up to 1900. 
 
 We have an instructive census table showing illiterates in 
 the colored population of ten years of age and over for 1880 
 and 1900: 
 
 Total Number Illiterates Per Cent. 
 1880 4,601,207 3,220,878 70.0 
 
 1900 *6,4i 5,581 2,853,194 44-5 
 
 A decrease in illteracy of thirty-six per cent, in twenty years. 
 While illiteracy among the Negroes is being rapidly re 
 duced, we must not forget an equally encouraging reduction 
 among the poor whites, a class that was much to be pitied 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 A house three and a half feet high, entirely complete, built by James 
 DeSheilds, carpenter of Wilmington, Delaware. The scale is well 
 preserved throughout. 
 
334 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 during slavery, with the contempt for honest labor that fol 
 lowed slavery as its shadow. The slave-master performed no 
 labor, and was as a rule above trade a territorial magnate 
 fashioned after that class in Britain. The poor white aimed 
 at that standard, and hence declined to learn handicrafts. A 
 small piece of ground, usually rented, sufficed to keep him 
 alive, and everything approaching manual labor was work 
 for slaves. Illiteracy prevailed to an enormous extent. The 
 census of 1900, however, showed that the South had reduced 
 the percentage of native white males who could not read and 
 Write to 16 per cent. 
 
 In considering the Southern problem, we must never 
 forget that the "poor whites" are an element complicating 
 the situation, the attitude of this class to the black being 
 intensely hostile far beyond that of the former slave-holding 
 aristocrats. 
 
 There was no public school system in any Southern State 
 before the war ; now there is no State without one, embrac 
 ing Negro as well as white schools. 
 
 Since 1880 Negro churches have contributed for Negro 
 education $9,549,700, almost two millions sterling to supple 
 ment deficiencies of the State systems. 
 
 The colored church is chiefly composed of Methodists and 
 Baptists, and is a great force among the Negroes, exercis 
 ing commanding influence. Let all doubters of the future 
 of the Negro race remember that it has 23,462 church organi 
 zations and has built 23,770 churches, with a seating capacity 
 of 6,800,000. It has 2,673,977 communicants out of 10,000,- 
 ooo population ; few adult Negroes are outside of the church. 
 Their church property is valued at $26,626,448, over five and 
 one-half millions sterling. It may be doubted whether even 
 Scotland s percentage of communicants reaches that of the 
 
J 
 OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 335 
 
 A very finely carved buffet, by Walter S. Ebb, of Bal 
 timore, Md. Ebb is a product of the High and Indus 
 trial School of that city, and has carved this piece at 
 spare moments from other business. He refused 
 some very high offers for the buffet. 
 
336 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 whole Negro race. Many of the foremost leaders of the 
 Negro people are to be found among their churchmen. They 
 have been especially fortunate in their bishops who are 
 elected, not appointed, and are active, progressive men. 
 
 In 1860 Negro schools were almost unknown, it being un 
 lawful to teach the slave. In the year 1900, 1,096,734 colored 
 youths attended public schools, and 17,138 attended higher 
 schools of learning. The warfare against ignorance goes on 
 apace among both whites and blacks. For twenty years after 
 the war progress in providing Negro schools by the States 
 was very slow, but since 1880 there has been spent by the 
 States in their support $105,807,930, about twenty-five mil 
 lions sterling. In addition to this, all over the South the 
 Negro is providing additional school buildings and extend 
 ing the term for keeping them open each year beyond that 
 fixed by the States, the additional cost thereof being defrayed 
 by the Negroes. 
 
 The strong religious tendency which characterizes the 
 Negro finds vent in Young Men s Christian Associations. 
 Three men are employed by the National Committee, who 
 devote themselves exclusively to their foundation and con 
 trol. Thirty-seven associations already exist in the princi 
 pal cities ; twenty-three paid secretaries give their entire time 
 to the work, which is extending rapidly. 
 
 The higher education of the Negro has not been neglected. 
 There are several universities. Prominent among these are 
 Howard University, Washington, D. C., established 1867, 
 and has graduated from its college and professional depart 
 ments about 2,500 students, many of whom have become 
 successful preachers, professors, physicians and lawyers. 
 
 Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee, established 1866, 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 337 
 
 and has graduated 615 students, who have generally entered 
 the professions or become teachers. 
 
 Painting on velvet of Holly Crest Mountain, by Geraldine 
 Maidbark, Ouray, Colo. 
 
 There are now in the country 136 colleges and "industrial 
 schools" exclusively for the education of Negroes, apart 
 from the public schools. 
 
338 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 It will be many years before this immense and sparsely 
 populated region known as the South can boast that Knox s 
 scheme is completed; but at the present rate of progress this 
 century apparently will not close upon a "parish" minus its 
 public school. 
 
 Such is the gratifying evidence that the Negro race shares 
 with the Scotch the passion for education. 
 
 We now come to the third vital test of a race only less 
 important than the other two. We have seen that the Negro 
 is rapidly becoming a reading and writing man ; permit me 
 to give some facts proving that he is also becoming a saving 
 man. 
 
 Surely no better proof can be given of his desire and ability 
 to rise and become a respectable member of society than the 
 production of a bank-book with a good balance, or, better 
 still, the title to a farm or a home free of debt. The saving 
 man is par excellence the model citizen peaceable, sober, 
 industrious and frugal. The magic of property works won 
 ders, indeed, and pray remember once more that only forty- 
 three years ago he, a slave, the property of a master, found 
 himself suddenly and without warning his own master, face 
 to face with duties to which he was wholly a stranger self- 
 support, self-direction and self-control, the care of wife and 
 children, wage-earning and the expenditure of wages, the 
 duties of citizenship, including the right of voting,. all thrust 
 upon him who had been until that hour possessed of nothing, 
 not even of himself, without home, school, church, or any 
 of the elements of civilized life. The horse or cow, fed in its 
 stall and worked on the estate, had scarcely less to do with 
 providing for itself than the general field slave. Only the 
 few household servants and craftsmen were of a much higher 
 class. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 339 
 
 Has the Negro shown the ambition and the ability to save 
 and own his home or his farm? Does he take to the land, 
 and is he making a successful farmer and landlord? These 
 
 A Boat Propeller patented by S. G. Crawford, of Baltimore, Md., a 
 unique device for propelling and steering a small boat by means of a 
 simple gearing so arranged that one man can sit facing in the direction 
 in which he is going, and, by turning a double crank, go straight ahead 
 or to the left or right as he wishes. It is an excellent idea and well 
 deserves the silver medal it was awarded. 
 
 are vital points bearing upon his future. Let us examine the 
 record. 
 
