MARK TWAIN An Appreciation of His Pioneer Writings on Fasting and Health By GEORGE WHARTON JAMES A uthor of " California, Romantic and Beautiful, " "Arizona, the Wonderland," "Living the Radiant Life," "Quit Your Worrying," " In and Around the Grand Canyon," " Indian Blankets and Their Makers," etc. REPRINTED FROM PHYSICAL CULTURE FOR MAY NINETEEN-NINETEEN T t\ Pioneer on Fasting and Health By George Wharton James EVERY- one fa miliar with the life- habits of Mark Twain knows how he reveled in smoking, contending that he was moderate in the use of cigars in that he never smoked more than one at a time, and that he was not averse to his "tot" of strong waters every day. It was his custom to make fun of all hygienic rules and pre cautions, and jokes galore are scattered throughout hislwoks con cerning the folly of self- denial of the appetite. Yet in his prac tice, his life, Mark Twain was far wiser than his jests seemed to indicate. For he was some- ILLUSTRATED BY HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED COPYRIGHT PHOTOGRAPHS BY A. F. BRADLEY. NEW YORK ( opyrtght by He began life as Samuel L. Clemens America s foremost humorist, A.F. Bradley. N. Y. and ended it as Mark Twain. He was thing more than a mere though great humorist. He was also a great philosopher. Nothing that he ever wrote more perfectly illustrated this than one of his earliest literary efforts. This early-day story made so deep and profound an impression upon my mind that I can recall its every detail, though it is fully thirty years since I first read it. It is published in the collected (Harper & Brothers) edition of his works as "My 1 Jehut as a Literary Person." He tells of having written an article alxmt the burning of the clipj>er ship Hornet on the line, May 3, 186. Mark Twain was in Honolulu when the fifteen >tarved and ghostly survivors arrived there after spending forty-three days in an open boat with only ten days rations of food. Mark was sick in bed when these men arrived, but Anson Burlingame, who was on his way to China to negotiate the treaty that afterwards bore his name, hap pened to be there and had Mark taken down to the hospital on a stretcher to meet the shipwrecked men. As no one else of the new spa per correspond ents seemed to see what a scoop the story was. Mark made a great hit with it, as well as justi fied himself in later put ting in a sj>e- philosopher and man of letters. cial bill for it at a hundred dollars a column (three solid columns). The point I wish to make to my readers is this: Mark Twain then learned that, although that shipwrecked crew arrived in Honolulu mere skinny skeletons, "with clothes hung limp about thorn, fitting them no lx?tter than a flag fits the flagstaff in a calm," they x>n recovered, and gathered strength rapidly, and within a fortnight were nearly as good as new and took ship to San Francisco. Thin clearly denoiutratfd that their long period of f anting had done them no harm. The Hornet left New York in January of I860. It was a first-class AOE T w o ship, a fast sailer, and provisioned with an abundance of canned meats and fruits to help out the usual ship fare. Everything went well until May 3rd, when fire broke out and the captain decided to get away in the ship s boats. In the hurry of launching them two were injured. Four sick sailors were brought up on deck, one of them a "Portyghee" who had been "soldiering" throughout the whole four months voyage, nursing an abscess. The captain, with two passengers, and eleven men were in the long boat. The rations were half a biscuit for breakfast; one biscuit and some canned meat for dinner; half a biscuit for tea; a few swallows of water for each meal. Where should they go? What port aim for? The nearest islands were about a thousand miles away. The first night it rained hard, and while all got thoroughly Copyright by A. F. Bradley, New York Copyright by A. F. Bradley. New York drenched they filled their water butt and were thankful. They were so crowded that none of them could stretch out and take a good sleep. For five weeks they endured this, with all the other hardships baking hot in the day time, occasionally wet through with rains, a heavy and dangerous sea at times, and seeing their tiny stock of provisions gradually growing less and less. While they still had a month s wandering of the seas ahead of them the captain recorded in his log (May 17) that they had only half a bushel of bread crumbs left. ^Now noteJ According to one of the diaries kept the men seemed pretty well and the feeblest of the sick ones formerly unable to stand his watch on board ship was wonderfully recovered. This was the "Portyghee" that "raised the family of abscesses." They had the usual excite ment and elevation of hope at seeing a sail on the horizon, and then the corresponding depres sion as the vessel disappeared. They caught a few boobies, birds that consist mainly of feathers and managed to exist on tiny rations doled out from the canned goods that still remained. Then the boats were compelled to separate, each going "on its own," and doing the best for itself. Its food became scarcer; despair made them silent, thus adding to other im aginable and unimaginablf PAGE THREE horrors, the muteness and brooding of desperation. And here conies the passage of Murk s philosophy and practice that so forcefully struck me when I first read it many years ago. "Considering the situation and circumstances, the record for the next day. May 29, is one which has a surprise in it for those dull people