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GIFT OF 
 
 7. 
 
 HOME 
 
 JOHN T. JUDKINS 
 
 4O36 RICHMOND STREET 
 
 SAN DIEGO, CAL. 
 
grt 
 
.* 
 
 MEMOIR 
 
 RECENT SURVEYS, OBSERVATIONS, 
 
 AND 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 WITH BRIEF NOTICES OF THE NEW COUNTIES, TOWNS, 
 
 VILLAGES, CANALS, AND RAIL ROADS, NEVER 
 
 BEFORE DELINEATED. 
 
 BY H. S. TANNER. 
 
 INTENDED TO ACCOMPANY HIS 
 
 NEW MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Mifllin & Parry, Printers. 
 
 1829. 
 

 Eastern District of Pennsylvania, to wit : 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, that on the tenth day of July, in the fifty-fourth 
 year of the Independence of the United States of America, A. D. 1829, Hen 
 ry S. Tanner, of the said District, has deposited in this office the title of a 
 book, the right whereof he claims as Author, in the words following, to wit : 
 
 "Memoir on the Recent Surveys, Observations, and Internal Improvements, 
 in the United States, with brief Notices of the New Counties, Towns, Villages, 
 Canals, and Rail Roads, never before delineated. By H. S. Tanner. Intend 
 ed to accompany his New Map of the United States." 
 
 In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, intituled. 
 An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, 
 Charts, and Books to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the 
 times therein mentioned;" and also to the Act entitled, " An Act, supplemen 
 tary to an Act, entitled, " an Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by se 
 curing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors 
 of such copies during the times therein mentioned," and extending the bene 
 fits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other 
 prints." 
 
 D. CALDWELL, 
 Clerk of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
MEMOIR, &c. 
 
 IN presenting to the American public a Map of the 
 United States, differing essentially from those hither 
 to published, both in its general aspect and local fea 
 tures, it will naturally be expected that some account 
 will be given, of the sources whence I have drawn 
 my information. This I shall do with as much bre 
 vity as a satisfactory review of the materials will per 
 mit. 
 
 Before proceeding with the proposed detail, some 
 remarks on the projection and basis meridian adopted 
 for the map, are deemed necessary to a clear illustra 
 tion of the subject, 
 
 In examining the infinite variety of projections 
 which an investigation of the subject presented, it 
 was an object of importance to select such a one for 
 the present map, as should exhibit the superficial and 
 linear measures in their truest proportion, and pre 
 serve an equal length for the diagonals of the rhombs. 
 In order to effect these objects as nearly as possible, 
 recourse was had to the following method. The 
 number of geographical miles contained in a degree 
 of longitude, on each parallel of latitude, was set off 
 
 1 
 
 269800 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 by a diagonal scale, constructed with the greatest pre 
 cision; through the points of division curved lines 
 were drawn representing the meridians; when the 
 parallels of latitude were drawn in sections of con 
 centric circles, by radii obtained by extending the 
 lines of longitude, until, by the laws of their de 
 crease, they intersected each other at or beyond the 
 north pole, and thus formed a common centre, from 
 which circular arcs representing the parallels of lati 
 tude were described as above-mentioned. 
 
 This mode of delineating sections of the globe on 
 a plane is supposed to be, though simple in its nature, 
 a very near approximation to the truth; all the me 
 ridians and parallels intersect each other at right an 
 gles; the successive quadrilaterals between any two 
 meridians are nearly equal in area, and similar to 
 those on the globe ; every parallel of latitude is 
 equally divided by the meridians; and every parallel, 
 as terminated by two meridians on the map, is ex 
 ceedingly near the same length as the corresponding 
 part on the globe itself: hence it is obvious, that this 
 method preserves the outline and relative position of 
 sections of a sphere as nearly as the reduction of a 
 globular to a plane surface will admit. This projec 
 tion is said to be much used in France, and we know 
 that Delile and D Anville have employed it in the 
 construction of their most approved maps. It ad 
 mits of the application of the simple scale for the ad 
 measurement of distances, to every part of the map, 
 and thus obviates the necessity for that multiplicity 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 of scales which the globular, stereographic and many 
 other projections require. 
 
 When a considerable portion of the earth s surface 
 is projected on a plane, by that nondescript method 
 of representing the parallels of latitude by straight 
 lines, the real dimensions, and often the figure and 
 position of countries, are much distorted and misre 
 presented, especially towards the eastern and western 
 extremities of the map, where the meridians and pa 
 rallels intersect each other obliquely, so that a quad- 
 rilateral space shall often be represented by an oblique- 
 angled rhomboid figure, whose diagonals are very far 
 from equal ; and yet we see a simple scale of distan 
 ces inserted in such a map ! 
 
 It will be observed that the degrees of longitude 
 are computed east and west of the Capitol at Wash 
 ington. To the adoption of that point as a first me 
 ridian for my map, some persons have objected, as 
 augmenting the number of such meridians, already 
 too numerous, they say. If, by selecting the meridi 
 an most generally used for foreign maps, I could have 
 in any measure checked the practice complained of, 
 or have added any thing towards the establishment of 
 a universal meridian, as proposed by La Place,* one 
 of the first geometricians of his age, I should most 
 certainly have contributed my humble efforts in fa 
 vour of the design. But, until that national feeling, 
 which is inherent in every independent community, 
 
 * This universal meridian is 113 51 18" west of Washington, 
 
4- MEMOIR. 
 
 shall have been entirely eradicated, there is no reason- 
 ble ground to hope for the accomplishment of such an 
 object, notwithstanding the facilities it might afford to 
 navigation, or however desirable in other points of 
 view. 
 
 The longitude of Washington from Greenwich has 
 been, in conformity with an act of Congress, recent 
 ly ascertained by William Lambert, a gentleman well 
 known for his scientific acquirements, whose report 
 on the subject is entitled to the highest confidence. 
 By Mr. Lambert s calculations, the Capitol at Wash 
 ington was found to be 76 55 30" to the west of 
 the Observatory at Greenwich. The exact position 
 of our Capital having been thus determined, with a 
 view, on the part of government, to the establish 
 ment of a first Meridian for the United States ; and 
 as this object will probably ere long be completely 
 effected, by the erection of an observatory, furnished 
 with suitable instruments and apparatus, by which to 
 lessen our dependence on foreign nations for the ele 
 ments necessary to be used in astronomical calcula 
 tions ; I felt it incumbent on me to contribute my 
 humble aid towards the introduction into use of the 
 proposed meridian, and therefore selected it as the 
 one best suited to an American map, intended for the 
 use of Americans. 
 
 The adoption of a meridian not yet in general use, 
 even in our own country, is the less important as ap 
 plied in the present instance, as such maps are seldom 
 or never used for the purposes of navigation. In the 
 
MEMOIR. 5 
 
 construction of hydrographical charts, an adherence 
 to points generally known and recognized by nauti 
 cal men is, perhaps, both proper and necessary, and 
 should not be wholly abandoned until the new meri 
 dian be completely established ; which should and 
 would of necessity be effected by slow degrees. In 
 any view of the subject, it must be admitted that the 
 adoption of first meridians in the construction of maps 
 is quite arbitrary. We see that every country, and 
 indeed almost every province, has its first meridian. 
 Spain has no less than eight, if we include that of To 
 ledo: Cadiz, the most in use among navigators; Car- 
 thagena; the observatory of the Isle of Leon; the for 
 mer College of Nobles, at Madrid; the Island of Tri 
 nidad ; Teneriffe; and the Island of Ferro, the last 
 having been in many instances adopted by D Anville. 
 For a long time it was customary to reckon the lon 
 gitude, in most countries, from the Isle of Ferro; 
 but it is now usual to compute it from the metropolis 
 of the country. Thus in France, Paris is the first 
 meridian; and in Great Britain, the Royal Observa 
 tory at Greenwich. 
 
 Our own country furnishes additional testimony to 
 the correctness of the above remark. Boston, New 
 York, Philadelphia, and Washington, have each had 
 their advocates in the persons of their resident geo 
 graphers, who appear to have selected a first meridian 
 for their maps, according as their convenience or fan 
 cy dictated. This practice, it is hoped, will be en 
 tirely abandoned, since the position of our capital 
 
6 MEMOIR. 
 
 has been determined with sufficient exactness for all 
 geographical purposes. Many circumstances induce 
 the belief that those places will eventually give way to 
 the City of Washington, as the only legitimate point 
 for a national first meridian ; its local situation, being 
 nearly in the centre of population, and approximat 
 ing nearer to that of territory than either of the pla 
 ces above-mentioned, and being also the seat of the 
 general government, are considerations which tend to 
 confirm this impression. 
 
 It may not be improper to remark here, that the 
 Observatory at Greenwich lies, as we have seen, 76 
 55 30" to the east of Washington ; hence it is very 
 easy to reduce the longitude of Greenwich to that of 
 Washington : for, if the longitude required be west, 
 we have only to subtract 76 55 <30" from the Ion- 
 gitude of Greenwich, and the remainder is the longi 
 tude west from Washington : on the other hand, if 
 the place be east of Greenwich, we obtain the longi 
 tude east from Washington, by adding to that of 
 Greenwich 76 55 30". If the place lies between 
 Greenwich and Washington, its longitude from the 
 latter place will be obtained by subtracting its longi 
 tude west from Greenwich from 76 55 30". 
 
 The new map of the United States is founded on, 
 and embraces generally, the valuable and original in 
 formation, contained in my American Atlas. The 
 maps of the Western States and Territories which 
 form a part of that work, were drawn principally 
 from the government surveys, which now extend al- 
 
MEMOIR. 7 
 
 most entirely over the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illi 
 nois, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, 
 and partially over the territories of Michigan, Ar 
 kansas, and Florida. 
 
 These surveys are made in half-mile sections, which 
 give to them a degree of correctness seldom attained 
 by any other mode, and, when carefully combined., 
 exhibit a very exact representation of the country. 
 As the public surveys are frequently noticed, a few 
 observations here on the system upon which they are 
 made will perhaps be useful. 
 
 All the lines are run by the true meridian, in most 
 instances with compasses of Rittenhouse s construc 
 tion, with nonius divisions and moveable sights. The 
 variation of the compass is determined every ten or 
 twelve miles on the east and west lines, and every 
 twenty or twenty-five on the north and south lines, 
 by celestial observations, which give the courses of 
 the lines as great a degree of accuracy as can well be 
 obtained by the compass. The chains used by the 
 surveyors are all similar, and adjusted by standards 
 kept in the offices. In surveying uneven or hilly 
 ground the chain is carried horizontally, so as to ob 
 tain the true horizontal measure. In this manner the 
 surveys are made in townships, whose sides (limited 
 by true meridians, and parallels to the equator) are 
 each six miles in length; area 36 square miles or sec 
 tions, each containing 640 acres ; each township con 
 tains 23,040 acres; a quarter section is a square whose 
 sides are each half a mile, and contains 1GO acres. 
 
8 MEMOIR. 
 
 The corners of each section are distinctly marked by 
 the United States deputy surveyors. The sections are 
 numbered from 1 to 36, beginning at the north-east 
 corner of the township, and going from right to left 
 to the north-west corner, and then returning from 
 left to right to the eastern boundary of the township, 
 and so on, terminating at the south-east corner. The 
 townships are also numbered, commencing at the 
 principal meridians east and west, and on the base 
 line north or south. This mode is uniformly pursu 
 ed in the survey of all lands belonging to the United 
 States; therefore, whenever mention is made of Unit 
 ed States or public surveys, it will be understood to 
 mean those which have been made according to the 
 mode here described. It will be readily perceived, 
 that from the caution used in those surveys, there is 
 no likelihood of any other interference in the lines, 
 than what the necessary convergence of the meridi" 
 ans will produce. 
 
 In addition to the great mass of original informa 
 tion embodied in the New American Atlas, import 
 ant accessions to the stock of knowledge on the geo 
 graphy of the United States have recently been made, 
 by the publication of excellent local and state maps. 
 These having been used in perfecting the corres 
 ponding parts of the present map, give to them an 
 appearance very different from all preceding repre 
 sentations. 
 
 With a view of acquiring as much additional in 
 formation as possible, various methods of obtaining 
 
MEMOIR. 9 
 
 the most recent and authentic surveys, and observa 
 tions for latitude and longitude, were adopted. One 
 of these resulted in the acquisition of many important 
 facts connected with the subject, and documents re 
 garding the geography of remote sections of our coun 
 try were communicated by individuals resident in 
 them. A circular letter, of which the following is a 
 copy, inviting fresh information, was extensively dis 
 tributed among the most intelligent part of the com 
 munity, and subsequently published in many of the 
 respectable journals throughout the country. 
 
 SIB, Philadelphia, June 1st, 1828. 
 
 Having nearly completed a large Map of the United 
 States, on a scale of 30 miles to the inch, for which I have, 
 since the publication of my New American Atlas, been col 
 lecting and arranging materials ; and being ardently desirous 
 of rendering it as perfect as the nature of such a work will 
 admit ; I take the liberty of submitting to you the annexed 
 inquiries, to which I would most respectfully and earnestly 
 solicit your early attention. Under a well-founded belief 
 that much additional information, regarding the geography 
 of local districts of our country, might be acquired by a re 
 sort to means which have, on former occasions, been adopt 
 ed by me with signal advantage ; I again avail myself of the 
 same mode of inviting the co-operation of intelligent indi 
 viduals throughout the United States, by whose aid and a 
 firm determination on my part to use my best exertions for 
 the attainment of the object, I trust I shall be enabled to 
 collect and combine many original documents, which now lie 
 comparatively useless in various and remote parts of the 
 country. 
 
 With a view of accomplishing this desirable object in its 
 
10 MEMOIR. 
 
 fullest extent, I engage to grant, to persons requiring it, pe 
 cuniary or other compensation for the use of Maps whose 
 delineations are strictly original and of undoubted accuracy. 
 Any maps of this description that may be forwarded, shall 
 be returned to their owners respectively, free of expense 
 and in good order, together with any reasonable compensa 
 tion for their use that may be agreed on. 
 
 The following are the subjects to which I would respect 
 fully call your attention : 
 
 1. Climate, Soil, Productions, and Population of your 
 County. 
 
 2. Latitude and Longitude of important points not hitherto 
 ascertained or made known, particularly in the West 
 ern and South- Western States and Territories. 
 
 3. Recent and contemplated changes in State or County 
 
 boundaries. 
 
 4. Newly organized Counties, with names, position, 6cc. 
 of their respective seats of justice. 
 
 5. Location of new Towns generally, with the population 
 of each. 
 
 6. Errors in existing Maps, with suggestions for their cor 
 rection. 
 
 7. Mineral Springs. 
 
 8. Minerals, especially such as may be applied to the use 
 ful Arts. 
 
 9. Projected Canals, Rail and Turnpike roads, and other 
 internal improvements,* 
 
 10. Distances from place to place along the leading roads, 
 with the most noted public houses. 
 
 11. Steam-boat and Stage routes, recently established or 
 contemplated, and generally to whatever else may in 
 your judgment be deemed important in reference to 
 the object in view, 
 
 As it is particularly desirable that the Map be published 
 as early in the ensuing season as its proper execution will 
 
MEMOIR. 11 
 
 permit, I beg leave to request a prompt answer to the above 
 queries, or to such portion of them as you may find it conve 
 nient to communicate. 
 
 1 am very respectfully yours, &c. 
 
 HENRY S. TANNER. 
 
 This circular elicited valuable communications, ac 
 companied, in many instances, by manuscript maps 
 of districts, never before or very imperfectly repre 
 sented on the existing maps. Among these is one of 
 the northern part of Maine, illustrative of the inter 
 esting question of boundaries between the United 
 States and British possessions ; together with a dia 
 gram, representing in profile the altitudes of the most 
 elevated points along the Grand Portage, from the St. 
 Lawrence to Lake Temiscouata. The latter is an 
 important document, as it exhibits in three several 
 places the points of intersection of the Highlands with 
 the boundary between Maine and Lower Canada. 
 This profile and its accompanying map were con 
 structed by order, and for the use, of tbe commis 
 sioners under the Ghent treaty, and add greatly to 
 the information regarding the interesting section em 
 braced by them. 
 
 In the following account of the materials used in the 
 construction of the present map, I shall confine my 
 self to such as were deemed strictly original in refer 
 ence to a general map of the United States, and such 
 as have now for the first time been incorporated into 
 any published map. All other information, it will be 
 recollected, was drawn from the American Atlas, to 
 
12 MEMOIR. 
 
 which the fresh materials enumerated below, were 
 added in the formation of the new map. 
 
 EASTERN STATES. 
 
 This section of my map is greatly improved by 
 the insertion of the original matter contained in the 
 map of the boundary line and the profile of the Grand 
 Portage, mentioned above. 
 
 The profile of the Grand Portage is inserted in the 
 map, with a view of exposing the unfounded state 
 ments of the British regarding the topography of the 
 region traversed by the boundary between Canada 
 and the United States. One of the arguments used 
 to enforce the claims of the British government to 
 the north part of Maine, is founded on the assump 
 tion that no highlands sufficiently distinct, to exhibit 
 with precision the line claimed by the United States, 
 exist between " the rivers that empty themselves into 
 the St. Lawrence, and those which fall into the At 
 lantic Ocean. "# By this profile it will be seen that 
 highlands or rather mountains do exist along the en 
 tire course of the line, from the sources of Connec 
 ticut river to those of Ristigouche. Some of these 
 mountains attain an elevation of 2000 feet above the 
 level of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The map in question together with the profile af 
 ford a view of the physical geography of this part of 
 our country, essentially different from its former de- 
 
 * Treaty of peace in 1783. 
 
MEMOIU. 13 
 
 lineations; and completely reverse the general aspect 
 as given to it by the advocates of the British claims. 
 They affirm that the route claimed by the Americans 
 as the line contemplated by the framers of the treaty 
 of 1783, is nearly destitute of highlands, and that 
 mountains of considerable elevation extend westward 
 from Mars Hill, dividing the waters of St. John s 
 river from those of the Penobscot, &c. Such how 
 ever is not the fact, for we find along the former route 
 a continuous chain of high hills if not mountains, 
 broken, it is true, occasionally by the action of the 
 water; and the latter, with the exception of Mars Hill 
 itself, presenting an undulating surface merely, but 
 little elevated above the surrounding plain. This is 
 the line assumed by Great Britain as the boundary at 
 issue, which is carefully traced on my map. The St. 
 Croix forms a part of the boundary between the 
 United States and British possessions which has 
 been definitely settled. The principal source of the 
 St. Croix was ascertained in the year 1797 by the 
 commissioners of the United States and Great Britain, 
 under the treaty of 1794. In the year 1817 the sur 
 veyors of the two governments again marked the 
 point at which a line due north was to commence. 
 As no other survey has yet been made with special 
 reference to the disputed boundary, its course cannot 
 be stated with precision : enough however is known, 
 to justify the United States government in resisting 
 the extravagant and unfounded claim of the British 
 government. In submitting the disputed points to 
 
14 MEMOIR. 
 
 umpirage, the government of the United States never 
 contemplated, I apprehend, granting the power to 
 depart essentially from the boundary always claimed 
 by it, and until lately acquiesced in by that of Great 
 Britain. The power conferred on the King of the 
 Netherlands, as umpire in this matter, is unquestion 
 ably restricted to the simple adjustment of the boun 
 dary in question ; nor does it admit of any material 
 variation from the line as defined by the treaty of 
 17S3, and as then understood by all the parties con 
 cerned. The treaty, on which alone the United 
 States may rely with confidence, describes the boun 
 dary with a precision, so nearly approaching to cer 
 tainty, as to forbid any misunderstanding with regard 
 to the line, in the mind of a disinterested observer. 
 Other and ample evidence might be adduced in sup 
 port of the American title to the disputed territory 
 this can scarcely be deemed necessary, as the treaty 
 is sufficiently explicit and conclusive. All the acts 
 of the British government, from the proclamation of 
 1763 to the treaty of 1783, recognize the boundary 
 claimed by the United States, as the one which sepa 
 rated the provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia from 
 the then province of Maine, and declare that the line 
 should "pass along the high lands which divide the 
 rivers that empty themselves into the St. Lawrence, 
 from those which fall into the sea," and that " the 
 province of Quebec is bounded on the south by a line 
 from the Bay of Chaleurs along the high lands, &c.," 
 reciting the precise words that were subsequently 
 
MEMOIR. 15 
 
 transferred to the treaty of peace in 1783. The trea 
 ty however, in letter as well as in spirit, is obviously 
 and decidedly with the American government. On 
 the side of the British, they rest altogether on their 
 vague notions of an equitable division of the country, 
 upon which their claim with regard to the north-west 
 angle of Nova Scotia, is founded. This claim places 
 the angle at the point in the line running due north 
 from the source of the St. Croix, which meets the 
 high lands at or near Mars Hill; and according to this 
 view of the subject, the angle thus formed is the com 
 mencement, on the east, of the north boundary of 
 Maine, from that point to the westernmost head of 
 Connecticut river. This line along the imaginary 
 high lands, it will be perceived, divides the waters of 
 the Androscoggin, Kennebec and Penobscot from the 
 Aristook, Alaguash, and Wallostook branches of the 
 St. Johns, and deprives the state of Maine of nearly 
 one third of its area or about 12,000 square miles. 
 The point in the due north line from the St. Croix, 
 which the British affect to believe is the north-west 
 angle of Nova Scotia, and upon which the whole mat 
 ter rests, is about 40 miles from the source of the St. 
 Croix, and about the same distance from the place 
 where this line, in its prolongation, intersects the St. 
 Johns. 
 