 In 1900 no less than 746,717 farms, 38,233,933 acres, 59,- 
 741 square miles, just the area of England and Wales, or 
 double that of Scotland, were owned or tenanted by Negroes, 
 
340 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 who forty years previously owned nothing. These embraced, 
 in the Southern Central States, 27.2 per cent, of all the farms ; 
 in the South Atlantic States, 30 per cent. ; in the Southern 
 States Florida, 33 per cent. ; Georgia, 39.9 per cent. ; Ala 
 bama, 42 per cent. ; Louisiana, 50.2 per cent., and Mis 
 sissippi, 55 per cent. The Negro has more farms than the 
 whites in the last two States, but it must be remembered 
 that the average size of Negro farms is very much less than 
 those of the whites. 
 
 The figures just quoted include farms owned or tenanted 
 by negroes, i. c., they were either landlords or farmers. When 
 we come to farms in the hands of owners we find that in the 
 twelve Southern States Negro landlords in 1900 owned 173,- 
 352 farms, and the aggregate wealth of Negroes was esti 
 mated at $300,000,000. 
 
 The race that owned not an acre of land forty years ago 
 is now possessor as landlords of an area larger than Belgium 
 and Holland combined, and rapidly increasing. The Negroes 
 have the land hunger, one of the best qualities, and they are 
 entering freely into the landlord class, a statement which 
 perhaps may be calculated to arouse your sympathy in Scot 
 land, but when the owner is landlord, factor, farmer and 
 worker all combined, and really does a hard day s work, 
 dividends appear. 
 
 The white American landlord, factor, farmer and worker, 
 all in one, is the backbone of the body politic, always con 
 servative as against revolutionary projects, but moving ahead 
 with the times, intelligent, fair-minded, exceedingly well- 
 behaved, a kindly- neighbor and model citizen. They exceed 
 five millions in number. The Negro landlord may be trusted 
 to develop in due time into the likeness of his white neighbor 
 and draw his race upward after him. 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 341 
 
 We hear much of the unsatisfactory relations between the 
 two races in the South, but we may safely conclude that the 
 peaceful settlement of these thousands of Negro landlords 
 
 CHINA PAINTING BY MRS. FANNY CLINKSCALE, TOPEKA, 
 KANSAS, AND MRS. ADDIE BYRD, COLUMBUS, OHIO. 
 
 would have been impossible, and on the part of the Negroes 
 undesired, had there not been peace and good will between 
 them and their w r hite neighbors. 
 
 Virginia is the foremost Southern State, She has one. 
 
342 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 hundred counties. In thirty-three counties 80 per cent, of 
 the Negro farmers own and manage their land ; in fifty, 70 
 per cent, do so, and only nineteen counties have more white 
 than Negro farmers. 
 
 In 1898, Negroes in Virginia owned 978,117 acres; in 1903, 
 1,304,471 acres, a gain by Negro landlords in five years of 
 326,353 acres. 
 
 The total business capital of Negroes in Virginia in 1889 
 was $5,691,137; in 1899, $8,784,637. Seventy-nine per cent, 
 of them had less than $2,500 each (500), so that a great 
 number use their own funds. 
 
 Georgia is one of the most prosperous of the Southern 
 States. 
 
 Land owned by Negroes : 
 
 Acres Value 
 
 1900 1,075,073 $4,274,549 
 
 1901 i,i4iJ35 4,656,042 
 
 showing 70,000 acres added in one year. The assessed value 
 (the actual value being double) of all property owned by 
 Negroes in the State was : 
 
 1900 $14,118,720 
 
 1901 15,629,181 
 
 an increase of a million and a half dollars, or nearly n per 
 cent, in one year. 
 
 The Negro has often been described as lazy and indolent, 
 yet the census shows that in the South 84.1 per cent, of 
 colored males and 40.7 per cent, of females, over ten years, 
 are engaged in gainful occupations, while of the white popu 
 lation of the country the percentage is 79.5, and only 16 per 
 cent, of females. The Negro is chiefly employed in agricul- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 343 
 
 ture. The census of 1900 shows 1,344,125 agricultural 
 laborers and 757,822 farmers, planters and overseers. The 
 
 MADONNA BY BERTINA B. LEE, TRENTON, N. J. 
 
 impression of laziness probably arises from climate. The 
 Negro does not, nor does any race, work as hard in the sunny 
 South as in colder climates. There is another point not to 
 
344 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 be lost sight of how a man works as a slave or servant for 
 a master does not prove how he will work as a freeman for 
 himself. 
 
 The Negro agriculturists, as has been seen, are rapidly 
 becoming landlords. Those residing in cities show similar 
 ambition to acquire real estate. Jackson, Mississippi, for 
 instance, is owned to the extent of one-seventh by Negroes, 
 who have two and a half millions of dollars worth of taxa 
 ble property. A statement is given for Richmond, Virginia, 
 showing that there as elsewhere Negroes are engaged in 
 every occupation and profession 10 lawyers, 30 ministers, 
 3 dentists, 10 physicians, 2 photographers, school masters, 
 real estate dealers, merchants, tailors, jewelers, 35 dress 
 makers, 4 savings banks, 4 newspapers (weekly), 4 restau 
 rant-keepers, 16 stenographers. Every field of human acti 
 vity is represented. The first physician in Richmond to use 
 a motor car was a Negro. The resources of the first colored 
 people s bank are reported at $555,288 (115,000). There 
 are thirty-three Negro banks in the country. Building and 
 loan associations and insurance companies are not overlooked, 
 several have been organized and are being successfully con 
 ducted by Negroes in various cities. There are in the United 
 States 1,734 Negro physicians and surgeons, and 125 drug 
 stores owned by Negroes. Not only are all professions filled 
 by Negroes ; the Patent Office in Washington shows 400 
 inventions patented by them. 
 
 The desire to own a home is one of the most encouraging 
 of all traits in the masses of a nation. In 1865 the Negroes 
 were almost without homes of their own. In 1900, thirty-five 
 years later, there were 372,414 owners of homes, and of these 
 225,156 were free of encumbrance. 
 
 Home is the cradle of the virtues. Man is not quite up 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 345 
 
 to the standard until he can say proudly to himself, "This is 
 my own, my precious home," and if he be able to add "and 
 all paid for," so much the better. He has given the best 
 proof possible of his good citizenship. This is our bulwark 
 in America against revolutionary or socialistic ideas. So 
 many millions own their homes that they control political 
 action. The right of private property is sacred. Individual 
 ism rules in the Republic. 
 