who think that noth ing hut medicines and doctors can cure the sick. A little starvation, can really do more for the average sick man than can the best medicines and the best doctors. I do not mean a restricted diet; I mean" and the italics are Mark s own "total abstention from food for one or tiro (/(ji/.v. I s|>eak from experience; starvation has Keen my cold and fever doctor for fifteen years, and has accomplished a cure in all in stances. The third mate told me in Honolulu that the Portygbee had lain in his ham mock for months, raising his family of abscesses and feeding like a can nibal. We have seen that in spite of dread ful weather, de privation of sleep, scorching, drench ing, and all man ner of miseries, thirteen days of starvation won derfully recovered him. There were four sailors down sick when the ship was burned. Twen ty - five days of pitiless starvation have followed, and now we have this curious record: All the men arc lietirty and stront/ ;ei en the ones that were doirn sick are well,exfe]it poor Peter. When I wrote an article some months ago urging temporary abstention from food as a remedy for an inactive apj>etite and for disease, I was accused of jesting, but I was in earnest. HY arc nil wonderfully well and strong, comparatively speaking! On this day the starvation regimen drew its Ixjlt a couple of buckle- holes tighter: the bread ration was reduced from the usual piece of cracker the size of a silver dollar to the half of that and one meal was abolished from the daili/ three. This will weaken the men physically, but if there are any diseases of an ordinary sort left in them they will disappear."* Quoted by permlMlnn of Harper and Brothers and the Estate of Samuel I. Clemens Oonyrwht Note well this last sentence, and rememl>er it was written b\ ahumorist.onewhowas at lc;ist at that time not supposed to waste much of his time on serious thought. It was not the product of a physician s or nurse s ex perience, but the observation of a keen-brained layman. He saw that fasting would drive out ordinary disease. And that observation of his led me to my own studies of fasting, so that when, years and years later, the idea was o|>enly advocated, I knew that of which I spoke when I heartily endorsed and fought for it, in spite of opposition from those whose medical and practical knowledge was, or should have been, far more extensive than mine. To return now to the story of the shipwreck. On May 30 the cap tain had one can of oysters; three pounds of raisins; one can of soup; one-third of a ham ; three /tints of bis cuit-crumbs. And there were fifteen starved men to live on it while they crawled what they thought was six hundred and fifty miles, but in real ity was twenty- two hundred. June 4 the cap tain reported the bread and raisins all gone and the day following they had nothing left but a little piece of ham and a gill of water, all around. June 11 with all their food gone one of the pas sengers wrote in his diary that it was his firm trust and belief that they were going to IK* saved. And so indeed they were. June 15 they sighted land. Two noble Kanakas swam out and took the boat ashore and two white men kindly received them. They were taken to the hospital. There Mark saw them, and as he says; "It is an ama/.ing adventure. There is nothing of its sort in history that surpasses it in impossibilities made possible. In one extraordinary detail the survival of ereri/ person in the boat it probably stands alone in the history of adventures of its kind "Within ten days after the landing all the men but one were up and creeping about. Properly, they ougM to have killed themselves with I AC. K K O T K the food of the last few days some of them, at any rate men who had freighted their stomachs with strips of leather from old boots and with chips from the butter cask; a freightage which they did not get rid of by digestion, but by other means. The captain and the two passengers did not eat strips and chips, as the sailors did, but scraped the boot-leather and the wood, and made a pulp of the scrapings by moistening them with water. The third mate told me that the boots were old and full of holes: then added thoughtfully, but the holes digested the best! " I am glad to thus bring to the attention of the readers of PHYSICAL CULTURE this story and especially Mark Twain s deductions upon fasting made so long ago. He persisted in the fasting habit through out his life, and while no one will attempt to defend, from the hygienic standpoint Mark s smoking and drinking habits, there can be little question but that he prolonged his life by his occasional fasts. That he was seriously interested in the subject is clearly evidenced from his "Appetite Cure," a roaring burlesque on the Bohemian method of treating those whose pampered appetites began to loathe the luxuries they had fattened on. In his "Appetite Cure" Mark Twain presents his ideas on fasting though in a most excruciatingly funny and exagger ated fashion that, to my mind, is one of the striking features of his humor. He tells of the place in Bohemia, a short day s journey from Vienna, where one goes to have his failing appetite treated. After a fooling introduction you are told that the Hochberghaus stands solitary on the top of a densely wooded mountain and that it is called the Appetite Anstallt. Professor Haimberger met Twain on his arrival and found out that though he had had all the most tempting things upon his table he could eat next to nothing. The doctor handed him a menu and asked him