 The manuscript map with which I commenced the 
 preceding remarks, enabled me to correct the courses 
 of all the streams and lakes in the northern part of 
 Maine, and also to add several others of considerable 
 
16 MEMOIR. 
 
 importance, which have never before appeared on any 
 published map : indeed the entire face of the country 
 is so radically altered and improved, as scarcely to 
 be recognized by those who have become familiar 
 with its former imperfect representations. Several 
 maps of this part of Maine, and the adjoining portions 
 of Canada and New Brunswick, have been publish 
 ed in Canada, intended to illustrate the matter in 
 dispute between the governments of the United States 
 and Great Britain; some of these maps have fallen in 
 to my hands, and were found to contain the most re 
 cent surveys, which so far as they represent the na 
 tural features of the country, were deemed sufficient 
 ly accurate for all the purposes of a general map. 
 
 The remainder of the New England States have 
 been entirely remodelled from the able map of Mr. 
 Nathan Hale of Boston, who actuated by a spirit of 
 liberality, promptly complied with my request for 
 permission to make use of his excellent map. 
 
 Mr. Male s map is constructed on Flamsteed s pro 
 jection, on a scale of eight miles to an inch; it embo 
 dies much original information, contains all the new 
 towns which existed at the time of its publication, 
 and is in every point of view the best map extant of 
 those states collectively ; its execution generally 
 does credit to the artist who engraved the map. To 
 Mr. Hale I am also indebted for a communication and 
 printed report on the Massachusetts rail-road, from 
 which the profile of that work contained on the map, 
 was constructed. The report just mentioned was ac- 
 
MEMOIR. 17 
 
 companied by a series of maps and diagrams giving a 
 complete topographical view of the country traversed 
 by that important work. 
 
 Most of the towns in New England which the ex 
 tension of manufacturing establishments has brought 
 into notice, will be found on my map, as well as seve 
 ral others now first located, including Lowel, Slater- 
 ville, Pawtucket, Burrelville, &c. 
 
 THE NEW COUNTIES 
 
 of New England consist of Merrimac and Sullivan in 
 New Hampshire, and Waldo in Maine. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The most important and extensive work connected 
 with this subject, is the Farmington, Hampshire, and 
 Hampden chain of canals, designed to connect, at 
 some future period, Long Island Sound with Lake 
 Memphremagog in Vermont and Lower Canada. A 
 considerable portion of this work, between New Ha 
 ven and the Falls of White river in Lebanon N. H. 
 is either completed or in progress. It commences at 
 New Haven, passes along the valleys of Mill Creek 
 and Farmington river and intersects Connecticut river 
 at Northampton ; thence it follows the valley of that 
 river until it reaches the Falls of White river, where 
 the levelling at present terminates. From this point 
 it is proposed hereafter to continue the canal to Lake 
 Memphremagog, along the ravine of Pasumsick river, 
 a distance of 105 miles. 
 
 2* 
 
18 MEMOIR. 
 
 Length of the canals from New Haven to the Falls 
 of White river 205 miles, 72 locks; rise 499 feet, fall 
 165 feet, total lockage 664 feet : elevation of the Con 
 necticut at White river 334 feet. General course, a 
 little east of north. The Blackstone canal from Pro 
 vidence to Worcester is the next in importance; it 
 leaves the former place and pursues nearly a due north 
 course into the valley of Pawtucket river, which it 
 follows to the town of Worcester, a distance of 45 
 miles. The Middlesex canal in Massachusetts, which 
 was constructed many years since, completes the list 
 of important works of this kind. It leaves the Har 
 bour of Boston, pursues a north-west course, and joins 
 the Merrimaca shortdistance above the flourishing vil 
 lage of Lowel ; length 27 miles 30 feet wide at top, 
 20 feet at bottom, 3 feet deep rise 104 feet, fall 32 
 feet, total lockage 136 feet elevation of the Merri- 
 mac at Lowel 72 feet. Other works of a similar na 
 ture, but of minor importance, have been constructed 
 to overcome the falls in the Connecticut and some 
 other rivers. 
 
 Among the contemplated works in New England, 
 are, 1. A rail road from Boston to the Hudson river 
 opposite Albany; 2. A rail road from Boston to 
 Providence in Rhode Island; 3. A canal from Buz 
 zard s Bay to Barnstable Bay. Some other works of 
 a similar nature, but of less importance, are propos 
 ed; a notice of them however is foreign to the object 
 of this work, which is intended to exhibit such works 
 only as are either completed, in progress, or likely 
 
MEMOIR. 19 
 
 soon to be commenced. The rail road from Bos 
 ton to Albany, and that from Boston to Providence, 
 are of the latter description; measures having been 
 adopted by the legislature of Massachusetts, in con 
 junction with some spirited individuals, to ensure 
 their early completion. A profile of the Massachu 
 setts rail road from Boston to Albany, will be found 
 on the map. Starting from the former city, the road 
 assumes a western direction, along the valley of 
 Charles -river, through Watertown, Newton, Need- 
 ham, and Natick, and passes along the ravines of Con 
 cord river, by Sherburne, Holliston, Southboro and 
 Grafton, to the town of Worcester; thence through the 
 town of Leinster, and over Grant s summit, in Spen 
 cer, into the valley of Chickapee river,which it pursues 
 to Ludlovv factory, where the road crosses the Chicka 
 pee and enters the town of Springfield. Continuing 
 its western course along the bank of Westfield river, 
 and passing through the towns of Westfield, Russel, 
 Blandford, Chester, and Becket, it ascends Mount 
 Washington, where the road attains its greatest alti 
 tude, 1480 feet; thence it descends into the valley of 
 the Housatonic, through Dalton, to Pittsfield. Rising 
 again in the town of Canaan, and crossing the dividing 
 ridge between the waters of the Housatonic and those 
 of the Hudson, it descends the basin of the latter, 
 through Chatham, Kinderhook, and Schoodak, and 
 intersects the Hudson at Castleton landing; whence 
 it pursues nearly a due north course along the left 
 bank of the Hudson to Greenbush opposite Albany. 
 
20 MEMOIR. 
 
 Length of the road from Boston to the New York 
 state line 160 miles, thence to Albany 40; total dis 
 tance from Boston to Albany, 200 miles. Altitude at 
 Grant s summit 918 feet; Connecticut, at Springfield, 
 38; and at Mount Washington 1480 feet above the 
 Atlantic ocean. General course W. N. W. 
 
 The road to Providence leaves Boston, passes 
 through the towns of Roxbury, Dedham, Walpole, 
 Foxboro, and across Sekonk plain and cove to India 
 bridge in Providence; length 43 miles; ascent 381! 
 feet; descent 378 feet; difference of level between 
 Boston and Providence 3 feet. General course S.S.W. 
 
 The improvement of the Connecticut river, requi 
 red charters from four states interested in it; and it 
 was only in the year 1828, that the necessary powers 
 were granted, so that the actual commencement of 
 the work has been much delayed. A part of it, at 
 Enfield s falls, has been begun, a short canal 70 feet 
 wide being now in a course of execution, and it is 
 expected, that ere long, about 90 miles of the river 
 will be improved. 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK 
 
 Is reduced from the map of that state, contained in 
 the American Atlas, to which is added the informa 
 tion afforded by Duy s map of the northern part of 
 the state; Col. Long s map of the projected national 
 road from Washington to Buffalo; map of the boun 
 dary made by the commissioners under the treaty of 
 
MEMOIR. 21 
 
 Ghent; and by a personal inspection of the country, 
 between Albany and the Falls of Niagara, during a 
 tour made for the purpose in IS27. Many improve 
 ments will be perceived along the Erie canal, and nu 
 merous towns located which have never before ap 
 peared on any map. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Erie, Buffalo, 
 
 Orleans, Albion, 
 
 Monroe, Rochester, 
 
 Wayne, Lyons, 
 
 Livingston. Geneseo. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Glennville, S. Granville, Lake Pleasant village, 
 Northampton, Cranberry, Remsen, Law3 ersville, 
 Union, Eddyville, Sidney plains, Strasburg, Clarks- 
 ville, Butternuts, Newark, Tioga Co., Smithsville, 
 Elmira, formerly Newtown, Hornetsville, Orshun, 
 Tanessassah (Friends settlement), Franldinville v 
 Rushford, Sinclairsville, Westfield, Forestville, 
 Springville, Aurora, Erie Co., Williamsville, Tonne- 
 wanta, Pendleton, Ransom s grove, Cambria, Gaines 
 ville, Albion, Clarkson, Perry, Gardous, Portage, 
 Farmer, Oswego Falls, Holly, Amber, Sullivan, Ta- 
 berg, Pulaski, Wardsville, Naples, Adams, Turin, 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 Oxbow, Port Madras, Fordsville, De Kalb, Louis 
 ville, Moira, Salmon R. Keesville, Middleport, 
 Wrightsville, Newark, Weedsport, Geddesburg, 
 Lenox, Vernon. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Extensive and highly important works, connected 
 with the internal improvement of this state, are com 
 pleted and in active operation, and some others are 
 proposed. The first, and by far the most important, 
 is the Erie canal, extending from Albany, on the Hud 
 son river, to Buffalo on Lake Erie. Its general 
 course from Albany is a little north of west. Leav 
 ing Albany it passes along the right banks of the 
 Hudson and Mohawk, crossing the latter at Mid- 
 dletown: following the left or north bank of the 
 Mohawk about 12 miles, it re-crosses that river over 
 what is termed the "upper aqueduct;" pursuing the 
 south bank of the Mohawk through Schenectady, 
 Schoharie, Canajoharie, and Little Falls village, it en 
 ters the flourishing town of Utica, 108 miles, by the ca 
 nal, from Albany. Continuing its course by Whites- 
 boro, Rome, Lenox, Syracuse, Jordan, Montezuma, 
 Lyons, Palmyra, Pittsford, to Rochester (distant 160 
 miles from Utica), where it crosses the Genesee by 
 a splendid aqueduct, built of hewn stone, and sup 
 ported by eleven arches. From Rochester the canal 
 assumes a more western direction until it reaches 
 Lockport, after passing the towns of Brockport, Al- 
 
MEMOIR. 23 
 
 bion, Middleport, and some other "ports" of lesser 
 note; distance from Rochester to Lockport 63 miles. 
 At Lockport, the canal ascends the mountain ridge, 
 by five double combined locks, each 12.4 feet rise. 
 Nine miles from Lockport, the canal enters Tonne- 
 wanta creek, at the little village of Pendleton, from 
 which to Tonnewanta village, situated at the mouth 
 of the creek, and distant from the former about 10 
 miles, the canal is identified with the Tonnewanta. 
 At a farther distance of 12 miles, this magnificent 
 work terminates, at the town of Buffalo. Entire 
 length of the Erie canal 362 miles; 60 feet wide at 
 top, 40 at bottom, and 4 feet deep; S3 locks on the 
 main canal; total lockage 6S8: declivity from Buffalo 
 to Rochester 4 feet; rise 630 feet, fall 62 feet, total 
 rise and fall 692 feet. A profile of the Erie canal 
 is inserted on the map. 
 
 Champlaine canal. From its junction with the 
 Erie canal, eight miles from Albany, the Champlain 
 canal pursues its course through Waterford, Still- 
 water, and Bemus Heights, along the right bank 
 of the Hudson, to within three miles of Fort Mil 
 ler, where it takes the river for three miles. At 
 Fort Miller Falls is a canal of half a mile in length, 
 and then again it takes the river 8 miles to Fort Ed 
 ward, from which place the canal pursues a north east 
 course to Whitehall, after passing the villages of San 
 dy Hill, and Fort Ann. Length of the Champlain ca 
 nal from its junction with the Erie canal to Whitehall 
 63| miles; 60 feet wide at top, 40 feet at bottom, 4 
 
24 MEMOIR. 
 
 feet deep, 18 locks; rise 92, fall 54 feet, total lock 
 age 146i feet: elevation of Lake Champlain above 
 the Erie canal, at the junction, 3Si feet. 
 
 The Hudson and Delaware Canal commences at 
 Eddy ville on Hudson river, passes the towns of Kings 
 ton, Marbletown, Mombacus, and Warwasing, in Ul 
 ster county, along the valleys of the Rondout, Batten 
 Kill and Nevisink river, to Carpenter s point on the 
 Delaware: general course from Eddy ville and Kings 
 ton to the Delaware, south-west. Length 64 miles; 
 ascent 535, descent SO feet, total lockage 615 feet. 
 
 The Lackawaxen canal is a prolongation of the Hud 
 son and Delaware canal, 17 miles of which is in the 
 state of New York, and 36 miles in Pennsylvania, 
 making its entire length from Carpenter s point to 
 Keen s mill, 53 miles. From Carpenter s point along 
 the left bank of the Delaware to the mouth of the 
 Lackawaxen, where the canal crosses the Delaware, 
 rise 148 feet in 17 miles; from the mouth of Lack 
 awaxen to Keen s mill, rise 668 feet in 36 miles; total 
 rise, 816 feet in 53 miles. The Oswego canal com 
 mencing on the Erie canal near Syracuse in Onondaga 
 county, passes along the valley of, and nearly paral 
 lel to. the Onondaga river into Lake Ontario, through 
 the villages of Liverpool, Three River point, Oswego 
 Falls and Oswego, on the right bank of the river; 
 general course from Syracuse north-west: length 38 
 miles. 
 
 The Seneca canal connects the Seneca and Cay- 
 uira lakes with the Erie canal, which it leaves at 
 
 O * 
 
MEMOIR. 25 
 
 Montezuma, passing through Waterloo, the seat of 
 justice of Seneca county, and along Seneca outlet, to 
 Geneva: course from Montezuma, south-west: length 
 20 miles. All the above canals are completed and in 
 successful operation. The following summary exhi 
 bits the aggregate length of canals now finished, in 
 the state of New York: 
 
 Erie canal 362 miles. 
 
 Champlain canal 685 
 Hudson and Delaware canal 65 
 
 Lackawaxen canal 17 
 
 Oswego canal 3S 
 
 Seneca canal 20 
 
 Total 5651 
 
 In addition to these, other canals and rail roads of 
 considerable magnitude are projected: among the 
 former is the Chemung canal, which is intended to 
 connect Seneca lake with the Susquehanna, at El- 
 mira, and ultimately with the Susquehanna divi 
 sion of the Pennsylvania canal. A navigable feeder 
 extending from the Painted Post along the Tioga 
 river, is also proposed: length of main canal from 
 Salubria to Elmira about 26 miles: length of feeder 
 25 miles. 
 
 A rail road of about 16 miles in length is proposed 
 from Albany to Schenectady, with a prospect of its 
 speedy completion. It is also intended to connect 
 the Erie canal with Black river of Lake Ontario. 
 3 
 
26 MEMOIR. 
 
 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 This portion of my map, as well as the adjoining 
 parts of New York and Pennsylvania, is from the 
 able and scientific map of Thomas Gordon, which is 
 projected and drawn on a scale of three miles to an 
 inch, and is exceedingly minute and particular. This 
 admirable map, which must have cost its author much 
 time and money, was compiled partly from surveys 
 made by Mr. Gordon, combined with others collect 
 ed by him during the progress of his work, and pub 
 lished in 1828. This as well as every other good 
 state map with which I am acquainted, has failed to 
 reimburse the expenditure of its enterprising author; 
 the spontaneous sales of the map, and the limited pa 
 tronage bestowed on it by the Legislature of New 
 Jersey, being, as I learn, entirely inadequate. The 
 complete failure, and in some cases, utter ruin of 
 those who have undertaken the construction of ori 
 ginal state or more local maps, unaided by govern 
 mental patronage, should admonish novices in such 
 matters, to calculate well the cost before they attempt 
 to bring forward large and expensive maps, which, if 
 properly executed, cannot fail to involve them in ex 
 penses of which few, who are not experimentally ac 
 quainted with the subject, can form a just idea. 
 State maps, or indeed local maps of any kind, whose 
 sales must necessarily be limited, should be done by 
 the public authorities. No individual, unless he is 
 
MEMO IK. 27 
 
 possessed of resources which place him above the 
 drudgery and labour inseparable from the faithful exe 
 cution of a good map, should, without mature consider 
 ation, undertake the construction of a work of this 
 sort; he will either injure himself in the attempt to 
 do justice to his subject, or, impelled by the want 
 of Adequate funds, send forth an imperfect work, 
 at once injurious to himself and discreditable to his 
 country. Fortunately for the map of New Jersey, 
 its author s means, (if we may judge from the evi 
 dence afforded by the map itself,) were more ample 
 than those of most others engaged in similar pursuits. 
 
 Several of the states have contributed either wholly 
 or partially, their aid in bringing forward authentic 
 maps, which, as they present examples worthy of 
 imitation, I shall, although perhaps somewhat out of 
 place, here briefly notice. About the year 1806, the 
 Legislature of New Hampshire passed an act, grant 
 ing to Philip Carrigain five thousand dollars, to en 
 able him to collect and combine materials and publish 
 a map of that state. To this sum was subsequently 
 added another, the amount of which I have at present 
 no means of stating, to relieve him from some em 
 barrassments into which his zeal in the prosecution of 
 his duty had led him. He was thus enabled to com 
 plete, satisfactorily, a valuable map, which, without 
 the liberal and well-timed interposition of the legisla 
 ture, would probably have remained unfinished to the 
 present hour. 
 