 The Negro has not overlooked the press as an essential 
 element of modern progress. Several attempts were made 
 to establish newspapers previous to 1847. I* 1 later years, 
 however, many have become successful. The newspaper 
 directory for 1905 gives 140 publications of every class pub 
 lished by Negroes, but it is said to be incomplete. There 
 are six Negro magazines, two of these quarterly denomina 
 tional publications, four being monthly and undenomina 
 tional. Most of the newspapers are devoted to local affairs 
 and of little general interest, but some twenty-five published 
 by Negroes in different sections of the country are said to 
 be really creditable to the profession of journalism. 
 
 The Negro has not failed to make his appearance in litera 
 ture. Booker Washington s "Up from Slavery" needs no 
 comment. Professor DuBois s "The Souls of Black Folk," 
 has attracted much attention. Charles W. Chestnutt s several 
 books bearing upon the race question are notable. T. Thomas 
 Fortune, editor of the New York Age, the most successful 
 Negro editor, has written two interesting books, "The Negro 
 in Politics," and "Black and White," has also published a 
 volume of poems and has been prominent in all efforts to 
 elevate his race. Dunbar, the poet, called the Burns of his 
 race, who has recently passed away, was brought to the 
 attention of the public by Howells. A new Negro poet who 
 
346 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 has recently claimed recognition is William S. Braithwaite, 
 Henry O. Tanner, the Negro artist, has recently won the 
 gold medal at Paris, and is now represented in the Luxem- 
 
 GRECIAN HEAD BY EERTINA B. LEE, TRENTON, N. J. 
 
 bourg. A Negro student at Harvard University this year 
 won the Rhodes Scholarship against fifty-six white com 
 petitors. 
 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 347 
 
 Pka Isaka Seme, a pure blooded Zulu, took the prize in 
 an oratorical contest at Columbia University in 1906. J. G. 
 Groves, the Negro "Potato King" of to-day, so-called from 
 his having grown in the State of Kansas 72,150 bushels of 
 that indispensable article, an average of 245 bushels to the 
 acre, is a full-blooded Negro. He is one of the coming Negro 
 millionaires, and was born of Negro parents in slavery. He 
 already owns five farms. Alfred Smith, the "Cotton King" 
 of Oklahoma, is another typical instance of Negro ability. 
 When Sherman marched through Georgia he was following 
 a gray mule behind a plow. After he gained his freedom he 
 emigrated early to Oklahoma and took up a "claim," and 
 began taking premiums for the best cotton. In 1900 he 
 received first prize at the World s Fair at Paris. Another 
 millionaire in embryo. 
 
 Deal Jackson is another. He has a reputation all over 
 Georgia. He has for the past ten years brought the first 
 bale of cotton to market, owns two thousand acres, employs 
 one hundred men, and has forty-six mules and horses. An 
 other Negro, W. H. Johnson, of Virginia, is one of the most 
 successful exporters of walnut logs. At present he has three 
 properties. He also is making a fortune rapidly. Isaiah T. 
 Montgomery, a slave until emancipated by Lincoln, was of 
 fered a large tract of land in Mississippi by the Yazoo and 
 Mississippi Railroad Company, provided he succeeded in 
 founding a Negro town, as white people could not live there. 
 He succeeded, and now at the head of a colony of about 
 two thousand people, president of a bank, and his town is 
 attracting attention. He is no ordinary man, having been the 
 only Negro elected to the State Constitutional Convention. 
 (See "World s Work" for June.) 
 
 These and other examples show that, like other races that 
 
348 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 have risen, our own included, the Negro is capable of pro 
 ducing at intervals the exceptional man who stimulates his 
 fellows. The race that produces leaders is safe and certain to 
 develop. If a race bring forth at intervals a Wallace and a 
 Bruce, a Knox and a Buchanan, a Burns and a Scott, a Hume 
 and an Adam Smith, a Carlyle and a Mill, a Watt and a 
 Nielson, the result must be an advanced people. Every 
 leader compels a following, which improves his race. Even 
 the humbler men in the South whom I have mentioned as 
 developing natural resources, and making money in so doing, 
 are in a sense also leaders among their people, and raise 
 the standard of life in greater or less degree of those about 
 them. 
 
 While the North has been for five years, and is still en 
 joying the longest and greatest uninterrupted period of 
 material prosperity ever known, and has had several shorter 
 periods of similar character since the war, the South has only 
 rallied from its lethargy within the past few years. It is now 
 partaking of the boom, and prices of land, city lots, and all 
 kinds of property have advanced; a scarcity of labor exists, 
 and committees are being formed to induce organized immi 
 gration from Europe to Southern ports. Italian colonies are 
 being planted in various localities. 
 
 Wealth is often under-rated in both countries. It is upon 
 the foundation of material prosperity that the South is now 
 building more churches and school-houses, industrial and 
 medical colleges, and the people spending more upon educa 
 tion. Without this new wealth there would be less surplus 
 to apply to the higher ends. The dress of the people, and 
 the homes and modes of life are changing rapidly for the 
 better through the entire South. Philanthropists laboring 
 among the Negroes concur in testifying that nothing stirs 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 
 
 349 
 
 their ambition and drives them to honest, unremitting labor, 
 and to educate themselves, like the magical touch of property, 
 something they can call their own. It may be doubted 
 whether there be any guarantee for the production of desira 
 ble citizens, equal to the possession of their own sweet little 
 homes. A man thus most surely gives a bond to fate, and 
 makes assurance of good citizenship doubly sure. 
 
 Permit me to give you a few figures showing the rapid 
 growth of the South. Before the war there was not a yard 
 of cotton cloth manufactured there. Last year there were 
 added 794,034 spindles and 9,871 looms in her cotton fac 
 tories. Most surprising fact of all, there were more yards of 
 cloth woven in the South in 1906 than in the North, although 
 production in the North also slightly increased. This manu 
 facture, hitherto mostly concentrated in the New England 
 States, is being rapidly extended in the South where the cot 
 ton is grown. Now that labor is becoming honorable since 
 slavery died, the poor whites are flocking to the cotton mills 
 and various other factories now being established and prov 
 ing themselves capable operatives. Testimony has just been 
 given that one-third more labor is required in the cotton 
 mills, but the white element, partly immigrants, may be de 
 pended upon soon to to supply this. Last year there were 
 more than three thousand miles of railway built in the South 
 ern States, and eighty-four million tons of coal mined. The 
 yearly cotton crop exceeds eleven millions of bales. In 1850 
 it was only two and a quarter millions. It must be steadily 
 increased to meet the world s needs. In short, the hitherto 
 impoverished South is sharing the unprecedented boom which 
 has prevailed in the North for some years. The question 
 used sometimes to be asked in former days, What could be 
 done with the Negro? The question to-day is, How more 
 
350 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 of them and of other workers can be obtained. The Negro 
 has become of immense economic value and is indispensable 
 where he is. 
 