to pick out from it what he would like to eat. Of course it was made up of impossibilities: "At the top stood tough, underdone, overdue tripe, gar nished with garlic; half-way down the bill stood young cat; old cat; scrambled cat; at the bottom stood sailor-boots, softened with tallow served raw. The wide intervals of the bill were packed with dishes calculated to insult a canni bal." He remonstrated with the doctor for joking with him over so serious a matter. The doctor said he never was so serious in his life. The "appetite-cure" was his main dependence for his living. He had to cure people or lose his business. This led Mark to apologize for taking the food named on the menu from the mouths of the doctor s children. But the doctor denied that his children ate such trash. It was only his patients that he provided these things for. But Mark was not hungry. He de clined even the most tasty of the suggested items, though he was informed that the rule of the house was: "If you choose now, the order will be filled at once; but if you wait, you will have to await my pleasure. You cannot get a dish from that entire bill until I consent." Mark refused again, and airily told the doctor to send the cook to bed as he was sure there was going to be no hurry, and then asked to be shown to his room. Once there the doctor gave him full freedom to smoke and read all he liked and drink all the water he could and warned him that as his case was very stubborn he had better refrain from eating any of the first fourteen dishes on the menu. "Restrain myself, is it?" Mark cried: "Give yourself no uneasiness. You are going to save money by me. The idea of coaxing a sick man s appetite back with this buzzard-fare is clear insanity." Without food he retired to bed and slept my how he slept! For fifteen hours he never awoke, but when he did it was with visions of Vienna coffee, bread, etc., etc. Yet when he rang the bell he was referred to the "Cure s" bill of fare. What, that loathsome stuff! He would none of it! After his bath he started for a walk, only to find, to his amazement, the door was locked. There was no leaving the room. At two o clock he had been twenty-six hours without food and he was not only hungry, but "strong adjective" hungry. He read and smoked and drank water, and then smoked and read and drank water, and then to vary it, drank water, read and smoked. At first the thought of the infernalnesses of the Cure s menu nauseated him, but after forty-five hours of fasting he ordered the second item on the list "A sort of dumpling containing a compost made of cavair and tar," but it was refused him. For the next fifteen hours he tried to get other items, but always met with a refusal, until at last he conquered all his prejudices and half famished ordered item No. 15 "Soft-boiled spring chicken in the egg; six dozen, hot and fragrant!" In fifteen minutes the dinner was there, with the doctor, who congratulated the patient upon his recovery, but, when he asked Mark a question he impatiently waved him away: "Don t interrupt me, don t I can t spare my mouth, I really can t." Then the doctor stopped him. He could now be trusted with a beefsteak and potatoes, Vienna bread and coffee, which, of course, he ate with a relish, dripping "tears of gratitude into the PAGE F I V E gravy all the time gratitude to the doctor for putting a little plain 1*0111111011- .i-ii-r into me when I had been empty of it so inuny. many years." The second part of the story is devoted to a rehash of the shipwreck yarn I have already referred to, making Dr. Maim Ix-rgcr one of the party, and having him learn the great lesson of the benefit of fasting. He thus again enforces it, and the reasons for it, upon the minds of his readers and has Haiinlx rger commend the system and explain that he got his idea of the "Appetite Cure" from that shipwreck exjx-rience. Here is his scheme : Don t eat till you are hungry. If the food fails to taste good, fails to satisfy you, rejoice you, comfort you, don t eat again until you are very hungry. Then it will rejoice you and do you good, too." He then asserts that all of the German and Austrian "cures" are "his" system disguised, for instance: "My system disguised covert starvation. Grape- cure, bath-cure, mud-cure it is all the same. The gra[>e and the bath and the mud make a show and do a trifle of the work the real work is done by the sur reptitious starvation." Then follows a statement of a day s treatment, hour by hour. "Six weeks of this regimen think of it. It starves a man out and puts him in splendid candition. It would have the same effect in London, New York, Jericho anywhere." And he winds up his most serious and sane, wise and wholesome, needed and practical advice, wrapped up, however, under the most boisterous kind of fooling with the following truism as every Physical Culturist knows: "Put yourself on a single meal a day, now dinner for a few days, till you secure a g<xxl, sound, regular, trust worthy ap[x tite. then take to your one ami a half permanently, and don t listen to the family any more. When you have any ordinary ailment, particularly of a feverish sort, eat nothing at all during twenty-four hours. That will cure it. It will cure the stubbornest cold in the head, too. No cold in the head can survive twenty-four hours unmodified starvation." And now it becomes my pleasure to tell how the accompanying photographs of Mark Twain never before seen by the public were obtained. In the early days of Mark Twain s life, as is well known, he lived in San Francisco. Among his intimates there were Bret Harte, Joaquin Miller, Noah Brooks, Charles Warren Stoddard. Prentice Mul- ford, and a few others of a rare coterie who made California Literature famous throughout the world. The Queen of this little circle was Inn Donna Coolhrith, Ouotcd by i--rini-h <,ii of Harper aoii Brothera and the Eatato of Saniu.