28 MEMOIR. 
 
 The map of the state of Maine with its accom 
 panying description and Atlas, by Moses Greenleaf, a 
 work that cannot fail to augment the reputation of its 
 scientific author; the excellent map of Connecticut by 
 Warren & Gillet, and that of the state of New York by 
 Simeon Dewitt, were each patronized by special en 
 actments of the Legislatures of those states respective 
 ly, to what amount I cannot state with precision, but 
 from the style of their execution I infer that each was 
 liberally sustained by the proper authorities. The Le 
 gislature of Pennsylvania in 1816 passed an act requir 
 ing the Secretary of the Commonwealth and Survey 
 or general, to contract with competent persons for 
 the formation of a map of each county of the state, 
 with a view to the construction of a general state map. 
 Accordingly maps of the several counties were fur 
 nished, mostly by the county surveyors ; and John 
 Melish was appointed compiler and publisher of the 
 contemplated map. The materials thus prepared 
 and furnished by individuals, each of whom conduct 
 ed his own surveys without regard to those of his 
 neighbour, presented a mass of discordant and incon 
 gruous elements, which set all the known rules of 
 combination at complete defiance. Such conflicting 
 materials could not fail to embarrass and perplex the 
 most experienced draftsman. In uniting these heter 
 ogeneous elements, it was necessary in some cases 
 to curtail, in others to extend their dimensions ; and 
 as it is not always possible, to determine on which to 
 place the most reliance, the consequence will be that 
 
MEMOIR. 29 
 
 the relative position or form of counties will in some 
 measure be distorted. From these fruitful sources of 
 error, combined with the entire absence, in several 
 of the county maps, of the necessary indication of the 
 magnetic variation, have arisen those errors in some 
 of the county boundaries, and important streams, 
 which the recent surveys for canal purposes, have exr 
 posed. Without unity of action on the part of the 
 surveyors; without the establishment of general bases 
 of any sort, and without those other scientific and ju 
 dicious arrangements which should always precede 
 and are indispensible in the commencement of works 
 of such importance, a perfect map could scarcely be 
 expected. Liberal appropriations were made from 
 time to time by the Legislature, during the progress 
 of this work, which including every expense attend 
 ing its execution and publication, amounted to nearly 
 $70,000. By a late resolution of the Legislature the 
 agents for the sale of the map were directed to re 
 duce its price from $12. to $5, at which it is now 
 sold. This measure, while it displays a liberal policy 
 on the part of the Legislature, is calculated to injure 
 those who are engaged in the publication of similar 
 works and dependent on their individual resources 
 only, by fostering the idea that maps can be furnished 
 at prices far below what are usually charged for them. 
 Persons who argue thus forget that the entire ex 
 penses of the state map were defrayed from the funds 
 of the state, and perhaps are unaware that the com 
 monwealth actually sustains a loss on every copy of 
 3* 
 
30 MEMOIR. 
 
 the map that is now sold, the costs of transportation, 
 commission and other incidental expenses being paid 
 out of the state treasury. It is therefore obvious that 
 a general diffusion of geographical information, and 
 not profit, was the object of those who promoted the 
 publication of this costly map. 
 
 A copy of the state map has been presented by 
 order of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, to each 
 state of the Union, and a similar course has been 
 adopted by the Legislature of New Jersey. 
 
 The next work of importance is the splendid map 
 of Virginia, projected on the most scientific princi 
 ples, and drawn on a scale of five miles to an inch 
 by Herman Boye. The surveys used in this map 
 were made expressly for the purpose, in conformity 
 to an act of the Legislature, under the direction, in 
 the first instance, of John Wood, at whose decease 
 the general superintendence of the map, was assumed 
 by Mr. Boye, a gentleman every way qualified to do 
 ample justice to the work; under whose direction the 
 surveys were continued and completed. A second 
 map projected on a scale of ten miles to an inch was 
 also prepared by Mr. Boye, which together with 
 the nine-sheet map just mentioned, was published in 
 1828. The entire expense to the state of these valu 
 able and highly important works exceeds $80,000, a 
 sum which no efforts on the part of the publisher can 
 ever reimburse. Nor is it expected, the object like 
 that of Pennsylvania, being to disseminate a correct 
 knowledge of the state. 
 
MEMOIR. 31 
 
 The Legislature of South Carolina, in imitation of 
 these laudable examples, has produced a map of the 
 state, that must confer lasting honour on the promot 
 ers of the work as well as the state at large. It is 
 drawn on a scale of six miles to an inch, by John 
 Wilson, late civil Engineer of South Carolina, and 
 well known in Pennsylvania as the scientific and ac 
 complished engineer of the Philadelphia and Colum 
 bia Rail Road. Celestial observations were taken 
 preparatory to the execution of this map, which, to 
 gether with the surveys, engraving, &c. cost the state 
 upwards of $90,000. These are the principal cases 
 in which maps have been produced under legislative 
 patronage. Others however, of a more humble cha 
 racter, might be cited, but enough has been done to 
 convince those who are unacquainted with the diffi 
 culties and expenses incident to the construction of 
 original maps, that good works of this description, 
 cannot be produced without great expense of time 
 and money. 
 
 Warren is the only new county erected in New 
 Jersey within the last few years. Belvedere is the 
 seat of justice. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Augusta, Stilhvater, Alamuche, Newtown, War 
 ren Co., Pittstovvn, Columbus, Pemberton, Crop- 
 well, Absecum, Smithville, Washington, Burlington 
 
32 MEMOIR. 
 
 Co., Williamsville, Tom s river, Prospertown, N. 
 Prospect, Boardville. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Many efforts have been made by the friends of in 
 ternal improvement, to infuse into the legislature of 
 this state some of the spirit of improvement which 
 animates her sister states; hitherto, however, they 
 may claim the rare merit of having manfully and suc 
 cessfully resisted its approaches. Except in the sin 
 gle instance of the Morris canal, which is the work 
 of a joint stock company, no canal or other work 
 of consequence is to be found in the state of New 
 Jersey. Abortive attempts to construct a canal from 
 the Delaware to the Raritan have been made from 
 time to time, but from the operation of local interests 
 or some other cause, the commencement of this im 
 portant link in the great chain of inter-communication 
 has been so often deferred, that all hope of its speedy 
 execution has become nearly extinct. Even the route 
 of this necessary work remains undecided up to the 
 present moment. Surveys have been made, and the 
 practicability of its execution fully and satisfactorily 
 demonstrated. 
 
 It only remains with the legislature to sanction the 
 work, and ample funds can, no doubt, be procured. 
 In deciding on" the route and dimensions of a canal 
 which must form an important part of the exten 
 sive system which will ultimately embrace within its 
 
MEMOIR. 33 
 
 lines, the entire region of the organized states, all 
 consideration of individual interest should be entirely 
 disregarded. It is emphatically a national work, and 
 as such should be located and constructed, with spe 
 cial reference to those national uses, from which its 
 revenue must in a great measure be derived, and upon 
 which its success will mainly depend. Viewed in 
 this light, the shortest practicable route should be 
 adopted for the canal, and its capacity rendered fully 
 adequate to all the purposes of such a work. If the ca 
 nal be thus completed, its advantages and consequent 
 revenues, in the event of war more especially, must be 
 incalculable. But if, like most other works of the kind, 
 it is to yield to every local interest, or made subservi 
 ent to views of individual aggrandizement, and its 
 length thus unduly extended, its capacity circum 
 scribed, and its usefulness limited to the mere wants 
 of its immediate vicinity, by false notions of econo 
 my, the proprietors will look in vain for such an ade 
 quate interest on their investments, as under a more 
 liberal and enlightened policy, they would have a 
 just right to expect. Two routes for such a canal have 
 been reported by engineers employed for the pur 
 pose; the first is proposed to commence at Lamber- 
 ton, and pursuing a line nearly parallel to and from 
 5 to li miles south of the direct turnpike road leading 
 from Trenton to New Brunswick, terminates at the 
 steamboat wharf below the latter city; length 2 9 miles, 
 summit level (27 miles in length) 65 feet above the 
 ordinary flood tide; surveyed by J, Randall, 
 
54 MEMOIR. 
 
 No. 2. commences on the Delaware below Lam- 
 berton, and thence passes through Trenton, the Law 
 rence meadows, and along the valleys of Stoney 
 brook, and Millstone river, to a point near the junc 
 tion of the latter with the Raritan, and thence along 
 the valley of the Raritan river to New Brunswick: 
 length 41 miles, summit level 48 feet; recommended 
 by Messrs. Wright, White, and Beach. To these 
 another is added: 
 
 No. 3. commencing in the vicinity of Bordentown, 
 and passing through or near the villages of Sand Hills, 
 Centreville, Hightstown, Cranberry, and along the 
 valleys of Manalapan and South river to Washing 
 ton, where a canal of one mile connects the latter with 
 the Raritan. This route, unless it should appear, af 
 ter a careful examination of the ground, that the ne 
 cessary lockage would greatly exceed that of the 
 preceding route, is for national purposes decidedly 
 the most elegible in every point of view: its actual 
 length would not exceed that of No. 1.; it would be 
 12 miles less than No. 2., and would avoid the diffi 
 cult navigation of the Delaware from Bordentown to 
 Trenton, and also that from Brunswick to the point 
 of union of the Washington canal with the Raritan. 
 A single glance at this part of the map will elucidate 
 more fully the proposed route. The advantage in 
 regard to the distance from Philadelphia to New 
 York, as well as the saving of time consumed in a 
 circuitous navigation, will be rendered more apparent 
 by the following comparative view: 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 35 
 
 First Route. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 From Bordentown 
 to Lamberton, 5 
 Brunswick, 29 
 
 Washington canal 6 
 
 40 
 
 Second or 
 Millstone Route. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Bordentown 
 to Lamberton, 5 
 Brunswick, 41 
 
 Washington canal 6 
 
 52 
 
 Third Route. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Bordentown to 
 Washington 
 Canal, 29 
 
 Thus we perceive that the first route is 11 miles, 
 and the second, or Millstone route, is S3 miles longer 
 than No. 3., or nearly double the length of the direct 
 line from Bordentown to the Raritan. 
 
 The time consumed in navigating 
 
 No. 1. will be about 13 hours. 
 No. 2. 17 
 
 No. 3. 9i 
 
 From these elements we find that a person navi 
 gating No. 3. will reach his place of destination 7| 
 hours earlier than by No. 2., and that the entire 
 transit from one of the assumed points to the other, 
 may be accomplished, by that route, at all seasons, by 
 day light. These considerations, taken in connexion 
 with the disadvantages, which every where attend 
 circuitous and tedious canal routes, and which will be 
 encountered and perpetuated in the present instance, 
 by an injudicious location of the proposed work, 
 should induce those who may be entrusted with its 
 execution, to select the shortest practicable route, as 
 the one best calculated to accomplish all the objects 
 of its construction. 
 
36 MEMOIR. 
 
 The Morris canal, above mentioned, is progressing 
 slowly towards completion. It commences at Jersey 
 city, opposite New York, pursues a circuitous route 
 through the Bergen marshes, and crossing the Hack- 
 ensack and Passaic rivers a short distance above their 
 discharge into Newark bay, enters the flourishing 
 town of Newark. Here the canal assumes a course 
 nearly north, which it maintains to Paterson, passing 
 the village of Bloomfield. After leaving Paterson, 
 its course is nearly south-west to the Little Falls of 
 Passaic, where it crosses that river, and thence pur 
 sues a more western direction, through the little town 
 of Powerville into Rockaway valley; still continuing 
 its western course along the valley of the Rockaway, 
 until it enters the township of Roxbury, it ascends 
 the summit level two miles north-west from Drakes- 
 vine. From the summit at Hopatcong pond, the 
 canal is carried along the left bank of Musconetcong 
 river, which it crosses one and a half miles south- 
 west from Andover Forge; thence assuming a south 
 west direction, it passes near the villages of Hackets- 
 town, Beatystown, Anderson, Mansfield, Broadway, 
 and New Village, and terminates on the Delaware at 
 Philipsburg, opposite Easton. General course from 
 New York to Easton, west: length 100 miles; ascent 
 915, descent 754 feet, total rise and fall 1669 feet, 
 overcome by locks and inclined planes. Elevation of 
 Easton 161, and summit level 915 feet above the At 
 lantic. 
 
MEMOIR, 37 
 
 STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 This section is compiled from the map of Pennsyl 
 vania contained in the New American Atlas, which 
 was drawn from the state map, by special permission of 
 the Legislature, No changes of county lines nor any 
 new counties have been recently made in this state. 
 A few new towns have been inserted. 
 
 The positions of Philadelphia and New York as 
 deduced from the results of several observers, by 
 Mr. Thomas Gordon, preparatory to the construc 
 tion of his able map of New Jersey, were adopted 
 by me in adjusting the corresponding points on my 
 map. These observations being considered of prima 
 ry importance in connecting the topographical detail, 
 and as it is probable that no other document exists 
 which combines so many results, I was induced to 
 depart from my plan of excluding elementary and 
 technical matter, by giving them in extenso, as fol 
 lows : 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 (Centre of the State-House Square.) 
 Latitude. Longitude. 
 
 o / // o / // 
 
 39 56 54 75 8 45 D.Rittenhouse,1769, Am. Phil. Tr. i. p. 21 
 
 39 56 55 D. Williamson, 1769, do. 52 
 
 75 8 30 O. Swing-, do, 
 
 75 845 do. 53 
 
 39 56 30 75 9 15 A. Ellicott, do. 67 
 
 75 9 15 Smith, 1770, do. 118 
 
 39 56 55 75 11 30 Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. 
 
 39 57 02 75 9 15 De Ferrer, 1806, Am. Phil. Tr. vi. 297 
 
 75 li do, 1808, do. 355 
 
 75 10 06 do. , 1808, do. 359 
 
 39 56 51 75 10 05 Mean. 
 
33 MEMOIR. 
 
 Latitude. Longitude. 
 
 o / // o / // 
 39 56 55 75 9 00 assumed as correct, ,v , . 
 
 39 57 00 75 9 00 for the State-House 
 
 76 55 30 Lambert for Washington. 
 
 1 46 30 E. of Washington. 
 
 NEW- YORK. 
 
 40 42 06 74 00 45 Batterv. Am. Phil. Trans, vol. vi. p. 158., 
 
 40 42 40 
 
 40 42 40 
 
 40 42 55 
 40 40 
 
 40 42 45 
 40 42 43 
 
 40 42 45 
 40 42 40 
 
 74,00 45 
 74 00 45 
 74 00 45 
 
 73 58 37 
 74 00 00 
 73 59 46 
 74 3 27 
 74 321 
 
 74 00 45 
 
 St. Pauls. De Ferrer, 1806. do. 269 
 by Solar Eclipse, 1806. Bowditch. 
 De Ferrer, 1808. Phil. Trans, vol. vi. 360 
 City Hall, Survey or-Genl. 1809. 
 Edin. Encyclopaedia. 
 City Hall. Nash, 1817. Diary, 1820. 
 do. J. Beach, 1817. 
 Columbia College, Renwick 8c Sabine. 
 do. Renwick, Sol. eclipse, 1823. 
 
 Assumed 
 for St. Paul s, 
 
 76 55 30 for Washing-ton Hence 
 
 2 54 45 St. Paul s E. of Washington, and 
 39 57 00 1 46 30 State-House, Philada. 
 
 45 40 1815 Difference, which by Sp. Trig, gives 79.71 
 miles. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 With respect to this subject our maps have under 
 gone great changes within the last five years. During 
 this period, most of the state works have been com 
 menced and partially completed; they consist of: 
 No. 1. The Transverse Division of the Pennsylvania 
 
MEMOIR. 39 
 
 Canal ; No. 2. Susquehanna or Middle Division; No. 
 S. West Branch Division; No. 4. Delaware or East 
 ern Division ; No. .5. Pittsburg and Erie or Western 
 Division ; No. 6. Columbia Rail Road. The follow 
 ing are the works belonging to joint stock companies; 
 No. 7. Schuylkill Navigation; No. 8. Union Canal; 
 No. 9. Lehigh Navigation and Mauch Chunk Rail 
 Road ; No. 10. Lackawaxen Canal and Rail Road ; 
 No. 11. Conestoga Canal. Besides these a consider 
 able portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is 
 proposed to pass through the south-western part of 
 this state. 
 
 No. 1. Transv erse Division of the Pennsylvania 
 Canal and Portage commences at Columbia, on the 
 east bank of the Susquehanna; following that bank 
 and passing through the villages of May town, Bain- 
 bridge, and Falmouth, intersects the Union Canal at 
 Middletown ; thence it continues along the east bank 
 of the Susquehanna, through Highspiretown and Har- 
 risburg to Duncan s Island, at the head of which the 
 canal crosses the Susquehanna, and enters the valley 
 of the Juniata, which it pursues mostly along its 
 north or left bank, and passing Millerstown, Mexico, 
 Mifflin, Lewistown, Huntingdon and Petersburg, ter 
 minates at Frankstown, where it is probable the Rail 
 Road across the Allegheny Mountain will com 
 mence. In its course from Frankstown to Johnstown 
 a distance of about 40 miles, the Rail Road attains 
 an altitude of nearly 2300 feet above the Atlantic 
 Ocean, At Johnstown the canal is resumed and fol- 
 
40 MEMOIR. 
 
 lows the valley of the Conemaugh or Kiskiminitas, 
 through the towns of Blairsville, Saltzburg, &c. to the 
 Allegheny, which is crossed a few miles above Free- 
 port. From the mouth of the Kiskiminitas to the town 
 of Allegheny opposite Pittsburg, the canal extends 
 along the right or west bank of the Allegheny, crosses 
 the latter at Washington street, and passing through 
 the city of Pittsburg by the ravine of Suke s Run, en 
 ters the Monongahela a short distance above its junc 
 tion with the Allegheny : general course west-north 
 west. Length from Columbia to Pittsburgh 322 miles. 
 Ascent to Frankstown 910 feet j to summit of rail road, 
 1381 feet; total ascent 2291 feet: descent from sum 
 mit to Johnstown 1137 feet; to Pittsburg 476 feet; 
 total descent 1613 feet: entire ascent and descent 
 3904 feet. 
 
 No. 2. Susquehanna or Middle Division, com 
 mences at the head of Duncan s Island, passes along 
 the west bank of Susquehanna, by Liverpool, Selin s 
 Grove, &c. and unites with the West Branch canal at 
 Northumberland. Distance from Duncan s Island to 
 Northumberland 39 miles ; ascent 86 feet. From 
 Northumberland by Danville, Bloomsbury, Berwick, 
 Wilkesbarre, Tunkhannock and Towanda to the New 
 York state line above Tioga point; distance 165 miles, 
 ascent 337 feet. Entire length from Duncan s Island 
 to Tioga point 204 miles; ascent 423 feet. 
 
 No. 3. West Branch Division commences at Nor 
 thumberland, passes along the left bank of the west 
 branch of Susquehanna, through Milton, Pennsboro, 
 
MEMOIR. 41 
 
 Williamsport,and Jersey Shore to Dunnstown, beyond 
 which its location has not been extended. Length 
 from Northumberland to Dunnstown, 70 miles ; as* 
 cent 109 feet. 
 
 No. 4. Delaware, or Eastern Division com 
 mences at Bristol on the Delaware, 18 miles above 
 Philadelphia ; crosses by a pretty direct route, the 
 neck formed by the great bend of the Delaware, to 
 Morris ville; thence it follows the west bank of Dela 
 ware river, through Yardley ville, Brownsburg, New 
 Hope, Lumberville, and Monroe, and unites with the 
 Lehigh Company s works at Easton. Length from 
 Bristol to Easton 60 miles ; ascent 170 feet, general 
 course north-north-west. 
 
 No. 5. Pittsburg and Erie or Western Division 
 is intended to unite the Ohio river at Pittsburg with 
 Lake Erie at the town of Erie: very little progress 
 has as yet been made in this work, about 8 miles of 
 the main trunk, and a feeder of 10 or 12 miles in 
 length being all that is completed. The route of the 
 remaining part is not yet determined. Distance from 
 Pittsburg to Erie 168 miles ; ascent and descent 85,2 
 feet; general course nearly due north. 
 
 No. 6. Columbia Rail Road commences at Phila 
 delphia, crosses the Schuylkill above the village of 
 Mantua, passes Paoli, Downingstown, Coatsville, Lan 
 caster, and Mount Pleasant to Columbia on the Sus- 
 quehanna, where it joins the Pennsylvania canal : 
 length from Philadelphia to Columbia S3 miles, great 
 est altitude 599 feet ; elevation of Columbia above the 
 
4.2 MEMOIR. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean 226 feet ; general course nearly west. 
 Twenty miles at each end of this work are under con 
 tract and now in course of execution. 
 
 All the preceding works are the property of the 
 state, and with the exception of the western division,, 
 are either completed, in progress, or under contract. 
 Entire length of the above. 
 
 Transverse or Columbia and Pitts- 
 burg division, 322 miles. 
 Susquehanna or Middle division, 204 
 West Branch division, 70 
 Delaware or Eastern division, 60 
 Western division, as far as com 
 pleted, 20 
 Columbia rail road,. S3i 
 
 Total, 759i miles. 
 
 No. 7. Schuylkill Navigation, consisting of pools 
 and canals, commencing at Philadelphia, passes 
 through Manayunk, Norristown, Pottstown, Read 
 ing, Hamburg, and Pottsville, and extends to Port 
 Carbon, at the junction of Mill creek with the 
 Schuylkill; length from Philadelphia to Port Carbon 
 114 miles; 125 locks, each lift locks, 17 by 80 feet; 
 ascent 620 feet; canal 36 feet wide at top, 24 at 
 bottom, 3 feet deep. General course north-west^ 
 average ascent 5.64 feet per mile. 
 