 Touching the good qualities of the Negro, he has much 
 to his credit. During the War between the States his devo 
 tion to good masters and mistresses was touching. They were 
 left at home while their masters, almost to a man, joined the 
 Southern army. It was the exception when slaves upon an 
 estate were cruelly treated, and the relations between white 
 and black were surprisingly free from bitterness. This does 
 not mean that the slaves did not hail Lincoln s proclamation 
 with joy, but it does prove that as a class the American Ne 
 gro is of happy disposition, placable, affectionate, singularly 
 free from promptings to commit secret crimes, most grate 
 ful and responsive to kindness. There is nothing of the 
 plotting assassin in him. 
 
 We are staggered now and then by an assault of some 
 low and brutal Negro upon a white woman. Every case of 
 this kind is given widest publicity, and naturally arouses the 
 strongest passions. Every man and woman in the neighbor 
 hood is aroused and mad for instant and sweeping punish 
 ment. Sometimes there are officials who insist upon the 
 wretch being imprisoned and duly tried months hence, but 
 the maddened friends of the outraged victim are in no mood 
 for parleying and he is hung instanter. 
 
 "Judge" Lynch is not infrequently accused of punishing 
 the innocent and lynching for other causes than criminal as 
 sault undue haste or excessive "efficiency" is his fault. The 
 Chicago Tribune, which has kept a statistical record of lynch- 
 ings since 1881, says, in the "Independent," September 29, 
 1904: "Whenever a Negro is lynched for criminal assault 
 the Southern newspapers, and sometimes the Northern, will 
 
OP THE NEGRO RACE 351 
 
 headline its "story" or its editorial comment, "Lynched for 
 the usual cause." This glaring misstatement is unjust to the 
 Negro race. Criminal assault is not the "usual cause." As 
 the population becomes better educated these brutal attacks 
 
 BY EDNA NIXON, TRENTON, N. J. 
 
 may be expected to cease. They are steadily decreasing. In 
 1885, 181 assaults were made; 1906, only seventy-two, less 
 than half, although the population had increased one-third. 
 It is stated that in Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky and Mis- 
 
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 souri, which have large Negro populations, there are neither 
 rapes nor lynchings. 
 
 It is this crime and the excessive publicity given to these 
 impromptu executions that create the false impression that 
 the Negro as a class is lawless, while the contrary is true. 
 
 The remaining vital Negro political question is that of 
 the suffrage. The National Constitution provides that no 
 State shall discriminate on account of color. Many of the 
 Southern States now require ability to read and write, which 
 applies to whites as well as blacks. The best people, both 
 North and South, approve this educational test. One good 
 effect is that it gives illiterates, both white and black, a strong 
 inducement to educate themselves. There is a large number 
 of blacks who are able to meet these new requirements for 
 voting. *The committee of twelve gives the following ad 
 vice to these : 
 
 "As citizens of the United States you cannot value too 
 highly your right to vote, which is an expression of your 
 choice of the officers who shall be placed in control of your 
 nearest and dearest interests. 
 
 "You are urged to pay all of your taxes at the required time, 
 especially your poll tax, which is by the Constitution of every 
 Southern State made a special fund for the support of the 
 free public schools. 
 
 "You are also admonished against the commission of any 
 crime, great or small, as the conviction of almost any crime 
 will deprive you of your right to vote, and put upon you 
 lasting shame and disgrace. 
 
 "It is especially urged that as voters you should seek to be 
 on friendly terms with your white neighbors in the communi 
 ties in which you live, so that you may consult with them 
 about your common interests ; and that you should ally your- 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 353 
 
 selves with the best people in your community for the general 
 good. It is of the utmost importance to the race, and it 
 cannot be urged too strongly upon your attention, that noth 
 ing should influence your vote except a desire to serve the 
 best interests of the country and of your State." 
 
 One cannot fail to sympathize with the educated element 
 in communities mostly composed of illiterates, who out vote 
 the intelligent. A few illiterates in an electoral district of 
 the North, or here in Britain, matters little, but where these 
 are in the majority it is an entirely different matter. The solu 
 tion of the suffrage question lies through this educational 
 test. When Negroes generally are able to meet this, we may 
 assume that their entrance into political life in due course 
 will not be keenly resented. As Confucius long since told 
 us "There being education, there can be no distinction of 
 classes." 
 
 Booker Washington contends that good moral character 
 and industrial efficiency, resulting in ownership of property, 
 are the pressing needs and the sure and speedy path to 
 recognition and enfranchisement. A few able Negroes are 
 disposed to press for the free and unrestricted vote immedi 
 ately. W r e cannot but hope that the wiser policy will prevail. 
 
 You may be wondering how this transformation from 
 slave to citizen, so far as it has gone, has been accomplished. 
 
 The education of the Negro began in earnest through the 
 Freedmen s Bureau, established by act of Congress in 1865, 
 a few years after the war. General Howard, who was placed 
 in command, proved most successful, head and heart being 
 interested in the cause. At the end of five years, when it was 
 thought no longer necessary because of the general interest 
 awakened, its record showed that 4,239 schools for colored 
 pupils had been established in the South, with 9,307 teachers 
 
354 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 and 247,333 pupils, the bureau having taught nearly one mil 
 lion black children to read and write; the cost to the General 
 Government had been six and a half million dollars. 
 
 Upon the scene now appeared one of those rare leaders 
 who seem designed for new and difficult tasks impossible 
 for ordinary men nothing short of an original holds the 
 key. Such a man was revealed in a young enthusiast who, 
 born of an American missionary family in Hawaii, became 
 General Armstrong. Shortly after he graduated at Williams 
 College in Massachusetts, came Lincoln s call for volunteers 
 to save the Union. To this young Armstrong promptly re 
 sponded. He put up a tent in the public park at Troy, and 
 asked for recruits to form a company, who soon came to the 
 bright, young would-be captain, and off he went to the front 
 at their head. He writes to his mother "The first day of 
 January is at hand when the slaves shall be free ; then I 
 shall know that I am contending for freedom and for the 
 oppressed. I shall then be willing and less grieved if I fall 
 for such a cause." Here we have the spirit of the Crusader. 
 He soon distinguished himself, and was promoted to the 
 rank of Major. Though his command had hitherto been over 
 white troops, at his request he was made Colonel of one of 
 the first Negro regiments, and here his genius had scope. 
 He wrote his mother upon taking command The star of 
 Africa is rising. Her millions now for the first time catch 
 glimpse of a glorious dawn, and their future, in my opinion, 
 rests largely upon the success of the Negro troops in this 
 war. Their honor and glory will insure the freedom of their 
 race." The regiment soon made a mark for itself. One 
 officer reported that "Armstrong s soldiers felt toward him a 
 regard that amounted almost to deification." He was soon 
 made a general. When the Freedmen s Bureau was created 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 355 
 