-l L. demcna. a |M-t of no mean order. When the disastrous earthquake and following fire, of !!)()<>, struck San Francisco, Miss Coolbrith was one of the many sufferers, who was made destitute and homeless. Instantly her friends came to the rescue. Among other methods followed for raising the money was that of writing to authors to contribute an autographed copy of one of their l>ook.s or a photo graph, which could then be sold. Mark Twain was one of the earliest to respond, and sent three fine autographed photo graphs, which I speedily sold for ten dollars each. Soon afterwards, l>eing in New York, in the Fifth Avenue Studio of Win. A. F. Bradley, one of the most successful studio photographers in the world, it occurred to me that if I could get Mark Twain to pose, and Mr. Bradley would make me some photographs at a wholesale price, and Mark would then autograph them, I could sell quite a number, to the happy increase of our "Ina Coolbrith Home Fund." Mr. Brad ley agreed and said he would help make the posing as easy as possible by building a revolving platform, to save the usual troubles and annoyances of constantly moving the sitter to produce the proper effects of light and shade. The main difficulty in the way was to get Mark Twain to pose. Accordingly I wrote to his secretary. Miss Lyon, and received a very courteous note say ing that he was overwhelmingly busy upon some work he had pledged himself to accomplish in a given time, and had given positive orders that no one, under any circumstances, was to he given an interview or disturb his privacy. This seemed to be final, but the more I thought about it the more desperate the case appeared. I should lie in New York for a short time only, and I could not hope to succeed by a letter. I must see him personally. Accordingly I took the bull by the horns, and one morning ap])eared at his Fifth Avenue residence, Miss Lyon met me with a reproving as well as reproachful l<x>k nixm her face: "I dare not even tell Mr. Clemens you are here. It is contrary to his express and positive orders." "Never mind," said I, "I ll tell him myself. Where is he?" I felt pretty well assured that he was upstairs, in bed, writing as was his wont. For he had the habit of several literary men I know, who always preferred to do their creative work with as few clothes on as )>ossible. I forget whether Miss Lyons or I first called up the stuirs to let him know I was there, but I do know that in a few moments a stream of tulk that would not look well in a Sunday School book came down stairs. At first he re fused ]M>int blank to come down, but I threatened to come up and "beard the lion in his den." The dire vengeance be vowed he would wreak upon me if 1 did this held me back, but I vowed I would camp at the foot of the stairs until he came down. I said in effect, "You profess the greatest friendship for Miss Coolbrith and say you would do anything on earth for her. Now let us see how much this means." Seeing that I was persistent, he finally consented to dress and come down stairs. When he did so, though he was undeniably iiffled, he was the courteous gentleman, and expressed himself as desirous of doing anything he could, in reason, to aid in what we were attempting to accomplish. But, when I suggested that he go to Mr. Bradley s studio and pose, it seemed too much. "I ll never do it." he ex claimed. "I ve vowed I d never be photographed again. You know those photographs I sent to you? Shall I tell you how they got those. Rogers came to me one day and said a man wanted to make some snapshots of me at a picnic. I told him to go ahead, for, of course, I didn t care what he did when I was unconscious of it. But then he came and seduced me into a temporary gallery he d rigged up and photographed the immortal soul out of me and I swore I d never go into a photographer s gallery again." "But," said I, "if he took your immor tal soul, you re safe for the future, and your soul doesn t count, anyway." Then I pleaded my cause afresh, and, to my great joy, though I cannot flatter myself it was my persuasive powers that won the victory it was merely to get rid of me he consented to go. Yet the promise was no subterfuge. I had to leave New York for the West, so could not go in person with a carriage or taxi for him, but in due time, when Mr. Bradley was ready, he appeared, sat on the chair on the revolving stand, and the pictures herewith were made. Mr. Bradley re calls well his white flannel suit, his pecu liar drawl, his pleasant conversation, and the real patience with which he sat until some seventeen negatives in all were made. Of the negatives thus obtained he wrote me that he regarded four as the finest photographs of himseir that had ever been taken of him in his life. It was not long thereafter lx?fore the world honored him at the great banquet given in New York on his birthday and then, in time, the news was flashed over the world s wires that he had "gone home." and one of the greatest characters the United States had ever produced was laid to rest. I A G K SIX BOOKS BY GEORGE WHARTON JAMES CALIFORNIA, ROMANTIC AND BEAUTIFUL. 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