 No. 8. Union Canal, extends from the Schuylkill 
 to the Susquehanna; it leaves the former at a point two 
 
MEMOIR. 43 
 
 or three miles below Reading, passes along the val 
 leys of the Tulpehocken and Swatara, and through 
 Bernville, Womelsdorf, Myerstown, Lebanon, and 
 Hummelstown, to Middletown, on the Susquehanna: 
 length from Reading to Middletown 80 miles, 36 feet 
 wide at top, 24 at bottom, 4 feet deep; ascent 311 
 feet descent 192 feet, 95 locks, each 8| feet wide 
 and 75 feet long; entire lockage 480 feet. A naviga 
 ble feeder has been constructed, which leaves the 
 Union canal at its junction with the Swatara, and 
 follows the valley of that stream to Pine Grove, a dis 
 tance of about 23 miles in a north north-east direction. 
 
 No. 9. Lehigh Navigation, consisting of 37 miles 
 of canals, and 10 miles of slack water pools: com 
 mences at Easton at the mouth of the Lehigh, passes 
 along its valley, and through Bethlehem, Allentown, 
 Lehigh Water Gap, and Lehighton, to Mauch Chunk, 
 and there unites with the rail road leading to the coal 
 mines: length of canals and pools 47, rail road 9 
 miles, total 56 miles: width of canals at top 60, at 
 bottom 45 feet, depth of water 5 feet; ascent from 
 Easton to Mauch Chunk 364 feet; 57 locks including 
 lift and guard locks, 8 dams, locks each 22 feet wide 
 and 100 feet long: general course north-west. The 
 improvements in the Lehigh river, above Mauch 
 Chunk, are for a descending navigation only. 
 
 No. 10. Lackawaxtn Canal and Rail Road. That 
 portion of the Lackawaxen canal, which is in Penn 
 sylvania, commences on the Delaware at the mouth 
 of Lackawaxen creek, passes up its valley to a point 
 
44 MEMOIR. 
 
 about 2i miles south of Bethany, where it unites with 
 the rail road, leading to the coal mines, at Lacka- 
 wannock mountains: length from the Delaware to its 
 junction with the rail road, about 24 miles, length of 
 rail road 9 niles, total 33 miles; general course west 
 north-west. (See New York canals.) 
 
 No. 11. Conestoga Canal opens a navigable chan 
 nel from the city of Lancaster to the Susquehanna: 
 length 18 miles; general course from Lancaster, south 
 west. 
 
 No. 12. is that portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio 
 Canal, which traverses the south- west section of Penn 
 sylvania, commencing on the state line at its inter 
 section with Wills creek: the canal is intended to 
 pass along the valley and to the head water of that 
 creek; thence passing the Alleghany mountain by a 
 tunnel of rather more than four miles in length, it 
 enters the valley of Casselmans river, which it pur 
 sues to its junction with the Youghiogeny. At 
 this point the canal assumes a course towards the 
 north-west, along the valley of the latter river, 
 whicl, is maintained until it intersects the Mononga- 
 hela valley, about 20 miles above Pittsburg, where 
 the canal ** to terminate: length of the Pennsylvania 
 section from the state line at Wills creek to Pitts- 
 burg, 151 miles. (For the entire length, ascent, de 
 scent, &c. of this canal, see Internal Improvements, 
 under article Maryland, &c.J 
 
MEMOIR. 45 
 
 Aggregate length of canals and rail roads in Penn 
 sylvania, either completed or in progress. 
 
 State works as above, 759| miles. 
 
 Schuylkill navigation, 114 
 
 Union canal, 80 
 
 Pine Grove canal, 23 
 
 Lehigh navigation, and Mauch Chunk 
 
 rail road, 56 
 
 Pennsylvania section of the Lackawax- 
 
 en canal and rail road, 33 
 
 Conestoga canal, 18 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal, (Pa. sec 
 tion,) 151 
 
 Total, 1234i miles, 
 
 CONTEMPLATED WORKS, 
 
 A canal from Pittsburg along the Ohio, Beaver y 
 Mahoning and Cuyahoga rivers, to intersect with the 
 Portage summit of the Ohio canal. A canal from 
 the coal mines of Tioga county along the Tioga, to 
 intersect with western feeder of the Chemung canal, 
 at Painted Post. A canal from Easton along the west 
 bank of the Delaware to Carpenters Point, where the 
 Hudson and Delaware canal enters with the Lacka- 
 waxen canal. These works, it is probable, will be 
 constructed at some convenient season, especially that 
 first mentioned, the importance of which cannot be 
 too often pressed upon the people of Pennsylvania, 
 
46 MEMOIR. 
 
 Other works are in contemplation, but the prospect 
 of their speedy execution is exceedingly slender."* 
 
 STATES OF MARYLAND AND DELAWARE. 
 
 The Maryland section of my map was reduced 
 from the American Atlas, with the addition of a few 
 new towns, &c. The state of Delaware is entirely 
 from new materials, which were collected and very 
 liberally communicated by Mr. Gordon, the author 
 of the map of New Jersey noticed above. Great 
 changes will be observed in the configuration of Dela 
 ware Bay, which assumes an appearance widely dif 
 ferent from its representation in all other maps or 
 charts. It is drawn from actual surveys made both 
 in Delaware and New Jersey and therefore deserves 
 the utmost confidence. The site of the Breakwater 
 now constructing near Cape Henlopen, will be found 
 in the map. There are no new counties in these states, 
 and but few new towns 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 Extensive and highly important w r orks connected 
 
 * The attention of the public has lately been invited by an inge 
 nious writer of New York, to a Great Rail Road by which he pro 
 poses to connect the canals and navigable waters of the states 
 of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, &c. and in 
 direct reference to which he suggests the propriety of construct 
 ing all future improvements of this nature, coming within the 
 range of this stupendous work. 
 
 The proposition is new, and deserves the favourable consider 
 ation of the community. 
 
MEMOIR. 47 
 
 with this subject are now in active progress ; they 
 consist of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, designed 
 to connect the Potomac at Georgetown with the Ohio 
 at Pittsburg. After leaving Georgetown, the canal 
 pursues the valley of the Potomac, along its eastern 
 or left bank, and passes through the towns of Harpers 
 Ferry, Will iamsport, Hancock and Old Town, to Cum 
 berland ; thence it follows the valleys of Wills Creek, 
 Casselmans, Youghiogeny, and Monongahela rivers, 
 through Connelsville and M Keesport, to Pittsburg 
 in Pennsylvania. Distance from Georgetown to the 
 Pennsylvania state line at its intersection with Wills 
 Creek, 189 miles. From that point to Pittsburg 151 
 miles. Entire length of the canal from Georgetown 
 to Pittsburg 340 miles 48 feet wide at top, 33 at 
 bottom, 5 feet deep : 240 locks between Georgetown 
 and Tunnel, 158 between Tunnel and Pittsburg; total 
 number of locks, 398. Ascent 1898, descent 1255 
 feet, entire lockage 3153 feet ; 1 tunnel of 4 miles SO 
 yards in length; elevation of Pittsburg 678 feet; gene 
 ral course, north-west. A profile of this work is in 
 serted in the map ; a part of the eastern section is 
 now in progress. 
 
 No. 2. Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road commences 
 at Baltimore, passes along the valley of the Patapsco 
 by Parr s spring to the point of rocks, beyond which 
 its course is not yet traced. As the location of this 
 work is not yet decided, beyond the point of rocks 
 (about 65 miles from Baltimore), its course cannot be 
 defined. It is probable that the road will pursue 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 the route of the Ohio and Chesapeake canal, as far as 
 Cumberland, but as to its course beyond this, and re 
 garding its point of intersection with the Ohio, I am 
 entirely in the dark. It was my intention to con 
 struct a diagram, representing in profile, this interest 
 ing and important work in its entire course; but the 
 failure of those upon whom I depended for the requi 
 site data, to comply with my requests, has prevented 
 that full view of it which I was desirous of giving. 
 
 No. 3. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, com 
 mences at Delaware city, on the Delaware river, 
 about six miles below Newcastle, passes through St. 
 George s meadows and mill pond, and along the ravine 
 of Broad creek, into Bush creek, a tributary of Elk 
 river, which empties itself into Chesapeake bay: 
 length of the canal from Delaware city to its inter 
 section with Bush creek, 14 miles; 60 feet wide at 
 top, 36 at bottom, 8 feet deep, 2 lift and 2 tide locks. 
 
 No. 4. is a canal of nine miles in length, designed 
 to overcome the rapids of the Susquehanna, near Port 
 Deposit. 
 
 CONTEMPLATED IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 A rail road from Newcastle to Frenchtown; a rail 
 road from Baltimore to the Susquehanna; and a rail 
 road from Baltimore to Washington city. 
 
 STATE OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 That portion of my map which comprehends the 
 entire state of Virginia and the adjoining parts of Ma- 
 
MEMOIR. 49 
 
 ryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and 
 the two Carolinas, was taken from the large map of 
 Virginia, by Mr. H. Boye, recently published, in 
 conformity to an act of the legislature of Virginia. 
 The whole of this space will be found very different 
 from former representations. I deemed myself par 
 ticularly fortunate in having the means of rectifying 
 those glaring errors which the new map has exposed, 
 and which have hitherto disfigured all our maps of 
 this important state. 
 
 Great attention has evidently been given, by the 
 author of this excellent map, to the geographical land 
 marks. No less than forty-seven points for latitude, 
 and eighteen for longitude, have been fixed in the 
 state of Virginia; and the positions of several conspi 
 cuous places have been newly rectified or verified by 
 celestial observations, which give to the state a form 
 and extent essentially different from the old maps. 
 It will be perceived, that the southern boundary of 
 the state is much farther north than was generally 
 supposed, and of course its superficies greatly dimi 
 nished, and those of North Carolina and Tennessee 
 proportionately augmented. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Allegany, Covington. 
 
 Logan, 
 
 Morgan, 
 
 Pocahontas, Huntersville 
 
50 MEMOIR. 
 
 In 1634 Virginia was divided into the eight fol 
 lowing counties or shires: Accomack, Charles city, 
 Charles river, Elizabeth city,. Henrico, James city, 
 Warwick river, and Warrosquoyoke. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Elizabethtown, Statlerstown, Middletown, Wes- 
 ton, Stebbinsville, Milford, Leedsville, Canaan, 
 Mount Carmel, Middletown, Sandy Settlement, 
 Mount Vernon, Preston Co. Petersburg, Hardy 
 Co. Burlington, Frankfort, Strasburg, Buckletown, 
 Barbus, Bath, Morgan Co. Deep creek, London 
 Bridge, Brandon, Ligon, Planterstown, Buchannan, 
 Newcastle, Covington, Greehway, Lovingston, 
 Scottsville, New Kent cross roads, Negrofoot, Pot- 
 tiesville, Newtown, Newmarket, Scuffletown, Loyd, 
 Wolftown, Georgetown, Culpeper Co. Flint Hill, 
 New Baltimore, Fayetteville, Elkton, Heathsville, 
 Boyds H., Belleplain, Occoquan, Milford, Luray, 
 Mount Sydney, Mount Crawford, Magaugheytovvn, 
 Turleytown, Brocks Gap Sett. Mount Pleasant, 
 Georgetown, Shenandoah Co. Bulltown, Summers- 
 yille, Huntersville, Mount Airy, Neeltown, Barbour- 
 ville, Lebanon, Dickinsonville, Cape Henry, Mar 
 seilles, Competition, Bentleyville, Hairstonville, 
 Monroe, Pittsylvania Co. Lawrencetown, Big Lick, 
 Marysville, Campbell Co. Chickentown, Abbey- 
 ville, Clarksville, Haskinton, Tazewell, Whitby, 
 Greensboro, Lawrenceville, Monroe, Southampton 
 Co, 
 
MEMOIR. 51 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The mixed system of internal improvement, which 
 has been pursued in this state, and the great number 
 of works connected with the subject, actually begun, 
 appear to have had the effect, by dividing the ener 
 gies that should be united in support of an efficient 
 scheme, of preventing the completion of every work 
 of a public nature. The canal system, although speci 
 ally patronized by the legislature of Virginia, has not 
 advanced in a degree, bearing a just proportion to the 
 amount expended on it; whilst most other improve 
 ments have either languished or been deferred in con 
 sequence of this expenditure. Thus are the ample re 
 sources of this important state, like those of Pennsyl 
 vania, rendered of little avail in the fruitless attempt 
 to do everything at once. In accordance with the 
 plan hitherto pursued, I shall confine my remarks to 
 the former description of works. 
 
 No. 1. James River Canal. This highly impor 
 tant improvement has for a long time remained sta 
 tionary, notwithstanding the interests of the country 
 through which it is to pass, would seem to require its 
 early completion-. Efforts are however now making 
 to re-commence the work, under circumstances which 
 justify the expectation that it will be prosecuted to a 
 successful termination. The lower section, or that 
 part of the James river canal which commences at 
 Richmond, passes along the left bank of James river, 
 and terminates just above Venture Falls: length 26 
 
52 MEMOIR. 
 
 miles; course west north-west. The mountain sec 
 tion leaves James river opposite Piney island, pur 
 sues the right bank to Curshaw Falls, where the canal 
 crosses James river, and continues its course along 
 the left or north bank, through the Gap of the Blue 
 Ridge, to its junction with the James river, about one 
 mile above Balcony Falls: length 6 miles; general 
 course north-west. 
 
 No. 2. Dismal Swamp Canal. This long pro 
 tracted work is at length nearly completed, and is 
 sufficiently capacious to permit coasting vessels to 
 pass through it, having no where less than six and a 
 half feet of water in depth, and forty feet in width. 
 Two lateral canals, one from Lake Drummond, 
 which, in addition to its uses for purposes of naviga 
 tion, serves as a feeder to the main trunk, and the 
 other opens a communication between the main canal 
 and the head waters of North-west river. The main 
 canal commences at Deep creek, where a flourishing 
 town of the same name has sprung into existence, 
 pursues nearly a south course through Dismal Swamp 
 to Joyce s creek, a branch of the Pasquotank of Al- 
 bemarle sound: length 23 miles, 62 feet deep, 40 feet 
 wide, 6 locks, summit level 16J feet above the At 
 lantic at mid-tide. Length of Lake Drummond feed 
 er 5 miles, 16 feet wide, 4 3 deep, with a guard gate 
 near the lake. Length of " the North- West .canal" 
 6 miles. 
 
 No. 3. Roanoke Navigation, is completed from 
 the town of Weldon, in Halifax county, N. C. to 
 
MEMOIR. 53 
 
 Salem, in- Botetourt county, Virginia. This work 
 consists of canal and sluice navigation for batteaux 
 of considerable burthen. It commences at the town 
 of Weldon, situated at the foot of the Great Falls 
 of Roanoke, passes up that river by the towns of 
 Whitby, Haskinton, and Clarksville, to Staunton 
 river; and along the latter, by the towns of Abbey- 
 ville, Bentleyville, Hairstonville, Monroe, Law- 
 rencetown, and Big Lick, to Salem: length from 
 Weldon to Salem, 244 miles. 
 
 No. 4. Slate River Navigation. Some advance 
 has been made in the execution of this work, but in 
 consequence of recent decisions in the court of ap 
 peals, affecting the corporate rights of the company, 
 all further proceedings are suspended until those de 
 cisions are reversed. 
 
 No. 5. is a proposed improvement of the naviga 
 tion of Rappahannoc river, consisting of canals and 
 slack-water pools; commencing at Lee s mill-dam, and 
 terminating at tide water, one mile below Fredericks- 
 burg, distance of 43 miles, and descent 271 feet. 
 
 No. 6. is a proposed connection of New river and 
 Roanoke, by the valleys of Little river, a branch of the 
 former, and Meadow creek, a branch of the Roanoke. 
 It is proposed to cross the Alleghany mountain at an 
 elevation of 2078 feet above tide water. 
 
 Two other routes have been surveyed, and levels as 
 certained; one by James and Kanawha rivers, and the 
 other by way of Pattonsburg, Roanoke, and New ri- 
 
54 MEMOIR. 
 
 ver; but the route No. 6. is considered by far supe 
 rior to both. 
 
 No. 7. Junction Canal, unites Staunton or Roan- 
 oke river with the Appomattox. It leaves the former 
 at the mouth of the Little Roanoke, passes along its 
 valley to Buckler s branch, where it intersects with a 
 portage of 2| miles. At the north end of the portage 
 the canal is re-commenced, and assumes a north-east 
 course along the valley of Buffalo river, which it en 
 ters about one mile above the junction of the Buffalo 
 with Appomattox river: length from Staunton river 
 to the Appomattox, including the portage, 44 miles. 
 General course north-east. 
 
 The navigation of the Potomac, Monongahela, and 
 Kanawha rivers, has been improved, from which a 
 small revenue is derived. Other improvements are 
 contemplated, but as nothing more than the surveys 
 will be done for some time, a mere enumeration 
 of them is deemed sufficient: viz. Meherrin river 
 from Murfreesboro upwards; Nottoway river from its 
 mouth to the highest point to which navigation may 
 be extended; Roanoke river from Parmill s ferry to 
 the highest point susceptible of navigation, and an ex 
 amination of the country between that and James 
 river, with a view to connection by canal or rail road; 
 Acquia creek, Occoquan river, Opecon river, and 
 Sleepy creek. 
 
MEMOIR. 55 
 
 Elevations above tide tvater of important points in 
 Virginia, deduced from various recent surveys. 
 
 feet. 
 
 Columbia, on James river, 178 
 
 Scottsville, do. 255 
 
 Lynchburg, do. 500 
 
 Pattonsburg, do. 806 
 
 Covington, do. 1222 
 
 Kanawha, below the Great Falls, 641 
 
 do at its junction with Ohio river, 535 
 
 Salem on Roanoke river, 1002 
 
 Alleghany mountain at Second creek, 2596 
 
 do near Fork run, 2315 
 
 do ^?, near Howard s creek, 2758 
 do near Anthony s creek, 2996 
 
 Peaks of Otter, 4250 
 
 Thunder Hill (Blue Ridge,) 3348 
 
 Warm Spring Rock, 2647 
 
 Warm Springs, 1782 
 
 Rockfish Gap, 1247 
 
 Staunton, 1152 
 
 Lexington, 902 
 
 Wheeling, 634 
 
56 MEMOIR. 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Except some corrections for longitude in the east 
 ern part of the state, North Carolina is delineated 
 from the map of North and South Carolina, contain 
 ed in my American Atlas. Macon is the only coun 
 ty created in this state for several years. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 Have not yet been effected to any extent in North 
 Carolina. The only works existing in this state of 
 which I have any knowledge, are a portion of the 
 Dismal Swamp canal, and Roanoke. river improve 
 ments, both described under the article Virginia; and 
 some other works of a limited kind and mostly be 
 longing to private individuals. Surveys have been 
 made with a view to a navigable communication be- 
 tween the head waters of Tennessee river, and those 
 of the Savannah ; and rail roads from Fayetteville to 
 the Pedee, and from the same to the Neuse, and some 
 other similar works are proposed. The gold region 
 is marked on the map. 
 
 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Is also drawn from the map above mentioned, the 
 South Carolina portion of which was reduced from 
 the excellent state map constructed by Major Wilson, 
 in compliance with an act of the Legislature. Major 
 
MEMOIR. 57 
 
 Wilson s map is decidedly one of our best and most 
 scientific maps, and was used in correcting the adjoin 
 ing parts of Georgia and North Carolina. The posi 
 tion of Charleston and some points near the Blue 
 Ridge, are deduced from careful observations for lati 
 tude and longitude, taken expressly for the purpose 
 of connecting the district surveys. Two new dis 
 tricts have been created out of Pendleton district, 
 Pickens and Anderson, in the north-west part of the 
 state. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Some important works have been executed and are 
 now in successful operation in this state. They con 
 sist of : 
 
 No. 1. Santee Canal connecting the harbour of 
 Charleston with Santee river; it commences at the 
 west branch of Cooper river, and passing along Big 
 gin Swamp, intersects the Santee, at Black Oak Island. 
 Length from west branch to Santee river, 21 miles 
 general course north-north-west. 
 