 at the close of the war, General Howard gave command of 
 the Virginia District to Armstrong, who finally determined 
 to devote his life to the elevation of the Negro race. He 
 wrote to his mother "Till now my future has been blind." 
 He soon decided to establish a pioneer school to teach both 
 sexes "manual labor as a moral force," and Hampton In 
 stitute appeared. Under the slave regime, manual labor had 
 been held as fit only for slaves, and naturally the enfranchised 
 Negroes looked upon idleness as the only real reward of life. 
 They had now to learn that useful labor was the duty of man 
 and his title to honor. Armstrong succeeded in interesting 
 a number of excellent people in the North, and, after over 
 coming innumerable obstacles, he finally triumphed. He had 
 rare power of attracting others and enthusing them with his 
 own desire to labor for the Negro. Many New England 
 teachers, especially women, went to Hampton and led lives 
 of devotion to the holy cause of uplifting the former slave. 
 No less than fifteen million of dollars (three millions stg.) 
 have been contributed by Northern people for this purpose. 
 
 Among General Armstrong s private papers after his death 
 this paragraph was found, giving what he "would wish known 
 were he suddenly to die." 
 
 "In the school the great thing is not to quarrel, and to 
 get rid of workers whose temperaments are unfortunate no 
 matter how much knowledge or culture they may have. 
 Cantankerousness is worse than heterodoxy." 
 
 He wished to be buried in the college graveyard among 
 his colored students, "where one of them would have been 
 had he died next. No monument or fuss whatever over my 
 grave. I wish the simplest funeral service without sermon or 
 attempt at oratory." 
 
 Booker Washington, who was a pupil under him and 
 
356 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 enjoyed his friendship through life, says he was "the noblest, 
 rarest human being that it has ever been my privilege to meet. 
 I do not hesitate to say that I never met any great man who 
 in my estimation was his equal. The first time I went into 
 
 BY ANNA M NORTON, YORKTOWN, VA. 
 
 his presence as a student, he made the impression upon me 
 as being a perfect man, and I felt there was something about 
 him superhuman, and until he died the more I saw of him the 
 greater he grew." 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 357 
 
 He is not alone in this estimate. Many who knew Arm 
 strong endorse it. His life recently published reveals him 
 to us. So far as we can judge, no nobler, more useful, or 
 more self-sacrificing life was ever lived. I think his life would 
 interest you deeply. 
 
 The students of Hampton, of both sexes, were first taught 
 how to take care of their bodies and how to conduct them 
 selves. A high standard of cleanliness and neatness was 
 established and rigidly enforced. Then came instruction in 
 some craft, the women being taught domestic duties. The 
 making of useful salable articles was the aim, and from these 
 came the funds needed to pay a large part of the cost of 
 education. All work was paid for. 
 
 Hampton traces twenty-five educational institutions as its 
 outgrowths. Between six and seven thousand of her gradu 
 ates and ex-students are scattered throughout the South teach 
 ing in various branches, 305 in business or clerical work, and 
 176 graduates pursuing higher courses. The high standard 
 General Armstrong introduced is fully sustained by his 
 worthy, self-sacrificing successor, Mr. Frissell, a Scottish 
 Fraser, and his invaluable wife, equally devoted to the cause. 
 
 Josiah King, of Pittsburg, as trustee of the fund of another 
 citizen, Mr. Avery, who left his fortune for the benefit of 
 the Negro race, gave the needed financial assistance which 
 enabled General Armstrong to carry out his project of found 
 ing Hampton. I rejoice that Pittsburg money found a mis 
 sion so noble, and that I knew in my boyhood both testator 
 and trustee. Strange to say. the small farm of 159 acres, 
 bought for the Hampton Institute, bore the captivating name 
 of "Little Scotland." Somewhere not far away, there, no 
 doubt, rests one unknown to fame, of whom it can be said, 
 "A kindly Scot lies here," 
 
358 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Among the Hampton graduates the most distinguished 
 is Booker Washington, the founder of Tuskegee Institute, 
 Alabama, which I had the pleasure of visiting last year for 
 several days upon its quarter centenary. I was never more 
 deeply impressed. I saw the students of both sexes being 
 taught the various occupations. Applicants must pass ex 
 amination. The women are first shown their rooms and 
 instructed for a few days how scrupulously careful they must 
 be to keep everything in perfect order, and in the perform 
 ance of daily duties. Extreme attention is paid to personal 
 habits, dress and deportment. Daily bathing and gymnastic 
 exercises are enforced. Each attends to her own room, and 
 is taught cooking, baking, dressmaking, sewing and. gen 
 erally speaking, all that becomes a young educated woman. 
 The young men are governed with equal care. The result is 
 an assembly of students, as at Hampton, that compare not 
 unfavorably with white students in our Northern universities. 
 
 I was escorted through the Industrial Schools, where all 
 the crafts are taught. Asking one who was learning to be 
 a tinsmith how long he had been there, he replied, "Three 
 years, sir." "How long have you yet to serve?" "Two 
 more, sir." "You will soon be making your four dollars per 
 day." "I expect to make more than that, sir," was the proud 
 reply. The best tinsmiths make five dollars (i *s lod) per 
 day. He was ambitious, and expected to be first-class. 
 
 Asking the superintendent if places could be found for 
 all graduates in the crafts, he said that he had five applicants 
 for every graduate he could supply. Coachbuilders, masons, 
 bricklayers, tinsmiths, blacksmiths and shoemakers are all 
 there, soon to be earning w r ages very much higher than in 
 Scotland. Plenty of work for them, for the Tuskegee and 
 Hampton graduation certificate means not only a competent 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 359 
 
 mechanic, seamstress or cook, but a self-respecting man or 
 woman. There is no objection to Negroes being craftsmen 
 throughout the South because under slavery the clever slaves 
 did the larger part of such work, white craftsmen being few. 
 Manual labor was only for slaves. Poor whites were above 
 that degradation. They were poor, but gentlemen at least 
 they were white. 
 
 A traveling agricultural school, consisting of a large cov 
 ered wagon, attracted my attention. Such wagons travel the 
 region, giving Negroes needed lessons. Here were displayed 
 large photographic specimens of the cotton plant and of 
 maize, grown upon soils plowed to different depths. The ad 
 vantages of deep plowing were so clearly shown that the most 
 inert farmer could not rest plowing as shallow as before. I 
 was told that such lessons were promptly taken to heart, and 
 that the old cry "thirty acres and a mule" as the height of 
 the Negro s ambition is now thirty acres and two mules," 
 so that "plow deep" can be put in practice. Tuskegee takes 
 deep interest in agriculture, and is rapidly raising standards, 
 through its experimental farm. Its students make great num 
 bers of all kinds of agricultural implements and wagons. It 
 is by these and kindred wise adaptations that Tuskegee has 
 become a great educational force in many forms outside as 
 inside her domain. Numerous are her off-shoots throughout 
 the South a fruitful brood. 
 
 Tuskegee has developed upon lines different from Hamp 
 ton in one important feature. Here all is the work of Ne 
 groes, the principal and professors, and even the architects 
 are colored. Hampton employs white professors, and has 
 a white man in charge. The total number of scholars at 
 Tuskegee, including classes outside, was last year 1,948, 1,621 
 being students regularly enrolled, All but about one hun- 
 
360 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 dred of the regular students board and sleep in the grounds. 
 Twenty-three hundred acres of land surrounding are owned 
 by the institute and cultivated by the students, part being an 
 experimental farm. 
 
 The endowment fund amounts to $1,263,000, the largest 
 by far of any colored institution. Mrs. Mary E. Shaw, a 
 colored woman of New York, has just left all her money to 
 it, $38,000, the largest gift ever made to it by a Negro. 
 Thirty-seven different occupations are taught in the "Schools 
 of Agriculture," "Mechanical Industries" and "Industries for , 
 Girls" each of these three departments has separate build 
 ings. An annual Negro conference is held, and Negrcf 
 farmers and others come from all parts of the South, so 
 famous have these meetings become. Two days sessions 
 are now required, one for farmers and one for teachers. 
 
 The choir alone is worth traveling to Tuskegee to hear. 
 The main hall is large and vaulted, the stage ample, acoustics 
 fine. The great choir of more than one hundred and fifty 
 students sat back of the speakers, who occupied the front 
 of the stage. I was not prepared for such enchanting strains 
 as burst upon us from unseen singers. The music was sacred 
 and some of the finest gems were sung. I have heard many 
 of the fine choirs of the world, in the Crystal Palace, St. 
 James s Hall, Rome, Dresden, Paris, New York, and else 
 where ; seldom do I miss an oratorio if I can help it, but never 
 in my life did choral music affect me as at Tuskegee. Even 
 the Russian choir in St. Petersburg I must rank second. The 
 pure Negro voice is unique. The organ fortunately was very 
 small. One felt there was some ground for preferring the 
 human voice for praise, for even the finest organ lacks some 
 thing when Negro voices swell. 
 
 Booker Washington is the combined Moses and Joshua 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 361 
 
 of his people. Not only has he led them to the promised 
 land, but still lives to teach them by example and precept 
 how properly to enjoy it. He is one of these extraordinary 
 men who rise at rare intervals and work miracles. Born a 
 slave, he is to-day the acknowledged leader of his race a 
 modest, gentlemanly man, of pure, simple life and engaging 
 qualities, supremely wise, an orator, organizer and admin 
 istrator combined. Considering what he was and what he 
 is, and what he has already accomplished, the point he started 
 from and the commanding position attained, he certainly is 
 one of the most wonderful men living or who has ever lived. 
 History is to tell of two Washingtons, the white and the 
 black, one the father of his country, the other the leader 
 of his race. I commend to you his autobiography, "Up 
 from Slavery," as companion to The Life of General Arm 
 strong." 
 
 "There were giants in those days," we are apt to exclaim, 
 and lament their absence in our own age, but this arises 
 from our failure to recognize the gigantic proportions of 
 some of our contemporaries. To-day is a king in disguise, 
 Carlyle tells us. Hence our kings pass unnoticed until viewed 
 in their proper perspective by one who has the gift to see 
 and reveal the true heroes to the masses. Future ages are to 
 recognize our contemporary, Booker Washington, the slave, 
 as a giant, distinguishing the age he lived in, and General 
 Armstrong, the pioneer, as another who can never be for 
 gotten in the history of the Negro race. He will grow as he 
 recedes. These men of our day are hereafter to be canonized 
 as true heroes of civilization, whose life-work was neither to 
 kill nor maim, but to serve or save their fellows. 
 
 In the task of elevating the Negro, the part played by the 
 Northern people, from the inception of the Hampton School 
 
362 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 idea to the present day, has been great. Not only have many 
 millions of dollars been contributed, but many earnest men 
 have given, and are still giving their personal services, giv 
 ing not money only, but themselves, to the cause. Among 
 these there is one who deserves special recognition, Robert 
 C. Ogden, of New York, than whom none was closer to 
 General Armstrong from first to last, and who still serves 
 as chairman of the Southern Education Board. It is only just 
 that the North should co-operate with the South in the great 
 task, for it is equally responsible for slavery. 
 
 Lest you separate, holding the view that there remains little 
 more to be accomplished in the Negro problem, let me say 
 that all that has been done, encouraging as it undoubtedly is, 
 yet is trifling compared with what remains to be done. 
 
 The advanced few are only the leaders of the vast multitude 
 that are still to be stimulated to move forward. Nor are 
 the leaders themselves, with certain exceptions, all that it is 
 hoped they are yet to become. 
 
 When you are told of the number owning land or attend 
 ing schools, or of the millions of church members, and the 
 amount of wealth and of land possessed by the Negro, pray 
 remember that they number ten millions, scattered over an 
 area nearly half as great as Europe. 
 
 The bright spots have brought to your notice, but these 
 are only small points surrounded by great areas of darkness. 
 True, the stars are shining in the sky through the darkness, 
 but the sun, spreading light over all, has not yet arisen, al 
 though there are not wanting convincing proofs that her 
 morning beams begin to gild the mountain tops. 
 
 All the signs are encouraging, never so much so as to 
 day. One is quite justified in being sanguine that the result 
 is to be a respectable, educated, intelligent race of colored 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 363 
 
 citizens, increasing in numbers, possessed of all civil rights, 
 and who in return will by honest labor remain notably the 
 chief factor in giving the world among other things its 
 indispensable supply of cotton and, to no inconsiderable ex 
 tent, of the products of cotton, while individual members, 
 gifted beyond the mass, will worthily fill places in all the pro 
 fessions. Nor will the race fail to be distinguished from time 
 to time in the future, as in the past, by the advent of great 
 men, fit successors of .Frederick Douglas and Booker Wash 
 ington. 
 