 No. 2. Winy aw Canal from Winyaw Bay to Kin- 
 lock creek, a branch of Santee river. Length 6 miles, 
 course south-west. . , 
 
 No. 3. consists of several small canals constructed 
 to overcome the impediments in Saluda and Broad 
 rivers, above the town of Columbia. 
 
 The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company 
 have in contemplation the construction of a Rail Road 
 
58 MEMOIR. 
 
 from Charleston by Orangeburg to Hamburg on the 
 Savannah, opposite the town of Augusta: a part of 
 this work near Charleston is now in course of execu 
 tion. Another Rail Road to intersect the above at 
 or near Orangeburg, to extend to Columbia, is also 
 proposed. The exact routes of these works, cannot 
 be stated; additional surveys are now in progress with 
 a view to their final location. 
 
 STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 Through the polite attention of Governor Forsyth, 
 to whom I addressed a letter requesting information, 
 I was furnished, by the surveyor general of Georgia, 
 with copies of all the recent surveys in that state, in 
 cluding those of the Creek lands; and the boundaries 
 of all the counties organized within the last five years. 
 For the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama, 
 lately run, I am indebted to the friendly attention of 
 Mr. Camak of Milledgeville, one of the commis 
 sioners employed in its survey. The entire state, 
 with the exception of the Cherokee lands, is now de 
 lineated for the first time on a general map, from ac 
 tual and accurate surveys, which render this part of 
 my map very complete and satisfactory. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of justice* 
 
 Talliafaro, Crawfordsvilte. 
 
 Campbell, 
 
MEMOIR, 
 
 59 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Seats of justice. 
 
 Coweta, 
 
 Newman. 
 
 Carrol, 
 
 Carrolton. 
 
 Merri wether. 
 
 
 Troup, 
 
 La Grange. 
 
 Talbot. 
 
 
 Harris, 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 
 Muscogee. 
 
 - ; /? 
 
 Lee. 
 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 
 Baker, 
 
 Byron. 
 
 Thomas, 
 
 Thomasville. 
 
 Lowndes. 
 
 . . ..; . . . M 
 
 Upson, 
 
 Thomastown. 
 
 Ware, 
 
 Wareboro. 
 
 Appling, 
 
 Applingville. 
 
 Irwin. 
 
 
 Decatur, 
 
 Bainbridge. 
 
 Early, 
 
 Blakeley. 
 
 Dooley, 
 
 Berrien, 
 
 Houston, 
 
 Perry. 
 
 Crawford, 
 
 Knoxville. 
 
 AT 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Macon. 
 Zebulon. 
 
 Monroe, 
 
 Forsyth. 
 
 Henry, 
 
 M Donough. 
 
 Lafayette, 
 
 Fayetteville. 
 
 De Kalb, 
 
 Decatur. 
 
 Gwinnett, 
 
 Lawrenceville 
 
60 MEMOIR. 
 
 Counties. Seats of justice. 
 
 Hall, Gainsville. 
 
 Habersham, Clarksville. 
 
 Rabun, Claytonsville. 
 
 A few new towns, in addition to the county seats 
 enumerated above, have been inserted in the map, 
 together with the situation of New Echota, the capi 
 tal of the Cherokee nation, on the Oostenahla. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 A Canal extending from Savannah nearly due west 
 to the Oconee, and several others in various parts of 
 the state, are projected; but little, however, is yet 
 done towards their execution. Several new and im 
 portant roads will be found in the map. 
 
 TERRITORY OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Much original matter will be perceived in this por 
 tion of the new map; all the government surveys, ex 
 tending, with but few exceptions, from the Perdido 
 on the west to Suwanee river on the east, and from 
 the 31 of north lat. to the Gulf coast, and upwards 
 of one hundred townships between the Atlantic coast 
 and the Suwanee, being the result of surveys made 
 during the past winter, have been incorporated into 
 the map. To these very important accessions to our 
 geographical knowledge on Florida, with which, se 
 ven years since, we were almost entirely unacquainted, 
 
MEMOIR. 61 
 
 was added a considerable mass of information ex 
 tracted from the map prepared by Gen. Bernard and 
 others, to illustrate the projected route of the Florida 
 Canal. No section of our country affords an instance 
 of such a rapid development of its physical geogra 
 phy as is presented by Florida. A few years ago all 
 was doubt and conjecture, in regard to this interest 
 ing region. 
 
 Since Florida became an integral part of the United 
 States in 1821, more information on its geography 
 has been elicited, and generally diffused, than had been 
 done for a century before. Except the mere coast 
 and a portion of West Florida, formerly so called, 
 nothing was known with certainty: hence the great 
 discrepancy between the maps published before the 
 cession, and those of a later date. 
 
 The extension of the government surveys over near 
 ly all the northern part of the territory, and the ad 
 dition of other information, give to the natural fea 
 tures of this section of my map, a permanency, which 
 the settlement of the country cannot materially affect. 
 Additions only will be required where a map is found 
 ed on accurate data. To Major Glassell, Indian 
 Agent for the Seminoles, I am indebted for a manu 
 script map of the country comprehended in his Agen 
 cy; this map enabled me to improve the course of the 
 Ocklawaha and its tributaries, and to insert many 
 other items of information regarding that section of 
 country. 
 
 It will be observed that I have placed the southern 
 6 
 
62 MEMOIR. 
 
 part of Florida in a supplement at the south-east cor 
 ner of the map. By adopting this arrangement I was 
 enabled to preserve an extensive scale for the map 
 without enlarging its dimensions very greatly. If the 
 point of Florida had not been thus detached, I should 
 have been compelled to increase the size of the map 
 to an unwieldy extent, or to have diminished its scale 
 and of course its usefulness, far below what was de 
 sirable. Under every view of the subject, I considered 
 it advisable to detach the part in question, which is 
 unimportant, under a firm persuasion, that its inser 
 tion at the expense of so much space, or utility, per 
 haps both combined, would justly be deemed injudi 
 cious. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seals of justice. 
 
 Hamilton, Miccotown. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Jefferson, Monticello. 
 
 Walton, Alaqua. 
 
 Washington, Holmes Valley. 
 
 Gadsden, Quincy. 
 
 Leon, Tallahassee. 
 
 Alachua, 
 
 Mosquito, Tomoka. 
 
 Monroe, Key West. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Quincy, Rock Haven, Magnolia, Monticello, Mic 
 cotown, Mount Vernon, Apalachicola, Aspalaga, 
 Webbville, Moriana, Alaqua and some others. 
 
MEMOIR. 63 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 In this territory are merely prospective. Surveys 
 have been made and routes traced, for the proposed 
 canal across the Peninsula, from the Atlantic to the 
 Gulf of Mexico; these routes are exhibited on my 
 map by dotted lines, the usual mode of representing 
 proposed works. By the profile of the route from 
 St. Mary s to Apalachicola bay, inserted in the map, 
 a very satisfactory view of the surface of the coun 
 try, is presented. 
 
 No. 1. Apalachicola Route. The greatest ele 
 vation which this line attains, is 217 feet, and was 
 found between the Oclockonne and Oscilla rivers. It 
 leaves St. Mary s river about 3 miles above the town 
 of that name, and pursuing a western course along 
 the valley of the St. Mary s, which it crosses a few 
 miles south-west of Ellicott s mound, enters the marsh 
 es of Okefinoke swamp along the ravine of Alligator 
 creek. On leaving the swamp, the canal assumes a 
 S. W. direction and passes through Hamilton county 
 into the valley of Alapaha river, which it follows to the 
 mouth of the Withlacuchee. From this point the ca 
 nal passes westward parallel with and near to, the great 
 road leading from St. Augustine to Tallahassee, crosses 
 the Oscilla at Evans ferry, through Jefferson county, 
 and intersects St. Marks river at the new town of Rock 
 Haven. Thence along the valley of St. Marks river, 
 by the towns of Magnolia and St. Marks (old fort), 
 and with James Island Sound, terminates in Apala 
 chicola bay, opposite the town of Apalachicola. 
 
64 MEMOIR. 
 
 Length from St. Mary s to Apalachicola bay, 250 
 miles. Greatest altitude 217 feet: general course 
 south-west nearly. 
 
 No. 2. Snwanee Route-, commences at the point 
 of intersection of No. 1. with the Suwanee, pursues 
 the valley of, and unites with that river at the Indian 
 Cow pens, so called, ahout ten miles above its dis 
 charge into the Gulf of Mexico. Length from its 
 intersection with No. 1. to the Cow pens, 75 miles. 
 General course nearly south. Entire length from St. 
 Mary s 185 miles. 
 
 No. 3. Santa Fe Route. Leaves the St. Mary s at 
 the same point as No. 1 .; crosses, in a south-west direc 
 tion, the Nassau ridge, and passing a few miles west 
 of Jacksonville, enters the ravine of Black creek; 
 thence by Santa Fe pond (which is proposed as a 
 feeder), into the valley of Santa Fe river, which it 
 pursues by the Natural bridge until it unites with 
 No. 2, 17 miles above the Indian Cow pens : length 
 1 20 miles. General course from St. Mary s south, 
 west. 
 
 No. 4. St. Johns * roule, commences on the St. 
 Johns, at the mouth of Pablo river, crosses by a 
 direct course the 12 mile swamp, and intersects the 
 St. Johns, opposite the mouth of Black creek; thence 
 along its valley and with the road to Tampa bay, it 
 enters Orange lake, which with Ocldawaha river 
 to the Indian pond, is proposed to be used as a part 
 of the intended communication. From the Indian 
 pond the canal passes, parallel with and near to the 
 road from Tampa bay to St. Augustine, to its inter- 
 
MEMOIR. 65 
 
 section with Hillsboro river, and thence into Tampa 
 bay, near the United States cantonment: length from 
 the mouth of St. John s river to Tampa bay 225 
 miles. General course south south-west. 
 
 The improvement of the navigation of St. John s 
 river is also contemplated. 
 
 STATE OF ALABAMA. 
 
 The representation of Alabama was taken from 
 my map of that state, contained in the American At 
 las, which was carefully compiled from materials of 
 the most authentic character, consisting chiefly of the 
 public surveys, found in the General Land Office at 
 Washington. These surveys embrace the whole state, 
 with the exception of the Indian lands; its geography 
 may therefore be deemed as permanently fixed, at 
 least so far as its natural features are concerned. The 
 new counties of Dale and Lafayette, together with 
 the altered boundaries of Monroe, Mobile, and some 
 other counties, are inserted. In tracing the subdivi 
 sions of Alabama, I have omitted the lines which di 
 vide and attach the Creek lands to the several conti 
 guous counties, as contemplated by a recent act of the 
 Legislature, as doubts of the constitutionality of the 
 measure have been suggested. Presuming that some 
 notice of these boundaries may prove acceptable in a 
 work like the present, I subjoin an abstract of the 
 law in relation to this novel proceeding. 
 
 The act declares, " that all the territory within the 
 following boundaries, to wit: Beginning on the bank 
 
 6* 
 
66 MEMOIR. 
 
 of Coosa river, at the mouth of Kiamulgee creek, and 
 thence with Mclntosh s road to the Georgia line; 
 thence with said line northwardly, to the boundary 
 line between the Creek and Cherokee nations; thence 
 westwardly with the said line to the mouth of Will s 
 creek on Coosa; thence down Coosa to the beginning; 
 shall be added to, and form a part of St. Clair county. 
 
 < < That from the mouth of Kiamulgee creek, down 
 Coosa river to Fort Williams; thence on a direct line 
 to Miller s bend on the Chattahochee; thence with 
 the boundary line of Alabama and Georgia, to the 
 point where it crosses Mclntosh s road; thence with 
 said road to the beginning; shall be added to Shelby 
 county. 
 
 "That from Fort William down Coosa river to 
 Wetumpkee Falls; thence along the Indian boundary 
 line to the road leading from Pensacola to Lewis old 
 stand on the Federal road; thence along said road to 
 the Chattahochee river, and all territories north of said 
 line, and not attached to any other county, shall form 
 a part of Montgomery county;" and "That all Indian 
 territories south of said line, shall belong to, and form 
 a part of Pike county." Thus we perceive a fixed de 
 termination on the part of the government of Alaba 
 ma, to extend their laws over the " Creek nation," 
 as the act in question still denominates this unfortu 
 nate people. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Some works connected with the internal naviga 
 tion of the state are contemplated, but as their loca- 
 
MEMOIR. 67 
 
 tion respectively is not yet definitely fixed, I did not 
 deem it proper to attempt a representation of them on 
 the map. Routes for canals have been surveyed to 
 connect the Tennessee with the Coosa branch of Ala 
 bama river; the Tennessee with the Tuscaloosa, and 
 the same with the head waters of Tombeckbe river. 
 These works are justly considered important, inas 
 much as they would throw a considerable portion of 
 the trade, which now descends the Tennessee and 
 Mississippi rivers, into the counties below, and open 
 an active intercourse between the northern and south 
 ern portions of the state, which the natural barriers 
 of the country have hitherto prevented. The effects 
 of these works are, however, likely to be counteract 
 ed, in some measure, by the proposed improvement of 
 the navigation of Tennessee river. Surveys prepara 
 tory to the execution of this great work are now in 
 progress. It is designed to overcome by a canal the 
 difficult navigation of the river, at the Muscle Shoals, 
 and is denominated, 
 
 The Muscle Shoal Canal: it is to commence at 
 Brown s ferry, and extend a distance of 37 miles, to 
 Florence ferry. Farther improvements are contem 
 plated below Florence, but the plan is not yet esta 
 blished. 
 
 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 This state is also much improved by the addition 
 of all the recent government surveys, including those 
 of the last Chocktaw purchase, and several items of in 
 formation distributed in the state, among which is the 
 
68 MEMOIR. 
 
 road from Columbus to Natchez, with the distances 
 corrected and communicated by Mr. Williams, late 
 member of the Senate of the United States from 
 Mississippi, to whom I am indebted for the means of 
 correcting the map of this state, from which I reduc 
 ed the corresponding part of the present map. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Copiah, Gallatin, 
 
 Simpson, Westville, 
 
 Hinds, Mount Salus, 
 Rankin, Poindexter, 
 
 Madison, 
 Yazoo, 
 Washington. New Mexico. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS 
 
 Have made but little progress in this state; some 
 canals are spoken of as practicable and useful; one 
 is to connect Bayou Pierre with Pearl river, &c. 
 
 STATE OF LOUISIANA. 
 
 This interesting section of my map is generally 
 from the American Atlas, but with important addi 
 tions and corrections. In most of the existing maps 
 of Louisiana, the new parishes are not only omitted 
 altogether, but some of those erected before its ad 
 mission into the Union are represented in a very con 
 fused manner; for example, the parish of St. John is 
 
MEMOIR. 69 
 
 contained within the proper limits of St. James, St. 
 Charles occupies the place of St. John Baptist, and 
 the German coast that of St. Charles. Jefferson is 
 exhibited as being altogether on the right or south 
 west bank of the Mississippi, and St. Bernard is made 
 to encroach very greatly on the Parish of Plaque- 
 mines. This " labyrinth" as Pinkerton would call 
 it, as well as other glaring errors, was first pointed 
 out to me by Mr. Thomas Seghers, of New Orleans, 
 from whom I received a most valuable communica 
 tion, regarding the parish boundaries generally, which 
 enabled me to apply the necessary corrections. 
 
 NEW PARISHES. 
 Parishes. Principal Towns, 
 
 Claiborne, 
 
 Lafayette, Moutenville. 
 
 Terre Bonne, 
 
 Jefferson, 
 
 West Feliciana, Jackson. 
 
 By the constitution of Louisiana, that state is per 
 manently divided into thirteen counties; these divi 
 sions are nearlyobsolete, as all legal proceedings, &c., 
 are made with direct reference to the parish bounda 
 ries, which at the formation of the constitution, had 
 become so familiar to the inhabitants, that the new ar 
 rangement of counties has almost entirely fallen into 
 disuse, so much so, that many persons who are es 
 teemed intelligent, scarcely know of its existence. 
 The following is a list of those counties, with the 
 parishes into which they are subdivided; 
 
70 
 
 MEM01K. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Parishes. 
 
 
 f Orleans, 
 
 Orleans, 
 
 j St. Bernard, 
 | Plaquemines, 
 
 
 |^ Jefferson. 
 
 German coast, 
 
 CSr. Charles, 
 I St. John Baptist. 
 
 Acadia, 
 
 C St. James, 
 ^ Ascension. 
 
 Point Coupee, 
 
 Point Coupee. 
 
 
 C St. Mary, 
 
 Attakapas, 
 
 ? St. Martin, 
 
 
 ( Lafayette. 
 
 Opelousas, 
 
 St. Landre. 
 
 
 C La Fourche, Interior, 
 
 La Fourche, 
 
 < Assumption, 
 
 
 f Terre Bonne. 
 
 Iberville, 
 
 C Iberville, 
 W T est Baton Rouge, 
 
 Natchitoches, 
 
 C Natchitoches, 
 Claiborne. 
 
 Ouachita, 
 
 Ouachita, 
 
 Concordia, 
 
 Concordia. 
 
 Rapides, 
 
 Feliciana, 
 
 C Rapides, 
 < Catahoola. 
 ^ Avoyelles. 
 
 f West Feliciana, 
 I East Feliciana, 
 J East Baton Rouge, 
 ] St. Helena, 
 | St. Tammany, 
 L Washington, 
 
MEMOIR. 71 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Franklinton, Jacksonville, Jackson, seat of justice 
 of West Feliciana, Moutenville, Thibadeauxville, 
 Marksville, Cheneyville, Harrisonburg. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 With the exception of some private canals in the 
 vicinity of New Orleans, there are no canals or works 
 of internal improvement of any magnitude, existing 
 in this state. Extensive improvements are however 
 contemplated. Surveys have been made with a 
 view to the construction of a capacious canal from 
 New Orleans to Lake Pontchartrain, a distance of 
 rather more than four miles. The improvement of 
 water courses, and where necessary, the construction 
 of canals, for a navigable communication between 
 New Orleans and Barataria bay; and the magnificent 
 design of draining the public lands bordering on the 
 Mississippi, are spoken of as entirely practicable. 
 
 ARKANSAS TERRITORY. 
 
 Greater changes, if possible, have taken place in 
 this section of our country, than any yet noticed. 
 By the act of Congress which provided for the organi 
 zation of this territory, its limits were defined and 
 extended to 23 04 30" of West longitude from 
 Washington, which by the treaty of 1819 with Spain 
 
72 MEMOIR. 
 
 was made the line of demarkation between the 
 United States and the then Spanish possessions. Exten 
 sive grants of land having been made to portions of the 
 Chocktaw, Chickasaw, and some other tribes of Indi 
 ans, it was thought expedient to curtail the territory 
 as defined by the act of Congress just mentioned, so 
 as to exclude the Indian population from within the 
 bounds of the territory. A new boundary was ac 
 cordingly traced, commencing at a point 40 miles due 
 west of the south west angle of the state of Missouri, 
 and running due south to Red river. This line how 
 ever, still left a considerable portion of the Indian 
 lands within the territory, and in consequence, another 
 line was run in 1828, which forms the present west 
 ern boundary of the territory. This line commences at 
 the south-west angle of Missouri, and passes in a direct 
 course to Fort Smith on the Arkansas, and thence due 
 south to Red river. The Indian, title to lands in the 
 territory, has, with some unimportant exceptions, 
 been entirely extinguished. 
 
 In delineating this portion of my map, I availed 
 myself of all the government surveys, which now ex 
 tend over 15,000 square miles. To these I have ad 
 ded the result of Mr. NuttaPs examination of Arkan 
 sas river from its mouth to Fort Smith. The Ozark 
 range of mountains is laid down from Col. Long s 
 map, and from information regarding it derived from 
 other sources; some important roads and the location 
 of several new towns, villages, &c. were inserted in 
 the map, from a valuable communication made by the 
 
MEMOIR, 73 
 
 late Mr. Conway, delegate in Congress from the ter 
 ritory of Arkansas, altogether presenting a view of 
 this remote quarter infinitely more complete than my 
 scanty materials, at the outset of my work, allowed 
 me to hope for. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Counties. 
 