 It was inevitable in the changes that have been going on 
 in the South since emancipation that the new generation of 
 white men and black men should not have for each the same 
 intimate and friendly feeling of the older generation who had 
 known each other as master and slave. Much has been said 
 of the estrangement between the races that has arisen since 
 the war. But it is often overlooked that in recent years there 
 has been growing quietly a closer and more cordial relation 
 ship between the better classes of both races. It began with 
 the attempt of some of the best colored people and some 
 of the best white people combining to prevent the crime of 
 lynching which a few years ago seemed to be increasing 
 throughout the South. From that time prominent white 
 men have begun to take a moral active interest in the progress 
 of the Negro in his schools and in his churches. Men like 
 ex-Governor Northern, of Atlanta ; Belton Gilreath, of Birm 
 ingham ; W. A. Blair, of Winston-Salem, and many others 
 throughout the South are doing a great service to the coun 
 try in bringing about co-operation between the races, and 
 emphasizing the fact that the success of the white race is 
 intimately bound up with the moral and material welfare 
 of the black. 
 
364 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Quarrels arise at times between white and black as among 
 white men and among blacks, but these are isolated cases. 
 It goes without saying that the general condition is one of 
 peace between the races, otherwise the former slaves could 
 never have been allowed to become landlords to the number 
 of one hundred and seventy-six thousand in 1900, and in con 
 stantly increasing numbers ever since. 
 
 The Republic has its problems formerly so without new 
 problems there would be stagnation; but, as in the past, so 
 in the future, she will surmount all that new exist and any 
 that may come. Our race has never failed so far. One of 
 the most serious of the problems of the Republic in this gen 
 eration has been that of the Negro, now, as I hope I have 
 shown, slowly but surely marching to satisfactory solution. 
 
 What is to be the final result of the white and black races 
 living together in centuries to come need not concern us. 
 Problems have a surprising way of settling themselves, which 
 should teach our anxious element a lesson. Forty-odd years 
 ago the Negro problem was "what to do with them?" 
 To-day it is how we can get more of them ; there being a 
 shortage of labor in the South. That they will henceforth 
 dwell in peace, co-operating more and more as patriotic citi 
 zens of the Republic, is, I believe, already assured. I believe 
 also that the Negro is to continue to ascend morally, educa 
 tionally and financially. I am quite resigned to our own and 
 the Negro races occupying the South together, confident that 
 as time passes the two will view each other with increasing 
 regard, and more and more realize that, destined as they are 
 to dwell together, it is advantageous for both that they live 
 in harmony as good neighbors and labor for the best inter 
 ests of their common country. 
 
 Meanwhile, my personal experience of the South, small 
 
Of^THE NEGRO RACE 365 
 
 as it is compared with that of many Northern men who have 
 been from the first, and still are, leaders in the work of ele 
 vating the Negro, leads me to endorse the opinion of one of 
 the best-known and foremost of these, the Rev. Lyman Ab 
 bot, editor of the "Outlook," who has recently declared that 
 "never in the history of man has a race made such educa 
 tional and material progress in forty years as the American 
 Negro." 
 
 STATISTICS OF THE RACE. 
 AREA AND POPULATION OF THE WORLD. 
 
 Area of the World No. of 
 
 in Square Miles. Inhabitants. 
 
 Asia 14,710,000 851,000,000 
 
 Africa 1 1,514000 130,000,000 
 
 North America 6,446,000 89,250,000 
 
 South America 6,837,000 36,420,000 
 
 Australia 3,288,000 4,730,000 
 
 NUMBER OF INHABITANTS OF THE WORLD BY RACES. 
 
 Causcasian 545,000,000 
 
 Mongolian 630,000,000 
 
 Negro 225,000,000 
 
 Malay 35,000,000 
 
 Indian . 15,000,000 
 
366 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 Population of the United States by Sex, General Nativity and Color- 
 1890 and 1900. 
 
 SEX, GENERAL 
 
 NATIVITY- 
 
 AND COLOR 
 
 AGGREGATE 
 
 PER CENT. OF 
 
 TOTAL 
 POPULATION 
 
 INCREASE FROM 
 
 1890 TO 1900 
 
 1900 
 
 1890 
 
 1900 
 
 1890 
 
 Number 
 
 Per 
 Ceut. 
 
 Total population.. 76,303,387 j 03,069,756 100.0 ! 100.0 ; 13,233,631 21.0 
 
 Males. 
 
 39 059 242 
 
 32 315 063 
 
 Females 
 Native born 
 Foreign born 
 White 
 Colored* 
 Native white 
 Native parents 
 Foreign parents, . . 
 Foreign white 
 
 37,244,145 
 65,843,302 
 10,460,085 
 66,990,802 
 9,312,f;85 
 56,740,739 
 41,053,417 
 15, (587.322 
 10 250 063 
 
 30,754,693 i 
 53,761,665 
 9,308,091 j 
 55,166,184 i 
 7,903,572 1 
 46,030,105 1 
 34,514,450 : 
 11,515,655 i 
 9,136 079 
 
 Negrot 
 Chinese 
 Japanese 
 Indians 
 
 8,440,789 
 119,050 
 85,986 
 266 760 
 
 7,488,788 
 126,778 ! 
 14,399 
 273 607 
 
 
 
 
 51.2 i 51.2 
 
 6,774,179 : 20.9 
 
 48.8 i 48.8 
 
 6,489,452 
 
 21.1 
 
 86.3 
 
 85.2 
 
 12,081,637 
 
 22.5 
 
 13.7 
 
 14.8 
 
 1,151,994 
 
 12.4 
 
 87.8 
 
 87.5 
 
 11,824,C18 
 
 21.4 
 
 12.2 
 
 12 5 
 
 1,409,013 
 
 17.8 
 
 74.4 
 
 73.0 
 
 10,710,634 
 
 23.3 
 
 53.8 
 
 54.7 
 
 6,538,967 
 
 18.9 
 
 20.6 
 
 18.3 
 
 4,171,667 
 
 36.2 
 
 15.4 
 
 14.5 
 
 1,113,984 
 
 12.3 
 
 11.6 
 
 11.9 
 
 1,3*72,001 
 
 18.1 
 
 0.2 
 
 0.2 
 
 $ 7,728 
 
 J 6.1 
 
 0.1 
 
 (I) 
 
 71,587 
 
 497.2 
 
 0.3 
 
 0.4 
 
 $ 6,847 
 
 $ 2.5 
 
 * Persons of Negro descent, Chinese, Japanese, and Indians. 
 
 t Includes all pesons of Negro descent. 
 
 % Decrease. 
 
 Less than one-tenth of one per cent. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 In the first fourteen chapters of this work will be found illustrations 
 representing the progress of the Negro beginning with his landing 
 into this country. These are cuts of the historic tableaux prepared by 
 Miss Meta Vaux Warrick, of Philadelphia, and exhibited in the 
 Negro Building at the Jamestown Exposition. The figures are 
 moulded out of clay and illustrated clearly the various steps in the 
 progress of the Negro. 
 