 Lafayette, Washington, 
 
 Sevier, Con way, 
 
 Crittenden, Izard. 
 St. Francis, 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Helena, seat of justice of Philips Co. Davidson- 
 ville, Batesville, Mount Prairie, Villemont, Marion, 
 Biscoeville, Crittenden, Clark Co., Washington, and 
 some other small settlements. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The following new roads from Little Rock, the 
 capital of the .territory, are traced on the map. To 
 Davidsonville. To Washington and thence to Can 
 tonment Towson. To Monroe and Fort Miro in Lou 
 isiana. To Arkansas (or the Post). To Memphis 
 in Tennessee. To Cantonment Gibson by Piattown, 
 Cadron, Point Remu and Crawford Court House. 
 To the Hot Springs of Ouachita, &c. 
 
 7 
 
74 MEMOIR. 
 
 STATE OF TENNESSEE. 
 
 The map of Tennessee in common with those of 
 the other states, has been subjected to a thorough re 
 vision. The boundary between this state and Ken 
 tucky has been carefully adjusted so as to corres 
 pond with Walker s survey and with the corrected 
 position of Cumberland Gap, which by a series of ob 
 servations for latitude and longitude, was found to be 
 more than twelve miles farther north than it has been 
 usually represented. The line between Tennessee 
 and North Carolina has also been altered so as to 
 conform to the survey of that line by Mr. Stokes 
 and others. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 Fentress, 
 
 Weakly, Dresden, 
 
 Obion, Troy, 
 
 Gibson, Gibsonport, 
 
 Dyer, Dyersburg, 
 
 Haywood, Harrisburg, 
 
 Tipton, Covington, 
 
 McNairy, Purdy, 
 
 Hardiman, Bolivar, 
 
 Lafayette, Summersville. 
 
 In addition to the above seats of justice, which are 
 
MEMOIR. 75 
 
 mostly new towns, the following have been inserted 
 in the map. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Brownstown, Metcalfboro, Centreville, Hillsboro, 
 Crab Orchard, Oresville, Great Bend Village, Telli- 
 co, Athens, Nolensville, Mt. Pleasant, Harpeth, Gi- 
 deonville, Farmington, Middleburg, Pocahontas, Li 
 onel, Warnerville. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Surveys have been made under a late appropriation 
 of Congress, with a view to the improvement of the 
 navigation of Tennessee river. Others have been 
 made to ascertain the practicability of effecting a na 
 vigable communication between the head waters of 
 Hiwassee and Savannah rivers; and also between the 
 Tennessee and Coosa, by the valleys of Lookout and 
 Will s creeks, and by those of the Chickamauga and 
 Little rivers. 
 
 STATE OF KENTUCKY, 
 
 Is reduced from the map of that state contained in 
 the American Atlas, to which the new counties, &c. 
 were added previous to its reduction. The counties 
 of Callaway, Hickman, Graves, and Me. Cracken, are 
 all erroneously represented on every map with which 
 I am acquainted, both in extent and relative position. 
 The error originated with myself, owing to a mistake 
 
76 MEMOIR. 
 
 of the gentleman from whose information I located 
 them originally. For the means of correcting their 
 lines, and adjusting them satisfactorily, I am indebted 
 to Chittenden Lyon, a representative in Congress 
 from Kentucky. The lines of those counties, as well 
 as their relative situation, having been materially al 
 tered, I feel justified in classing them under the head 
 of new counties. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Callaway, Wadesboro, 
 
 Hickman, Columbus, 
 
 Graves, Mayfield, 
 
 McCracken, Wilmington, 
 Hancock, 
 
 Oldham, Westport, 
 
 Spencer, Taylorsville, 
 
 Meade, Philadelphia, 
 Anderson, 
 Edmondson, 
 Russell, 
 Laurel, ."*, 
 
 Pike, Pikeville, 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The only work of consequence now in progress in 
 this state, is the canal at the Falls of Ohio, near Louis 
 ville. It is designed to overcome the only serious 
 
MEMOIR. 77 
 
 impediment to the free navigation of that great river. 
 The canal does not exceed three miles in length, but 
 its utility when completed will be incalculable, and 
 cannot fail to reward its enlightened projectors. 
 
 STATE OF MISSOURI. 
 
 A section of about 30,000 square miles of this state, 
 is delineated from the government surveys. The 
 southern and western boundary lines are also from 
 actual and very accurate surveys, executed by order 
 of the government of the United States. Data for the 
 other parts of the state were sedulously sought for, 
 but except a few items of information regarding local 
 points, extracted from Col. Long s map, I have not 
 been able to procure sufficient materials to afford even, 
 a tolerable view of those parts. It must therefore be 
 admitted that the representation of the north-western 
 and south-western quarters of the state is far from be 
 ing satisfactory. The superior accuracy of the inter 
 vening space, and nearly the whole of its eastern side, 
 will, however, compensate in some degree for this 
 deficiency. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Stoddard, 
 
 Randolph, 
 
 Jackson, 
 
 Marion,. Palmyra. 
 
78 MEMOIR. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Farmington, Caledonia, Lavvrenceton, Manchester^ 
 Point Look-off, Frankfort, Bartonville, Lewiston ? 
 Bowlinggreen, Fulton, Lafayette, Liberty, Lexington- 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 In common with every other part of our country, 
 the subject of internal improvement has received a 
 full share of attention from the people of this remote 
 but important state. Several works are under consi 
 deration. The Sioux Portage is proposed to be open 
 ed so as to admit the passage of the Mississippi into 
 the Missouri. The distance being scarcely a mile, it 
 is probable that the silent but sure operation of the 
 current of both rivers combined, will ere long render 
 the aid of art unnecessary. All who are familiar with 
 the ground concur in stating that the two rivers are ra 
 pidly verging towards each other. Instances of this 
 kind are almost every where found along the Missis 
 sippi, where great bends have been deserted by the 
 river and new channels formed by the action of its 
 current. Thus it will be at the point in question, 
 and a new "cutoff" present itself perhaps before 
 the project of an artificial cut shall have been fully 
 discussed. Another canal of about 40 miles in length, 
 and one which must affect in some degree injuriously, 
 the commerce of St. Louis, is contemplated to ex- 
 
MEMOIR. 79 
 
 tend from the Missouri to Maramec river. It is pro 
 posed to leave the former about 50 miles above its 
 mouth, pass through the French settlement into and 
 along the valley of the Maramec, to its discharge into 
 the Mississippi. This work when completed will 
 lessen the distance by water, from its point of de 
 parture on the Missouri, to the mouth of Maramec 
 river, nearly 70 miles. 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The changes which the map exhibits in regard to 
 both the geographical and topographical features of 
 this state, are as extensive and important as most oth 
 ers similarly situated. Since the publication of the 
 map of this state included in the American Atlas, the 
 government surveys have been so far completed as 
 to enable me to delineate the streams in a very satis 
 factory manner. Great additions and alterations will 
 also be observed in the northern part of the state, 
 more particularly in the vicinity of the lead mines in 
 the county absurdly called " Joe Davis. " This por 
 tion of the state has hitherto presented little more 
 than a blank on nearly all the published maps of that 
 region. By the friendly attention of Mr. S. D. King 
 of Washington city, I was supplied with the necessa 
 ry materials for this part of the state, consisting of a 
 manuscript map compiled by C. Burdine, Lieut. U. S. 
 Artillery. The Indian country to the north is repre 
 sented rather differently from other maps. It is gen- 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 erally from a map in manuscript of the region be 
 tween Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, drawn and 
 loaned to me by Col. Long. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Mercer. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Putnam, 
 
 Peoria, 
 
 Knox. 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Hancock. 
 
 M Donough, 
 
 Adams, 
 
 Schuyler, 
 
 Calhoun, 
 
 Tazewell, 
 
 Macon, 
 
 Vermillion, 
 
 Shelby, 
 
 Macoupin. 
 
 Marion, 
 
 Wabash, 
 
 Perry, 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Seats of Justice. 
 
 Alexandria. 
 Peoria. 
 
 Quincy. 
 
 Rushville. 
 
 Gilead. 
 
 Mackinaw. 
 
 Decatur. 
 
 Danville. 
 
 Shelbyville. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Palmyra. 
 
 Pinckneyville. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Gilead, Atlas, Quincy, Rushville, Lewistown, 
 Alexandria, Naples, Jacksonville, Sangamon, Deca- 
 
MEMOIR. 81 
 
 tur, Mackinaw, Hillsboro, Shelbyville, Danville, 
 Waterloo, Covington, Pinckneyville, Equality, 
 Maysville. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 A canal about 100 miles in length, is proposed to 
 connect Illinois river with Lake Michigan; to extend 
 from the mouth of Vermillion river, along the valleys 
 of Illinois and Plain rivers, and Chicago creek, to the 
 town of Chicago on Lake Michigan. Some other 
 works of a like description are projected, but the pros 
 pect of their execution being remote, a notice of them 
 here is deemed unnecessary. 
 
 STATE OF INDIANA. 
 
 With the exception of the Indian lands, this state is 
 drawn entirely from the government surveys. The 
 north boundary of the state is now for the first time 
 located according to the results of celestial observa 
 tions made by order of the government. 
 
 This boundary has always been represented nearly 
 six miles too far south. A similar error existed with 
 respect to the head of Lake Michigan, and, of course, 
 in the north line of Ohio; the parallel of which coin 
 cides with the southern part of that Lake. These 
 discrepancies have all been adjusted in my new map, 
 and the outlines of Indiana and Ohio, rendered as per 
 manent as the delineation of their physical geogra 
 phy. 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 NEW 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Seats of Justice 
 
 Pike, 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Allen, 
 
 Wayne, 
 
 Vermillion, 
 
 Newport, 
 
 Warren, 
 
 
 Carrol, 
 
 Delphi, 
 
 Cass, 
 
 Logansport, 
 
 Wabash, 
 
 Thorntown, 
 
 Tippecanoe, 
 
 Lafayette, 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Crawford sville, 
 
 Hancock, 
 
 Greenfield, 
 
 Hamilton, 
 
 Noblesville, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 Andersonton, 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Munseytown, 
 
 Hendricks, 
 
 Danville, 
 
 Johnson, 
 
 Franklin, 
 
 Bartholomew, 
 
 Columbus, 
 
 Clay, 
 
 Bowlinggreen. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Clinton, Newport, Eugene, Perrysville, Logans- 
 port, Wayne, Delphi, Lafayette, Attica, Covington, 
 Thorntown, Cr-awfordsville, Rockville, Bloomfield, 
 Bowlinggreen, Greencastle, Martinsville, Danville, 
 Strawtown, Winchester, Jacksonville, Noblesville, 
 Greenfield, Port Royal (at the Bluffs on White river), 
 Franklin, Burlington, Columbus, Edinburgh, New 
 castle, Shelbyville, Versailles, Greensburg, Rush- 
 
MEMOIR. 83 
 
 ville, Bedford, Hindoostan, Portersville, Blackford, 
 Rome. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The work of ^internal improvement, except in the 
 formation of common roads, which have greatly in 
 creased, has not yet made much, if any progress in 
 this state; although provision is made for the con 
 struction of a canal along the valleys of Wabash and 
 Maumee rivers, designed to intersect the proposed 
 continuation of the Miami canal, at or near the town 
 of Defiance. The length of this work will be 110 
 miles. Another canal is also projected, to connect 
 the Wabash with the Miami canal, by the ravine of 
 White river. No efficient measures have yet been 
 adopted in regard to the latter canal. 
 
 STATE OF OHIO. 
 
 No changes of any importance have been made in 
 regard to the natural features of this important state. 
 My former delineations of it were made almost exclu 
 sively from the government surveys, which, with but 
 very limited exceptions, embrace the entire state. 
 Whilst we find its physical geography thus perma 
 nent, no other state in the union, nor perhaps any dis 
 trict of equal extent in the known world, affords an 
 instance of such rapid increase of population and ex 
 tension of settlements as this interesting state pre- 
 
84 MEMOIR. 
 
 sents. As a necessary consequence of this increase 
 of population, towns innumerable have sprung into 
 existence as if by magic. The work of internal im 
 provement is in successful progress. Turnpike and 
 common roads intersect the state in every direction. 
 Seminaries of learning are generally distributed 
 through the country, and every other indication of 
 a prosperous people, is every where conspicuous. 
 
 Holmes is the only county erected in this state for 
 several years past. Millersburg is the seat of justice. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Venice, Butler co./Trenton, Newcomb, Alexander, 
 Newbury, Westville, Lisbon, Moscow, Winchester, 
 Jackson, Lucasville, Concord, Yellow Springs, Bel- 
 brook, Waynesville, Princeton, Salem, Martinsville, 
 Willis, Hardin, Claridon, Cardington, Bennington, 
 Sunbury, Hebron, Lythopolis, Chester, county seat 
 of Meigs, Coolville, Milville, Mitford, W. Carlisle. 
 Utica, Gambier, Perry sville, Richland Co., Trux- 
 ville, Greenton, Franklin, Richland Co., Jackson, 
 Fredericksburg, Berlin, Shanesville, Dover, Bolivar, 
 Bethlehem, Dalton, Massillon, Clinton, Stark Co., 
 New Portage, Akron, Union., Greene, Paris, New 
 Garden, Calcutta, Zoar, Dresden, Norwich, Malaga, 
 Jacobstovvn, New Athens, New Hagerstown, Anna 
 polis, Wellsville, Shalersville,Bloomfield, Williams- 
 field, Stow, Burton, Tallmadge, Middleburg, Frank 
 lin, Portage Co., Boston, Brunswick, Independence, 
 
MEMOIR. 85 
 
 Strongville, Florence, Milan, Tiffin (county seat of 
 Seneca), Caroline, Melmore, Tyemochte, Bucyrus, 
 Oakler, Seneca, Port Clinton on Portage bay, Defi 
 ance, Napoleon, Port Damascus, Amanda, Willshire, 
 and several other places of minor importance. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The " Ohio Canal," extending from Portsmouth, 
 at the intersection of the Scioto with Ohio river, to 
 Cleveland on Lake Erie, is nearly completed. After 
 leaving Portsmouth, the canal crosses the Scioto, and 
 pursues a course nearly due north, along the right 
 bank of that river; passes Chillicothe and enters Cir- 
 cleville, where it re-crosses the Scioto, and continues 
 its route along the valley of the Scioto, to its inter 
 section with the Columbus feeder. Here the canal 
 suddenly turns and pursues an eastern direction, 
 through the towns of Hebron, Newark, Irville, and 
 Coshocton into the valley of Tuscarawas river, which 
 it follows to the summit, after passing through New- 
 comerstown, Salem, Schoenbrun, New Philadel 
 phia, Bolivar, Massillon, Clinton, &c. On leaving 
 Akron, at the Portage summit, the canal descends 
 the valley of the Cuyahoga, which it follows and 
 terminates at Cleveland : length from Portsmouth to 
 Cleveland, 307 miles; summit level 4.Q9 feet above the 
 Ohio at Portsmouth; 305 feet above Lake Erie, and 
 973 feet above the Atlantic ocean. General course 
 north-east. A profile of this work is inserted in the 
 map. 
 
 8 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 The Miami Canal, now in operation, extends 
 from Cincinnati, on the Ohio river, along the ravines 
 of Mill creek and the Great Miami, to Dayton; pass 
 ing in its course the towns of Springfield, Hamilton, 
 Middletown, Franklin, and Miamishurg: length from 
 Cincinnati to Dayton, 68 miles. General course north 
 north-east; summit level at Dayton, 175 feet above 
 the Ohio at Cincinnati, and 606 above the Atlantic; 
 as deduced from a continued series of levelling ope 
 rations from tide water on the Hudson to Lake Erie, 
 and thence to the several points just mentioned. 
 
 The Miami canal, it is probable, will be continued 
 ere long, and extended along the valleys of St. Mary s, 
 Au Glaize, and Maumee rivers, to Lake Erie. These 
 great works are the property of the state. Other ca 
 nals of an important character are projected. Among 
 them is one from the Portage summit of the Ohio 
 canal, along the valleys of Mahoning and Beaver ri 
 vers, to intersect the Western division of the Penn 
 sylvania canal. Works for the improvement of the 
 navigation of the Miiskingum have been commenced, 
 and are now probably completed. The importance 
 of the former to the commerce of Pennsylvania, must 
 be apparent on an inspection of the map. Much of 
 the produce of the interior which now passes into 
 Lake Erie, and thence into the Erie canal, would find 
 its way into the Pennsylvania canal, and thus at once 
 augment the revenue of the state, and the commerce 
 of its capital. 
 
MEMOIR. 
 
 MICHIGAN TERRITORY. 
 
 Nearly one half of this flourishing territory is de 
 lineated from the public surveys, which extend from 
 Detroit to Lake Michigan, and from the north boun 
 daries of Ohio and Indiana to Grand river and Sagi- 
 naw bay. By the aid of Mr. Farmer s excellent map, 
 sent me by Mr. Trowbridge of Detroit, I was ena 
 bled to complete my representation of the southern 
 portion of the territory and to trace the county lines 
 with great exactness. Many new towns and villages 
 have been inserted. Dr. Bixby s map of the region 
 about Lake Iroqupis, &c. served me for the northern 
 part> including the Islands of Lakes Michigan and 
 Huron. 
 
 The eastern shore of Lake Michigan, north of 
 Grand river, is drawn from a manuscript map found 
 in the general land-office at Washington. It includes 
 the recent purchase from the Indians, together with 
 the present boundary line, &c. 
 
 Great changes will be perceived in the country 
 bordering on the north line of Indiana. By consult 
 ing the recent surveys in Michigan, in connection 
 with the newly ascertained boundary between that 
 territory and the state of Indiana, many improvements 
 were suggested. Alterations in the geography of 
 this part of the country were therefore found ne 
 cessary. The St. Joseph s of Lake Michigan, being 
 traced from actual survey, assumes an appearance 
 
88 MEMOIR. 
 
 widely different from all former representations. The 
 head of Lake Michigan, and indeed its configuration 
 generally, presents a new aspect. It is worthy of re 
 mark, that the present form of Lake Michigan, so 
 far as it is delineated from the public surveys, corres 
 ponds very nearly with the representation of it found 
 in the old French maps, published in the time of Hen- 
 nepin, Charlevoix, c. There is, perhaps, no part of 
 our geography which has undergone such vicissitudes 
 in the lapse of time as that under consideration. 
 
 In some of the early maps we find Lake Michigan 
 represented as flowing towards the north, in others 
 east-north-east and north-east. In process of time it 
 assumes its proper form and for a short period main 
 tains its position. In the maps, published between 
 1790 and 1810, this ill-fated lake appears again dis 
 torted in a remarkable degree, but in an opposite di 
 rection. In some of the most recent maps published 
 at a time when access to more correct information 
 could be had without difficulty, we find this region 
 still greatly misrepresented. 
 
 The actual surveys and astronomical observations 
 upon which my representation of this region is found 
 ed, must give to it a permanent character, at least -so 
 far as the southern portion of the Lake and contigu 
 ous country are embraced. 
 
 NEW COUNTIES. 
 
 Counties. Seats of Justice. 
 
 Sanillac. 
 Soginaw, Snginaw. 
 
MEMOIR. 89 
 
 Counties. Seats of justice. 
 
 Shiawassee, Byron. 
 
 Washtenaw, Ann Arbour. 
 
 Lenawee, Tecumseh. 
 Lapeer. 
 
 NEW TOWNS. 
 
 Port Lawrence, Bay Settlement, Tecumseh, Ann 
 Arbour, Dexter, Schwarzeburg, Mt. Clemens, Power- 
 ville, Cottrellville, Palmer, Millton, Bunceville, 
 Byron, Saginaw, &c. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 Although some canals have been proposed, nothing 
 in this branch of improvement has yet been effected. 
 Several new common roads have been made and old 
 ones improved; among the former are the following 
 roads; from Detroit to Chicago, to Saginaw, to Per- 
 rysburg, Indiana, to Fort Gratiot, &c. 
 
 WESTERN DISTRICTS. 
 