 Scattered throughout the book can be seen illustrations of exhibits in 
 the Negro Building, which merited special comment by the public, and 
 were granted medals by the Jamestown Exposition Company. 
 
 THE AUTHORS. 
 
OF THE NE&RO RACE 367 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Giles B. Jackson and D. Webster Davis, authors 4 
 
 Our Ancestors Entering Africa 16 
 
 Landing of First Twenty Slaves at Jamestown 26 
 
 Defending Master s Home in War between the States 31 
 
 Scene on a Slave Plantation 34 
 
 A Fugitive Slave 38 
 
 Response to the Call to Arms 66 
 
 Organizing a Church in a Blacksmith Shop 69 
 
 An After Church Scene 74 
 
 The Beginning of Negro Education 77 
 
 Freedman s First Cabin 79 
 
 Hampton School Exhibit 81 
 
 Commencement Day 85 
 
 Contractors and Builders 89 
 
 The Savings Bank 94 
 
 On His Own Farm 98 
 
 Improved Home Life 106 
 
 Chart Showing Work of G. F. U. O. T. R 109 
 
 Stone Carving by Negroes of Illinois 123 
 
 W. I. Johnson, President N. D. & Exposition Co 137 
 
 Giles B. Jackson, Director-General N. D. & Exposition Co 141 
 
 Richmond Office of Negro Development and Exposition Co 147 
 
 Accepted Design of Negro Building 162 
 
 Alcorn College Exhibit 165 
 
 Operating Room, Negro Emergency Hospital at the Exposition. . 168 
 
 North View of the Negro Building 171 
 
 Corner Entrance of Negro Building 173 
 
 Eastern Door of Negro Building 176 
 
 Exhibit of Savings Bank, Grand Fountain U. O. T. R 180 
 
 Rear Door of Negro Building 184 
 
 Advisory Board of Jury of Awards 188 
 
 Entrance to North Carolina Exhibit 191 
 
 North Carolina Exhibit 194 
 
 Cotton Planter, by A. C. Taylor, Charleston, S. C 197 
 
368 INDUSTRIAL HISTORY 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Electric Railway Switch 200 
 
 Miniature Railway 202 
 
 Hand Painted China, by Frances Spencer Dorkins 205 
 
 Fancy Work, by Students of Wilberforce College 208 
 
 Fancy Work, by Mrs. Eliza Williams 210 
 
 Exhibit of St. Paul Normal and Industrial School, Lawrence- 
 
 ville, Virginia 212 
 
 A. & M. College Exhibit, Greensboro, North Carolina 214 
 
 Hand Painted China, by Frances Spencer Dorkins 216 
 
 Front Entrance of Negro Building 218 
 
 Gathering on Negro Masonic Day 220 
 
 Newspaper Exhibit 222 
 
 Exhibits of Corn, Wheat and Oats 224 
 
 Animals Formed Out of Grain 22G, 228, 230 
 
 Exhibit of Tugaloo University 232 
 
 Washington, D. C., School Exhibit 234 
 
 Guards in the Negro Building 236 
 
 Outside Decorations of Washington School Exhibit 238 
 
 Music Exhibit 240 
 
 Fancy Work, by Mrs. Marcelia Mickens 242 
 
 Oil Painting, by J. R. Thompson 244 
 
 Oil Painting, by R. E. Bell 246 
 
 Paintings, by T. W. Hunster 248 
 
 Section of Fine Arts Department 250 
 
 Exhibit of St. Emma I. & A. School 252 
 
 Exhibit of West Virginia Colored Institute 254 
 
 Georgia State Industrial College Exhibits 256 
 
 Norfolk Mission College Exhibit 258 
 
 Souvenir Counter 260 
 
 R. H. N. I. School Exhibit, Eatonville, Florida 262 
 
 Howard University Exhibit 264 
 
 Wagon Made By Hampton Students ; 266 
 
 A. & N. University, Langston, Oklahoma 268 
 
 Hartshorn Memorial College, and Virginia Union University 
 
 Exhibit 270 
 
 Auditorium of Negro Building 272 
 
 Auditorium of Negro Building 274 
 
OF THE NEGRO RACE 369 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Public Schools of Portsmouth, Ohio 276 
 
 Exhibits from City of Baltimore 278 
 
 Public School Exhibit of Terre Haute, Indiana 280 
 
 Public School Exhibit of East St. Louis, Missouri 282 
 
 Cotton Chopper 284 
 
 A Group of Inventions 286 
 
 Fancy Work, by Mrs. Virginia Scott 288 
 
 Incubator and Bread Raiser 290 
 
 Rev. John Jasper 292 
 
 Public Schools of Lynchburg 294 
 
 Miniature Dwelling Made By Students of Portsmouth Public 
 
 Schools 296 
 
 Exhibit of Portsmouth Public Schools 298 
 
 Exhibit of Saint Emma Industrial School 300 
 
 Public School Exhibit of Xenia, Ohio 302 
 
 Exhibit of Public Schools, Lynchburg, Virginia 304 
 
 Exhibits of Public Industrial School, Salem, Maryland 306 
 
 Exhibits of Public Schools of Camden, New Jersey 308 
 
 Exhibit of St. Emma I. & A. School 310 
 
 Fancy Work 312, 319 
 
 Exhibits of Curry Normal and Industrial School, Urbana, Ohio. . 321 
 
 Public Schools of Topeka, Kansas 323 
 
 Exhibit of Claremont Institute 325 
 
 Jewelry, by J. T. Dooley 327 
 
 Samples of Work, by L. H. Pierce, of Lansing, Michigan 329 
 
 Pyrography, by C. Arthur Lewis, East St. Louis, Illinois 331 
 
 Miniature Dwelling, by James DeSheilds, Wilmington, Del.... 333 
 
 Buffett, by Walter S. Ebb, Baltimore, Maryland 335 
 
 Painting on Velvet, by Geraldine Maidbark, Ouray, Colorado.. 337 
 
 Boat Propeller, by S. C. Crawford, Baltimore, Maryland 339 
 
 China Painting, by Mrs. Fanny Clinkscale, Topeka, Kansas, 
 
 and Mrs. Addie Byrd, Columbus, Ohio 341 
 
 Madonna, by Bertina B. Lee, Trenton, New Jersey 343 
 
 Grecian Head, by Bertina B. Lee, Trenton, New Jersey 346 
 
 Fancy Work, by Miss Edna Nixon 351 
 
 Fancy Work, by Anna McNorton, Yorktown, Virginia 356 
 
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