 In the entire absence of legislative enactments, re 
 garding the denomination of the western parts of the 
 United States, I have ventured to divide them into 
 districts, assigning to each such an appellation as the 
 Indian tribes found in them respectively suggested. 
 It may be said, that any arrangement of this nature, 
 is the business of the public authorities j this I admit, 
 8* 
 
90 MEMOIR. 
 
 but the utility, if not absolute necessity, for something 
 like order in this respect, which the increasing im 
 portance of this section of our country demands, and 
 the failure on the part of government, to adjust the 
 the matter, impelled me to adopt an arrangement 
 which I think is calculated to assist the geographer, 
 and to afford definite land marks to the traveller. In 
 every case where it was practicable, natural bounda 
 ries were selected, and such as will, most probably, 
 be adopted in the future organization of Territories 
 and States. In order to distinguish the sections em 
 braced in this arrangement, and to avoid the confu 
 sion which results from the indiscriminate use of the 
 adjective " territory," as often applied to parts of 
 the unappropriated lands of the United States, a 
 new term was deemed indispensable, and that of 
 u DISTRICT" was selected as most appropriate to 
 those subdivisions, being under the immediate juris 
 diction of the United States government. Although 
 many attempts have been made in Congress, within 
 a few years, to organize new territories in the west 
 ern region, nothing in this way has yet been effect 
 ed. 
 
 During the session of 1828-29, an act erecting the 
 Territory of Huron, was passed in the representative 
 branch of Congress, but from some cause, probably 
 the unusual extent which the advocates of the measure 
 desired to give the proposed territory, it failed in the 
 senate. The rapid increase of population in the mid 
 dle section of the contemplated territory, and its re- 
 
MEMOIR. 91 
 
 mote situation in reference to the seat of government 
 of Michigan, to which it is attached, will soon render 
 necessary the establishment of a separate territorial 
 government, which, with less extensive views on the 
 part of those who are interested in its accomplishment, 
 will, doubtless, be soon effected. In tracing the Dis 
 trict of Huron on my map, I have excluded a consi 
 derable portion of the territory as contemplated by the 
 act of Congress just mentioned, which comprehend 
 ed not only that part which I have called "Huron 
 District," but also that of Sioux, both together em 
 bracing an area of nearly 285,000 square miles. In 
 locating the District of Huron, I have conformed to 
 the boundaries which are likely to be adopted in the 
 erection of the proposed territory. Some abortive 
 efforts have also been made to organize a territorial 
 government west of the Oregon Mountains, but with 
 the exception of the mere change of the name of 
 Columbia river to that of Oregon, no legal measures 
 whatever have been adopted respecting the nomencla 
 ture of the regions under consideration: nor is it pro 
 bable that any movement in regard to the subject will 
 be made by the proper authorities, until its necessi 
 ty be actually felt by those who have the power to 
 apply the remedy. Thus it is, and thus it ever has 
 been in our country : cities, counties, and states, are 
 suffered to reach an advanced stage of maturity, before 
 they receive those definite appellations, which are in 
 dispensable in their verbal description. 
 
92 MEMOIR. 
 
 Our country itself, as a nation, is still DESTITUTE OP 
 A NAME, by which to distinguish it from similar con 
 federacies abroad. We now find "United States" in 
 almost every quarter of the globe in Europe we see 
 the "United States" of the Ionian Isles in South 
 America the "United States" of La Plata in North 
 America the "United States" of Mexico and lastly 
 our own "United States." Such a multiplicity of 
 "United States," while it exposes the absurdity of the 
 term, as applied in lieu of a proper name, will, it is 
 hoped, induce our government to devise and confer 
 on the country some appropriate appellation by which 
 she may be distinguished, in the rank of nations, from 
 the multitude of "United States" which now per 
 plexes the geographical enquirer, and by which she 
 may cease to be what she now is, emphatically, a 
 
 NAMELESS COUNTRY. 
 
 In addition to the materials I had previously con 
 sulted, during the progress of my American Atlas, an 
 account of which is contained in the memoir append 
 ed to that work, I have availed myself of all the 
 fresh information regarding the Western Districts ge 
 nerally. Much additional matter relative to Missouri 
 river and the adjacent lands, will be found on my 
 map. This was extracted with great care, from Lew 
 is & Clark s Journal, and does not appear on the map 
 which accompanies that work, nor in any other map 
 that I have consulted. In the northern parts of Man- 
 dan and Oregon Districts, numerous improvements 
 will be observed, especially in Clark river and its 
 
MEMOIR, 93 
 
 branches. Caledonia and Thompson s rivers, discov 
 ered by the English traveller, Harmon, are inserted, 
 as well as a reduction of a large manuscript chart of 
 the outlet of Oregon river, exhibiting its bars, banks, 
 soundings, &c. The supplemental map of the coun 
 try between the Missouri and Pacific Ocean, embrac 
 ing the Districts of Oregon, Mandan and a part of 
 Osage, although drawn on a reduced scale, exhibits 
 alZthQ information now existing on the region brought 
 into view, and accomplishes the primary object of its 
 insertion by affording, in connection with the princi 
 pal map, A COMPLETE VIEW OF THE ENTIRE TERRI 
 TORY or THE UNITED STATES, from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Every work which promised any additional infor 
 mation on the country exhibited in this part of my 
 map, has been used. The names of the various In 
 dian tribes, who inhabit this extensive region, with 
 the number of souls attached to each, it will be per 
 ceived are distinctly marked, and their relative situa 
 tions preserved as nearly as possible. The location 
 of. several tribes never before given on any map with 
 which I am acquainted, will also be found. Each 
 tribe can be readily distinguished from the others, by 
 the large and conspicuous letters which I have used. 
 
 Notwithstanding the difficulties which necessarily 
 attend the construction of maps of a new country, 
 and unpromising as were the data at its commence 
 ment for the faithful delineation of the Western Dis 
 tricts, I cannot but indulge the hope that my repre- 
 
94 MEMOIR. 
 
 sentation of them will be found more perfect, in regard 
 to their general appearance, than any hitherto given to 
 the public. 
 
 The following counties have been organized in 
 Huron District. 
 
 Counties. Seats of justice. 
 
 Chippeway, Sault St. Mary. 
 
 Browne, Fort Howard. 
 
 Crawford, Prairie Du Chien. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 In connecting the materials which I have brought 
 together for this portion of my map, I made use of 
 the survey made by the boundary commissioners un 
 der the treaty of Ghent. Their map served as a base, 
 to which the other materials were made to conform. 
 The maps mentioned above, designed to elucidate 
 the boundary question, contain all the recent sur 
 veys in Lower Canada. About fifty townships in 
 that province, including those bordering on Chaudiere 
 and Echemin rivers, have been transferred to my 
 map. These surveys, in connexion with Bouchette s 
 improved map and description of Lower Canada, en 
 abled me to present a more perfect and detailed view 
 of the province than has yet been given on a similar 
 scale. The distances from Montreal to Quebec and 
 thence to St. John s in New Brunswick, by the 
 Grand Portage, were extracted with much care from 
 
MEMOIR. 95 
 
 the tables of Bouchette, which embrace a complete 
 itinerary of that important route. 
 
 In addition to many new towns and villages never 
 before located on a general map of the United States, 
 it will be observed that I have inserted, not only the 
 Districts into which Lower Canada is divided, but 
 also its subdivisions into counties, as they now exist. 
 The districts and counties of Upper Canada are also 
 introduced into the map. Great changes will be ob 
 served in the geographical delineation of Johnstown, 
 Eastern and the new Districts of Ottawa and Bathurst, 
 which were taken from a recent map of those parts 
 of Canada, shewing the route of the Rideau Canal. 
 This map having been constructed by order, and un 
 der the immediate inspection, of the commissioners 
 of Internal Navigation, is esteemed a very accurate 
 work, and as such was adopted by me for so much of 
 my map as is embraced within its limits. The Ri 
 deau Canal is intended to unite the waters of Lake 
 Ontario with Ottawa river. It commences at Kings 
 ton on Lake Ontario, pursues a north-eastern direc 
 tion, through a chain of lakes, with most of which it 
 becomes identified in its course, until it intersects Ri 
 deau river. Continuing its route along the banks, 
 and sometimes in the bed of that river, it enters the 
 Ottawa at Bytown, a short distance above the mouth 
 of the former, in north lat. 45 23 . This highly 
 important work, the existence of which is scarcely 
 kno\vn in the United States, is now in active pro 
 gress, under the direction of a board of commission- 
 
96 MEMOIR. 
 
 ers, assisted by a corps of the Royal Engineers. 
 Length from Kingston to Bytown on the Ottawa, 
 including the natural navigable courses, 129s miles; 
 53 locks, each 33 feet wide and 134 long. Ascent 
 from Kingston to the summit pond, by 19 locks, 165 
 feet; descent from the summit pond to the Ottawa, 
 by 34 locks 290 feet; total lockage 355 feet. Depres 
 sion of the Ottawa below Lake Ontario at Kingston, 
 125 feet ; general course north-north-east. 
 
 The remainder of Upper Canada, bordering on the 
 Lakes and including the Welland Canal, was taken 
 from Purdy s Map of "Cabotia," so called. Nearly 
 all the surveys that were completed at the time of its 
 construction were incorporated into the map, which 
 with some corrections for latitude and longitude ren 
 dered necessary by late observations, was used exclu 
 sively for the corresponding parts on my map. 
 
 The Welland Canal just mentioned, is designed 
 to open a navigable communication between Lakes 
 Erie and Ontario. It leaves the former at Port Mait- 
 land, near the mouth of Grand river, crosses the 
 Wainfleet marshes to Chippewa river, and passes along 
 its valley about 10 miles. On leaving the Chippewa, 
 the canal assumes a northern direction, traverses a 
 deep cut, of nearly two miles in extent, and of the 
 mean depth of 45 feet, and after a further course of 
 8 or 10 miles, enters Lake Ontario at Port Dalhousie, 
 about 9 miles west of Niagara village. 
 
 This splendid work, equalled in depth by the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware canal only, is rapidly verg- 
 
MEMOIR. 97 
 
 ing towards its completion. It admits the passage of 
 the largest vessels that navigate the lakes; the dimen 
 sions of the locks north of the mountain ridge, being 
 22 feet wide, 100 long, and 8 feet deep; those on the 
 south of the ridge, 45 feet in width and 120 in length. 
 Length from Port Maitland to Port Dalhousie 36 
 miles 34 locks, all descending. Descent 334 feet; 
 general course north-east. A striking change in the 
 general appearance of the region of Lakes Huron and 
 Iroquois, must be observed in the map. While en 
 gaged on this part of it, I obtained, through the 
 friendly attention of Dr. Bixby, who was attached to 
 the commission under the Ghent treaty, a copy in 
 manuscript of the map prepared by him for the use of 
 the commissioners in marking the northern boundary 
 line. Dr. Bixby s map afforded the means, not only 
 of correcting and adjusting several important points, 
 which the astronomers, attached to the party, had es 
 tablished; but also to delineate with great exactness 
 the islands, ba} r s, and lakes, of a region comprehend 
 ing nearly five degrees of longitude and three of lati 
 tude: thus, for example, in all the old maps, Cabot s 
 head, which is a conspicuous land mark to persons 
 navigating the lakes, is represented as bearing north 
 35 east from Fort Gratiot, making a difference of 
 longitude of nearly two degrees, when in fact it was 
 found to be very near the meridian of that fort. The 
 error in the position of this point, affects, of course, 
 much of the contiguous country towards the east, 
 which in consequence was greatly circumscribed in 
 
 9 
 
98 MEMOIR. 
 
 its casl and west direction, and lake Iroquois unduly 
 extended and distorted. The east end of lake Iro 
 quois, Matchadash river, and the north part of lake 
 Simcoe, were taken from actual surveys, copies of 
 which were also communicated by Dr. Bixby, to 
 whom I feel greatly indebted for the interest he has 
 thus manifested towards my work. 
 
 For the purpose of augmenting, as much as possi 
 ble, the utility of the new Map of the United States, 
 I have, although not required by the terms of my 
 prospectus, filled the spaces, which would otherwise 
 have been left blank, with a series of plans, topogra 
 phical views and diagrams, which will be exceeding 
 ly useful in illustrating the topography of interesting 
 local sections. The addition of these involved an 
 expense of money, time and labour, of which none 
 but those who are experimentally acquainted with the 
 difficulty of collecting, combining, and engraving, 
 such minute delineations, can form a just idea. To 
 their insertion, combined with numerous delays in 
 the reception of materials which were deemed essen 
 tial to the faithful execution of the map, is to be at 
 tributed the delay in the publication of the work. 
 It could not have been issued earlier, consistently 
 with a determination on my part, to render the map 
 as perfect as the existing data, and my slender abili 
 ties would admit; a consummation most earnestly 
 and sincerely aimed at in every stage of its execu 
 tion. That I have arrived at complete perfection, I 
 do not pretend; errors will, no doubt, be found: for 
 the future correction of these, I respectfully solicit 
 
MEMOIR. 99 
 
 communications. . Anxious to make the map, in 
 all respects, satisfactory to myself and acceptable 
 to the public, I have permitted no consideration of 
 economy, either of time or money, to interfere in the 
 slightest degree with its execution; nor have I omit 
 ted to employ any means which promised to add to 
 rny stock of information, requisite for such a work. 
 That I have embodied much original information re 
 garding the United States generally, will, I trust, be 
 admitted by all who shall have directed their atten 
 tion to the ample materials noticed in this work. In 
 the execution of the map I have endeavoured to select 
 from the great mass of documents collected for the 
 purpose, such only as were founded upon actual sur 
 veys and astronomical observations; and in the ab 
 sence of these the relations of travellers, and other me 
 moranda, which appeared to be of an authentic cha 
 racter, were resorted to. Information regarding the 
 internal improvements of the country, I have endea 
 voured to collect from every source, and the multi 
 tude of works on subjects connected with it, have 
 been freely used; some with great advantage, while 
 others presented little else than masses of crude ma 
 terials, calculated to perplex and embarrass rather than 
 enlighten the reader. The names of the latter au 
 thors are purposely omitted as unworthy of notice, as 
 nothing could with justice be said of them to interest 
 the public, or redouna to their own advantage. I 
 cheerfully avail myself of the present occasion to ex 
 press my deep sense of obligation to the following 
 gentlemen, from whom valuable communications 
 
100 MEMOIR. 
 
 were received during the progress of this laborious 
 map. 
 
 Nathan Hale, of Boston, for permission to use his 
 excellent map of the Eastern States, and for his com 
 munication, and report on the Massachusetts rail roads. 
 
 N. A. Ware, for his communication regarding the 
 new counties in Maine and New Hampshire and seve 
 ral other states. 
 
 S. Davidson King, of the General Land Office at 
 Washington, for copies in manuscript of the map of 
 the boundary line between the United States and Bri 
 tish possessions, as fixed by the commissioners, under 
 the 7th article of the treaty of Ghent. This map is 
 drawn on a very extensive scale and occupies no less 
 than 27 large sheets; it forms the base of my repre 
 sentation of the St. Lawrence, Straits of Niagara, and 
 Detroit river. To the friendly and disinterested aid 
 of Mr. King, I am also indebted for copies of all the 
 government surveys in the states of Ohio, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alaba 
 ma, and in the territories of Florida, Arkansas and 
 Michigan, made and transmitted by him immediately 
 on their arrival at his office. 
 
 Simeon Dewitt, surveyor general of New York, for 
 the locations of the new counties and correction of er 
 rors in some of the older ones. 
 
 Thomas Gordon, of Trenton, N. J. for permission 
 to use his new map of New Jersey, and for his inter 
 esting and scientific communication regarding the po 
 sitions of Philadelphia and New York. 
 
101 
 
 E. Blunt, of N. Y., for his manuscript chart of 
 the coast of Delaware and Maryland. 
 
 John Wilson, of Pennsylvania, for his communi 
 cation regarding the Columbia rail road. 
 
 J. M llvaine, for his communication relative to 
 the Pennsylvania canals, &c. 
 
 George Armroyd, for his communication regard* 
 ing the Pennsylvania canals. 
 
 H. Boye, author of the new map of Virginia, for 
 his table of altitudes of places in Virginia. 
 
 J. P. Stabler, of Sandy Springs, Md., for his sketch 
 of the Dismal Swamp Canal. E. Stabler, for a cor 
 rected map of part of Maryland. 
 
 Governor Forsyth, of Georgia, for copies of the re 
 cent surveys, county lines, and new towns in that 
 state. 
 
 James Camak, of Milledgeville, Ga., for his manu 
 script map of the boundary between Georgia and Ala 
 bama, and a communication regarding the geographi 
 cal position of several important places in Georgia. 
 
 Adiel Sherwood, of Georgia, for his communica 
 tion regarding some of the new counties in that state. 
 
 John Lee Williams, of Pensacola, for his commu 
 nication regarding the county lines and new towns in 
 Florida. 
 
 Hector McMill, of Florida, for his communication 
 regarding the physical geography of that territory. 
 
 T. M. Glassell, of Florida, for his manuscript map 
 and communication regarding the Seminole lands. 
 
 J. McCoy, for his communication regarding the 
 
102 A3EMOIR, 
 
 recent changes of county lines, and the location of 
 some new towns in Alabama. 
 
 James Magoffin, of Alabama, for his communica 
 tion, and manuscript map of a part of that state. 
 
 T. W. Mathews, of Alabama, for his manuscript 
 map of a part of that state. 
 
 Thos. H. Williams, for his communication regard 
 ing some of the roads, &c. of Mississippi. 
 
 George Dougherty, for a corrected map and com 
 munication regarding the new counties and towns in 
 the state of Mississippi. 
 
 Th. Seghers, of New Orleans, for his communica 
 tion regarding the new parishes in Louisiana. 
 
 W. Conway, of Arkansas Territory, for his com 
 munication regarding the new counties and towns in 
 that territory. 
 
 Newton Cannon, of Harpeth, for his communica 
 tion regarding the new towns and county lines in 
 Tennessee. 
 
 John H. Bills, for his manuscript map of a part of 
 Tennessee. 
 
 James W. Palmer, of Lexington, Kentucky, for a 
 corrected map of Kentucky, including all the new 
 counties and towns in that state. 
 
 Chittenden Lyon, of Kentucky, for his communi 
 cation and manuscript map of the western part of 
 Kentucky, with corrections of county lines, new 
 towns, &c. 
 
 Richard H. M Gill, of St. Louis, for a corrected 
 map of Illinois and Missouri, containing the new 
 counties and towns in those states. 
 
MEMOIR. 103 
 
 J. Farrington, for his communication and correct 
 ed map of the bounty lands in Illinois. 
 
 John Tipton, of Indiana, for his communication 
 and manuscript map regarding the north part of In 
 diana. 
 
 T. M. Ray, of Indianapoils, for his manuscript 
 map of the new counties and towns in Indiana. 
 
 Austin W. Morris, for his communication and cor 
 rected map of the state of Indiana, including the new 
 counties, and many new towns, roads, &c. 
 
 J. Bush of Indiana, for his communication regard 
 ing the new roads in that state. 
 
 John Brown, for his communication on the new 
 roads and towns of Indiana. 
 
 A. Bourne, of Chillicothe, Ohio, for a corrected 
 map of Ohio, and communication on the Ohio ca 
 nals, &c. 
 
 Mr. Trowbridge, of Detroit, for a map of that ter 
 ritory, with the new counties, towns, &c. 
 
 Dr. Bixby, of England, for several manuscript 
 maps of the region of the Lakes, &c. 
 
 Other persons, deserving of special notice in this 
 place, and perhaps entitled to my warmest thanks, 
 may have been omitted, not through the want of 
 respect, but of recollection. This I fear may be the 
 case in a few instances, as my account of some of the 
 documents used in the commencement of the work, 
 was drawn up from memory. To all who have 
 contributed their aid, I offer my sincere thanks. 
 
10-1 MEMOIR. 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 OF THE ORIGINAL MATTER. 
 
 From the foregoing remarks and a careful exami 
 nation of the map, it will be perceived that the 
 New Map of the United States comprehends one 
 hundred and fifty-six New Counties ; five hundred 
 and forty New Towns, and upwards of fifteen hun 
 dred names of Rivers, Lakes, Bays, &c. not to be 
 found in any similar map; more than 22,000 miles 
 of New Roads, with the distances from place to place 
 distinctly indicated; about 36,000 square miles of ter 
 ritory delineated from recent government surveys, 
 some of them executed within a few months ; and 
 4057 miles of Canals and Rail Roads, the greater 
 part of which has never been traced on a map of 
 the United States. It exhibits the states of Maine, 
 New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecti 
 cut, and Rhode Island, as recently compiled from ac 
 tual surveys; and those of New Jersey and Virginia 
 entirely remodelled from actual and recent surveys, 
 which have never been incorporated into any other 
 general map; the altitude of nearly 600 important 
 points distributed throughout the United States; and 
 it embodies all the government surveys up to the 
 present time, made in the western states and ter 
 ritories, comprising an aggregate area of more than 
 310,000 square miles of actual and accurate sur 
 veys. In addition to these important accessions to 
 our stock of knowledge on the general geography 
 
MEMOIR. 105 
 
 of the United States, the map contains the follow 
 ing supplementary Maps, Plans, &c. 
 
 1 Plan of the City of Boston. 
 
 2 New York. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 4 Baltimore. 
 
 5 Washington. 
 
 6 Charleston. 
 
 7 New Orleans. 
 S Map of the Environs of Boston. 
 
 9 Albany, Saratoga, &e. 
 
 10 New York and New 
 
 Brunswick. 
 
 1 1 Philadelphia and Tren 
 
 ton. 
 
 12 Baltimore and Wash 
 
 ington. 
 
 13 Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 14 Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 15 General Map of Oregon and Mandan Districts. 
 
 16 Chart of the Outlet of Oregon river. 
 
 17 South Part of Florida. 
 
 IS Profile of the Grand Portage, Maine. 
 
 19 Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 
 
 20 Dismal Swamp Canal. 
 
 21 Florida Canal. 
 
 22 Krie Canal. 
 
 23 Ohio Canal. 
 
 24 Morris Canal. 
 
 25 Union Canal. 
 
 26 Schuylkill Navigation. 
 
 27 Pennsylvania Canal. 
 
 28 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 
 
 29 Massachusetts Rail Road. 
 
 30 Columbia Rail Road. 
 
 31 Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. 
 
 32 Statistical Table of the Western Districts, 
 
106 MEMOIR. 
 
 33 Statistical Table of the United States, exhibit 
 ing the Area; Capital; Metropolis, with its latitude, 
 longitude, and population; date of constitution; time 
 of stated meeting of the Legislature; day of general 
 election; population of 1820 divided into classes, and 
 the estimated population of 1829, of each state and 
 territory of the union. 
 
 The plans of cities, will be found exceedingly mi 
 nute in every particular; they contain, with but few 
 exceptions, all the information found in larger plans: 
 all the names of streets, lanes, public buildings, and 
 every other object of interest usually inserted in such 
 representations, are given. 
 
 The topographical maps or views of the environs 
 of the principal cities, are drawn on such scales as to 
 admit the introduction of every town, village and im 
 portant road, embraced within their respective bor 
 ders. They contain much information which may 
 with strictness be denominated original, and will be 
 found useful, when viewed in connection with their 
 corresponding parts on the principal map. 
 
 The distances from place to place, are noted in every 
 part of the map, and the important leading roads are 
 distinguished from state or more local roads, by ap 
 propriate characters. 
 
 The profiles or vertical sections constitute one of 
 the most valuable and interesting features of the map. 
 Those numbered from 22 to 31 both inclusive are pro 
 jected on similar scales ; the horizontal scale being the 
 same as that of the principal map, 30 miles to an inch, 
 and the vertical scale 1000 feet to an inch. By this 
 arrangement a just and accurate view is obtained of 
 
MEMOIR. 107 
 
 the relative extent and altitude of the several parts 
 of those highly important works. They afford a 
 species of information, which is almost indispensable 
 to a clear understanding of matters connected with 
 the great work of internal improvement of our coun 
 try, which is every where in active progress. 
 
 In embodying these sections, I have in no instance 
 made use of documents that were not founded on act- 
 ual measurements and deduced from levelling opera 
 tions. In this way I have with considerable labour 
 brought together upwards of six hundred points in 
 various parts of the United States, whose elevations 
 above the Atlantic Ocean are distinctly noted, which 
 as matters of reference cannot fail to prove eminently 
 useful, and will be duly appreciated by all who are 
 aware of the difficulties which attend the acquisition 
 of the necessary data for such diagrams. 
 
 When we reflect on the immense labour, which, 
 in the aggregate, must have attended the surveys, up 
 on which our present stock of this sort of informa 
 tion is founded, and the great expense to the state 
 governments and individuals involved in them ; it 
 will, I think, be readily admitted, that the space de 
 voted to the physical sections, on the map, is well 
 appropriated. 
 
 Much advantage will result from the general diffu 
 sion of this kind of information ; while it affords the 
 very best means of developing the general aspect of 
 the country, it will serve to check those impractica 
 ble and frivolous projects which interested specula 
 tors are constantly urging on the unwary; it acquaints 
 
108 MEMOIR. 
 
 us not only with the relative extent and elevations at 
 tained by our leading works, but it affords a compre 
 hensive view of the physical structure of the region 
 occupied by the United States, thus leading to a cor 
 rect knowlege of the great features of our continent, 
 its elevations, depressions, mountain ranges and its 
 valleys. 
 
 Another important improvement, which if we re 
 gard its extent, is peculiar, not only to the principal 
 map but also to the topographical views, is the indi 
 cation of the distances from town to town. This 
 is done on all the leading roads and most of the com 
 mon state or cross roads. The labour which attend 
 ed this part of my work, can scarcely be conceived 
 by persons unacquainted with such matters. Some 
 idea of it may be formed, when I affirm that the en 
 tire map could and would have been completed in 
 less than half the time which tvas employed in its 
 execution, if the distances had been omitted. Such 
 an omission, however, would have greatly circum 
 scribed the utility of the map; and as I had determin 
 ed in the outset to render the work every way deserv 
 ing the liberal patronage, which early indications led 
 me to expect, I have adhered strictly to that deter 
 mination to the end. 
 
 THE END. 
 
A LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 MAPS, CHARTS, 
 
 AND 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS, 
 
 Recently published, and for sale by 
 
 H. S. TANNER, 
 
 GEOGRAPHER AND MAP PUBLISHER, 
 Corner of Seventh fy Chestnut Sts. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Where most other Publications, connected with 
 American Geography, &c. may be had. 
 
 10 
 
LIST OF MAPS, &c. 
 
 No. 1. A new American Atlas, containing Maps of 
 the several States of the North American 
 Union, projected and drawn on a uniform 
 scale of fifteen miles to the inch, from do 
 cuments found in the public offices of the 
 United States, and state governments : to 
 which are added, Maps of the World and 
 Quarters; one of North America on four 
 sheets, and one of South America on two 
 sheets, together with a Geographical Me 
 moir, giving a detailed account of the ma 
 terials used in the construction of the va 
 rious Maps. The whole exhibiting a full 
 and complete geographical view of the 
 two continents of North and South Ame 
 rica, in connexion with the other parts of 
 the known world. This work has already 
 passed through two editions, within the pe 
 riod of two years, and has received the ap 
 probation and patronage of many of the 
 most distinguished, scientific, and literary 
 characters both in this country and in 
 Europe ; special resolutions of Congress 
 and other public bodies in its favour have 
 been passed, and as the author is constantly 
 engaged in the improvement of the plates, 
 by inserting all new information, he trusts 
 that it will continue to be what it has been 
 since its publication, the standard as an 
 American Atlas. Price of the work in half 
 binding, - - $30 00 
 
 No. 2. The same, with the Maps mounted on rol 
 
 lers and varnished, " - 40 00 
 
 No. 3. The same, omitting the Maps of the World 
 and Quarters, and reserving all those re 
 lating to North and South America, the 
 States, &c. Price in half binding, - 25 00 
 
No, 4. The same as the preceding, omitting the 
 Map of South America, and the Geogra 
 phical Memoir, and reserving all the Maps 
 relating to the continent of North America, 
 including the State Maps. Price - $20 00 
 
 No. 5. Atlas of the United States, comprehended in 
 eleven large sheet Maps, drawn on a uni 
 form scale of fifteen geographical miles to 
 an inch. Price half bound, - 15 00 
 
 No. 6. The same pasted on pasteboards, bound and 
 varnished, suitable for the use of schools. 
 Price, - 20 00 
 
 No. 7. A new General Atlas, consisting of imperial 
 sheet Maps of the World on the Globular 
 projection, 2 sheets ; World on Mercator s 
 projection, Europe, Asia, Africa, America, 
 North America, South America, 2 sheets ; 
 United States, Mexico, and British posses 
 sions. Price half bound, 10 00 
 
 No. 8. A new College Atlas, consisting of a series of 
 General Maps of the various grand divi 
 sions of the known world, adapted to the 
 course of geographical instruction, pur 
 sued in the colleges and high schools of 
 the United States, imperial folio. Price 
 half bound, 5 00 
 
 No. 9, The same as the preceding, with the Maps 
 pasted on thick pasteboards and varnished, 
 for the use of schools. Price, - 7 50 
 
 No. 10. Atlas of Ancient Geography, designed to 
 illustrate the works of the ancient writers, 
 both sacred and profane, sixteen select 
 Maps in imperial quarto. Price, half 
 bound, -: .. - 3 00 
 
 No. 11. A new map of North America on four 
 sheets, embracing all the recent discove 
 ries of Ross, Parry, Franklin, Long, &c. &c. 
 Price, mounted on rollers, or in a portable 
 form, - S 00 
 
 No. 12. A four sheet Map of Europe, improved to 
 
 1828. Price, - 8 00 
 
 No. 13. Do. Asia, do. do. do. .- 8 00 
 
 No. 14. Do. Africa, do. do. do. . 8 00 
 
 No. 15. A new Map of South America, in two 
 
 sheets, do. do. - - 4 CO 
 
The Maps numbered 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15, are usu 
 ally sold together; they form a set on 
 which is delineated the entire surface oi 
 the earth, and present as complete a body 
 of geographical information on the known 
 world, as the existing state of knowledge 
 will admit. Price of the set, mounted on 
 rollers and varnished, - - $35 00 
 
 No. 16. Map of the World on the Globular projec 
 tion, two sheets. This Map, although de 
 signed for the library and counting house, 
 will be found highly useful for schools, 
 for which it is well adapted ; its grand di 
 visions are distinctly marked, and the va 
 rious governments readily distinguished. 
 Price on rollers and varnished, - 3 00 
 
 No. 17. A new Map of the United States of Mexi 
 co, on one imperial sheet, drawn from the 
 latest and best authorities, and exhibiting 
 their subdivisions as they now exist ; with 
 numerous tables, &c. Price, in pocket 
 case, - 2 00 
 
 No. 18. Map of the Roads, Canals, and Steam-boat 
 routes of the United States, with the dis 
 tances from place to place, and a series of 
 tables showing the principal Steam-boat 
 routes throughout the country. Price, in 
 pocket case, - 1 oo 
 
 No. 19. Map of the existing and contemplated Ca 
 nals of the state of Pennsylvania, coloured 
 so as to distinguish between such as are 
 finished or in progress, and those merely 
 proposed. Price, 1 50 
 
 No. 20. Map of the New England States, for travel 
 lers, in pocket case, - j 25 
 
 No. 21. Map of the state of New York, do. do. - 1 25 
 
 No. 22. Map of the states of Pennsylvania and New 
 
 Jersey, for travellers, do. do. - 1 25 
 
 No. 23. Map of the states of Ohio and Indiana, 
 
 do. do. 1 25 
 
 No. 24. Map of the states of Virginia, Maryland, 
 
 and Delaware, do. do. 1 25 
 
 No. 25. Map of the states of Kentucky and Ten 
 nessee, do do. - 1 25 
 
 No. 26. Map of the states of North and South Ca 
 rolina, do. do. - - .. - s i 25 
 
No. 27. Map of the states of Georgia and Alaba 
 ma, do. do. - - $1 25 
 No. 28. Map of the states of Louisiana and Missis 
 sippi, do. do. - 1 25 
 No. 29. Map of the states of Illinois and Missouri, 
 
 do. do. - 1 25 
 
 No. 30. Map of the territory of Florida, do. do. 1 25 
 
 The state maps numbered from 20 to 30 inclusive, 
 are from the American Atlas, projected 
 and drawn on a uniform scale of fifteen 
 miles to the inch ; they embrace in addi 
 tion to former surveys, those made by order 
 of the United States government; copies of 
 these surveys, as they progress, are regu 
 larly forwarded to the author, by whom 
 they are immediately inserted on the plates. 
 By these means, and the facilities of procu 
 ring other information, afforded by an ex 
 tensive correspondence, the maps are 
 made to keep pace with the improvement 
 of the country, and to exhibit at all times, 
 the existing state of geographical infor 
 mation regarding the United States, and. 
 contiguous countries. The set, consisting 
 of eleven Maps, printed on silk paper, is 
 put up in a portable case for the conveni 
 ence of travellers. Price, $12 and 15 00 
 The same maps are put up separately on muslin, in 
 
 a portable case. Price, each, 2 00 
 
 No. 31. Chart of the World on Mercator s projec- 
 
 jection, one large sheet, 1 00 
 
 No. 32. Map of Europe, one large sheet, 1 00 
 
 No. 33. Map of Asia, one large sheet, 1 00 
 
 No. 34. Map of Africa, do. 1 00 
 
 No. 35. Map of America, do. 1 00 
 
 No. 36. The four preceding Maps pasted together 
 on one sheet of canvas, and roller, suitable 
 for schools. Price, - 5 50 
 
 No. 37. Map of North America, one large sheet, l 00 
 
 No. 38. Map of the United States, Medium sheet, 50 
 
 No. 39, Map of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, 
 
 Newfoundland, &c, 1 00 
 
 No. 40. Chart of Delaware Bay, two sheets, - 1 00 
 
 No. 41. Dissected Map of the World, one large 
 
 sheet, - 2 50 
 
No. 42. Do. Europe, do. - $2 50 
 
 No. 43. Do. Asia, do. - 2 50 
 
 No. 44. Do. Africa, do. .. - 2 50 
 
 No. 45. Do. United States, do. - 2 00 
 
 No. 46. The Mariner s Atmospherical Register or 
 
 Weather Book, 2 50 
 
 No. 47. A general Outline of the United States, 
 
 -with plates, 2 50 
 
 No. 48. Atlas of Outline Maps of the World, and 
 
 Quarters, the set, 50 
 
 No. 49. School Atlas, consisting of the World, 
 
 Quarters, and United States, - 50 
 
 No. 50. A Geological Survey of the Environs of 
 Philadelphia, with a Map coloured geolo 
 gically. Price, 63 
 No. 51. Map of the country 15 miles around Phila 
 delphia, with the roads, public houses, Sec. 
 in a pocket case, 50 
 No. 52. Maps of the World, Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and America, mounted on rollers and var 
 nished, suitable for counting houses, 
 schools, See. Price each, $1 50, or for the 
 set, - ... 7 00 
 These Maps will be found highly useful in mercantile 
 establishments, as they present a complete general view of 
 the whole world, with the most important commercial pla 
 ces distinctly marked. For school purposes they are also 
 peculiarly adapted, as they supercede in a great measure 
 those large and costly maps which have hitherto been used 
 in public seminaries; the entire set being furnished at a price 
 considerably less than is paid for a single four sheet Map. 
 No. 53. Map of Schuylkill county, Pa., on a scale of 
 
 2 miles to the inch. Price, - 1 00 
 
 No. 54. The Stranger s Guide to the public build 
 ings, places of. amusement, streets, lanes, 
 alleys, wharves, principal hotels, steam 
 boat landings, stage offices, &c. in the City 
 of Philadelphia and adjoining Districts, 
 with references for ascertaining their posi 
 tion on the accompanying plan of the City; 
 the whole alphabetically arranged and 
 forming a complete Guide to every object 
 of interest in the city and suburbs of Phila 
 delphia : to which are added a Map of the 
 environs of Philadelphia and a view of Fair 
 Mount Water Works. Price, - $1 00 
 
No. 54. A new and authentic Map of Colombia, 
 with its departments and provinces, con 
 structed principally from the manuscript 
 maps drawn at Bogota by order of the Co 
 lombian government, with the main roads 
 distinctly marked, and a table of the popu 
 lation, capitals, and area in square miles of 
 the departments; the population and capi 
 tals of the provinces, and the population, al 
 titude, latitude, and longitude, of the capi 
 tals of each province : the whole present 
 ing an accurate view of the geography of 
 Colombia brought up to the present time. 
 Price, on rollers or in a portable form, $5 00 
 
 The same printed on bank note paper, in pocket 
 
 case, - 3 50 
 
 No. 55. A View of the United States historical, 
 geographical, and statistical, exhibiting, 
 in a convenient form, the natural and arti 
 ficial features of the several states, and em 
 bracing those leading branches of history 
 and statistics, best adapted to develope the 
 present condition of the North American 
 Union; illustrated with Maps, 8cc. By Wil 
 liam Darby, forming an 18mo. book of 600 
 pages, with 14 maps. Price, 2 50 
 
 No. 56. A new pocket Atlas of the United States, 
 the Maps drawn on a uniform scale, with 
 
 the distances from place to place. Price, 
 No. 57. Map of the state of Pennsylvania, 
 No. 58. Drawing Book. No. 1. Human figure. 
 
 1 25 
 38 
 
 Price, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 59. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 2. Landscapes. 
 
 25 
 
 No. 60. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 3. Shipping 
 
 38 
 
 No. 61. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 4. Landscapes, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 62. 
 
 Do, 
 
 No. 5. the same, col d 
 
 50 
 
 No, 63. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 6. Flowers, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 64. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 7. Flowers, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 65. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 8. Flowers, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 66. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 9. Flawers, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 67. 
 
 Do. 
 
 No. 10. Roses, 
 
 38 
 
 No. 68. 
 
 Do. 
 
 i 
 
 containing 8 she-ets of 
 
 
 Flowers coloured. Price, - I GO 
 
 No. 69. A New and elegant Map of the United States 
 on a scale of 30 miles to the inch 5 feet 4 
 
* s 
 
 inches long, and 4 feet 2 inches high. Price 
 of the map with the accompanying Memoir 
 on the materials used in its construction, $10 00 
 
 No, 70. Memoir on the recent Surveys, Observa 
 tions, and Internal Improvements in the 
 United States, with brief notices of the new 
 counties, towns, villages, canals, and rail 
 roads, never before delineated. By H. S. 
 Tanner. Intended to accompany his New 
 Map of the United States. Price, - 1 00 
 
 No. 71. Map of the United States, including the 
 
 Western Districts. Price, - - - 75 
 
 No. 72. Print. View of Mount Vernon, 50 
 
 No. 73. Do. do the same coloured, 75 
 
 No. 74. Atlas of the state of South Carolina, con 
 taining maps of the several districts drawn 
 on a uniform scale of two miles to the 
 inch, - . ... 12 00 
 
 No. 75, The same maps put up in a portable form, 
 at prices from $3 50 to 1 50 each. 
 
 No. 76. Map of the state of South Carolina on four 
 sheets, drawn and published in conformity 
 to a law of the state, - 5 00 
 
 No. 77. A View of West Florida, embracing its 
 geography, topography, 8cc. with an ap 
 pendix treating of its antiquities, land titles, 
 and proposed canals, with Maps, by J. L. 
 Williams. Price, 2 00 
 
 No. 78. Map of the western part of Florida, ex 
 tending from Mobile bay to the Suwanee 
 river both inclusive, in pocket case, - 1 25 
 
 No. 79. A Map of the state of New Jersey, with 
 parts of the adjoining states, engraved on 
 three sheets ; by Thomas Gordon. Price, 
 mounted on rollers, or in a portable form, 8 00 
 
 No. 80. Plan of the city of Pittsburg and adjacent 
 
 country. Price in pocket case, 1 00 
 
 * # * In preparation, a four sheet Map of the World on 
 the globular projection, and a Classical Atlas, consisting of 
 57 Maps of Ancient Geography, in imperial quarto. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 
 
 19Jan 648C 
 
 IHTL i !** t r*v i s""\ 
 
 
 REC D LD 
 
 in il n J. .,, m T TV* 
 
 
 TAU6- 
 
 LD 2lA-40m-ll, 6J 
 (E1602slO)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
04500 
 
 269800 
 
 UNIVERSJTY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY