LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 
 Class 
 
 /7f 
 
THE 
 
 ECLECTIC HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 BY 
 
 M. E. THALHEIMER 
 
 Author of "A Manual of Ancient History," "A Manual of Mediceval and Modern 
 History," "An Outline of General History," "A History of England," etc. 
 
 VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & CO., PUBLISHERS 
 
 CINCINNATI AND NEW YORK 
 
THALHEIMER S HISTORICAL SERIES. 
 
 Eclectic History of the United States. xb 
 
 History of England. 
 
 General History. 
 
 Ancient History. 
 
 Eastern Empires (separate). 
 
 History of Greece (separate). 
 
 History of Rome (separate). 
 
 Medieval and Modern History. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 
 
 1881, 
 BY VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG & Co. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE present time seems eminently fitting for a new recital 
 of the facts and principles of American History. 
 
 Increased attention of jurists and historians has been 
 drawn to the Federal Constitution by the events of the last 
 twenty years, and its features have been more thoroughly 
 discussed than at any previous time since its adoption. 
 Especially Mr. E. A. Freeman, in his elaborate "History 
 of Federal Government," has set forth the true relation be 
 tween our Constitution and those of the ancient common 
 wealths. It seems desirable that the children of the Repub 
 lic should share, as far as may be, in the result of these dis 
 cussions. 
 
 The writer has endeavored very briefly, but with clear 
 ness, to indicate the state of affairs in Europe from which the 
 first colonization and subsequent reinforcement of our nation 
 proceeded, to mark the growth of institutions from the de 
 mands of new circumstances, and, without too much med 
 dling with abstractions, to let the moral lessons in which our 
 history abounds be apparent from a plain recital of events. 
 At the same time the book is occupied with facts, not with 
 arguments. As good men have differed from the beginning, 
 so they will doubtless continue to differ concerning the best 
 policy of the Government, and those who are most loyal to 
 their own convictions are not necessarily least tolerant of 
 the opinions of others. 
 
 Respect for individual rights and opinions, and a generous 
 confidence in every man s reason and capacity for self-control, 
 have been distinguishing features of American society almost 
 from its beginning, and have resulted in a degree of personal 
 
 (iii) 
 
 111909 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 freedom unknown under older governments. Twenty years 
 ago the doubt was often expressed whether this great experi 
 ment had not been tried too soon; whether mankind had 
 yet risen high enough in the moral scale to respect the 
 common good when it chanced to conflict with individual 
 passion or convenience, or with sectional interests. The very 
 existence of a government like ours must depend on the 
 moral worth of its people; and this, it was felt, had not 
 been sufficiently tested. 
 
 Now that the strength of the Republic has been proved by 
 storms that have shaken it to its foundations, it is regarded 
 with increased confidence at home and respect abroad, and the 
 new light of experience that has been thrown upon its Consti 
 tution may be used for the benefit of its future administrators. 
 
 It has been a constant effort not to encumber the student s 
 mind with a mass of details, but to sketch events with a few 
 strokes easily remembered. Paragraph headings in heavier 
 type will serve as topics for recitation, and the teacher is 
 further aided by Review Questions at the end of each Part. 
 A series of questions on the Constitution will, it is hoped, 
 help to make clearer the most important features of that 
 document and thus simplify the teacher s task. 
 
 The Publishers have spared neither expense nor effort in 
 promoting the beauty as well as the practical usefulness of 
 the book. The author s thanks are due to Mr. J. T. Stew 
 art, whose intelligent supervision of details has secured so 
 remarkable a degree of accuracy. 
 
 The maps by Mr. Russell Hinman, C. E., and the illus 
 trations by Mr. H. F. Farny, leave nothing to be desired 
 in perfection of finish and adaptation to their purpose. 
 
 BROOKLYN, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1881. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. PREHISTORIC AGES; DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Chapter Page 
 
 1. Ancient America ........ 7 
 
 2. Physical Features and Early Inhabitants . . . . 13 
 
 3. Discoveries and settlements by Europeans ... 23 
 
 4. English settlementsVirginia . . . . . . 35 
 
 5. Virginia and Maryland . ... . . . 43 
 
 6. Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Dover ..... 49 
 
 7. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island . . 55 
 
 8. New Netherlands, The Middle States .... 65 
 
 9. English Revolutions, The Southern Colonies . . . 75 
 
 PART II. GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 10. Parliamentary Rule . . . . . . . 85 
 
 11. French Colonies ........ 91 
 
 12. Intercolonial Wars ........ 97 
 
 13. Literature and General Progress ..... 109 
 
 PART III. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 14. Causes of the Revolution . . . . . . 123 
 
 15. Opening Scenes of the Revolution ... . . 133 
 
 16. Events, of 1776 143 
 
 17. Events of 1777 and 1778 ...... 151 
 
 18. Events of 1779-1781 ....... 161 
 
 19. End of the War 169 
 
 PART IV. GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 20. Adoption of the Constitution ...... 181 
 
 21. First and Second Administrations, Geo. Washington, Pres. 189 
 
 22. Third Administration, John Adams, Pres. . . . 199 
 
 23. Fourth and Fifth Administrations, Thos. Jefferson, Pres. 204 
 
 24. Sixth Administration, James Madison, Pres. . . . 213 
 
 25. Seventh Administration, James Madison, Pres. . . 222 
 
 26. Eighth and Ninth Administrations, James Monroe, Pres. 229 
 
 27. Tenth Administration, John Quincy Adams, Pres. . 234 
 
 28. Eleventh and Twelfth Administrations, Andrew Jackson, 
 
 Pres. . . . . 237 
 
 29. Thirteenth Administration, Martin Van Buren, Pres. . 243 
 
 30. Fourteenth Administration, William H. Harrison, Pres. 247 
 
 31. Fifteenth Administration, James K. Polk, Pres. . . 252 
 
 (v) 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter 
 
 32. Sixteenth Administration, Zachary Taylor, Press. 
 
 33- 
 
 34- 
 
 35- 
 36. 
 37- 
 38. 
 39- 
 40. 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 43- 
 
 45- 
 
 Seventeenth Administration, Franklin Pierce, Pres. 
 Eighteenth Administration, James Buchanan, Pres. 
 
 PART V. THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 Nineteenth Administration, Abraham Lincoln, Pres. 
 Nineteenth Administration, Events of 1862 . 
 Nineteenth Administration, Events of 1862 (Continued] 
 Nineteenth Administration, Events of 1863 . . - 
 Nineteenth Administration, Events of 1864 . ... 
 
 Twentieth Administration, Abraham Lincoln, Pres., 
 Events of 1865 . . . . ..- . . .. 
 
 Results of the Civil War . . - . . 
 
 PART VI. THE UNION RESTORED. 
 
 Johnson s Administration ...... 
 
 Twenty-first and Twenty-second Administrations, Ulysses 
 
 S. Grant, Pres 
 
 Twenty-third Administration, Rutherford B. Hayes, Pres. 
 Progress of the Republic . ; . 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 260 
 264 
 268 
 
 275 
 283 
 289 
 
 295 
 34 
 
 3" 
 
 316 
 
 323 
 
 3 2 9 
 339 
 346 
 
 Transfers of Territory in the United States 
 Synopsis of Twenty-four Administrations 
 The Declaration of Independence 
 Constitution of the United States of America 
 General Index . . . . 
 
 Map i. 
 Map 2. 
 Map 3. 
 Map 4. 
 Map 5. 
 Map 6. 
 Map 7. 
 Map 8. 
 Map 9. 
 
 LIST OF MAPS. 
 
 Routes of Discoverers 
 
 North America . . . 
 
 The Colonies . . 
 
 Revolutionary War 
 
 Lake Champlain and Hudson River 
 
 War of 1812 .... 
 
 Mexican War 
 
 The Civil War .... 
 
 Growth of the United States 
 
 LIST OF TABLES. 
 
 Table of Human Progress, . 
 
 Thirteen English Colonies 
 
 English Sovereigns during First Colonial Period . 
 English Sovereigns during Second Colonial Period 
 
 i 
 
 iv 
 
 viii 
 
 xi 
 
 xxii 
 
 Between Pages 
 16 and 17 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 6 4 
 
 65 
 
 128 
 
 129 
 
 144 
 
 H5 
 
 224 
 
 225 
 
 2 5 6 
 
 257 
 
 288 
 
 289 
 
 354 
 
 i 
 
 Page 
 
 22 
 
 82 
 82 
 
 120 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANCIENT AMERICA. 
 
 i. A Lonely Land. Four hundred years ago the 
 American continent was unknown to the civilized world. 
 A few tribes of dark-skinned hunters roamed through its 
 forests; a few villages of wigwams dotted the fertile banks 
 of its rivers; but in the whole area east of the Mississippi 
 and south of the Great Lakes, there were probably not 
 
 (7) 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 An Ancient Mound. 
 
 more people than are gathered to-day in a 
 single city like Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, 
 or New Orleans. Far away to the south 
 ward, where maize grew without cultivation, 
 and where bananas and other tropical fruits 
 were native, the villages of Mexico and Yu 
 catan contained a larger population; but with 
 these exceptions America might be called "an empty con 
 tinent, a desert-land awaiting its inhabitants." 
 
 2. The Mound Builders. The central part of North 
 America had not always been so solitary. The basins of 
 the Mississippi and the Great Lakes contain traces of a nu 
 merous and busy people who tilled the soil, worked the 
 copper mines, and built great houses for habitation and de 
 fense. Not a word of their speech is known to us; the 
 name we give them is derived from the huge and singular 
 elevations of earth which they left behind them. Probably 
 these were usually surmounted by houses, which were ap 
 proachable only by ladders, and were thus secure against 
 attack; but many were burial-mounds, and others may have 
 
THE MOUND BUILDERS. 
 
 served as foundations for watch-towers and signal-stations. 
 Still others bear evidence of having been used as places for 
 worship and sacrifice. Figures of men and animals were 
 often imitated in the shape of these mounds. One of them, 
 in Adams County, Ohio, represents an enormous serpent 
 which seems about to swallow an egg-shaped figure 164 feet 
 long. One of the largest villages of the Mound Builders, 
 near the present site of Marietta, Ohio, must have been the 
 home of at least 5,000 people. 
 
 3. Wares from Ancient Workshops. Knives, chisels, 
 and axes, both of flint and of copper, carved pipes, beads, 
 bracelets, and vases of glazed earthenware are found in the 
 burial-mounds, and all are of finer workmanship than any 
 thing made by the Indians of the coast. When Frenchmen 
 first visited the Mississippi Valley, the homes of the Mound 
 Builders had been deserted for hundreds of years, if we 
 judge from the age of forest-trees which were growing upon 
 the summit of their earth-works; and the relics which the 
 mounds contained were as much a mystery to the savage 
 natives as they ace to us. 
 
 4. The Indians knew nothing of their history earlier than 
 the memory of their oldest living men. Perhaps the Mound 
 Builders had been conquered and exterminated by the an 
 cestors of those Indians themselves; perhaps the struggle for 
 
 Relics from the Mounds. 
 
10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 existence in so cold a climate was too hard for them, and 
 they returned to the warmer regions of Mexico and Central 
 America, whence they had come; but these are only guesses: 
 the beginning and the end of their history are equally un 
 known to us. 
 
 5. Whence came the early inhabitants of Amer 
 ica? is a question that can not be positively answered. A 
 tradition still preserved in China, says that a company of 
 sailors, driven off shore by westerly winds, sailed many 
 weeks until they came to a great continent where grew the 
 aloe and other plants that were strange to them, but which 
 we recognize as natives of Mexico. Even within the last 
 hundred years, fifteen vessels have been driven across the 
 Pacific to our western shores; and during all the previous 
 ages we may believe that many similar accidents had oc 
 curred. Doubtless, also, Greek and Phoenician sailors may 
 have crossed the narrower and more stormy Atlantic; but if 
 they reached this continent, they never returned to" tell their 
 story. The first white visitors of America, of whom we 
 have any trustworthy record, came from Iceland. 
 
 6. Northmen in Greenland. Iceland, that island of 
 frost and flame, had been occupied about a hundred years by 
 a hardy, sea-faring race from Norway, when, in A. D. 985, 
 Eric the Red, an Icelandic chief, discovered Greenland, and 
 planted a colony of his countrymen on its south-west shore. 
 This settlement grew prosperous through its trade with the 
 Esquimaux, and paid 2,600 pounds of walrus-teeth for a 
 yearly tribute to the Pope. One of Eric s comrades, driven 
 out of his way by adverse winds, descried the mainland of 
 NORTH AMERICA stretching far away to the south-west. 
 
 7. Leif in New England. In A. D. 1000, Eric s son, 
 Leif the Fortunate, undertook, with thirty-five brave com 
 panions, to examine this more fertile and attractive shore. 
 They saw the flat rocks of Newfoundland, the white banks 
 
THE NORTHMEN IN AMERICA. 
 
 II 
 
 of Nova Scotia, and the long sandy beach of Cape Cod. 
 From its abundance of wild grapes, the Rhode Island coast 
 was called Good Vinland. Leif s party wintered in New 
 England, and in the spring carried home news of their great 
 discovery. 
 
 8. "White-man s land." Subsequent parties of Ice 
 landers are supposed to have visited the shores of what are 
 now South Carolina and Georgia. The northern natives had 
 told them of a " white-man s land" to the southward, where 
 fair-faced processions marched in white robes, with banners 
 at their heads, to the music of hymns. 
 Though they never found this abode of 
 pale-faces, the Northmen named it by 
 anticipation, Great Ireland; and some 
 wise men believe that Irish fisher 
 men had indeed arrived on this conti 
 nent. 
 
 Northmen in Rhode Island. 
 
12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 g. Thorfinn Karlsefne, a famous sea-king, reconnoitered 
 the bays and harbors of the New England coast. Icelandic 
 settlements were made, and a brisk trade was 
 carried on with the natives, who were glad to ex 
 change their furs for bright-colored cloth, knives, and trink 
 ets. At least one little Northman was born on the Ameri 
 can continent. His name was Snorri, and from him, in our 
 day, the great sculptor, Thorwaldsen, and the learned phi 
 lologist, Finn Magnusson, traced their descent. 
 
 10. In time, however, the people of Iceland ceased to 
 hear from their brethren in America. The settlers, if any 
 remained alive, became so mingled with the previous inhab 
 itants that, when white men came again, their descendants 
 were not to be distinguished from other barbarians on the 
 coast. 
 
 Point out on Map No. I, Iceland. Greenland. The route of the 
 Northmen. The Mississippi Valley. The Great Lakes. 
 
 Read Baldwin s "Ancient America;" Squier and Davis s "Amer 
 ican Antiquities" and "Discoveries in the West." L. II. Morgan s 
 "Ancient Society," Part II., Chapter vii; his article in the "North 
 American Review" for 1876, and one in "Johnson s Cyclopaedia" 
 on the "Architecture of the American Aborigines;" Leland s " Fu- 
 sang;" Sinding s "History of Scandinavia ;" Beamish s " Discovery 
 of America by the Northmen." 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES AND EARLY INHABITANTS. 
 
 11. While North America is again hidden from the rest 
 of the world, let us take a view of the lonely continent and 
 its savage people, learning if we can what is its fitness for 
 a home of civilized men. As before, for the sake of clear 
 ness, we shall use names which were given by white ex 
 plorers long after the time of which we write. 
 
 12. Two great mountain systems form the rocky 
 frame-work of the continent. The eastern or Appalachian 
 system, extending in a direction nearly parallel with the 
 Atlantic coast, is divided by several river-valleys into the 
 White Mountains of New Hampshire, the Green Mountains 
 of Vermont, the Adirondacks of New York, the Alleghanies 
 of Pennsylvania and Virginia, the Blue Ridge and Cumber 
 land Mountains of the southern states. The gentle slope 
 and frequent divisions of these mountains permit the naviga 
 tion of many rivers far from the sea; and the two thousand 
 miles of coast which now form the eastern and part of the 
 southern limit of the United States, are broken by bays, 
 inlets, and fine harbors large enough to shelter the shipping 
 of all the world. 
 
 13. The Cordilleras of the western part of the conti 
 nent form a grand mountain-system 1,100 miles across at its 
 greatest width, consisting of elevated table-lands cut by 
 narrow canons and bounded by still higher ridges and peaks. 
 The Coast Range descends abruptly to the Pacific, and its 
 westward-flowing rivers are short and rapid. It is broken in 
 the north by the gorges, or dalles, of Columbia River, and 
 farther south by San Francisco Bay, which extends so far 
 
 (13) 
 
14 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 into the interior as to receive the Sacramento and San 
 Joaquin rivers from the eastern slope. 
 
 14. On the various elevations west of the Sierra Nevada, 
 nearly all the grains and fruits of the world can be made to 
 grow; but the date-palm, most bounteous of the gifts of 
 nature, has been found best adapted to the river-valleys of 
 Arizona. The greatest growth of the soil is the gigantic 
 Sequoia of California, whose trunk, twenty feet or more in 
 diameter near the base, rises often to a height of 300 feet. 
 
 15. The continuous mountain-wall of the Sierra Nevada 
 arrests the moist winds from the Pacific; and the Great 
 Interior Basin, extending from the Sierra on the west to 
 the Wahsatch and Bear River mountains on the east, with 
 its alkaline plains and salt lakes resembles the sandy 
 deserts of western Asia. Sage-brush is the only fuel; the 
 largest quadruped is the prairie wolf. The Digger Indians, 
 most wretched of the human inhabitants of the continent, live 
 on roots and insects. A few tribes near the lakes are better 
 fed with fish. The few rivers of the Great Basin lose them 
 selves in the sands, or in salt lakes which have no outlet. 
 
 1 6. Four rivers have their rise in the mountains north 
 east of the Great Basin. The Columbia begins its long 
 course to the Pacific, the Colorado to the Gulf of California; 
 the Yellowstone and the Nebraska, or Platte, to their union 
 with the Missouri. The Rocky Mountains form the eastern 
 barrier of the Cordilleras, and from their eastern slope many 
 rivers descend to the great central valley. 
 
 17. The Mississippi Valley. North and south through 
 the interior of the continent stretches an immense plain, 
 1,200 miles in width, browsed over in ancient times by 
 countless herds of bison. Through the center of this plain 
 flows the longest river in the world, measuring from the head 
 of its longest branch to its end in the Mexican Gulf, 4,194 
 miles, and receiving fifty-seven other rivers from the east 
 
PHYSICAL FEATURES. 15 
 
 and west. The natives called it Miche Sepe, the Father of 
 Waters. The soil of its valley is of inexhaustible fertility, 
 and a distinguished French writer has pronounced it "upon 
 the whole the most magnificent dwelling-place prepared by 
 God for man s abode." 
 
 1 8. Northeastward from the central valley is a chain of 
 Five Great Lakes, containing collectively nearly half the 
 fresh water in the world. Before reaching the last of the 
 lakes, the mass of water plunges over a precipice 160 feet 
 in height, making the great cataract of Niagara. After pass 
 ing through Lake Ontario, it flows away through a broad 
 and rapid river to the Atlantic. By means of the Great 
 Lakes, and canals which now connect them with navigable 
 rivers, ships from Europe can unload their cargoes a thou 
 sand miles inland on the docks of our western cities. 
 
 19. Physical Divisions. With reference to the uses 
 of man, the lands of the United States may be viewed in 
 four chief divisions: (i) The eastern sea-board, bounded by 
 the Appalachian range, is best adapted to manufactures and 
 commerce; (2) the great central valley, to agriculture; (3) 
 the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, to grazing; and (4) 
 the Cordilleras, to mining. No region of the earth is more 
 richly adapted to all human wants, and to intercourse with 
 other lands. 
 
 ^ 
 
 20. Three Regions. Before men learned to cultivate 
 the soil, fish and edible roots were their chief food; and 
 there were only three regions in North America that could 
 sustain any great number of people at that grade of sav 
 agery. (See Table, p. 22.) These were, first and chief, the 
 valley of the Columbia, : the most extraordinary region on 
 the face of the earth in the variety and amount of subsist 
 ence it afforded prior to the cultivation of maize and other 
 plants." Its rivers swarmed with salmon, its forests with 
 game; and, beside the shell-fish on the coast, there were a 
 
1 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 species of bread-root and an abundance of berries on the 
 prairies. From this land of plenty, successive bands of 
 emigrants may have moved out to occupy various regions 
 of North and South America. The second center of popu 
 lation was the lake-region of Minnesota, the nursery-land of 
 the Dakotas; and the third was on the south shore of Lake 
 Superior, whose abundant fisheries afforded food to the 
 Ojibways and many kindred tribes. Thus bountifully sup 
 plied by Nature, the natives of the North-west had no in 
 centive to learn new arts. They had no pottery, and they 
 dressed their game or fish with knives of flint, and cooked 
 it, if at all, in ovens dug in the ground. 
 
 21. The River-tribes of the interior had risen above 
 savagery to the lower grade of barbarism: they cultivated 
 corn, beans, squashes, and melons, and laid up a store of 
 dried berries and grain for winter use. But they had no 
 domestic animals, no knowledge of the metals, and their 
 earthenware was of the rudest and coarsest kind. Their 
 houses were wigwams or lodges, made of saplings joined at 
 the top and covered with sheets of bark, or sometimes with 
 woven mats or skins. 
 
 Occupations. The entire labor of wigwam and garden 
 was performed by the women, who dug up the soil with 
 clam-shells or sharp sticks; planted, tended, and harvested 
 the crops; concealed the next year s seed-grain in vessels un 
 derground from the hungry hunters; made clothing of deer 
 skin and sometimes embroidered it with beads; wove the 
 mats and baskets which were their only household furniture; 
 and, on a march, carried all burdens, including perhaps the 
 whole covering of their houses, or at least a papoose bound 
 upon a board and hung at the mother s back. The men, 
 meanwhile, made their canoes of birch-bark, carved their 
 war-clubs and pointed their arrows with bone or flint, and 
 ranged the forest in quest of food. 
 
 22. The Village Indians of the far south-west were in 
 
EARL Y INHABITANTS. 
 
 the middle period of barbarism. They built houses of 
 adobes (sun-dried bricks) or stone; they made bronze tools, 
 and hardened copper into a very good substitute for steel. 
 The Peruvians tamed the llama to serve them as a beast of 
 burden. In the size and shape of their skulls and in their 
 modes of building, the Village Indians resembled the 
 Mound Builders. Their descendants in Arizona and New 
 Mexico live in the same pueblos, or villages, an honest, 
 industrious, and law-obeying people. Their great stone 
 
 houses, often four or five stories high, 
 ^BHl contain several hundred persons. Each 
 story is smaller than the one below it, leaving a long flat- 
 terrace or roof through which alone the house is entered, 
 by means of ladders. 
 
 23. East of the Mississippi the lands were divided 
 among three great families: (i) The Algonquin extended 
 from Hudson Bay to the Tennessee and Roanoke rivers, 
 and from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, excepting the 
 region of the lower lakes which had been wrested from 
 them by the (2) Huron- Iroquois ; (3) the Mobilians, whose 
 lands were bounded by the Mississippi, the Atlantic, and 
 the Gulf, included the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and 
 Seminoles. 
 
 West of the Mississippi were the Dakotas, or Sioux, 
 u. s. H.-2. 
 
1 8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and their kindred tribes. These included the Minnitaree, 
 of the upper Missouri, whose fine appearance and superior 
 houses and gardens have led to a conjecture that they may 
 be descendants of the Mound Builders. The Shoshoncs of 
 the south-west, and the Village Indians already mentioned, 
 were of a different race. 
 
 24. The Iroquois excelled all other northern Indians in 
 the arts of war, government, and agriculture. Knowing well 
 the advantages of their position on the great water-ways 
 which led to the interior of the continent, they made them 
 selves feared by all their race. From Canada to the Caro- 
 linas, and from Maine to the Mississippi, Indian women 
 shuddered at the name of the Ho-de-no-sau nee * while even 
 the bravest warriors of other tribes went far out of their way 
 in the wintry forests to avoid an encounter with them. 
 
 Within sixty years from their first acquaintance with white 
 men, the Iroquois had exterminated the Hurons, their own 
 nearest kindred and bitterest foes, the Eries and Neutrals 
 about Lake Erie, and the Andastes of the upper Susque- 
 hanna; while they had forced a humiliating peace upon the 
 Lenape, or Delawares, the most powerful of the Algonquins, 
 and had driven the Ottawas from their home upon the river 
 which bears their name. Though now at the height of their 
 power, they numbered only 1,200 fighting men of their own 
 race; but they had adopted a thousand young warriors from 
 their captives to fill the vacancies made by war. 
 
 25. Clans. Throughout the continent families were 
 grouped into gen tcs, or clans, which took their names from 
 various animals supposed to be their ancestors. Thus the 
 Mohawks, on the upper Hudson, included the three clans of 
 the Wolf, the Bear, and the Turtle. The Senecas had these 
 
 #Or "People of the Long House," the name by which the Iroquois 
 called themselves. The English called them "The Five Nations," 
 and later "The Six Nations." See 172. 
 
INDIAN RULERS AND RELIGION. 19 
 
 three and five more: the Beaver, the Deer, the Snipe, the 
 Heron, and the Hawk. All the members of the same clan, 
 in whatever tribe, regarded each other as brothers and sisters, 
 and marriage was not permitted within the limits of the clan. 
 Some believed that after death they would resume the shape 
 of the ancestral bird, beast, or reptile whose form, rudely 
 drawn on bark, was placed over the door of their lodge. 
 
 Sachems. Each tribe had a sachem, or chief coun 
 selor in matters of peace, whose place was filled on his 
 death by the election of another member of his family, usu 
 ally his brother or his sister s son. Women, as well as men, 
 voted in these elections. In time of war, or other emergen 
 cies, chiefs were chosen who continued in office as long as 
 they lived. Being chosen for personal qualities, such as 
 wisdom, eloquence, or bravery, these chiefs were often very 
 able men. The sorcerers, called powwows or medicine men. 
 had still greater power, owing to the superstitions of the 
 people. They really had some skill in healing sick persons 
 by vapor baths and decoctions of roots and herbs; but to 
 these rational remedies they added bowlings and incanta 
 tions, which were supposed to frighten away the evil spirits 
 that occasioned disease. 
 
 26. Religion. According to the dark notions of barba 
 rians, the Indians were a very religious people. They be 
 lieved in a Great Spirit, the Master of Life, who had made 
 the world, and whose bounty they celebrated by six annual 
 thanksgivings, at the first flowing of maple-sap, at planting, 
 at the ripening of berries, when their green corn was ready 
 for eating, at harvest, and at New Year. They believed, 
 also, in an Evil Spirit, who might bring upon them famine, 
 pestilence, or defeat in war, and whom they sought to 
 appease by fastings and sacrifices. They expected another 
 life after death, and desired to have their weapons, and 
 sometimes a favorite dog, buried with them for use in the 
 "happy hunting grounds." The Natchez, on the lower 
 
2O 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mississippi, were sun-worshipers, and kept a perpetual, 
 sacred fire in their temples. 
 
 27. Dancing and Singing were important parts of 
 every religious observance. No sick person could be cured, 
 no war planned, and no treaty made without a dance, which 
 often continued several days. Their musical instruments 
 were drums, rattles, and a rude kind of flute. The war- 
 dance was common to all the tribes, but each clan had pe 
 culiar dances of its own, sometimes numbering thirty or more. 
 
 Indian Dancing. 
 
 Though they had neither books nor letters, some Indian 
 tribes practiced picture-writing which answered all their pur 
 poses. They had even a sort of musical notation, by 
 which a leader could read off his song from a piece of 
 birch-bark marked with a stick. Beads made of shells or 
 stones served them for money. 
 
 28. Communism was the social law of the whole conti 
 nent. In some of the "long houses" of the Iroquois, 
 twenty families were fed daily from the common kettle of 
 
INDIAN CHARACTER. 21 
 
 boiled corn and beans. Hunters left their game to be 
 carried home by other members of their clan, while they 
 pushed on for fresh supplies. The salmon of the Columbia 
 River was speared, dried, and kept in common store-houses 
 for the benefit of the whole tribe. Most of the Mexican 
 pueblos consisted of three or four "joint tenement houses," 
 in each of which a hundred or more families lived together. 
 
 29. Appearance and Character. The natives of 
 America were of an almost uniform dark-brown color, with 
 straight, shining black hair and high cheek-bones. With 
 but few exceptions they were treacherous, cruel, and re 
 vengeful. Often hospitable and friendly when at peace, 
 they were merciless and brutal in war. Prisoners were tor 
 tured with fiendish barbarity. It was thought an ill-omen 
 for the conquerors if they failed to make their victim cry out 
 with pain; therefore though they tore out bits of his flesh 
 with teeth or pincers, night after night, and at last roasted 
 him in a slow fire, he continued to sing his death-song with 
 a calm, unwavering voice until his last breath released him 
 from their torments. 
 
 War, famine, and pestilence destroyed so many In 
 dians every year, that we may doubt whether many would 
 now be living but for the interference of the whites, whose 
 cruelties and frauds though they can never be remembered 
 without shame were mercy compared with the tortures 
 which the barbarians inflicted on each other. Indians are 
 more numerous now within the limits of the United States 
 than they are supposed to have been when Englishmen first 
 landed on our coasts; and the only tribes which can look 
 forward to continued existence are those which, like the 
 Cherokees, have adopted the thrifty habits of civilized life. 
 
 Map No. 2. Name the chief ranges of the Cordilleras. Point out 
 the Great Basin. The Great Salt Lake. The several branches of the 
 Columbia; the Missouri. The course of the Colorado; the Sacra 
 mento; the San Joaquin. The longest river in the world. The outlet 
 
22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the Great Lakes. The country of the Algonquins; the Huron- 
 Iroquois ; the Mobilians ; the Athabascas ; the Pueblos ; the Dakotas ; 
 the Shoshones; and the Apaches. 
 
 Consult Walker s "Statistical Atlas of the United States;" Ray 
 mond s "Mining Statistics:" Fremont s " Explorations in the Rocky 
 Mountains;" Hayden s "Reports." Read Chapter I of Parkman s 
 " Conspiracy of Pontiac," and the Introduction to his "Jesuits in 
 North America; " Morgan s " League of the Iroquois" and "Ancient 
 Society;" Schoolcraft s " Algic Researches" and other works; Cat- 
 lin s "North American Indians." 
 
 The following Table exhibits seven steps in human progress : 
 
 I. LOWEST GRADE OF SAVAGERY. Mankind lived on fruit and 
 nuts ; had no houses, no fire, no agriculture, no animal food. 
 
 II. MIDDLE GRADE OF SAVAGERY. Began with the use of fish for 
 food, and of fire for cooking ; ended with invention of the bow and 
 arrow. 
 
 III. UPPER GRADE OF SAVAGERY. Began with use of bow and 
 arrows for hunting, and ended with invention of pottery ; included 
 basket-making and use of knives of flint and stone. 
 
 IV. LOWEST GRADE OF BARBARISM. Began with manufacture of 
 pottery, proceeded with cultivation of corn and other plants, and ended 
 with use of sun-dried brick and stone for building. 
 
 V. MIDDLE GRADE OF BARBARISM. Began in Eastern Hemisphere 
 with domestication of animals; in Western, with irrigation of land for 
 tillage. Included use of copper, which in some cases was hardened 
 like steel, and building with brick and dressed stone, and ended with 
 the working of iron. 
 
 VI. HIGHEST GRADE OF BARBARISM. Began with iron manufact 
 ure, and ended with the invention of the alphabet. 
 
 VII. CIVILIZATION. Began with written language, includes gun 
 powder, the mariner s compass, printing, steam in manufactures and 
 locomotion, illuminating gas, the electric telegraph, etc., etc. 
 
 Of these seven grades, only the third, fourth, and fifth were repre 
 sented in America at the time of its discovery by white people. 
 
 Condensed from Morgarfs "Ancient Society" 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS BY EUROPEANS. 
 
 30. The fifteenth century was a great age in Europe. 
 The art of printing, then newly invented, by diffusing the 
 thoughts of old writers, stirred men s minds to speculation 
 concerning the world they lived in. Improvements in the 
 mariner s compass made navigation safer. Spaniards dis 
 covered and colonized the Canary Islands; Portuguese sail 
 ors reached the Madeiras, Azores, and Cape Verdes, and, 
 far more important than all, found a sea-route to India. 1 
 
 31. A few bold thinkers had long believed that the earth 
 was a globe instead of the oblong plain which the ancients 
 imagined; but Christopher Columbus, 2 a Genoese sailor, 
 was the first to act upon this belief and resolve to sail west 
 ward to China and Japan. The means for such a voyage 
 had first to be secured; and Columbus spent many years in 
 begging the various governments of Europe for men, money, 
 and ships. At length the good queen, Isabella of Spain, 
 exclaimed: "I will undertake the enterprise for mine own 
 crown of Castile; and if it be necessary I will pawn my 
 jewels to defray the cost." 
 
 32. On Friday, the third of August, 1492, Columbus set 
 sail from Palos, in Spain, with three small ships manned by 
 120 sailors. He followed first the well-known route to the 
 Canaries, where he took in fresh supplies of food and water, 
 and then stood away forty days westward into the unknown 
 sea, which the imaginations of his men peopled with inde 
 scribable horrors. Just as they- had resolved to throw their 
 commander overboard, and turn their prows toward Spain, 
 
 (23) 
 
24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Christopher Columbus. 
 
 a gun from one of the smaller vessels announced a dis 
 covery, and the glad cry "Land ahead!" was soon heard 
 from the mast-head of the Pinta. (See Map i.) 
 
 33. The Discovery by Columbus. On the far horizon 
 the low, green shore of one of the Bahamas was seen by the 
 early morning light. Terror and discontent suddenly gave 
 way to exultant joy. At sunrise of October 12, 1492, the 
 great Admiral landed, and, kneeling on the beach, gave 
 thanks to heaven. He then assumed possession of the 
 
COLUMBUS. 25 
 
 country in the name of the sovereigns of Spain, calling it 
 San Salvador (Holy Savior). 
 
 34. The people, who were gentle and friendly in ap 
 pearance, came running to the shore bringing gifts of fruit 
 to conciliate their visitors, whom they supposed to be mes 
 sengers from heaven. Isabella and Columbus had indeed 
 hoped to convey a message of heavenly grace to these un 
 taught heathen; but the cruelty of most of their representa 
 tives defeated their high purpose. Not knowing that a great 
 continent still barred his passage to the eastern seas, Colum 
 bus called the people "Indians" and their islands "Indies." 
 With the adjective "West" prefixed, this name has con 
 tinued in use, while the original natives of the whole conti 
 nent are known as "Indians." 
 
 35. Having visited Hayti and Cuba, Columbus returned 
 to Spain, bearing with him specimens of the people and 
 products of the newly-discovered lands. He was received 
 with a truly royal welcome, and now hundreds of the rich 
 and the great were eager to enlist in his company of advent 
 urers. Knowing nothing, men imagined whatever they most 
 desired concerning the new wonder-land, which was soon 
 said to contain walled cities built of gold and pearls, and to 
 hold, deep in its enchanted forests, a fountain of perpetual 
 youth! But precisely because they were looking for these 
 impossible things, the early adventurers failed. No man 
 came to stay; each hoped to become immensely rich by one 
 fortunate discovery, and return to dazzle his countrymen 
 with a blaze of jewels and rich equipage. The poor natives, 
 who were to help them to this sudden wealth, died by 
 thousands of unwonted labors, and station after station of 
 the Spaniards was abandoned to solitude. 
 
 36. In three subsequent voyages, Columbus discov 
 ered Jamaica and others of the West India Islands, and in 
 1498, touched the continent near the mouth of the Orinoco. 
 
26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 But the great Admiral died in 1506, believing that he had 
 only found a new route to Asia; and the New World, which 
 he had discovered, received its name, almost by accident, 
 from his friend Amerigo Vespucci, 3 whose description first 
 made it known to central Europe. 
 
 37. English Discovery of North America. When 
 the kings who had refused aid to Columbus heard of his 
 great success, they hastened to seize a part of the newly- 
 discovered lands. Henry VII. of England sent John Cabot*- 
 and his sons to take possession in the king s name of any 
 "islands or regions inhabited by infidels" which they could 
 find, they taking all the risk and expense of the voyage, to 
 be repaid, if at all, by the profits of trade with the infi 
 dels." Sebastian Cabot ^ one of the sons, was the first to 
 visit the North American continent. In company with his 
 father he descried the coast of Labrador fourteen months 
 before Columbus touched South America (36). The next 
 year he discovered Newfoundland, and extended his voyage 
 to Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 38. The Portuguese, Cabral, discovered, in A. D. 1500, 
 the rich forests of Brazil; while his countryman, Cortereal, 
 following the Cabots, explored the North American coasts, 
 and carried off fifty or more of the unoffending natives to be 
 sold as slaves in Europe. A third Portuguese, Magellan^ 
 found at last a south-west passage to the Pacific Ocean 
 through the strait which bears his name, while the notion of 
 a north-west passage is as yet neither realized nor aban 
 doned. For more than a hundred years sailors from all 
 parts of western Europe were sailing into the bays and 
 rivers of the American coast, hoping that each might lead 
 to the Pacific. 
 
 39. Spaniards, following Columbus, examined all the 
 coasts and islands of the Caribbean Sea. Diego Columbus I / 
 conquered and colonized Cuba, having inherited his father s/ 
 
DISCO VERIES B Y SPAN I A RDS. 2 7 
 
 title, "Viceroy of the New World." Ponce de Leon, a com 
 rade of the great Admiral, but now an old man of damaged 
 fame and fortune, hoped to regain all that he had lost, and 
 more, by finding that fabled fountain (35) which could re 
 store youth and the vigor of life. On Easter 
 Day, which the Spaniards called Pascua Florida, 
 he came in sight of a beautiful country, bright with spring 
 flowers; and, after exploring its coasts, gave to the whole 
 peninsula the name of Florida. But he never found the 
 Fountain of Youth. In his attempt to gain possession of 
 the country, a few years later, he received a mortal wound, 
 and died in Cuba disappointed in all his hopes. Another 
 Spaniard, Nunez de Balboa* was the first European who 
 crossed the Isthmus of Darien. Advancing waist-deep into 
 the waters of the Pacific Ocean, he drew his sword and 
 swore, as a true knight, that he would defend it, with its 
 coasts, islands, and all that it contained, for his master, the 
 king of Spain ! 
 
 40. Vasquez de Ayllon, in 1520, visited the coasts of 
 South Carolina, and carried away two ship-loads of natives 
 to toil in the mines of Hayti, or Hispaniola. One ship sank 
 on the return-voyage; the other arrived with only a part of 
 its wretched freight, numbers having perished of suffocation 
 and the barbarities of their captors. Naturally, a later 
 attempt of De Ayllon to plant a colony in the country he 
 had thus despoiled, ended in failure and disgrace. Mean 
 while a troop of Spaniards, under Cortez, conquered the rich 
 and populous villages of the Valley of Mexico; but neither 
 this event, nor the subsequent Spanish conquest of Peru 
 longs to the history of the United States. 
 
 41. Narvaez, in A. D. 1528, landed with 300 men in 
 Tampa Bay, and, marching inland, penetrated through dense 
 pine woods and sickly swamps to Appalachee Bay. Many of 
 his company died of fever and by the arrows of the savages, 
 and neither conquest nor settlement was made. His coun- 
 
 nch 
 ither / 
 ,be-| 
 
28 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 A. D. 1542. 
 
 tryman, Hernando de Soto] with a gallant company of 600 
 men, marched northward and westward into the interior, 
 and during the third year of his wanderings 
 reached the Mississippi near the present city of 
 Memphis. After a winter of untold hardships he died in 
 the wilderness, and was buried beneath the turbid waters 
 
 of the great river which 
 he had discovered. 
 
 42. Coronado, another 
 Spaniard, explored the 
 western shores of Mexico 
 about the same time, as 
 cended the river Gila, 
 
 F w-> < ;J : m- IV v\mnwWfm F 
 
 March of De Soto. 
 
 visited the magnificent gorges of the upper Colorado, and 
 penetrated probably to the head-waters of the Arkansas. 
 He was seeking the "Seven Cities of Cibola," which the 
 excited fancy of his countrymen had pictured as full of 
 sumptuous palaces blazing with gold and jewels. He found 
 only some village Indians (22) who offered him a share of 
 
 k V 
 
DISCOVERIES BY THE FRENCH. 29 
 
 their corn, and were amazed by being violently attacked 
 and plundered by the disappointed Spaniards. If Coro- 
 nado had expected less he would doubtless have admired 
 the fine buildings of dressed stone, whose ruins still attest 
 the industry of the Pueblos. 8 
 
 43. French fishermen were the first to discover the 
 immense shoals of cod-fish on the banks of Newfoundland, 
 and their industry drew thence a steady gain, while the 
 Spaniards were wasting life and fortune in their search for 
 cities of gold. In A. D. 1524, Verrazzano, a Florentine in 
 the service of Francis I., king of France, visited the harbors 
 of New York and Newport, and, after exploring the Atlantic 
 coast from Carolina to Newfoundland, wrote the first de 
 tailed account of the country, which he called New France. 
 Ten or fifteen years later, Jacques Cartier 9 explored the gulf 
 and river St. Lawrence above the sites of Quebec and Mon 
 treal, both of which contained a large Indian population. 
 
 44. No settlement, so far, had been made within the 
 present limits of the United States. In A. D. 1562, the 
 French Admiral Coligny a wiser man than most of his 
 countrymen of that day, undertook to establish a home of 
 perfect religious freedom in the American forests. Under 
 his patronage a company of Frenchmen landed on the coast 
 of South Carolina, and built a fort, which they called Caro 
 line in honor of King Charles. The harbor was named Port 
 Royal; the land seemed to them "the fairest, fruitfulest, and 
 pleasantest of all the world." Unhappily they expected the 
 fruitful land to give them harvests unsown. The Indians, 
 who had been friendly at first, grew tired of feeding such 
 lazy guests. Ribault," the French captain, returned home 
 for supplies. Hunger and home-sickness conquered the res 
 olution of those who were left, and, building a rude ship, 
 they followed him. 
 
 45. Two years later another company of Frenchmen, 
 
3 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 
 
 under Captain Laudonniere, 11 built a second Fort Caroline, 
 on the St. John s River, farther south. Among them were 
 many lawless spirits, who, in defiance of their commander, 
 seized the ships and set off on a plundering cruise among 
 the Spanish West Indies. The Spaniards, who claimed the 
 whole North American continent, and especially Florida, 
 owing to Ponce de Leon s discovery (39), were made still 
 more angry at the French intrusion by these piracies. 
 
 46. Pedro Menendez, in 1565, with nearly 3,000 Span 
 iards, selected a site for St. Augustine, which still exists as 
 
 Old Gate at St. Augustine. 
 
 the oldest town in the United States. Ribault, who had 
 just come from France, no sooner heard of their arrival 
 than he sailed with a squadron to attack the Spaniards; but 
 Menendez at the same time marched overland to the French 
 fort, and murdered all its occupants. As France and Spain 
 were at peace, he excused the act by an inscription which 
 he nailed to a tree: "Not as French, but as heretics." 
 
 When the news of this massacre reached France, the king 
 took no notice of it; but a private gentleman, Dominique de 
 Gourgues, resolved upon vengeance. Selling all his lands, 
 
SETTLEMENTS BY THE FRENCH. 
 
 Champlain among the Indians. 
 
 he spent the avails in ships, and with 150 men sailed to 
 
 Florida. Aided by the Indians, who had learned to dread 
 
 and hate the Spaniards, he took and demolished 
 
 Fort Caroline and two other forts at the mouth 
 
 of the river, hanged all the men who were not killed in 
 
 fighting, and wrote over their heads this inscription : Not 
 
 as Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers, and murderers." 
 
 47. The French in Canada. Frenchmen were more 
 successful in gaining and keeping a foothold near the St. 
 Lawrence. Samuel de Champlain 12 was the * Father of 
 New France." In 1608 he laid the foundations of Quebec. 
 The next summer he joined a war-party of Algonquins 
 (23), explored with them the beautiful lake which bears 
 
32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 his name, and gave them a victory over the Iroquois by 
 means of fire-arms, which those astonished warriors had 
 never seen nor heard before. Champlain was followed by 
 missionaries, who were the first to discover the salt-springs 
 of Onondaga and the beautiful lakes of central New York. 
 Several of these good men suffered brutal tortures and death 
 from the savages whom they had come to convert. 
 
 48. Spaniards in the South-west. Not only St. Au 
 gustine, but Santa Fe the next oldest town in the United 
 States, owes its origin to the Spaniards. Antonio de Es- 
 pejo, 14 starting in 1582 from northern Mexico, explored the 
 upper course of the Rio Grande. He found the people well 
 clothed in cotton and leather, living in houses four stories 
 high, strongly built of stone and lime, and with fire-places 
 for winter use. In consequence of Espejo s discovery of 
 rich veins of silver, colonies were sent in 1595 to New 
 Mexico, and a town was built near Santa Fe. Late in the 
 following century, Jesuit Fathers established missions in Ari 
 zona and California. All the "Mission Indians" were sup 
 plied with food and clothing, the former of which they were 
 gradually taught to produce from their fields. Wine, grains, 
 flax, hemp, and wool were among the exports from the Mis 
 sions; and but for occasional brief relapses into their old 
 wild manners, the people kept for nearly a hundred years 
 the aspect of civilized communities. Then the Fathers left 
 them, and they soon went back into barbarism. 
 
 Trace on Map No. I the several routes of Columbus. Of Cabot, 
 Cabral, and Magellan. On Map No. 2 the routes of Ponce de Leon, 
 Balboa, De Ayllon, Narvaez, De Soto, Coronado, Verrazzano, Cartier, 
 Champlain, Espejo. Point out the sites of the two French settlements 
 on the Atlantic coast. St. Augustine. 
 
 Read Irving s "Life of Columbus" and "Companions of Colum 
 bus;" Hakluyt s "Voyages;" Major s "Life of Prince Henry the 
 Navigator;" Parkman s "Pioneers of France in the New World" and 
 "Jesuits in North America." 
 
-v^r 
 
 \ 
 
 o? 
 
 gW 
 
 S L/ 
 
 ?eSK*J 
 
 ^Mis ^ JY/ 
 
or THE 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
NOTES. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Prince Henry the Navigator (b. 1394, d. 14GO) was the fourth son of 
 King John I. of Portugal. He established a school of navigation, and in 
 troduced the use of the compass and the astrolabe. The discovery of the 
 Madeira Islands and the coast of Africa southward as far as Sierra Leone, 
 was due to his aid and encouragement. The impulse to navigation given 
 by him, caused Portuguese sailors for a time to lead in explorations. The 
 entire western coast of Africa became known when Bartholomew Diaz 
 discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1486; but this route to Asia was not 
 used for commerce until after 1500. 
 
 2. Christopher Columbus, the eldest son of a wool-comber, was born at 
 Genoa, Italy, in 1436. He obtained his education at the University of 
 Pavia, but at the early age of fifteen became a sailor. His experiences at 
 sea embraced all that was then known of seamanship. After his mar 
 riage with the daughter of an old sea-captain, he earned his living for 
 some years at the Madeiras by making maps and marine charts. Be 
 fore he was thirty -eight years of age, he had conceived his grand ideas of 
 the form of the earth and the possibility of reaching Asia by sailing 
 westward from Europe. Columbus was an intensely religious man, and 
 his purpose in seeking unknown, shores was " to carry the true faith to 
 the uttermost parts of the earth." Before sailing he was created admiral, 
 and viceroy of the regions he should discover. The incidents of his sev 
 eral voyages are given in the text. His remains are now, after three re 
 movals, deposited in the cathedral at Havana, Cuba. 
 
 3. Amerigo Vespucci was a native of Florence. In 1499 he was agent of 
 a commercial house in Seville, and that year sailed as a pilot in the fleet 
 of Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to the " Indies of the West," which 
 had been discovered by Columbus. Vespucci had often talked with Co 
 lumbus, and the stirring accounts of his travels, related by the great 
 Genoese, had aroused in his ow r n breast the spirit of adventure. Ojeda s 
 caravels reached the island of Trinidad after a smooth voyage, and, sail 
 ing through the Gulf of Paria, the mainland was first sighted. In 1501 
 Vespucci sailed from Spain on his second expedition, this time in charge. 
 He landed on the coast of Brazil, and cruised north and south from the 
 Florida peninsula to 54 south latitude. His account of this voyage, pub 
 lished at Augsburg, Bavaria, in 1504, was the first printed announcement 
 of the discovery of a western continent, and the zeal of his friends led them 
 to name the new found land " Amerige " (America) in his honor. 
 
 4. John Cabot and Sebastian Cabot. Very little is known of the lives 
 of the two, men on whose discoveries England based her claim to a large 
 part of the New World. It is known that they discovered the mainland 
 of America in June, 1497. John Cabot died before Sebastian s second 
 voyage in 1498. During this voyage the coast was explored 1800 miles. 
 Sebastian Cabot is supposed to have died in 1557, at the age of eighty. 
 
 5. Fernando Magellan left Seville, Spain, in August, 1519, and entered 
 the straits between South America and the island of Terra del Fuego, 
 October, 1520. He kept on his westward course, and in April, 1521, was 
 killed in an encounter with natives of one of the Philippine Islands. 
 One of his ships again reached Spain in September, 1522. This was the 
 first circumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 6. Vasco Nunez de Balboa was a freebooter, who, to escape from his 
 creditors in Spain, hid himself in the hold of a vessel bound for the Car 
 ibbean Sea. When the ship was several days out, he came forth from his 
 hiding place, and implored the commander on his knees to spare his life 
 and to give him some food. Afterwards the vessel was wrecked on the 
 Darien coast, and Balboa with most of the crew, was cast on shore. By 
 his force of character he assumed command of the party, and started to 
 explore the country. They were attacked by hostile Indians, and reduced 
 by starvation ; but, pushing boldly into the interior, they came in a few 
 days to the crest of a mountain range, from which the vast expanse of the 
 Pacific burst upon their astonished gaze. This discovery was made by 
 Balboa in September, 1513. At the sight he prostrated himself upon the 
 ground; then, rising to his knees, he thanked God "it had pleased his 
 divine majesty to reserve unto that day the victory and praise of so great 
 a thing unto him." 
 
 U. S. H. 3. 
 
34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 7. Hernando de Soto was born in Estremadura, Spain, in 1496. He was 
 of a noble family, and was distinguished for his excellence in scholarship 
 and athletic sports. He accompanied an expedition to America in 1519, 
 and again in 1527. In 1528 he explored the coasts of Yucatan and Guate 
 mala for 700 miles, believing he would find a strait that connected the 
 Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He went with Pizarro to Peru in 1532, and 
 took a prominent part in the conquest of that country. Returning to 
 
 1 ,t the court of Charles 
 permission to possess 
 
 Spain with an immense fortune, he was received at the court of Charles 
 V. with high honors, and asked of the emperor p 
 
 Florida, which was looked upon as a land abounding in native weaun. 
 This being granted, De Soto fitted out a fleet of nine vessels at his own ex 
 pense, and sailed by way of Havana, in 1539. He had on board, besides his 
 600 followers, 300 horses, many hogs, and a number of bloodhounds. The 
 exploring party landed at Tampa Bay, in jubilant spirits, on the 30th of 
 May. Their three years perilous wanderings in southern forests, and De 
 Soto s untimely death, are described in the text. 
 
 8. The finest existing specimens of the ancient Pueblo architecture in 
 New Mexico are the villages of Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Isleta, 
 Acoma, and others in the valley of the Rio Grande, and Zuni, near the 
 western border of the territory. These are still occupied by the Pueblo 
 Indians, and many of the houses are in an excellent state of preservation. 
 The ruins of seven great buildings in the valley of the Rio Chaco, 100 
 miles north-west of Santa F6, probably mark the sites of the "Seven 
 Cities of Cibola" (42) which Coronado sought. Each edifice contained 
 from 100 to 600 apartments, and was occupied by from 1,000 to 4,000 persons. 
 
 9. When Jacques Cartier, in 1535, anchored his ships in the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence, he felt confident, from the great width and depth of 
 the river, that he had discovered at last the long sought passage to the 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 10. Admiral Gaspard de Coligny was a noted leader of the French 
 Huguenots, and fell the first victim in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 
 August 24th, 1572, 
 
 11. The expedition of Ribault first landed on the Florida coast at the 
 mouth of the St. John s River, which they named the " River of May." 
 On the south bank they erected a stone column, on which were inscribed 
 the arms of France. Laudonniere s party were rejoiced to find this me 
 morial column when they visited the spot two years later. 
 
 12. Samuel de Champlain was born at Brouage, France, in 1567. His 
 father was a sea-captain, and the son was early skilled in navigation. He 
 visited Canada several times before his appointment as lieutenant- 
 general. He effected the first permanent French settlement in the New 
 World. His expedition against the Iroquois provoked the enmity of that 
 tribe, and the French were compelled to seek lines of exploration and 
 trade to the north of lakes Ontario and Erie, and from thence to the 
 valley of the Ohio and the Mississippi. He died in Canada in 1635. 
 
 13. Santa F<5. Old Spanish records have recently been discovered in 
 Santa F6 which seem to prove a greater antiquity for the place than has 
 been generally accepted. They indicate that the Catholic chapel of San 
 Miguel, which is still in a fair state of preservation, was originally built as 
 early as 1565. If this be true, Santa Fe was undoubtedly a permanent 
 mission station from that time, and this would make the Spanish settle 
 ment as early as that at St. Augustine. 
 
 14. Prior to Espejo s exploration of the Rio Grande valley, several par 
 ties of Spanish adventurers had been over the same region, notably one 
 under Cabeza de Vaca in 1537, another under Marco di Niza in 1539, that 
 of Coronado ( 42) the following year, and one led by Francisco de Bonillo 
 in 1581. Between the years 1595 and 1599, Juan de Ofiate was sent by the 
 viceroy of Mexico to take formal possession of the country in the name 
 of his Spanish sovereign. 
 
CHAPTER tV. 
 
 ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS. VIRGINIA. 
 
 49. The Partition of America. Spain, Portugal, 
 France, and England were for centuries rival claimants to 
 the New World; while Holland and Sweden kept each a 
 foothold upon its shores, long enough to impress something 
 of their character upon its future inhabitants. But as there 
 was really far more land than any or all of them could 
 use, the dispute settled itself at last upon 
 
 "The simple plan 
 
 That they should take who have the power, 
 And they should keep who can." 
 
 50. Eighty years had passed since the discoveries by the 
 Cabots before Englishmen made any serious effort to es 
 tablish homes in North America. English sailors had 
 indeed had their full share in the exploration of the conti 
 nent. Frobisher* went beyond all previous mariners into the 
 icy regions west of Greenland; Davis, advancing yet farther 
 to the northward, entered the strait which bears his name; 
 Drake* in quest of Spanish treasure-ships, explored the 
 Pacific coast as far as Oregon, wintered near San Francisco, 
 and returned to Europe by way of Asia and Africa. 
 
 51. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, seeing the failure and misery 
 which had resulted from the eager search for gold, planned 
 a colony for fisheries and regular trade. But his 
 
 two expeditions failed, and their brave leader 
 was lost at sea. His half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh? was 
 among the greatest and most unfortunate of English advent 
 urers. Under a patent from Queen Elizabeth, 4 in 1585, he 
 
 (35) 
 
36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sent 1 08 colonists to occupy the fruitful region from which 
 the French had been expelled (44> 4 6 )- 
 
 52. Virginia. Delighted with the accounts which 
 reached her of the beauty and wealth of the country, Eliz 
 abeth named it Virginia, in honor of her own state as a 
 maiden queen. A site was chosen for the colony on Ro- 
 anoke Island, and a profitable trade was carried on with the 
 
 friendly Indians. But the 
 misconduct of the white 
 men soon turned these into 
 foes; the situation of the 
 colonists then became un 
 endurable, and they seized 
 an opportunity to return 
 to England. 
 
 53. A second colony, 5 
 including some women and 
 children, arrived at Roan- 
 oke in 1587. But war was 
 now breaking out between 
 England and Spain. Ships 
 which Raleigh sent with 
 fresh supplies for the colo- 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 
 nists, went in chase of 
 
 Spanish prizes, and were themselves taken. When English 
 men revisited Roanoke three years later, no white face was 
 found on the island. Whether the settlers had perished or 
 had taken refuge with some friendly tribe in the interior, 
 can not be known. 
 
 54. Though Raleigh derived no benefit from the expendi 
 ture of all his fortune, yet his generous efforts had spread 
 through England a knowledge of America, and had given a 
 great impulse to colonization. The voyages of Gosnold, 6 
 Weymouth, and Pring made known the islands, capes, and 
 noble harbors on the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts; 
 
ENGLISH SE TTLEMENTS VI R GINIA. 3 7 
 
 and fleets of English vessels repaired thither for trade and 
 fishing, though for many years no permanent settlement was 
 formed. 
 
 55. Colonial Companies. In 1606 King James I. 7 
 gave charters to two English companies for planting and 
 ruling New England in America." The London Company 
 might establish a colony anywhere between Cape Fear and 
 the east end of Long Island; the Plymouth Company, any 
 where between Delaware Bay and Halifax, provided that 
 neither should begin a settlement within a hundred miles of 
 one already made by the other. The king reserved to him 
 self the right to make all laws and appoint all officers for 
 the colonies; and was, moreover, to receive one fifth of all 
 gold and silver, and one fifteenth of all copper obtained 
 from them. For five years every man was to labor, not for 
 himself, but for a common fund. 
 
 56. First English Settlement. The London Com 
 pany soon dispatched three ship-loads of emigrants, com 
 manded by Christopher Newport, to select and settle lands 
 in Virginia. Of the 105 men who enlisted in the enterprise, 
 48 were " gentlemen," according to the notions of the 
 times; that is, they despised work, and expected to grow 
 rich either by accident or by the toil of others. The most 
 sensible man in the colony was Captain John Smith, 8 who 
 had gained wisdom by much hard experience; and he was 
 imprisoned on the voyage out, under a foolish charge that 
 he intended to murder the Council and make himself king 
 of Virginia! This accusation sprang from President Wing- 
 field s envy of the superior ability and influence of Smith. 
 Upon trial, the latter was honorably acquitted and restored 
 to his place in the Council. 
 
 57. It was the spring of 1607, when the three vessels en 
 tered Chesapeake Bay. Glad to be protected from the 
 storms that were raging without, the adventurers named 
 their first anchorage Point Comfort. They called the two 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 capes which guard the entrance of the bay, Charles and 
 Henry, after their king s two sons; and the noble stream 
 which they soon afterwards ascended, James or King s River, 
 from the king himself. Fifty miles up the river they chose 
 the site for their first settlement, which bore the name of 
 Jamestown. 
 
 58. Wingfield s dishonesty soon brought him into dis 
 grace, and Smith became the real head of the colony. He 
 enforced the primitive rule that he who would not work 
 
 Settlement of Jamestown. 
 
 should not eat; he put an end to quarreling and profanity, 
 and in time he taught the "gentlemen" to swing their axes 
 with the rest. Meanwhile he explored Chesapeake Bay and 
 all its tributary rivers; cultivated friendship with the Indians, 
 of whom a powerful confederacy of forty tribes, called Pow- 
 hatans, occupied the region, and secured from them needed 
 supplies of corn. 
 
 59. The "Starving Time." Compelled by a severe 
 wound to return to England, Smith left about five hundred 
 
LABOR IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 colonists in Virginia, well supplied with all that was needful 
 for their comfort. Nevertheless, the period following his de 
 parture is called the "Starving Time," for the men gave 
 chemselves up to idleness and riot, and in six months there 
 were only sixty persons alive in the colony. These resolved 
 to join the fishermen in Newfoundland; but on their way 
 down the river they met Lord Delaware, the new governor, 
 with hundreds of colonists and a fresh supply of stores. 
 
 60. A new era soon dawned upon Virginia. Gold- 
 seeking was abandoned after a ship-load of earth containing 
 specks of yellow mica had been sent to England and found 
 worthless. The soil was now perceived to be the true source 
 of wealth, and the allotment of a few acres to each man gave 
 each an interest in his own labor. Unhappily the high price 
 of tobacco in England where it had been lately introduced 
 and was very fashionable led most of the planters to raise 
 it to the exclusion of food-products. And though the price 
 soon fell to two-pence a pound, tobacco long continued to 
 be the medium of exchange as well as the chief export of 
 the colony. Ministers salaries, lawyers fees, and landlords 
 rents were all paid in tobacco. But the crop exhausted the 
 soil, and in many cases short-lived wealth was followed by 
 bankruptcy, ruin, and poverty. 
 
 61. New Laws. In 1611 the Company sent out a new 
 code of laws of almost incredible strictness. Theft and dis 
 respectful mention of the king were punishable with death 
 at the first offense. Profane swearing and absence from 
 public worship received the same punishment after two trials 
 of lighter penalties. 
 
 62. Introduction of Slavery. Hitherto there had 
 been very few women in the colony. In 1619, beside nearly 
 twelve hundred other settlers, ninety honest girls came from 
 England and became wives of planters. Another cargo 
 followed, and many colonists now enjoyed the comfort of 
 
40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 settled homes. A less valuable acquisition was a company 
 of "jail-birds," who were sold as indentured servants for a 
 limited number of years. Still more serious in its ultimate 
 consequences was an importation of negroes from the 
 African coast who became slaves for life. The first cargo 
 of negroes was brought to Jamestown in a Dutch ship in 
 1619. 
 
 Trace on Map No. 2 the voyages of Frobisher, Davis, Drake. Point 
 out capes Charles and Henry. The site of Raleigh s two colonies. On 
 Map No. 3, point out the site of Jamestown. Point Comfort. The 
 principal rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Read Smith s "True Relation" and "General History." For this 
 and all following chapters to the end of Part III: Bancroft s "History 
 of the United States;" Bryant s "Popular History;" Hildreth s "His 
 tory of the United States." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Martin Frobisher for fifteen years cherished the idea that he could 
 sail direct to the coveted " north-west passage," but he was too poor to fit 
 out ti ship. He said " it was the only thing of the world that was yet left 
 undone, by which a notable minde might be made famous and fortunate." 
 At length, the Earl of Warwick provided him with means sufficient to 
 equip two small barks, and he set sail from the mouth of the Thames in 
 the summer of 1576. One vessel deserted him at the first storm, but he 
 fearlessly pressed forward with the other to the coasts of Labrador. Upon 
 entering an inlet north of Hudson Strait, he firmly believed the aim of 
 his journey across the sea was achieved ; for he argued that the land on 
 his right was Asia, while that on his left was the continent of America. 
 A short sail convinced him of his error. The next year Frobisher came 
 with a fleet of several vessels to the same forbidding region, and returned 
 to England laden with worthless dirt and stones which were believed to 
 contain rich traces of gold. In 1578 he commanded a third expedition, 
 this time under the immediate patronage of Queen Elizabeth. It was 
 composed of fifteen well appointed ships, and carried out many sons of 
 noble English families, besides one hundred persons to form a permanent 
 colony on the inhospitable shores of Greenland. When the flag ship of 
 the Admiral sailed into Hudson Strait, "Now, surely," thought he, "I 
 will go through to the Pacific." But after going sixty miles he concluded 
 that he was upon the wrong course, and turned back with his fleet. With 
 the approach of winter his ships were nearly overwhelmed by icebergs, 
 and the intense cold created mutiny among his men ; so that all were glad 
 to get away from these polar regions with their lives, and back to their 
 homes without either glory or gold. Frobisher was knighted for bravery 
 at the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and died from a wound received in 
 an attack on Brest in 1594. 
 
 2. Sir Francis Drake (b. 1545, d. 1595) was one of the most renowned of 
 British admirals. In 1572, having crossed the Isthmus of Panama from 
 the east, he first saw the Pacific Ocean from the top of a tree which he had 
 climbed : and then and there he resolved " to sail an English ship in these 
 seas." Five years later he left England with live small vessels and nearly 
 two hundred men, to carry out this resolution. In eight months he en- 
 
NOTES. 41 
 
 tered the straits of Magellan with his own ship only, the " Golden Hind ; " 
 and, sailing through, followed the western coast of America. He chris 
 tened its northern part New Albion, and took possession of it in the name 
 of Queen Elizabeth. Steering westward into the broad, unknown Pacific, 
 he successfully circumnavigated the world, entering once more the harbor 
 of Plymouth two years and ten months after his departure. He was the 
 first Englishman, and the second of all navigators, to accomplish this 
 feat. A. chair was eventually made of wood taken from the " Golden 
 Hind," and presented by Charles II. to the University of Oxford. 
 
 3. Sir Walter Raleigh, born in Devonshire, England, 1552, was beheaded 
 on the charge of conspiracy against the throne in 1618. He was a man of 
 genius and eminent attainments, distinguished as author, explorer, and 
 courtier. Queen Elizabeth knighted him because of the successful issue 
 of the first expedition which he fitted out to the coast of North Carolina. 
 He became member of Parliament, and was commander of a vessel in 
 the English fleet that annihilated the Spanish " Invincible Armada " in 
 1588. He explored the coasts of Guiana, in South America, and upon his 
 return to Europe published an account of the expedition. While im 
 prisoned in the Tower of London for a period of thirteen years, he wrote 
 his " History of the World." Raleigh s American colonists have the 
 credit of introducing tobacco and potatoes into Europe. 
 
 Concerning Raleigh s execution, his biographer writes that "approach 
 ing the edge of the scaffold and kneeling down, he prayed in a very 
 earnest manner, and begged for the prayers of all who heard him. The 
 executioner then kneeled to him for the forgiveness of his office. Raleigh 
 placed both his hands on the man s shoulders, and assured him that he 
 forgave him with all his heart. He then examined the block and fitted 
 himself to it, and asked the executioner to show him the ax. The latter 
 hesitated, but Raleigh repeated the request. Touching the knife-edge 
 with his finger, and then kissing the blade, he said, This gives me no 
 fear. It is a sharp and fair medicine to cure me of all my diseases. He 
 added, When I stretch forth my hands, dispatch me. Kneeling for his 
 last prayer, he laid his head upon the block, calmly stretched forth his 
 hands, and awaited the death-blow. The headsman again hesitated. 
 Strike, man, strike! what dost thou fear? cried Raleigh. Two terrible 
 blows severed the head from the body, and to the last his lips were seen 
 to move in prayer." 
 
 4. Queen Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, was 
 born, in 1533, and ruled over England from 1558 until her death in 1603. 
 She became deeply interested in the marine enterprises of her subjects. 
 Elizabeth was especially jealous of the achievements of Spanish explorers 
 in the New World. When Sir Humphrey Gilbert set out on his unfortu 
 nate expedition, she wished him " as great goodhap and safety to his ship 
 as if herself were there in person," and presented him with a golden 
 anchor as a token of her regard. Her friendship for Raleigh was mani 
 fested in the special patent and licenses granted him, as well as in the 
 marked honors conferred upon him at her court. She showed her ap 
 proval of Frobisher s first voyage by waving an adieu with her hand from 
 the shore, and sending him a personal message ; and of his second and 
 third expeditions by defraying a large share of the expenses. 
 
 5. Simon Ferdinando was admiral of this expedition, and John White 
 was appointed governor of the colony. Soon after their arrival at Ro- 
 anoke Island, Mrs. Dare, the daughter of Governor White, gave birth to a 
 little girl, who was christened Virginia. This was the first English child 
 born within the present territory of the United States. 
 
 6. Bartholomew Gosnold, in May, 1602, discovered and named Cape Cod. 
 He landed there with four men, and these were the first Englishmen who 
 ever set foot upon the shores of New England. Doubling the cape they 
 sailed around Nantucket and Martha s Vineyard islands into Buzzard s 
 Bay (which they called " Gosnold s Hope "), and anchored off the western 
 most of the Elizabeth Islands. On this they built a fort and storehouse, 
 purposing to establish a permanent colony, but through fear of the In 
 dians and lack of provisions the party soon returned to England. Until 
 Gosnold s expedition, no English voyager since the Cabots had undertaken 
 the northern or direct course across the Atlantic;. His predecessors had 
 followed in the tnick of Columbus, by the way of the Canary Islands and 
 
42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the West Indies. The distance saved by the new route was between 2,000 
 and - 5,000 miles, and naturally this gave a fresh impulse to colonizing and 
 trading schemes. Gosnold was one of the leaders in the company which 
 founded Jamestown in 1607, and died in the fall of that year from the hard 
 ships and exposures of pioneer life. He ranks with Sir Walter Raleigh as 
 one of the wisest and greatest of the founders of American colonies. 
 
 7. King James, who, in 1603, succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the English 
 throne, was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was born in 1506, 
 and was crowned King of Scotland when still an infant. James was a 
 weak, cowardly, cruel man. He was constantly under the influence of 
 unworthy favorites, some of whose followers were the royal governors of 
 American colonies. 
 
 8. Capt. John Smith was born in England in 1579 and died in 1631. Ac 
 cording to his own account of his life he served as a soldier in the Neth 
 erlands, and in the wars against the Turks in Hungary and Austria, 
 where he was taken prisoner and sold as a slave at Constantinople. He 
 slew his master and escaped through Russia. He was also for a time in 
 northern Africa. On his return to England Gosnold persuaded him to 
 Join the colony for Virginia. After his return to England from Virginia 
 in 1609, he made a voyage to New England and constructed a map of the 
 coast from Cape Cod to the mouth of the Penobscot. He published several 
 books relating to America. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND. 
 
 63. Council of Burgesses. With the governorship of 
 Sir George Yeardley, the true life of Virginia began. The 
 cruel laws " were repealed, and, that the planters might 
 have a hand in the governing of themselves, it was granted 
 that a general assembly should be held yearly once, whereat 
 were to be present the governor and council, with two bur 
 gesses from each plantation, freely to be elected by the in 
 habitants thereof, this assembly to have power to make and 
 ordain whatsoever laws should by them be thought good 
 and profitable for their subsistence." The "Council of 
 Burgesses," which met at Jamestown, in July, 1619, was the 
 first law-making body in America which was chosen by the 
 people. 
 
 64. Indian Hostilities. While Powhatan lived, the 
 chief of that confederacy with which Smith had made 
 friendship, white men and savages were at peace. His 
 daughter, Pocahontas, 1 married John Rolfe, a young En 
 glishman, and several famous Virginian families are proud 
 to number themselves among her descendants. But Pow- 
 hatan s successor was hostile to the English. Living in 
 careless security upon their scattered plantations, the colo 
 nists had even sold powder and guns to the Indians, who 
 seemed friendly, but who were silently planning the com 
 plete extermination of the white intruders. Suddenly, at. 
 noon of March 22, 1622, every village was attacked. A 
 fierce war followed, in which nearly two thousand colonists 
 perished, and of eighty -settlements only eight remained. 
 
 65. Changes in Government. In 1624 King James 
 
 (43) 
 
44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 dissolved the London Company, and made Virginia a royal 
 province; but though the governor and council were ap 
 pointed by the king, the laws were still made by the repre 
 sentatives of the people. Virginia was strongly attached to 
 both the king and the Church of England. During the 
 changes in the home government, hereafter to be noticed 
 (125), many royalists found refuge in the colony; and 
 though the Council of Burgesses submitted to Parliament, 
 to avoid the ruin of the tobacco trade, there was great re 
 joicing when monarchy was restored, A. D. 1660. 
 
 66. Condition of Virginia. Virginia numbered at this 
 time about 30,000 inhabitants. Richmond, in its magnifi 
 cent position at the falls of the James River, and Williams- 
 burg, on the peninsula between the Rappahannock and the 
 York, were already flourishing settlements. The mildness, 
 beauty, and fertility of the region made it "the best poor 
 man s country in the world." The people wanted only 
 schools for their children to make them perfectly contented. 
 Though every man instructed his children according to his 
 own ability," this increased the contrast between the families 
 of the educated gentry and the untaught workmen, a dis 
 tinction which was contrary to the best interests of the col 
 ony. The settlers were so scattered that it is said, "no 
 man could see his neighbor without a telescope, or be heard 
 by him without firing a gun." 
 
 67. Governor Berkeley. The joy which attended the 
 restoration of King Charles II. was soon changed to grief 
 and resentment. The right to vote was taken from the mass 
 of freemen to be exercised only by land-owners, taxes were 
 imposed without their consent, and even the settlers of re 
 mote and lonely places were not permitted to assemble in 
 arms against the savages, who were murdering their wives 
 and children. Governor Berkeley, 2 an avaricious, selfish, 
 and arbitrary man, was supposed to be selling powder and 
 
BACON S REBELLION. 45 
 
 shot to the Indians contrary to law. Being sent to England 
 to plead the cause of the colony, Berkeley only enriched 
 himself by robbing it of a portion of its lands (132), which 
 the king was induced to give to a company to which he 
 belonged. In 1673 the same king, in a transient caprice, 
 bestowed all the dominion of land and water called Vir 
 ginia" upon lords Culpepper and Arlington for a period of 
 thirty-one years. 
 
 68. Bacon s Rebellion. All this might not have cured 
 the people of their submissive loyalty, but when the gov 
 ernor refused to send troops to oppose a large force of 
 Indians who were coming down the James, they took up 
 arms and chose for their leader Nathaniel Bacon, 3 a gentle 
 man of fortune and influence, who had lately arrived in Vir 
 ginia. Bacon s little army routed the savages, while the 
 governor was proclaiming him a rebel and traitor, and rais 
 ing a troop to oppose him. An insurrection in Jamestown 
 compelled Berkeley, however, to disband his army, dissolve 
 his aristocratic council, and call a more popular assembly, 
 of which Bacon was a member. 
 
 69. The governor, weak and violent by turns, broke all 
 his promises. Civil war followed, in which Jamestown was 
 burnt, and only a ruined church-tower remains to mark its 
 site. Bacon died suddenly of disease, and his party, for 
 want of a leader, was soon subdued. Berkeley disgraced 
 his victory by the most insolent cruelty. Twenty-two 
 patriots were hanged, and three died from the hardships of 
 their prison. "The old fool," said Charles II., "has taken 
 away more lives than I, for the murder of my father." 
 Berkeley was recalled, 4 and Lord Culpepper, 5 one of the 
 new proprietors, became governor of the Old Dominion. 
 
 70. Maryland. From lands originally belonging to Vir 
 ginia, a new colony had been formed with a more liberal 
 constitution both as to civil and religious rights. George Cal- 
 
46 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 vert, the first Lord Baltimore, obtained from Charles I., in 
 1629, a grant of lands north of the Potomac, where all per 
 sons, but especially members like himself of the Catholic 
 Church, might enjoy freedom of worship. The country was 
 called Maryland in honor of the queen, Henrietta 
 Maria; and the settlement, near the mouth of the 
 Potomac, received the name of St. Mary s. 
 
 71. Lord Baltimore died before he could revisit Amer 
 ica, and the charter was "published and confirmed" in the 
 
 name of his son, Cecil Cal- 
 vert, who for forty-three 
 years watched over the 
 prosperity of Maryland. 
 Virginia did not willingly 
 submit to the dismember 
 ment of her territory. 
 William Clayborne, formerly 
 her secretary of state, had 
 occupied the Isle of Kent, 
 in the Chesapeake, with a 
 trading settlement. He 
 considered himself as within 
 the limits of Virginia, and 
 made armed resistance to 
 
 Lord Baltimore. . , , 
 
 Lord Baltimore s demand 
 
 for his allegiance. Three Virginians and one Marylander 
 were killed in battle. Clayborne was sent to England to be 
 tried for treason, but was acquitted, though the right of 
 Maryland to Kent Island was confirmed. 
 
 72. Clayborne s Rebellion. Some years later Clay- 
 borne returned and raised another insurrection in the district 
 which he had once governed. Gov. Leonard Calvert, 
 brother of the proprietor, was forced to retire, but he soon 
 reappeared with superior numbers and put an end to 
 "Clayborne s Rebellion." 
 
NOTES. 47 
 
 73. The Calverts. The liberal charter granted by 
 Lord Baltimore drew crowds of settlers to the banks of the 
 Potomac. Puritans expelled from Virginia, prelatists from 
 Massachusetts, and refugees from all parts of Europe lived 
 together on equal terms. We regret to record that one party 
 of Protestants made an ungenerous use of their privileges. 
 Resisting both the policy and the rights of the Calverts, they 
 succeeded in banishing all Catholics from the Assembly. 
 Many years of tumult followed. In 1691 the proprietary 
 charter was revoked, and for twenty-four years Maryland 
 was a royal province. In 1715 the Calvert family regained 
 their lands, which they continued to govern until the Revo 
 lution. 
 
 Point out on Map No. 3, Richmond. Williamsburg. St. Mary s. 
 The Isle of Kent. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Pocahontas was born about the year 1595. The long accepted story, 
 that she saved the life of Capt. John Smith by interposing her body be 
 tween him and the war-clubs of the savages who were about to beat him 
 to death, is now discredited. This was one of Smith s wonderful stories 
 in his "General History." That she was much attached to Capt. Smith 
 there is no doubt, for in 1609 she made a long and fatiguing journey by 
 night through the forest to inform him of a plot by her father to murder 
 him. Her marriage with Rolfe, at Jamestown, in 1613, secured many 
 years of peace between the colonists and the Indians. Professing Chris 
 tianity, she was baptized as "Lady Rebecca." In 1616 she accompanied 
 her husband to England, and was duly presented at court. She was re 
 garded with great interest and curiosity. Pocahontas died in March, 1617, 
 leaving one son, Thomas Rolfe, who in later years removed to Virginia. 
 
 2. Sir "William Berkeley was appointed Governor of Virginia in 1641, 
 and arrived at Jamestown early in 1642 Being a royalist, he was removed 
 from power by Cromwell in 1651 ; but, after the Restoration, he again be 
 came governor, which position he held until 1677. Berkeley demanded 
 strict loyalty 1o the civil powers, and conformity to the Established 
 Church. He " thanked God there are no free schools, nor printing, in his 
 colony," and " hoped there would not be fora hundred years; for learning 
 has brought disobedience into the world, and printing has divulged them 
 and libels against the best governments." His leniency towards the 
 Indians, who had been committing all sorts of barbarities, and his se 
 verity with Bacon anil others, who opposed his Indian policy, have led 
 many to believe that Governor Berkeley was in collusion with the sav 
 ages. Being relieved from office. by Sir Herbert Jeffreys in 1677, he re 
 turned to England under a sense of disgrace, and died in a few weeks after 
 his arrival. (See Note 4.) 
 
 3. Nathaniel Bacon and Governor Berkeley had many bitter personal 
 conflicts, and Bacon was usually more than a match for the governor. 
 At the head of 200 or . ><)(> followers he marched into Jamestown, halted in 
 front of the state-house, where the assembly was in session, and de- 
 
48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 manded to see the governor. Berkeley came out, white with rage, and 
 fearlessly went between the lines of soldiers to where Bacon was stand 
 ing; he looked defiant, and cried, " Here shoot me! Fore God, fair 
 mark ! Shoot ! " But Bacon replied calmly, " No, may it please your 
 honor, we will not hurt a hair of your head, nor of any other man s ; we 
 are come for a commission to save our lives from the Indians, which you 
 have so often promised; and now we will have it before we go! " And 
 he not only got the desired commission, but the assembly passed an act 
 of amnesty towards himself and his band of rebels. They continued, 
 however, to oppose the policy of the governor, and engaged in a vigorous 
 campaign against the Indians. Berkeley once more declared Bacon an 
 outlaw, and led forth his militia to attack the insurgents; but, on ap 
 proaching their camp, he was dismayed to find most of his men crying, 
 " Bacon ! Bacon ! Bacon ! " and then going over to the enemy. 
 
 Bacon said "that it vexed him to the heart that while he was hunting 
 wolves which were destroying innocent lambs, the governor should seek 
 to put him like corn between two mill-stones." 
 
 His death occured in 1676, and the place of his burial was kept secret 
 because Berkeley had threatened to hang his skeleton in chains upon a 
 public gibbet. 
 
 4. After Governor Berkeley s removal, Sir Herbert Jeffreys and Sir 
 Henry Chicheley were the successive lieutenant-governors of Virginia, 
 and had the entire control of affairs from 1677 to 1680, when Lord Cul- 
 pepper assumed the duties of his office. 
 
 5. Lord Culpepper was pronounced by a writer of his time, " one of the 
 most cunning and covetous men in England." He was a man of positive 
 character and violent measures. In 1681 the planters in Virginia became 
 dissatisfied with the extremely low prices paid for their tobacco ; and, in 
 order to create a scarcity of supply, and enhance the value of the remain 
 ing crop, an organized band went from plantation to plantation, hacking 
 and destroying the growing plants. Returning from England in the 
 midst of this "strike," Governor Culpepper immediately ordered the 
 leading "plant-cutters" to be hung. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, PORTSMOUTH, AND DOVER. 
 
 74. Great religious differences now existed in En 
 gland. King James, who thought himself at least as wise as 
 Solomon, required all his subjects to believe and worship 
 precisely as he did. A very large party in the nation dis 
 approved some observances of the Established Church, and 
 were especially shocked at the Sunday sports which were 
 recommended and even enjoined by the king himself. 
 
 75. Many hundreds of these Puritans, 1 finding that there 
 was no toleration for their views in England, separated them 
 selves from the Church, and as many as were able sought an 
 asylum in Holland. They were then called Separatists or 
 Independents, while the great mass of the Puritans remained 
 in the Church, though protesting against some of its prac 
 tices. 
 
 76. The Separatists in Holland were still English at 
 heart, and were grieved to have their children grow up 
 ignorant of the language and customs of their native land. 
 They resolved, therefore, to seek homes in the American 
 wilderness, where, under English laws, they might have free 
 dom to worship God in the way which seemed to them right. 
 From a thousand pilgrims in Holland, a hundred were se 
 lected to be founders of the new state; and, after several 
 disasters and delays, they set sail in September, 1620, from 
 Plymouth, in England. 
 
 77. The Mayflower. Though a patent had been se 
 cured from the London Company, it proved useless because 
 the person in whose name it was issued did not go with the 
 
 u. s. H.-4. (49) 
 
50 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 colonists; so that the little ship Mayflower set forth on her 
 voyage without warrant or charter from King, Parliament, 
 or Company. Unlike the Virginian adventurers (62), the 
 "Pilgrims" 2 were accompanied by their wives and children, 
 and expected to live and die in America. 
 
 78. Founding of the Plymouth Colony. Their aim 
 was the Hudson River; but after a stormy and perilous pas 
 sage of two months, they came to anchor near Cape Cod. 3 
 Five weeks were spent in looking for a suitable place for a 
 
 Dec. ii, i62o. 4 
 
 Pilgrims Landing. 
 
 new home. At last they came to a safe though shallow har 
 bor, to which Captain Smith had already given the name of 
 Plymouth. This they chose, and in remembrance 
 of kindness received at Plymouth, in England, 
 they retained the name. Before going on shore, the forty- 
 one heads of families solemnly combined themselves into a 
 "civil body politic" to "enact such just and equal laws" 
 as should be thought "convenient for the general good." 
 It was the first embodiment, in fact, of the American idea 
 that "governments derive their just powers from the con- 
 
PL YMO UTH COL ONY. 51 
 
 sent of the governed." John Carver was chosen by his as 
 sociates to be the first governor of Plymouth. 
 
 79. The First Winter. Then came a winter of bitter 
 suffering, bravely borne. Wolves howled about the wretched 
 cabins, and hunger was kept away only by hunting and fish 
 ing, which were not always successful. Governor Carver 
 and half the little company died; but of the survivors no 
 man nor woman thought of returning with the Mayflower. 
 Early in the spring a strange voice was heard in the village, 
 crying "Welcome, Englishmen!" It was that of Samoset, 
 an Indian from beyond the Kennebec, who had learned 
 some words of English from fishermen who visited the coast 
 (82). A neighboring chief, Massasoit, soon came, and 
 made a treaty of peace which lasted fifty years. 
 
 80. The powerful Narragansetts were enemies of Mas 
 sasoit, and a rattlesnake skin, stuffed with arrows, was sent 
 as a challenge to the colonists. But when Governor Brad 
 ford, Carver s successor, filled the skin with gunpowder and 
 sent it back, Canonicus changed his mind and begged for 
 peace. Before the coming of the Pilgrims, a pestilence had 
 swept away many hundreds of the Indians near Plymouth, 
 so that the tribes, reduced to weakness and poverty, gave no 
 trouble to the colonists. 
 
 81. For several winters food was scarce; but when, in 
 1623, each settler began to work for his own family instead 
 of putting his earnings into the common stock, plenty came, 
 and the white men were soon able to sell corn to the Indians. 
 Though only forty miles distant from the richer and stronger 
 settlements about Boston, and possessing no charter of its 
 own, Plymouth remained independent until 1692, when it 
 became part of the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 82. Maine. Sir Ferdinando Gorges, governor of Plym 
 outh in England, was a man of great wealth and influence, 
 and a chief promoter of colonization in New England. In 
 
52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 partnership with John Mason, former governor in Newfound 
 land, he obtained a tract of land extending from the St. 
 Lawrence to the ocean, and from the Merrimac to the Ken- 
 nebec River; 5 and, in 1623, sent out companies of emigrants 
 to find homes where now stand the flourishing cities of 
 Portsmouth and Dover, in New Hampshire. 6 But though 
 among the oldest towns in the United States, these places 
 were little more than fishing stations for many years from 
 their foundation; and, in 1642, the people between the Mer 
 rimac and Piscataqua annexed themselves by a free vote to 
 the colony of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 83. Conflicting Grants. Many scattered settlements 
 were formed along the coast of Maine, and so many con 
 flicting grants were made by the crown that no lawyer could 
 reconcile them. The noble rivers and safe harbors had 
 attracted attention, as promising wealth through commerce. 
 Few attempts were made at farming, for titles were insecure, 
 and the nearness of the French threatened frequent hostil 
 ities. Moreover, furs could be taken from the forest and 
 fish from the sea without leave asked of any company. So 
 it happened that the English settlers were little more than 
 scattered companies of adventurers. The first court ever 
 duly organized on the soil of Maine" was held at Saco, in 
 1636, by William Gorges, nephew of the proprietor. The 
 land between the St. Croix and the St. Lawrence had been 
 given by James I. to Sir William Alexander, 7 a Scottish 
 poet, and it was called Nova Scotia, from his native land; 
 but the French already occupied the same region, to the 
 southern part of which they gave the name of Acadta* and 
 it did not become a British possession until a much later 
 date. 
 
 Point out on Map No. 3, Cape Cod. Plymouth. Portsmouth. Dover. 
 The boundaries of Gorges and Mason s patent ($82). Saco. Casco 
 Bay. The Penobscot. The Kennebec. The original boundaries of 
 Nova Scotia (83). 
 
NOTES. 53 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The Puritans. The term " Puritans " was first applied by way of de 
 rision, in 1564, to a large body of non-conformists in England who were 
 not satisfied with the extent of the reformation in church affairs brought 
 about by Henry VIII. They insisted upon a still further departure from 
 the Church of Rome, and the introduction of purer forms of worship in 
 the Established Church. They were loyal to the throne, and always had 
 at heart the best interests of the Protestants. But they were rigid Calvin- 
 ists, men ot austere morality yet strong integrity, and no civil power 
 could make them yield a tithe of their convictions. They willingly suf 
 fered death at the stake for their principles. During the reigns of 
 Edward VI., Elizabeth, James I., and Charles I., the Puritans gradually 
 increased in numbers and influence. With Cromwell and the Common 
 wealth, they came into complete control of the government. 
 
 2. Pilgrims. This name has been applied to such of the Puritans or Sep 
 aratists as could no longer endure the interference of the national church 
 in their spiritual affairs, and who for conscience sake left their homes in 
 England to seek lands where they might worship God after their own 
 manner. Their wanderings give them their distinguishing name. They 
 had been told that in Holland there was " freedom for all men." The first 
 band of Pilgrims, under the direction of John Robinson and William 
 Brewster, reached Amsterdam in 1608. The next year they removed to 
 Leyden, and many followed them from various parts of England. Ban 
 croft says of the Pilgrims : " They were Englishmen, Protestants, exiles 
 for conscience, men disciplined by misfortune, cultivated by opportuni 
 ties of extensive observation, equal in rank as in rights, and bound by no 
 code but that of religion or the public will." 
 
 3. The first landing of the " Mayflower" Pilgrims was November llth, 
 on Cape Cod, near the site of the present Provincetown. Captain Miles 
 Standish, with sixteen men, went on shore and explored the dreary, 
 narrow strip of sand. Some distance inland they had their first sight of 
 Indians. On December llth an exploring party of seventeen men landed 
 at Plymouth, but it was two weeks later before the passengers generally 
 disembarked upon " Forefather s Rock." Indeed, most of the women 
 and children remained on board the vessel until a rude shelter was pro 
 vided for them on the land. 
 
 4. This was December 21st according to our present calendar. In the 
 seventeenth century the difference between Old Style and New Style was 
 ten days. In England, however, the old style method of reckoning dates 
 was continued until 1752, when, by act of Parliament, the error was cor 
 rected. By adding ten days to the dates given in the text regarding the 
 movements of the Pilgrims, we get the true dates, new style. 
 
 5. This tract probably took its name, Maine (or the main-land), to dis 
 tinguish it from the many islands along the coast. 
 
 6. New Hampshire was so named by Mason in remembrance of his 
 old home, Hampshire, in England. 
 
 7. Sir William Alexander gained little, beside the subject of a rather 
 dull poem, from his vast domain; his family afterward settled in New 
 York, and his descendant and namesake, William Alexander, Lord Stir 
 ling, bore an honorable part in the war of American Independence. 
 
 8. A cadi a was granted by King Henry IV. to the Huguenot, De Monts, 
 in 1604. Besides the peninsula of Nova Scotia, it included all of New 
 Brunswick and a part of Maine. De Monts was made lieutenant-general 
 of the country, and at once sailed with a company to colonize his new 
 possessions. Champlain and the Baron de Poutrincourt accompanied the 
 expedition. They settled first upon the little island of St. Croix, in Passa- 
 maquoddy Bay, but a few weeks residence served to show the disadvan 
 tages of the location. Cruising along the coast of Maine, they entered 
 many of its noble bays and rivers, and were delighted with the land ; but 
 at all points they found the Indians hostile, and reluctantly returned to 
 St. Croix. Thence, in a short time, they crossed the Bay of Fundy. and 
 chose a place of settlement, to which the name Port Royal was given. 
 The site was the same as the present town of Annapolis, Nova Scotia, 
 
54 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 The opening lines of Longfellow s beautiful poem, " Evangeline," are 
 descriptive of the region of Acadia : 
 
 This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks, 
 Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, 
 Stand like druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic, 
 Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. 
 Loud from its rocky caverns, the deep-voiced neighboring ocean 
 Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. 
 
 In the Acadian land, on the shores of the Basin of Minas, 
 Distant, secluded, still, the little village of Grand-Pre 
 Lay in the fruitful valley. Vast meadows stretched to the eastward, 
 Giving the village its name, and pasture to flocks without number. 
 Dikes, that the hands of the farmers had raised with labor incessant, 
 Shut out the turbulent tides ; but at stated seasons the flood-gates 
 Opened, and welcomed the sea to wander at will o er the meadows. 
 West and south there were fields of flax, and orchards and cornfields 
 Spreading afar and unfenced o er the plain ; and away to the northward 
 Blomidon rose, and the forests old, and aloft on the mountains 
 Sea-fogs pitched their tents, and mists from the mighty Atlantic 
 Looked on the happy valley, but ne er from their station descended." 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, CONNECTICUT, AND RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 84. Salem Colony. Eight years and more after the 
 settlement at Plymouth, five vessels, bearing two hundred 
 English emigrants, entered the harbor of Salem, 1 in Massa 
 chusetts Bay. Their governor, John Endicott* 
 
 had preceded them, and had selected a place for 
 their settlement a year before. The new-comers were Pu 
 ritans, but not Separatists: they believed in the union of 
 Church and State, and the authority of the civil govern 
 ment in matters of religion; but they availed themselves of 
 their freedom to drop the usages of the Church of England, 
 and there was little apparent difference between them and 
 their neighbors at Plymouth. 
 
 85. The Charter. The next year seventeen ships 
 brought a thousand more emigrants, with horses, cattle, and 
 whatever was needed for prosperous farming. A royal char 
 ter 3 for all the new settlements on Massachusetts Bay gave 
 them leave to make their own laws and choose their own 
 rulers, so long as they did nothing contrary to the statutes 
 of England. Among them were men of wealth, influence, 
 and high education, who, distrusting their king, thought to 
 build up better homes for their children in the New World. 
 Their chosen leader was John Winthrop, a man of noble char 
 acter, who continued to be either governor or deputy-gov 
 ernor of the whole colony for twenty years, until his death. 
 
 86. Towns ahout Boston. Reports of the peace and 
 order to be enjoyed in Massachusetts, drew increasing crowds 
 of colonists. Before 1640 many towns were planted: Rox- 
 bury, Dorchester, Lynn, Charlestown, Watertown, and others. 
 
 (55) 
 
56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Shawmut, or Boston/ was chosen, for its "fountain of sweet 
 waters" and its admirable harbor, to be the capital of the 
 colony. Each separate settlement had its town meeting, in 
 which every "freeman" voted for magistrates and delegates 
 to the General Court. Every township was required to 
 maintain a school for reading and writing; every town of a 
 hundred householders must also have a Latin and Grammar 
 School; and heads of families were subject to fines if they 
 failed to have their children and apprentices taught. 
 
 87. Harvard College. A college, 5 the first in the 
 United States, was established at Newtown, whose name was 
 
 now altered to Cambridge, in memory of the En- 
 
 A. D. 1638. ... 
 
 ghsh university-town, where most of the educated 
 men in the colony had spent their years of study. To en 
 dow the new college, all the people brought such things as 
 they had. Those who could do no more, gave a peck of 
 corn yearly. Many gave pieces of silver plate, and one rich 
 man gave a flock of sheep. The Reverend John Harvard 
 bequeathed to it all his books and half his estate, and it has 
 ever since borne his name. The first printing-press 6 within 
 the present limits of the United States was set up in the 
 president s house in 1639. Its first publications were the 
 "Freeman s Oath" and a "New England Almanac." 
 
 88. Settlements on Connecticut River. Reports of 
 the rich lands in the Connecticut Valley soon reached the 
 settlers on the coast. As early as 1633 a company from 
 Plymouth built a fort at Windsor, on that river, and com 
 menced a fur trade with the Indians. Two years later, 
 parties of emigrants from Massachusetts Bay laid the foun 
 dations of Hartford, Wcthersfield, and Springfield. In June 
 of 1636, a hundred persons, led by Rev. Thomas Hooker, 7 
 whose sick wife was carried on a litter beside him, marched 
 through the woods, driving their cattle and flocks to these 
 far western settlements. 
 
RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES, 57 
 
 89. Settlements on Long Island Sound. Two En 
 glish noblemen, Lord Say and Lord Brook, who had them 
 selves thought of settling in America, sent the younger 
 Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, to establish a 
 fort and garrison at the mouth of the Connecticut. (A. D. 
 1635.) It was called Say brook. Guilford, Milford, Stratford, 
 and other towns with English names were soon scattered 
 along the Sound. New Haven* was founded in 1638 by a 
 company of Puritans from England. John Davenport, 9 their 
 pastor, preached to them under a spreading oak. The Bible 
 was their only law-book, and members of the church their 
 only freemen. 
 
 90. Religious Intolerance. Having crossed the ocean 
 at great cost and sacrifice for the sake of enjoying a perfect 
 and peaceful society, the rulers of Massachusetts Bay had no 
 tolerance for opinions different from their own less, indeed, 
 than had the Pilgrims of Plymouth, who had suffered yet 
 more for conscience sake, and knew the hearts of strangers 
 and exiles from their own experience in Holland (75, 76). 
 
 91. The magistrates of Massachusetts Bay held themselves 
 responsible, not only for the orderly conduct, but for the 
 right belief and character of every soul in the colony. 
 They believed that they had gone just far enough in their 
 withdrawal from the English Church. Those who lagged 
 behind them were regarded with suspicion; but their heav 
 iest penalties were reserved for those who went beyond them 
 in the direction of "soul-liberty." 
 
 ga. Roger Williams, 10 the eloquent and faithful young 
 minister of Salem, taught that every man is answerable for 
 his belief to God alone, and that governments have no right 
 to interfere in matters of religion. He insisted, moreover, 
 on the payment of the Indians for their lands, while the 
 rulers claimed that their charter from King Charles was a 
 sufficient title. For these and other differences of opinion, 
 
58 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Williams was exiled from the colony, and, having wandered 
 fourteen weeks in cold and hunger through the wintry forests, 
 
 he reached the lands of the Narragansetts (80). 
 
 Their chief, Canonicus, received him with affec 
 tion, and gave him a tract of land; here, with five compan 
 ions, he began the settlement of Providence^ and "desired 
 it might be a shelter for persons distressed for conscience." 
 
 93. Rhode Island. Many such persons lived in those 
 days, and of them Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, 12 a woman of 
 great gifts and independent spirit, an exile, like Williams, 
 from Massachusetts Bay; William Coddington, a former 
 magistrate of that colony, but a steady opponent of persecu 
 tion; John Clarke, William Aspinwall, and many others re 
 paired to the Narragansett country. They bought the 
 beautiful island of Rhode Island for * forty fathoms of 
 white beads," and there, in 1638, Newport was founded. 
 
 94. The Pequod War. Roger Williams had an early 
 opportunity to do good to those who had wronged him. 
 The settlers in Connecticut had for neighbors the Pequods, 
 the most powerful and hostile of New England savages, who, 
 enraged by the intrusion of the white men, tried to engage 
 the Narragansetts and Mohegans in a league for their de 
 struction. The governor and council of Massachusetts 
 wrote to Williams, who lost not a moment, but, crossing 
 Narragansett Bay during a tempest, in an open boat, met the 
 Pequod chiefs in the wigwam of Canonicus, and, after three 
 days and nights of violent discussion, persuaded th e latter 
 not to grant their request. 
 
 95. The Pequods had to fight the English without aid; 
 and in May, 1637, the destruction of their fort at Stoning- 
 ton by only sixty men from Hartford, led to the extermina 
 tion of their tribe. The few who surrendered themselves 
 were made slaves, and for forty years no serious war 
 troubled the New England settlements. 
 
UNION OF COLONIES. 59 
 
 96. The State of Connecticut. In 1639, Hartford, 
 Windsor, and Wethersfield joined themselves in one state 
 under the first written constitution which was ever framed in 
 America. In 1641 Massachusetts also adopted a "body of 
 liberties," a code of well-tried laws, securing to every per 
 son, whether resident or stranger, prompt and equal justice 
 in the courts. The education of all children, the training of 
 young men in military exercises, and the security of town 
 meetings were among the chief cares of the law-makers. 
 
 97. In 1643 a league of the four governments, Mas 
 sachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth was 
 formed under the name of the United Colonies of New 
 England. Providence and the neighboring settlement on 
 Rhode Island were not admitted, because they refused to be 
 subject to Plymouth. But the League lasted forty years, and 
 was of great importance as a precedent for a more extensive 
 Union. 
 
 98. The Charter of Rhode Island. In 1644, Roger 
 Williams, visiting England, obtained from Parliament a 
 "free and absolute charter of civil government for the plan 
 tations on Narragansett Bay," with full power to rule them 
 selves by such laws as they should find most suitable to 
 their estate and condition." The system chosen was a pure 
 democracy; farmers and shepherds met on the sea-shore or 
 under some spreading tree, and discussed plans for the gen 
 eral good; and though all shades of opinion were represented 
 in the colony, and debate was often violent, the result was 
 one of the most wise, liberal, and merciful governments that 
 the world has seen. No person was ever disquieted or called 
 in question for his religion; the best men were elected to 
 office; and the seal of the new state expressed the principle 
 of its constitution, "Love will conquer all things." 
 
 99. Society of Friends. In 1656 the first "Friends" 
 or "Quakers," 13 arrived at Boston, a people who, notwith- 
 
60 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 standing their pure, peaceful, and upright characters, were 
 destined to be the occasion of great disturbances. They 
 thought it their duty to protest against a paid ministry, civil 
 oaths, military service, and several other established customs 
 of society. Their consciences were, if possible, more exact 
 ing than those of the Puritan rulers, and on these points 
 they were directly opposed to them. When they refused to 
 leave the colony peaceably, they were publicly whipped and 
 sent away; some were imprisoned; four, who persisted in 
 returning after exile, were hanged on Boston Common. 
 Two children, whose parents had been banished, were fined 
 for non-attendance at meeting; being too poor to pay the 
 fine, they were ordered to be sold as slaves in the Barba- 
 does. We are glad to find that no ship-master could be 
 induced to execute the commission, so that the order was 
 never enforced. A large number in every community dis 
 approved, and sometimes protested against acts of intoler 
 ance, so that the sin of persecution can not be charged upon 
 the mass of the people. 
 
 100. John Eliot. The people of New England were, 
 as a rule, both just and merciful toward the Indians. Never 
 a bushel of corn was taken from them without payment; 
 and offenses against them were punished by the courts, if 
 possible with greater severity than if the victims had been 
 whites. Many good ministers were at great pains to teach 
 them the truths of religion: among these the most celebrated 
 was the Reverend John Eliot, 1 - the "Apostle of the In 
 dians." 
 
 101. Praying Indians, He translated the whole Bible, 
 as well as other books, into their native language. As the 
 number of his disciples increased, he gathered them into the 
 villages of Nonantum, Natick, and Neponset, where he taught 
 them to support themselves by useful labor, and to live under 
 civilized laws which he wrote for them out of the Bible. 
 
KING PHILIP S WAR. 61 
 
 These "praying Indians" numbered at one time four thou 
 sand souls. They were never fully trusted, however, by the 
 whites, while they were regarded with suspicion and hatred 
 by their own people. 
 
 102. King Philip s War. Metacom, commonly called 
 Philip, chief of the Pokanokets, did not share his father, 
 Massassoit s, friendship for the whites. He saw them en 
 croaching more and more upon the lands of his people, and 
 in 1674, fourteen years after his accession, the smothered 
 flames of his revenge burst forth. Most of the savage 
 tribes joined him in a grand effort to destroy the English. 
 Terror spread along all the borders of the white settlements 
 from Connecticut to Maine. Farm-houses were surprised, 
 women and little children murdered, and of all the men in 
 the colonies one in twenty fell in battle. The Christian 
 Indians were faithful to their teachers, and warned them re 
 peatedly of the coming danger. But in spite of their in 
 valuable services, it is sad to relate that they were treated 
 with suspicion and contempt, and even murdered by white 
 women who were filled with rage at the sight of a dark 
 face. Eliot and his friend Daniel Gookin, for thirty years 
 Indian superintendent in the Massachusetts colony, pleaded 
 for reason and justice against the popular fury. 
 
 103. On the part of the heathen Indians, it was a war of 
 desperation without hope. Canonchet, chief of the Narra- 
 gansetts, an ally of Philip, was taken and put to death. 
 Philip was driven from his lands; his wife and son were 
 captives. "My heart breaks; now I am ready to die," 
 cried the chief, when he heard of their fate. His own 
 people plotted against him, and he fell by a traitor s bullet. 
 His only son was sold as a slave in the Bermudas. Peace 
 was not restored until 1678, when two thousand Indians had 
 been destroyed, 15 and the scattered remnants of the tribes 
 were unable longer to resist ihe whites. 
 
62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Point, on Map No. 3, to the several towns near Massachusetts Bay. 
 The site of Harvard College. Eight towns in Connecticut. 
 
 Read Palfrey s "History of New England;" Neal s "History of 
 the Puritans." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Salem is a Hebrew word meaning peaceful. The Indian name for the 
 same locality was Naurnkeag. lloger Coriaiit and three companions, 
 " religious, sober, and well affected persons," left the Plymouth colony in 
 1625, and, stopping for awhile on Naiitasket beach, finally settled at 
 Nauiukeag in 1627. Conant was disposed to dispute the authority of En- 
 dicott upon his arrival, but a peaceful adjustment of the controversy was 
 effected ; hence the name, Salem, was chosen. 
 
 2. " Governor Endicott," says Bancroft, " was a man of dauntless 
 courage, and that cheerfulness which accompanies courage; benevolent, 
 though austere; firm, though choleric; of a rugged nature, which his 
 stern principles of non-conformity had not served to mellow." For forty 
 years he played a prominent part in the colonial history of New England. 
 
 3. This royal charter created a corporation styled " The Governor and 
 Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England," and by this instru 
 ment the Massachusetts colony regulated its affairs for more than half a 
 century. The granting of this charter was regarded by the Puritans 
 throughout England as a providential call to them to escape the religious 
 fetters by which they were bound, and to seek new homes in that free land 
 of the west, where they could worship God without restraint. Massachu 
 setts began to be talked about in every Puritan household, and plans were 
 quietly laid by the heads of families to Join the tide of emigration at an 
 early day. These resolute men saw that their long struggle for freedom in 
 England had been a failure, and now their grievances were greater than 
 ever under the tyrannies of Archbishop Laud. Even closer conformity 
 to the Established Church was required ; Puritan clergymen were ejected 
 from their livings, and persecution met them at every turn. These things 
 easily account for the rapid accessions to the Salem colony, and to the 
 others that soon sprang up around the shores of Massachusetts Bay. 
 Within ten years from the arrival of Winthrop s expedition, it is thought 
 no less than 20,000 Englishmen came to America. 
 
 4. Boston. The earliest settlement was made in the fall of 1630 by some 
 of John Winthrop s party, who had first located at Mishawum (now 
 Charlestown). William Blackstone had lived in the vicinity of Shawmut 
 since 1628, .and two other Englishmen had for some time occupied a couple 
 of islands in the harbor; but these were the only white men in the region 
 before Winthrop ame. The settlement was called " Boston," in compli 
 ment to the Rev. John Cotton, who had been vicar in Boston, Lincoln 
 shire, England, from which locality many of the leading colonists had 
 come. 
 
 5. Harvard College. In 1636 the general court of the colony of Mas 
 sachusetts Bay voted " the sum of four hundred pounds to form a school 
 or college." One half the amount was not to be paid until the building 
 was completed. The management of the institution was intrusted to a 
 Board of Overseers. The Jesuit Fathers at Quebec began a structure for a 
 seminary and college in 1637, one year before the foundations of Harvard 
 were laid. 
 
 6. This was not the first printing-press in America. As early as 1535, 
 Catholic priests set up a press in the city of Mexico ; a second one was 
 in operation at Lima, Peru, in 1580. 
 
 7. Thomas Hooker, " the light of the Western Churches," was born in 
 Leicestershire, England, in 1586. He was a cousin of the celebrated divine, 
 Richard Hooker. His sermons being offensive to Archbishop Laud, he 
 was compelled to stop preaching in England, and commenced teaching. 
 For three years he preached with great power to the Puritan refugees at 
 
NOTES. 63 
 
 Delft and Rotterdam. In 1636 he emigrated to New England with his 
 fellow pastors, Cotton and Stone. He and Rev. Mr. Stone were associ 
 ated in their work for several years, both at Newtown (now Cambridge) 
 and Hartford. Hooker died at Hartford in 1647. We cite a few lines from 
 Bancroft touching the pilgrimage of Hooker and his one hundred com 
 panions to their new homes : " Traversing on foot the pathless forest, they 
 drove before them numerous herds of cattle; advancing hardly ten miles 
 a day through tangled woods, across the valleys, swamps, and numerous 
 streams, and over the intervening highlands; subsisting on the milk of 
 the kine, which browsed on the fresh leaves and early shoots ; having no 
 guide through the pathless wild but the compass, and no pillow for their 
 nightly rest but heaps of stones. How did the hills echo with the un 
 wonted lowing of herds? .... Never again was there such a pilgrim 
 age from the seaside to the delightful banks of the Connecticut." 
 
 8. New Haven. The Indian village at this point was Quinnipiack. 
 The colonists paid the natives for a large tract, " twelve coats of English 
 cloth, twelve alchemy spoons, twelve hatchets, twelve hoes, two dozen 
 knives, twelve porringers, and four cases of French knives arid scissors." 
 
 9. John Davenport (&. 1598, d. 1670) preached at New Haven for thirty 
 years, and then removed to Boston. He had been a noted Puritan minis 
 ter in London, and because of the success of his labors in behalf of poor 
 congregations he met with the opposition of Archbishop Laud, and was 
 obliged to flee to Holland. After four years residence there he came to 
 America. He exerted a strong influence in the civil as well as the re 
 ligious affairs of his community. Davenport was an intense contro 
 versialist, but liis integrity and ability are conceded by all who were 
 familiar with his life. 
 
 10. Roger "Williams was born in Wales, about 1606, passed with honors 
 through Oxford University, England, was for a time minister in the Es 
 tablished Church, but soon joined the ranks of the Puritans. He was a 
 fine linguist, being versed in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, besides several 
 modern languages. This bent of his mind led him, soon after his arrival in 
 New England, to study the dialects of the neighboring Indian tribes. He 
 became a master of the speech of the Narragansetts, whose language was 
 understood by all of the Massachusetts Indians and by most of the tribes 
 to the west and south. Williams reached Boston early in 1631, and in a 
 few weeks was called as pastor over the church at Salem. Being a Sepa 
 ratist of most decided views, he had refused to join the church at Boston 
 unless it would publicly repent of having held communion in the past 
 with the Church of England. This defiant stand provoked at once the 
 ire of the council, and the magistrates made it so uncomfortable for him 
 that lie concluded to remove to the Plymouth Colony, where he had 
 reason to believe the right of individual opinion was upheld. Williams 
 remained in Plymouth only two years, however, and then returned to 
 Salem. In 1635 he was banished from the colony by sentence of the Gen 
 eral Court for teaching: 
 
 1st. That the title of the Massachusetts Company, from the king, to its 
 lands, was not valid, but that the Indians were the true owners. 
 
 2d. That it was " not lawful to call a wicked person to swear, [or] to pray, 
 as being actions of God s worship." 
 
 3d. That it was wrong to listen to any of the ministers of the Parish 
 Assemblies in England. 
 
 4th. That the civil power had no authority over the opinions of men. 
 
 A warrant was issued to seize Mr. Williams and convey him to England 
 for trial, but when the officer reached Salem the offending pastor had fled. 
 He went directly among his old friends, the Indians, and was received 
 with kindness by the chiefs. Although Canonicus freely offered him the 
 tract of land on which the colony of Providence was planted, Williams 
 insisted upon paying a fair price for it. He was president of the colony 
 from 1654 to 1657, and from its foundation had been the inspiring genius 
 Of its good fortunes. He was independent in spirit, wise in counsel, bold 
 in action, forgiving in disposition, and upright in principle. A writer of 
 his day judges Roger Williams from "the whole course and tenor of his 
 life arid conduct to have been one of the most disinterested men that ever 
 lived, a most pious and heavenly-minded soul." 
 
 His death occurred at Providence, in 1083. 
 
64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 11. Providence was so called by Roger Williams in recognition of the 
 sustaining Proviilence that had preseryed him amidst so many dangers 
 and trials, and guided him at last to this selected spot. The incorporated 
 name of the colony, according to the royal charter, was " Providence 
 Plantations in Narragansett Bay in New England." 
 
 12. Anne Hutchinson removed from Rhode Island, in 1642, to New 
 Netherlands, and the next year, with all her family but one child, was 
 murdered by the Indians. She was a second-cousin of the poet Dryden. 
 
 13. The Quakers, or Religious Society of Friends, had their origin in 
 the preaching of George Fox, of Leicestershire, England, who was born 
 in 1024 and died in 1691. They were called "Quakers" because Fox ad 
 monished them to tremble at the word of God. Like the Puritans, they 
 were the outgrowth of the independent religious movements of the sev 
 enteenth century. But in their departure from the prescribed worship 
 of the state they were not, like the Puritans, intolerant towards those 
 who did not exactly agree with them. Fox, the founder of the sect, twice 
 visited America, and preached among his followers in this country two 
 years with marked success. The first Quakers who came to Boston were 
 two ladies, Mary Fisher and Ann Austin. Their baggage was broken 
 open and examined, their religious books burned, their persons searched 
 for signs of witchcraft, and both were thrown into prison, although " no 
 token could be found on them but of innocence." For five weeks they 
 were kept shut up in jail, and then banished from the colony. A law 
 was enacted prohibiting the admission of Quakers, and a heavy fine im 
 posed upon any who should keep in his house one of " this accursed 
 sect." A Quaker who should return after banishment was to be "im 
 prisoned, whipped, and otherwise punished ; " should he return again, he 
 was to " lose one ear ; for the- next offense, his other ear; after the third, 
 to have his tongue bored with a red-hot iron." Notwithstanding these 
 barbarous laws, the Quakers continued to come in considerable numbers, 
 although some were executed. They were not afraid of persecutions. At 
 length, under the leadership of William Penn, they established one of 
 the most successful of American colonies. 
 
 14. Many anecdotes are related of John Eliot connected with his mis 
 sionary work among the Indians. He learned the Indian language from 
 a servant in his family. When he first attempted to address the savages, 
 and to teach them concerning God and the Bible, he was asked by one, 
 "How can God understand prayers in the Indian language?" and by 
 another, " How came the world so full of people if they were all once 
 drowned in the flood?" He received a salary of but $250 a year, and 
 nearly all of this he gave to Indians whom he found in want. Know 
 ing the extent of his generosity, the parish treasurer when paying him 
 money would tie it up in his handkerchief with a dozen hard-knots, 
 to prevent Mr. Eliot from giving it away before he got home. On one 
 occasion, just after receiving his pay, he called upon a sick family to 
 share with them his funds, and began to untie the knots successively. 
 But before getting to the money he grew impatient at the delay, and 
 handed over the handkerchief to the mother just as it was, saying, 
 " Here, my dear, take it : I believe the Lord designs it all for you." 
 
 15. "King Philip s "War had lasted for more than a year. Thirteen 
 towns had been destroyed, six hundred buildings burned, countless num 
 bers of stock of all kinds were lost, six hundred rnen killed in fights or 
 murdered, and great numbers disabled by wounds. There was hardly a 
 family without its scar of sorrow. But the power of the Indians in all 
 southern New England was destroyed forever. Some escaped by flight 
 into the western wilds where the white man had not penetrated ; but 
 many small tribes were obliterated ; whole families had perished ; many 
 who were captured were sent to the West Indies, and dragged out the re 
 mainder of their miserable lives as slaves." Bryant. 
 
JH.rtV U.S.Hlt. Map Xo.3. Chaps.IV-XIII 
 
PROGRESS or COECXNIES. 
 
 prior to 1763. 
 33y Hussell JIinman,CJE. 
 
 300 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 NEW NETHERLANDS. THE MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 Hudson on the River. 
 
 104. The Dutch Republic, 1 lately freed from Spain, 
 was during the seventeenth century the foremost maritime 
 nation on the globe. Its trading stations were scattered 
 along the islands and coasts of Asia, and its ships pene 
 trated the remotest seas. In A. D. 1609, the Dutch East 
 India Company 2 commissioned Henry Hudson/ an English 
 captain, to seek for it a nearer passage to Asia than was yet 
 known. Having visited many points on the American coast 
 between Penobscot and Chesapeake bays, Hudson entered 
 what is now the harbor of New York, and found himself 
 at the mouth of a great river flowing between wooded 
 heights to the sea. This he ascended beyond Albany, hop 
 ing to find an entrance to the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 U. S. H. 5. (65) 
 
66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 105. Five years later Adrian Block built on Manhattan 
 Island a small ship called the Unrest, with which he cruised 
 through Long Island Sound, discovered the Housatonic and 
 Connecticut rivers, gave his name to the island which 
 guards the eastern entrance of the Sound, and followed the 
 coast as far as Nahant. By reason of all these discoveries, 
 the land between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod was called 
 New Netherlands, while the noble river which Hudson ex 
 plored has ever since borne his name. 
 
 1 06. A little trading-post, called New Amsterdam, 
 
 was soon established on Manhattan, where now 
 
 A. D. 1613. 
 
 stands the greatest city of the western continent. 
 Another arose, in 1614, upon the present site of Albany, and 
 thither came Mohawks and other Indians to exchange the 
 skins of otter, beaver, and mink for knives, beads, looking- 
 glasses, and, later, the coveted fire-arms. In 1621 a Dutch 
 West India Company 4 was formed, and emigration to New 
 Netherlands was encouraged for purposes of trade. 
 
 107. Like their mother country, the Dutch settlements in 
 America were thrown freely open to persons of all nations 
 and religions; and before long, eighteen languages were 
 spoken in New Amsterdam. The Company especially de 
 sired to secure farmers and laborers, foreigners and exiles, 
 men inured to toil and penury." A free passage from 
 Europe was granted to skilled mechanics. Large tracts of 
 land with many privileges were offered to rich men who 
 would bring out whole colonies at their own expense. Such 
 persons were called patroons? and in time some of them had 
 thousands of tenants on their estates. 
 
 108. Forts and trading-houses were erected on the 
 Delaware and Connecticut rivers, where Camden and Hart 
 ford now stand. But the English refused to rec- 
 
 A. D. 1627. J ... 
 
 ognize any Dutch title in America; though some 
 civilities were exchanged between the rulers of Plymouth 
 
NEW SWEDEN. 
 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 and New Amsterdam, the latter were advised to obtain a 
 title to their lands from King Charles I.; and not only the 
 valley of the Connecticut, but a large part of Long Island 
 was ultimately settled by pilgrims from Massachusetts. 
 
 109. Swedes in America. King Gustavus Adolphus, 
 the greatest and best of Swedish kings, resolved to open for 
 his people a refuge in America from the wars and oppres 
 sions of the Old World. His untimely death on the battle 
 field of Ltitzen 6 delayed the execution of his purpose; but 
 the plan was taken up by his chancellor, Oxenstiern, one 
 of the great men of all time." In the spring of 1638, two 
 vessels bearing a company of Swedes and Finns entered 
 Delaware Bay. 
 
 no. All the lands bordering upon the bay and river, 
 from Cape Henlopen to the falls near Trenton, were bought 
 from the Indians, and named New Sweden} A fort was 
 built within the present limits of Delaware, which received 
 the name of the little queen Christiana. The fame of the 
 mild climate and fertile soil drew fresh arrivals of hardy 
 and industrious people from the frozen shores of the Baltic. 
 
68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 In 1643 Governor Printz 7 removed his residence to Tinicum 
 Island, near the confluence of the Schiiylkill; and neat 
 
 cottages and gardens were 
 soon seen within what are 
 now the suburbs of Phila 
 delphia. 
 
 in. Indian Troubles, 
 
 The people of New Am 
 sterdam and its neighbor 
 hood had much to fear from 
 the Indians, to whom they 
 first sold gin, muskets, and 
 gunpowder, and then treated 
 them so unjustly that they 
 might be sure the weapons 
 would be turned against 
 themselves. Governor Kieft, 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant. 
 
 the third of the Dutch chief 
 
 magistrates, punished the poor savages with wanton cruelty 
 for offenses which his own crimes had provoked. He was 
 recalled in 1647, an d Peter Stuyvesant, 8 a better man and 
 a brave soldier, was sent in his place. 
 
 112. Governor Stuyvesant visited Hartford and made 
 a treaty with the English settlers, which fixed the eastern 
 limit of New Netherlands on the mainland, not far from the 
 present boundary of New York and Connecticut. Half of 
 
 Long Island was ceded to the English. He 
 
 A. D. 1651. 
 
 made peace with the Indians, and to protect the 
 beaver-trade on the Delaware he built a fort on the present 
 site of Newcastle, near the mouth of the Brandywine. 
 
 113. End of New Sweden. The Swedes resented 
 this intrusion, and in 1654, their governor, Rising, over 
 powered the garrison and seized the fort. But Sweden was 
 not strong enough to protect her colony. Stuyvesant soon 
 
THE ENGLISH IN NEW YORK. 69 
 
 appeared with six hundred men, and, sailing up the Dela 
 ware, received the surrender of all the forts without the de 
 struction of a life. The people submitted to Dutch rule, 
 and remained peaceably on their farms. New Sweden had 
 existed seventeen years. 
 
 114. Discontent in the Dutch Colony. Though 
 consciences were free in New Netherlands, the people had 
 no share in the government. Citizenship meant not much 
 more than a license to trade." Taxes were often oppressive. 
 The Director was haughty and obstinate, replying to all re 
 monstrances, that he derived his "authority from God and 
 the West India Company, not from the pleasure of a few 
 ignorant subjects." The English, who were now numerous 
 in the colony, envied the greater freedom of their brethren 
 in Massachusetts; and there were few of any race who 
 would not rather be subjects of England than servants of a 
 trading company. 
 
 115. English Conquest of New Netherlands. 
 
 During a war between England and Holland, an English 
 fleet entered the harbor of New Amsterdam, and demanded 
 a surrender. Stuy vesant had no power to resist ; the citizens 
 had no disposition to aid him. New Amsterdam became 
 New York, and Fort Orange, on the upper Hudson, was 
 named Albany, from the English king s brother, 
 the Duke of York and Albany, to whom the 
 whole region between the Connecticut and the Delaware 
 had been given. 
 
 116. New Jersey. The Duke in his turn bestowed the 
 land between the lower Hudson and the Delaware upon 
 Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. It received its 
 present name from the island in the English Channel, of 
 which Carteret had been governor. Eastern New Jersey, 
 which fell to Carteret s share, was already settled in part by 
 English Puritans. To attract immigrants, perfect freedom 
 
70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of conscience was guaranteed; and the fertile river banks, so 
 easy of access, were soon occupied by industrious and 
 worthy people. 
 
 117. Reconquest by the Dutch. The hope of En 
 glish liberty was not immediately fulfilled to the people of 
 New York. The Duke of York was a tyrant, and the groom 
 of his bed-chamber, Richard Nicolls, whom he appointed to 
 govern the colony, levied taxes at his own will. The people 
 of Long Island complained that they were * deprived of the 
 
 privileges of Englishmen." No one was sorry 
 when a Dutch fleet reappeared in New York 
 Harbor, and the city was quietly surrendered after nine 
 years occupation by the English. The second Dutch rule 
 lasted, however, only fifteen months; for by the treaty of 
 peace between Holland and England, the New Netherlands 
 were permanently ceded to the latter. 
 
 118. England now ruled all the Atlantic coast be 
 tween New France and New Spain; /. e., between Acadia 
 and Florida. Berkeley and Carteret resumed their posses 
 sion of New Jersey. The former, now a very old man, 
 soon sold his half of the territory for $5,000 to an English 
 Quaker, and in 1674 John Fenwick sailed with a large com 
 pany of "Friends" to the eastern bank of the Delaware. 
 A liberal government was established at Burlington, confid 
 ing all power to the people and securing equal rights to 
 every man. East New Jersey was subsequently purchased 
 from the heirs of Carteret by a company of English 
 11 Friends," of whom William Penn 9 was one. 
 
 119. Pennsylvania. In 1681 William Penn obtained 
 from King Charles II. a tract of land west of Delaware 
 River, instead of a large sum of money which the king owed 
 Admiral Penn, his father. The owner of Pennsylvania was 
 invested with sovereign rights; but the Quaker King" 
 desired only to make a free colony for the good and op- 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 pressed of all nations." He had suffered in his own person 
 imprisonment and persecution for conscience sake; and he 
 wished, as he said, to make the "holy experiment" whether 
 perfect justice and good will toward high and low, rich and 
 poor, heathen and Christian, were not a safe and sufficient 
 foundation for a state. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 120. Purchasing land of the Swedes, who had already 
 bought it of the Indians (iio), he laid out 
 Philadelphia, the "city of brotherly love." In 
 
 August of that year it contained only three or four cottages; 
 two years later it numbered 
 six hundred houses, and 
 had a school and a printing- 
 press. The Lenni Lenape 
 of the surrounding region 
 had been so humbled by 
 the Iroquois (24) that they 
 were incapable of making 
 war : their hearts were 
 touched, moreover, by the 
 kind and just words of 
 Penn ; and the treaty which 
 they made with him under 
 the great elm-tree at Shack- 
 amaxon, was " the only In 
 dian treaty never sworn to William Penn. 
 and never broken." 
 
 121. "English freedom" was bestowed upon the 
 Swedes, Finns, and Dutch, who were already numerous in 
 the region. News of the very liberal constitution granted 
 by Penn, drew immigrants not only from Great Britain but 
 from central Europe. "Friends" from Kirchheim, near 
 Worms, settled on lands then six miles from Philadelphia, 
 now forming Germantown. All forms of belief were free in 
 
72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Pennsylvania; superstitions were met by that calm good 
 sense which is their only antidote. Only one trial for witch 
 craft ever took place; the prisoner, a Swede, was acquitted 
 of the charge, though censured for disorderly conduct. (See 
 141-) 
 
 122. Delaware. The Duke of York, an old friend and 
 comrade of Penn s father, conferred upon the son the 
 
 "three lower counties" on Delaware Bay. They 
 
 A. D. 1682. . J J 
 
 were included for nine years in Pennsylvania; but 
 in 1691 a separate governor and assembly were chosen for 
 the "Commonwealth of Delaware." 
 
 123. Duke of York becomes King. In 1685, tne 
 Duke of York became King James II. of England. Penn 
 used all his influence with his royal friend to secure justice 
 for the oppressed, and had the joy of liberating twelve hun 
 dred "Friends" from the noisome English dungeons, where 
 some of them had suffered many years for no other crime 
 than obedience to their consciences. 
 
 124. Ingratitude towards Penn. Though the colonies 
 established by Penn flourished, their proprietor became poor. 
 He had spent all his fortune in the prosecution of his great 
 "experiment." Many settlers refused to pay the moderate 
 rent which he asked, as some little return for all his ex 
 pense; and the liberator of so many prisoners actually went 
 to jail in his old age for debt. 
 
 Trace on Map No. 3 the course of Hudson ; of Block. Point out two 
 Dutch settlements on the Hudson. Two on the Delaware and Con 
 necticut ($108). Long Island. Two Swedish settlements on the Dela 
 ware. The three principal rivers of New Netherlands. Penn s chief 
 city. The capital of West Jersey. The boundaries of Delaware. 
 
 Read Brodhead s "History of New York;" Chapters xxii-xxiv of 
 Bancroft s "History of the United States;" Mrs. Lamb s "History of 
 the City of New York;" "Lives" of William Penn by Clarkson, 
 Weems, and Ellis. 
 
NOTES. 73 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The Dutch Republic, or United Netherlands, in the seventeenth 
 century, embraced the present kingdom of Holland, and a part of Bel 
 gium. The remainder of Belgium constituted the Spanish Netherlands. 
 
 2. The Dutch East India Company was chartered in 1602, with " the 
 exclusive right to commerce beyond the Cape of Good Hope on the one 
 side, and beyond the Straits of Magellan on the other." It had almost 
 unlimited powers in respect of "conquest, colonization, and govern 
 ment," and soon became the greatest trading corporation in the world. 
 
 3. Hudson s first two voyages to the American coast (L607 and 1608) 
 were under the auspices of a company of London merchants, and for the 
 purpose of finding the long-sought north-west passage to Asia. He 
 cruised farther north, along the eastern shores of Greenland, than any 
 navigator before him, and, when his progress was stopped by ice, sailed 
 across the polar seas to Spitsbergen, and vainly tried to reach China 
 through the frozen channel between that arctic island and Nova Zembla. 
 He was not discouraged by these repeated failures, but his countrymen 
 refused the means to carry on other expeditions ; so he offered tosail for the 
 Dutch Company, and his services were accepted. His vessel, the " Half 
 Moon," was a yacht of only eighty tons burthen, and with this small craft 
 he first essayed the " north-east passage " around Nova Zembla. Finding 
 it blocked with ice, as he had the year before, he turned his prow west 
 ward, and, after a stormy voyage of nearly three months, sighted the 
 foggy banks of Newfoundland. Cruising south, he landed first on the 
 Maine coast, then on Cape Cod (which he called New Holland), and, be 
 fore entering New York harbor, explored Delaware Bay. On the 4th of 
 September (1609) a boat s crew from the "Half Moon" landed 011 Congu 
 (Coney) Island. These were the first Europeans known to have been on 
 the shores of New York Bay. In 1610 Hudson made his last voyage to 
 America. He sailed through the straits and discovered the bay which 
 bear his name. His ship, the " Discovery," was caught in the fields of ice. 
 Dissensions and mutiny broke out among his sailors, and they cast Hud 
 son and his son, with seven others, into a small shallop, and set them 
 adrift among the icebergs. Their sad fate was never known, but, the 
 entire party must have perished from cold or starvation. 
 
 4. The Dutch "West India Company was almost, as great a monopoly 
 as the East India Company. Its patent prohibited any citizen of the 
 United Netherlands, for the period of twenty -two years, from sailing to 
 the coasts of Africa or America except in the company s service. It ex 
 ercised all governmental powers over the colonies it established. Besides 
 an immense fleet of merchant vessels, this great company had under its 
 control thirty-two war vessels and eighteen armed yachts. One clause in 
 its charter was that "they must advance the peopling of those fruitful 
 and unsettled parts," and this important feature received the first atten 
 tion of the company. Early in 1623 their first colonists were brought to 
 the shores of Hudson River, called Mauritius River by the Dutch. 
 
 5. The Patroons, or proprietary lords of the early Dutch settlements 
 of New York and New Jersey, were granted remarkable privileges, and 
 clothed with almost princely powers. Provided they would bring a 
 colony of fifty persons to America, they were permitted to select lands 
 having a frontage of sixteen miles along any river bank, and extending 
 back " so far into the country as the situation of the occupiers would per 
 mit." They appointed officers and magistrates to govern the colony, and 
 their sway over the people was absolute. No man or woman could quit 
 the patroon s service until the time of contract had expired, whether 
 treated well or not; and the only privilege which these tenants enjoyed 
 was an exemption from taxation for ten years. 
 
 6. Lutzen is a small town in Prussian Saxony. The battle in which 
 Gustavus Adolphus lost his life, occurred in November, 1632. The Swed 
 ish king, with 20,000 men, was opposed by the great Austrian general, 
 Wallenstein, with an army of 40,000. The tide of battle wavered for some 
 time, when Gustavus Adolphus rode fearlessly to the front to inspirit his 
 
74 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 soldiery. He received a shot in the arm and one in the back ; he fell 
 from his saddle, and, tps foot catching in the stirrup, he was thus dragged 
 by his flying horse. It is thought that the fatal wound in the back was 
 caused by a traitorous cousin in his own ranks. 
 
 7. The first director of New Sweden was Peter Minuit, a Dutchman 
 who had been discharged from office in the New Netherlands settlement. 
 
 Governor Printz was a man of immense size, weighing over four hun 
 dred pounds, a generous liver, and of violent temper. His house, Printz 
 Hall, was an elegant mansion for the times. From his fort on Tinicum 
 Island he stopped every passing vessel, and levied tribute for the priv 
 ilege of trading at any point on the Delaware or Schuylkill rivers. 
 
 8. Peter Stuyvesant was warmly welcomed by the people of New 
 Netherlands when, in 1647, he came as director-general to relieve them 
 from the rule of the despotic Kieft. But it did not take them long to find 
 out that he was as self-willed and violent in temper as his predecessor. 
 He was, however, a man of better judgment and executive ability. He 
 succeeded in making peace with the Indians, and in introducing system 
 and good order in the affairs of government. Stuyvesant was born in 
 Holland in 1002; he lost a leg in a naval attack on the island of St. Martin 
 in 1644, and had it replaced by a wooden one, bound round with silver 
 rings. On account of this he was called by some of his disrespectful sub 
 jects, "old Wooden Leg" or "Silver Leg." He delighted in pomp and in 
 display of authority. As an instance, when he landed at New Amster 
 dam as the new governor of the colony, one of the writers of the time 
 says, he " strutted like a peacock, with great state and pomp ; " and, being 
 met by a deputation of the leading citizens, who took off their hats as a 
 mark of respect, the governor "let them wait bareheaded for several 
 hours, he himself keeping on his hat as if he was the Czar of Muscovy ; 
 nobody was offered a chair, while he seated himself very comfortably on 
 a chair, the better to give the welcomers an audience." 
 
 After surrendering New Netherlands, Peter Stuyvesant lived quietly 
 for eighteen years on his farm, which lay upon both sides of the street 
 now called the Bowery, in New York City. He died at the age of eighty, 
 and his remains are iiow in a vault in St. Marks Episcopal Church, N. Y. 
 
 9. "William Penn was the son of a distinguished English admiral. 
 He was born in London in 1644. From his father he inherited force of 
 character and sprightliness of disposition ; and from his mother, a strong 
 religious temperament. He entered Oxford University at the age of 
 fifteen. During his first year there he heard the preaching of Thomas 
 Lee, an eminent "Friend," and became impressed with his simple doc 
 trines. He grew more and more to dislike the forms and ceremonies of the 
 Anglican Church, and rebelled against the conformity to them required 
 in the University. He refused to wear a surplice himself, and incited a 
 few of his comrades to join him in tearing off the surplices worn by other 
 students. For this he was expelled. During the next few years he 
 traveled in Holland, France, and Ireland, was often presented at court, 
 and led quite a gay life. But again falling in with the Quaker preacher, 
 Lee, he became a convert to his views, and adopted the garb and the pro 
 fessions of the Society of Friends. He gave up his luxurious habits of 
 living, and began zealously to speak and write in favor of the new doc 
 trines. He was thrown into prison for heresy, but improved the time 
 passed in his cell by writing more vigorously than ever. He was a man 
 of strong conscientious convictions, and without a particle of fear. On 
 the death of his father in 1070, William Penn came into possession of a 
 large estate. The grant to Penn comprised 40,000 square miles in the wil 
 derness of America, which King Charles named Pennsylvania. Penn 
 wished to call the territory New Wales or Sylvania, but the king replied 
 that he was "godfather to the country, and would bestow the name." 
 
 When James II. was deposed and in exile (A. D. 1692), William Penn 
 was accused of treasonable correspondence with him. On the strength 
 of this charge, his title to Pennsylvania was annulled; but a long and 
 severe trial proved his innocence, and his flourishing province in the 
 New World was restored to him. The business embarrassments of his 
 later life affected his health and spirits. In" 1712 a stroke of apoplexy 
 greatly impaired his mind ; though his death, in Berkshire, did riot occur 
 until six years later. 
 
^ \ B R A - ATS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERs/TY 1 
 
 ^UFORNAL 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS. THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 125. Important changes took place in England during 
 the seventeenth century, which had their influence in 
 America. The Puritans (74, 75, Note i., p. 53) were 
 now a majority of the great middle class of the people and 
 of Parliament. They were the party of freedom in civil as 
 well as religious matters, and they soon came into collision 
 with Charles I., the second of the Stuart kings, whose ideas 
 of royal authority were as absolute as his father s (74). 
 To escape their opposition, he tried for many years to rule 
 without a parliament, and to support his government by 
 forced loans. Want of money compelled him, however, to 
 summon the representatives of the people, and he found 
 them even less obedient than before. 
 
 126. Civil War in England at length broke out 
 Multitudes of families sought peace and security in America. 
 The king, after many defeats, was taken pris 
 oner, tried, condemned, and beheaded. The 
 
 last parliament which he summoned, voted itself perpetual 
 by an act which the king signed. It is hence called the 
 Long Parliament, for it continued in session twelve years. 
 It contained many warm friends of the New England colo 
 nies; but the latter were careful to ask no favors, lest they 
 should confess themselves dependent. 
 
 127. Oliver Cromwell, 1 the head of the army, at length 
 dissolved the Long Parliament, and made himself chief ruler 
 of England with the title of Lord Protector of 
 
 0, r- i i j A - D - l6 53-i6 5 8 
 
 the Commonwealth. He was a great man, and 
 
 England was never more respected than when governed by 
 
 (75) 
 
7 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 him. But the power of the Commonwealth ended with his 
 life; for his son Richard, who inherited his title, had not 
 the strength to keep it. 
 
 128. In 1660 Charles II. 2 was called to occupy his 
 father s throne. He came with grand ideas of his powers 
 and privileges as a king, and in four years gave away half 
 of North America to men who had shared his exile or 
 helped in his restoration. During the same years several 
 new Navigation Acts gave to English merchants all the bene 
 fit of colonial trade. No goods could reach the colonies 
 except in English ships; even the exchanges of one colony 
 with another were loaded with heavy duties. Americans 
 could buy foreign goods only in England, and must sell in 
 England all their products which the English merchants 
 would take; the rest must be sold "south of Cape Finis- 
 terre," so as to compete as little as possible with the interests 
 of the mother-country. Under such ungenerous restrictions, 
 it is needless to say, American merchants had little chance 
 of success, for they bore all the risks and losses, while re 
 ceiving scarcely any of the profits of European trade. 
 
 129. Conflicting Grants. Probably the years of the 
 king s exile had not been devoted to the study of geogra 
 phy, for while restoring Acadia to the French he renewed a 
 grant of Nova Scotia to Sir Thomas Temple, who had suc 
 ceeded the original proprietor (83). He bestowed upon 
 Connecticut now made to include Saybrook and New 
 Haven all the land between Narragansett River and the 
 Pacific Ocean, together with a new and very liberal charter; 
 and at the same time he gave to his brother, the Duke of 
 York, the tract between the Delaware and Connecticut 
 riverg. (See 115.) Wiser men than King Charles had as 
 yet no true idea of the breadth of the American continent, 
 and the boundary lines of several colonies, extending from 
 ocean to ocean, were hopelessly entangled. It was under 
 
NOR TH AND SO UTH CAR OLINA. 7 7 
 
 the charter of Charles II. that Connecticut originally held 
 the lands in Ohio, since known as the "Western Reserve," 
 which afforded the basis of her school-fund. 
 
 130. The Carolinas. 3 Hitherto both French (44-47) 
 and English (51-54) had failed to make any lasting settle 
 ments in the southern half of the United States. In 1663 
 Charles II. granted to eight of his courtiers 4 the whole vast 
 country southward of Virginia, and extending beyond the 
 Mississippi on the west. Here the English dukes and earls 
 resolved to set up an empire with all the parade of ranks 
 and ceremonies to which they were accustomed in Europe. 
 To this end, John Locke, 5 the great philosopher, together 
 with Lord Shaftesbury, drew up a "Grand Model" of gov 
 ernment. The country was divided, on the map, into 
 provinces of nearly half a million acres, each to be governed 
 by a landgrave, with a whole order of nobles under him. 
 No settler was to vote unless he owned fifty or more acres 
 of land; the tillers of the soil were to be serfs, and beneath 
 them were slaves. 
 
 131. The "Model" proved to be too "grand" for the 
 woods and marshes of the American wilderness. The farm 
 ers and lumbermen near Albemarle Sound, while awaiting 
 the arrival of their baronial lords, struck out a plan of gov 
 ernment better suited to their present needs; and the pro 
 prietors at last consented to its adoption, only reserving to 
 themselves an annual rent of a half-penny per acre, and the 
 right to appoint two governors, the one for the northern, the 
 other for the southern part of the territory. 
 
 132. The Albemarle settlement, though within the original 
 limits of Virginia, was now made the nucleus of North 
 Carolina. Its first governor was William Drummond, a 
 Scotchman and a sincere lover of liberty, who afterwards 
 lost his life in Bacon s Rebellion (69). Its numbers were 
 increased by emigrants from New England, and by a colony 
 
78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of ship-builders from the Bermudas. A company from Bar- 
 badoes settled on the south bank of the Cape Fear River, 6 
 and prospered so well in the exportation of staves, shingles, 
 and boards to the islands whence they came, that in 1666 
 they numbered eight hundred souls. 
 
 133. The first settlement 7 in South Carolina was 
 
 planted by the proprietors themselves, who sent out three 
 shiploads of emigrants in 1670, at their own expense. After 
 one or two experiments a site was chosen at the confluence 
 of the Ashley and Cooper rivers; and in the midst of 
 ancient forests, brightened in the spring by yellow jasmine, 
 a little village was begun which received the name of 
 Charleston in honor of the king. 
 
 134. French Colonists The genial climate attracted 
 crowds of settlers. 8 Among others were thousands of 
 French Protestants, 9 whose own land was made intolerable 
 by persecution, though, strangely enough, they were for 
 bidden to leave it under penalty of death. Their industry, 
 intelligence, and high moral character were what the new 
 colony most needed, and their gentleness and refinement of 
 manners made a lasting impression upon the society of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 135. Their plantations of pears, olives, and mulberry trees 
 soon extended along the Cooper and Santee rivers. Rice 
 was introduced from Madagascar, and was found well suited 
 to the lowlands; indigo flourished, and cotton at a later day 
 became the most important staple. The heat of the sum 
 mers made labor in the forests and rice-swamps fatal to 
 white men, and negroes 10 were imported in greater numbers 
 than to any other colony. In a few years they constituted 
 nearly two thirds of the population. 
 
 136. Monmouth s Rebels. In 1685 Charles II. died, 
 and his brother, the Duke of York, became King James the 
 Second. His nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, rebelled 
 
ANDROS AS ROYAL GOVERNOR. 79 
 
 against him and tried to seize the crown. The movement 
 was put down, and its leader beheaded, but a cruel venge 
 ance was taken upon all who were suspected of having part 
 in it. Hundreds were sold as indented servants to work 
 in the tobacco fields of Virginia, and their wealth, with the 
 price paid for them, went to enrich the king s courtiers. 
 But Virginia was more merciful than her sovereign. In 
 1689 these exiles were set free, and many of them became 
 honored citizens of the colony. 
 
 137. Covenanters in New Jersey. King James s 
 persecutions of the Covenanters 11 in Scotland led thousands 
 of worthy people to emigrate to New Jersey. Here, instead 
 of being hunted among dens and caves of the mountains, 
 they went to work in peace and security upon fertile fields; 
 schools and churches multiplied, and it was soon said 
 "there is not a poor body, nor one that wants, in all the 
 colony." 
 
 138. Andros as Royal Governor. As duke, James 
 had unwillingly granted a free constitution to his province 
 of New York; but becoming king, he took it away, and 
 forced the people to buy new titles to their farms from his 
 agents. After several changes he intrusted Sir 
 
 A. D. 1686. 
 
 Edmund Andros 12 with the government of all the 
 country from the Delaware to the St. Croix. Boston, then 
 the "largest English town in the New World," was the 
 capital of one great despotism. All discussion in town- 
 meetings was forbidden; public funds for schools and char 
 ities were confiscated; and when it was represented that 
 the new and enormous taxes would ruin the colonies, the 
 oppressors answered, "It is not for his Majesty s interest 
 you should thrive." 
 
 139. Lost Charters. The great seal of Rhode Island 
 was broken, and its government overthrown. The charter 
 of Connecticut was demanded by Andros in person. It 
 disappeared during the discussion, and is said to have been 
 
8o HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 concealed in the hollow trunk of an old oak, 13 which stood 
 nearly two centuries later, a beloved and venerated relic of 
 colonial times. Andros wrote Finis at the end of the 
 records of Connecticut, but happily his power, like his 
 master s, was short-lived. The revolution which ended the 
 short reign of James, restored some degree of order and 
 freedom to the colonies (A. D. 1689). 
 
 Point out on Map No. 3 the various territories granted by Charles II. 
 The first city in South Carolina. The limits of Andres s government. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Oliver Cromwell was born A. D. 1599, and died in 1658. His is one 
 of the great names in history. Cromwell s military genius and practical 
 statesmanship are admitted even by his enemies. Never," says Macau- 
 lay, " was any ruler so conspicuously born for sovereignty. Insignificant 
 
 3 was a still g 
 
 His personal ambi 
 tion was great, but he refused kingship when it was offered to him. Yet 
 Cromwell s rule was as absolute as any king s: his word was law through 
 out his reigu. During the persecution of English Puritans by Charles I., 
 Cromwell and Hampden are said to have taken passage for America; 
 but, being discovered on board the vessel before starting, they were or 
 dered by the king to disembark. In after years the lord-protector took 
 great interest in the Puritan colonies of the New World, and proffered 
 them aid against the encroachments of the New Netherlanders. 
 
 2. Upon the accession of Charles II. to the throne of England, the 
 Massachusetts colonists appealed to him " as a king who had seen adver 
 sity, and who, having himself been an exile, knew the hearts of exiles." 
 They besought him for " a continuance of civil ami religious liberties," 
 and in response King Charles wrote a letter assuring them of his good 
 will. He granted them amnesty for past offenses, and urged them to re 
 peal all laws which might be opposed to his royal authority. The Nav 
 igation Acts bore heavily upon the people of New England, and they sent 
 agents to remonstrate with Charles against the injustice of such laws. 
 But the constant infringement of their charter of liberties, under the 
 open sanction of the king, was hardest to be borne. All entreaty, how 
 ever, was in vain. In 1684 the Massachusetts charter was declared to be 
 forfeited. Charles II. was ever ready with pleasant promises, but few of 
 them were kept. He was supremely selfish and impure in character. 
 His reign was one of the most corrupt in English history. He died of 
 apoplexy in 1685. 
 
 3. Carolina. A grant of the "Province of Carolana" was made by 
 Charles I. in 1630, to Sir Robert Heath, who afterwards disposed of his 
 title to Lord Maltravers. The owners of this claim disputed the rights 
 of the courtiers of Charles II. under their charter of 1663. The Virginia 
 Assembly had made numerous trading grants along the Roanoke River 
 and Albemarle Sound as early as 1643, and a few years later some New 
 England colonists selected tracts of land on the Cape Fear and Chowan 
 rivers. These conflicting claims were the cause of much unpleasant feel 
 ing in the early days of the Carolinas. 
 
 4. The Earl of Clarendon, the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, Lord 
 Ashley Cooper, Sir John Colleton, Lord John Berkeley, Sir William Berk 
 eley, and Sir George Carter. 
 
 5. John Locke was born in 1632 and died in 1704. He attended the 
 University at Oxford. His great philosophical treatise is an " Essay on 
 
NOTES. 8 1 
 
 the Human Understanding." Locke s system of philosophy became at 
 once widely popular, and exerted a marked influence upon the thought 
 of the civilized world. 
 
 6. This settlement was probably about twenty-five miles from the 
 mouth of Cape Fear River. It was called Charles-town. Sir John Yea- 
 mans was chosen governor of the province called Clarendon, which ex 
 tended as far south as the St. John s River in Florida. 
 
 7. This settlement was under the direction of Captain William Sayle 
 and Joseph West. Both were afterwards governors of South Carolina. 
 The vessels landed first at Port Royal, at that time the best known harbor 
 on the coast, and then sailed to a point a few miles up the Ashley River, 
 "the first high land that seemed convenient for tillage and pasturing." 
 Here the immigrants planted a town and built log houses. The site did 
 not prove advantageous, and it was not many years before all the settlers 
 had removed to the present location of Charleston. 
 
 8. Several ship-loads of Dutch emigrants came from Holland and from 
 New Amsterdam ; a company of hardy and intelligent Scotchmen sought 
 new homes in South Carolina; and large numbers of English, both 
 Churchmen and Dissenters, swelled the tide of emigration. The king of 
 England sent out, at his own expense, a small band of Protestant work 
 men to introduce the productions of southern Europe. 
 
 9. These were Huguenots. A century before this the great Huguenot 
 leader Coligiiy (44) had selected the shores of Carolina as a place of 
 refuge for their persecuted ancestors. During the three years, 1686-1688, 
 one million inhabitants are believed to have fled from France because of 
 the persecutions by Louis XIV. Besides those who came to America, 
 thousands went to England, Switzerland, and Holland. 
 
 10. Negro slaves were brought to the first plantations on Ashley 
 River in 1671. 
 
 11. The Covenanters, or Cameronians, were a sect of Presbyterian 
 dissenters in Scotland who rebelled against the use of the liturgy which 
 King James I. had forced upon them. In 1638 they entered into a covenant 
 "in behalf of true religion and freedom of the kingdom." Five years 
 later they formed a new covenant far bolder and more sweeping in its 
 terms than the first. They held firmly to their avowed principles 
 throughout the reigns of James II. and Charles II., and by their tenacity 
 incurred the displeasure of these sovereigns. In 1650 Charles himself, 
 when in exile, had signed the covenant for the sake of gaining popu 
 larity and regaining the crown ; but after the Restoration he shamefully 
 broke the covenant and cruelly persecuted the Covenanters. Richard 
 Cameron was the founder of this sect. 
 
 12. Sir Edmund Andros was governor of New York from 1674 to 1682; 
 of New England from 1686 to 1689; and of Virginia from 1692 to 1698. His 
 appointment as governor-general was very displeasing to the Puritans. 
 His first acts were arbitrary, and he enforced them rigidly. Not only in 
 civil affairs, but in matters pertaining to worship, did he violate the long 
 established customs of the people. He decreed that no marriage should 
 be regarded as legal unless the ceremony was performed by a minister of 
 the Church of England. His rule became so oppressive that the pe9ple of 
 Boston could endure it no longer, and they deposed him by force of arms. 
 He was arrested, and twice escaped from prison, but both times was re 
 captured. He was permitted after awhile to return to England. The 
 private character of Governor Andros was not bad, and his despotic acts 
 were simply the fulfillment of the policy of his king. 
 
 13. Charter Oak. This famous tree stood on the grounds of Samuel 
 Wallys in Hartford, and was blown down during a severe storm in 1856. 
 It was in 1687 that Governor Andros appeared with a band of soldiers, and 
 commanded the General Court to deliver to him the royal charter of Con 
 necticut. Governor Treat eloquently argued the rights of his people to 
 their charter, which had been endeared to them by so many hardships 
 and sufferings in its defense. The instrument was in a box on the table 
 in front of him while he spoke. Suddenly the candles were put out, and 
 in the darkness and confusion Captain Wadsworth, of Hartford, seized 
 the box and bore the precious charter safely to the hollow oak, where it 
 remained for a long time. 
 
 U. S. H.-6, 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 
 
 VIRGINIA. Settled first at Jamestown, 1607. 
 
 NEW YORK. Settled first at New York (by the Dutch) 1614; be 
 came English, 1664. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. Settled first at Plymouth, 1620; at Salem, 1629. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Settled first at Portsmouth, 1623; became a royal 
 province, 1675. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. Settled first at Windsor, 1633; at New Haven, 1638. 
 
 MARYLAND. Settled first at St. Mary s, 1634. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. Settled first at Providence, 1636; at Newport, 
 1638. 
 
 DELAWARE. Settled first at Christiana (by Swedes), 1638; granted 
 to Penn, 1682. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. Settled first near Philadelphia, 1643; granted to 
 Penn, 1 68 1. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. Settled first near Albemarle Sound, 1663. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Settled first at Elizabethtown, 1665. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. Settled first at Charleston, 1670. 
 
 GEORGIA. Settled first at Savannah, 1733. 
 
 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS DURING THE FIRST COLONIAL PERIOD. 
 
 ELIZABETH, A. D. 1558-1603, authorized adventures of Frobisher, 
 Davis, Drake, Gilbert, and Raleigh $$50-54). 
 
 JAMES I., A. D. 1603-1625, gave charters to the London and Plym 
 outh companies; made laws for Virginia; wrote a "Counterblast" 
 against tobacco; offended English Puritans, who took refuge in Hol 
 land and America ($$55, 74-76). 
 
 CHARLES I., A. D. 1625-1649, gave charter to Massachusetts and 
 proprietary patent for Maryland ; at the end of civil war with Parlia 
 ment, was condemned and beheaded (70, 85, 125, 126). 
 
 CHARLES II., A. D. 1660-1685, gave popular charters to Connecticut 
 and Rhode Island ; proprietary patents for all the country east of the 
 Kennebec, and west and south of the Connecticut as far as Florida and 
 the Mississippi; renewed "Navigation Acts" which bore heavily on 
 the colonies ($$128-130). 
 
 JAMES II., A. D. 1685-1688, as Duke of York, proprietor of eastern 
 Maine, New York, and New Jersey ; as king, sends Andros to govern 
 all the colonies east of the Delaware ({$122, 123, 129, 136, 139). 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART I. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. What is known concerning the Mound Builders? 1-4 
 
 2. How did men first reach America? 5 
 
 3. Describe the cruises of the Icelanders. 6-10 
 
 4. Sketch the main physical features of the United States. 12-19 
 
 5. Sketch the appearance, customs, and tribal divisions of 
 
 the North American Indians. 20-29 
 
 6. What led to the re-discovery of America? 30, 31 
 
 7. Tell the story of Columbus. 32-36 
 
 8. Describe the consequent maritime adventures of En 
 
 glish, Portuguese, and Spaniards. 37~4 
 
 9. Describe the inland explorations of Narvaez, De Soto, 
 
 and Coronado. 41, 42 
 
 10. French adventures and early attempts at settlement. 43-46 
 
 11. What was done in New York by Champlain and the 
 
 French missionaries? 47 
 
 12. Describe the Spanish explorations and settlements in 
 
 the south-west. 48 
 
 13. Describe the English voyages and vain attempts at set 
 
 tlement. 4954 
 
 14. Describe the first English colony that kept its ground. 55~62 
 
 15. How was Virginia governed ? 63-67 
 
 1 6. Tell the story of Bacon s rebellion. 68, 69 
 
 17. Describe the foundation and government of Maryland. 7~73 
 
 1 8. Describe the movements of English Puritans and Inde 
 
 pendents. 74-76 
 
 19. Describe the foundation of the Plymouth Colony. 77~8l 
 
 20. Describe the settlements east of the Merrimac. 82, 83 
 
 21. Describe the beginnings of Massachusetts and Harvard 
 
 College. 84-87 
 
 22. Describe the beginning of Connecticut. 88, 89 
 
 23. Describe the beginning of Rhode Island. 92, 93 
 
 24. How were religious differences regarded in Massachu 
 
 setts? 9-94> 99 
 
 25. Describe the Pequod War. 94, 95 
 
 (83) 
 
8 4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 30. 
 
 32. 
 33- 
 34- 
 35- 
 
 36. 
 37- 
 
 38. 
 
 How were the several colonies governed ? 
 
 How were Indians treated and regarded ? 
 
 Describe King Philip s War. 
 
 What was done by the Dutch in exploring and 
 
 occupying New Netherlands ? 
 What by the Swedes ? 
 What changes were made under Governors Kieft 
 
 and Stuyvesant ? 
 
 How was New Jersey first settled ? 
 On what principles was Pennsylvania founded ? 
 What other state belonged to Penn ? 
 What changes occurred in England during the 
 
 seventeenth century ? 
 What was done by King Charles II. ? 
 Describe the settlement and government of the 
 
 Carolinas. 
 Describe the character and policy of James II. 
 
 Section 
 
 96,98 
 
 100-102 
 
 1 02, 103 
 
 104-108 
 109, 1 10 
 
 111-115 
 
 116, 118, 137 
 119-121 
 
 122 
 
 125-127 
 
 128-130 
 
 117, 136-139 
 
PART II. GROWTH OF THE COLONIES. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PARLIAMENTARY RULE. 
 
 140. Revolution in England. James II. had been 
 King of England only three years when the Whig or liberal 
 party, grown strong by his tyrannies, called his son-in-law 
 and daughter, the Prince and Princess of Orange, to super 
 sede him on the throne. The accession of 
 
 A. D. 1688. 
 
 William and Mary was hailed with great joy 1 by 
 the people of New England, who hastened to throw off the 
 hated government of Andros and resume all their chartered 
 rights. A new charter, which was granted in 1690, incor 
 porated the "Old Colony" of Plymouth with Massachusetts, 
 and added to the latter all the country between the eastern 
 boundary of New Hampshire and the St. Lawrence. 
 
 141. Salem Witchcraft. 2 One or two towns in Mas 
 sachusetts became about this time the victims of a strange 
 delusion. All the world then believed in the possibility of 
 possession by evil spirits. The witch usually some help 
 less and harmless old woman was supposed to issue from 
 her chimney at night, and ride on a broomstick or on the 
 wings of the wind to some assembly of demons. The 
 accused found it impossible to prove their innocence; for 
 envy and spite seized the opportunity afforded by the pre 
 vailing panic, and even religion, commonly the protector of 
 the wronged, was now enlisted against them. . 
 
 142. Twenty innocent persons were put to death as 
 
 (85) 
 
86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 witches, and fifty-five more were saved only by false con 
 fessions extorted by torture, before the people awoke from 
 their horrid dream. Then Justice Sewall, who had pro 
 nounced sentence against some of the accused, made public 
 confession of his error in the Old South Church at Boston, 
 and to the end of a long life the good man never failed to 
 renew this act of penitence at each annual Fast- day. 
 
 143. Death of Leisler. The Dutch people of New 
 York were rejoiced at the accession of their countryman, 
 the Prince of Orange. In the absence of Andros and his 
 lieutenant, they made Jacob Leisler their chief magistrate 
 until instructions could be received from England. On the 
 arrival of Sloughter, the new governor, with a commission 
 from William III., Leisler sent to surrender the fort. But 
 Sloughter chose to consider him as a traitor, and in an hour 
 of drunkenness signed a warrant for his execution. All the 
 other colonies willingly acknowledged William and Mary as 
 their sovereigns. 
 
 144. The English Revolution settled three important 
 principles for all English-speaking nations: that a bad king 
 may rightly be deposed; that Parliament may alter and 
 decide the succession to the throne; and in general, that 
 governments exist for the benefit of the people, and not for 
 the selfish advantage of their rulers. The establishment of 
 this last principle was a long step toward that greater revo 
 lution which made the United States independent of Great 
 Britain; but for a time they were subject to a more irksome 
 despotism than before, namely, that of the English Parlia 
 ment. 
 
 145. Board of Trade. In 1696 colonial matters were 
 intrusted to a "Board of Trade and Plantations," consisting 
 of five high officers of the crown and eight special commis 
 sioners. This Board was to study how to * make the col 
 onies most useful and beneficial to England;" to revise the 
 
ENGLAND S COLONIAL SYSTEM. 87 
 
 acts of the provincial governments, and see how all their 
 money was expended. 
 
 146. Plans for Union. For the sake of the common 
 defense, the Board recommended a closer union of the col 
 onies. Postal service, already existing between Boston and 
 New York, was now extended, and letters could be carried 
 eight times in the year from Philadelphia to the Potomac! 
 William Penn drew up a plan for the union of the American 
 states by means of a general congress. But the time had 
 not come for union. If it had been effected then, it would 
 have been under a military despotism. 
 
 147. The Mercantile System," which was already 
 ruining the colonies of Spain, was now adopted in its, full 
 force by England. The Navigation Acts (128) were re 
 newed and stringently enforced. England was to be the 
 only market and the only storehouse for colonial commerce. 
 Wool, being the staple export of England, was forbidden to 
 be carried out of any colony upon horse, cart, or ship. 
 Even a sailor in want of clothes must not buy more than 
 forty shillings worth in any American port, and even this 
 small purchase was soon forbidden. Not a pine tree could 
 be felled on common lands except by the king s license. 
 Later, all iron-works were prohibited. 
 
 148. Courts of Admiralty. As colonial juries would 
 not pronounce men guilty for evading laws like these, new 
 "Courts of Admiralty" were established to try all offenses 
 against the Navigation Laws. Among the greatest injuries 
 inflicted by Parliament upon the southern colonies was the 
 forced increase of the slave trade. Virginia and Carolina 
 made repeated attempts in their popular assemblies to stop 
 the importation of negroes from Africa. But Queen Anne, 
 the successor of William III., was, by the terms of her 
 treaty 3 with Spain, the greatest slave-merchant in the world. 
 Many English lords and capitalists, also, had large shares in 
 
88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the traffic; and for their advantage Parliament reversed the 
 acts of the colonial assemblies, and forced every American 
 port to receive men as merchandise. 
 
 149. Literary Progress. The twelve colonies now 
 numbered about two hundred thousand people. At the ac 
 cession of Queen Anne, in 1702, they had three colleges: 
 Harvard in Massachusetts, Yale in Connecticut, and William 
 and Mary in Virginia. There was jio newspaper printed as 
 yet upon the western continent; but in 1704 the Boston 
 News Letter, the first American journal, was established. It 
 was a small sheet which merely reported facts and never 
 meddled with opinions. There were but two public libraries 
 in the whole country; one was in Massachusetts and the 
 other in South Carolina. 
 
 150. Georgia. One more state was yet to be added to 
 the cluster of English colonies on the Atlantic. The great 
 proprietors of the Carolinas (see 130), weary of endless dis 
 putes with the people concerning rents, taxes, and political 
 rights, surrendered their claims to the crown. A part of 
 the surrendered territory was bestowed by King George II. 
 on General Oglethorpe 4 " in trust for the poor." Oglethorpe 
 was not only a famous soldier, but a good and benevolent 
 man. As a member of Parliament, his attention was called 
 to the wretched condition of persons imprisoned for debt 
 under then-existing laws of England. Their sufferings 
 seemed to him needless as well as cruel, while the great, 
 rich lands of America were lying untenanted; and he re 
 solved to open in the New World a refuge for the unfortu 
 nate of every name. 
 
 151. He himself came over with the first settlers, and 
 
 lived for a year in a tent, where he afterwards 
 
 laid out the broad avenues and spacious squares 
 
 of Savannah. The colony was named Georgia, in honor 
 
 of the king. The neighboring Indians were justly treated, 
 
OGLETHORPE IN GEORGIA. 
 
 89 
 
 and they repaid the kindness of Oglethorpe by the same 
 loving fidelity which their northern brethren had shown to 
 Penn. German Lutherans and Moravians, Swiss Calvinists, 
 and Scotch Covenanters were among the early settlers of 
 Georgia. 
 
 152. So long as he remained with the colony, Oglethorpe 
 refused to admit either slaves 
 
 or rum, though the latter 
 would have been received 
 at a great profit in exchange 
 for the pine-timber which 
 was the chief natural wealth 
 of Georgia. The great En 
 glish preachers, John 5 and 
 Charles Wesley, who visited 
 America in 1736, strongly 
 opposed negro slavery; but 
 Whitefield, 6 a no less cele 
 brated preacher, whose won 
 derful eloquence swayed all 
 hearts, approved and recom 
 mended it; and after Ogle 
 thorpe s departure African servants were soon introduced. 
 
 153. Spain, meanwhile, claimed the whole territory of 
 Georgia as her own (45). Foreseeing war, Oglethorpe 
 built forts at Augusta, at Darien, and at Frederica, and 
 brought a regiment of soldiers from England. War was 
 declared in Europe in 1739; and in the following winter 
 General Oglethorpe invaded Florida, captured two fortified 
 posts, and besieged St. Augustine, though without success. 
 In return the Spaniards invaded Georgia, but after a severe 
 defeat at Bloody Marsh, on St. Simon s Island, they sailed 
 away to Florida with their forces much diminished. 
 
 154. In 1743 Oglethorpe left the colony which he had 
 
 James Oglethorpe. 
 
90 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 spent ten years in founding, and returned to England, where 
 for forty years he was known as a warm friend of America. 
 Considered as an institution of charity, Georgia was not 
 altogether a success: the people who had failed to support 
 themselves in England, had seldom the courage and industry 
 needed for life in the wilderness. Happily, more energetic 
 settlers were not wanting, and Georgia became in time one 
 of the richest and most thriving colonies. 
 
 Point out on Map No. 3 the enlarged boundaries of Massachusetts 
 (g 140). Savannah. St. Augustine. Augusta. Darien and Frederica. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. King William had always been opposed to France and to Cathol 
 icism, and as the conquest of New France was now the great ambition of 
 New England, it was hoped by the latter that a common sentiment 
 would unite England and the northern colonies. 
 
 2. The spread of this delusion among the intelligent classes is almost 
 incredible. It was not confined to America, but had a much wider prev 
 alence in France. Switzerland, and Germany. In England and Scotland 
 four thousand witches were put to death during the seventeenth century. 
 Among the most ruthless opponents of witchcraft in the colonies was the 
 Reverend Cotton Mather, then a young minister, whose remarkable 
 learning gave a fatal importance to his opinions. His book, entitled 
 " Wonders of the Invisible World," was approved both by the governor of 
 the state and by his father, the president of Harvard. 
 
 3. In the words of the treaty: "Her Britannic Majesty does offer and 
 undertake, by persons whom she shall appoint, to bring into the West 
 Indies of America belonging to his Catholic Majesty in the space of thirty 
 years, one hundred and forty-four thousand negroes, at the rate of four 
 thousand eight hundred in each of the said thirty years." It was further 
 agreed that the exclusive slave-trade of all Spanish America, as well as of 
 the British possessions, should be in the Queen s hands. 
 
 4. James Edward Oglethorpe was born in London in 1688, and 
 entered the army at the age of fourteen. He served against the Turks in 
 1710- 17, and in 1722 was elected to Parliament, holding his seat for thirty- 
 two years. Oglethorpe returned to England from America in 1743, and 
 served as major-general against the Pretender in 1745. In 1765 he was 
 made General of all His Majesty s forces, when he retired upon half-pay. 
 His death occurred in 1785. 
 
 5. John Wesley (6. 1703, d. 1791) was the founder of Methodism. He 
 graduated at Oxford in 1727, and the following year was ordained priest 
 in the English Church. From 1729 to 1735 he was an instructor at Oxford, 
 where he became the leader of a set of pious young men, who were de 
 risively called " Methodists," from their methodical mode of living. In 
 1735, Oglethorpe persuaded Wesley to go to Georgia as a missionary. He 
 was accompanied by his brother Charles and two Oxford friends; his 
 principal object being the conversion of the Indians. It was upon this 
 journey that Wesley met with some Moravian missionaries, who so im 
 pressed him that, immediately upon his return to England, he com 
 menced the study of their doctrines, which finally led to his establishing 
 the Methodist Church. 
 
 6. George Whitefield (6. 1714, d. 1770), an associate of the Wesleys at 
 Oxford, was the most remarkable preacher of his day, his audiences fre 
 quently numbering ten thousand persons. He was deeply interested in 
 extending Methodist doctrines, and visited the American colonies 110 less 
 than seven times, preaching wherever he went. His death, from, asthma, 
 occurred at Newburyport, Mass. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 FRENCH COLONIES. 
 
 155. While Englishmen 
 thus occupied the Atlantic 
 coast, French adventurers 
 
 were laying the foundations Marquette on the Mississippi, 
 of several important states 
 
 in the great central valley, and along the southern shores of 
 our country. Missionaries, traders, and soldiers were the 
 three classes who successively planted the lily-standard of 
 France by the lakes of central New York and the north 
 west, along the Mississippi and its branches, and by the 
 Mexican Gulf. The Franciscan and Jesuit Fathers 1 were 
 moved by zeal for the souls of the savage heathen; and the 
 bells of their little chapels broke the silence of many a wil 
 derness far from the dwellings of white men. 
 
 (91) 
 
92 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 156. In 1673 Father Marquette, 2 with six Frenchmen, 
 made his way, first of Europeans, to the upper waters of the 
 Mississippi, and descended it in boats as far as the mouth 
 of the Arkansas. Michigan traces its origin to Marquette, 
 who established the missions of St. Mary and St. Ignace. 
 At Kaskaskia he became, in 1675, the founder of Illinois. 
 
 157. Fur-traders. Next to the missionaries came the 
 fur-traders, pushing their canoes up every navigable stream 
 from the Great Lakes, carrying them over water-sheds to the 
 head-waters of rivers flowing to the Mississippi; becoming 
 as hardy and skillful in wood-craft as the Indians them 
 selves, from whom they received treasures of rich furs in 
 exchange for knives, trinkets, axes, and guns. 
 
 158. The name Louisiana was given to the whole region 
 watered by the Mississippi and its branches, by La Salle, 3 
 the greatest of French adventurers, who aimed to make it 
 a vast inland empire, drawing its wealth from the fur-trade, 
 but subject to the king of France. Launching the first 
 
 European vessel above the Falls of Niagara, 
 
 A. D. 1679. . . . 
 
 La Salle sailed through the Lakes, establishing 
 trading stations at Michillimackinac and St. Joseph s, in 
 Michigan, then struck inland, and after many losses and 
 disasters passed through the Mississippi to the Gulf. 
 
 159. The French in Texas. Frenchmen were eager 
 to take possession of the great country thus thrown open to 
 them, and their "Grand Monarch," Louis XIV., 4 expended 
 more upon one expedition to plant a city at the mouth of 
 the Mississippi than all the English sovereigns in a hundred 
 years had bestowed upon their thirteen colonies. Neverthe 
 less, it proved a miserable failure. The fleet passed the 
 great river, and La Salle never succeeded in retracing his 
 way to it. He was murdered by one of his men, and the 
 colony which he had founded in Texas dwindled away until 
 its site was only occupied by graves. 
 
FRENCHMEN IN THE SOUTH-WEST. 93 
 
 160. In Mississippi and Alabama. In 1699 Le- 
 moine d Iberville, 5 with two hundred French immigrants, 
 arrived at Biloxi, in the present state of Mississippi. 
 Natchez, already a cluster of Indian villages, became the 
 site of Fort Rosalie, a French colony, two years later. In 
 1702 the chief French station on the Gulf was removed from 
 Biloxi to the fine harbor of Mobile, and the state of Ala 
 bama received its first white inhabitants. 
 
 161. Louis XV. The eighteenth century saw a sudden 
 revival of the scheme for a great French empire in America. 
 The throne of France was inherited in 1715 by Louis XV., 6 
 a child five years old, under the regency of the Duke of 
 Orleans. The wars and luxuries of Louis XIV. had left his 
 kingdom buried in hopeless debts. Law, 7 a Scotch banker, 
 formed a wild plan for relieving the treasury by pledging 
 the untold wealth of Louisiana. 
 
 162. The "Mississippi Scheme" for a time seemed 
 successful. Rich and poor hastened to exchange their gold 
 for Law s paper money, and the public debt disappeared as 
 by magic. And though the bubble soon burst, leaving 
 France in deeper poverty and misery than before, the colony 
 prospered, for several thousands of people sought homes in 
 the New World, of which they had heard such wonderful 
 reports. The city of New Orleans, founded in 1717, took 
 its name from the Regent. Law himself secured a great 
 tract of prairie-land on the Arkansas, and spent a fortune in 
 founding a city and villages. Though his plan was not ful 
 filled, a new state was thus begun. 
 
 163. The Natchez (26) were superior in some respects 
 to other Indians of the region, and their monarch, The 
 Great Sun," was the proudest of native chiefs. Around 
 him was a race of nobles who were treated with great re 
 spect by the common people. They were jealous of the 
 French, whose rapidly increasing numbers threatened to oo 
 
94 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cupy the whole land; especially when Chopart, the com 
 mander in their neighborhood, demanded for a plantation 
 the site of their chief village, which contained their holiest 
 temple. Incited by the Chickasaws, they planned 
 
 A. D. 1729. * 
 
 a sudden vengeance, and murdered m one morn 
 ing two hundred Frenchmen. When the news reached New 
 Orleans, a force was sent v/hich surprised and defeated the 
 Natchez. The "Great Sun" and four hundred of his sub 
 jects were sold as slaves to the Spaniards in Hayti. All 
 who escaped joined other tribes, and the nation became 
 extinct. 
 
 164. New Orleans, which, in 1723, succeeded Mobile 
 as the seat of French government in Louisiana, now con 
 tained 4,000 white settlers and 2,000 negroes. It exported 
 to France small quantities of cotton, indigo, and the wax 
 of the candle-berry, a curious production which was much 
 valued in those days. Its most important trade, however, 
 was in the furs which were collected from the northern 
 Indians and brought down the great river in canoes. Dis 
 couraged by the first report of the loss of Natchez, the 
 Company decided that the cost of the colony exceeded the 
 profit, and surrendered all its rights to the crown. 
 
 165. French Forts. The French guarded their Ameri 
 can possessions by a chain of sixty forts from the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence to that of the Mississippi. Among the 
 most important, beside the citadels of Quebec and Montreal, 
 were Fort Frederic, Crown Point on Lake Champlain ; 
 Frontenac near the outlet of Lake Ontario; Niagara, De 
 troit, Chicagou ; forts on the present sites of Vincennes in 
 Indiana, Memphis, and Natchez. 
 
 Point out on Map No. 3 the towns founded by Marquette (156). 
 By La Salle (158). The French settlements on the lower Mississippi 
 and the Gulf (% 160, 162). The boundaries of French Louisiana. 
 The chief military stations of the French. 
 
NOTES. 95 
 
 Read Parkman s "Jesuits in North America" and " Discoverers of 
 the Great West." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Jesuit Fathers. The "Society of Jesus" was founded by Ignatius 
 Loyola in 1540. Its members were pledged to extend the Roman Catholic 
 religion over the world, at whatever cost of personal sacrifice or suffering. 
 In the early history of America the exploits of Jesuit missionaries among 
 the Indians furnish some of the most thrilling chapters. Their intense 
 zeal for the conversion of the savages is proven by the terrible privations 
 they endured, many of their number having fallen victims to exposure, 
 starvation, and the scalping-knife. One of them wrote from a Canadian 
 wilderness in 1647, after several of his companions had been murdered by 
 the Iroquois, " Do not imagine we are cast down. We shall die ; we shall 
 be captured, burned, butchered. Be it so. Those who die in their beds do 
 not always die the best death." 
 
 2. Jacques Marquette was bom in northern France in 1637, and be 
 came a member of the order of Jesuits at the age of seventeen. lie re 
 ceived a good education, was a fine linguist, and possessed rare traits of 
 character. He came as a missionary to Canada in 1666, and in a short time 
 learned the languages of several Indian tribes. With Louis Joliet, Mar 
 quette set out, in 1673, around the Great Lakes, to rind the headwaters of 
 the Mississippi. In due time they reached Green Bay, where a Jesuit 
 mission had been established ; they ascended the Fox River to " the port 
 age." A mile and a half brought them to the Wisconsin River ; friendly 
 Indians helped them drag their canoes. They drifted down this larger 
 stream for a couple of days, when they were rejoiced to see the waters of 
 the great river they had come so far and toiled so hard to discover. It 
 was the 17th of June, 1673, when these intrepid explorers entered the Mis 
 sissippi. Their return was through the Illinois River; and Marquette, 
 being taken sick, stopped at the Indian village of Kaskaskia, while Joliet 
 proceeded to Quebec to report the successful issue of their journey. Pere 
 Marquette died two years later, in the wilderness on the eastern shore of 
 Lake Michigan, while on his way to the mission at Michillimackinac. 
 
 3. Robert Cavalier de La Salle was born at Rouen in 1643. He was 
 educated for the priesthood, and early joined the Jesuits; but he chafed 
 under their severe discipline, and soon left the order. Becoming inter 
 ested in the accounts of discovery in the New World, he set out for 
 Canada when twenty -three years old. He was ambitious to add his own 
 name to the list of great explorers, and to extend the possessions of 
 France. Hearing from the Indians at Quebec of the great river of the 
 west, the Miche Sepe, La Salle conjectured that it must flow into the 
 Pacific. He determined to solve this problem. His first expedition was 
 in the summer of 1669, and resulted in the discovery of the Ohio River, 
 which he followed to the falls at Louisville. The next year he descended 
 the Illinois, though not to its mouth. The vessel which he built above 
 Niagara Falls was named the " Griffin : " in this he sailed around the lakes 
 as far as Green Bay, then crossed Lake Michigan in canoes, and with a 
 small party traversed the lower peninsula of Michigan. They ascended 
 the St. Joseph River, made a portage to the Kankakee, and through this 
 stream reached the Illinois. Just below the present site of Peoria they 
 built Fort Crevecceur. From this point La Salle went back to Montreal in 
 midwinter for new supplies, and nearly perished on the journey. But in 
 1680 he retraced his course to the fort on the Illinois, and thence floated 
 down to the Mississippi. It was two years later before he descended the 
 " great river." On the 9th of April, 1682, he set up a column near the Mis 
 sissippi s mouth, bearing the royal arms of " Louis le Grand," and claimed 
 the vast stretch of territory from the lakes to the gulf, and from the Alle- 
 ghaiiies to the Rocky mountains, as the domain of France. Recrossing 
 the wilderness to Montreal, he sailed for his native land to bring out a 
 colony to Louisiana. In 1684 he left the shores of France with some three 
 hundred adventurers. One ship-load turned back before many days, and 
 many deserted at St. Domingo. But the resolute leader, with a remnant 
 of his baud, reached Matagorda Bay in the spring of 1685, and built a fort 
 
9 6 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 for protection against the Indians. Two years of ill success, and heavy- 
 losses by disease and Indian attacks, utterly dispirited the settlers. They 
 blamed La Salle for their sufferings, and one or two desperate characters 
 determined to take vengeance on his life. His assassination took place 
 in 1687, on the banks of the Trinity River in Texas. Says Parkman : 
 "America owes La Salle an enduring memory; for in his masculine 
 figure, cast in iron, she sees the heroic pioneer who guided her to the pos 
 session of her richest heritage." 
 
 4. Louis XIV. was king of France for seventy -two years A. D. 1643- 
 1715. His reign, until towards its close, was marked by prosperity at home 
 and valuable conquests abroad ; while an unusual interest was shown in 
 literature and art. The alliance of the French king, in 1666, with the 
 Dutch against England, led Charles II. to urge his American colonists to 
 attack the French in Canada ; but the settlers of Virginia and Massachu 
 setts had other work to do, and did not respond to the appeal. Until the 
 great discoveries of La Salle, and the compliment he bestowed upon his 
 king in the name given to Louisiana, Louis XIV. seemed to care little for 
 the enlargement of his territory in America. In 1676 he wrote to Count 
 Frontenac : " With regard to new discoveries, you will not address your 
 self to them excepting in a great necessity." 
 
 5. Lemoine d Iberville was born in Montreal, 1661, and died in Cuba, 
 1706. He early entered the French navy, and became distinguished as 
 one of its ablest officers. He won many victories over the British in 
 Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and off the coast of Maine. He was selected 
 to plant colonies in the extreme south-west of New France, where La 
 Salle had set the standard of his king nearly twenty years before. After 
 building Fort Biloxi, d Iberville sailed for France, leaving his brother, 
 Bienville. in command. He returned with reinforcements in A. D. 1700. 
 D Iberville named lakes Maurepas and Poiitchartrain. He is regarded as 
 the founder of Louisiana. 
 
 6. Louis XV. was the great-grandson of Louis XIV. His reign cov 
 ered the period from 1715 to 1774. It was a brilliant era in French liter 
 ature, but the profligacy of the court was notorious, and the wild specula 
 tion of the times brought about almost universal bankruptcy. The 
 "French and Indian War" occurred during the reign of Louis XV, by 
 which France lost all her valuable possessions in America. 
 
 7. John Law, the founder of New Orleans, was born in Edinburgh m 
 1671. He was the son of a goldsmith, received a careful education, but 
 preferred gambling to business, arid at the age of twenty-three killed a 
 man in a duel, for which he was sentenced to death. Escaping from 
 prison, he fled to Holland and studied banking in Amsterdam. But his 
 favorite resort was the gaming-table, and by this means he is said to have 
 won a large sum, which he took with him to Paris as capital for his 
 future operations. Law s private bank was soon made a " royal bank," 
 the king himself being security. He formed the " Western Company," 
 afterwards the " Indian Company," through which he purposed to control 
 all the commerce of New France from Canada to the Gulf of , Mexico. 
 He appointed Bienville as Governor-general of Louisiana, From 1718 to 
 1721 the number of emigrants to this new region was several thousand. 
 After the collapse of Law s great financial scheme, he left Paris in great 
 disfavor, and died in poverty, at Venice, in 1729. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
 
 166. King William III. was the sworn foe of Louis 
 XIV. of France, and their wars were fought out with even 
 greater violence in American forests than on battle-fields in 
 Europe. For here the French had savage allies, who, fall 
 ing upon the inland settlements of the English, murdered 
 women, children, and defenseless men, with atrocities which 
 civilized people can hardly conceive. 
 
 167. Four distinct wars between the French and En 
 glish colonies are commonly named as: 
 
 KING WILLIAM S WAR . . . . A. D. 1689-1697 
 
 QUEEN ANNE S WAR . . . . " 1702-1713 
 
 KING GEORGE S WAR .... " 1744-1748 
 
 THE OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR " 1754-1763 
 
 These wars were ended in Europe by treaties of peace, but 
 fighting could hardly be said to have ceased on this conti 
 nent at any time within the seventy-four years. 
 
 168. Attack on Schenectady. During, that time no 
 mother hushed her babe to its night s rest, in any frontier 
 village of New York or New England, with the least assur 
 ance that it would not be snatched from her arms and 
 murdered before morning. The inhabitants of Schenectady, 
 in New York, were awakened one wintry night, in 1690, by 
 the savage war-whoop, to find their village in flames. The 
 few who escaped the tomahawk fled, half-clothed, over the 
 snow to Albany. The assailants gained nothing but the 
 addition of sixty scalps to their trophies, to repay them for 
 
 U. s. H.-7. (97) 
 
98 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 twenty-two days march through snows and frozen forests 
 from Montreal. Similar attacks were repeated all along the 
 northern frontier. Hundreds of captives were dragged away 
 on the rapid return-march to Canada, and a single cry of 
 pain or fatigue was answered by a blow from the tomahawk. 
 
 169. Congress of the Northern Colonies. To put a 
 
 stop to such outrages a congress of the northern 
 colonies at New York planned the conquest of 
 Acadia and Canada. The first was accomplished by volun 
 teers from Massachusetts, who conquered Port Royal; but 
 the attempts against Montreal and Quebec 2 ended in failure 
 and disaster. At the end of the war all conquests were re 
 stored, but a few years later Port Royal was retaken and 
 named Annapolis, in honor of the queen of England. 
 Acadia also changed its name to that of Nova Scotia, by 
 which the English had always called it. 
 
 170. Queen Anne s War was called in Europe the 
 
 "War of the Spanish Succession," and it 
 ended, after eleven years conflict by land and 
 sea, in placing a French prince on the throne of Spain. 
 This was a serious matter for the English colonies, as it 
 united in one policy their French and Spanish rivals, who 
 hemmed them in on the north, west, and south. Spaniards 
 as well as French now stirred up the Indians to attack the 
 English towns. 
 
 171. In return, Governor Moore, of South Carolina, led 
 a company of volunteers through the pine forests which then 
 
 covered Georgia, and attacked the Spanish settle 
 ments on Appalachee Bay. A force of twenty- 
 three Spaniards and four hundred Indians was defeated; six 
 towns submitted to the English, and many of their people 
 joined the South Carolina colony. A French fleet from 
 Havana attempted the next year to capture Charleston, but 
 so brave was the defense that the invaders had to retire with 
 
WARS BETWEEN THE COLONIES. 99 
 
 immense loss. The boundary between Georgia and Florida 
 was pushed far southward of the limit which Spain had 
 claimed before the war. 
 
 172. The settlements on Albemarle and Pamlico 
 sounds were nearly destroyed by the Tuscaroras. Their 
 wrath had been excited by a survey of their lands with ref 
 erence to a new immigration of Germans from the Rhine 
 provinces, and they resolved to exterminate all the white 
 men. The war was fierce and long, but at last 
 
 the Indians were so far subdued that they aban 
 doned their old hunting grounds, and emigrating northward 
 became the sixth nation in the League of the Iroquois (24). 
 
 173. The French in Maine. The French, meanwhile, 
 still claimed the greater part of Maine; and their western 
 most station was at Norridgewock, on the Kennebec. 3 Here 
 Father Rasles, a pious and learned priest, had gathered a 
 school of Indian converts, who revered him as a saint. 
 The English colonists regarded him, however, as a promoter 
 of savage raids upon their homes, and several attempts were 
 made to capture him. In one of the expeditions an Indian 
 village above Bangor, on the Penobscot, was burned to the 
 ground. At length Rasles s settlement was sur 
 prised by a party from New England; he made 
 
 no effort to escape, but bravely met death in covering the 
 retreat of his flock. His chapel was burnt, with all the 
 Indian cabins. 
 
 174. A new war soon broke out between Florida and 
 the English colonies at the south. General Oglethorpe be 
 sieged St. Augustine without success ; the Span- 
 
 i . ,. . , , - A. D. 1740-1742. 
 
 lards invading Georgia, were repulsed from 
 Frederica with great loss. (See 153.) 
 
 All the colonies north of Carolina contributed men to a 
 great English fleet, designed for the conquest of Mexico and 
 the Spanish West Indies. Havana might have been cap- 
 
100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tured, but the admiral missed his opportunity and attacked 
 Carthagena on the South American coast. It was taken, and 
 its fortresses were demolished; but there was nothing gained 
 to balance the loss of 20,000 men. Nine tenths of all the 
 colonial troops fell victims to the unhealthy climate. 
 
 175. King George s War. These colonial contests 
 were only a part of the "War of the Austrian Succession," 
 in which nearly all Europe was engaged. In America it 
 
 was known as "King George s War." Its 
 
 A. D. 1740-1748. . _ 
 
 chief event in the north was the capture of 
 Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, the strongest fortress in 
 America. The main burden of the undertaking was borne 
 by the farmers and fishermen of New England; and their 
 success was of great service as proving their power. 4 In 
 1748 peace was restored, one of its conditions being the 
 restoration of all conquests. Eight years of untold suffer 
 ing and loss left the boundaries of all the nations un 
 changed. 
 
 176. The Ohio Valley. French forts and English set 
 tlements had now extended so far as to meet in the Ohio 
 Valley. In 1753 Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, sent 
 George Washington, then twenty-one years of age, to know 
 from the French commander at Venango 5 "his reasons for 
 invading the British dominions." It was replied that the 
 whole country was French by right of La Salle s discoveries, 
 and that it could and would be defended. Washington re 
 turned, in imminent peril from Indian bullets and floating 
 ice 6 ; and the next year was put in command of an expedi 
 tion to complete and defend a fort already begun by the 
 English at the forks of the Ohio. 
 
 177. Washington s Failure. Before his arrival the 
 French had seized the fort, which they named Du Quesne 
 in honor of the governor of New France. Washington sur 
 prised and defeated a party of the enemy; and while await- 
 
ATTEMPTED UNION. 101 
 
 ing the promised aid from the colonies, he fortified his little 
 camp in the "Great Meadows," and named it 
 Fort Necessity. No help came, excepting a com 
 pany from South Carolina; and its captain, who held a com 
 mission from the king, claimed to supersede Washington, 
 who, though a lieutenant-colonel, had received his rank only 
 from the governor of Virginia. This unhappy dissension 
 ruined the expedition. Attacked by the French and In 
 dians, Washington was compelled, after nine hours fighting, 
 to retreat, leaving the whole Ohio basin to the enemy. 
 
 178. Union of the Colonies. The prospect of a gen 
 eral war was now so imminent that the English colonies were 
 forced to unite for the common defense. A convention of 
 all the colonies north of the Potomac was assembled at 
 Albany, and a plan of permanent union was submitted to 
 rt by Dr. Franklin. (See 203-205.) It was accepted by 
 the convention, but rejected by the Board of Trade as tend 
 ing toward American independence; while the people them 
 selves feared that a central government would interfere with 
 the rights of each colony. 
 
 179. French and Indian War. Though the colonial 
 troops had borne so much of the labor and hardship of the 
 wars with the French, they were despised by the regular 
 British officers, who made no account of their superior 
 knowledge of Indian tactics, and expected to enforce the 
 same rules in the tangled forests of America as upon the 
 fields of Europe. One result of the French 
 
 and Indian War was that American soldiers, 
 
 beside profiting by British drill, learned something of their 
 
 own value. 
 
 180. Braddock s Defeat. In 1755 a combined force 
 of British and colonists undertook the" capture of Fort Du 
 Quesne (177). General Braddock commanded, and Wash 
 ington was his aid. As they marched through the dense 
 
102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Braddock s Defeat. 
 
 woods in solid columns, to beat of drum, suddenly a swarm 
 of savages seemed to spring from the earth on every side. 
 The British could only fire in platoons, hitting rocks and 
 trees much oftener than Indians, while the colonists, spring 
 ing behind trees, took aim with effect. Braddock was 
 mortally wounded, and his men fled, while Washington and 
 his continentals" covered their retreat. 
 
 181. Three other expeditions occupied the summer 
 of 1755. I. The forts in Acadia were taken; but the honor 
 of the victory was effaced by the cruel expulsion of the 
 peasantry from their homes. These poor people had sur 
 rendered their arms, and wished only to cultivate their farms 
 in peace, but they were driven on board the British fleet 
 women and children on different ships from their protect 
 ors, and were scattered through the colonies, wherever it 
 suited their conquerors to leave them. To prevent their 
 return, their cottages were burnt. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 103 
 
 182. II. The attempt to seize Fort Niagara failed through 
 desertion by Indian allies, and the discouragement caused 
 by Braddock s defeat. III. The portage between Hudson 
 River and Lake Champlain was of great importance to both 
 nations. The English built Fort Edward on the upper 
 waters of the river; and encountered the French, 
 
 under Baron Dieskau, near the head of Lake 
 George. After a frightful slaughter, with varying fortunes, 
 Dieskau was defeated and slain. The English general, 
 Johnson, built Fort William Henry near the field of his vic 
 tory. 
 
 183. The next two years were disastrous to Great 
 Britain. Fort Oswego, with 1,600 men, ships, cannon, and 
 valuable stores, was taken by the Marquis of Montcalm. 
 The Indians of the Ohio Valley, false to their treaties with 
 the English, fell upon the western settlements and made 
 great havoc of life and property. They were punished, 
 however, by a brave company of Pennsylvanians who de 
 stroyed Kittanning, the chief village of the Delawares. 
 
 184. In 1757 Fort William Henry was taken and de 
 molished by the French under Montcalm. The garrison 
 were assured of a safe retreat to Fort Edward, but scarcely 
 had they issued from the surrendered fortress when they 
 were attacked by the savages, and many were killed. The 
 French officers risked their lives and received many wounds 
 in trying to restrain their allies. "Kill me," cried the 
 brave Montcalm, "but spare these English who are under 
 my protection." 
 
 185. Of all North America, France now owned twenty 
 parts in twenty-five, Spain four, and England one. But the 
 misfortunes of the latter arose from the incapacity of her 
 officials at home and abroad. In 1757 William Pitt, a plain 
 English commoner, came to the head of affairs, and soon 
 new energy was felt in all English movements, from his 
 
104 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cabinet in London to the battle-fields of Germany, America, 
 and India. 
 
 186. English Disaster. Before the tide turned, one 
 great disaster befell the English. In July, 1758, General 
 Abercrombie, with the largest army ever yet assembled in 
 America, embarked on Lake George for the capture of the 
 French fort, Carillon, at Ticonderoga. More than a thou 
 sand boats conveyed the soldiers; the cannon were mounted 
 on rafts ; and, as the whole force moved down the lake, with 
 waving banners and triumphant strains of music, victory 
 seemed certain. 
 
 187. Montcalm commanded the French. His numbers 
 were less than those of the English, but his works were 
 strong, and he was foremost among his men, cheering them 
 by example not less than by words, while Abercrombie re 
 mained out of sight and danger. In a skirmish, Lord 
 Howe, the bravest and best of the English officers, was 
 killed. Two days later the main army was defeated, with a 
 loss of nearly 2,000 men, and General Abercrombie, though 
 still outnumbering the French four-fold, hastily retreated in 
 "fright and consternation." 
 
 1 88. Colonel Bradstreet, of New York, with difficulty ob 
 tained leave to go with a small colonial army against Fort 
 Frontenac. He was completely successful; the garrison sur 
 rendered, and an immense quantity of stores and cannon, 
 designed for Fort Du Quesne, was captured or destroyed. A 
 few months later the last-named fort was taken 
 
 by an advanced guard under Washington s com 
 mand, and was named Pittsburgh in honor of the great En 
 glish minister. 
 
 189. The same year Louisburg, with the islands of Cape 
 Breton and Prince Edward were conquered by the com 
 bined forces of Old and New England, and France never 
 regained a foothold on the eastern coast. 
 
ENGLAND^ CAPTURE OF QUEBEC. 
 
 105 
 
 Embarkation at Acadia. 
 
 igo. Capture of Quebec. The great event of the war 
 was the capture of Quebec in 1759. Quebec was the 
 strongest natural fortress on the continent, 7 and the key to 
 all Canada. Montcalm, vigilant and brave, made the most 
 of every advantage for defense; and for two months the 
 British forces lay beneath the inaccessible heights, sur 
 rounded by enemies and scarcely hoping for success. 8 
 
 191. The quick eyes of General Wolfe, the brave 
 young British commander, at length discovered a path up 
 the cliff so narrow as hardly to allow of two men walking 
 abreast, and so steep that they needed the aid of projecting 
 roots and branches in the ascent. Landing by night, and 
 followed in silence by his men, Wolfe climbed the dizzy 
 height, and surprised Montcalm at daybreak by the un 
 welcome spectacle of glittering rows of bayonets drawn up 
 in perfect order on the "Plains of Abraham." The two 
 armies were equal in numbers, but the English were superior 
 in discipline, and the French were soon thrown into confusion. 
 
 192. Both Wolfe 9 and Montcalm 10 received mortal 
 wounds. As Wolfe was carried off the field, he heard a 
 shout, "They run! they run!" "Who run?" he whispered. 
 "The French." He gave some last orders, then sighed, 
 
io6 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 "Now God be praised, I die happy!" and expired. Mont- 
 calm asked his surgeon how long he had to live. "Ten or 
 
 twelve hours, perhaps 
 less," was the reply. 
 " So much the better," 
 he rejoined. "I shall 
 not see the surrender 
 of Quebec." 
 
 193. Treaty of 
 Paris. The attempt 
 of the French, next 
 year, to recapture their 
 great fortress was de 
 feated by the arrival 
 of a large British fleet. 
 Three English armies 
 were concentrated upon 
 Montreal, which sur 
 rendered in September, 
 1760. By the Peace 
 of Paris, signed in Feb 
 ruary, 1763, France 
 surrendered to Great 
 Britain all the country 
 north of the St. Law 
 rence and the Great 
 
 Lakes, with the provinces south of that river, now included 
 in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and eastern Maine, and all 
 lands east of the Mississippi. Spain ceded Florida to En 
 gland, and received from France all the lands west of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 194. The Conspiracy of Pontiac. The Indian allies 
 of the French did not at once accept the peace. Pontiac, 
 the great Ottawa chief, incensed at the transfer of his lands 
 from one European power to another, stirred up a great 
 
 Wolfe and Montcalm Monument. 
 
NOTES. 107 
 
 conspiracy of the tribes on the lakes for the destruction of 
 all the English garrisons. Eight forts were captured. Hun 
 dreds of settlers were murdered along the western borders 
 of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Detroit was 
 saved by an Indian girl who revealed the plot in time, but 
 it had to endure an eight months siege. At length the 
 savage confederacy was broken up, and Pontiac was slain 
 while on a visit to the Illinois. 
 
 Trace on Map No. 3 the nearest route from Montreal to Albany. 
 Point out Annapolis, N. S. Bangor. The Kennebec. The Penobscot. 
 Cape Breton Island. Louisburg. Fort Du Quesne. Pittsburgh. 
 Lake George. Fort William Henry. Fort Edward. Oswego. Niag 
 ara. Detroit. Ticonderoga. Quebec. On Map No. 2, Havana. 
 The change of boundaries by the Peace of Paris. 
 
 Read Volume I. of Irving s "Life of Washington;" Bancroft s 
 "History of the United States," Volumes II. and III.; Parkman s 
 "Conspiracy of Pontiac;" Longfellow s " Evangeline." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. "An attack upon Haverhill (Mass.) was memorable for the subse 
 quent exploit of Hannah Dustin, who, with an infant only a few days 
 old, a boy named Samuel Leonardson, and another woman, was carried 
 off to an Indian camp on an island in the Merrimack, near Concord, 
 N. H. The infant, as usual, was killed against the trunk of a tree. The 
 sight of this prepared the mother s heart for her bloody reprisal. One 
 day when the boy was at work chopping for the Indians, he casually 
 asked one of the savages how and where he struck a man with a hatchet. 
 The Indian, pleased to show that bit of sylvan skill, told him. That 
 night the three captives with hatchets slew the ten sleeping guards, and 
 Hannah, remembering her infant, scalped them. Then they dropped 
 down the river in a canoe to Haverhill." Bryant. 
 
 2. A fleet from New England arrived in front of Quebec, but the ad 
 miral s demand for a surrender was met with derision. Owing to mis 
 management the expedition had been so delayed that the alarm was 
 given of their approach, and the assailants found the strongest fortress in 
 America guarded by a greater force than their own. They therefore 
 sailed away without attacking. 
 
 3. By the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, at the close of Queen Anne s War 
 in Europe, Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay Territory were trans 
 ferred to the English. 
 
 4. Colonel William Pepperell, of Kittery, Maine, commanded this ex 
 pedition, and through his success became the first American baronet. 
 The city of London presented him with a silver table and a service of 
 plate, and the king made him a lieutenant-general. 
 
 5. Venango was a French fort on a branch of the Alleghany River. 
 
io8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 6. On his homeward journey Washington was fired upon by an Indian 
 not fifteen steps distant. Fortunately the latter missed his mark, and 
 was captured by Washington and his guide, Christopher Gist. Gist 
 would have killed the savage at once, but, acting on Washington s advice, 
 they merely detained him a prisoner until night-fall, and then allowed 
 him to depart. 
 
 While attempting to cross the Alleghany on a raft, Washington was 
 hurled amidst jthe grinding ice. He clung to the timbers of the destroyed 
 raft, however, and, reaching an island, he and Gist waited in the freezing 
 weather until morning, when they found ice on the river solid enough to 
 cross on foot. 
 
 7. Quebec is built partly on and partly at the foot of a promontory, 
 and is divided into what are known as the " Upper " and the " Lower " 
 Town, the Upper Town being surrounded by a heavy wall. The highest 
 point of the promontory is 333 feet above the river, and here are built the 
 fortifications which have given to Quebec the name of " the Gibraltar of 
 America." The " Plains of Abraham " are the open fields on top of the 
 promontory, outside the walls. A very correct idea of the city may be 
 obtained from the illustration on page 137. 
 
 8. On the 31st of July Wolfe made an unsuccessful attack on Mont- 
 calm s forces, which were drawn up in front of the Lower Town. The 
 instant the English landed from their boats they rushed impetuously for 
 ward without forming in line or waiting for orders. Volley after volley 
 mowed them down, and a great storm bui Sting over the town made the 
 steeps too slippery to climb. A retreat was ordered, but the flower of 
 Wolfe s army was left on the bloody field. 
 
 9. James "Wolfe (6. 1726, d. 1759) entered the English army as a second 
 lieutenant at the age of fifteen. He distinguished himself as a brigadier- 
 general at the siege of Louisburg ( 189), and Pitt selected him to com 
 mand the expedition against Quebec, making him a major-general, with 
 a force of 8,000 men and a strong fleet. 
 
 Parkman says of him : " His person was slight, and his features by no 
 means of a martial cast. His feeble constitution had been undermined 
 by years of protracted and painful disease. His kind and genial disposi 
 tion seemed better fitted for the quiet of domestic life than for the stern 
 duties of military command; but to these gentler traits he joined a high 
 enthusiasm, and an unconquerable spirit of daring and endurance, which 
 made him the idol of his soldiers, and bore his slender frame through 
 every hardship and exposure." Again, of the night the heights were 
 scaled, he says: "The ebbing tide sufficed to bear the boats along, and 
 nothing broke the silence of the night but the gurgling of the river and 
 the low voice of Wolfe as he repeated to the officers about him the 
 stanzas of Gray s Elegy in a Country Church-yard, which had recently 
 appeared, and which he had just received from England. Perhaps, as he 
 uttered those strangely appropriate words, 
 
 The paths of glory lead but to the grave, 
 
 the shadow of his own approaching fate stole with mournful prophecy 
 across his mind. Gentlemen, he said, as he closed the recital, I would 
 rather have written those lines than take Quebec to-morrow. " 
 
 10. Louis Joseph Montcalm de Saint- Veran (&. 1712, d. 1759) was a 
 French marquis. He entered the army when fourteen years old, and 
 gained distinction in several European wars. In 1756 he was put in com 
 mand of the French troops in Canada, and was very successful, despite 
 the much larger and better disciplined forces arrayed against him. His 
 own troops were mainly raw Canadian volunteers, brave, but without ex 
 perience or discipline, poorly clad and half starved. The governor of the 
 province was at variance with Montcalm, and hampered his movements 
 so that he labored under great disadvantages. Montcalm received his 
 mortal wound within a few moments after Wolfe s fall. Both generals 
 had been wounded earlier in the action, but both kept the field until shot 
 down to rise no more. When told by the surgeons that he could not re 
 cover, Montcalm replied, " I am glad of it." He was buried at his own 
 request in an excavation made by the bursting of a bombshell. A mon 
 ument common to the memory of the two generals now adorns Quebec. 
 See illustration page 106. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 LITERATURE AND GENERAL PROGRESS. 
 
 195. It may be believed that the first settlers in America 
 found enough to do in subduing the wilderness and devising 
 the laws under which their children were to live, without 
 writing books. But so anxious were they to be remembered 
 and understood in England, and to be reinforced by new 
 parties of emigrants; so full of wonder and delight in the 
 new world that was thrown open to them, and so desirous 
 that their children should not lack the advantages that they 
 would have enjoyed at home, that a mass of literature does 
 in fact date from the very earliest years of the colonies. 
 
 196. The first book written in America was Cap 
 tain John Smith s (56-59) "True Relation of Virginia," 
 which he sent home in 1608. A few months later he dis 
 patched to the London Company a report of the Jamestown 
 Colony, with a map of Chesapeake Bay and its tributary 
 rivers, and a very lively description of the surrounding 
 country. In spite of the hunger and hardship of those 
 early years, he declares that Heaven and earth never 
 agreed better to frame a place for man s habitation." 
 
 197. Beside many other descriptive works, Virginia made 
 one contribution to elegant letters; for George Sandys, 
 treasurer of the colony, A. D. 1621-1625, beguiled the 
 loneliness of his absence from polished society, and the 
 horror attending the Indian massacre (64) by translating 
 Ovid into English verse. The Roman poet had been an 
 exile in a savage country near the Black Sea, and doubtless 
 
 his translator sympathized with his condition. 
 
 (109) 
 
no HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 198. The Ministers. No class of men contributed so 
 much to the intellectual growth of New England as the 
 ministers of religion. All were educated men, and some of 
 them were distinguished by immense learning. As there 
 were yet no newspapers nor lyceum lectures, and few new 
 books, ministers were the authors of public opinion, teaching 
 their people how to think as well as how to believe and act. 
 
 Among the greatest was Rev. John Cotton,^ who came to 
 the Massachusetts Colony in 1633. He had been rector of 
 St. Botolph s at Boston, in England, and it was in compli 
 ment to him that the Trimountain settlement had received 
 the name which has become so famous. He was esteemed 
 the "mightiest man in New England," and "whatever he 
 delivered in the pulpit was soon put into an order of 
 court." 
 
 Next were Thomas Hooker (88) whose saintly and kingly 
 presence inspired courage and hope; Thomas Shepard, minis 
 ter of Cambridge; President Chauncey, of Harvard; all men 
 of vast learning. Increase Mather, 2 another Harvard pres 
 ident, represented his fellow colonists in England during 
 the troublesome reign of James II. (136-139). His son, 
 Cotton Mather, wrote a prodigious number of books, of 
 which the greatest was his " Magnalta" or ecclesiastical 
 history of New England. Another was entitled "Memorable 
 Providences relating to Witchcraft" a subject in which the 
 author had a most unfortunate interest (See Note 2, p. 90). 
 
 199. Historians. Governor Bradford, of Plymouth (80), 
 may be called the father of American history. His "History 
 of Plymouth Plantation " is a noble record of events in which 
 he had part. The Journal and Addresses of Governor Win- 
 throp, of Massachusetts Bay, are interesting memorials of 
 that accomplished lawyer and excellent man, who devoted 
 large wealth and great abilities to the service of the colony. 
 His son, John Winthrop, Jr., rendered equal service to Con 
 necticut (89). 
 
COLLEGES. ill 
 
 200. Yale College. Elihu Yale, a later governor of 
 Connecticut, was a liberal benefactor of the college which 
 bears his name; but its origin is due to ten clergymen, who 
 bringing each a few books from his own scanty library, met 
 at Branford, in 1700, and, depositing their gifts upon a 
 table, said, "I give these books for the founding of a col 
 lege in this colony." The first terms were held at Wethers- 
 field, later ones at Saybrook; but in 1716 the college was 
 planted on its present site at New Haven. 
 
 201. College of William and Mary, The desire of 
 Virginians to have a college for their sons was long frus 
 trated by such governors as Berkeley (See Note 2, p. 47). 
 The House of Burgesses, however, set apart lands for the 
 support of a college, and in 1692 the long-desired charter 
 was obtained from King William and Queen Mary, together 
 with grants of money, land, and permanent duties on 
 tobacco. The college took the name of its royal benefac 
 tors, and was established at Williamsburg, A. D. 1693. 
 
 Other Colleges. Four more colleges were founded .dur 
 ing our second colonial period: at Princeton, N.J., in 1746; 
 King s, now Columbia College, in New York, 1754; one at 
 Philadelphia, now the University of Pennsylvania, 1755; and 
 that of Rhode Island, now Brown University, 1764. These 
 colleges, even in their early years, did grand, good service 
 by training the men who were to be the fathers of the Re 
 public. 3 
 
 202. Jonathan Edwards. Among the writers of the 
 later colonial period the greatest, perhaps, was Jonathan Ed 
 wards (b. 1703, d. 1758), whose "Essay on the Freedom of 
 the Witt" revealed to the world the most acute and original 
 mind which America has produced. It was written at the 
 little village of Stockbridge, Mass., where he was acting as 
 missionary to the Indians. His childhood was no less re 
 markable. Before he was thirteen years old he had read 
 
112 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 many works in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, beside the most 
 learned of English books; but his observations in Natural 
 History show that his studies had not been confined to 
 printed pages. He was graduated at seventeen from Yale 
 College, preached in New York before he was twenty, was 
 twenty-four years pastor at Northampton, Mass., and be 
 came president of Princeton College two months before his 
 death. His wonderful power as a preacher was ascribed to 
 his "immense preparation, long forethought, sedulous writ 
 ing of every word, touching earnestness, and holy life." 
 
 203, Franklin. But the mind which most perfectly rep 
 resented and most strongly influenced the character of Amer 
 ican institutions was that of Benjamin Franklin^ (b. 1706, 
 d. 1790), the printer-boy of Boston, the self-taught sage of 
 Philadelphia, the representative of the colonies at London, 
 the ambassador of the United States at Paris, whose plain, 
 good sense, genial humor, and honest self-respect made him 
 the favorite of all ranks and classes. He had accustomed 
 himself from boyhood to write on public affairs, and his 
 pamphlets on the interests of England and the rights of the 
 colonies were read with great attention on both sides of the 
 ocean. Examined by Parliament in 1765 concerning the 
 probable effect of the Stamp Act in America (220), he re 
 plied with so much firmness, dignity, and intelligence that 
 even the bitterest enemies of the colonies were forced to 
 respect his arguments. A distinguished statesman declared 
 him to be the greatest diplomatist of the eighteenth century. 
 " He never spoke a word too soon; he never spoke a word 
 too late ; he never spoke a word too much ; he never failed 
 to speak the right word at the right time." 
 
 204. His most popular work was "Poor Richard s Alma 
 nac," whose successive numbers were afterwards abridged 
 and reprinted in one volume under the title of "The Way to 
 Wealth." It contains a fund of homely wisdom, and Frank- 
 
SCIENCE. 
 
 lin himself attributed the rapid increase of prosperity in 
 Philadelphia to the extent to which the people read and fol 
 lowed his good advice. (See Note 6, p. 167.) 
 
 205. Among his great services to his country was his or 
 ganization of its postal service as early as 1754. "Every 
 penny stamp is a monu 
 ment to Franklin." His 
 
 simple experiment with the 
 kite, proving lightning and 
 thunder to be caused by 
 electric currents, and his 
 subsequent invention of 
 the lightning-rod, gave him 
 a high place among scien 
 tific men. His philosoph 
 ical writings are in the 
 same clear language as his 
 charming autobiography 
 and almanac, for he aimed 
 to make wisdom useful 
 rather than dignified. 
 
 206. Science. From the beginning the colonies con 
 tained many noted students of natural science. The soils, 
 minerals, plants, and animals of the new continent were all 
 objects of keen research. Linnaeus, the noted Swedish nat 
 uralist, declared John Bartram, the Quaker gardener of Phil 
 adelphia, to be the "greatest natural botanist in the world." 
 Virginia and the more southerly colonies had several bot 
 anists of European fame. But the scientific reputation of 
 America was- established when Franklin, in 1744, drew 
 about him other gentlemen of kindred tastes, and formed 
 the American Philosophical Society. It was an important bond 
 of union among the best men in all the colonies. 
 
 207. John Woolman is known only by his "Journal" with 
 u. s. H.-8. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a few tracts and letters; but 
 these are of value as express 
 ing the pure conscientiousness 
 of the early "Friends," and 
 justifying the great influence 
 they had upon the national 
 character. Woolman s efforts 
 
 went far to put an end to slave-holding among Quakers. 
 
 He was born in West Jersey, 1720, and died in England, 
 
 1773- 
 
 208. Pamphlets on questions concerning govern 
 ment and popular rights were the most valuable part of 
 American literature during the second colonial period. The 
 
COLONIAL CUSTOMS. 115 
 
 theory of a great, free nation was slowly forming in some 
 of the best minds of the age ; and the American state papers 
 of the next generation were recognized in England as rank 
 ing among the wisest productions of all ages. 
 
 209. Colonial Habits. All the colonies had greatly 
 increased in wealth by industry and frugal living, while still 
 among the mass of the people food, dress, and furniture 
 were of the simplest kind. Clothing was usually home-spun 
 and home-woven from the wool of their own flocks or the 
 flax of their own fields. Yet there were some families in 
 every colony that imported costly furniture and silver-plate 
 from Europe, and even plain people often invested their 
 slow savings in strings of gold beads or in laces and satins 
 for great occasions. In some colonies apparel was limited 
 by law to the means of the wearer: the grave magistrates had 
 much trouble with the silken hoods and kirtles of the 
 women, the "great boots," gold buttons, and ornamented 
 belts of the men; but if the accused could prove that their 
 circumstances warranted the expense, they were dismissed 
 without a fine. 
 
 210. In New England especially "plain living and high 
 thinking" were the rule. Great respect was paid to edu 
 cated men. Ministers and magistrates, with their sons, if 
 college-bred, alone bore the title of Mister; Goody, a 
 contraction for Goodman or Goodwife, was the mode of 
 address for ordinary people. Punishments were inflicted 
 without the least regard to the personal dignity of the cul 
 prit. When two men quarreled in the Plymouth Colony, 
 they were bound together, head to head and foot to foot, 
 for twenty-four hours. In New York a scolding wife was 
 made to stand all day before the door of her house, having 
 her tongue enclosed in a cleft stick. The Pillory, as repre 
 sented in the engraving, was a wooden frame in which the 
 head and hands of the criminal were held fast, while he was 
 
n6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 exposed to the taunts and sneers of the crowd. In Vir 
 ginia, as in the mother-country, this was a common penalty 
 for religious dissent 
 
 211. Roads, in all parts of the country, were few and 
 poor. Whole families went to church through the woods on 
 horseback, the wife, sometimes with a child on her lap, sit 
 ting on a pillion behind her husband. In exposed settle 
 ments the father carried his gun and left it at the church- 
 door in the care of the sentinel who watched for hostile 
 Indians. Long journeys were made, if possible, by water, 
 but stage-coaches connected Boston with Providence, and 
 New York with Philadelphia. Like English vehicles of the 
 same kind, they were called flying-machines. " 
 
 212. Manufactures. At first nearly all the people in 
 the colonies were farmers or fishermen; but necessity soon 
 compelled them to make salt, glass, paper, farmers tools, 
 shoes, hats, and gunpowder; and, though almost every 
 home had its loom, cloth factories were also set up. Cir 
 cumstances favored inventive talent, for which Americans 
 have always been famous. New England had a saw-mill 
 one hundred and thirty years before one was built in the 
 mother-country. But England, far from encouraging manu 
 factures in the colonies, checked and thwarted them, lest 
 they should become rivals of her own. 
 
 213. Commerce and Piracy. The first product of 
 New England which reached Europe was a cargo of sassa 
 fras root, taken by Gosnold (54) in 1602. Before long, 
 furs, fish, lumber, corn, rice, and tobacco furnished freight 
 for multitudes of ships ; and a lucrative commerce sprang up 
 with England and the West Indies, and between the colo 
 nies. This commerce was seriously molested by pirates, 
 whose black flags were met in all the seas. 
 
 To suppress their ravages the British Admiralty, in 1696, 
 ordered Captain Kidd* with a ship to the East Indies. But 
 Kidd, after retaking several prizes, thought it more profitable 
 
ENGLISH GOVERNORS. 
 
 117 
 
 to turn pirate himself. For 
 two years he pursued a reck 
 less career of robbery and 
 rapine, but he was at length 
 brought to justice, and was 
 hanged on Execution Dock" 
 in London. 
 
 Going to Church. 
 
 214. Royal Officials. In a review of civil affairs, it 
 can not be said that England ever employed her best brains 
 in governing America. Younger sons of great families, who 
 were too stupid or too dissolute to find places at home, were 
 made governors, secretaries, or treasurers in the colonies, 
 
Il8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and used their opportunities for mending their fortunes as 
 
 rapidly as possible. Such, in New York, was the haughty 
 
 but imbecile Lord Cornbury, a cousin of 
 
 A. D. 1702-1709. IT i i i 
 
 Queen Anne, who applied to his own pleasure 
 the funds voted for the defense of the harbor, and told the 
 Colonial Assembly that it had no rights but such as the 
 queen was pleased to allow it. He was more useful to the 
 colony, however, than a better governor might have been, 
 for he effectually taught the people to stand for their rights. 
 Here and there a royal officer may have been more justly 
 and kindly disposed, but as a class they regarded their own 
 interests first, England s next, but a long way after, and 
 those of the colonies last of all. 
 
 Even at home the great dignitaries who had charge of 
 colonial affairs were usually less wise than great. The Duke 
 of Newcastle, who for twenty-four years was 
 minister for British America, owed his position 
 partly to his incapacity, being appointed through Sir Robert 
 Walpole, then prime minister of England, who feared to 
 have men of ability about him. The duke is said to have 
 directed letters to the "Island of New England," and to 
 have been unable to tell whether Jamaica was in the Med 
 iterranean Sea or elsewhere. 
 
 Read Volumes I. and II. of Tyler s " History of American Liter 
 ature ;" Volume I. of Duyckinck s "Cyclopaedia of American Liter 
 ature;" Franklin s "Autobiography;" Palfrey s or Elliott s "History 
 of New England;" Irving s "History of New York by Dietrich 
 Knickerbocker;" Longfellow s "Courtship of Miles Standish " and 
 "New England Tragedy;" Whittier s "Margaret Smith s Journal," 
 "Mabel Martin," and "The Changeling;" Hawthorne s "Twice Told 
 Tales," and other stories of the colonies in New England. 
 
 NOTE TO TEACHERS. Younger classes may do well to omit Chapter 
 XIII for the present, or to use it only for reading and explanation in the 
 class-room. Older pupils will be profited by studying the several topics 
 with the aid of the books above mentioned and others, and making them 
 the subjects of written essays. 
 
NOTES. 119 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Rev. John Cotton, "the patriarch of New England," was a bright 
 scholar at the University of Cambridge, and for twenty years a noted 
 Puritan preacher in his English home. For refusing to kneel at the sac 
 rament, he incurred the displeasure of Archbishop Laud, and was com 
 pelled to flee the country. Cotton could write or speak readily in Latin, 
 Greek, and Hebrew. His oratory was simple, and his sermons pointed 
 and eminently practical. He originated the practice in New England of 
 observing the Sabbath from Saturday evening until Sunday evening. 
 His more important writings were " Milk for Babes," a religious book for 
 children, and " The Power of the Keys," a treatise on church government. 
 Mr. Cotton died at Boston in the year 1652. 
 
 2. Increase Mather was born in Massachusetts, graduated at Harvard, 
 and married a daughter of Rev. John Cotton. He is said to have passed 
 sixteen hours daily in his study. He was the author of nearly one hun 
 dred publications. Cotton Mather was his son. His death occurred in 
 1723. 
 
 3. During the same period " there had been established in the American 
 colonies at least forty-three newspapers, one in Georgia, four in South 
 Carolina, two in North Carolina, one in Virginia, two in Maryland, five in 
 Pennsylvania, eight in New York, four in Connecticut, three in Rhode 
 Island, two in New Hampshire and eleven in Massachusetts." Tyler s 
 "History of American Literature." 
 
 4. Benjamin Franklin. The " Encyclopedia Britannica" describes 
 Franklin as " the most uniformly readable writer of English who has yet 
 appeared on his side of the Atlantic. An inexhaustible humor, a classic 
 simplicity, an exquisite grace, and uniform good sense and taste informed 
 and gave permanent interest to every thing he wrote. No man ever pos 
 sessed in a greater degree the gift of putting an argument into an anec 
 dote." His style was largely modeled upon the three books with which 
 he was most familiar in his early life Addison s "Spectator," Bunyan s 
 " Pilgrim s Progress," and Locke s " Essay on the Understanding." When 
 Franklin was on his way from Boston to Philadelphia, in 1724, the ship- 
 captain reported at New York that his passenger had " a trunk full of 
 books." This was such an unusual occurrence for the times that Gov 
 ernor Burnet requested an interview with the lad who was possessed of 
 such an evident literary turn. He received him with great cordiality, and 
 manifested a warm interest in the intelligent printer. 
 
 When Whitefield visited America in 1740, Franklin went to hear one of 
 his sermons in Philadelphia. Although he did not approve of the great 
 divine s Orphan House scheme in Georgia, he was so moved by the 
 preacher s eloquence of appeal that first he gave what copper coins he had 
 in his pocket, then added a few silver pieces, and finally could not resist 
 giving all the gold he had about his person. 
 
 During his long public career, Benjamin Franklin accepted very meager 
 compensation for his services. He drew principally upon his private 
 fortune for expenses. To show his faith in the value of the continental 
 loan he invested $15,000 in itssecurities. When president of the Common 
 wealth of Pennsylvania he devoted his entire salary to charities. Frank 
 lin was a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the 
 framers of the United States Constitution. Twenty thousand Americans 
 attended his funeral in 1790. 
 
 5. Captain Kidd has come to be regarded as the ideal pirate, a man 
 devoid of all feeling, a buccaneer of the high seas ; but he probably was 
 not so bad as he is generally reputed. It is known that he was more mer 
 ciful than most of the privateers of his time. When Kidd set out under 
 Admiralty orders to suppress piracy. King William was to receive one 
 tenth of the profits of the cruise, and Governor Bellomont of New York 
 eight tenths, leaving but one tenth for himself. This arrangement 
 proved so unprofitable to the captain that he sailed for the coasts of 
 Africa and Asia, and commenced privateering on his own account. In 
 1699 he boldly returned to American waters, and sailed into Long Island 
 Sound, Delaware Bay, and several bays along the New England coast. 
 Seventy thousand dollars worth of treasure which he buried on Gar- 
 
120 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 diner s Island, was recovered by Bellomont. Traditions are numerous 
 that Captain Kidd also buried rich treasure at Block Island, Monhegan, 
 and several other points on the American coast, but diligent search has 
 failed to find any of it. Kidd s boldness is illustrated by his appearance 
 in the streets of Boston when he knew a large reward was offered for his 
 arrest. Within a week he was seized and sent to jail. He was taken to 
 London, where his trial and execution occurred A. D. 1701. 
 
 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS DURING THE SECOND COLONIAL PERIOD. 
 
 WILLIAM III., A. D. 1689-1702, and MARY II., 1689-1694, called 
 by Whigs to the throne, gladly proclaimed by colonies (140, I43> 
 144); charter William and Mary College (201). 
 
 ANNE, A. D. 1702-1714, takes contract for supplying Spanish West 
 Indies with African slaves ( 148) ; sends Lord Cornbury to govern New 
 York (214). 
 
 GEORGE I., A. D. 1714-1727, Elector of Hanover, in Germany. 
 
 GEORGE II., A. D. 1727-1760, grants Georgia to Oglethorpe as 
 asylum for the unfortunate (150); has part in the War of Austrian 
 Succession, known in America by his name (175)- 
 
 GEORGE III., A. D. 1760-1820, of despotic temper, but loyally re 
 garded by Americans (219). See also 231, 235, 244, 251. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART II. 
 
 1. What were the causes and results of the English 
 
 Revolution of 1688? 
 
 2. Describe the Witchcraft delusion? 
 
 3. Describe the policy of Parliament toward the colo 
 
 nies. 
 
 4. State the literary progress of the colonies about 
 
 the time of Queen Anne s accession. 
 
 5. Describe the founding of Georgia. 
 
 6. Sketch the course of French discoveries in the 
 
 Mississippi Valley. 
 
 7. Sketch the course of colonization on the Gulf. 
 
 8. Name the chief French military stations. 
 
 9. Name the four wars between the English and 
 
 French colonies, giving their dates. 
 
 10. Describe King William s War in America, and 
 
 state its results. 
 
 11. Describe Queen Anne s War. 
 
 12. What were the chief events of King George s 
 
 War? 
 
 13. Give the preliminary events of the French and 
 
 Indian War. 
 
 14. Name the chief events in the French and Indian 
 
 War. 
 
 15. What territories were acquired by England, and 
 
 what by Spain? 
 
 1 6. Describe the conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
 17. Name some of the first books written in Virginia. 
 
 18. Name some of the most distinguished clergymen 
 
 in New England. 
 
 19. What can you tell of Governor Bradford and 
 
 other distinguished colonists? 
 
 20. Who founded Yale College? 
 
 21. What was the origin of the College of William 
 
 and Mary? 
 
 Section. 
 
 I 4 0, 143, 144 
 141, 142 
 
 145-148 
 149 
 
 i5- I 54 
 
 155-159 
 
 160-164 
 
 165 
 
 167 
 
 1 66, 1 68, 169 
 170-173 
 
 174, 175 
 176-173 
 
 179-192 
 
 193 
 194 
 
 i95-!97 
 198 
 199 
 
 200 
 
 201 
 
 (121) 
 
122 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Section 
 
 22. Name the first seven colleges in America. 87, 200, 201 
 
 23. What can you tell of Jonathan Edwards ? 202 
 
 24. Describe the character and public services of 
 
 Franklin. 203-206 
 
 25. What is said of John Bartram? 206 
 
 26. What can you tell of other colonial writers? 207, 208 
 
 27. Describe the customary dress, manners, and em 
 
 ployments in the colonies. 209-212 
 
 28. What restrictions and interruptions to commerce ? 128, 147,213 
 
 29. What is said of the royal officials? 214 
 
PART III. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 215. French Predictions. "We have caught them at 
 last," said the French prime minister, 1 as he signed the ces 
 sion of nearly half of North America to the English (193). 
 "I am persuaded," said another French nobleman, when he 
 heard of the act, "that England will soon repent of having 
 removed the only check that could keep her colonies in awe. 
 They stand no longer in need of her protection; she will 
 call upon them to contribute toward supporting the burdens 
 they have helped to bring upon her, and they will answer 
 by striking off all dependence." 
 
 216. Taxing the Colonies, These predictions were 
 fulfilled. The English public debt was doubled by the 
 Seven Years War (179), and a plan was revived for taxing 
 the colonies with a share of the expense. Now it was a 
 part of the British constitution that the "power of the 
 purse" belonged to the people; f. <?., that taxes could be 
 levied only by the representatives of the whole nation ; and 
 violation of this rule had cost one king his head (126). 
 
 217. The colonists insisted upon their privilege as English 
 men, that as they were not represented in the British Par 
 liament, they could not be taxed by it, but only by their 
 own assemblies, which were to them precisely what the 
 House of Commons was to their countrymen at home; 
 and some of the best and wisest men in England declared 
 that they were right. 
 
I2 4 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2 1 8. Though hard things must be said of the British gov 
 ernment as it was then administered, we ought never to 
 
 forget that our fathers had 
 the spirit and ability to re 
 pel English injustice pre 
 cisely because they had 
 been trained to the rights 
 and duties of Englishmen. 
 They hoped at first that 
 the French colonists on 
 the St. Lawrence, so few 
 years subject to the hu 
 miliating yoke of En 
 gland, would join them 
 in seeking independence. 
 But under French rule 
 there had been no town- 
 meetings, no colonial as 
 semblies; and the people 
 
 lacked the power to combine even against a government 
 which they detested. 
 
 219. George III. The throne of Great Britain was now 
 occupied by George III., a narrow-minded and obstinate 
 young king, who had succeeded his grandfather in 1760. 
 He hated Pitt, 2 the friend of America; and his ruling pur 
 pose was to exalt kingly authority at the expense of all 
 popular rights. Yet Harvard College celebrated his acces 
 sion by a volume of loyal poems in Latin, Greek, and En 
 glish, promising so to train her sons "that they may be in 
 their future stations grateful as well as useful subjects to the 
 best of kings." Harvard soon saw reason to change her 
 mind. 
 
 220. The Stamp Act. In 1765 the famous "Stamp 
 Act " was made a law. All legal documents were to bear a 
 government stamp, costing from three-pence to thirty dol- 
 
 George III. 
 
PARLIAMENTARY TAXES. 
 
 I2 5 
 
 lars, according to the importance of the transaction : every 
 newspaper and pamphlet must be stamped, and every ad 
 vertisement must pay a tax. The day appointed for the 
 Stamp Act to go into execution was observed by the colo 
 nies as a day of mourning. Bells tolled, flags were low 
 ered, and business was suspended. 
 
 221. Declaration of Rights. In the Virginia House 
 of Burgesses Patrick Henry carried resolutions declaring that 
 the right to tax the colonies rested solely with the repre 
 sentatives of the colonists, * * and that every attempt to vest 
 such power in any person or persons whatsoever, other than 
 the General Assembly aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to 
 destroy British as well as American freedom." Delegates 
 from nine colonies met at New York in October, 1765, and 
 prepared a Declaration of Rights with remonstrances to 
 king and Parliament. 
 
 222. The Stamp Act was repealed a year after its 
 passage, but new taxes were imposed on tea, glass, paper, 
 and painters materials. The govern 
 ment was authorized to send soldiers 
 
 to America, and the colonists were re 
 quired to house and feed them. Bos 
 ton, which was regarded as a "hot 
 bed of revolt," received two British 
 regiments. Frequent collisions took 
 place, in one of which several citizens 
 were killed. 3 The soldiers who had 
 fired on the mob were tried for mur 
 der in the colonial court, but they 
 had a fair hearing, their case being defended by some of the 
 best lawyers in the colony. All but two were acquitted on 
 the ground that they had fired in self-defense, and the two 
 were only branded on the hand. 
 
 223. In North Carolina the general discontent was 
 
 Stamp. 
 
126 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 aggravated by the miscon 
 duct of the royal governor 
 and his officials, who shame 
 lessly plundered the people. 
 The "Regulators," colo 
 nial volunteers who attempt 
 ed to put down these extor 
 tions, were defeated by 
 Governor Tryon with a 
 British force, and many 
 were slain, while their es 
 tates went to enrich the gov 
 ernor. Disgusted with his 
 
 Burning of the Gaspee. 
 
 tyranny, many of the planters left the settled limits of the 
 colony, bought lands of the Cherokees to the westward, and 
 laid the foundations of what is now the state of Tennessee,* 
 A. D. 1772. 
 
RESISTANCE TO REVENUE LAWS. 127 
 
 224. The old restrictions upon colonial industry were 
 in full force. Iron, which abounded in Pennsylvania, could 
 neither be sent to England nor be manufactured at home. 
 The rich pine forests of the southern states were rendered 
 almost useless by act of Parliament, for neither tar nor tur 
 pentine nor staves could be made, nor could any tree be 
 cut down without the king s permission. Foreign goods 
 could be bought only of English merchants, and were loaded 
 with duties for the enriching of the mother-country. The 
 natural sense of the people rebelled against such laws. 
 
 225. Rhode Island and the Revenue Laws. Rhode 
 Island, with its bays and inlets, was well suited to the smug 
 gling trade; and, moreover, it was the only colony whose 
 governor at the time of the Revolution was chosen by its 
 own people. All other governors were appointed by the 
 king. A governor had the right to grant flags of truce; 
 and, during the French and Indian War, Newport merchants 
 had availed themselves of these flags, not only as privateers 
 but as smugglers. To stop this illegal traffic, the British 
 schooner Gaspee was ordered, in 1772, to lie at the entrance 
 of Narragansett Bay, and question every craft that floated 
 in or out, from tiny market-boats to great East Indiamen. 
 
 226. Burning of the Gaspee. Having run aground 
 by accident, the Gaspee was boarded in her turn by eight 
 boat-loads of citizens from Providence; her officers and 
 crew were bound and taken on shore, and the schooner was 
 burnt. Though a reward of $5,000 was offered for the de 
 tection of any of the citizens concerned in the affair, and 
 though almost every child in Providence knew the open 
 secret, not a name was ever reported to the king s commis 
 sioners, and the inquiry was dropped. 
 
 227. Taxes on Tea. Surprised at the firmness of the 
 colonists, Parliament, in 1773, repealed all taxes excepting 
 that of three-pence a pound upon tea, and so arranged 
 
128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 matters with the East India Company that this article could 
 be sold cheaper in America than in England. But the col 
 onists were contending for principles, not pence. New 
 York and Philadelphia sent the tea-ships home with all their 
 cargoes on board. Boston, being held by British troops, 
 could not do this; but after a great meeting in Faneuil 
 Hall, 5 a party of men disguised as Indians boarded the ves 
 sels and threw all the tea into the harbor. 
 
 228. The "Boston Tea Party" occasioned great 
 wrath in England. The port of Boston was closed by act 
 of Parliament, and great distress fell upon the laborers who 
 were thus deprived of employment. Instead of profiting by 
 their neighbor s loss, Salem and Marblehead offered their 
 wharves for the use of the Boston merchants. Tokens of 
 sympathy poured in from all the colonies: even far-off 
 Georgia and South Carolina sent money and cargoes of rice 
 to relieve the suffering poor in the northern city. 
 
 229. The House of Burgesses in Virginia appointed a 
 solemn fast on the day when the "Boston Port Bill" was 
 to go into effect. The governor thereupon dissolved the 
 assembly, but its members only adjourned to another build 
 ing and unanimously voted that the attack upon Massachu 
 setts threatened ruin to all the colonies alike, and demanded 
 measures for united resistance. In England Mr. Pitt, now 
 the Earl of Chatham, urged Parliament to desist from the 
 cruel injustice of oppressing three millions of people for the 
 act of thirty or forty. 
 
 230. First Continental Congress. The "Sons of 
 Liberty," who had organized themselves in each of the col 
 onies, now sought a closer union. In September, 1774, the 
 First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. Fifty-three 
 of the best and ablest men in the country were there; men 
 deeply versed in English law, and who knew well that king 
 and Parliament were violating the constitution which they 
 
OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
MAP OF 
 
 CONCHIES 
 
 during the 
 
 ^_ . REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Port R .yal a ^- n By Hussell Hinman C.E. 
 
 50 100 150 Miles 2.V 
 
 MAP ,QF 
 
 BOSTON ,, 
 ^EDV^rons.^^i 
 
FIRST AMERICAN- CONGRESS. 
 
 129 
 
 were sworn to maintain. Awed by a feeling of the tremen 
 dous results which depended upon their conduct, a long and 
 deep silence fell on all the members of the Assembly. It 
 was broken by Patrick Henry* of Virginia, the greatest 
 orator of his day, and per 
 haps the greatest that Amer 
 ica has yet produced, who 
 recited the wrongs of the 
 colonies with magnificent 
 eloquence, and yet with 
 strict adherence to the truth. 
 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 231. A petition to the 
 
 king and separate addresses 
 to the people of Great Britain 
 and of Canada were voted. 
 While expressing unshaken 
 loyalty and affection to the 
 king, Congress protested 
 against the keeping of arm 
 ies in America without the 
 consent of the people, and resolved to hold no commercial 
 intercourse with England until a different policy should be 
 adopted. 
 
 Companies of "minute-men""* were now formed and drilled 
 in all the towns. In the midst of their preparations came 
 news that the British were cannonading Boston. In two 
 days 30,000 volunteers were on the march for that city. 
 
 232. The Battle of Lexington. On the evening of 
 April 1 8th, 1775, General Gage, commanding at Boston, 
 sent 800 men to destroy some military stores which the 
 Americans had collected at Concord. The movement was 
 signaled by a beacon-light hung in the North Church 
 tower, and all night long the farmers were gathering to 
 oppose it. 8 At dawn the British, arriving at Lexington, 
 
 u. s.-n.-f). 
 
1 3 o HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 found a company of minute-men drawn up to receive them, 
 and here the first blood was shed in the War of American 
 Independence. 
 
 233. The British pressed on and destroyed the stores at 
 Concord; but by this time the whole country 9 was under 
 arms, and on their return they were so hard pressed by the 
 colonists that their retreat became a flight, and all would, 
 perhaps, have been killed or captured had not fresh troops 
 with cannon come out from Boston to aid and protect them. 
 
 The news spread far and wide through the colonies. Is 
 rael Putnam 10 was plowing on hisYarm, in Connecticut, sixty- 
 eight miles away, when a mounted messenger drew rein 
 beside his field, and shouted to him that war was actually 
 begun. Leaving his plow in the furrow, and his oxen free, 
 the farmer sprang to horse and never stopped until he reached 
 the camp in Cambridge, the same day. Other recruits were 
 moved by the same spirit, and before long General Gage was 
 besieged in Boston by 20,000 men. 11 
 
 Point out on Map No. 4, Narragansett Bay. Providence. Boston. 
 Salem. Concord. Lexington. 
 
 Read Wirt s "Life of Patrick Henry;" Parton s "Life of Jeffer 
 son;" Jesse s "Life of George III.;" Greene s "Historical View of 
 the American Revolution;" Lossing s "Field-Book of the American 
 Revolution." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. This was Choiseul. The other French nobleman was Vergennes, the 
 French embassador to Constantinople, a man noted for his calm, equable 
 temperament. 
 
 2. William Pitt (6. 1708, d. 1778) first Earl of Chatham, was America s 
 warmest champion in England during the troubles that led to the Revo 
 lution. He had the reputation of being " one of the most powerful, vigi 
 lant, and patriotic opponents in Parliament of unconstitutional and 
 unwise measures." He opposed the stamp act of 1766, and from 1775 to 
 1777 his voice rang warning and prophecy to the British ministry in their 
 oppression of the colonies. In 1778 he rose from a sick-bed to speak in the 
 House of Lords against a motion to acknowledge the independence of 
 America. At the close of his speech, he fell in an apoplectic fit from 
 which he never recovered. 
 
 3. This affair is known as the " Boston Massacre :" it grew out of a fight 
 between a soldier and a laborer in a rope-walk. The soldier being 
 
NOTES. 131 
 
 whipped, brought other soldiers, who were again and again beaten off by 
 the laborers. The following night, March 5th, 1770, the soldiers, infuriated 
 by talking the affair over amongst themselves, rushed about the streets 
 insulting and striking unoffending citizens. An angry mob gathered, 
 and six soldiers under an officer charged through the crowd. A soldier 
 was struck, and the order to fire was given. Three persons were killed 
 outright, and eight were wounded, two of them mortally. " Of all the 
 eleven, not more than one had had any share in the disturbance." The 
 shedding of innocent blood caused the wildest excitement, not only in 
 Boston, but throughout the country, and Governor Hutchinson was com 
 pelled to remove the soldiers from their quarters in the city. 
 
 4. The most prominent among these settlers was James Robertson, who 
 two years before this time had settled in Tennessee. Bancroft says of 
 him : " This year [1770], James Robertson, from the home of the Regulators 
 in North Carolina, a poor and unlettered forester, of humble birth but of 
 inborn nobleness of soul, cultivated maize on the Wautauga. The frame 
 of the heroic planter was robust, his constitution hardy ; he trod the soil 
 as if he were its rightful lord. Intrepid, loving virtue for its own sake, 
 and emulous of honorable fame, he had self-possession, quickness of dis 
 cernment, and a sound judgment. Wherever he was thrown, on what 
 ever he was engaged, he knew how to use all the means within his reach, 
 whether small or great, to their proper end, seeing at a glance their latent 
 capacities, and devising the simplest and surest way to bring them 
 forth ; and so he became the greatest benefactor of the early settlers of 
 Tennessee." 
 
 5. Faneuil Hall was built in 1740, and was a gift to the town of Boston 
 from Peter Faneuil. The latter was a Boston merchant, born at New 
 Rochelle, New York, of a French Huguenot family. The lower floor of 
 the hall was a market-house ; above that was a town-hall, with other 
 rooms attached. This hall was a great place of rendezvous for the 
 patriots at the outbreak of the Revolution, and came to be known as 
 " The Cradle of Liberty." 
 
 6. Patrick Henry (&. 1736, d. 1799) was a man of limited education, and 
 in early years displayed few indications of his future greatness. He was 
 exceedingly fond of fishing and hunting, and of social pleasures, all of 
 which were allowed to interfere with his duties. He married at eighteen, 
 failed twice in business, once in an attempt at farming, and finally, when 
 twenty -four years of age, entered the profession of law after six weeks 
 study of the subject. Of course he was ignorant of the simplest details of 
 the profession he had undertaken, but his wonderful gift of oratory stood 
 him in good stead, and after the first trial in which he appeared, at the 
 age of twenty -seven, he never lacked for business, although he was never 
 considered remarkable as a lawyer. 
 
 Henry was a man of high moral courage, and the instinctive champion 
 of the wronged and the oppressed. The opening scenes of the Revolution 
 fired his patriotic soul ; evidently the time and purpose for which he had 
 been born had arrived. His speech before the Virginia House of Bur 
 gesses (g 221) electrified the country, and gained him the reputation, at the 
 age of twenty-nine, of being " the greatest orator and political thinker 
 of a land abounding with public speakers and statesmen." From this 
 time forth he was prominent in the political conventions and congresses 
 of the colonies, and, in 1776, he was elected the first republican governor 
 of the state of Virginia. He held this office until 1779, when, being no 
 longer eligible, he returned to the legislature. At the close of the war he 
 was again chosen governor, and served until 1786, when he resigned. In 
 1794 he retired from the law, and removed to his estate. After this he de 
 clined several honorable positions in public life, but was finally persuaded 
 by Washington and others to become a candidate for the Virginia senate, 
 in 1799, in order to oppose certain measures there. He was easily elected, 
 but death interposed before he could take his seat. 
 
 7. The minute-men were so called from the terms of their enlistment. 
 They were to serve whenever called upon, and at a moment s notice. 
 
 8. This was the occasion of " Paul Revere s Ride," made celebrated by 
 Longfellow s poem. As soon as Warren, an American patriot in Boston, 
 discovered Gage s plan, he dispatched William Dawes through Roxbury, 
 
132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and Revere by way of Charlestown, to spread the alarm. Revere had the 
 beacon-lights hung in the North Church tower, as stated, and then with 
 muffled oars rowed over to Charlestown only five minutes before the 
 sentinels received orders to allow no one to pass. At Charlestown Neck 
 he was stopped by two British officers, but escaped them through the 
 speed of his horse, and proceeded on his way to Lexington and Concord, 
 rousing each household as he passed. 
 
 " A hurry of hoofs in a village street, 
 
 A shape in the moonlight, a bulk in the dark, 
 
 And beneath, from the pebbles, in passing, a spark 
 Struck out by a steed flying fearless and fleet : 
 
 That was all ! And yet, through the gloom and the light, 
 
 The fate of a nation was riding that night ; . 
 
 And the spark struck out by that steed, in its flight, 
 Kindled the land into flame with its heat." 
 
 9. " The Americans who joined in the pursuit, which began at the old 
 North bridge in Concord, came from Acton, Bedford, Billerica, Brookline, 
 Beverly, Concord, Carlisle, Chelmsford, Cambridge, Charlestown, Danvers, 
 Dedham, Dorchester, Framingham, Lexington, Lincoln, Lynn, Littleton, 
 Medford, Milton, Need ham, Newton, Pepperell, Roxbury, Reading, Sud- 
 bury, Stowe, Salem, Woburn, Watertown, and Westford. Thirty-one 
 towns ! Such is the distinguished roll of honor represented in the open 
 ing fight of the Revolution." Austin s History of Massachusetts." 
 
 Fatal collisions between the colonists and the British had indeed oc 
 curred in the streets of New York and Boston, and in North Carolina 
 (g 222, 223). But these had more or less of a local character, while the 
 armed resistance to a regular British army at Lexington was distinctly a 
 battle for American independence. 
 
 10. Israel Putnam was born at Salem, Mass., in 1718. Like many 
 other heroes of the Revolution, he won his first laurels in the wars be 
 tween the French and English colonies which so severely tried the spirit 
 of American volunteers. In the French and Indian War he was cap 
 tured by the Indians, and was bound to a tree, surrounded by blazing 
 fagots for the death-torture [See 29, p. 21.]. Doubtless he would have 
 endured the flames as steadily as any savage of them all ; but a French 
 officer, admiring his fortitude, broke through the circle and rescued him 
 for a better fate. 
 
 He was the first to receive the rank of major-general in the Revolution 
 ary army, and had part in several important battles, notably those of 
 Bunker Hill and Long Island. While commanding in the Highlands of 
 the Hudson, in 1777, he received a note from the British General Clinton, 
 demanding the release of a tory lieutenant who was in the American 
 camp. Putnam s reply was characteristic: 
 
 "Edmund Palmer, an officer in the enemy s service, was taken as a 
 spy lurking within our lines ; he has been tried as a spy, condemned as a 
 spy, and shall be executed as a spy, and the flag is ordered to depart 
 immediately. Israel Putnam. 
 
 " P. S. He has been accordingly executed." 
 
 Putnam s impulsive and reckless bravery fitted him better for bold and 
 startling movements than for the careful combinations of a great cam 
 paign. Still he was one of the great leaders in the War for Independence. 
 His tombstone at Brooklyn, Ct., bears the appropriate words: " He dared 
 to lead where any dared to follow." 
 
 11. General Gage was not only military commandant at Boston, but 
 civil governor of Massachusetts. His instructions from the king required 
 him to seize and condignly punish Samuel Adams, John Hancock, Joseph 
 Warren, and other leading patriots, " but he stood in such dread of them 
 that he never so much as attempted their arrest." " He had promised the 
 king that with four regiments he would play the lion," but in truth his 
 arrogance and presumption far surpassed his practical abilities, and " he 
 inspired neither confidence nor fear." It is impossible to say how differ 
 ent might have been the result to the colonies if the king had been better 
 served. America has reason to be thankful that her courage and re 
 sources were underrated at this critical time, when even her own best 
 men little understood the gravity of the conflict that was impending. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 OPENING SCENES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 234. Second Continental Congress. In May, 1775, 
 the Second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, and 
 never had a body of men such tremendous duties with so 
 little power to perform them. There was no public treasury, 
 and no authority to create one; war was already begun, 
 while there was not a soldier nor an officer enlisted in the 
 name of the whole country. Worst of all, Congress could 
 not bind the people to any measure; but could only advise 
 the thirteen colonial governments what it seemed best for 
 them to do. 
 
 235. No wonder that their first steps were hesitating and 
 weak. In appointing a day of fasting and prayer for the 
 "restoration of the invaded rights of America," they de 
 sired the people to recognize King George the Third as 
 their rightful sovereign." They took measures, however, 
 for organizing a * continental army " for seven months, and 
 appointed George Washington, of Virginia, to be its com- 
 mander-in-chief; while they sincerely " labored for the res 
 toration of harmony between the colonies and the parent 
 state." The responsibility of war was thrown upon Great 
 Britain; for the Americans only desired peace with justice, 
 and Washington wrote at this very time that he abhorred 
 the idea of independence." 
 
 236. The Earl of Chatham declared in Parliament that 
 no body of men ever surpassed the first American Con 
 gress in * solidity of reasoning, force of sagacity, and wis 
 dom of conclusion;" and to Franklin he remarked, that the 
 success of the American cause was the last hope of liberty 
 
134 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 for England. The debates in Parliament proved to the col 
 onists that their contest was with the king and ministry, not 
 with the people of England. Several Englishmen of rank 
 resigned their places in the army and government rather 
 than fight against America. One of them, Lord Emngham, 
 received the public thanks of citizens of London for having 
 acted " as a true Englishman." It was fortunate, however, 
 that Lord Chatham s plan of conciliation failed. If it had 
 succeeded, England might have kept her colonies on the 
 condition of governing them justly. It was better for her, 
 for them, and for the world that she should cease to govern 
 them at all. 
 
 237. The communications with Canada were felt 
 to be of great importance. In May, 1775, the forts at 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point were surprised by Ethan 
 Allen l and Seth Warner 2 with a handful of Green Moun 
 tain Boys," and were surrendered without a shot. Ticon 
 deroga had cost England an enormous amount of money 
 and many lives (See p. 104). It was taken "in ten minutes 
 by a few undisciplined volunteers, without the loss of life or 
 limb." In it was an immense supply of canno-n and other 
 war materials. 
 
 238. Three British generals, 3 soon to become well 
 known in America, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, now 
 arrived with heavy reinforcements at Boston. General 
 Ward, 4 still in command of the Americans, resolved to push 
 the siege more closely. To this end he ordered Colonel 
 Prescott 5 to fortify Bunker Hill. At the last moment 
 Breed s Hill was substituted, as a still more commanding 
 position, but the battle which followed took its name from 
 the former. 
 
 239. Battle of Bunker Hill. During the night fol 
 lowing, June 1 6th, a strong earth-work was thrown up. As 
 soon as the morning light revealed it to the British, a can- 
 
BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 135 
 
 nonade was opened from their fleet and the opposite shore, 
 and 2,000 men were sent to storm the work. The Ameri 
 cans, who had only dropped the spade to seize the musket, 
 waited until they could see the whites of their enemies 7 
 eyes, then fired with such deadly effect that the attacking 
 column broke and fell back to the foot of the hill. 
 
 240. The village of Charlestown was then fired, and 
 under cover of its smoke the enemy rallied and ascended 
 the hill, only to be repulsed as before. Fresh troops came 
 from Boston, and a third attack was made. The spirit of 
 the defenders had not flagged, but their powder was nearly 
 spent. Still the front rank of the assailants was again mown 
 down; and the Americans fought with the butt ends of their 
 guns, until they retired in good order to Prospect Hill, only 
 a mile in the rear. 6 
 
 General Gage wrote home, * The trials we have had, 
 prove the rebels are not the despicable rabble too many 
 have supposed them to be." He was already superseded in 
 command by General Howe, brother of him who had fallen 
 at Ticonderoga and whom Massachusetts had loved and 
 honored (187). 
 
 241. Washington in Command. Among the first 
 acts of royal governors when the war broke out, was the 
 seizure of gunpowder belonging to the colonies. The want 
 of this necessary article had occasioned the loss of Breed s 
 Hill and seriously crippled the movements of Washington. 
 On the 3d of July this great general took command of the 
 forces besieging Boston. They could scarcely be called an 
 army : arms, uniform, and drill were lacking ; each man had 
 brought his own musket and powder-horn, if he happened 
 to possess them, and subsisted mainly on food which he re 
 ceived from home. Washington s first task was to create an 
 army out of these raw recruits, and happily the inaction of 
 the British gave him a few months for the work. 
 
136 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 242. The Mecklenburg Resolutions. Still very few 
 colonists dreamed of a separation from England. The 
 patriots of Mecklenburg County, in North Carolina, had, 
 however, advanced to a different conclusion, in which the 
 whole country afterwards joined them. In May, 1775, they 
 met at Charlotte, and renounced their allegiance to king and 
 Parliament. The "Mecklenburg Resolutions" were the 
 prelude to the "Declaration of Independence." 
 
 243. Kentucky Settled. During the same year the 
 foundations were laid of a new state west of the Alle- 
 ghanies. Daniel Boone, 7 the famous hunter, with Kenton, 
 Floyd, Harrod, Shelby, and others, having bought land of 
 the Cherokees, settled the rich meadow-lands on the Ken 
 tucky River. Free from the first, they never owned the 
 dominion of England; and they were among the earliest in 
 America to declare their independence, on a footing of obe 
 dience to local law. Courts, churches, and schools were 
 established; and order and justice were held as dear as 
 freedom. (See 277.) 
 
 244. Indians and Hessians. Meanwhile King George, 
 so far from regarding the humble petition he had received 
 from Congress, was sending emissaries to the Iroquois and 
 Canadian Indians to excite their savage wrath against the 
 colonies; and, as Englishmen enough could not be enlisted, 
 was making bargains with petty German princes, who sold 
 him the services of their subjects at a little less than thirty- 
 five dollars per head. "Every soldier killed was to be 
 paid for at this rate, and three wounded were to be reck 
 oned as one killed." Acts of Parliament forbade any trade 
 with the "rebels," and ordered that American vessels should 
 be seized, and their crews treated as slaves. 
 
 245. Invasion of Canada. These violent measures 
 went far to destroy the love of Americans for England, and 
 it was seen that independence was the only way to honor 
 
MOVEMENTS IN CANADA. 
 
 137 
 
 Quebec. 
 
 and safety. The Canadian peasantry wished well to the 
 cause of separation, but the rich and ruling class were con 
 tent with the existing order of things. To sustain the pop 
 ular feeling, and prevent attacks from the north, a two-fold 
 invasion of Canada was planned for the autumn of 1775. 
 
 246. Siege of Quebec. General Montgomery, 8 de 
 scending Lake Champlain, captured St. John s and Mont 
 real. General Arnold, 9 ascending the Kennebec, made a 
 toilsome march through the woods and marshes of northern 
 Maine, and though deprived by hunger and disease of 
 nearly half his men, undertook the siege of Quebec, the 
 mightiest fortress in America. Climbing by Wolfe s path 
 (191) to the Heights of Abraham, he summoned the city 
 to surrender; but its commander had learned wisdom from 
 Montcalm s disaster, and remained within his fort 
 
 247. Montgomery soon arrived and took command. The 
 garrison numbered twice as many as the combined army of 
 
138 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 assailants, and had strong walls and two hundred cannon to 
 oppose to the musketry and few small siege-guns from Mont 
 real. Nevertheless the colonists intrenched themselves be 
 hind ramparts of ice, since the frozen ground defied their 
 pickaxes. On the last morning of 1775 the assault was 
 made. Montgomery led the advance, crying out, "Men of 
 New York! you will not fear to follow where your general 
 leads ! " The attack was brave and spirited ; but Mont 
 gomery fell dead, Arnold was dangerously wounded, and 
 the effort failed. 
 
 Still determined, the Americans turned the siege into a 
 blockade, and held out until May, when they reluctantly 
 retreated, wasted by disease and starvation. The British 
 governor, pitying their sufferings and admiring their courage, 
 offered to shelter and care for their sick until they were able 
 to march; but the generous invitation was declined (See 
 306). A great British force arriving in the St. Lawrence, 
 Montreal and St. John s were abandoned. 
 
 248. Deliverance of Boston. Against innumerable 
 difficulties, Washington had persevered through the winter 
 in drilling and strengthening his army; and early in March 
 he was ready for a decisive stroke. In a single night works 
 were erected on Dorchester Heights, which forced General 
 Howe to evacuate Boston. Taking on board the fleet not 
 only his army, but eleven hundred Americans who chose to 
 remain subjects of the king, he sailed away to Halifax, to 
 the great joy and relief of the Bostonians. 
 
 Washington knew that the breathing-time would be short. 
 New York was of the greatest importance to both parties 
 from its central position, its easy communication with 
 Canada, and the strong Tory 10 interest among its people. 
 Thither Washington soon marched to anticipate the arrival 
 of the British. 
 
 249. Siege of Charleston. Early in June a British 
 fleet from Halifax appeared in Charleston harbor bearing 
 
NOTES. 139 
 
 an army commanded by General Clinton. Major-general 
 Lee, 11 second only to Washington among American officers, 
 had been placed in charge of the southern department. But 
 he cared more for himself than for the success of the cause, 
 and wrought more evil than good to the American service. 
 He pronounced Charleston untenable, and was only anxious 
 to secure the retreat of the garrison. Colonel 
 Moultrie 12 was of a different mind. From his 
 fort of palmetto logs on Sullivan s Island, he kept up so 
 steady a cannonade that the fleet, after ten hours engage 
 ment, withdrew shattered and disabled, unfit even to convey 
 the army to New York. 13 The fort has ever since borne the 
 name of its brave defender. 
 
 Trace on Map No. 4, the two routes by which the Americans invaded 
 Canada. 
 
 Read for the whole Revolutionary period Irving s " Life of Wash 
 ington," Volumes II. -IV. ; the Lives of Generals Greene, Putnam, 
 Arnold; Lossing s "Field-Book of the Revolution;" Botta s "History 
 of the American Revolution." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Ethan Allen (6. 1739, d. 1789) was born in Connecticut, but removed 
 to Vermont when about twenty -four years of age. Previous to the Revo 
 lution New York and New Hampshire disputed possession of the territory 
 which now forms Vermont, and the New York officers tried to enforce 
 their authority which the settlers resisted. The latter formed an organ 
 ization known as the " Green Mountain Boys," of which Allen was the 
 colonel. They succeeded in holding their farms, and Allen became so 
 obnoxious that Governor Tryon of New York offered 150 reward for his 
 
 Just before the attack on Ticonderoga, Benedict Arnold (g 292) appeared, 
 and claimed command of the forces through a commission received from 
 Massachusetts. Allen would not give way, however, and they finally 
 compromised by walking at the head of the column side by side. Shortly 
 after the fall of Ticonderoga Allen made an unsuccessful attack on Mont 
 real, and was taken prisoner. He was sent first to England, and after 
 wards to the prison-ships at Halifax and New York. He was heavily 
 ironed and treated as a common felon. Although rough in manner and 
 appearance, Allen was a man of good intellect. He wrote a history of the 
 dispute in regard to Vermont, a narrative of his captivity, several polit 
 ical pamphlets, and also a work entitled " Reason the only Oracle of 
 Man." He resided in Vermont until his death, serving for some time in 
 the legislature. 
 
 2. Seth Warner (6. 1743, d. 1784) was also prominent in the controversy 
 between New York and Vermont, and like Allen he was outlawed. In 
 the expeditions against Ticonderoga and Crown Point he was second in 
 
140 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 command, and personally conducted the attack on the latter place. He 
 remained in the army, doing good service until 1782, when he resigned on 
 account of ill health, and returned to his native town of Roxbury, Conn. 
 
 3. These generals were men of experience. General William Howe had 
 command of the light infantry under Wolfe in the attack on Quebec ( 190) ; 
 Sir Henry Clinton had served in the same war ; and General John Bur- 
 goyne had won distinction as a brigadier-general in Portugal. All of 
 them were severely censured at home for their conduct of affairs in 
 America. Burgoyne and Clinton each wrote a narrative which, in a 
 measure, removed the feeling against them, and Howe was freed from 
 blame by an investigation ordered by Parliament. 
 
 " As they entered the harbor, they hailed a tender bound for Newport, 
 and asked the news. When told that Boston was surrounded by ten 
 thousand men in arms, they asked how large was the English force, and 
 were told it was five thousand men. Ten thousand peasants keep five 
 thousand king s troops shut up ! Let us get in, and we 11 soon find elbow- 
 room. The story was circulated every-where, and the nick-name Elbow- 
 room was applied to Burgoyne all through the war, never with more 
 sting, of course, than at the period of his own reverses." Bryant. 
 
 4. After the battles of Concord and Lexington the congress of Mas 
 sachusetts voted to raise an army of thirteen thousand six hundred men, 
 and called upon the other New England colonies to increase the number to 
 thirty thousand. In response to this call about sixteen thousand men 
 assembled around Boston. There was no unity among them, however, the 
 men from the several colonies appearing as independent corps under 
 leaders of their own. 
 
 Artemas "Ward, as captain-general of the Massachusetts forces, held 
 the leading position, but had no commission as commander-in-chief. 
 Bancroft says of him : " He was old, unused to a separate military com 
 mand, from an infirmity not fit to appear on horseback, and wanting in 
 quick decision and activity ; he never could introduce discipline among 
 free men, who owned no superiority but that of merit, no obedience but 
 that of willing minds." About this time the Continental Congress made 
 him a major-general under Washington, but he resigned within a month. 
 
 5. "William Prescott (&. 1726, d. 1795), born at Groton, Mass., had served 
 in the attack against Nova Scotia ( 181) as lieutenant and captain. He 
 was made colonel of a regiment of minute-men, and marched at their 
 head to Cambridge as soon as he heard of the battle of Lexington. He 
 had sole command of the redoubt on Breed s Hill, and by his remarkable 
 courage and self-possession inspired the men under him with a similar 
 spirit. He was among the last to quit the redoubt, unwounded, although 
 his clothes were pierced and rent by the English bayonets. He remained 
 in the army until the battle of Saratoga, in 1777, where he served as a vol 
 unteer. He then returned home, and in later years was a member of the 
 Massachusetts legislature. 
 
 6. In this battle the English had one thousand and fifty -four killed and 
 wounded. The American loss was one hundred and forty-five killed and 
 missing, and three hundred and four wounded. Among the Americans 
 killed was General Warren. He was an ardent patriot and highly es 
 teemed as a statesman as well as a soldier. He had just been appointed a 
 major-general by the Continental Congress, but in this battle was serving 
 simply as a volunteer. He was the last man in the trenches, and fell 
 while endeavoring to rally the men about him. 
 
 7. Daniel Boone (b. 1735, d. 1820) was born in Pennsylvania. When he 
 was eighteen years old, he removed to North Carolina. He married and 
 passed some years there as a farmer, but during that time made several 
 excursions into the wilds of Kentucky, where he finally removed with 
 his family. He was captured several times by the Indians, but always 
 managed t escape. Kentucky filling rapidly with settlers, Boone lost 
 all his land there through neglect in making his title good, and left in 
 disgust for Missouri, then under Spanish rule. Here the same thing hap 
 pened again, but in 1812 Congress confirmed his claim to another tract of 
 land in return for his valuable public services. Boone and his wife died 
 in Missouri, but in 1845 their remains were transferred to the cemetery 
 at Frankfort, Ky. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 8. Richard Montgomery (6. 1736, d. 1775) was born near Raphoe, Ire 
 land, and entered the British army at the age of fifteen. He distinguished 
 himself in America during the " French and Indian War," but, disap 
 pointed at not receiving a promotion, he sold his commission, and in 1772 
 emigrated to New York. Here he married a daughter of Robert R. Liv 
 ingston, and in 1773 settled on a farm at Rhinebeck, hoping to lead a 
 quiet, domestic life. At the breaking out of the Revolution he was ap 
 pointed brigadier-general. The expedition against Canada fell to his 
 command owing to the sickness of Major-general Schuyler, who was to 
 have conducted the operations. Montgomery soon won the love and 
 esteem of his soldiers, and distinction in the eyes of the country, by his 
 energetic and daring management. He was made a major-general a few 
 days before his death. Congress honored him with a monument, beneath 
 which his remains now lie, in front of St. Paul s Church, New York. 
 
 9. Benedict Arnold (&. 1740, d. 1801) was one of the most conspicuous 
 characters of the Revolution. Bancroft thus concisely describes him : 
 " In person he was short of stature, and of a florid complexion ; his broad, 
 compact frame displayed a strong animal nature and power of endur 
 ance ; he was complaisant and persuasive in his manners, desperately 
 brave and sanguinely hopeful, avaricious and profuse, of restless activity, 
 intelligent and enterprising." He was 9ne of the first to march to Cam 
 bridge, but unfortunately his early patriotism and daring leadership are 
 utterly overshadowed by his disgraceful treason. (See 292-295.) 
 
 10. Tories were those who believed in the "divine right" of the king 
 to be obeyed, whether his commands were just or not hence, in America, 
 those who still considered themselves subjects of George III. Those who 
 in both countries maintained the rights of the people were called Whigs 
 (1 140). It is supposed that twenty-five thousand American Tories were 
 enlisted in the British armies during the Revolution. 
 
 11. Charles Lee (6. 1731, d. 1782) is said to have held a commission in 
 the British army when but eleven years of age. His first actual experi 
 ence in warfare, however, was at Braddock s defeat ( 180). At Ticonder- 
 oga, in 1758, he was severely wounded, but continued in service in America 
 until 1760, when he returned to England. He distinguished himself in 
 Spain, but failed in securing further promotion. In disgust he left En 
 gland, and became "a soldier of fortune," serving in Germany, Poland, 
 and Russia. He twice returned to England and endeavored to secure ad 
 vancement and active service. His failure to do this soured his disposi 
 tion; he violently opposed the ministry, and indulged in newspaper 
 attacks upon them full of irony and sarcasm. 
 
 . At the breaking out of the Revolution he eagerly espoused the Ameri 
 can cause. The Continental Congress appointed him second of five 
 major-generals under Washington, much to Lee s disappointment, who 
 had worked hard for the position of commander-in-chief. Of his conduct 
 during the war little can be said in praise. His bitter jealousy and 
 intense selfishness carried him almost to the verge of treason (257). At 
 the battle of Monmouth (272) he behaved so badly that Washington 
 ordered him to the rear; a court-martial followed, which found him 
 " guilty of disobedience, misbehavior before the enemy, and disrespect to 
 the commander-in-chief." He was accordingly suspended from all com 
 mand for twelve months. Finally Congress, provoked by an impertinent 
 letter, dismissed him from service. He retired to a plantation, where his 
 only companions were his books and his dogs, of both of which he was 
 passionately fond. The life wearied him, however, and in 1782 he visited 
 Baltimore and Philadelphia, endeavoring to sell his estate. At the latter 
 place he was attacked by fever, and died in a very few days. 
 
 12. William Moultrie (b. 1731, d. 1805) was a South Carolinian by birth, 
 and when thirty years old was made captain in a militia regiment which 
 fought in the war with the Cherokees. He served in the beginning of the 
 Revolution as colonel, and superintended the building of the fort on 
 Sullivan s Island. He rose to the rank of brigadier-general, serving with 
 great distinction until his capture by the British at the surrender of 
 Charleston in 1780. While a prisoner he was offered money and com 
 mand of a British regiment at Jamaica if he would desert. His reply is 
 worthy of commemoration : " Not the fee-simple of all Jamaica could 
 induce me to part with my integrity." He was exchanged for Burgoyne 
 
142 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 after two years imprisonment; rose to the rank of major-general; and 
 after the war was twice elected governor of South Carolina. 
 
 13. The fort was built of palmetto logs, laid in two rows sixteen feet 
 apart, and filled in between the rows with sand. This made a most 
 effective defense, as only eleven men were killed and twenty-six 
 wounded out of a garrison of four hundred and thirty-five ; while in the 
 ten vessels of the British squadron the loss in killed and wounded was 
 two hundred and five. The British flag-ship was so badly shattered that 
 " but for the stillness of the sea she must have gone down ; " another 
 vessel, that had run aground, was set fire to and abandoned. 
 
 " In the fort, William Jasper, a sergeant, perceived that the flag had 
 been cut down by a ball from the enemy, and had fallen over the ram 
 parts. Colonel, said he to Moultrie, don t let us fight without a flag. 
 
 "What can you do? asked Moultrie; the staff is broken off. 
 
 " Then, said Jasper, I 11 fix it to a halberd, and place it on the merlon 
 of the bastion next the enemy ; and leaping through an embrasure, and 
 braving the thickest fire from, the ships, he took up the flag, returned 
 with it safely, and planted it as he had promised on the summit of the 
 merlon. "Bancroft. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1776. 
 
 Independence Hall. 
 
 250. Separation from Great Britain could no longer 
 be delayed. In April, 1776, Congress abolished the "colo 
 nial system" by opening the American ports to free trade 
 with all the world excepting the British dominions. On the 
 7th of June Richard Henry Lee 1 offered a resolution in 
 Congress, * that these united colonies are, and of right 
 ought to be, free and independent states." After due de- 
 
 C43) 
 
144 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 bate the resolution was adopted, and a Declaration, written 
 by Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, was published to the 
 world on the 4th of July. 2 It recited, in firm and manly 
 terms, the acts of George III. which had rendered the sep 
 aration necessary, and declared the United States of America 
 absolved from all allegiance to the British crowi." 
 
 251. The Declaration of Independence was received 
 with joy all over the land. It was read to every brigade 
 of Washington s army at New York; and the soldiers, with 
 out leave, pulled down the leaden statue of George III. 
 which adorned the Battery, and converted it into bullets for 
 resisting that king s ascendency. All the colonies now or 
 ganized themselves into sovereign states. Many of them 
 seized the opportunity to get rid of abuses which had been 
 wrought into their governments. Virginia put an end to the 
 importation of slaves; to all penalties for religious dissent; 
 and to the law of entail, which had accumulated great estates 
 in the hands, of eldest sons; and adopted a plan for universal 
 education which, however, was long delayed in its execution 
 by the poverty consequent upon war. 
 
 .252. On the 1 2th of July Lord Howe 3 arrived in New 
 York Bay with a powerful English fleet. His brother, the 
 General, was already encamped on Staten Island with 30,000 
 British and German troops, all thoroughly armed and trained 
 to the highest degree of efficiency; while Washington s re 
 cent recruits were scantily supplied with clothing, with 
 weapons, and even with food. The Howes sincerely de 
 sired to restore peace without bloodshed; and they issued a 
 proclamation offering pardon to all rebels who would re 
 turn to their allegiance." Congress ordered this paper to be 
 printed and distributed among the American people. 
 
 253. Battle of Long Island. On the 26th of August 
 the English General Clinton crossed the Narrows and 
 marched northward to the neighborhood of Brooklyn. Two 
 of three roads through the hills were occupied by the Amer- 
 
~\BRA*y 
 
 Or- THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF 
 
LAKE CHAMPLAI^T 
 
 and 
 
 HUDSON BIVER. 
 By RussellHinman.C.E. 
 
 q lo.MU. g, 
 
BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 145 
 
 ican generals Sullivan 4 and Stirling 5 with about 8,000 men. 
 Unhappily the Jamaica road had been left unguarded, and 
 that was promptly seized by the enemy. There was brave 
 fighting, still commemorated at "Battle Pass;" but, sur 
 rounded on all sides, the Americans were forced at length 
 to retreat or surrender. General Stirling held out still longer 
 on ground now within Greenwood Cemetery, and protected 
 the retreat of the greater part of his force at the expense of 
 his own capture and the death of two hundred and fifty-nine 
 brave Marylanders. The Americans lost in all somewhat 
 less, than a thousand men, of whom three fourths, more un 
 fortunate than their dead comrades, were doomed to the 
 prison-ships, " where, during the war, eleven thousand per 
 ished of fever and starvation. 
 
 254. Washington s Retreat. Two days after the 
 battle Washington drew off his forces under cover of a 
 heavy fog, and crossed East River in safety. It was now 
 impossible to hold New York, and during September he en 
 trenched himself on Harlem Heights. His army was dis 
 heartened, and nearly dissolved by desertion; terms of enlist 
 ment were short, and the work of drilling fresh recruits had 
 to be resumed continually. 
 
 255. Howe took possession of New York Septem 
 ber 13. A fire followed his entrance, in which five hundred 
 houses were burnt. As Washington greatly desired news of 
 the enemy s plans, Captain Nathan Hale, a Yale student 
 who had quitted his college for the colonial service, volun 
 teered to enter the British lines on Long Island and obtain 
 information. He was recognized by one of his own kins 
 men, who, being a Tory, betrayed him to the enemy. By 
 Howe s order he was tried and condemned to death as a 
 spy. Even the common offices of religion were denied him, 
 and his farewell letters were destroyed. His last words 
 were, I only regret that I have but one life to give to my 
 
 country." 
 
 u. H. H. 10. 
 
146 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Attack on Rail s Camp. 
 
 Unable to dislodge Washington from Harlem Heights, 
 Howe resolved to reach his rear by landing in Westchester. 
 Washington met him at White Plains, October 27th, and 
 suffered a partial defeat, but was able to withdraw in good 
 order to North Castle. 
 
 256. To protect Philadelphia Washington now re 
 moved his army to New Jersey. Contrary to his judgment, 
 Fort Washington was still held. It was captured by the 
 British and Hessians, November i6th, after a brave defence, 
 
WASHINGTON IN NEW JERSEY. 147 
 
 and 2,600 of our much-needed men went to crowd the 
 prison-ships at Brooklyn. Fort Lee, on the opposite bank 
 of the Hudson, was soon afterward taken, but its garrison 
 was brought away in safety. 
 
 257. General Lee, who commanded the rear division, 
 disobeyed all orders to rejoin his chief, hoping by some 
 brilliant stroke to raise himself to the head of the army. 
 Instead, he was taken prisoner, and tried to gain favor with 
 his captors by advising them of the best means to conquer 
 America. But Howe never trusted him, and gladly ex 
 changed him a few months later for the British General 
 Prescott, who was captured in Rhode Island. 
 
 258. Lord Cornwallis, 6 with a large army, was in rapid 
 pursuit of Washington. His German troops robbed and in 
 sulted the people; and many, believing the hope of freedom 
 lost, accepted the royal "pardon" for the sake of security. 
 Washington retreated across the Delaware, and so swept it 
 of boats that the enemy could not follow him. 
 
 259. Battle of Trenton. Colonel Rail and his Hes 
 sians were keeping Christmas at Trenton, when the American 
 chief suddenly recrossed the river, amid blocks of ice, in a 
 furious storm, surprised and defeated Rail, and returned to 
 his camp with nearly a thousand prisoners, having lost only 
 two men, who were frozen to death. Rail himself was mor 
 tally wounded. This decisive stroke revived hope and 
 courage in all true hearts. The enemy abandoned Burling 
 ton and Bordentown, and the people tore down from their 
 doors the "red rags" by which they had claimed British 
 protection. 
 
 260. Washington Dictator, Congress, finding that 
 their general was not slow and cautious except by necessity, 
 conferred on him extraordinary powers for six months to 
 raise and maintain a larger army. Washington returned to 
 Trenton, where he was soon hard pressed . by Cornwallis, 
 
148 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 with greatly superior forces. Leaving his camp-fires burn 
 ing, he gave his enemy the slip, moved swiftly by night -to 
 Princeton, 7 and defeated three British regiments 
 there, then hastened to the rugged heights of 
 Morristown, where he was safe from farther pursuit. 
 
 261. Foreign Aid. These brilliant movements com 
 manded admiration in Europe, and secret or open help 
 began to reach the Americans. The young Marquis de La 
 Fayette 8 fitted out a ship at his own expense, and came 
 from France to serve as a volunteer in the American ranks. 
 He was made a major-general, and became the intimate 
 friend of Washington. Kosciusko 9 and Pulaski, 10 Poles of 
 high birth, who had fought in vain for the deliverance of 
 their own land, now offered themselves as soldiers of 
 liberty," and rendered good service to our cause. 
 
 Nevertheless, some of the darkest days were yet to be 
 passed through. 
 
 Trace upon Map No. 5 the movements on Long Island (2 253). Point 
 out Harlem. White Plains. North Castle. Forts Washington and 
 Lee. On Map No. 4, Burlington. Bordentown. Trenton. Princeton. 
 Morristown. 
 
 Read Lives of Kosciusko, Pulaski, and La Fayette in Sparks s 
 "American Biographies." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Bichard Henry Lee (6. 1732, d. 1794) was one of the most eminent 
 statesmen of American Revolutionary times. He was a native Virginian, 
 a brilliant scholar, a wise politician, an accomplished speaker, a tried 
 patriot. His fiery eloquence and profound political knowledge brought 
 him to the front in the creative days of our national republic. One of his 
 greatest addresses was that to the people of Great Britain in 1775, wherein, 
 after stating the wrongs the colonies had endured, he wrote: "And shall 
 the descendants of Britons tamely submit to this? No, sirs! we never 
 will while we revere the memory of our gallant and virtuous ancestors. 
 . . . . Admit that your fleets could destroy our towns, and ravage our 
 sea-coasts; these are inconsiderable objects, things of no moment to men 
 
 whose bosoms glow with the ardor of liberty Your ministers 
 
 (equal foes to British and American freedom) have added to their former 
 oppressions an attempt to reduce us by the sword to a base and abject 
 submission. On the sword, therefore, we are compelled to rely for pro 
 tection. Of this, at least, we are assured, that our struggle will be glorious, 
 our success certain ; since even in death we shall find that freedom which 
 in life you forbid us to enjoy." 
 
NOTES. 149 
 
 2. " It was two o clock in the afternoon when the final decision was an 
 nounced by secretary Thomson to the assembled Congress in Independ 
 ence Hall. It was a moment of solemn interest ; and when the secretary 
 sat down, a deep silence pervaded that august assembly. Thousands of 
 anxious citizens had gathered in the streets of Philadelphia, for it was 
 known that the final decision was to be made on that day. From the 
 hour when Congress convened in the morning, the old bellman had been 
 in the steeple. He placed a boy at the door below, to give him notice 
 when the announcement should be made. As hour succeeded hour, the 
 gray -beard shook his head, and said, They will never do it! they will 
 never do it ! Suddenly a loud shout came up from below, and there 
 stood the blue-eyed boy, clapping his hands and shouting, Ring ! ring ! 
 Grasping the iron tongue of the old bell, backward and forward he hurled 
 it a hundred times, its loud voice proclaiming Liberty throughout all the 
 land, unto all the inhabitants thereof. The excited multitude in the 
 streets responded with loud acclamations, and with cannon-peals, bon 
 fires, and illuminations, the patriots held a glorious carnival that night 
 in the quiet city of Penn." Lossing. 
 
 It is a curious fact that this bell, now known as the " Liberty Bell," 
 which was cast twenty-three years before the Declaration of Independ 
 ence, had around its crown the quotation from Scripture, " Proclaim lib 
 erty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The bell, 
 though now cracked and voiceless, still hangs above Independence Hall. 
 Upon the approach of the British in 1777, it was removed to a place of 
 safety ; before replacing it, the old belfry, which had decayed, was torn 
 down and a new one built. The illustration on page 143 shows the present 
 appearance of the building. 
 
 3. Lord Richard Howe (6. 1725, d. 1799) was a noted British admiral. 
 He entered the navy at fourteen years of age, and took part in many im 
 portant sea-fights. His operations on the American coasts continued for 
 about two years. 
 
 4. General John Sullivan was born at Berwick, Maine, in 1740, and 
 was a successful lawyer both before and after the Revolution. At the 
 battle of Long Island he was given command of the forces of General 
 Greene, who was sick. Sullivan fought with valor, but was captured by 
 the Hessians. He was not held long as a prisoner, and, returning to duty, 
 did good service throughout the war. Afterwards he was a member of 
 Congress and United States Judge. He died at Durham, N. H., 1795. 
 
 5. Lord Stirling, major-general in the American army, was a descend 
 ant of Sir William Alexander (3 83). He was born in New York, 1726, and 
 died 1783. 
 
 6. Lord Cornwallis (6. 1738, d. 1805) was a prominent British com 
 mander in the Revolution from first to last. At this time the English 
 colonial officers wrote home, " Cornwallis is carrying all before him 
 in the Jerseys ; it is impossible but that peace must soon be the conse 
 quence of our success." He opposed the action of the ministry which led 
 to the war in America, but when the conflict opened he took the field 
 with his regiment, and was soon made a major-general. After his career 
 in America, Lord Cornwallis filled several public offices with distinction. 
 He was created a Marquis, given a seat in the Privy Council and the Cab 
 inet, became Viceroy of Ireland, and was twice made Governor-general 
 of India. 
 
 7. At the battle of Princeton the American loss included several 
 gallant officers. Their fall caused a temporary panic among the men, 
 and Washington seeing this rode bravely to the front and rallied the fugi 
 tives at the great peril of his own life. The British losses were two hun 
 dred killed and wounded, besides two hundred and fifty prisoners, among 
 whom were fourteen officers. 
 
 8. The Marquis de La Fayette, born in 1757, came of a noble French 
 family, and to the close of his eventful life, in 1834, displayed a nobility 
 of character rarely surpassed. He was an orphan from early childhood, 
 and during his school-days in Paris and Versailles no studies interested 
 him so much as the histories of the world s great struggles for freedom. 
 Thus was kindled in his breast the military ardor which afterwards 
 marked his career. Married at sixteen, he entered the army at nineteen. 
 
150 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 When he heard that the American colonies had declared their independ 
 ence, he resolved to enlist in their cause. Franklin, the American agent 
 at Paris, was unable to furnish La Fayette with transportation ; so he 
 fitted out a vessel at his own expense, and, notwithstanding the strong 
 opposition of his friends, and the repeated efforts of the government 
 to cause his arrest, he embarked from a port in Spain early in the year 
 1777. In April he landed on the South Carolina coast, proceeded at 
 once to Philadelphia, and tendered his services to Congress. That body 
 " Resolved, That his services be accepted, and that in consideration of his 
 zeal, illustrious family, and connections, he have the rank and commis 
 sion of major-general in the army of the United States." From the first 
 meeting he and Washington became warm friends, and their personal at 
 tachment continued through life. Although young and inexperienced, 
 General La Fayette showed, in his American campaigns, soldierly quali 
 ties of the highest order, and won a world-wide reputation for great mili 
 tary ability. His influence at the French court secured the aid of many 
 thousand troops for the patriots cause. " It is fortunate for the king," 
 said Maurepas, the chief minister, "that La Fayette did not take it into 
 his head to strip Versailles of its furniture to send to his dear America, as 
 his Majesty would have been unable to refuse it!" 
 
 After the Revolutionary War he revisited the United States in 1784, and 
 again in 1824. receiving an ovation wherever he went. He visited the 
 chief cities of the country. La Fayette was a prominent figure in France 
 during the " Revolution." He fearlessly denounced the wrongs practiced 
 upon the people, and became their boldest champion. He was made 
 commander of the National Guard, and suggested the national emblem 
 of the " tri-color." In 1792, during the war with Austria, he was captured 
 and confined for five years in a dreary dungeon at Olmutz. For twenty- 
 two months his wife voluntarily shared his imprisonment. He was re 
 leased upon the demand of Napoleon, but never was a partisan of the 
 great emperor. His death occurred in Paris, and his funeral was a mag 
 nificent tribute to his memory as held in the hearts of the French people. 
 
 9. Kosciusko (&. 1746, d. 1817), being opposed in his suit by the father of 
 the lady with whom he was in love, left his native land in 1775 and came 
 to America to join the patriot army. He fought valiantly in many 
 battles, and returned to Poland at the close of the war. From 1791 to 1794 
 he was the leader and hero of the Polish army in their efforts to regain 
 independence, but fell severely wounded at the battle of Maciejowice. 
 
 41 Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, 
 And Freedom shrieked as Kosciusko fell." 
 
 He was captured and imprisoned for two years by the Russians, re 
 visited the United States soon after his release, lived the rest of his days 
 in France and Switzerland, and met his death by fallingtfrom his horse 
 over a precipice. 
 
 10. Count Casimir Pulaski was born in Lithuania, 1747, and received 
 a mortal wound in the attack on Savannah, 1779, (285). His father and 
 brothers lost their lives in the wars for Polish independence, and he him 
 self was outlawed. In France he met Benjamin Franklin, and through 
 him offered his services to the American army. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1777 AND 1778. 
 
 262. For the campaign of I777 1 two great movements 
 were planned by the British. Howe was to seize Phila 
 delphia, while Burgoyne, descending from Canada, was to 
 meet Clinton ascending from New York, and secure the 
 whole line of Lake Champlain and the Hudson, thus cut 
 ting off New England from the other states. 
 
 263. Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. 
 
 Washington, who had the care of the whole defense, de 
 tained Howe all summer in New Jersey, and prevented any 
 march of British detachments to the north, while he sent 
 Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan with troops he could ill spare, 
 to aid Schuyler in opposing Burgoyne. He was himself de 
 feated at Brandywine; 2 Congress hastily removed to Lancas 
 ter, and Howe entered Philadelphia, September 
 26. A bold attack, a few days later, upon the 
 British at Germantown, 3 raised the spirits of the Americans, 
 though it did not regain the city. 4 
 
 264. Battle of Bennington. In the north -Fort Ticon- 
 deroga was surrendered to Burgoyne, with all its 
 
 cannon and stores; 5 Fort Edward was aban 
 doned, and it seemed as if the whole state of New York lay 
 at the mercy of the invaders. The Mohawk Valley was 
 ravaged by a force of Tories and Indians in English pay. 6 
 The British, however, were scantily supplied with food. 
 Learning that the Americans had stores at Bennington, Bur 
 goyne sent Lieutenant-colonel Baum with a force 
 to capture them. But General Stark, 7 with his 
 New Hampshire militia, and Colonel Warner, with his 
 
 (ISO 
 
152 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 "Green Mountain Boys," fought with such spirit that Baum 
 and his entire command were either killed or captured. 
 
 265. First Battle of Saratoga. At this point General 
 Gates 8 took command of the army in the north ; the New 
 England farmers, inspired with new hope by the victory at 
 Bennington, flocked to his camp at Bemus s heights near 
 Stillwater. Burgoyne came up, and a battle was fought, 9 
 September 19, of which both sides claimed the victory. 
 While the two armies lay facing each other for a fortnight, 
 militia-bands hovered about the British, cutting off their sup 
 plies, now and then capturing a picket-guard, and in many 
 ways embarrassing their position. 
 
 266. Surrender of Burgoyne. A second battle/ Oc 
 tober 7, was more disastrous to the British, and hunger soon 
 completed what the American arms had begun. On the 
 1 7th of October Burgoyne surrendered his whole army, num 
 bering nearly 8,000 men, with all their cannon, muskets, 
 and war material. The men were to have sailed from Bos 
 ton for Europe; but, some delay occurring, they 
 were cantoned among the fertile fields of Virginia. 
 
 The Hessian General Riedesel distributed a thousand dol 
 lars worth of seeds among his men, and pretty gardens soon 
 surrounded their barracks. Some of them liked the country 
 so well that they remained willingly after the war was over, 
 and became citizens of the United States. 
 
 267. Winter at Valley Forge. After remaining in the 
 field until shelter became necessary for the preservation of 
 his army, Washington went into winter-quarters at Valley 
 Forge, twenty miles from Philadelphia. Scantily supplied 
 with food and clothing, and destitute of even straw to sleep 
 upon, 2,000 men were soon disabled by illness. Secret 
 emissaries from General Howe offered them good pay and 
 every comfort if they would desert to the British, but though 
 many of them had been born in Great Britain, scarcely a 
 man accepted the bribe. 
 
SUFFERINGS AT VALLEY FORGE. 153 
 
 268. The winter at Valley Forge was the severest agony 
 of the war. Washington had to contend not only with cold 
 and starvation, but with envious plots 10 against himself, 
 quarrels among his officers, and weary indifference in the 
 people. While his poor men were starving, farmers sold all 
 their produce to the British, or even burnt it to keep it from 
 being taken by his commissaries. Even the clothing and 
 shoes which belonged to the army, failed to reach it through 
 the disgraceful negligence of the quartermaster-general. 
 Washington was too great to notice injuries which only con 
 cerned himself, and some of his secret enemies afterwards 
 bitterly regretted the plots they had made against him. 
 
 269. Baron Steuben. Meanwhile a most welcome 
 volunteer presented himself at the camp. It was Baron 
 Steuben, 11 an officer of Frederic the Great, 12 who came pre 
 pared to introduce the perfect drill of the Prussian army, 
 and prepare the Americans for future successes. 
 
 270. The good effects of the victory at Saratoga 
 were yet to be felt. From the beginning France had 
 wished well to the Americans, partly through hatred of En 
 gland, who had deprived her of so large a part of this con 
 tinent (193), and now that the tide seemed to have turned 
 in their favor, she was ready to take their part. Benjamin 
 Franklin and Arthur Lee 13 were sent as commissioners to 
 Paris. The good sense, plain dress, and simple manners of 
 the former struck the fancy of the queen and the court, 
 while his wise and brilliant conversation won the admiration 
 of wits and philosophers. He knew how to turn all his 
 success to the account of his country, and already money, 
 powder, and arms reached America from France. 
 
 During the winter after the surrender of Bur- 
 goyne, the French government made a treaty of friendship 
 with the United States of America, being the first to recognize 
 that new nation among the powers of the world. 
 
 271. Great Change in England. The same events 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Costumes of the Revolution. 
 
 produced a great change in England. Burke, Fox, and 
 many others in Parliament demanded that the Americans 
 should be declared free at once. The king adjourned Par 
 liament to prevent the spread of these sentiments, but sent 
 commissioners to treat for peace, promising pardon for all 
 offenses upon the return of the "colonies" to their alle 
 giance. Congress resolved to hold no conference with the 
 envoys unless the British fleets and armies should be with 
 drawn, or the independence of the United States distinctly 
 acknowledged; and the war went on. 
 
INDIAN MASSACRES. 155 
 
 272. Philadelphia Regained. General Howe resigned 
 his command, and Clinton, who succeeded him, was ordered 
 to quit Philadelphia and make his headquarters in New 
 York. Washington pursued his retreating army, and, but 
 for the failure of General Lee, might have won a great vic 
 tory. As it was, he rallied Lee s flying brigades 
 
 and gained the battle of Monmouth; 14 but the 
 
 British escaped to New York, leaving several hundreds of 
 
 dead or wounded on the field. 
 
 273. Attack on Newport. Great preparations were 
 made for a combined attack of the French and American 
 forces upon Newport, Rhode Island, which was in the pos 
 session of the British. Count D Estaing arrived from 
 France with a powerful fleet, and learning soon after that 
 Admiral Howe was awaiting him on the open sea, he sailed 
 out of Narragansett Bay for a fight. A terrible 
 
 storm arose, however, and both fleets, shattered 
 by the tempest, had to withdraw and put into port for re 
 pairs. The American forces, unsupported by the fleet, were 
 now compelled to retire from the island, and during the 
 retreat were attacked by the British. The latter, however, 
 were repulsed, and the Americans withdrew in safety. 
 
 274. Massacre at Wyoming. This summer was sig 
 nalized by a terrible massacre of old men, women, and chil 
 dren in the valley of Wyoming, on the Susquehanna, by a 
 combined force of British and Seneca Indians. All the 
 strong men were absent in the army, while their wives tilled 
 the fields. The forts in which they had found refuge on the 
 enemy s approach, were taken and burnt. Three hundred 
 old men and boys fought valiantly until they were sur 
 rounded and slain. The British leaders could not, if they 
 would, restrain their savage allies; every dwelling was 
 burnt, and the beautiful valley became a solitude. 
 
 275. Savages in New York. The same dreadful 
 scenes were repeated at Cherry Valley in New York, by 
 
156 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 British and Mohawks (November, 1778). The Six Nations 
 (24 and Note) had been friendly with the colonists until 
 the preceding year, when the influence of the Johnson 
 family 15 had made them allies of the British. For his victory 
 at Lake George (182), Sir William Johnson had received 
 an immense estate on the Mohawk, and reigned like a king 
 over his tenants and the neighboring Indians. It is said 
 that the old knight died of apoplexy, occasioned by the 
 mental struggle between loyalty to his king and love of his 
 country. His sons were not troubled by the latter feeling, 
 but let loose all the horrors of savage warfare against their 
 countrymen. 
 
 276. In the summer of 1779 a stern vengeance was in 
 flicted for these outrages. The towns and villages, orchards 
 and corn-fields of the Six Nations were ravaged, and their 
 chiefs, Red Jacket, Brandt, and Cornplanter 1{i were signally 
 defeated. Finding that Great Britain was unable to protect 
 them, they ceased from their ravages and remained neutral 
 during the remainder of the war. 
 
 277. Colonel Clark in the North-west. Virginia 
 was now the most extensive and powerful of the colonies. 
 All the territory north of the Ohio, south of the Great 
 Lakes, and east of the Mississippi was within her chartered 
 limits. Late in 1776 she had organized the settlements west 
 of the Alleghanies (see 243) as the "County of Ken 
 tucky." In 1778 her governor, Patrick Henry, fitted out an 
 expedition, of which he entrusted the command to the rep 
 resentative from that colony, Colonel George Rogers Clark, 
 to capture the British posts north of the Ohio River. Ham 
 ilton, the British governor at Detroit, was sending out parties 
 of savages through all that region, offering a reward for 
 every white scalp; and his cruel emissaries spared neither 
 women nor babes. 
 
 278. The County of Illinois. Clark surprised Kas- 
 kaskia and Cahokia, whose inhabitants gladly declared them- 
 
THE NORTH-WESTERN TERRITORY. 
 
 m 
 
 selves loyal to the 
 United States. So 
 did the people of Vin- 
 cennes, who were 
 mostly French ; but 
 fort, newly rein- 
 
 Attack on Vincennes. 
 
 forced by Hamilton, offered resistance. After a spirited 
 fight it was taken, Hamilton himself and all his garrison 
 becoming prisoners of war. A convoy of supplies from 
 Detroit was also taken with forty prisoners. Virginia pub- 
 
158 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 licly thanked Colonel Clark and his brave officers and men 
 for having gained possession for the state of all the impor 
 tant posts on the Illinois and Wabash, and established repub 
 lican government in place of the British dominion. Every 
 soldier in the expedition was presented with two hundred 
 acres of land. The whole territory north of the Ohio was 
 organized as the "County of Illinois." 
 
 279. Fort Jefferson was built on the Mississippi, five miles 
 below the mouth of the Ohio. Natchez and other British 
 settlements on the lower Mississippi were gained by the 
 United States during the summer of 1778, and the great 
 central valley was now held only by Spain and the new Re 
 public, in more or less declared rivalry with the Shawnees, 
 Miamis, and other savages. 
 
 Trace on Map No. 4, the main points in Burgoyne s campaign. The 
 scenes of the Indian massacres. The western campaign of Colonel 
 Clark. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Within a few days after the battle of Princeton, the New Jersey 
 militia successfully attacked small parties of the enemy at Springfield and 
 Somerset Court-house, capturing a number of prisoners and much valu 
 able plunder. A little later the British made a raid upon Peekskill, on 
 the Hudson, where General McDougall, with about 250 men, was in charge 
 of army stores. In April General Tryon, with 2,000 soldiers, attacked 
 Danbury, Conn., and destroyed a great many tents and other American 
 supplies; but on his retreat to the Sound his forces were so vigorously 
 pressed by the troops under generals Arnold, Wooster, and Silliman that 
 they were glad to escape to their boats. General Wooster lost his life, and 
 Arnold had a horse shot under him. The losses in killed and wounded 
 were about equally divided. In May Colonel Meigs made a sudden de 
 scent on Long Island from New Haven, and destroyed twelve British 
 vessels and many stores at Sag Harbor. In July Colonel Barton, with a 
 body of the Rhode Island militia, surprised the English General Prescott 
 in camp near Newport, and took him prisoner. He was afterwards ex 
 changed for General Charles Lee (2f>7). 
 
 2. In the battle of Brandywine, September llth, Washington lost 800 
 in killed and wounded, besides 10 cannon ; the British loss was about 600. 
 La * ayette received a severe wound in the leg, which kept him from the 
 field for two months. 
 
 One week later a midnight massacre occurred near Paoli, Penn., in 
 which General Wayne s outposts were surprised and cut to pieces by 
 three regiments of Gray s English infantry. Nearly 200 were killed. 
 
 3. Washington s night march to Germantown, and the simultaneous 
 attack on the front and flanks of the enemy at sunrise, October 4th, were 
 skillfully and boldly planned. He hoped to win a decisive victory before 
 General Howe could send reinforcements from Philadelphia; and but for 
 
NOTES. 159 
 
 three things a dense fog, a drunken officer, and the delay caused by the 
 storming of the " Chew-house "he would have succeeded. General 
 Wayne was in actual possession of the English camp when his forces 
 were tired upon from the rear by another division of the Americans, 
 who mistook them for the enemy. The two bodies fought each other 
 in the fog for some time before the terrible mistake was discovered. 
 It came to light afterwards that the general who was responsible for the 
 blunder was drunk, and he was dismissed the service. The "Chew- 
 house" was a strong stone building, which six companies of British 
 troops occupied and barricaded, so that they were able to resist all attacks 
 for over an hour. This delay and the carnage at this point proved fatal. 
 Washington ordered a retreat. His losses were 1,000 men; that of the 
 English about 500. 
 
 4. Though Howe held the city of Philadelphia, his communications 
 both by land and sea were cut off by Washington s wise disposition of his 
 forces. The land army intercepted British supplies from the country, and 
 the little garrisons of brave men in forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the Dela 
 ware, prevented the ascent of ships. Colonel Donop, with a force of 1,200 
 Hessians, attacked Fort Mercer, and in less than an hour s time lost his 
 own life and 400 men. An attack on Fort Mifflin by the English fleet, 
 November 19th, was more successful. A gallant resistance was made by 
 the garrison, but after losing more than half their number in killed and 
 wounded, the remainder crossed the river to Fort Mercer. In a short time 
 the Americans were obliged to evacuate this post also ; thus, at the close 
 of 1777, General Howe had undisputed possession of the Delaware from 
 Philadelphia to the sea. 
 
 5. On the retreat from Fort Ticonderoga to Fort Edward, a body of Gen 
 eral St. Clair s forces was repulsed at Hubbardton with a loss of between 
 300 and 400 men. He was compelled to make a circuit of a hundred miles 
 to avoid another unequal contest with the enemy. 
 
 6. This expedition was under the command of Colonel St. Leger; the 
 Mohawk Indians, 1,000 in number, were led by their chief, Joseph Brandt. 
 At Oriskany, August 5th, they encountered the veteran, General Nicholas 
 Herkimer, with 800 militiamen, and a furious battle followed. Herkimer 
 received a mortal wound, but directed the movements of his men until 
 the fight was over. Relief came to the Americans at length from Fort 
 Schuyler, which was not far distant, and St. Leger, with his savage allies, 
 was put to flight. The losses on each side were about 200 killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 7. General John Stark, of Dunbarton, N. H., had distinguished him 
 self for bravery at Bunker Hill and Trenton, and his neighboring farmers 
 rallied by hundreds at his call to resist this invasion of the British. At 
 the first sight of the enemy he is said to have exclaimed, "See there, 
 my men! there are the red-coats! Before night they re ours, or Molly 
 Stark s a widow ! " This story has been disputed on the apparently 
 plausible ground that Mrs. Stark was named Elizabeth ; but a paper re 
 cently discovered proves that the General had his own preference in 
 which historians need not oppose him for calling her Molly. The story, 
 therefore, rests on stronger evidence than before. 
 
 8. General Horatio Gates had been in command before General 
 Schuyler, and was superseded by him. Schuyler s loss of Forts Ticon 
 deroga and Edward was the cause of Gates being reinstated. Both were 
 brave soldiers: they had served with honor in the "French and Indian 
 War." Indiscreet friends of General Gates afterwards attempted to se 
 cure his promotion above General Washington, and his own correspond 
 ence shows that he was covetous of the chief command ; but, happily, 
 that change was never made. 
 
 9. This is variously called the first battle of Saratoga, battle of 
 Bemus s Heights, Stillwater, and Freeman s Farm. It was a hotly con 
 tested fight, lasting from noon until dark. The British lost 650 men, the 
 Americans 325. 
 
 The losses in the second battle (October 7) on the same field were 150 in 
 General Gates s army and 400 in General Burgoyne s. The death of Gen- 
 end Frazer on that day was a severe blow to the British. Arnold was 
 promoted to the rank of major-general for his bravery in this fight. The 
 
160 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 two battles of Saratoga rank among the decisive battles of history ; for 
 they forced the surrender of Burgoyne s army, which, up to that time, 
 was to the Americans the most brilliant victory of the war. 
 
 10. The most serious plot against Washington, at this time, is known 
 as the " Con way Cabal." Conway was an Irishman by birth, but .had 
 come to America with the French allies, and gained rapid promotion. 
 He was at the head of the movement to depose Washington from the 
 chief command of the army, and to appoint General Gates in his stead. 
 When the intrigue became generally known the people condemned it 
 loudly, and suspicion ever afterwards attached to all who were found to 
 have been in any way connected with the plot. 
 
 11. Baron Steuben was born in a Prussian fortress, A. D, 1730, passed 
 his childhood in the camps of soldiers, and entered the army at the age 
 of fourteen. He received wounds at Prague and Kunersdorf, was taken 
 prisoner in Poland, and was the hero of many European battle-fields. He 
 displaced Conway as inspector-general of the American army, and by his 
 superior tactics soon converted the raw recruits into efficient, well drilled 
 soldiers. Steuben served to the close of the Revolution, received a pen 
 sion and tracts of land from the government, settled in Oneida County, 
 N. Y., in 1789, and died there in 1794. 
 
 12. Frederic II. of Prussia was the greatest general of his age. He 
 well knew what it was to fight under tremendous difficulties, for at one 
 time all Europe was combined against him. He said of Washington s 
 movements in New Jersey, at the end of 1776, that they were the most 
 brilliant in the annals of war. Of the American soldiers he said, " I like 
 those brave fellows, and can not help secretly hoping for their success." 
 " The British Parliament," said Frederic, " have acted like an infuriated 
 fool in the American business." 
 
 13. Arthur Lee (b. 1740, d. 1792) rendered important service to his coun 
 try not only at the court of France, but also in those of Spain, Prussia, 
 and Holland. He was the efficient agent of the Massachusetts colony at 
 London for a time ; and afterwards of his native state, Virginia, at Paris, 
 for the negotiation of loans and the obtaining of arms. He proved a 
 skillful diplomatist. Attractive in person and energetic in action, Arthur 
 Lee has been truly called " the scholar, the writer, the philosopher, and 
 negotiator." In all these capacities he won. distinction. 
 
 14. During the fury of this battle a young cannoneer was shot down, 
 and his piece was about to be taken by the enemy when his wife Molly 
 Pitcher who had been carrying water to the soldiers, bravely seized the 
 rammer, reloaded the cannon, and fired it with fatal effect upon the ad 
 vancing foe. Washington gave her a sergeant s commission for her 
 heroic conduct. She afterwards went by the name of "Captain Molly." 
 
 15. The Johnsons were leading Tories in the region where they lived. 
 The secret of their influence over the Indians was that a sister of Joseph 
 Brandt, the most powerful chief of the Six Nations, was the Indian wife 
 of Sir William Johnson. 
 
 16. Red Jacket and Cornplanter were chiefs of the Seneca tribe. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1779-1781, 
 
 280. War in the South. The main action was now 
 transferred to the South. Savannah, with all its cannon and 
 stores, was taken by a British force, December, 1778, after 
 a brave but ineffectual resistance. Many people accepted 
 the British protection, but those who were true to American 
 freedom took refuge in the highlands and in Carolina. 
 Georgia became for three years a royal province. 
 
 281. Major-general Lincoln 1 was appointed to com 
 mand the American forces in the South. Port Royal having 
 been taken by the British, was gallantly recapt 
 ured by Colonel Moultrie. Charleston was 
 threatened, but not then taken, for upon the approach of 
 Lincoln the enemy hastily retreated. Thenceforth the British 
 general contented himself with ravage and robbery, which 
 only provoked the patriots to sterner efforts, while they ruined 
 the royal cause in the esteem of all right-minded people. 
 
 282. Recapture of Stony Point. The enemy were 
 now in possession of the forts on the lower Hudson which 
 guarded the communication between New York and New 
 Jersey. In July, 1779, General Wayne 2 "Mad Anthony" 
 he was called was intrusted by Washington with the recapt 
 ure of Stony Point. 3 With a small number of chosen men 
 he surprised the guard at the foot of the hill, climbed the 
 rugged height surrounded on three sides by the river, and 
 seized the fort. Though wounded in the attack, he was car 
 ried at the head of the storming party. Six hundred British 
 were either killed or captured. As Washington had not a 
 
 U.S. H.-11. (!6l) 
 
1 62 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 force sufficient to hold the fort, the stores were all removed 
 
 and the works demolished. At Paulus Hook, Major Lee, 4 
 
 called "Light-Horse Harry," captured what is 
 
 now Jersey City, almost under the guns of the 
 
 British in New York. 
 
 283. The infant Navy of the United States made up 
 in boldness and swiftness of movement what it lacked in 
 
 size, even entering the Brit 
 ish harbors in the West In 
 dies, burning ships at the 
 wharves, and carrying off 
 powder and other stores. 
 A swarm of privateers, com 
 missioned by Congress, capt 
 ured in three years five 
 hundred English vessels. 
 Captain Paul Jones, 5 on the 
 < Bon Homme Richard, 6 
 is said to have taken six 
 teen prizes in six weeks. 
 Among his most famous 
 sea-fights was that with the 
 British frigate " Serapis" 
 
 With his own hands he lashed the two vessels together, and 
 fought so desperately that the "Serapis" struck her colors 
 just as his own ship was sinking. Both vessels had been on 
 fire many times during their two hours combat. Jones had 
 barely time to remove his men to the captured vessel, which 
 he sailed into a Dutch port. 
 
 284. Winter at Morristown. The winter of 1779-80 
 was the coldest in the eighteenth century, and Washington s 
 army at Morristown suffered, if possible, more than two 
 years before at Valley Forge. The longer the war lasted, 
 the more bare of all supplies the country became. Bands of 
 
SOUTHERN LEADERS. 163 
 
 British and Tories ravaged all the coasts, penetrating the 
 James, Potomac, Hudson, and Connecticut rivers, and burn 
 ing houses, barns, and boats. 
 
 285. Fall of Charleston. During the autumn, the 
 French fleet of D Estaing had joined with the land forces 
 under General Lincoln in attempting to retake Savannah, 
 but without success. In this siege the brave Pulaski 
 charged with his " legion" upon the fortifications, and fell 
 mortally wounded. His loss was a grievous one to the 
 patriot army. Count D Estaing, also, received two slight 
 wounds. A thousand brave men lost their lives, among 
 them Sergeant Jasper, who died clasping to his heart the 
 colors presented to his regiment at Fort Moultrie (see Note, 
 p. 142). In March, 1780, Clinton appeared before Charles 
 ton with a fleet and army. On the i2th of May the city 
 was compelled to surrender. The whole state was overrun 
 by marauders; all men were ordered into the king s army, 
 and many who refused were murdered in the presence of 
 their wives and children. 
 
 286. Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, 7 with their 
 spirited and devoted followers, gave the British little peace 
 in their regained province. Knowing all the paths through 
 woods and marshes, shrinking from no hardship and delight 
 ing in danger, they sprang upon the invaders at unexpected 
 moments, and often captured numbers greatly superior to 
 their own. 8 Meanwhile the women of the South were 
 equally resolute in maintaining their share of the defense. 
 One lady, whose house had been seized and garrisoned by 
 a British force, suggested to the American officers the plan 
 of setting it on fire, and brought with her own hands the 
 bow and arrows with which fire-brands were to be conveyed 
 to the wooden roof. Then she stood watching the flames 
 that were devouring her home until the enemy were forced 
 to surrender themselves as prisoners. 
 
 287. Marion as a Host. It is said that a British 
 
164 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 officer, sent to arrange some 
 matters of business with Ma 
 rion, was invited by him to 
 dinner. Already charmed by 
 the grace and dignity of his 
 host, he gladly accepted 
 
 Marion s Dinner. 
 
 invitation, but was amazed to find that the meal consisted 
 only of baked potatoes served on bark. No apology was 
 made, but the guest could not help saying, Surely, Gen 
 eral, this is not your ordinary fare?" " Indeed it is," re 
 plied Marion, "but having to-day the honor of your com 
 pany, we are so happy as to have more than our usual 
 allowance." The officer returned to Charleston and re- 
 
MORGAN, GREENE, AND 
 
 signed his commission, saying that America would never 
 be conquered while served by such men. 
 
 288. Gates and Greene. Gates was this year ap 
 pointed to command in the South, and came with much 
 bluster about " Burgoyning Cornwallis," who was now the 
 British chief. Gates was terribly defeated, however, at Cam- 
 den, 9 (August, 1780), and his "grand army" was scattered. 
 The brave Baron De Kalb, whose invincible firmness had 
 enabled the Continental 
 
 troops to stand fast even 
 after the militia gave way, 
 fell at last, covered with 
 wounds. He had been a 
 comrade of La Fayette, and 
 his death was bitterly la 
 mented. The British lost 
 not more than three hun 
 dred men. General Greene 10 
 was soon afterward appoint 
 ed to succeed Gates, and 
 found only a tattered and 
 demoralized troop of 2,000 
 men with which to retrieve 
 the fortunes of the new Re 
 public. 
 
 289. In the battle of the Cowpens the American 
 militia at first gave way, and the regulars fell back to a 
 better position. The British, supposing that they had 
 gained an uncommonly easy victory, rushed for 
 ward, when they were surprised by the sudden 
 
 facing about of the Continentals, who poured upon them so 
 deadly a fire that they had to run in their turn. They were 
 pursued twenty miles by Colonel Washington, 11 and lost 
 eight hundred men, with all their arms and cannon, while 
 the Americans lost only twelve killed and sixty wounded. 
 
 General Greene. 
 
 Jan., 1781, 
 
1 66 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 This "most extraordinary victory of the war" was due to 
 the spirit and ability of General Morgan, 11 who was bravely 
 supported by his officers and men. 
 
 290. A Chase by Cornwallis. When Cornwallis heard 
 of this reverse he burned his baggage and pursued Morgan, 
 who was now joined by Greene and the main army. The 
 Americans had just crossed the Catawba when the British 
 came in sight, but night and a heavy rain checked the pur 
 suers. Next morning the river was too deep to ford, and 
 Cornwallis was delayed three days. 
 
 Greene pushed on to the Yadkin and secured all its boats. 
 Cornwallis followed and again came in sight of the Ameri 
 cans just as they had crossed the stream. Again sudden 
 and violent rains came to their rescue and his discomfiture. 
 Two days later a similar race was begun for the fords of the 
 Dan, and a third time America was saved by the interpo 
 sition of Providence. In spite of poverty, suffering, and the 
 frightful odds that were yet to be encountered, the brave 
 people took heart again, and believed that their country 
 was destined to be free. 
 
 291. Southern States Recovered. Greene s army 
 being rested and reinforced by troops from Virginia and 
 North Carolina, turned and gave battle near Guilford Court- 
 
 ch house. He was defeated, but Cornwallis was so 
 much weakened by his losses in the battle and 
 the previous pursuit, that he abandoned Carolina and with 
 drew into Virginia. 
 
 General Greene, though suffering several defeats, man 
 aged to keep all his positions, and at Eutaw 
 Springs he gained a brilliant victory. In pursuing 
 the British after this battle, great losses were sustained; but 
 in nine months Georgia and the two Carolinas had been re 
 covered, with the exception of the three cities of Savannah, 
 Charleston, and Wilmington. 
 
NOTES. 167 
 
 Where was Stony Point ? Paulus Hook (now Jersey City) ? On 
 Map No. 4, point out Savannah. Charleston. Camden. Battle-field of 
 the Cowpens. Guilford Court-house. Eutaw Springs. Trace Corn- 
 wallis s pursuit of Morgan and Greene. 
 
 Read Simms s "Life of Marion;" Moultrie s "Memoirs of the 
 Revolution;" Henry Lee s "Memoirs of the War in the Southern 
 States;" Cooper s "History of the American Navy;" Mackenzie s 
 "Life of Paul Jones." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Major-general Benjamin Lincoln (b. 1733, d. 1810) was born and died 
 in Hingham, Mass. He was a sturdy farmer, member of the legislature 
 and of the provincial Congress. Early in the war he showed military 
 ability, and gained rapid promotion. He distinguished himself at White 
 Plains for bravery, and on Bemus s Heights received a wound that kept 
 him for a year out of active service. After his capture at Charleston 
 (g 285) he was allowed to go home on parole, but was not exchanged for 
 nearly a year. He then hastened to the front, and held important com 
 mands until the close of the war ( 304). His later years were divided be 
 tween public office and retirement oh his farm. 
 
 2. General Anthony "Wayne, by reason of his many brilliant feats at 
 arms, became the popular hero of the Revolution. He was born in Ches 
 ter County, Pennsylvania, 1745, and died at Presque Isle (now Erie, Pa.), 
 1796, while on his return from a successful expedition against the western 
 Indians. By profession he was a surveyor, and he was long an intimate 
 friend of Franklin. For his heroism, at Stony Point, Congress gave him a 
 vote of thanks and a gold medal. 
 
 3. " After a careful reconnoissance in person, General Wayne divided 
 his force into two columns and moved forward. The men were to depend 
 upon the bayonet alone, and an order was issued that the nearest officer 
 should instantly cut down any soldier who took his gun from his shoulder 
 before the word was given. That they might distinguish each other in 
 the darkness, a bit of white paper was fastened to their hats, and they 
 were to shout, The fort s our own ! as they entered the works." Bryant. 
 
 4. Major Lee afterwards General Henry Lee was one of the leading 
 spirits in the southern department. He was a brave soldier and a skillful 
 officer. He died in 1816. General Robert E. Lee ( 523) was his son. 
 
 5. John Paul Jones was born in the south of Scotland, 1747. As a boy 
 he was daring and fond of adventure. He became a ship s apprentice at 
 twelve years of age, and made his first voyage to Virginia, where he had a 
 brother. For a time he was mate of a slave-ship, but soon recoiled from 
 the horrors of the business and came to America to live. In 1775 he was 
 appointed lieutenant in the navy, and was the first man to hoist the 
 newly adopted " stars and stripes." The capture of the Serapis was his 
 last sea fight for the Americans, but his successes during the previous 
 three years had been numerous and brilliant. In 1788 Jones was made 
 rear-admiral of the Russian navy, and fought against the Turks. He 
 died at Paris in 1792. 
 
 6. The name of Jones s ship is an odd memorial of the circumstances in 
 which he obtained it. While waiting at Boulogne, wearied with the 
 delay of the French officials to answer his application for a command in 
 their navy, he happened to open "Poor Richard s Almanac 1 (204) at the 
 sentence, " If you would have your business done,gro; if not, send." He 
 took the hint, hastened to Paris, got his ship assigned him, and asked 
 leave to call it "Bon Homme Richard;" i. e., Goodman Richard, in grati 
 tude to the author of his success. His uniform good fortune as a com 
 mander was, perhaps, another fruit of his obedience to Franklin s advice. 
 
1 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 7. Sumter, Marion, and Pickens were South Carolinians by birth or 
 adoption ; they were among the bravest of the patriot commanders ; and 
 their campaigns amid the tangled swamps of the South, leading their 
 motley bands of determined, ragged, and half-armed exiles, present some 
 of the most thrilling episodes of the war. Cornwallis wrote, " Sumter 
 certainly has been our greatest plague in this country ; " and of Marion 
 he said, " He has so wrought on the minds of the people that there is 
 scarcely an inhabitant between the Pedee and the Santee that is not in 
 arms against us." 
 
 8. " The fate of immense and fertile regions was decided by armies con 
 sisting of a few regiments only, and by engagements which in the bloody 
 annals of modern European warfare would be regarded as scarcely more 
 than skirmishes. But the importance of battles does not depend upon 
 the forces engaged, or on the numbers of killed and wounded. In this 
 point of view, the incidents of the southern campaigns become worthy 
 of particular attention." Hildreth. 
 
 9. The loss of the Americans at the battle of Cam den was nearly 
 two thousand in killed and wounded. " Every corps was scattered ; men 
 and officers, separated from each other, fled in small parties, or singly, 
 through the woods. All the baggage and artillery fell into the hands or 
 the enemy. The road for miles was strewed with the killed and wounded, 
 overtaken and cut down by the British cavalry." 
 
 10. Major-general Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parentage, 
 in Warwick, Rhode island, 1742, and died from sunstroke, near Savannah, 
 1786. Before his appointment to the chief command of the southern de 
 partment he had taken an important part in northern campaigns. He 
 led a division at Trenton, at Princeton, and at Brandy wine ; and com 
 manded a wing of the army at Germantown and at Monmouth. His 
 military conduct was always brave and skillful. When driven out of 
 South Carolina by Cornwallis, General Greene solemnly recorded a vow 
 that he "would recover that state or die in the attempt." 
 
 11. General Daniel Morgan was a native of Virginia, and died there 
 in 1799. In Braddock s campaign of 1765 he was severely wounded, and 
 was taken prisoner at Quebec the next year. He rendered valiant service 
 in the New Jersey campaigns of 1776 and 1777 ; but his crowning laurels 
 were won at "the Cowpens," for which brilliant achievement Congress 
 voted him a gold medal. 
 
 The gallant Colonel William Augustine Washington received a silver 
 medal for his conduct in the same engagement. In several previous bat 
 tlesLong Island, Trenton, Princeton he had proved his bravery. He 
 was taken prisoner at FJutaw Springs (291), and was held by the British 
 until the war closed. He was born in Virginia, 1752, and after the war 
 settled in Charleston, S. C., where he died, 1810. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 END OF THE WAR. 
 
 
 292. Arnold s Treason. The summer of 1780 was 
 marked in the north by a strange and disgraceful event. 
 Benedict Arnold had borne his full share in the hardships 
 
 (169) 
 
1 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of the war, and at Quebec and Saratoga had won the admi 
 ration of all by his headlong bravery. But his honesty was 
 not equal to his valor. He had made money by speculating 
 in the stores provided for the starving army, and lost it by 
 gambling and luxurious living. He complained that other 
 officers had been promoted to his disadvantage, and that his 
 sacrifices to his country had not been recognized by Con 
 gress. 
 
 293. After the retreat of Clinton he was placed in com 
 mand at Philadelphia, and here he was tried by court- 
 martial for dishonesty, and was sentenced to be publicly 
 reprimanded by the comrnander-in-chief. Washington per 
 formed the painful duty with perfect gentleness, giving to 
 Arnold full credit for his great services, and sparing his feel 
 ings as much as possible. 
 
 Nevertheless, Arnold to mend his ruined fortunes and 
 avenge what he chose to consider an injury made known 
 to Clinton his wish to enter the British service. He ob 
 tained from Washington the command of West Point, then 
 the most important post in the country, as controlling the 
 whole line of the Hudson, and soon afterward agreed with 
 the British general to surrender it into his hands. For four 
 teen months the shameful bargaining had gone on, Arnold 
 trying to secure the highest price for his treason before he 
 took the last fatal step. At length a meeting took place at 
 midnight among the bushes at the foot of the " Long Clove 
 Mountain," below Haverstraw, where Clinton was repre 
 sented by his adjutant-general, Major Andre, a brilliant 
 young officer. It was agreed that the British should attack 
 West Point in force, and Arnold promised so to man the de 
 fenses that they must fall without a blow. 
 
 294. Capture of Andre. The wicked plot was foiled by 
 three honest countrymen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart, 1 
 who, in spite of Arnold s pass, arrested Andre 2 at Tarry- 
 town, on his return to New York. They found in his stock- 
 
ANDRE CAPTURED. 
 
 171 
 
 ings plans of the works at 
 West Point, minutes of the 
 garrison, cannon, and stores, 
 
 Capture of Andr. 
 
 and an engineer s report concerning the attack and defense 
 of the place. Refusing Major Andre s offers of immense re 
 wards for his release, they led him to the nearest American 
 post. 
 
 295. Andre s Death and Arnold s Reward. Andre 
 was tried by a court-martial of fourteen general officers, in 
 cluding La Fayette and Steuben. Time and opportunity 
 were afforded him to prepare his defense, but he was found 
 guilty and sentenced to be hanged as a spy, October 2, 1780. 
 Arnold escaped, and received his promised reward from the 
 British, together with their undisguised contempt. The next 
 year he appeared with a marauding force of British and 
 
172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Tories in the Chesapeake, burnt Richmond, and ravaged the 
 Virginian coasts. His native state of Connecticut suffered 
 the same treatment when New London was plundered and 
 burnt. But Englishmen of honor were unwilling to serve 
 with a traitor.- Arnold soon repaired to England, where he 
 died, twenty years after, in poverty and disgrace. 
 
 296. The greatest peril now arose from the want of a 
 central government strong enough to provide for the com 
 mon defense. The paper money issued by Congress had 
 become so nearly worthless that a dollar was worth scarcely 
 more than two cents in coin. Brave as they were, the sol 
 diers of Washington could not live without food, nor escape 
 disease and death while they must sleep in winter upon the 
 frozen ground without straw or blankets. 
 
 297. Mutiny in the Army. In January, 1781, the 
 Pennsylvania troops at Morristown revolted and marched to 
 Princeton, dragging with them six small cannon. They had 
 had no pay for a year, and had been kept in service after 
 their time, as they understood it, had expired. Hearing of 
 the mutiny, General Clinton hastened with British troops to 
 its aid, sending his agents secretly among the disaffected, 
 and offering them good pay and comforts if they would 
 enter his army. Angry at being regarded as traitors and 
 deserters, the troops at Princeton gave up the agents to their 
 officers to be hanged as spies. The state of Pennsylvania 
 then came to the rescue of its suffering men, and provided 
 pay and clothing for all who would continue in the service. 
 
 298. Articles of a closer confederation had already 
 been signed by twelve states. Maryland refused to join 
 them excepting on the condition that the lands north-west 
 of the Ohio River should become the common property of 
 all. But these lands were included in the chartered limits 
 of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia, 
 and had lately been conquered from the British by Vir- 
 
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 173 
 
 ginian troops (2y8) 3 . New York, moreover, had bought 
 from the Six Nations all the lands between the. Cumberland 
 Mountains and Lake Erie. Not only were these claims 
 irreconcilable, but union was impossible while the smaller 
 states were at such disadvantage compared with their rich 
 and powerful neighbors. Maryland, especially, saw that all 
 her present and possible settlers would be drawn to Virginia 
 by the cheap lands and light taxes which that great com 
 monwealth could afford. 
 
 To promote union, New York set the example of ceding 
 
 all her western territory to Congress for the gen- 
 March 1. 1781. 
 eral good. Maryland then signed the articles of 
 
 union. The other three states soon afterward yielded up 
 their claims to the government of the western territory, but 
 Connecticut reserved the ownership of certain lands in Ohio 
 (129) partly to repay her citizens who had suffered losses 
 by Tory raids during the Revolution (284, 295), and partly 
 to create a school-fund which still forms a large share of her 
 provision for public education. Georgia and the Carolinas 
 followed the example of their northern sister-states by ced 
 ing their lands beyond the mountains to the general gov 
 ernment. 
 
 299. The new confederation was far from being a 
 strong and efficient government, but it was a step toward a 
 better union, and it inspired greater confidence in foreign 
 nations than Congress alone had been able to command. 
 Spain had already declared war against Great Britain at the 
 bidding of France, but she bitterly opposed the independ 
 ence of the United States, lest their example should prove 
 too tempting to her own colonies in America (See 404). 
 
 300. The States of Holland had sympathized from the 
 first with the new Republic, whose struggle for freedom re 
 called their own, but their chief magistrate was so controlled 
 by England that they could never venture upon an Ameri- 
 
174 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 Surrender of Cornwallis. 
 
 can alliance. Their governor at St. Eustatius, one of the 
 West India islands, was nevertheless the first foreign power 
 to salute the flag of the United States. England haughtily 
 demanded an apology, and the governor was recalled. 
 
 Capture of St. Eustatius. In February, 1781, with 
 out a declaration of war, a, British fleet suddenly appeared 
 off the island and demanded its surrender. The new gov 
 ernor was unable to resist; and the fort and all the shipping, 
 besides merchandise worth fifteen millions of dollars, fell into 
 
END OF THE REVOLUTION. 175 
 
 the hands of the superior power. The Dutch flag was still 
 kept flying until seventeen more vessels had be.en dishonor 
 ably decoyed into the harbor. All the Dutch settlements in 
 South America were captured during the same year, but St. 
 Eustatius was retaken by a French fleet and restored to the 
 Dutch Republic. 
 
 301. Armed Neutrality. Early in 1780 the remaining 
 European powers had joined, under the influence of Cath 
 erine the Great, Empress of Russia, in proclaiming an 
 "armed neutrality." Its principles were of great impor 
 tance as providing for the security of commerce in time of 
 war, and it deprived England of allies in her contest with 
 France, Spain, Holland, and America. 
 
 302. The end of the war was now near. After a 
 series of plundering raids through Virginia, Cornwallis in 
 trenched himself at Yorktown, on the peninsula which sep 
 arates the York from the James River. Here he was soon 
 surrounded by the combined French and American armies 
 under Washington and Rochambeau, 4 and a French fleet 
 commanded by Count de Grasse. 5 The latter inflicted such 
 damage upon the English fleet which came to the rescue that 
 it sailed away to New York. 
 
 303. Siege of Yorktown. To the last moment before 
 marching southward, Washington had beguiled Clinton into 
 the belief that he was going to attack New York, and had 
 thus prevented his sending any aid to Cornwallis. Night 
 and day the fleet and army kept up the bombardment of 
 Yorktown. Washington was every-where, sustaining and 
 encouraging his men by his example, and French as well as 
 Americans were proud to serve under such a leader. 
 
 304. Surrender of Cornwallis. On the ipth of Oc 
 tober, 1781, Cornwallis found himself compelled to surren 
 der his 8,000 men, with all his artillery and stores. The 
 scene was one to be remembered. On one side of the road 
 
1 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the French forces extended more than a mile in a brilliant 
 line; on the other were Washington and his Continentals. 
 Between these lines marched the British and Hessians with 
 slow and sullen step. Cornwallis did not appear, but sent 
 his sword by a subordinate. General Lincoln was appointed 
 by Washington to receive it, a delicate way of consoling 
 that officer for having been forced to surrender his own 
 sword at Charleston (285). 
 
 305. Effect of the News. Philadelphians first learned 
 the good news from their watchman s cry, "Past two 
 o clock, and Cornwallis is taken ! " Early in the morning 
 Congress went in solemn procession to church, to render 
 thanks to God for the deliverance of the nation. In En 
 gland as well as in America it was felt that the question of 
 independence was decided. Lord North 6 received the news 
 as if it had been "a cannon-ball in his breast." The House 
 of Commons voted, March 4, 1782, that whoever should 
 advise a continuance of the war was an enemy to the king 
 and country. 
 
 306. Carleton in New York. Bands of Tories still 
 continued their ravages in the south, robbing, burning, and 
 shooting at their will, without regard to any authority. In 
 New York Clinton was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton, a 
 humane officer, who, when governor of Canada, had refused 
 to execute the king s designs by setting his savage allies 
 upon the defenseless farms and dwellings of the "rebels," 
 and who had offered to receive the sick soldiers of Mont 
 gomery and Arnold into his hospitals with free permission to 
 depart as soon as they were well (247). He now provided, 
 at the king s expense, for the return of refugees who had 
 been sent to the West Indies in violation of the terms of 
 surrender of Charleston, and tried by many kind attentions 
 to make them forget the unjust treatment which they had 
 suffered. 
 
NOTES. 177 
 
 307. Preliminaries of Peace. On the nth of July, 
 1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British, and Charles 
 ton, during the following December. Preliminaries of peace 
 were signed at Versailles, near Paris, on the 3oth of Novem 
 ber. 7 On the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, 
 April 19, 1783, Washington disbanded his army, and the 
 war-worn patriots were at length free to return to their 
 homes. 
 
 308. Departure of the British. The final treaty of 
 peace 8 was signed September 3d, 1783, and on the 25th of 
 November all the British troops in America, now collected 
 in New York, embarked from the Battery, while General 
 Knox 9 entered the city on the north. On the 4th of De 
 cember Washington took leave of his comrades 10 in so many 
 perils and sufferings ; and a few days later he resigned his 
 commission to Congress in a speech full of wisdom and 
 earnest devotion to the interests of his country. Then he 
 retired to well-earned repose upon his farm at Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 Read Sargent s "Life of Andre;" Spark s "Life of Arnold;" Ray 
 mond s "Women of the South;" Sabine s " Loyalists of the American 
 Revolution ; " Washington s Farewell Address to Congress. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Each of these patriots was pensioned for life by Congress, and 
 awarded a medal of honor, for their refusal of the bribes offered. 
 
 2. Major John Andre, born in London, 1751, was adjutant-general of 
 the British forces in America, a brave soldier and an accomplished gen 
 tleman. His conduct under trial was manly, and he frankly acknowl 
 edged the height of his offense. His only petition was that he might be 
 shot instead of hanged. His remains were taken to England, in 1821, and 
 interred in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 3. " Virginia, by virtue of conquests of her militia, asserted title as far 
 north as Takes Erie and Michigan, but due recognition of the ancient 
 charter boundaries of the colony of Connecticut places the northern 
 limit of the cession on the forty-first parallel of north latitude, and per 
 mits it to comprise only those parts of the states of Ohio, Indiana, and 
 Illinois, situated south of that parallel." #. W. Stocking, U. 8. Patent Office. 
 (See Map No. 9.) 
 
 4. When Count D Estaing returned to France, in 1780, he urged the gov 
 ernment to send a large body of troops to the immediate help of the 
 Americans. The Count de Rochambeau was selected to command, and 
 
 U. S. H.-12. 
 
178 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 sailed in J uly with 6,000 men. On his arrival at Newport he assured the 
 General Assembly of Rhode Island that, "as brethren, not only rny life, 
 but the lives of my soldiers, are entirely devoted to the service of the 
 Americans " in their struggle for liberty. Rochambeau rendered valuable 
 aid to Washington in the last campaigns of the war. During the Reign 
 of Terror in France he was imprisoned, and narrowly escaped the guillo 
 tine. Bonaparte appointed him grand officer of the Legion of Honor. 
 His death occurred in 1807. 
 
 5. Count de Grasse, at the early age of eleven years, served with the 
 Knights of Malta against the Moors and Turks. He entered the French 
 navy in 1749, and at the time of his death, 1788, had attained the high 
 rank of naval lieutenant-general. The cooperation of De Grasse with 
 Washington and La Fayette, at the siege of Yorktown, greatly hastened 
 the surrender of Cornwallis. Afterwards he sailed with his fleet to the 
 West Indies, and gained some important victories over the British. 
 
 6. An irate English writer, in reviewing the mistakes committed by 
 Lord North in regard to American affairs, says of his ministry : " Such a 
 bunch of imbecility never disgraced the country." Bancroft adds : " Pos 
 terity has been towards Lord North more lenient and less just. America 
 gained, through his mismanagement, independence, and can bear him 
 no grudge. In England no party claimed him as their representative, or 
 saw fit to bring him to judgment; so that his scholarship, his unruffled 
 temper, the purity of his private life, and good words from Burns, from 
 Gibbon, and from Macaulay have retained for him among his country 
 men a better repute as minister than he deserved." 
 
 7. The American commissioners were Jay, Franklin, Adams, and Lau- 
 rens; the English were Strachey, Oswald, and Fitzherbert. When the 
 articles were signed, many friends surrounded Franklin to offer him con 
 gratulations. Rochefoucauld threw his arms around his neck and kissed 
 him. Franklin was overcome with joy, and exclaimed, " My friend, 
 could I have hoped at such an age to have enjoyed so great happiness? " 
 
 8. This treaty was signed at Fontainebleau, nearly forty miles from 
 Paris, and was merely a ratification of the preliminary treaty made at 
 Versailles. 
 
 9. Major-general Henry Knox (born in Boston, 1750, and died in 
 Thomaston, Maine, 1806) was the most noted artillerist of the Revolution. 
 He was aid to General Ward in the battle of Bunker Hill, where his 
 bravery was conspicuous. At Princeton, Brandywine, Germautown, 
 Monmouth, and many other of the hottest battles of the war, Knox 
 directed the American artillery with wonderful effect. He was in the 
 heaviest cannonading to the last at Yorktown. In 1785 he was appointed 
 Secretary of War and of the Navy. He was chosen by President Wash 
 ington as his first Secretary of War (321), and remained in his Cabinet 
 for six years, when he retired from public life to the quiet of a farm in 
 Maine. 
 
 10. Washington s words on this occasion were few, but full of feeling 
 and affection. He said to his fellow-officers : " With a heart full of love 
 and gratitude I now take leave of you. I most devoutly wish that your 
 latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have 
 been glorious and honorable. I can not come to each of you to take my 
 leave, but shall be obliged to you if each will come and take me by the 
 hand." Tears moistened the cheeks of many of these strong men. Gen 
 eral Knox was the first to grasp the great commander s hand. All the 
 others followed; and Washington, according to the custom of the times, 
 kissed each brave soldier in turn as he came to bid adieu. 
 
 Before separating, the officers formed themselves into a friendly society 
 called the Cincinnati, in memory of the noble Roman, Cinchmatus, who 
 quitted his plow to serve his country in war, and returned to his peaceful 
 pursuits as soon as the victory was won. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART III. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Name some of the causes of the American Revo 
 
 lution. 215-224 
 
 2. What resistance was made to the Navigation Laws? 225, 226 
 
 3. Describe the causes and effects of the Boston Tea 
 
 Party. 227-229 
 
 4. Name the several steps toward union of the 1 97, 140, 146, 
 
 colonies. J 230, 298 
 
 5. What was done by the First Continental Con 
 
 gress? 230, 231 
 
 6. What by the Second? 234,235 
 
 7. Describe the first battle of the Revolution. 232, 233 
 
 8. What did Englishmen think of the war ? 236 
 
 9. Describe the battle of Bunker Hill. 238-240 
 
 10. Describe Washington s army. 241 
 
 11. What were the "Mecklenburg Resolutions?" 242 
 
 12. How was Kentucky founded ? 243 
 
 13. How did King George III. prepare for war? 244 
 
 14. What was done by Americans to prevent Canadian 
 
 attacks? 237, 245-247* 
 
 15. How was Boston relieved and Charleston de 
 
 fended? 248, 249 
 
 1 6. By what acts were the colonies separated from 
 
 England ? 250 
 
 17. What changes were made in the several colonies ? 251 
 
 18. What occurred near and in New York? 252-257 
 
 19. What in the Jerseys ? 258-260 
 
 20. What foreigners enlisted under Washington ? 261,269 
 
 21. Describe Burgoyne s campaign in 1777. 262-266 
 
 22. Describe Washington s winter at Valley. Forge. 267, 268 
 
 23. What led to the French alliance ? 270 
 
 24. How long was Philadelphia held by the British ? 263, 272 
 
 25. Describe the attack on Newport. 273 
 
 26. Describe the Indian massacres of 1778, and their 
 
 punishment. 274-276 
 
 (179) 
 
i8o 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 
 
 
 Section 
 
 27. 
 
 Describe Clarke s campaign in the West. 
 
 
 277-279 
 
 28. 
 
 What was done in Carolina and Georgia ? 
 
 
 280, 28l 
 
 29. 
 
 What posts on the Hudson were retaken in 1779? 
 
 
 282 
 
 30. 
 
 Tell something of Captain Paul Jones. 
 
 
 283 
 
 31- 
 
 Describe the campaign of 1780 in the South. 
 
 
 285-291 
 
 32. 
 
 Tell the story of Arnold s treason. 
 
 
 292-295 
 
 33- 
 
 What induced the colonies to make a closer union? 
 
 296-299 
 
 34- 
 
 What part did European nations take toward En 
 
 
 
 
 gland ? 
 
 
 299, 301 
 
 35- 
 
 Describe the last campaign of Cornwallis in America. 
 
 302-305 
 
 36. 
 
 What can you say of Carleton ? 
 
 
 3 06 
 
 37- 
 
 What were the terms of peace ? 
 
 
 307, 308 
 
 
 _ 
 
 1232, 
 
 239, 249, 
 
 
 
 253, 
 
 259, 263, 
 
 38- 
 
 Name, in review, the principal battles of the 
 
 265, 
 
 266, 272, 
 
 
 Revolution. 
 
 278, 
 
 282, 285, 
 
 
 
 288, 
 
 289, 291, 
 
 
 
 303- 
 
 
 39- 
 
 What British generals were successively in chief 
 
 1 232, 
 
 240, 272, 
 
 
 command ? 
 
 1 288, 
 
 306. 
 
 
 
 ] 241, 
 
 257, 265, 
 
 40. 
 
 Who were the principal American commanders? 
 
 \ 281, 
 
 282, 286, 
 
 
 
 J 288. 
 
 
 41- 
 
 What representatives were sent by the United 
 
 
 States to France ? 
 
 
 270 
 
 42. 
 
 What can you say of the naval actions of the 
 
 
 
 
 Revolution ? 
 
 273, 
 
 283, 302 
 
 43- 
 
 What states had claims to western lands, and what 
 
 
 
 
 disposal was made of those claims? 
 
 
 298 
 
PART IV. GROWTH OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 309. By the terms of the Treaty of Versailles the 
 
 United States extended from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, 
 being bounded on the north by the Great Lakes and the 
 St. Lawrence, on the east by the St. Croix River, and on 
 the south by Florida. 
 
 The difficulties and dangers which followed the return of 
 peace, were almost as great as those of the war. The 
 nation, as such, was penniless and loaded with debt; its 
 armies were unpaid for the services to which it owed its 
 very existence ; and though there was immense wealth in the 
 soil and mines, years of peaceful industry were needed to 
 bring it to light. 
 
 310. There was no general government, for the 
 
 Articles of Confederation (298) had proved inadequate to 
 the purpose for which they were framed. The several states 
 had adopted republican constitutions; but whether these 
 thirteen republics were to exist as so many separate nations, 
 or to be united under a monarchy or in a federal league, no 
 man knew. In the summer of 1782 the unpaid soldiers had 
 listened to the proposal of some ambitious officers that they 
 should set up Washington as their king. The great general 
 crushed the plot as soon as it came to his knowledge, and 
 
 (181) 
 
1 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 proved his hold upon the affection of his men by keeping 
 them in order and obedience during the trying year, while 
 he was urging upon Congress their just demands. Instead 
 of the half-pay for life, to which officers were entitled, he 
 secured to them a sum equal to five years full pay, a 
 necessary provision for those whose private fortunes had 
 been ruined by the war. 
 
 311. The Indians were still hostile along the western 
 border. Among the first acts of the United States as an in 
 dependent power was a treaty at Fort Pitt with the Dela- 
 wares, admitting their just claim to their lands until they 
 chose to sell them. In 1784 peace was made with the Iro- 
 quois by a grand council at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, New 
 York, and within six years similar treaties were arranged 
 with all the tribes to the southward. Mutual forgiveness of 
 injuries was promised, and peace was restored. 
 
 312. The "treaty rights" thus conceded have been the 
 basis of all official dealings with the natives of the far west; 
 but, unhappily, Indian agents have sometimes cared more 
 for their own gains than for the honor of their government, 
 and some private citizens have acted toward the barbarians 
 with reckless cruelty and fraud. 
 
 313. Movements toward Union. The jealousies al 
 ready existing among the states grew deeper and more vio 
 lent with every year of their separate existence. At length 
 the legislature of Virginia invited all the other states to join 
 her in a convention to agree upon a much-needed system 
 of commercial intercourse. Only five states accepted the 
 invitation, but their delegates at Annapolis, in 1786, ad 
 vised Congress to call a general assembly to revise the Ar 
 ticles of Confederation. 
 
 314. The Constituent Convention. This body met 
 in Philadelphia, May 25, 1787, and was found to comprise 
 delegates from all the states excepting Rhode Island. Never 
 
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 183 
 
 was more important work committed to human hands. 
 Other nations have had their constitutions gradually shaped 
 by circumstances through a course of centuries : for the 
 first time in the world s history four millions of people were, 
 by their representatives, to choose a government for them 
 selves. 
 
 315. Washington was President of the Conven 
 tion, and with him sat some of the wisest and best states 
 men that America or the world has known. There was 
 Franklin, now more than eighty years old, who had done 
 invaluable service to his country in England and France, 
 and whose practical wisdom made him one of the ablest 
 founders of the Constitution; there was Robert Morris, 1 the 
 financier who had supplied the sinews of war by his own 
 unquestioned credit; there were Hamilton, and Livingston, 2 
 and Madison, who by their profound study of English law 
 had learned to apply universal principles of truth and jus 
 tice to the needs of a free people. 
 
 316. Differences of Opinion. It was soon found that 
 there were two parties in the convention. One desired to 
 merge all the states in one indivisible republic, the other to 
 keep the mutual independence of the thirteen, only uniting 
 them in a league for commerce and other special purposes. 
 
 317. The Constitution of the United States, as re 
 ported after four months earnest discussion, sought to recon 
 cile these two extremes. It recognized the sovereignty of 
 each state over its own local affairs, but committed to the 
 Federal government the care of all matters which concerned 
 the nation as a whole, such as coinage, postal service, the 
 maintenance of army and navy, forts, arsenals, and mag 
 azines for the common defense, and the making of war, 
 peace, or alliances with foreign powers. (See p. 363.) 
 
 The law-making power was vested in a Congress consisting 
 of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Every state 
 is entitled to two senators appointed by its own legislature : 
 
1 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the number of representatives from each state, chosen di 
 rectly by the voters, depends upon its population. 
 
 The executive power was intrusted to a President, chosen 
 by electors in all the states, for a term of four years. He, 
 with the concurrence of the Senate,, appoints embassadors, 
 consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and the members of 
 his own Cabinet, and gives commissions to officers in the 
 army and navy. 
 
 The judicial power was vested in a Supreme Court and 
 such inferior courts as Congress might establish. 
 
 318. Opinions of the Constitution. A great English 
 statesman of our own time (Mr. Gladstone 3 ) has pronounced 
 the Constitution of the United States to be " the most won 
 derful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and 
 purpose of man." Washington wrote of it : "It appears to 
 me little short of a miracle that the delegates from so many 
 states, different from each other in their manners, circum 
 stances, and prejudices, should unite in forming a system of 
 national government so little liable to well-founded objec 
 tions It is provided with more checks and barriers 
 
 against the introduction of tyranny than any government 
 hitherto instituted among mortals." Should it "be found 
 less perfect than it can be made, a constitutional door is 
 left open for its amelioration." 
 
 319. Adopted by the States. The constitution thus 
 framed, was submitted to the people, who in each state chose 
 delegates to consider and pronounce upon it. After severe 
 discussion, in which Hamilton, Madison, Jay, 4 and Patrick 
 Henry 5 took a leading part, it was accepted ultimately by 
 all the states. On the first Wednesday in January, 1789, the 
 first general election was held under the Constitution. A 
 month later the electors met, and George Washington* was 
 chosen to be the first President of the United States without 
 one dissenting voice. John Adams ? of Massachusetts, re- 
 
WASHINGTON MADE PRESIDENT. 
 
 185 
 
 Inauguration of Washington. 
 
 ceived the next greatest number of votes and was declared 
 Vice-president. 
 
 320. Washington s Inauguration. Washington s jour 
 ney to New York, then the seat of government, was like 
 a triumphal progress. Crowds attended him; young girls 
 clothed in white scattered flowers along his way. The oath 
 of office was administered by Chancellor Livingston, 7 of 
 New York, on the balcony of the senate-house, in the pres 
 ence of throngs of people, who rilled the street, the windows, 
 
1 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and the roofs of surrounding buildings. And when Washing 
 ton s voice was heard in acceptance of the pledge to * pre 
 serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
 States," every one felt that the new Republic was safe. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Robert Morris (6. 1734, d. 1806), "the patriot financier," was an En 
 glishman by birth. He emigrated to Philadelphia when thirteen years 
 old, and there commenced a wonderfully successful business career. He 
 was a man of immense fortune at the breaking out of the Revolution, 
 and his credit was better than that of Congress. In 1781 he was made 
 superintendent of finance, and during that year he supplied all the wants 
 of the army in the expedition against Cornwallis. To do this Morris was 
 compelled to give his own notes, which were all paid, to the amount of 
 $1,400,000. He superintended the affairs of the navy, and sent out many 
 privateers on his own account, which proved very efficient. In 1781 he 
 established the " Bank of North America," which helped in a large meas 
 ure to relieve the embarrassments of the government. During the hard 
 winter at Valley Forge, he sent as a gift to the army a ship-load of cloth 
 ing and provisions. 
 
 When quite an old man Morris lost all his large fortune in a land spec 
 ulation, and passed the last years of his life a prisoner for debt. 
 
 2. "William Livingston (&. 1723, d. 1790) was one of the large family 
 which has contributed a number of celebrities to American history. He 
 was born in New York and educated at Yale College. He studied law, and 
 soon became eminent in his profession. In 1776 he was made governor of 
 New Jersey, and held the position until his death. 
 
 3. "William Ewart Gladstone is the most prominent statesman of 
 England at the present day. He is the son of a wealthy merchant, and 
 was born at Liverpool in 1809. He took the highest possible honor at 
 Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1831, and shortly 
 after this he entered Parliament. He has several times been made 
 premier, and holds that position at present (1883). 
 
 4. John Jay (6. 1745, d, 1829) was one of the most celebrated statesmen 
 of his time. He was of French descent, and was born in New York. In 
 1764 he graduated at King s (Columbia) College, and then commenced the 
 study of law, pursuing his profession until the disturbances with the 
 mother-country, when he became deeply interested in the questions at 
 issue. He was very moderate in his views as to resistance, but his counsel 
 was usually wise, and he soon became prominent as a politician. In the 
 provincial congress of New York, and in both continental congresses, he 
 took an active part, and was a member of most of the important com 
 mittees appointed. The constitution of the state of New York is mainly 
 his work. In 1778 he was president of the national congress, and the fol 
 lowing year he was appointed minister to Spain. At the close of the 
 Revolution he was one of five commissioners appointed to negotiate the 
 treaty with Great Britain, but the entire work fell upon Jay and Franklin. 
 After his return to America he was appointed secretary of foreign affairs. 
 Washington, when elected president, offered him his choice of office, and 
 Jay chose that of Chief-justice of the United States, being the first to hold 
 the position. Although Jay s treaty of 1794 (331) with England created 
 such excitement in this country, yet time proved the wisdom of its con 
 ditions. On his return from negotiating this treaty he was elected gov 
 ernor of New York, and held the office for six years. He was urged to 
 stand for another term but declined to do so ; he also refused the appoint 
 ment to his previous position of chief-justice, and retired to his estate in 
 Westchester County, where he quietly passed the remaining twenty -eight 
 years of his life. 
 
NOTES. 187 
 
 5. Patrick Henry (230 and Note) objected mainly to the first three 
 words, " We. the People," insisting that the convention was called only 
 to form an alliance of states. Virginia ratified the constitution, however, 
 with the full understanding that it united all the people of all the states 
 under one government. 
 
 6. George Washington (6. February 22d, 1732, d. December 14th, 1799). 
 Little or nothing is actually known of Washington s ancestors in En 
 gland. His great-grandfather, John Washington, emigrated to Virginia 
 in 1657, and served as a colonel in the early Indian wars. George s father 
 died when he was eleven years old, so that his education and training 
 devolved upon his mother. She was a woman of noble character, and, as 
 events proved, was fully equal to the task. All through Washington s life 
 we note the deep love and respect that he bore her, and to her influence, 
 no doubt, is due the development of many of his admirable character 
 istics. 
 
 As a boy Washington was very fond of out-door sports, and it was his 
 great delight to organize his boy friends into a soldier company and drill 
 them. His attendance at school was from necessity quite limited ; how 
 ever, he was a good mathematician, and at the age of sixteen had thor 
 oughly fitted himself as a practical surveyor. One of Washington s early 
 friends was Lord Fairfax, an eccentric Englishman, who owned an im 
 mense estate in Virginia. He employed Washington to survey this land, 
 and while engaged in this work, shut off from civilization and compelled 
 to undergo numerous hardships, he learned many lessons that afterward 
 proved useful to him. 
 
 When Governor Dinwiddie arrived in Virginia he appointed Washing 
 ton, with the rank of major, over one of the four military districts into 
 which he divided the colony. It was at this time, and when only twenty- 
 one years of age, that Washington was dispatched on his mission to 
 Veriango (| 176). The soundness of his judgment was shown on that expe 
 dition, and disregard of his advice was followed by disaster to Braddock s 
 expedition. 
 
 When called upon to take command of the army of the United States, 
 he replied with his usual modesty : " Though I am truly sensible of the 
 high honor done me in this appointment, yet I feel great distress from a 
 consciousness that my abilities and military experience may not be 
 equal to the extensive and important trust." His generosity and devoted 
 patriotism are also shown in another passage of this same reply : " As to 
 pay, sir, I beg leave to assure Congress that as no pecuniary consideration 
 could have tempted me to accept the arduous employment at the expense 
 of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any profit 
 from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses. Those, I doubt 
 not, they will discharge, and that is all I desire." At this time Washing 
 ton was forty-three years old. He had married Mrs. Martha Custis, a 
 wealthy young widow, in 1759, and being heir himself to large estates, he 
 had devoted himself to agriculture and the improvement of his property. 
 He was naturally domestic, but at his country s call cheerfully gave up 
 his home circle, arid risked his property and his life. His success is re 
 markable when we consider the material and resources at his command 
 as compared with those of the enemy, and his own lack of experience in 
 handling large bodies of troops. More wonderful, however, was his in 
 domitable courage and perseverance in the face of every discouragement, 
 on the part of the people, congress, and jealous generals. 
 
 At the close of the war Washington looked eagerly for a renewal of his 
 domestic life, but again heroically sacrificed his private desires for his 
 country s good in accepting the presidency. As a president Washington 
 was frequently criticised for his aristocratic tendencies, but he earnestly 
 defended himself from cavils which in the light of the present day seem 
 beneath his notice. 
 
 Retiring at the close of his second administration, he once more re 
 sumed the quiet round of plantation life. Mount Vernon had now 
 grown to an estate of eight thousand acres, half of which was under cul 
 tivation, and was worked by some two hundred arid fifty slaves. When at 
 home Washington personally superintended his affairs and kept his own 
 books. During his entire absence he had an exact report of each week s 
 transactions sent to him by mail. 
 
 Virginia presented Washington with canal stock valued at $60,000 in 
 return for his services to the state and nation. This he accepted, but only 
 
1 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to endow two institutions of learning,-a college at Lexington, Va., now 
 called the " Washington and Lee University," and a university at the 
 capital of the United States. 
 
 In appearance Washington was of commanding presence. He was six 
 feet and two inches tall, broad shouldered, and muscular. His face was 
 unusually calm and dignified in expression, and his manner was formal. 
 In private, however, he was gracious, and even genial, especially with the 
 young. 
 
 While taking his usual ride over the plantation, during the morning of 
 the twelfth of December, 1799, he was caught in a cold storm of rain 
 and sleet. Returning home after two or three hours exposure to this 
 weather, he sat down to dine without cli/mging his clothes. The second 
 day following he was attacked with "acute laryngitis," a disease of the 
 throat not then understood, and died within twenty -four hours. Europe 
 vied with America in mourning his loss and eulogizing his name. Gen 
 eral Henry Lee, of Virginia, at the request of Congress, pronounced his 
 funeral oration, using the memorable words, " First in war, first in peace, 
 and first in the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
 7. Bobert R. Livingston (6. 1746, d. 1813) was a cousin of William Liv 
 ingston, mentioned above. He graduated at King s College, and adopted 
 the profession of law. When a delegate to the second continental con 
 gress he was appointed one of the committee of five to draft the Declara 
 tion of Independence. He held many important political offices, and 
 was the first chancellor of the state of New York. Through him as min 
 ister-plenipotentiary the territory of Louisiana was purchased from 
 France. He did much for the improvement of agriculture in New York, 
 and assisted Fulton in his early experiments in steam navigation ( 303). 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1789-1797. 
 
 George Washington, President. John Adams, Vice-president. 
 
 321. Washington s Cabinet consisted of Thomas 
 Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, 1 Secre 
 tary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Secretary of War; and 
 Edmund Randolph, 2 Attorney-general. John Jay was ap 
 pointed Chief-justice of the United States. 
 
 322. Hamilton s great financial ability soon established 
 confidence and prosperity in commercial affairs. The gen 
 eral government assumed the war debts of the several states, 
 and declared its intention to redeem all the continental paper 
 money at its full value. This was a severe test of public 
 honor, for the greater part of this paper was in the hands 
 of speculators, who had bought it for almost nothing from 
 the starving veterans of the Revolution; and Congress had 
 been forced to issue immensely greater quantities of this 
 currency than would have been needed if it had been worth 
 its nominal value. Nevertheless the new nation was not to 
 begin its existence by breaking its promises. 
 
 323. The Bank of the United States was established 
 at Philadelphia, and there, also, the national mint was set 
 up. Taxes were imposed on imports of foreign goods, and 
 on the manufacture of distilled liquors. 
 
 In 1790 the seat of government was placed for ten 
 years at Philadelphia, and a tract of land ten miles square 
 on either side of the Potomac, which was ceded to the 
 United States by Maryland and Virginia, was adopted by 
 Congress as the site of the future capital. Washington him- 
 
 (189) 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 self selected a site for the 
 city which was to bear his 
 name, and laid the corner 
 stone of the Capitol in 1793. 
 
 324. The North-west 
 ern Territory. The most 
 
 July, 1787. 
 
 Crossing the Alleghanies. 
 
 important act of the last Continental Congress had been the 
 organizing of a settled government for the territory north of 
 the Ohio River. It was, in fact, the most not 
 able law ever enacted by representatives of the 
 American people," and, to insure its perpetual enforcement, 
 it was not left as a mere act of Congress, which could be 
 repealed at a subsequent session, but its six main provisions 
 were made articles of a solemn compact between the inhab 
 itants of the territory, present and to come, and the people 
 of the thirteen states. No man was to be restricted of his 
 
SETTLEMENT OF THE NORTH-WEST. 191 
 
 liberty excepting as a punishment for crime; life, property, 
 and religious freedom were protected by just and equal laws. 
 A clause, which several western states have copied in their 
 constitutions, declared that Religion, morality, and knowl 
 edge being necessary to good government, schools and the 
 means of education shall forever be encouraged." To this 
 end one section in every township was set apart for the 
 support of common schools, and two entire townships for the 
 establishment of a university. Ohio University, at Athens, 
 arose from this foundation, and was the first college west of 
 the Alleghanies. 
 
 325. The Ohio Company. In consequence of this 
 liberal constitution, which was partly suggested by himself, 
 Doctor Cutler, 3 of Massachusetts, as agent of the new 
 "Ohio Company," bought of Congress a million and a half 
 acres of land on the Ohio and Scioto rivers. For other 
 adventurers Doctor Cutler purchased four millions of acres 
 more. The whole vast territory was then known as The 
 Wilderness," and contained no white inhabitants excepting 
 a few French settlers on its western and northern borders. 
 Attracted by the fertile soil and the assurance of good gov 
 ernment, industrious emigrants soon thronged to the new 
 country, and the five states 4 formed from the North-western 
 Territory now contain one fourth of all the population of the 
 United States. General St. Clair, 5 who was President of 
 Congress at the time of the passing of the ordinance, be 
 came the first governor of the territory, and took up his 
 residence at Marietta, the first town on the Ohio. 
 
 326. The Indians on the Miami and Wabash 
 rivers made frequent attacks upon the white settlements, 
 being supplied with powder and guns from forts which the 
 British still held, contrary to treaty, in the heart of the 
 country. Several expeditions against these tribes were re 
 pulsed with great slaughter; even the one led in person by 
 Governor St. Clair ended in surprise and disgrace. General 
 
192 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Wayne, the "Mad Anthony" of the Revolution, had 
 better success. Having defeated the savages on the Mau- 
 mee, he so laid waste their country that they were glad to 
 buy peace by retiring west of the Wabash. 
 
 327. Whisky Rebellion. The whisky tax created great 
 discontent in the Monongahela Valley, where the article 
 was largely manufactured, and the spirit of revolt was 
 increased by artful men who wished to overthrow all laws. 
 The rebellion made such headway that the President called 
 out 15,000 militia to suppress it, and himself conducted the 
 citizen-army as far as Fort Cumberland, There he gave the 
 command to General Lee, formerly "Light Horse Harry," 
 now governor of Virginia, who marched into the western 
 counties of Pennsylvania. But no fighting was needed ; 
 overawed by this spirited policy, the rioters laid down their 
 arms and asked pardon from the government. 
 
 328. During the storm of the French Revolution, 
 which was now in progress, Washington and his advisers 
 had a most difficult part to play. La Fayette, one of the 
 first and warmest friends of American freedom, was for a 
 little time a leader of the popular movement in France. 
 Our people were strongly inclined to sympathize with the 
 French in their resistance to a despotism far more galling 
 than that of England to her colonies; and when Great 
 Britain, with other European nations, took up arms to force 
 the restoration of kings in France, some ardent spirits in 
 America were eager to plunge into war and pay our debt of 
 gratitude by helping to gain for our comrades in arms the 
 same blessings which we were enjoying. 
 
 329. But when the Reign of Terror in France had de 
 stroyed the very freedom whose name it invoked, and shed 
 torrents of innocent blood, wiser people were alarmed, and 
 thought even tyranny more endurable than such mad vio 
 lence. Besides, we had England on our north and east, 
 
JAY S TREATY WITH ENGLAND. 193 
 
 Spain on our south and west, stirring up the Indians to 
 fierce warfare, while English ships commanded our eastern 
 ports. Beside all these foes, the pirate states of the Med 
 iterranean were preying upon all the commerce of Christen 
 dom, and hundreds of American citizens were toiling as 
 slaves under the burning sun of Algiers and Morocco. 
 
 330. Great Britain still held Mackinaw, Detroit, Niag 
 ara, Oswego, and several other forts on our frontier, and 
 gave still greater offense during her war with France by 
 seizing American ships and forcing their sailors to serve on 
 board her own vessels. On the other hand English mer 
 chants complained that they could not collect debts due 
 them in America. In some cases many years interest was 
 claimed on money due before the Revolution, while Con 
 gress insisted that the British government, having made pay 
 ment impossible, was responsible for the delay. 
 
 331. Jay s Treaty. To arrange all these matters John 
 Jay was sent as minister to London, and there negotiated a 
 treaty which settled most of the points in dispute excepting 
 the "right of search." King George agreed to pay for the 
 losses inflicted on American merchant-ships by his priva 
 teers, and to vacate the western forts (326) which, with or 
 without authority from him, had kept alive Indian hostilities 
 against our pioneers in the new territory. On the other 
 hand, Congress provided for the payment of our English 
 debts. The treaty was received with a storm of opposition 
 by those Americans who cherished a bitter hatred against 
 England, and wished success to the French Revolution, 
 which she was fighting to put down. The greatest abuse 
 fell upon Washington himself, who was even accused of 
 overdrawing his salary 6 as President, and threatened with 
 impeachment ! Nevertheless, he persevered in what seemed 
 to him the course of duty, and in concurrence with a 
 majority of the Senate ratified Mr. Jay s agreements. 
 
 U. S. H.-13. 
 
194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 332. Citizen Genet. 7 Presuming upon the gratitude 
 and affection of our countrymen toward France, her envoy, 
 "Citizen Genet," who had landed at Charleston, enlisted 
 troops and fitted out privateers from the southern states be 
 fore even presenting himself at the seat of government. A 
 large party of American, citizens sustained him, and de 
 manded a declaration of war against Great Britain. Wash 
 ington firmly resisted this wild policy, and soon Genet was 
 recalled. He chose, however, to remain in this country, 
 and became a citizen of the United States. 
 
 333. Two political parties now became clearly divided. 
 The Federalists, with Washington at their head, stood by 
 the treaty with England, and desired a strong central gov 
 ernment for the sake of commanding respect abroad and 
 security at home. The Republicans, or Democrats, as they 
 were often called, the two names having nearly the same 
 meaning, were friends to France, and to the independent 
 sovereignty of our states, while they violently opposed Jay s 
 treaty, the United States Bank, and the payment of state 
 debts by the general government. They constantly sounded 
 the alarm of " monarchy" when any new power was exerted 
 by Congress or the President; and perhaps some of them 
 really feared that Washington might become "king of 
 America," though this apprehension was certainly not felt 
 by the leaders, nor by the more intelligent members of the 
 party. Alexander Hamilton and John Adams were leading 
 Federalists; Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe were the chief 
 Republicans. 
 
 334. A treaty with Spain, in 1795, settled the bound 
 aries between the United States on one side, and Florida 
 and Louisiana on the other. The navigation of the Missis 
 sippi was secured to American citizens, and they were per 
 mitted to use New Orleans for ten years as a place of 
 deposit. This treaty removed a great danger; for the grow 
 ing products of the West needed this natural outlet, and 
 
TREATY WITH SPAIN. 
 
 195 
 
 Algerine Pirates. 
 
 some bold spirits had even plotted to seize New Orleans by 
 force, a movement which must certainly have occasioned 
 war. On the other hand, the Spanish authorities in that 
 city were said to be sending spies and emissaries through 
 the south-western country, hoping to separate that rich terri 
 tory from the Union, with a view to make it subject at last 
 to Spain. 
 
 335. Treaty with Algiers. During the same year a 
 treaty was made with the pirate government of Algiers, on 
 terms which were humiliating but necessary, as we had no 
 navy. $800,000 were paid to the Dey for the release of 
 American seamen whom he held as slaves, and an annual 
 tribute of $23,000 was promised in return for his engage 
 ment to leave our merchant-ships unmolested. 
 
 During Washington s two terms of office Vermont, Ken 
 tucky, and Tennessee were organized as states and admitted 
 into the Federal Union (223, 243). 
 
196 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 336. As his second term of office drew near its close, 
 Washington declined a reelection, in an address to his fellow- 
 citizens, which he caused to be published in a Philadelphia 
 paper. In his last speech to Congress he recommended the 
 establishment of a military academy, a national university, 
 an institution for the improvement of agriculture, and the 
 increase of the navy. 
 
 His eight years of chief magistracy had been, if possible, 
 a yet greater service to his country than his eight years 
 command of her armies. No character was probably ever 
 more free from selfish aims; none could have held together 
 so many discordant interests until they had time to become 
 harmonious. 
 
 337. Washington s plea for union may be given in 
 his own words: "The North . . . finds in the productions of 
 the South great additional resources of maritime and com 
 mercial enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing 
 industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by 
 the agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow and its 
 commerce expand. . . . The East, in a like intercourse witrr 
 the West, already finds, and in the progressive improve 
 ment of interior communications by land and water, will 
 more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodities 
 which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home. The 
 
 West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth 
 and comfort, and . . . must owe the secure enjoyment of in 
 dispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight, in 
 fluence, and future maritime strength of the Atlantic side 
 of the Union." 
 
 338. The Republican Court. Washington had main 
 tained the dignity of the Republic by his grave and stately 
 manners, and the style of his appearance in public. His 
 own tastes were very simple; but some of his advisers 
 doubted whether the people would respect and obey a gov 
 ernment which was destitute of the pomps and ceremonies 
 
NOTES. 197 
 
 that made an essential part of Old World customs. There 
 were others who ridiculed Washington s coach of state and 
 his formal receptions, as "aping the manners of royalty." 
 We shall see that later presidents found it possible to adopt 
 simpler manners, but we may be sure that Washington did 
 nothing from vanity. 
 
 339. Results of the First Administrations. Under 
 
 his faithful care, an era of great prosperity had begun. The 
 honor of the government had been sustained by a secure 
 provision for the payments of its debts, confidence and 
 order were established, commerce flourished, and the prod 
 ucts of the soil had become a source of wealth. In spite 
 of the complaints of restless politicians, the people loved 
 their government, for they found it well fitted to secure their 
 peace and happiness. 
 
 Read Volume V. of Irving s "Life of Washington;" Life of Ham 
 ilton; Griswold s "Court of Washington;" Goodrich s "Republican 
 Court." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Alexander Hamilton (6. 1757, d. 1804), born in the West Indies, was 
 one of the most remarkable characters of the Revolution. His mother 
 died when he was a child, and his father being in destitute circumstances 
 Hamilton was taken charge of by his mother s relatives. They placed 
 him in a commercial house when twelve years of age, and although the 
 life was very distasteful to him, he applied himself faithfully to the dis 
 charge of his duties. A newspaper article, written when he was but 
 fifteen years old, was so remarkable that his friends determined to give 
 him the benefit of a good education, and he was accordingly sent to New 
 York, where he graduated at King s College. He became much interested 
 in politics, and a speech made by him at a public meeting, in 1774, 
 attracted general attention to him. Soon after this he wrote a number of 
 political pamphlets that at once gave him a high position in the com 
 munity. When nineteen years old he obtained a commission as captain 
 of artillery, and in this capacity he first attracted the attention of Wash 
 ington, to whom he finally became aid-de-camp. So implicit was Wash 
 ington s confidence in this stripling of twenty that he intrusted to him 
 the sole management of his most delicate correspondence with the 
 British commanders and others. After the war he studied law, in which 
 profession he at once rose to eminence, but politics continued to absorb 
 much of his time. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 (314), and wrote the majority of a series of papers called "The Federal 
 ist," which appeared in a New York paper, in defense of the Constitution, 
 and no doubt had much weight in causing its adoption by the several 
 states. Party feeling now ran very high, and Hamilton s great ability 
 and untiring energy won him many strong friends among the Federal 
 ists, and many bitter enemies in the opposite party. As Washington s 
 first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton s career was brilliant and sue- 
 
198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 cessful, and he readily refuted all the charges brought against him for 
 mismanagement and dishonesty by the Democrats. A split occurring in 
 the Federalist party, Hamilton, by his opposition, gave deep offense to 
 Aaron Burr, who finally challenged him to a duel and shot him. 
 
 Hamilton is described as being under the medium height and slight in 
 figure. His complexion was fair and delicate, and his manners were most 
 engaging. 
 
 2. Edmund Bandolph (6. 1753, d. 1813) was the son of John Randolph 
 of Williamsburg, a steadfast Royalist and last Attorney-General of the 
 Colony of Virginia. Upon his enlisting in the cause of the colonies 
 against the mother-country, the son was disowned by his father, but 
 adopted by his uncle, Peyton Randolph, who was first president of the 
 American Congress. Edmund Randolph served on Washington s staff 
 during the Revolution. In 1786 he was elected governor of Virginia, and 
 the next year was a member of the convention which prepared the 
 Constitution of the United States. Though dissatisfied with some arti 
 cles of the Constitution, and refusing it his signature, he yielded to the 
 judgment of the majority and used his influence for its adoption by 
 the Virginian Convention. 
 
 In 1789 he was appointed Attorney-General, and tried to hold a neu 
 tral position in the rising dissensions in the cabinet between the Fed 
 eralists and Republicans. Personally attached to Washington, he was, 
 in political principles, more nearly allied with Jefferson, whom, in 1794, 
 he succeeded as Secretary of State. He resigned this position, however, 
 the following year, owing to charges which there is every reason to be 
 lieve false and malicious, but which circumstances then deprived him of 
 the means of refuting. His vindication, published afterwards, was be 
 lieved by all excepting his personal enemies. The last eighteen years 
 of his life were occupied with the practice of law. 
 
 3. Dr. Manasseh Cutler (&. 1742, d. 1823) was a highly educated New 
 Englander. After graduating at Yale College he studied successively the 
 three professions of law, theology, and medicine, and also became emi 
 nent as a scientist. During the Revolution he served as a chaplain. The 
 " Ohio Company," of which he was a member, was formed by army offi 
 cers who wished to have their bounty lands located together. Dr. Cutler 
 had built the first emigrant wagon that penetrated the forests of Ohio ; 
 and his son, Jarvis, cut down the first tree in the clearing made at 
 Marietta. 
 
 4. The five states formed out of the North-west Territory are Ohio, 
 Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. 
 
 5. General Arthur St. Glair (6. 1734, d. 1818) was of Scotch birth. He 
 had served faithfully in the French and Indian War, and also under 
 Washington during the Revolution. Having been appointed Commander- 
 in-chief of the army sent against the Miamis, he keenly felt the failure 
 of the expedition, and, on Washington s refusal of the investigation 
 which he demanded, immediately resigned his command. Later, Con 
 gress ordered the investigation, and General St. Clair was acquitted of 
 all blame. 
 
 6. It was answered by the Secretary of the Treasury that Washington 
 never even touched the sum allowed him by the government, which was 
 drawn and disbursed by the gentleman who had charge of the expenses 
 of his household. 
 
 7. Edmond Charles Genet (or Genest) was born at Versailles In 1765, 
 and although his immediate family were prominent royalists, he early 
 avowed republican principles. He represented the French Republic at 
 St. Petersburg, but was soon dismissed from that court and returned to 
 France. He was then appointed ambassador to Holland, but before leav 
 ing for that country was made minister to the United States. After set 
 tling in this country he married the daughter of Mr. George Clinton, then 
 governor of New York. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 THIRD ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 
 John Adams, President. Thomas Jefferson, Vice-president. 
 
 340. The Second President. John Adams, 1 of Massa 
 chusetts, was the second President of the United States, and 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, having received only three 
 votes less from the electoral college, 2 became Vice-president. 
 These two great men were leaders of opposite parties, and 
 during their four years of office the country was disturbed by 
 a violent conflict of opinions. The inconvenience of such a 
 division of sentiments in the administration led, a 
 
 few years later, to a change in the mode of election, 
 
 a distinct ballot being held for the Vice-president, who has 
 
 ever since been of the same political party with his chief. 
 
 341. Abuse of Privileges. It had been found that the 
 welcome which the United States offered to refugees of all 
 nations was greatly abused. Men who had been expelled, 
 sometimes for crime, from their native land, found homes 
 and prosperity in America, and used their freedom in mis 
 representing and embarrassing the government which pro 
 tected them. The true interest of our nation was peace and 
 friendship with all others, but this was endangered by the 
 rival partisans of France and England. 
 
 342. Alien and Sedition Laws. In these circumstan 
 ces Congress passed an Alien Law, empowering the president 
 to send out of the country, at short notice, any alien 
 whom he might consider dangerous, and lengthening the 
 time requisite for becoming citizens of the United States to 
 fourteen years. It was followed by a Sedition Law, which 
 limited the freedom of the press to criticise the government. 
 Under this act it was a crime to "write, print, utter, or pub- 
 
 (99) 
 
200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 lish any false, scandalous, or malicious statement" against 
 either Congress or the President. These laws were violently 
 opposed, as indeed they were contrary to the spirit of our 
 Constitution, and in the next administration they were re 
 pealed. The great republic accepted the dangers with the 
 
 blessings of perfect free 
 dom, and rested her hope 
 of security on the virtue 
 and good sense of a ma 
 jority of her people. 
 
 343. Difficulties with 
 France grew very seri 
 ous. French men-of-war 
 seized American merchant 
 vessels on the high seas, 
 and demanded enroll 
 ment papers" describing 
 the nationality of every 
 sailor. When, as usual, 
 
 John Adams. these were nQt fo un ^ 
 
 no American law requiring them, the ship was confiscated 
 and sold for the benefit of her captors. 
 
 344. Our minister to the French Republic was in 
 sultingly dismissed; and when three special envoys 3 were 
 
 sent to re-open communications between the gov- 
 
 A. D. 1797. . . 5 . 
 
 ernments, they were refused all recognition in 
 their public character, though they were privately informed 
 that a large loan to France, and liberal gratuities to high 
 French officials, would probably open the doors. "Millions 
 for defense, not a cent for tribute," was the spirited reply, 
 and the sister-republics seemed to be drifting into war. 
 
 345. War Measures. Commercial intercourse with 
 
 France was suspended; our army and navy were 
 
 increased and reorganized, and Washington was 
 
 called again to the head of the army. Though war had not 
 
HONORS TO WASHINGTON. 201 
 
 been declared, six new frigates put to sea and captured 
 several French prizes in the West Indies. But in 1799 
 Napoleon Bonaparte came to the head of the French gov 
 ernment, and one of his earliest acts was a friendly settle 
 ment with the United States. 
 
 346. Death of Washington. Scarcely had Washing 
 ton retired to his home, in good hope of a peaceful and 
 vigorous old age, when a sudden illness of two 
 
 days ended, his grand and useful life. The 
 whole country mourned him as a father, and those who had 
 been his opponents were most sincere in doing him honor. 
 The British fleet lowered all its flags at receiving news of 
 his death, and Bonaparte, in announcing the event to the 
 French armies, ordered that tokens of mourning should 
 drape all the standards in the public service for ten days. 
 
 347. The City of Washington. The next summer, 
 1800, the government was removed to its "palace in the 
 wilderness," on the banks of the Potomac. There was little 
 yet to indicate that a beautiful and stately city was to oc 
 cupy the site chosen by Washington. Mrs. Adams, 4 the 
 President s wife, on her journey from Baltimore to her new 
 home, was actually lost in the woods, and, with her escort, 
 "wandered two hours without finding a guide or path." 
 She adds, But woods are all you see from Baltimore until 
 you reach this city, which is so only in name." 
 
 348. The rich resources of the country were 
 scarcely dreamed of. Anthracite coal had been discovered 
 in Pennsylvania, but its value was so little understood that 
 it was used for mending roads. Cotton had been intro 
 duced into Georgia in 1786, and the south-eastern states 
 were found to contain the finest cotton lands in the world, 
 but the separation of a single pound of cotton from its seeds 
 required a whole day, and the woven fabric was more costly 
 than linen. In 1793 El* Whitney? of Massachusetts, while 
 visiting in Georgia, invented a cotton-gin which could do 
 
202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the work of hundreds of men in clearing the fiber from the 
 seed. Arkwright, in England, had already perfected his 
 machine for spinning cotton, and James Watt his steam- 
 engine. These three inventions revolutionized the manu 
 factures of England and America. With the wonderful 
 power of steam, England was now able to weave clothing 
 for the world, and America was prepared to furnish all the 
 raw material that English looms required. Cotton became 
 one of the most important products of the United States, 
 and a source of enormous wealth to the South. The first 
 American cotton mill was set up in Rhode Island by Slater, 
 a pupil of Arkwright, and the building may yet be seen. 
 349. In February, 1803, Ohio, the first of five states 
 formed from the North-west Territory, was admitted to the 
 Union. Though both French and English had held trading- 
 posts on the rivers first visited by La Salle and the Jesuits 
 (156, 158), the earliest permanent settlement was at 
 Marietta, where the governor of the whole territory resided 
 (325). Fort Washington and the village of Columbia, near 
 the junction of the Little Miami and the Ohio, were the 
 foundations of the greater city of Cincinnati, which took its 
 name from the military society formed by Revolutionary offi 
 cers (Note 10, p. 178). 
 
 Read Life and Works of John Adams; Hildreth s "History of the 
 United States" after Adoption of Federal Constitution, Vol. I. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. John Adams was born at Braintree, Mass., in October, 1735. He was 
 a graduate of Harvard College in the class of 1755, and was admitted to 
 the bar three years later. In 1764 he was married. He was an active and 
 influential member of both the first and second Continental congresses, 
 and by his energy and eloquence did more, perhaps, than any other man 
 to crystallize the American sentiment in favor of independence. Jeffer 
 son drew up the immortal "Declaration," but it was Adams who per 
 suaded congress to adopt it. He was the most distinguished signer. Jef 
 ferson himself said that "he [Adams] was the pillar of its support: its 
 ablest advocate and defender." The appointment of Washington to the 
 chief command of the army was at the suggestion of John Adams. In 
 after years he criticised him severely, but lived to see and to acknowledge 
 the injustice of his criticism. During the first two years of the war his 
 
NOTES. 203 
 
 labors were incessant and overwhelming. Besides being chairman of the 
 Board of War and of Appeals, he was at the head of twenty-five impor 
 tant congressional committees. As commissioner to France and Holland, 
 and as " minister plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty with Great Brit 
 ain," the diplomacy and practical wisdom of John Adams accomplished 
 great results. He secured loans of large amounts, and influenced leading 
 European powers to make treaties of amity and commerce with the new 
 American republic. With Jay and Franklin he framed the preliminary 
 treaty of Versailles. After the declaration of peace Adams was appointed 
 minister to the English court, which position he filled until 1788. Con 
 gress passed a resolution thanking him for the " patriotism, perseverance, 
 integrity, and diligence " displayed during his career abroad. Bancroft, 
 in summing up the character of President Adams, says: "His nature 
 was robust and manly, his convictions were clear, his will fixed. His 
 overweening self-esteem was his chief blemish ; and if he compared 
 himself with his great fellow-workers, there was some point on which he 
 was superior to any one of them. He had more learning than Washing 
 ton or any other American statesman of his age; clearer insight into the 
 constructive elements of government than Franklin ; more power in de 
 bate than Jefferson ; more force in motion than Jay ; so that, by varying 
 and defining his comparisons, he could easily fancy himself the greatest 
 of them all. . . . His vanity, however, did not reach beyond the sur 
 face ; it impaired the luster, not the hardy integrity of his character. He 
 was humane and frank, generous and clement. . . . His courage was 
 unflinching everywhere ; he never knew what fear was.-" 
 
 One of John Adams s grandsons writes oi him : " Nobody could see him 
 intimately without admiring the simplicity and truth which shone in all 
 his actions, and standing in some awe of the power and energy of his 
 will. His nature was too susceptible to emotions of sympathy and kind 
 ness, for it tempted him to trust more than was prudent to the professions 
 of some who proved unworthy of his confidence. Ambitus in one 
 sense he certainly was, but it was not the mere aspiration for place or 
 power. It was a desire to excel in the minds of men by the development 
 of high qualities, the love, in short, of an honorable fame, that stirred 
 him to exult in the rewards of popular favor." 
 
 Many of the acts of President Adams were violently denounced by his 
 partisan opponents, and the press was very bitter in its criticism ; but the 
 sober judgment of later years has approved most of his public measures. 
 He and Jefferson became widely alienated for a time ; but before their 
 death, which by a singular coincidence occurred on the same day the 
 fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence a happy recon 
 ciliation had taken place. 
 
 2. The second clause of Section I, Article II, of the United States Con 
 stitution, begins thus: " Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the 
 legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole 
 number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be en 
 titled in the Congress." These Electors meet in their respective states at 
 a specified time after a presidential election, and vote by ballot for Presi 
 dent and Vice-president. These bodies of Electors, taken together, are 
 known as the Electoral College. 
 
 3. The minister was Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the special en 
 voys were Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 4. Abigail Adams was a woman of strong character, sterling good 
 sense, and marked intellectual ability. She shared her husband s tastes 
 for books, sympathized with his high aims, made his home bright and 
 happy, and won the esteem of all with whom she was associated. She 
 died in 1818. The published " Letters " between John Adams and his wife 
 are among the most valuable literary contributions of their time. 
 
 5. Before the invention of Whitney s cotton-gin the cleaning of a sin 
 gle pound of green-seed cotton was a day s work for a southern field- 
 hand. The state of South Carolina paid Whitney $50,000 for the use of his 
 invention, and North Carolina a fixed percentage on each machine. But 
 a succession of lawsuits for infringements of his patent, the burning of 
 his factory, and other misfortunes took away all his profits ; and he re 
 trieved his fortunes by the manufacture of fire-arms for the government, 
 at Whitneyville, Conn. He died at New Haven in 1825. 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 FOURTH AND FIFTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1801-1809. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, President. 
 
 Aaron Burr, George Clinton, Vice-presidents. 
 
 350. The Third President. In the Presidential elec 
 tion of 1800, the Federal party was defeated. Thomas 
 Jefferson 1 and Aaron Burr 2 - received an equal number of 
 
 votes in the electoral col 
 lege; the choice between 
 these two then devolved 
 upon the House of Repre 
 sentatives. After a close 
 ballot Jefferson was de 
 clared President-elect, and 
 Burr, Vice-president. 
 
 351. Jefferson may be 
 considered as the founder 
 of the Democratic Party, 
 which, from the beginning, 
 claimed for the several 
 states all powers which 
 were not expressly con 
 ferred upon the general government; aimed at the greatest 
 possible simplicity and economy in the administration of 
 public affairs; and insisted that all material improvements, 
 such as bridges and the clearing of river-beds, should be 
 made at the expense of the district to which they belonged. 
 
 352. Jefferson was deeply versed in English law, while as 
 the framer of the Declaration of Independence he was, per 
 haps, of all men then living, most familiar with the princi- 
 (204) 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 205 
 
 pies of the American constitution. Seven years residence 
 in France had filled him with dread and hatred of absolute 
 governments, and with zeal for the universal rights of man. 
 
 353. In his style and demeanor as president he culti 
 vated the extreme of republican simplicity, even receiving 
 the British embassador in dressing-gown and slippers. On 
 the occasion of his first address to Congress, he rode alone 
 to the Capitol, tied his horse to the paling which then sur 
 rounded it, and entered unattended. The formality of an 
 address was afterwards dispensed with, a written message 
 taking its place. Jefferson called about him a cabinet dis 
 tinguished for high talents and education. James Madison 
 was Secretary of State, and Albert Gallatin, 3 a Swiss by 
 birth, was in charge of the treasury. 
 
 354. The Treasury. Distrusting the Federalists, and 
 especially Alexander Hamilton, their leader, Jefferson re 
 quested his new Secretary of the Treasury to look sharply 
 into the records of his office, thinking that occasion might 
 be found for charges against its late chief. Gallatin was no 
 less keenly opposed to his predecessor on political grounds, 
 but after severe examination he reported to the President 
 that no improvement was possible in the management of the 
 treasury, for that Hamilton had made no blunders and 
 committed no frauds." 
 
 355. Indian Policy. The difficult question of a policy 
 toward the Indians was settled during this administration 
 nearly as it has always remained. The leading points were 
 to purchase their lands, excepting what they would them 
 selves cultivate, to lead them to agriculture instead of war 
 and hunting, and to remove them west of the Mississippi as 
 soon as it could be peacefully and justly done. 
 
 356. The greatest event of Jefferson s term of office 
 was the purchase of the vast territory west of 
 
 the Mississippi, lately ceded by Spain to France. 
 
 Robert Livingston and James Monroe were the agents of 
 
206 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the United States. Great anxiety was felt, for, after a short 
 and treacherous peace, France and England were again 
 on the eve of war; and the latter, with her superior power 
 on the sea, might easily have wrested from France all her 
 remaining possessions in America. In that case the United 
 States could scarcely have maintained their dearly bought 
 independence. 
 
 357. For the Territory of Louisiana the commissioners 
 agreed to pay fifteen millions of dollars, of which one fourth 
 was due from the French government to American citizens 
 for depredations upon their commerce (343). These claims 
 A D 180 Were assume d by Congress and paid from the 
 purchase-money. Upon signing the treaty, Bona 
 parte remarked : " This accession of territory strengthens for 
 ever the power of the United States, and I have given to 
 England a maritime rival that will humble her pride." Liv 
 ingston said: "We have lived long, but this is the noblest 
 work of our whole lives. This treaty will change vast soli 
 tudes into flourishing districts. . . . and will prepare ages of 
 happiness for innumerable generations of human creatures." 
 
 358. Lewis and Clarke s Expedition. Captains 
 Lewis and Clarke 4 were commissioned to explore the north 
 ern part of the acquired territory, which extended from the 
 upper Mississippi westward to the Rocky Mountains. Ascend 
 ing the Missouri to its sources, they penetrated a wilderness 
 inhabited chiefly by wolves and bears. Crossing a portage 
 of only thirty-six miles to the head-waters of the Columbia 
 River, they threaded the primeval solitudes to its mouth. 
 The story of their travel during two years and three months 
 is full of wild adventure. 
 
 359. The Territory of Orleans was organized within 
 
 A D 1804 the P resent nmits of tne state of Louisiana; the 
 remainder of the new possession was known for 
 some years as Louisiana Territory. 
 
WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 
 
 207 
 
 Lewis and Clarke s Expedition. 
 
 360. The humiliating 5 treaty with Algiers (335) 
 had not hindered the attacks upon American ships by pirates 
 from Tripoli, another of the Barbary states. In the sea 
 ports of New England it was no uncommon occurrence 
 on a Sunday to hear a letter read in church from some 
 honored citizen, now a slave on the northern coast of 
 Africa, begging his old neighbors to advance money for his 
 ransom. 
 
 In 1 80 1 the Pasha of Tripoli declared war against the 
 United States, and Commodores Preble 6 and Morris were 
 sent to bombard his capital and bring him to terms. Dur 
 ing the blockade the frigate * Philadelphia " was captured by 
 the enemy and taken into port. Lieutenant Decatur sailed 
 into the harbor by night, with seventy-six men in a small 
 vessel, surprised and recaptured the frigate, and burned her 
 
208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 to the water s edge under the guns of the Pasha s castle. 
 In 1805 that dignitary was glad to obtain peace by prom 
 ises of better behavior. 
 
 361. The death of Alexander Hamilton in a private 
 combat with Vice-president Burr in 1804, horrified the 
 nation, and went far to put an end to the murderous custom 
 of dueling. Hamilton disapproved the practice, but when 
 challenged by Burr, on account of some political offense, he 
 imagined that honor compelled him to accept. He pur 
 posely fired into the air, and at the same moment received a 
 mortal wound. 
 
 362. Jefferson was re-elected the following autumn 
 to the head of the government, but with George Clinton, 7 of 
 New York, as Vice-president. Burr s reckless spirit drove 
 him into the wilderness, where he plotted the formation of a 
 new and rival state from the south-western territory of the 
 Union. He succeeded in ruining one 8 at least of his accom 
 plices, but he was betrayed by another, 9 and his scheme 
 
 came to nought. He was tried for treason at 
 
 Richmond, Va. This crime was not proved, 
 
 and he was released; but the career which his brilliant 
 
 talents might have made honorable and useful, was wrecked, 
 
 and his old age was dismally unhappy. 
 
 363. The year 1807 is memorable for the earliest success 
 of steam navigation. Several ingenious men had been 
 experimenting on the application of Watt s invention to 
 modes of travel; but to Robert Fulton, 10 a native of Penn 
 sylvania, is due the credit of having persevered until all 
 obstacles were overcome. He was liberally aided by Chan 
 cellor Livingston of New York. His first boat, the * Cler- 
 mont" ascended the Hudson from New York to Albany in 
 1807. Five years later he built at Pittsburgh the first Mis 
 sissippi steamer, which, descending the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers, reached New Orleans in December, 1812. 
 
TROUBLES WITH ENGLAND. 209 
 
 364. The furious war now raging between France 
 and England seemed destined to engulf the infant com 
 merce of the United States. Each nation desired to prevent 
 supplies reaching its rival; neutral vessels were forbidden to 
 enter any European port; and thus the American carrying 
 trade was cut off at a blow. Equally vexatious was the pre 
 tended "right of search." In June, 1807, the British ship 
 "Leopard" fired into the American frigate "Chesapeake" 
 near Fortress Monroe, killed three men, wounded eighteen, 
 and carried off four, under the pretense that they were 
 British subjects. The king s government expressed re 
 grets," but re-affirmed the right of search. 
 
 365. Congress retaliated by an Embargo Act, prohibit 
 ing the sailing of all vessels for any foreign port. 
 
 This was injurious to British commerce, but it 
 occasioned yet greater suffering in America. In New En 
 gland, which was more dependent upon trade than the rest 
 of the country, it met with determined opposition. Jeffer 
 son always believed that if the Embargo Act could have 
 been faithfully observed by the whole people, the war which 
 marked his successor s administration might have been pre 
 vented. But the opposing interests were too strong, and 
 after fourteen months it was repealed. 
 
 Read Tucker s "Life of Jefferson," and Lord Brougham s review of 
 it in "Edinburgh Review," 1837; Lewis and Clarke s Journal; Jeffer 
 son s Autobiography. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Thomas Jefferson (born at Shadwell, Va., 1743, died at Monticello, 
 1826). "Just thirty-three years old, married, and happy in his family, 
 affluent, with a bright career before him, he was no rash innovator by his 
 character or his position ; if his convictions drove him to demand inde 
 pendence, it was only because he could no longer live with honor under 
 the British constitution which he still acknowledged to be better than 
 all that had preceded it. . . . No man of his century had more trust 
 in the collective reason and conscience of his fellow-men or better knew 
 how to take their counsel ; and in return he came to be a ruler over the 
 willing in the world of opinion. Born to an independent fortune, he had 
 from his youth been an indefatigable student. Of a hopeful tempera 
 ment and a tranquil, philosophic cast of mind, always temperate in Ms 
 U. S. H. 14. 
 
210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 mode of life and decorous in his manners, he was a perfect master of his 
 passions. He was of a delicate organization, and fond of elegance ; his 
 tastes were refined ; laborious in his application 19 business or the pur 
 suit of knowledge, music was his favorite recreation. He was a skillful 
 horseman, and took a never-failing delight in the varied beauty of rural 
 life. The range of his studies was very wide; he was not unfamiliar 
 with the literature of Greece and Rome ; had an aptitude for mathemat 
 ics and mechanics, and loved especially the natural sciences. . . . Jetter- 
 son was a hater of superstition and big9try and intolerance ; he was an 
 idealist in his habits of thought and life. ... In his profession, the 
 law, he was methodical, painstaking, and successful. Whatever he had 
 to do, it was his custom to prepare himself for it carefully ; and in public 
 life, when others were at fault, they often found that he had already 
 hewed out the way; so that in C9uiicil men willingly gave him the lead, 
 which he never appeared to claim, and was always able to undertake. 
 . . . The nursling of his country, the offspring of his time, he set about 
 the work of a practical statesman, and his measures grew so naturally 
 out of previous law and the facts of the past that they struck deep root 
 and have endured." Bancroft. 
 
 2. Aaron Burr was born at Newark, N. J., 1756, and died on Staten 
 Island, 1836. His father and his grandfather, the distinguished Jonathan 
 Edwards (202), were both presidents of Princeton College, of which in 
 stitution Burr was a graduate. Before he was three years of age both of 
 his parents died, and Aaron was left to the care of relatives. He was a 
 great reader in his youth, and an industrious stvident. He commenced 
 reading theology, but soon abandoned it and turned to the profession of 
 law. Soon after the battle of Lexington he enlisted in the patriot army, 
 and rose from a sick-bed to join Arnold s expedition to Quebec (g 246), and 
 valiantly led a forlorn hope in the assault on that citadel ( 247). Owing 
 to ill health he resigned his commission in the army in 1779, and com 
 menced the practice of law at Albany in 1782. As a lawyer Aaron Burr 
 ranked among the foremost of his day : it is claimed he never lost a case. 
 His political life began in the New York legislature in 1784. He was sub 
 sequently attorney-general of the state, and in 1791 was sent to the United 
 States Senate. His political honors culminated in the Vice-presidency. 
 Alexander Hamilton had vehemently opposed him from his first entrance 
 into politics. He believed Burr to be a dangerous man to place in office. 
 It was his repeated utterances to this effect which provoked the fatal 
 challenge. After the duel Burr was disfranchised from New York state, 
 and lost social caste and political influence. He plunged into the wild 
 scheme of subjugating Mexico and uniting it to a portion of the south 
 western states, over which he was to rule supreme, and at his death his 
 idolized daughter, Theodosia, was to become queen ! His plots were pro 
 nounced treasonable, and in 1806 President Jefferson proclaimed against 
 him and authorized his capture. After his trial at Richmond he went 
 to Europe and wandered aimlessly, from city to city, under constant sur 
 veillance, and at times in the depths of poverty. Yet with all his troubles 
 and disappointments he never seemed despondent. He returned to New 
 York in 1812, and resumed the practice of law with success ; but his old 
 friends and admirers, except a very few, shunned him. When seventy- 
 eight he married Madame Jumel, a wealthy widow, to obtain a home 
 during the few years he had yet to live; but they soon had trouble and 
 separated, and Burr s last sickness was in humble lodgings provided by 
 one of his life-long friends. He was buried at Princeton by the side of 
 his father and grandfather. 
 
 3. Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761, and died 
 at Astoria, N. Y., 1849. In 1779 he graduated with honors from the Univer 
 sity of Geneva, and the next summer left home and friends and brilliant 
 prospects to try his fortunes in America. He married in 1789, but his wife 
 lived only a few months. To drown his grief Gallatin plunged into poli 
 tics, and soon became a leader of the anti-Federalists. He was elected 
 United States Senator from Pennsylvania in 1793, but was unseated after 
 two months, because he had not lived in America the nine years required 
 by the Constitution. Serving three years in the Pennsylvania legisla 
 ture he entered Congress in 1795, and by his ability assumed the leadership 
 of the Republicans. From 1801 he was for twelve years Secretary of the 
 Treasury, and his able administration stamped him as one of the fore- 
 
NOTES. 211 
 
 most financiers of his time. Owing to his wise statesmanship he was 
 frequently selected as commissioner to negotiate important treaties with 
 foreign powers. He was United States minister to France from 1816 to 
 1823, and to England in 1826-7. In 1824 he was nominated for Vice-presi 
 dent, but withdrew from the candidacy. Gallatin s subsequent business 
 career was successful, and his numerous financial and historical writings 
 added greatly to his reputation. " His eminent and manifold services to 
 his adopted country, his great abilities and upright character assure him 
 of a high position in the history of the United States." 
 
 4. Meriwether Lewis and "William Clarke were of Virginia birth, and 
 both had abundant experience in Indian warfare, so that the perils of 
 their long expedition merely added zest to the enterprise. Their return 
 to St. Louis, September, 1806, was nearly two and a half years after their 
 departure from that point. Lewis was made governor of Missouri terri 
 tory, and died near Nashville in 1809. Clarke also became governor of 
 Missouri territory; and, later, Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He 
 died at St. Louis in 1838. 
 
 Many of the Indians met with on this journey were as much surprised 
 at seeing white men as the savages who greeted the landing of Columbus 
 more than three hundred years before. In the history of their expedi 
 tion, referring to this point they say: "They [the Indians] had, indeed, 
 abundant sources of surprise in all they saw. The appearance of the 
 men, their arms, their clothing, the canoes, the strange looks of the 
 negro, and the sagacity of our dog, all in turn shared their admiration, 
 which was raised to astonishment by a shot from the air-gun : this oper 
 ation was instantly considered as a great medicine, by which they, as 
 well as the other Indians, mean something emanating directly from the 
 Great Spirit, or produced by his invisible and incomprehensible agency." 
 
 5. When Commodore Bainbridge presented himself on one occasion 
 with the yearly tribute at Algiers, he was commanded by the Dey to pro 
 ceed on some business of his to Constantinople. Upon his replying that 
 such were not his orders, the Dey remarked : " You are under my orders ; 
 your people are my subjects, else why do they pay me tribute?" The 
 Commodore suggested to his government that tribute should be paid 
 henceforth from the cannon s mouth. 
 
 6. Commodore Edward Preble (b. 1761, d. 1807) was born in Maine. 
 He did gallant service as an officer in the provincial navy during the 
 Revolution, although then so young. In 1799 he was commissioned a 
 lieutenant in the United States navy, and rose rapidly to the rank of 
 commodore. For his services in the war with Tripoli he received a gold 
 medal and the thanks of Congress. 
 
 7. " George Clinton (6. 1739, rf. 1812) was the undisputed leader of the 
 popular party. He had been governor of New York since 1777, and was 
 re-elected every other year to that office for eighteen years. . . . Able, 
 tough, wary, a self-willed man, wielding with unusual tact the entire 
 patronage of the state, and dear to the affections of the great mass of the 
 people, he is an imposing figure in the politics of the time, and must ever 
 be regarded as the Chief Man of the state of New York during the earlier 
 years of its independent existence." James Parton. 
 
 8. This refers to Harman Blennerhasset, an Irishman of good birth 
 and education, who brought to America considerable wealth, and built an 
 elegant home on an island in the Ohio River below Marietta. On his way 
 west Burr stopped at Blennerhasset s house, and, by his glowing represen 
 tations and pleasant promises, easily won the Irish gentleman s support 
 in his wicked schemes. When Burr became emperor of the south-west, 
 Blennerhasset was to be made a duke and given the principal foreign 
 ministry ! His money and all his estates were lost in the fatal enterprise, 
 and he died a broken-hearted old man, on the island of Guernsey, 1831. 
 
 9. General James "Wilkinson, then governor of Louisiana, is the per 
 son alluded to. He was believed by many to have been at first a sharer 
 with Aaron Burr in his treasonable designs, but was acquitted of such 
 complicity in a trial held in 1811. After Jefferson s proclamation, Gen 
 eral Wilkinson used every means to arrest Burr and to defeat his plans. 
 
212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 10. Robert Fulton (&. 1765, d. 1815) was in his earlier years more of an 
 artist than a mechanic, and he went to London to perfect himself in por 
 trait-painting under the famous Benjamin West. While there he met 
 Earl Stanhope, James Watt, and others engaged in finding practical uses 
 for the recently invented steam-engine, and his mind was directed to the 
 solution of the same problem. His first application of steam-power for 
 propelling boats was on the Seine, in 1803, but the experiment was not very 
 successful. After the success of the " Clermont," Fulton s reputation was 
 world-wide. He built many river steamboats, and constructed the first 
 United States steam war-vesselnamed " Fulton the First." Among his 
 inventions were an improvement in canal-locks, a submarine torpedo, 
 and machines for marble-sawing, flax-spinning, and rope-making. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 SIXTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1809-1813. 
 
 James Madison, President. 
 
 George Clinton, Vice-president. 
 
 366. The Fourth President. Jefferson, having fol 
 lowed the example of Washington in declining a third term 
 of office, was succeeded by James Madison, 1 of Virginia, who 
 was inaugurated March 4, 1809. George Clinton, of New 
 York, was reflected as 
 
 Vice-president. The same 
 principles continued to 
 control the government, 
 and the same harmony 
 was visible in the cabinet. 
 
 367. The difficulties 
 with England grew 
 worse. Our harbors were 
 blockaded by British ves 
 sels which boarded every 
 American ship entering or 
 leaving, and forced sea 
 men, who were supposed 
 
 to be British subjects, into James Madison - 
 
 their own service. Their doctrine was, Once an English 
 man, always an Englishman;" while the United States held 
 then, as now, that a foreigner can, if he will, renounce his 
 allegiance to his sovereign and become a citizen of the Re 
 public. 
 
 368. At least six thousand of our seamen had been thus 
 forced into the British navy, and nine hundred American 
 
 (213) 
 
214 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Impressment of Seamen. 
 
 vessels had been boarded within eight years. President 
 Madison made every effort to maintain peace between the 
 two countries, but in vain. War was declared by the United 
 States in June, 1812. 
 
 The Indians of the North-west were now united in a strong 
 
HULL S SURRENDER. 2 1 5 
 
 confederacy under the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, 2 and their 
 ravages upon our frontier settlements for a year past were 
 supposed to have been incited by British emissaries. Gen 
 eral Harrison, having been sent to subdue them during the 
 autumn of the preceding year, had been surprised by a 
 night attack near the Tippecanoe; but he received it with 
 such spirit, and his men fought so bravely, that the assail 
 ants were routed with great slaughter. 
 
 369. The first movement against the British was 
 
 attended by the greatest disgrace that has ever befallen 
 American arms. Marching from Dayton, Ohio, General 
 Hull and 1,500 men toiled for a month through dense 
 forests to Lake Erie, and thence to Detroit. An invasion of 
 Canada was the object; and after a brief pause for refresh 
 ment Hull crossed the river, but learning that Mackinaw 
 had been taken, and that a force of British and Indians was 
 approaching, he hastily retreated. 
 
 370. Hull s Surrender. He was soon followed by 
 General Brock, governor of Canada, and Tecumseh, with 
 their respective forces. The Americans were eager for a 
 fight, but to their amazement and grief Hull raised a white 
 flag over the fort without firing a single cannon. Not only 
 Detroit, but all Michigan Territory was surren- 
 
 Aug. 16, 1812. 
 
 dered to the British. Fort Dearborn, on the 
 present site of Chicago, was taken by Indians about the 
 same time, and its garrison were either tomahawked or made 
 prisoners. General Hull was tried by court-martial and sen 
 tenced to be shot as a coward, but the President spared his 
 life. 
 
 371. The invasion of Canada by General Van Rens- 
 selaer s command was less humiliating, though scarcely more 
 successful. Crossing Niagara River, his men drove the 
 enemy from their position on Queenstown Heights; but the 
 commander of the New York militia refused to leave that 
 
216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 state to reinforce him, and though Colonel Scott 3 and his 
 men fought bravely, they were forced to surren 
 der themselves as prisoners of war. General 
 
 Brock fell in the first action. 
 
 372. Naval Victories. These losses on land were com 
 pensated by brilliant victories on the sea. The American 
 navy had for years been so neglected that it could hardly 
 be said to exist. But what was wanting in material was 
 made up by spirit and energy. Three days after the sur 
 render of Detroit, Captain Isaac Hull, 4 a nephew 
 
 Aug., 1812. . . . 
 
 of the disgraced general, attacked the British 
 frigate Guerriere, and in an action of two hours so demol 
 ished her that she could not be taken into port. Her crew 
 and stores were removed to the victorious Constitution, better 
 known by her nickname as "Old Ironsides." 
 
 373. Soon afterward the American sloop-of-war Wasp cap 
 tured the British Frolic, which was convoying a fleet of mer 
 chantmen. So fierce was the forty-five minutes battle that 
 
 there was not a man on the Frolic able to pull 
 down her flag. Before the Wasp could be put 
 into a condition to make sail, both she and her shattered 
 prize were taken by a seventy-four gun ship of the enemy. 
 These are only, two of many brilliant actions that might 
 be narrated. The President gave letters of marque to a host 
 of privateersmen, which scoured every ocean and cap 
 tured in seven months three hundred British merchant ves 
 sels with 3,000 prisoners. These successes gave the more 
 surprise because Englishmen had been supposed invincible 
 on the sea. 
 
 374. The campaign of 1813 was arranged on nearly 
 the same plan as that of the preceding year, but with differ 
 ent officers. General Dearborn, commander-in-chief of all 
 the forces, was with the army of the center on Niagara 
 River; General Harrison in the North-west, and General 
 Hampton on Lake Champlain. As before, the only sue- 
 
BA TTLES A T SEA. 2 1 7 
 
 cesses of any consequence were on water ; the actions of the 
 eastern and central divisions of the army were so indecisive 
 that they need not be recorded. 
 
 375. In the west General Harrison undertook the re 
 covery of the ground which Hull had lost. A part of his 
 forces captured Frenchtown, on Raisin River, but were de 
 feated a few days later by the British and Indians. The 
 latter treated their prisoners with the usual savage brutali 
 ties, and General Proctor, who had pledged his word for the 
 safety of the surrendered, so far from checking them, drew 
 off his white troops, leaving his allies maddened by liquor 
 and excited to butchery by the bounty which he had offered 
 for every scalp. A few Kentuckians were dragged as pris 
 oners to Detroit and offered for sale from door to door. 
 Tecumseh himself reproached Proctor as unfit to be a gen 
 eral, and used his own influence for the protection of the 
 captives. 
 
 376. General Harrison was twice besieged in Fort Meigs, 
 on the Maumee, by Proctor and Tecumseh. The enemy, 
 twice repulsed, turned to attack Fort Stephenson, on the 
 lower Sandusky, commanded by Major Croghan, with only 
 one hundred and fifty men; but here they were still more 
 summarily defeated, and retired into Canada. 
 
 377. What the World thought of Americans. 
 During the first busy years when our new Republic was re 
 pairing the wastes of its war of independence, and obtain 
 ing a foothold among the nations, the taunting remark was 
 often heard that Americans cared only for money-making, 
 and had lost the spirit which had won their freedom. The 
 gallantry with which the national honor was maintained upon 
 the sea inspired both surprise and admiration; and among 
 the heroes who regained for America the world s respect, 
 none was braver than James Lawrence. 5 
 
 378. In command of the Hornet he vanquished the British 
 brig Peacock in a fifteen minutes fight off Guiana. Re- 
 
218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 iri \- 
 
 "Don t give up the Ship." 
 
 turning home he was transferred to the Chesapeake, then un 
 dergoing repairs in Boston Harbor. Here he was challenged 
 by the British flag-ship Shannon to come out and fight. The 
 Chesapeake was only partly manned and unready for action, 
 but following his first brave impulse he put to sea. He was 
 mortally wounded early in the action, but as he was carried 
 below he cried with dying breath, "Don t give up the 
 ship ! " That order could not be obeyed, but the spirit of it 
 inspired many a future victory. 
 
PERRY S VICTORY. 219 
 
 379. The United States brig Argus, after taking twenty 
 merchantmen, was herself captured by the Pelican in August, 
 1813. Captain David Porter, of the Essex, passing around 
 Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean, made prizes of twelve 
 English ships and several hundreds of sailors, many of 
 whom were glad to take service as Americans. A little 
 fleet was thus formed which protected the American whaling 
 ships in the Pacific. The Essex was finally taken when in a 
 friendly harbor, and Captain Porter wrote home, We are 
 unfortunate, but not disgraced." 
 
 380. The Great Lakes were still controlled by the Brit 
 ish, who possessed Michigan and threatened Ohio. Captain 
 Oliver H. Perry 6 was commissioned to dispute that control. 
 He had first to create a fleet from the forests on Lake 
 Erie, while sailors were brought overland in stage-coaches. 
 Scarcely were his nine ships ready for action when the Brit 
 ish fleet bore down upon him near Put-in Bay. Perry s 
 flag-ship, the Lawrence, bore at her mast-head a pennon in 
 scribed, "Don t give up the ship!" 
 
 381. Battle of Lake Erie. The battle was severe, and 
 the Lawrence, having fought two of the British squadron at 
 once, was riddled and shattered. Perry, seizing his flag, 
 sprang into a boat and was rowed to the Niagara, whence 
 he ordered a fresh onset upon the enemy s line. 
 
 Sept. 10, 1813. 
 
 He won a complete victory, and went back to 
 the sinking Lawrence to receive the surrender upon her 
 deck. Then he wrote to General Harrison: "We have met 
 the enemy and they are ours, two ships, two brigs, one 
 schooner, and one sloop." 
 
 382. It was the first time that a whole British squadron 
 had surrendered, and the news was received with pride and 
 joy throughout the country. In fact, it virtually ended the 
 war, for it led to the breaking up of the Indian confederacy 
 and the recovery of all the land lost by Hull s surrender. 
 
220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 383. Harrison crossed into Canada and hotly pur 
 sued the British, whom he overtook near the River Thames. 
 The Kentuckians rushed into the battle crying, Remember 
 the Raisin ! " Proctor fled. His men laid down their arms, 
 and were spared. Tecumseh spurred on his warriors with 
 his war-whoop, resounding above the roar of musketry, but 
 suddenly it ceased. Then the savages knew that their 
 leader was dead, and they sought refuge in the Canadian 
 forests. 
 
 In 1812 the Territory of Orleans (359) was organized into 
 the state of Louisiana, and was admitted into the American 
 Union. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. James Madison (&. 1751, d. 1836) was born at King George, Va., of En 
 glish descent. He had unusual educational advantages from his earliest 
 years, and after graduating at Princeton, when twenty years of age, he 
 pursued an extensive course of study, embracing law, theology, philoso 
 phy, and general literature. At this period of his life he permanently 
 impaired his bodily vigor by over-study, and by allowing himself only 
 three or four hours sleep each day. He interested himself at once in pol 
 itics, and in 1776 was elected a member of the Virginia Convention. On 
 the return of Jefferson from France, Madison was offered that mission, 
 but declined it. He also refused the position of Secretary of State when 
 Jefferson vacated it, feeling that he would create a discord in Washing 
 ton s cabinet. At the time of the Constituent Convention he was an 
 ardent Federalist, but later changed his views, and was before long recog 
 nized as the leader of the Democratic party. When Jefferson was elected 
 President, Madison became Secretary of State, and retained the office 
 eight years. 
 
 Madison s contributions to the " Federalist," and his state papers gener 
 ally, are considered among the most able productions of American states 
 men. His writings have been purchased and published by the general 
 government. Thomas Jefferson, in his Autobiography, has left the fol 
 lowing estimate of his successor : 
 
 " Mr. Madison came into the House in 1776, a new member and young; 
 which circumstances, concurring with his extreme modesty, prevented 
 his venturing himself in debate before his removal to the Council of 
 State in November, 77. From thence he went to Congress, then consist 
 ing of few members. Trained in these successive schools, he acquired a 
 habit of self-possession which placed at ready command the rich resources 
 of his luminous and discriminating mind, and of his extensive informa 
 tion, and rendered him the first of every assembly afterwards of which 
 he was a member. Never wandering from his subject into vain declama 
 tion, but pursuing it closely, in language pure, classical, and copious, 
 soothing always the feelings of his adversaries by civilities and softness 
 of expression, he rose to the eminent station which he held in the great 
 National Convention of 1787 (314); and in that of Virginia which fol 
 lowed, he sustained the new Constitution in all its parts, bearing off the 
 palm against the logic of George Mason, and the fervid declamation of 
 Mr. Henry. With these consummate powers were united a pure and 
 spotless virtue which no calumny has ever attempted to sully. Of the 
 powers and polish of his pen, and of the wisdom of his administration in 
 the highest office of the nation I need say nothing. They have spoken, 
 and will forever speak for themselves." 
 
NOTES. 221 
 
 At the close of his presidential career Madison retired to his farm of 
 " Montpelier," in Virginia, and devoted himself to the agricultural inter 
 ests of the county. For a long period he acted as visitor and rector of 
 the University of Virginia. Madison s last public service was in 1829, 
 when he was a member of the Virginia Convention to remodel the state 
 constitution. His presence produced a great sensation, but from his age 
 and infirmities he was unable to take part in the debate. 
 
 2. Tecumseh was born near the present town of Springfield, Ohio, 
 about 1768. He and his brother, who assumed to be a prophet, endeav 
 ored, in 1805, to unite all the western tribes into one nation against the 
 whites. They had partially succeeded, when the defeat of the prophet at 
 Tippecanoe, in 1811, prevented lurther steps in that direction. 
 
 3. This was Winfield Scott, who afterwards became a celebrated gen 
 eral. See Note 4, page 259. 
 
 4. Isaac Hull (6. 1775, d. 1843), the son of a Revolutionary officer, was 
 born at Derby, Conn., and when nineteen years old became master of a 
 merchant vessel. When troubles with France arose, in 1798, he entered 
 the navy as a lieutenant, and distinguished himself by several daring 
 exploits. His defeat and capture of the " Guerriere " was felt to be of the 
 greatest importance, as it was the first naval action of the war. 
 
 5. James Lawrence (&. 1781, d. 1813) was born in Burlington, N. J., and 
 entered the navy as a midshipman when seventeen years old. In the 
 war with Tripoli he served with distinction, and took part in the destruc 
 tion of the "Philadelphia" (360). Congress rewarded him with a gold 
 medal for his capture of the " Peacock." 
 
 6. Oliver Hazard Perry (6. 1785, d. 1819) was born in Newport, R. I., and 
 in 1799 first saw active service in the navy as a midshipman on the frigate 
 " General Greene," under the command of his father. The battle of Lake 
 Erie was his greatest achievement, although he did good service through 
 out the war. In 1819, while cruising on the Columbia coast, South Amer 
 ica, he contracted yellow fever, and died just as his vessel reached Port 
 Spain, on the island of Trinidad. 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1813-1817. 
 
 James Madison, President. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-president. 
 
 384. The southern Indians had this summer surprised 
 Fort Mimms, in Alabama, and murdered men, women, and 
 children to the number of nearly four hundred. The vol 
 unteer troops of Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee mus 
 tered to avenge the massacre, and among them General 
 Jackson gained confidence by his quick, decisive move 
 ments. Several victories were won in the autumn of 1813, 
 and in spite of hardships, the men having sometimes no 
 food but acorns, Jackson resolved to hold the country all 
 winteT. In March the last battle was fought at Horse-shoe 
 Bend, where a thousand Creek warriors, with many women 
 and children of their tribe, were slain without pity. The 
 Holy Ground of the Creeks, which they had thought could 
 never be taken, passed into the possession of their con 
 querors. 
 
 385. Burning of Washington. During these two 
 years the British visited the coasts of Maryland, Virginia, 
 and the Carolinas, more in the character of pirates and 
 plunderers than of honorable warriors, burning villages and 
 farm buildings, robbing churches, and even murdering the 
 sick in their beds. Meeting very little opposition, General 
 Ross, in 1814, marched to Washington and destroyed most 
 of the buildings and records belonging to the government, 
 together with much private property. 1 
 
 386. Bombardment of Baltimore. Both fleet and 
 army then advanced upon Baltimore, but the city was well 
 
 (222) 
 
BATTLE OF LUNDY S LANE. 22$ 
 
 defended by the Maryland militia, while Fort McHenry 
 withstood a storm of balls and bombs, which 
 lasted from sunrise until after midnight, without 
 the slightest apparent injury. It was during this bombard 
 ment that Francis S. Key, an American patriot, detained on 
 board the British fleet, wrote the "Star Spangled Banner." 
 Failing of their purpose, the enemy withdrew. It is only 
 fair to say that Admiral Cockburn, 2 the chief marauder, was 
 denounced by some of the best people in his own country 
 as a disgrace to the British navy. 
 
 387. The New England States suffered even more 
 than the Southern, for their commerce and fisheries were 
 broken up by a strict blockade. The light-houses were kept 
 in darkness, as they served only as guides to the enemy. 
 Owing to a temporary peace in Europe, the British were 
 largely reinforced in i8|K> an d American operations were 
 mainly defensive. 
 
 Oswego was attacked in May by a force from Canada, and 
 Colonel Mitchell, unable to defend it, withdrew his garrison. 
 The enemy burned the barracks, dismantled the works, and 
 retired. The spirit of the Americans rose with difficulties. 
 On the third of July they captured Fort Erie, opposite 
 Buffalo, and two days later defeated General Riall at Chip- 
 pewa, after a hard-fought battle. 
 
 388. Lundy s Lane. Three weeks later Generals 
 Brown 3 and Scott gained a brilliant victory at Lundy s 
 Lane, near Niagara Falls, where General Riall 
 
 was made a prisoner. Seeing that a hill 
 crowned with cannon was the key to the British position, 
 General Brown said to Colonel James Miller, 4 "Colonel, 
 take your regiment, storm that work, and take it." "I ll 
 try, sir," was the reply, and marching steadily up the hill, 
 he took it. 
 
 389. The British made repeated attempts to regain Fort 
 Erie. Early in August they commenced a regular siege 
 
224 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Battle of Lundy s Lane. 
 
 which lasted more than six weeks; but on the lyth of Sep 
 tember a spirited sortie was made by the garrison, resulting, 
 after a severe contest, in the capture of all the British 
 works. Quitting the siege in disgust, General Drummond 
 marched away, and the attempt was not renewed. In No 
 vember the fort was demolished, and the American army 
 retired to winter-quarters at Buffalo and Black Rock. 
 
 390. War unpopular in New England. From the 
 
 beginning the war had been unpopular in New England, 
 where the Federalists were most numerous. The English 
 thought it possible to separate the eastern from the southern 
 states, and even to win them back to their old obedience. 
 To this end they planned in the campaign of 1814 to repeat 
 the movement of Burgoyne (262). An army of 14,000 
 men and a fleet of gun-boats entered the state of New York 
 by way of Lake Champlain. 
 
MAP TO ILLUSTRATE 
 
 WAR OF 1812, 
 
 By Bussell Hinman C.E. 
 
END OF THE WAR OF 1812. 225 
 
 391. Battle of Plattsburgh. They were met near 
 Plattsburgh by Commodore McDonough 5 on the lake and 
 by General Macomb 6 on land. The naval battle lasted only 
 two hours, but the American victory was com 
 plete. The British commodore was killed; his 
 
 larger vessels were captured. The combat on land was 
 equally severe, but it ended in success for the Americans, 
 and the invading forces marched back into Canada. 
 
 392. The Hartford Convention. The opposition in 
 New England to a continuance of the war had now reached 
 its height. In December some of the leading Federalists 
 held a convention at Hartford. Its consultations were se 
 cret, and its enemies considered them disloyal. In the joy 
 of the success at Plattsburgh, most people had become 
 better affected toward the war, and the Federal party lost 
 much ground in consequence of the Hartford Convention. 
 
 393. Treaty of Ghent. Before its sessions were ended 
 peace had been signed at Ghent by the commis- 
 
 . . . Dec. 24, 1814. 
 
 sioners of the United States and Great Britain. 
 But as ocean steamers and telegraphs were not yet in exist 
 ence, a needless battle was fought below New Orleans be 
 fore the news arrived in America. 
 
 394. Learning that the British were about to attack the 
 city, General Andrew Jackson marched thither with the 
 same forces that had subdued the Creeks (384). Nine 
 miles below New Orleans he formed a breastwork, chiefly of 
 cotton-bales and sand-bags. Here he was attacked, January 
 8, by General Pakenham and his veteran army of 12,000 
 men, most of whom had been trained in the wars with Na 
 poleon. To oppose them Jackson had less than half that 
 number of undisciplined troops, but among these were the 
 sharp-shooters of Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 395. Battle of New Orleans. The British advanced 
 in splendid order under the fire of the American cannon, 
 
 U. S. EL 15. 
 
226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 but as soon as they came within rifle-range they wavered, 
 and their brilliant columns were strewn upon the plain. 
 They were rallied, but only to break again, and fall under 
 the deadly aim of the marksmen. Pakenham was killed, 
 and his two next officers were severely wounded. The 
 British captured one important battery, but they could not 
 follow up their success, and the American victory was one 
 of the most complete of the war. After a loss of more than 
 2,000 men the invaders withdrew to Lake Borgne, and soon 
 afterward embarked for Jamaica. 
 
 396. The news of peace was hailed with irrepressible 
 joy by the whole nation. Bells rang merrily; bonfires 
 blazed; messengers on fleet horses spurred to inland villages, 
 shouting the glad tidings as they rode. The * Second War 
 of American Independence " had commanded the respect of 
 other nations, and though the "right of search" was not 
 mentioned in the treaty of Ghent, it was never again as 
 serted by Great Britain. 
 
 397. The Barbary States had taken advantage of the 
 war to renew their attacks upon vessels of the United States. 
 Commodore Decatur 7 was sent with a squadron to mend 
 their behavior. Having captured two of the largest Alge- 
 rine frigates, he sailed successively into the harbors of 
 Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, where he obtained the release of 
 all American prisoners, and payment for some, at least, of 
 the losses inflicted by the pirates, and put an end forever to 
 claims of tribute from the United States. 
 
 398. Great distress followed the war. While cut off 
 from all trade with Europe, Americans had employed their 
 money in manufactures, which for a few years were very 
 prosperous. As soon as the war was over, and the superior 
 but cheaper fabrics of France and England began to flood 
 our markets, home manufactures were ruined. To protect 
 our rising industries, and at the same time meet the interest 
 
NOTES. 227 
 
 of a war debt of a hundred millions, duties were imposed on 
 foreign goods entering our ports. This "American System," 
 as it was called, of protection for home industries, found 
 favor with the Federalist party and the manufacturing states; 
 while the agricultural states and the Democratic party have 
 usually favored free trade. 
 
 399. In 1816 Indiana became the nineteenth state in the 
 Union. Michigan had been organized as a separate Territory 
 in 1805, and Illinois, including Wisconsin, in 1809. 
 
 Read Jefferson s Works, Vol. I.; Bentoivs "Thirty Years in the 
 United States Senate," Vol. I.; Hildreth s "History of the United 
 States;" Cooper s "History of the American Navy;" Lossing s 
 "Field Book of the War of 1812;" Life of Madison in "National 
 Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Vol. II. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The British force numbered 4.000. The news of their approach cre 
 ated a panic, and the undisciplined and inexperienced militia, hurriedly 
 gathered to oppose them, fled at the first fire. "Such," says Hildreth, 
 " was the famous battle of Bladensburg, in which very few Americans 
 had the honor to be either killed or wounded, not more than fifty in all ; 
 and yet, according to the evidence subsequently given before a con 
 gressional committee of investigation, every body behaved with wonder 
 ful courage and coolness, and nobody retired except by orders or for want 
 of orders." 
 
 2. This was Sir George Cockburn (6. 1772, d. 1853), who afterwards rose 
 to the highest rank in the English navy, and served in several important 
 official positions. In 1815 he carried out the sentence of Napoleon, con 
 veying him to St. Helena on board his ship. 
 
 3. General Jacob Brown (6. 1775, d. 1828) was of Quaker origin, and 
 was born in Pennsylvania, but at the time of the war of 1812 was a resi 
 dent of the state of New York. Throughout the war he maintained a 
 reputation for great bravery and military skill, and at its close he re 
 ceived a gold medal and a vote of thanks from Congress. He remained in 
 the regular army after peace was declared, and finally attained the chief 
 command. Brownsville, on the site of his estate in Jefferson County, 
 New York, is nnmed after him. 
 
 4. James Miller was born at Peterborough, New Hampshire, in 1776, 
 and was educated for the profession of law ; but finding it distasteful, he 
 entered the United States army, in 1808, with the commission of major. 
 He was distinguished throughout the War of 1812 for his remarkable 
 bravery, and this exploit at Lundy s Lane won for him the rank of brevet 
 brigadier-general and a gold medal from Congress bearing the motto, " I ll 
 try." This battle was fought on a dim moonlight night, and Miller s com 
 mand succeeded in creeping up the hill in the shadow of an old rail-fence 
 undiscovered by the British until almost upon them. Miller resigned his 
 commission in 1819 to accept the governorship of Arkansas; he held this 
 position six years, and was then made collector of the port at Salem, 
 Mass. He held the latter office until 1849, when he was disabled by par 
 alysis, and in 1851 a second stroke of the disease killed him. 
 
228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 5, Commodore Thomas McDonough (b. 1783, d. 1825) was born in New 
 Castle County, Delaware, and entered the navy as a midshipman when 
 sixteen years of age. He was one of the officers of the u Philadelphia," 
 and only escaped capture by the Algerines through having been left 
 with a prize at Gibraltar. He afterwards assisted ? under Decatur, in re 
 capturing and burning his old vessel (360). His victory on Lake Cham- 
 plain was rewarded by Congress with a gold medal, and by various cities 
 and towns with civic honors. The state of Vermont presented him with 
 a tract of land overlooking the scene of his victory. He died on board a 
 vessel sent to bring him home from his command of the Mediterranean 
 squadron, to which he had been appointed after the War of 1812. 
 
 6. General Alexander Macomb (6. 1782, d. 1841), a native of Detroit, 
 was an officer of the United States army from his seventeenth year until 
 his death, beginning as a cornet of cavalry and ending as major-general 
 in command of the army. The battle of Plattsburgh was his greatest 
 achievement, and won him a vote of thanks and gold medal from Con 
 gress, as well as his brevet as major-general. 
 
 7 Commodore Stephen Decatur was the son of a naval officer of the 
 Revolution, and was born at Sinnepuxent, Maryland, in 1779. When 
 twenty years old he entered the navy, and a few years later brought him 
 self prominently into notice by recapturing and burning the " Philadel 
 phia " (360). For this exploit he was at once promoted to a captaincy, and 
 served with distinction in succeeding actions during the TrijDolitan War. 
 His greatest vict6ry in the War of 1812 was the capture of the " Mace 
 donian," an English frigate, after a stubborn fight of an hour and a half. 
 For this action Congress voted a gold medal to Decatur, and a silver one 
 to each commissioned officer under him. In 1820 he had a correspondence 
 with Commodore Barren in reference to the affair of the " Chesapeake " 
 and " Leopard," 364 (Barron having commanded the former vessel), 
 which resulted in a duel between the two officers : both fell at the first 
 fire. Decatur was wounded mortally, and died within twenty-four hours. 
 Barron recovered. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 EIGHTH AND NINTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1817-1825. 
 
 James Monroe, President. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, Vice-president. 
 
 400. The Fifth President. -fames Monroe, 1 of Virginia, 
 the fifth President of the United States, had a happy and 
 popular administration. The country speedily recovered 
 from the disasters occasioned by the war.; the fame of its 
 rich, unoccupied lands 
 drew a tide of immigrants 
 from Europe, whose labor 
 helped to develop the nat 
 ural wealth of the country, 
 and, by making roads, 
 bridges, and canals, to 
 supply outlets for its pro 
 ductions. 
 
 401. Slavery. In co 
 lonial times negroes had 
 been held as slaves in the 
 North as well as the 
 South ( 148) ; but while 
 corn and most of the 
 northern products could be more profitably raised by free 
 laborers, cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, the four chief 
 staples of the South, were supposed to require the labor of 
 slaves (135). Notwithstanding this there had been opposi 
 tion to the introduction and extension of slavery by the 
 South itself from the earliest colonial times (152, 148). 
 The Federal Constitution did not mention slaves, but left to 
 each state existing at the time of its adoption, the duty of 
 
 (229) 
 
 James Monroe. 
 
23 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 making or modifying laws concerning them. The territories 
 being under the direct government of Congress, this question 
 
 had to be decided for 
 them and for all states 
 to be formed from them. 
 
 402. The Missouri 
 
 Compromise. Thomas 
 Jefferson, a slave owner, 
 made the first proposition 
 in Congress to restrict 
 slavery in 1784. It then 
 failed to pass, but when 
 the North-west Territory 
 was organized, in 1787, 
 slavery was there pro 
 hibited by a unanimous 
 vote of Congress, and the 
 act was approved by 
 Washington. One northern state after another emancipated 
 its slaves, and the boundary line of slavery separating the 
 North and the South became more strictly defined. In 1817 
 the state of Mississippi was admitted to the Union ; Illinois 
 followed in 1818, Alabama in 1819, and Maine in 1820. 
 Upon the application of Missouri for leave to form a state 
 constitution, the important question arose in Congress 
 whether any more slave-states should be admitted. After 
 long discussion it was supposed to be settled by the Missouri 
 Compromise, which admitted that state with its 
 slaves, but prohibited the extension of slavery 
 into any territory of the United States north of 36 30 north 
 latitude. 
 
 Henry Clay* of Kentucky, was the chief advocate of the 
 compromise, and he used all his eloquence in calming the 
 angry passions which the discussion had excited, and in pro 
 moting peace and brotherly confidence. 
 
 Henry Clay. 
 
MONROE S FOREIGN POLICY. 
 
 231 
 
 403. Events of 1819, The first ocean steamer crossed the 
 Atlantic, from Savannah to Liverpool, in 1819. The same 
 year a treaty was made by which Spain ceded Florida, of 
 which she had again obtained possession ( 193), to the United 
 States, the latter undertaking to pay five millions of dollars 
 due from the former power to American citizens. Florida 
 became a territory under the control of Congress, and the 
 President appointed General Jackson to be its governor. 
 
 404. The Monroe Doctrine, A ten years revolution 
 had now resulted in the separation of most of the Spanish 
 colonies from their mother- 
 country (299). In recog 
 nizing Mexico and five 
 
 South American republics 
 as independent states, Pres 
 ident Monroe announced 
 the principle of his foreign 
 policy : The American 
 continents, by the free and 
 independent position which 
 they have assumed and 
 maintained, are not to be 
 considered as subject to 
 future colonization by any 
 foreign power." " Friend 
 ship with all, entangling 
 alliances with none," has been the spirit of international 
 relations founded upon the "Monroe Doctrine." 
 
 At the close of his first term Mr. Monroe was re- 
 elected by the votes of every state. 
 
 405. Visit of La Fayette, In 1824 La Fayette, then 
 an old man, revisited the country which in his youth he 
 had aided to make free. Every-where he was welcomed by 
 tokens of the gratitude and love of the people. He stood 
 with reverent affection at the tomb of Washington; he laid 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument on the spot 
 where Warren had fallen fifty years before ; and when he re 
 turned home, it was in a national frigate, named The Brandy- 
 wine in honor of his first battle in the cause of American 
 freedom. 
 
 406. Removal of Indians. In 1825 Mr. Monroe rec 
 ommended to Congress the removal of all Indian tribes to 
 the country west of the Mississippi, far beyond the limits 
 of the states and territories then existing. The Creeks and 
 Cherokees of Georgia had so improved their lands that they 
 were unwilling to remove. At last, however, terms were 
 agreed upon, a large sum of money to be paid by the 
 United States, with a guarantee of undisturbed possession of 
 lands in the Indian Territory, and under the two following 
 presidents the removal was effected. 
 
 407. The Cherokees, owning immense numbers of 
 cattle, horses, hogs, and sheep, were the most civilized of 
 all the tribes. Mills, salt works, churches, schools, and well- 
 ordered farms soon rewarded their industry in their western 
 homes. Native merchants sold the cotton and other prod 
 ucts of their lands for merchandise. Spinning, weaving, and 
 other mechanical arts found place among them, though plant 
 ing and cattle-raising are their chief employments. Many 
 of their men are highly educated, and their government is 
 carried on under written laws with a dignity and propriety 
 not always to be found among people longer civilized. 
 
 408. The Creeks are less united, each chief having his 
 own village and retainers; but they, too, are peaceful culti 
 vators of the soil, and export great quantities of grain. 
 They are less given to manufactures than the Cherokees. 
 
 Read Monroe s "Tour of Observation through the North-eastern and 
 North-western states in 1817;" Life of Monroe in "National Portrait 
 Gallery of Distinguished Americans," Vol. II. 
 
NOTES. 233 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. James Monroe (b. 1758, d. 1831) was a Virginian by birth, and was 
 educated at William and Mary College. Daring the Revolution he fought 
 as a subordinate officer at Trenton, Brandy wine, Germantown, and Mon- 
 mouth. arid after the war took a prominent part in politics, both in the 
 Virginia Assembly and in Congress. He appreciated the weakness and 
 inefficiency of the general government under the tirst articles of confed 
 eration, and the Constituent Convention (2314) was the ultimate result of 
 his motion in Congress to invest that body with the power to regulate 
 trade between the states. However, in the Virginia Convention he 
 strongly opposed the adoption of the Constitution as submitted, thinking 
 it conferred too much power on the general government. His conduct as 
 minister plenipotentiary to France, to which office he was appointed in 
 1794, greatly offended the administration, whose policy he opposed, and he 
 was recalled. From 1799 to 1802 he was governor of Virginia, and was 
 then sent by Jefferson to negotiate for the purchase of Louisiana. In 1811 
 he was again elected governor of Virginia, and during the same year was 
 appointed by Madison as his Secretary of State. He also held the position 
 of Secretary of War at the same time, and finding the treasury empty, 
 he pledged his own means in order to secure the defense of New Orleans. 
 Under Monroe s administration party lines disappeared, and the period 
 carne to be known as " the era of good feeling." He was a man of sterling 
 character, and worked earnestly for the good of the whole country. His 
 administration gave new life to every branch of the public service, and 
 the resources of the country were developed in an unprecedented man 
 ner. He died in New York City July 4th, 1831, and was buried there ; but 
 in 1858 his remains were removed in state to Richmond, Virginia, and 
 there re-interred in the Hollywood Cemetery. 
 
 2. Henry Clay (6. 1777, d. 1852) was born near Richmond, Va. His 
 father, a Baptist preacher, died when Henry was five years old. His 
 mother married a second time, and removed to Kentucky, leaving Henry 
 at work as clerk in a retail store in Richmond. He soon abandoned this 
 position, however, and became a copyist in a law office. Licensed as a 
 lawyer in 1797, he removed to Lexington, Ky., and soon established a 
 flourishing practice through his remarkable power of influencing juries. 
 He took a prominent part in the discussion over the constitution drawn 
 up for the state of Kentucky, and in 1803 was chosen a member of the 
 state legislature. In 1806, although hardly of legal age, Clay was chosen to 
 fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. Here he made an impression 
 by warmly advocating the policy of internal improvement. The follow 
 ing year he was again elected to the legislature of Kentucky and was ap 
 pointed speaker. While in this office he was accused as a demagogue by 
 Mr. Humphrey Marshall ; a duel ensued, in which both parties were 
 wounded. Clay s popularity continuing, he was sent to the House of 
 Representatives in 1811, and at his first appearance was made speaker, 
 an honor unprecedented since the meeting of the first Congress. He was 
 a strong advocate for the war against Great Britain, and, in fact, may be 
 said to have forced Madison into his declaration ; at its close he was sent 
 to negotiate the peace of Ghent (393). Clay s weighty speeches also 
 brought about the recognition of the South American states (404). In 
 1824 five candidates were nominated for the presidency, Clay being one 
 of them. As no one received the requisite number of votes, Congress 
 had to choose among the three highest candidates, Andrew Jackson, 
 John Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. Clay and his friends 
 voted for Adams, who was elected, and when the latter appointed Clay 
 his Secretary of State the cry of " Bargain ! " was immediately raised. 
 This charge occasioned a duel between Clay and John Randolph, in which 
 neither was hurt. Clay had retired from public life in 1842, but in 1848 he 
 was again sent to the Senate, where he struggled hard to avert the great 
 battle on the slavery question. Unfortunately his health gave way, and 
 in 1851 he was compelled to retire to private life, and in the following 
 year, on the twenty-ninth of July, he died. Congress adjourned on the 
 news of his death, and the following day eulogies were delivered in both 
 jSenate and House. New York and the chief cities of Kentucky honored 
 the day of his funeral. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 TENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1825-1829. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, President. John C. Calhoun, Vice-president. 
 
 409. The Sixth President. Among four candidates 
 for the presidency in the autumn of 1824, the electors failed 
 to make a choice; the decision, therefore, devolved again 
 (35) u P n the House of Representatives, o^d John Quincy 
 Adams? of Massachusetts, son of the second President 
 (340), received the highest office in the gift of the people. 
 John C. Calhoun* of South Carolina, was Vice-president, 
 and Henry Clay became Secretary of State. 
 
 410. Character of the Younger Adams. Trained 
 from his childhood in the service of his country, the new 
 President was a statesman of great ability and of upright 
 character. He had filled several important foreign missions, 
 and had been at different times senator and Secretary of 
 State. Nevertheless his administration, though peaceful and 
 prosperous, was not altogether popular. With the multipli 
 cation of industries the conflict of interests became more 
 violent. 
 
 411. Public Improvements. One party desired that 
 Congress should appropriate money for great public works 
 which were needed to develop the resources of the country; 
 the other insisted that each section must take care of itself. 
 The greatest of these works then in progress was the Erie 
 Canal, which connects the waters of Lake Erie with Hud 
 son River, and the grain-fields of the West with the markets 
 of Europe. It was formally opened in October, 1825, when 
 the Governor of New York and many guests sailed from 
 Buffalo to the city of New York, in a state-barge attended 
 by music and the roar of cannon. 
 
 (234) 
 
FIRST RAILROAD IN AMERICA. 
 
 2 35 
 
 412. Within a few years the first steam locomotive in the 
 United States was put in service on the ( Dela 
 ware and Hudson Canal Railroad." Steam was 
 
 soon introduced on the "Baltimore and Ohio" and the 
 "Albany and Schenectady" railroads, and on that of South 
 Carolina from Charleston to Hamburg. Gradually the iron net 
 work overspread the whole country, and the remotest corners 
 of the land were brought 
 into swift and constant 
 communication with the 
 great cities of the coast. 
 
 413. The semi-cen 
 tennial of American 
 Independence was cel 
 ebrated with joy and grat 
 itude, July 4, 1826. On 
 that day the President s 
 venerable father and 
 Thomas Jefferson died at 
 their widely separated 
 homes, in Massachusetts 
 
 and Virginia. Fifty years 
 
 John Quincy Adams. 
 
 before, both had set their names to the Declaration which 
 gave their country her rightful place among the nations; 
 both had served her in missions abroad and in the highest 
 office at home. 
 
 414. The President absolutely refused to employ the in 
 fluence of the government to secure his re-election : he was 
 opposed by many of his own officers, and General Andrew 
 Jackson received the greatest number of votes. Soon after 
 his retirement from the presidency, Mr. Adams returned to 
 Washington as representative from Massachusetts. He 
 served his native state in that office until 1848, when he 
 died at his post in the Capitol. He had been in high public 
 service fifty-three years. 
 
236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. John Quincy Adams was born at Braintree, Mass., July, 1767. As a 
 boy he was very precocious, and attracted attention wherever he went 
 for his vigor of mind and body. At the age of eleven he accompanied 
 his father to France, and was placed at school in Paris. In the summer 
 of 1780 he went with his father to Holland and entered the University of 
 Leyden. For fourteen months he was private secretary to the American 
 minister to Russia, and after this service he made the tour of Sweden, 
 Norway, the Netherlands, France, and England. He was a youth of keen 
 powers of observation, and kept a faithful record of all that he saw and 
 heard in these foreign lands. Returning to America, young Adams 
 entered the junior class at Harvard College, and graduated in 1788. Three 
 years later he was admitted to the Boston bar. A series of trenchant 
 political letters which he contributed to the newspapers about this time 
 drew attention to Adams as a man of more than ordinary power. Presi 
 dent Washington appointed him minister to The Hague, and later to Por 
 tugal. In 1797 he was married to Miss Johnson, arid was transferred by 
 his father then. President to Berlin. In 1803 he was chosen United States 
 senator by the Federalists. In 1809 he was appointed minister to Russia. 
 He negotiated commercial treaties with Prussia, Sweden, and Great Brit 
 ain, and was the- most conspicuous of the American commissioners in 
 the important treaty of Ghent, 1814. He was President Monroe s Secre 
 tary of State during the eight years of his administration, which posi 
 tion he filled witli signal ability. In the presidential election of 1824 the 
 three candidates besides John Quincy Adams were Andrew Jackson, 
 Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford all four belonging to the same 
 political party. Jackson received ninety-nine electoral votes, Adams 
 eighty-four, Crawford forty-one, and Clay thirty-seven. Henry Clay 
 threw his influence in favor of Adams, which secured his election. The 
 friends of the other two defeated candidates formed a coalition against the 
 new President which made his office very uncomfortable, and insured his 
 defeat for a second term. He entered Congress in 1831, and ably repre 
 sented his district for seventeen years, until stricken with death on the 
 floor of the House of Representatives February 21st, 1848. " John Quincy 
 Adams," says the Hon. George S. Hilliard, " had more learning, perhaps, 
 but John Adams had much more genius. In energy, spirit, firmness, and 
 indomitable courage, John Q,. Adams was his father s equal; in self- 
 command, in political prudence, and even, perhaps, in capacity for hard 
 work, his superior. In some respects the son was far more fortunate than 
 the father. The brilliant period of his career was towards its close. The 
 longer he lived the higher he rose, and he died as such men prefer to die, 
 still an admired and trusted champion, with harness on his back and 
 spear in hand." Adams s strength in debate while in Congress gained for 
 him the title of " the old man eloquent." 
 
 2. John Caldwell Calhoun (b. 1782, d. 1850). This great statesman, and 
 champion of southern rights and opinions, was born in Abbeville Dis 
 trict, South Carolina. His ancestors on both sides were Irish Presby 
 terians. In youth he was very studious, and made the best use of such 
 opportunities for education as the frontier settlement afforded. He grad 
 uated at Yale College in 1804, and studied law at Litchfield, Connecticut. 
 In 1808 he was elected to the legislature of South Carolina; and, three 
 years later, he was chosen to the national House of Representatives. 
 During the six years that he remained in the House, he took an active 
 and prominent part in the stirring events of the time. In 1817 he was 
 appointed Secretary of War, and held the office seven years. From 1825 
 to 1832 he was Vice-president of the United States. He then resigned this 
 office, and took his seat as senator from South Carolina. In 1844 Presi 
 dent Tyler called him to his cabinet as Secretary of State ; and, in 1845, 
 he returned to the Senate, where he remained till his death. During all 
 his public life Mr. Calhoun was active and out-spoken. His earnestness 
 and logical force commanded the respect of those who differed most 
 widely from him in opinion. He took the most advanced ground in 
 favor of "State Rights," and defended slavery as neither morally nor 
 politically wrong. His foes generally conceded his honesty, and respected 
 his ability ; while his friends regarded him as little less than an oracle. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH ADMINISTRATIONS, A. D. 1829-1837. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, Pres. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, Martin Van Buren, Vice-pres. 
 
 415. The Seventh President. President Jackson 1 
 differed from his predecessor in his lack of education and 
 early advantages; but he was a successful and popular gen 
 eral, and no man doubted his courage, honesty, or energy 
 of will. He began by 
 
 making a clean sweep of 
 all public offices, dismissing 
 ten times more men in one 
 year than all former presi 
 dents had removed since 
 the adoption of the Consti 
 tution. Their places were 
 filled by his political 
 friends. The "system of 
 rotation," thus begun, has 
 ever since prevailed, on the 
 principle that * the spoils 
 of the enemy belong to 
 
 the Victor." Andrew Jackson. 
 
 416. Violent debates arose in Congress on questions con 
 cerning the public lands and the raising of a revenue for the 
 government. The opposing interests of the North and the 
 South now became more fiercely clamorous. Daniel Web 
 ster, 2 of Massachusetts, and Robert Hayne, 3 of South Caro 
 lina, argued with great eloquence, the one for Liberty and 
 Union, now and forever," the other for "State Rights" of 
 nullification or secession. 
 
 (237) 
 
238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 417. In 1832 additional duties were imposed by Congress 
 upon foreign goods. A convention in South Carolina de 
 clared the act to be null, and prepared to resist at Charles 
 ton the collection of the duties. The legislature of that 
 state even threatened to secede and place Mr. Calhoun, then 
 Vice-president of the United States, at the head of a 
 "Southern Confederacy" in case the government should 
 attempt to enforce its laws. But the prompt appearance of 
 
 war vessels and an army 
 under General Scott proved 
 the sincerity and the power 
 of the government. Mr. 
 Clay exerted his peace 
 making influence in another 
 compromise bill, providing 
 for a gradual reduction of 
 duties, and the excitement 
 was allayed. 
 
 418. Several Indian dis 
 turbances occurred during 
 this administration. The 
 Sacs and Foxes of Illinois 
 had sold their lands to the 
 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 
 United States; but they re 
 fused to remove, and, in concert with the Winnebagoes of Wis 
 consin, attacked the miners who were now congregating in the 
 rich lead region about Galena. The Indians were defeated 
 in several battles by government troops, and in 1832 their 
 noted chief, Black Hawk, with others, was taken as a cap 
 tive to Washington. Having witnessed the power and 
 wealth of the United States as displayed in the eastern cities, 
 the chiefs returried and counseled their people to lay down 
 their arms. The Winnebagoes, as well as the Sacs and 
 Foxes, now exchanged their lands for tracts west of the Mis 
 sissippi, with yearly supplies of money and provisions. 
 
INDIAN WAR IN FLORIDA. 
 
 239 
 
 419. The Seminole war was longer and more ob 
 stinate. The everglades of Florida afforded refuge to many 
 fugitive slaves, who, marrying Seminoles, became closely 
 allied with them in inter 
 ests, and increased their 
 
 power. A daughter of 
 one of these marriages 
 was the wife of Osceola, a 
 famous and powerful chief. 
 Nevertheless, in visiting 
 with her husband a United 
 States fort, she was seized 
 and carried away as the 
 slave of a family from 
 whom her mother had es 
 caped. Her husband, ex 
 pressing his rage, was 
 thrown into irons. 
 
 420. Osceola s Venge 
 ance. Meanwhile a treaty had been made with certain 
 chiefs for the removal of the Seminoles to lands west of the 
 Mississippi. Osceola pretended to consent, and was re 
 leased; but it was only to plot a terrible vengeance against 
 the whites. General Thompson, who had so grossly ill-used 
 him, was surprised and killed; a hundred men under Major 
 Dade were massacred the same day in Wahoo Swamp. The 
 war was relentless on both sides. Osceola was taken at 
 length by treachery, and died of fever in Fort Moultrie. 
 His people kept up their resistance for seven years, in im 
 penetrable marshes, whose noxious vapors fought for them, 
 destroying thousands of lives among their assailants. Gen 
 erals Scott and Taylor at length completed the work which 
 Jackson had begun, and the war ended in 1842, after a cost 
 of thirty millions of dollars and innumerable lives. 
 
 421. No other President made such unsparing use of his 
 
 Daniel Webster. 
 
240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 veto power as did Jackson. Congress having passed an act 
 renewing the charter of the United States Bank, 
 which was to expire in 1836, he refused his sig 
 nature, and proceeded of his own authority against the 
 advice of his cabinet, to remove the public funds deposited 
 in its vaults. 
 
 422. Prosperous Times. These funds were distributed 
 among eighty-nine banks of deposit in various states, which 
 lent them out on easy terms to merchants and farmers, and 
 thus increased the mania for wild speculations which had 
 taken possession of every class. Public lands were bought 
 to the amount of $24,000,000 in a year. Villages and even 
 cities were laid out by hundreds; great works were pro 
 jected, and state debts were incurred for their completion. 
 Foreign goods were imported in greater quantities than ever 
 before. Foreign immigrants thronged to the fertile lands of 
 the North-west. Foreign capital, disturbed by revolutions in 
 Europe, sought investments here. Proud of its great, rich 
 territory, and of its rapid growth in wealth, the universal 
 Yankee nation" doubtless offended the taste of its less fortu 
 nate contemporaries, and acquired a reputation for conceit 
 which it has not even yet lived down. 
 
 423. A Full Treasury. The government was not only 
 out of debt, but had in the banks a surplus of $37,000,000 
 beyond all needful reserves. This was distributed among 
 the several states for public uses, the principal to be re 
 turned when called for. The Middle and Western states 
 used this additional income in the improvement of thorough 
 fares and the perfecting of their systems of public schools; 
 the Southern States, largely, in increasing the area of cotton 
 production; for the improved mill machinery of England de 
 manded, at good prices, all the cotton that American fields 
 could furnish. 
 
 424. The Specie Circular. While the banks were em 
 barrassed by the withdrawal of the government money, Pres- 
 
NOTES. 241 
 
 ident Jackson issued his famous Specie Circular, requiring all 
 payments for public lands to be made in coin. This was 
 only a reasonable precaution, for such a multitude of banks 
 had been founded for mere speculation that their notes might 
 easily become worthless, but in the excited state of the 
 money market it hastened a crisis of which we shall learn in 
 the next chapter. 
 
 425. Troubles with France. The President s foreign 
 policy was equally energetic and decisive. The king of 
 France had agreed in 1831 to pay $5,000,000 for damage 
 done to American commerce during the wars of Napoleon. 
 Payment being delayed, President Jackson proposed to make 
 reprisals on French merchant ships. England then inter 
 vened as mediator; France paid her debts, and war was 
 averted. 
 
 426. At the autumn election of 1836 Martin Van Bnren, 
 of New York, was chosen to be President. The electors 
 failed to unite upon a Vice-president, and the Senate chose 
 for its presiding officer Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of 
 Kentucky. Arkansas was admitted as a state in June, 1836; 
 Michigan in the following January. 
 
 Read " Lives" of Jackson by Eaton, Cobbett, or Kendall. Account 
 of his administration in Williams s and Lossing s "National History 
 of the United States." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Andrew Jackson was born at the Waxhaw settlement, North Caro 
 lina, March 15, 1767. His father had died a short time before, and the 
 hapless orphan s lot at first seemed an unpromising one. At the age of 
 thirteen he volunteered under General Sumter, and was taken prisoner 
 the next year. After the Revolution he supported himself by working 
 at saddlery and teaching school, his spare hours being employed in the 
 study of law. Admitted to the bar in 1786, he removed to Nashville two 
 years later; and, when Tennessee became a territory. President Wash 
 ington appointed young Jackson district attorney. His law practice at 
 this period was large and lucrative. His popularity was such that he was 
 chosen, in 1796, as the first Representative in Congress from the new state 
 of Tennessee. The next year he was made United States Senator, but 
 soon resigned to accept a supreme judgeship in his own state. This posi 
 tion he filled until 1804, when he retired from the bench, went into trade, 
 and settled on his plantation" the Hermitage "near Nashville. Jack 
 son s violent temper, and his quickness to resent an injury, involved him 
 U. S. H. 16. 
 
242 HIST OR Y OF THE UNITED STA TES. 
 
 in many personal quarrels. In a duel with Charles Dickinson, in 1806, he 
 was severely wounded, and his opponent was killed. When Aaron Burr 
 came west in 1805, and again in 1806, he was the guest of Jackson ; and the 
 Tennessee politician at first entered warmly into his plans, believing 
 them to mean simply war against Spain. But when Jackson discovered 
 the treasonable designs of Burr he at once denounced him, and informed 
 President Jefferson of his suspicions. 
 
 Andrew Jackson s military career may be said to have begun in the 
 Creek War of 1813. In May, 1814, he was made a major-general in the 
 United States army, and marched without orders upon Mobile and Pen- 
 sacola. He next moved upon New Orleans, and by skillful maneuvering 
 and great generalship won his famous victory of January 8, 1815 (395). 
 The Seminole War was his next opportunity for the display of military 
 skill. In 1823 Jackson was again sent to the Senate, and in 1824 received 
 fifteen more electoral votes for President than John Quincy Adams, but 
 the decision of the House gave to Adams the high office. In the election 
 of 1828, however, Jackson received one hundred and seventy -eight votes, 
 while but eighty-three were cast for Adams. At his second election 
 Andrew Jackson received the votes of all but seven states. His strong 
 common sense, unswerving honesty, indomitable energy, and shining 
 patriotism made amends for the lack of softer and more refined traits ; 
 marked his administration with deeds of moral courage ; and stamped it 
 as a political and social era in the history of our country. His foreign 
 policy was highly creditable. The nullification movement, the bank 
 war, the Indian troubles, and the hot debates on the currency, tariff, and 
 slavery questions all together made Jackson s term of office an exciting 
 one. He was glad to retire to the quiet scenes of his " Hermitage," where 
 lie died of dropsy, June, 1845. 
 
 2. Daniel Webster (born in Salisbury, N. H., 1782, died at Marshfield, 
 Mass., 1852) had as a boy no educational advantages beyond the home in 
 struction of his father and mother, and a few terms in the district schools 
 of the neighborhood. He passed nine months of diligent study at Phillips 
 Exeter Academy, and finished his preparation for college in the family 
 of a minister at Boscawen. He graduated from Dartmouth, with high 
 honors, in 1801. During his college course he had shown special pro 
 ficiency in the classics, in English literature and history, in vigor of writ 
 ing, and power in debate. At this period he is described by his friend, 
 George T. Curtis, as having " a faculty for labor something prodigious, a 
 memory disciplined by methods not taught him by others, and an in 
 tellect expanded far beyond his years. He was abstemious, religious, of 
 the highest sense of honor, and of the most elevated deportment. His 
 manners were genial, his affections warm, his conversation was brilliant 
 and instructive, his temperament cheerful, his gayety overflowing. He 
 was beloved, admired, and courted by all who knew him." In 1805 Daniel 
 Webster was admitted to the bar in Boston, and located in Portsmouth, 
 N. H., in 1807; in 1808 he was married to Miss Grace Fletcher; in 1812 he 
 was elected to Congress by the Federalists, and was a prominent member 
 of the House for two terms. Then he removed to Boston, and, during the 
 busy practice of his profession for the next seven years attained the repu 
 tation of the greatest lawyer of his time. In 1823 Webster was again sent 
 to the national House of Representatives, and was twice re-elected ; but, 
 in 1827, he was transferred to the Senate, of which body he was, perhaps, 
 the most conspicuous figure during the next twelve years. Webster mar 
 ried a second time in 1829. As Secretary of State under Harrison and 
 Tyler, and again under Fillmore, he managed the foreign affairs of the 
 nation with consummate skill. He was returned to the United States 
 Senate in 1845, where he continued until he entered Fillmore s cabinet in 
 1850. In May, 1852, he was thrown from a carriage and severely injured. 
 This accident, no doubt, hastened his death. 
 
 3. Robert Young Hayne (6. 1791, d. 1840) entered the United States 
 Senate in 1823, and served two terms. He was educated for the law, 
 fought in the War of 1812, was speaker of the house in the South Caro 
 lina legislature, and attorney-general for the state before coming to 
 Washington. Before his senatorial term was ended he was chosen gov 
 ernor of South Carolina, and boldly defied President Jackson to enforce 
 his proclamation in regard to the nullification acts. 
 
 Hayne possessed brilliant talents, and was especially strong in debate. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1837-1841. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, President. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson, Vice-president. 
 
 427. The Eighth President. President Van Buren 1 
 was of the same political party with his predecessor, under 
 whom he had been Vice-president the last four years. His 
 term began with panic and ruin in the commercial world, 
 owing partly to the reaction 
 
 that must always follow ex 
 travagant speculation, partly 
 to bad harvests and high 
 prices of food, partly to a 
 check in the demand for 
 cotton, and partly to abrupt 
 money movements under 
 Jackson s administration. 
 
 428. Commercial Dis 
 asters. A great firm in 
 New Orleans failed on the 
 day of Van Buren s inaugu 
 ration; within two months 
 New York merchants had 
 failed to the amount of one 
 
 hundred millions, and those of New Orleans to half that 
 sum. Every part of the country shared the distress. 
 Banks failed; public works and manufactures ceased; hun 
 dreds of thousands of people were thrown out of employ 
 ment, and multitudes lacked bread. Eight states were 
 bankrupt, and even the general government had to delay 
 the payment of interest on its bonds. 
 
 (243) 
 
 Martin Van Buren. 
 
244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 429. The Bank of the 
 United States had been 
 re-chartered by the state of 
 Pennsylvania. It failed in 
 1841 for the third and last 
 time, but all its debts were 
 ultimately paid in full. So were those of the Union and of 
 all the states excepting Mississippi and Florida; but it was 
 long before American bonds ceased to be a name of re 
 proach in the money-markets of Europe. 
 
 430. The Sub-treasury Law. To prevent similar 
 disasters in future, the President proposed an act requiring 
 all public moneys to be kept, not in banks, but in the 
 treasury at Washington, or in sub-treasuries at other cities. 
 Banks were required to limit and secure their operations by 
 
SYMPATHY WITH CANADA. 245 
 
 depositing funds with the government. The Sub-treasury 
 Bill" was unpopular, and defeated the re-election of the 
 President; but it finally became a law in 1839, and though 
 repealed in 1841, it was re-enacted in 1846, and circumstan 
 ces have proved its wisdom. 
 
 431. In 1837 Canada was in rebellion against England, 
 and many people on our northern border wished her success. 
 But when good wishes took the shape of arms and war 
 material for the insurgents, the President ordered all citizens 
 to abstain from hostilities under penalty of forfeiting the 
 protection of their government, and General Scott was sent 
 to the frontier to preserve the peace. The steamer Caro 
 line, which had been fitted out with supplies for the Cana 
 dians, was seized by a British party, and, having been set 
 on fire, was allowed to drift over Niagara Falls. . The 
 boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick was addi 
 tional cause of trouble, and there w r as great excitement 
 among restless spirits who were eager for a fight, but happily 
 good sense prevailed; the President s proclamation was re 
 garded, and the danger of war passed by. 
 
 432. The Democratic party had now been in power 
 forty years, with the exception of the four years of the 
 second Adams s administration. The Whigs, who had lately 
 assumed that name in memory of revolutionary times (248 
 and Note), comprised all that were left of the Federalists, 
 with those who for various reasons had become dissatisfied 
 with Democratic policy. 
 
 433. General William Henry Harrison was the Whig 
 candidate in 1840. Memories of his victories at Tippecanoe 
 and the Thames (368, 383), together with the affection 
 inspired by his benevolent and upright character, made the 
 campaign a very enthusiastic one. Harrison s simple frontier 
 life was ridiculed by his opponents in the nick-names "Log 
 Cabin Candidate" and "Hard Cider Campaign;" but these 
 
246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 were caught up by his partisans and made their rallying 
 cries. Harrison was elected by an immense majority, with 
 John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-president. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Martin Van Buren (6. 1782, d. 1862) was born at Kinderhook, N. Y., 
 and after being educated as a lawyer entered on his political career at the 
 early age of eighteen, when he was sent as a delegate to the nominating 
 convention of the Democratic party. In 1812, and again in 1816, he was 
 elected to the state senate, and from 1815 to 1819 he was attorney-general 
 of New York. Not being entirely satisfied with some of the Democratic 
 principles, he reorganized the party in his own state in 1818, and this new 
 faction held control of public affairs there for twenty years. In 1821 Van 
 Buren was elected a member of the convention called to revise the New 
 York state constitution, and took a prominent part in the discussions of 
 that body. During the same year he was elected to the United States 
 Senate, and was re-elected in 1827. He, however, resigned in 1828 to ac 
 cept the office of governor of New York. President Jackson made Van 
 Buren his Secretary of State in 1829, but the latter resigned in 1831, and a 
 few months later was sent as minister to England. After his arrival in 
 that country the Senate refused to confirm his nomination, claiming that 
 as Secretary of State he had pursued a weak course toward England in 
 reference to questions of trade between her West Indian colonies and 
 America. In return for this piece of " party persecution," the Democrats 
 elected Van Buren Vice-president in 1832 over the very Senate that had 
 refused to confirm him. In January? 1837, the electoral vote for President 
 stood: Martin Van Buren, 170; William H. Harrison. 73 ; Hugh L. White, 
 26 ; Daniel Webster, 14 ; W. P. Mangum, 11 ; and the following March Van 
 Buren took his seat. 
 
 Although defeated in 1840 by such a sweeping majority, Van Buren s 
 friends tried to effect his renornination for the presidency in 1844, but they 
 failed in their object through his openly avowed opposition to the an 
 nexation of Texas. Van Buren and his followers withdrew from the 
 Democratic party in 1848, disagreeing on the question of slavery in newly 
 acquired territories, and formed a new party known as the " Free Dem 
 ocrats." Van Buren was nominated by them for President, but was de 
 feated. He then retired permanently from politics, passing his remain 
 ing days in the pleasures of European travel and in the quiet seclusion 
 of his estate at Kinderhook. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1841-1845. 
 
 William H. Harrison, President. 
 
 John Tyler, Vice-president. 
 
 434. The Ninth and Tenth Presidents. President 
 Harrison 1 lived only one month after his inauguration. 
 1 Killed by office-seekers" would probably be the true ver 
 dict; for, anxious to do justice to all men, he gave to the 
 throng of applicants time 
 
 which he needed for re 
 pose. He died April 4, 
 1841. John Tyler, 2 of 
 Virginia, became Presi 
 dent, retaining the same 
 cabinet which Harrison 
 had appointed and the 
 Senate had confirmed. 
 
 435. National Bank 
 Question. On the ques 
 tion of re-chartering a 
 National Bank, President 
 Tyler was in violent oppo 
 sition to his party. Twice 
 a bill for that purpose was 
 
 passed by Congress, and twice it was vetoed by the Presi 
 dent. All his cabinet resigned, excepting Mr. Webster, 
 Secretary of State, who was engaged in negotiating an im 
 portant treaty with Great Britain. 
 
 436. This "Webster and Ashburton Treaty" dis 
 posed of two long vexed questions between the two coun- 
 
 (247) 
 
 William H. Harrison. 
 
248 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tries. 
 
 A. D. 1842. 
 
 437. Dorr s Rebellion.- 
 
 rupted by "Dorr s Rebellion" 
 
 The north-eastern boundary-line of the United States 
 was fixed where it still remains ; the right of 
 search" was formally renounced by Lord Ash- 
 burton on the part of Great Britain; and it was now agreed 
 that the navies of the two nations should unite in the sup 
 pression of the slave-trade. 
 
 -Domestic peace was inter- 
 in Rhode Island. The con 
 stitution of that state was 
 no other than the old colo 
 nial charter granted by 
 Charles II., which allowed 
 only property owners to 
 vote, and in other respects 
 was unsuited to the altered 
 conditions of the times. 
 All parties agreed that there 
 must be a change, but in 
 choosing the manner of it, 
 the "suffrage party," with 
 Thomas Dorr 3 at its head, 
 was opposed to that of "law 
 and order." Dorr and his 
 partisans attempted to seize 
 the state arsenal, but were repulsed by the militia and after 
 wards dispersed by United States forces. The "law and 
 order party" prevailed, and a new constitution was adopted 
 in 1843. 
 
 438. The Mormons. Far more serious difficulty arose 
 with the Mormons, a sect founded in 1830 at Manchester, 
 N. Y., by Joseph Smith, 4 who pretended to have received a 
 revelation from Heaven. As the new religion promised free 
 dom from restraints, its followers were many ; but for the same 
 reason they were not wanted as neighbors. It must be said, 
 however, that they were more orderly than a large part of 
 
 John Tyler. 
 
TEXAN INDEPENDENCE. 249 
 
 the community about them. Being expelled from Ohio by 
 the citizens in 1838, and from Missouri by the state militia 
 in 1839, they built a new city and a splendid temple at 
 Nauvoo, in Illinois. 
 
 439. Brigham Young in Utah. Here again they came 
 into collision with the laws; their prophet and his brother 
 were imprisoned, and were killed by a band of 
 
 ruffians who broke open the jail. At length the 
 Mormons, under their new leader, Brigham Young, 5 went 
 beyond the Rocky Mountains to the valley of the Great 
 Salt Lake. Here their industry soon transformed the arid 
 plains (15) into blooming gardens. Recruits flocked in 
 from all parts of the world, chiefly from Great Britain and 
 northern Europe. In 1850 Utah was organized as a terri 
 tory of the United States, and Brigham Young was ap 
 pointed by Congress to be its governor. His opposition to 
 judges and other officers of the United States caused him to 
 be superseded the next year, but he continued to be the 
 prophet and absolute chief of the Mormons until his death 
 in 1877. 
 
 440. Texas. The most exciting question of Tyler s ad 
 ministration concerned the fate of Texas.- Until 1836 that 
 great country was part of the republic of Mexico, though 
 the most powerful party among its citizens, both for num 
 bers and energy, had of late been emigrants from the United 
 States. Under their leadership 6 Texas declared her inde 
 pendence in 1835, and secured it the next year by the de 
 cisive battle of San Jacinto. 6 She then asked admission to 
 the United States, but was refused. The application was re 
 newed in 1844, the Democrats strongly favoring acceptance 
 and the Whigs opposing it. 
 
 441. Annexation of Texas. Mr. Calhoun frankly de 
 clared that the purpose in annexing Texas was to extend 
 the influence of slavery, and secure its perpetual duration." 
 
250 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 This was not desired by the northern people, who also ob 
 jected to the burden of the Texan debt, which the United 
 States were to assume, and to the war with Mexico, which 
 must grow out of the unsettled dispute as to boundaries. 
 Henry Clay was the candidate of the Whig party; James K. 
 Polk, of Tennessee, that of the Democrats. The latter was 
 elected, and as the question of annexation was thus decided 
 by popular vote, Texas was admitted before his inaugura 
 tion. Florida was also made a state on the last day of 
 Tyler s term of office. 
 
 442. The electro-magnetic telegraph, invented by 
 Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, was now first put to practi 
 cal use. Congress appropriated $30,000 to test the inven 
 tion, and a line was built from Washington to Baltimore. 
 The first public dispatch ever sent over the wires was the 
 announcement of Folk s nomination, May 291)1, 1844. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. William Henry Harrison (6. 1773, d. 1841) was the son of Benjamin 
 Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and, later, governor 
 of Virginia. At the age of nineteen he entered the army as an ensign, 
 and served in the expeditions against the Indians conducted by Governor 
 St. Clair and " Mad Anthony " (g 326). He thus became experienced at an 
 early age in Indian warfare, and prepared the foundations of his later 
 renown. At the age of twenty-two he was made a captain, and com 
 manded Fort Washington on the site of Cincinnati; two years later he 
 resigned in order to accept the position of secretary of the North-west 
 Territory. He held this office two years, and then was sent to represent 
 the people of that district as their delegate to Congress. In 1801 the North 
 west Territory was divided, and Harrison was appointed governor of the 
 "Territory of Indiana," which included the present states of Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. During his governorship he made 
 several important treaties with the Indians, and fought the celebrated 
 battle of Tippecanoe ( 368, and Note). Harrison s part in the War of 1812 
 has been described in the text (375, 376, 383). After the war he turned 
 his attention to politics, and served in both branches of Congress and in 
 the Ohio state senate. Under John Quincy Adams he was sent as minis 
 ter plenipotentiary to Colombia, S. A., but being recalled immediately after 
 Jackson was elected, Harrison retired from politics, and during the next 
 seven years led a quiet and peaceful life on his farm near Cincinnati. In 
 1836 he again entered the political arena, and was defeated for the Presi 
 dency by Van Buren ; but, four years later, the nomination of the same 
 candidates gave rise to one of the most exciting campaigns our country 
 has witnessed. As stated in the text, Harrison s success cost him his life. 
 
 2. John Tyler <b. 1790, d. 1862) was born in Charles City Co., Virginia. 
 His father was a Revolutionary patriot, and for some years was governor 
 of the state. Tyler graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, 
 and shortly after being admitted to the bar was elected to the legislature. 
 This was the beginning of a long political career, during which he served 
 
NOTES. 251 
 
 at various times in the House and Senate, in his state legislature, as gov 
 ernor of Virginia, and finally as Vice-president and President of the 
 United States. His course as President was condemned by his own party, 
 the Whigs, while it gained him no support among the Democrats; and, 
 although nominated lor a second term by a convention held in Baltimore, 
 he found himself so unpopular that he was compelled to withdraw from 
 the contest. When the Southern States seceded, in 1861, Tyler was sent as 
 a delegate from Virginia to the Peace Convention at Washington, of 
 which he was president. This convent! on failed of its purpose, and, re 
 turning to his native state, he espoused the Southern cause. At the time 
 of his death he was a member of the Confederate Congress. 
 
 3. Thomas William Dorr, the leader of the suffrage party, was tried 
 and convicted of treason. He was sentenced to imprisonment for life, 
 but was released in 1847. 
 
 4. Jpseph Smith was of Scotch descent, and was born in Sharon, Ver 
 mont, in 1805. He led a dissolute life when young, and was very ignorant. 
 When twenty-one years of age he pretended to have received from an 
 angel tablets of gold upon which was written the " Book of Mormon." 
 He deciphered the hieroglyphics of this book by means of a pair of won 
 derful spectacles provided by the angel, and dictated its contents to his 
 secretary to write in English. This secretary and two other persons bore 
 witness to the actual existence of the golden tablets, and to their mysteri 
 ous disappearance as soon as they were transcribed. Unfortunately for 
 the new religion Smith quarreled with these witnesses shortly after, and 
 they denounced the whole story as a hoax. Smith attempted to intro 
 duce polygamy into the Mormon belief when they settled at Nauvoo, Illi 
 nois, but was strongly resisted by certain of the community, who estab 
 lished a press and published opposition articles. Smith headed a mob 
 which demolished this press, but this act cost the "prophet" his liberty, 
 and ultimately his life, as narrated in the text. 
 
 5. Brigham Young was born at Whitingham, Vermont, in 1801, and 
 was a man of limited education. He first joined the Mormons while they 
 were located at Kirtlaiid, Ohio, and soon became a prominent leader 
 among them through his eloquent preaching and strong personal influ 
 ence. After Smith s death Young was the successful candidate for presi 
 dency of the church against three competitors. In 1852 he introduced 
 polygamy as " the celestial law of marriage " into the Mormon belief, de 
 claring that it had been revealed to Smith nine years before. Young 
 died in 1877, and the Mormons are rapidly losing control of Utah. 
 
 6. The most prominent American in the Texan revolt was General 
 Samuel Houston, one of the most remarkable characters in American 
 history. He was born near Lexington, Virginia, in 1793. His mother, a 
 poor widow, removed to Tennessee in 1807, but her son shortly left her, 
 and went to live with the Cherokee Indians in Arkansas, where he made 
 many strong friends among the chiefs. Three years later he returned, and 
 after teaching school for a time enlisted as a private in Jackson s cam 
 paign against the Creeks (g 384). Retiring at the close of the war with the 
 rank of lieutenant, he commenced the study of law, and was soon a prom 
 inent politician. After holding several minor offices he was elected to 
 Congress, and kept his seat there for four years, when he was elected gov 
 ernor of Tennessee, at the age of thirty-four. Two years later he mar 
 ried, but almost immediately separated from his wife, resigned the 
 governors-hip, and went to live with his old friends the Cherokees. 
 
 In 1832 Houston went to Texas and took a prominent part in the rev 
 olutionary movement. After Texas declared her independence, Houston 
 was made commander-in-chief of her army. Santa Anna, the Mexican 
 general, butchered two American forces that had surrendered to him, in 
 cold blood, and then attacked Houston, who had but 783 men, with a 
 force of 1,600 men. This was the famous battle of San Jacinto, in which 
 630 Mexicans were killed, and nearly all the rest were captured ; among 
 the latter was Santa Anna. The American loss was eight killed and 
 twenty-five wounded. Houston worked earnestly for the annexation of 
 Texas to the United States, and after it was accomplished was elected 
 United States Senator. In 1859 he was elected governor of Texas, but be 
 ing opposed to secession he resigned his office when that state went out 
 of the Union, and retired to private life. He died July 25th, 1863. 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1845-1849. 
 
 James K. Polk, President. 
 
 George M. Dallas^ Vice-president. 
 
 443. The Eleventh President. Early in Mr. Folk s 1 
 term of office the northern boundary of Oregon was settled 
 by treaty with Great Britain. Columbia River had been 
 first visited and named by an American sea-captain 2 in 
 
 1792. After its exploration 
 by Lewis and Clarke (358) 
 the colony of Astoria was 
 founded on its southern bank 
 by John Jacob Astor, 3 of 
 New York, as a depot of the 
 fur trade. British subjects 
 meanwhile settled on the 
 northern branch of the Co 
 lumbia and on the Fraser 
 River. 
 
 444. Boundary of Or 
 egon and British Amer 
 ica. So long as the fur 
 
 James K. Polk. trade w ^ ^ Qnly objectj 
 
 the two nations could agree to occupy the land together. 
 But in 1834 the Willamette Valley began to be settled by 
 American citizens, who desired the protection of their own 
 government. Others were for claiming the whole coast to 
 latitude 54 40 , and "Fifty-four forty, or fight," was a 
 party cry in the election of 1844, But in 1846, after several 
 years negotiation, the boundary was drawn at 49, and there 
 it still remains. Oregon Territory was organized in 1848. 
 (252) 
 
THE MEXICAN WAR. 253 
 
 In 1859 the state of Oregon and, later, the territories of 
 Washington and Idaho were formed from the same lands. 
 
 445. The south-western boundary was not so peace 
 ably settled. Mexico claimed the Nueces River, Texas the 
 Rio Grande, as the dividing line ; and the United States had 
 now undertaken the Texan quarrel. General Taylor, with 
 an "Army of Occupation," entered the disputed territory, 
 and in April, 1846, built Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande. 
 
 446. War with Mexico. The Mexicans began hostili 
 ties by surprising and killing or capturing a party of United 
 States dragoons. Soon afterward they attempted to cut off 
 General Taylor himself, who had gone for supplies to Point 
 Isabel, but they were defeated in a hard-fought battle at Palo 
 Alto, and still more decisively the next day at the ravine of 
 Resaca de la Palma. War was now formally declared, and 
 fifty thousand volunteers were called for. Three hundred 
 thousand pressed forward, eager for adventure. Crossing 
 the Rio Grande, Taylor captured Matamoras and several 
 other Mexican towns. 
 
 447. Three plans comprised the campaigns of 1846 and 
 1847 : (i) General Taylor, as before, was to hold the line of 
 the Rio Grande. (2) General Kearny, with the Army of the 
 West, was to cross the Rocky Mountains and conquer New 
 Mexico and California. (3) General Scott, 4 commander-in- 
 chief, was to advance from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. 
 
 448. Capture of Monterey. In September, 1846, 
 General Taylor moved upon Monterey. The city was de 
 fended by the mountain gorges which obstructed approach, 
 and by strong works manned by 10,000 Mexicans. It was 
 taken, however, in four days, and the Americans fought 
 their way from house to house, until all had surrendered. 
 
 449. General Santa Anna 5 was now President of the 
 Mexican Republic and at the head of her forces. With a 
 fine army of 20,000 men he marched to attack Taylor 
 
254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 in the mountain-pass of Buena Vista. The Americans num 
 bered less than 5,000, but they fought furiously, 
 and at every charge the Mexicans were repulsed. 
 
 At length these fled to the southward, and General Taylor 
 
 remained in undisturbed possession of the valley of the Rio 
 
 Grande. 
 
 450. Capture of Vera Cruz. He had already sent the 
 greater part of his forces to the aid of General Scott, who 
 landed in March with 12,000 men before Vera Cruz. This 
 place was defended by the strong castle of San Juan 
 d Ulloa, but after a heavy cannonade of four days both 
 castle and city were surrendered. 
 
 451. Advance on the Capital. The main army then 
 commenced its march to the capital, which lies 7,500 feet 
 above the sea-level. On the heights of Cerro Gordo Santa 
 Anna was found strongly posted with 15,000 men. His 
 positions were all stormed and carried; 3,000 Mexicans 
 were made prisoners, and the invading army pressed on. 
 Pueblo, a city of 80,000 people, was taken without resist 
 ance, and here General Scott waited three months for addi 
 tional forces. 
 
 452. Arriving in August at the summit of the Cordilleras, 
 the American army could look down upon the City of Mexico, 
 lying in its beautiful valley studded with lakes and encircled 
 by lofty mountains. But all the roads thither were guarded 
 by strong works and defended by Santa Anna with 30,000 
 Mexicans. Choosing a difficult route to the southward, 
 Generals Pillow and Twiggs forced the strongly intrenched 
 camp at Contrcras, in a spirited fight of only seventeen min 
 utes, and the same day captured the heights of Churubusco, 
 while General Worth stormed San Antonio. 
 
 453. Surrender of Mexico. The way was now open 
 to the gates of the capital, for the reserve forces of Santa 
 
CAPTURE OF THE CITY OF MEXICO. 
 
 255 
 
 Invasion of Mexico. 
 
 Anna were routed by Generals Shields and Pierce, and the 
 city government sent to ask a truce. On the yth of Sep 
 tember the army was again in motion; the great fortress of 
 ChaputtepeC) commanding the city, was taken by storm; 
 Santa Anna and his officers fled; and on the 1 4th the flag of 
 the United States floated over the ancient home of the 
 Montezumas. 6 
 
 4^\, \ B" K A /r y^ 
 f OF THE 
 
 I UNIVERSITY 1 
 
256 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 454. Other Movements. Meanwhile General Kearny 
 had captured Santa Fe (48) and dispatched Colonel Doni- 
 phan with a thousand men to conquer the province and city 
 of Chihuahua. He defeated 
 the Mexicans in two battles, 
 and completely accom 
 plished his mission. Kear- 
 
 Gold Digging. 
 
 ny, with only 400 dragoons, proceeded to the conquest of 
 California. This, however, was achieved before his arrival. 
 
 455- Captain John C. Fremont, with a party of en 
 gineers, was exploring the region of the Rocky Mountains 
 for a new route to Oregon, when he heard that the Mexican 
 commander in California was about to expel all Americans 
 from his province. At the same time Fremont received 
 
MAP 
 
 TO ILLUSTBATE 
 THE 
 
 MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 IBy Hussell Hinman.C.E. 
 
 200 400 Mile. 
 
GOLD IN CALIFORNIA. 257 
 
 orders from his own government to protect the interests of 
 its citizens as far as was possible. 
 
 456. California Independent. Raising a force of vol 
 unteers among the Americans who were in California for 
 purposes of trade, Fremont many times defeated the Mexi 
 cans in the Sacramento Valley, and in concert with Commo 
 dore Stockton, who was cruising with an American fleet off 
 the Pacific coast, completely gained control of the country. 
 California declared her independence of Mexico, July 5, 
 1846. 
 
 457. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. With the sur 
 render of her capital the power of Mexico was broken. By 
 the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Upper California, with 
 Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, was ceded to 
 the United States. The latter agreed to pay fifteen millions 
 of dollars for these territories, and to assume the debts due 
 to American citizens from the Mexican government. The 
 other captured places were restored. 
 
 458. Gold Discovered. Scarcely was this treaty signed 
 when news came that gold had been discovered on the 
 American Fork of Sacramento River. The report spread 
 around the world, and from every country a throng of ex 
 cited adventurers rushed toward the "diggings." Ships 
 were deserted, while officers and men joined in the scramble 
 for sudden wealth. From the Atlantic States thousands em 
 barked for the long voyage around Cape Horn; others 
 crossed the fever-haunted Isthmus; while multitudes jour 
 neyed overland, many of whom died of hunger and hard 
 ship on the desolate plains. 
 
 459. San Francisco, from a sleepy Spanish "mission" 
 (48), surrounded by a village of mud cabins, became in a 
 year a busy town of 15,000 people. At first the rough and 
 reckless crowd had its own way, and the worst disorders 
 
 prevailed; but at length the best citizens formed themselves 
 u. s. H. 17. 
 
258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 into "vigilance committees," and succeeded in enforcing 
 justice ; so that society became as peaceful as in older 
 states. As the gold fever subsided, mining continued to be 
 an important and regular industry of California, while the 
 inexhaustible wealth of her soil and the wonderful equability 
 and healthfulness of her climate drew thousands of new cit 
 izens. 
 
 460. The Wilmot Proviso. On the question of gov 
 erning the great, rich countries acquired from Mexico, violent 
 contests arose. As early as 1846 David Wilmot 7 had in 
 troduced into Congress a bill for excluding slavery from all 
 future territories of the United State s. This " Proviso" was 
 defeated, but in the election of 1848 both Whigs and Dem 
 ocrats were opposed by a "Free Soil Party." It was not 
 strong enough to secure even one electoral vote, but its prin 
 ciple that of limiting slave-labor to the states it already oc 
 cupied was gaining ground. 
 
 461. New States. During Folk s administration Iowa 
 (1846) and Wisconsin (1848) were admitted to the Union. 
 Iowa was first occupied by a Frenchman named Dubuque, 
 who carried on trade with the Indians from a fort and fac 
 tory near the town which bears his name. The towns of 
 Burlington and Dubuque were founded in 1833 by emigrants 
 from Illinois. French missions and trading stations were 
 also the first white settlements in Wisconsin, whose name 
 means the gathering-place of waters. " In later years 
 many industrious people from Norway, Sweden, Denmark, 
 and northern Germany have found homes in the state. 
 
 Point out on Map No. 9, the Columbia River. The northern bound 
 ary of the United States, from the Lake of the Woods to the Pacific 
 Ocean. On Map No. 7, the south-western boundary as claimed by 
 Mexico in 1845 \ as claimed by Texas. General Taylor s first position 
 in 1846. The sites of his principal victories. The march of General 
 Scott from the coast to the capital of Mexico. The route of General 
 Kearny. The boundaries of the lands ceded by Mexico in the Treaty 
 of Guadalupe Hidalgo. San Francisco. 
 
NOTES. 259 
 
 Read Jay s "Mexican War" and Ripley s "War with Mexico;" 
 Dawson s "American Battle Fields." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. James Knox Polk (&. 1795, d. 1849) was born in Mecklenburg County, 
 North Carolina, his grand-uncle having been one of the promoters of the 
 Mecklenburg Resolutions (242). The family moved to Tennessee in 1806, 
 arid Polk received his education at the University of Nashville. After 
 graduating he studied law, and in 1823 commenced his political career as a 
 member of the state legislature. From 1824 to 1839 he was a member of 
 Congress, where he distinguished himself in his opposition to the admin 
 istration of John Quincy Adams, and later by his support of Jackson. 
 He was elected governor of Tennessee in 1839, but failed in his attempt for 
 re-election two years later. As President, Polk displayed ability in his 
 administration of public affairs, although he was not a man of remark 
 able gifts or attainments. In character he was amiable, little given to 
 display, grave in manner, and irreproachable in his private life. Three 
 months after his successor took the presidential chair, Polk died, after a 
 very short illness, at his home in Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 2. This was Captain Robert Gray, of Boston, Mass., who entered the 
 river on the llth of May, in his vessel, "Columbia Rediviva," after 
 which the stream was named. 
 
 3. John Jacob Astor (b. 1763, d. 1848) was the son of a German peasant, 
 and was born near Heidelberg. When sixteen years of age he went to 
 London and joined his brother, a maker of musical instruments. He 
 worked at that trade until the close of the American Revolution, when 
 he started for Baltin^re with some musical instruments, which he pro 
 posed to sell on commission. During the passage he became acquainted 
 with a fur trader, who revealed the profit to be made in furs; and Astor, 
 acting on this, exchanged his instruments for furs on his arrival, and thus 
 began a business which, before long, assumed colossal proportions. 
 
 4. Winfield Scott (&. 1786, d. 1866) was born at Petersburgh, Va. After 
 graduating at William arid Mary College he adopted the profession of 
 law, but almost immediately abandoned it, entering the army as a cap 
 tain in 1808. His brilliant career in the War of 1812, the Creek War, and 
 the war with Mexico, has made him one of the most renowned of Amer 
 ican generals, while the tact and judgment displayed in managing the 
 delicate questions of the tariff trouble in South Carolina, and the Cana 
 dian agitation of 1837 ( 431), marked him as a skillful diplomate. He was 
 retired in 1861 on full pay and rank, and passed his remaining days at 
 West Point. He has left behind him several military works, a few let 
 ters, and a book of memoirs of his life. 
 
 5. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was one of the most prominent 
 characters in Mexico during the revolutionary times which existed there 
 from 1810 to 1870. He commenced his military career in 1821, when only 
 twenty-three years of age, and during his life, besides holding prominent 
 military commands, was three times elected president and twice made 
 dictator. He was banished or compelled to flee the country no less than 
 five times; and on one occasion, being convicted of treason, his vast 
 landed estates were confiscated. They were never returned to him, and 
 he died at Vera Cruz in comparative poverty and obscurity, in 1876. 
 
 6. The Montezumas were emperors of ancient Mexico. 
 
 7. David Wilmot (b. 1814, d. 1868) was born at Bethany, Pa., and was a 
 member of Congress from 1845 to 1851. The " Proviso" which has made 
 his name celebrated was an amendment to a bill appropriating $2,000,000 
 for the purchase of Mexican territory, and was simply a repetition of the 
 language of the Ordinance of 1787 by which the North-west Territory was 
 organized (324). It provided that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, 
 whereof the party shall first be duly convicted." 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. A. D. 1849-1853. 
 
 Zachary Taylor, President. 
 
 Millard Fillmore, Vice -president. 
 
 462. The Twelfth President. General Zachary Taylor? 
 of Louisiana, a popular hero of the Mexican War, was 
 elected by the Whig party, and became President of the 
 United States in 1849. Soon afterward California, having 
 
 adopted a state constitu 
 tion, asked for admission to 
 the Union. This aroused 
 all the sectional disputes, 
 for the Californians had 
 decided to have no slaves. 
 The South opposed the ad 
 mission of a free state as 
 contrary to the Missouri 
 Compromise (402). The 
 North replied that the 
 Compromise applied only 
 to the Louisiana purchase; 
 that a large part of Cali 
 fornia was north of 36 30 
 
 Zachary Taylor. ^^ ^^ . ^ ^ 
 
 moreover, the people of the new state had a right to choose 
 for themselves. 2 
 
 463. The Compromise of 1850. Henry Clay acted the 
 part of peace-maker, as he had done before, but the effect of 
 his compromise was only to delay for ten years the appeal to 
 arms. Six things were proposed in his "Omnibus Bill:" 3 
 (i) California to be admitted as a free state; (2) The admis- 
 
 (260) 
 
FILLMORE AS PRESIDENT. 
 
 261 
 
 sion of new states legally formed by the division of Texas; 
 (3) Utah and New Mexico to be organized as territories 
 without mention of slavery; (4) The claims of Texas to New 
 Mexico to be bought by the United States for ten millions of 
 dollars; (5) The slave-trade 
 to be forbidden in the Dis 
 trict of Columbia; and (6) 
 Slaves escaping to free states 
 to be arrested and returned 
 to their owners. After long 
 debate, in which Clay and 
 Webster bore a distinguished 
 part, the bill was passed. 
 
 464. The Thirteenth 
 President. While it was 
 under discussion, President 
 Taylor died, after only six 
 teen months of office. Pub 
 lic duties, amid the intense 
 excitement of the time, had 
 
 weighed the more heavily upon him because he was unused 
 to political life. His last words were, I have 
 tried to do my duty; I am not afraid to die." 
 Millard Fill-more,* of New York, the Vice-president, now came 
 to the head of the government. Daniel Webster was ap 
 pointed Secretary of State. Part of the duties of that office 
 were devolved upon the new " Department of the Interior," 
 which has charge of the public lands, of dealings with the 
 Indians, and of issuing patents. 
 
 465. The Gadsden Purchase. By peaceful agreement 
 with Mexico, a large tract of land south of the River Gila 
 was added to the United States. Ten millions 
 
 of dollars were paid by the United States for this 
 
 Gadsden Purchase," so called because it was negotiated 
 
 by Senator Gadsden of South Carolina. 
 
 Millard Fillmore. 
 
 July, 1850. 
 
 Dec., 1853. 
 
262 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 466. Within less than three years three public men died 
 who were unsurpassed by any of their countrymen in elo 
 quence or in their control of the destinies of the nation. 
 Calhoun died in March, 1850; Clay in June, 1852; and 
 Webster in the following October. Though often strongly 
 opposed on questions of policy, each thoroughly respected 
 the personal character of his opponents. All had been un 
 successful candidates for the highest office. Clay had re 
 signed his hopes and his favorite policy in the effort to make 
 peace between extreme parties, replying to his friends who 
 remonstrated: "I would rather be right than be President." 
 Many think that Webster made a similar sacrifice in his 
 famous "Seventh of March Oration," by which he strove to 
 conciliate the Southern interests at the expense of his influ 
 ence in New England. 
 
 467. The Fugitive Slave Law. All party questions 
 were now absorbed in the overwhelming excitement concern 
 ing slavery. "The Fugitive Slave Law," a part of the 
 " Omnibus Bill," was bitterly resented in the Northern States. 
 Most northern people had been content to feel that slave- 
 holding, whether right or wrong, was no concern of theirs, 
 and to leave the responsibility to those who had assumed it. 
 It was a different matter to see fugitives hunted by officers of 
 the United States in the streets of Boston, and to be even 
 required to assist in the pursuit. On the other hand, the 
 South felt that northern men were willing to accept a large 
 share in the profits of slave-labor, while refusing their support 
 to the system, and even assuming to censure those who were 
 directly involved in it. 
 
 468. Personal Liberty Laws. Several of the states 
 enacted " Personal Liberty Laws," 5 practically annulling the 
 obnoxious decree. While the excitement was at its height the 
 election of 1852 resulted in the elevation of Franklin Pierce, 
 of New Hampshire, to the Presidency, by the Democratic 
 party, which commanded an immense majority in the South. 
 
NOTES. 263 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Zachary Taylor (6. 1784, d. 1850) was of Virginian birth ; his father, a 
 Revolutionary officer, removed to a plantation near Louisville, Ky., when 
 Zachary was still a baby, and became one of the prominent politicians of 
 the state. Zachary lived on the plantation until twenty-four years of 
 age, and had but meager opportunities for education. He then entered 
 the army as a lieutenant, and two years later distinguished himself by the 
 brave defense of a fort on the Wabash, under his command, against a 
 much superior force of Indians. This was at the opening of the War of 
 1812, and established Taylor s reputation as an Indian fighter. He was 
 accordingly almost constantly employed on the western frontier and in 
 
 Florida, either fighting or as an Indian agent, until the opening of the 
 Mexican War, when he had risen to the rank of brigadier-general. 
 His soldiers were devoted to him. They called him "Old Rough-and- 
 
 Ready," and this name became the rallying cry of the party which 
 elected him President. While Taylor declared himself willing to accept 
 the nomination for President, he at the same time expressed his doubts as 
 to his fitness for the position, and insisted upon entire freedom from party 
 pledges. He wa; conservative in his views; and although an owner of 
 slaves, was strongly opposed to the Secession party, which began to 
 gain power in the South during his term of office. 
 
 One of his daughters married Jefferson Davis, and his son, General 
 Richard Taylor, was one of the last Confederate generals to surrender to 
 the United States. 
 
 2. This principle came to be known as " Squatter sovereignty." A little 
 later (g 473) we shall see its advocates and opponents changing sides. 
 
 3. Called the " Omnibus Bill " from its including so many widely differ 
 ent provisions. Before passage it was divided into separate bill s. 
 
 4. Millard Fillmore (6. 1800, d. 1874) was born in Cayuga County, N. Y., 
 which at that time was very sparsely settled, and the young boy had the 
 simplest of rudimentary education. He was apprenticed to a trade when 
 fourteen, but being ambitious he studied hard during spare hours, and 
 finally obtaining a release from his master he entered a law office as a 
 clerk. After two years of drudgery there he went to Buffalo, and al 
 though at first almost penniless and an entire stranger he succeeded in 
 making a living, and in winning friends who secured his admission to the 
 bar. His abilities soon made him known, and his rise was rapid. 
 
 His political life commenced in 1828, when he was elected to the state 
 legislature. In 1832 he was first elected to Congress, and served one term. 
 He was reflected in 1836, and held his seat until 1842, when he declined a 
 renomination. In doctrine he was a staunch Whig, and took an active 
 part in the debates in Congress. He was appointed chairman of the com 
 mittee of ways and means, a most important post, and took the leading 
 part in drawing up the tariff of 1842. After retiring from Congress, Mr. 
 Fillmore was a candidate for Vice-president, but failed to secure the nom 
 ination. He was also defeated as the Whig nominee for governor of New 
 York in 1844 ; but in 1847 he was elected comptroller of the state, and dis 
 played great ability in that office. 
 
 As President, Fillmore won the sincere admiration of his cabinet. His 
 messages to Congress contained many suggestions of great value to the 
 country, but none of them were carried out owing to purely political 
 reasons. Fillmore signed the various acts comprised in Mr. Clay s com 
 promise measures, being convinced of their constitutionality; but the 
 Fugitive Slave Law, which, was included, was so offensive to the Abolition 
 Party that when Mr. Fillmore was again nominated for President in 1856 
 by the "American" party, he was unable to secure the electoral vote of 
 a single northern state. He then retired to private life in Buffalo, N. Y., 
 where he died in 1874, of paralysis. 
 
 5. These laws aimed to secure the liberty of escaped slaves who might 
 enter the several free states, and were at once denounced as contrary to 
 the Constitution (Article 4, Section 2). 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1853-1857. 
 Franklin Pierce, President. William R. King, Vice-president. 
 
 469. The Fourteenth President. Two peaceful events 
 marked the summer of 1853. Following an example set by 
 London two years before, a Crystal Palace" was opened 
 at New York in July for an * Exposition of the arts and in 
 dustries of all nations." Several "World s Fairs" have 
 been held since then; and it may be hoped that the im 
 proved acquaintance with each other s resources, and the 
 mutual interests which may be founded upon them, have 
 done something to promote among all nations unity, peace, 
 and concord 
 
 470. Perry in Japan. During the same month, July, 
 1853, Commodore Perry, in command of an American fleet, 
 entered the harbor of Yeddo, and announced the desire of 
 his government to make a treaty with Japan. That interest 
 ing empire had kept itself secluded for centuries from all in 
 tercourse with other nations, and the doors were now opened 
 only with caution and reserve. But in 1854 a treaty was 
 concluded which admitted American merchants to Japanese 
 ports, and a rich commerce soon sprang up, leading to won 
 derful changes in the policy and relations of Japan. 
 
 471. Pacific Railroad Explorations. It had now 
 
 become evident that great advantages would be gained if 
 the rich Pacific coast could be connected with the East by 
 railroads; and, although many deemed the scheme absurd, 
 Congress ordered surveys to be made by a corps of en 
 gineers. Accordingly, five different routes were explored 
 (264) 
 
STRIFE IN KANSAS. 
 
 265 
 
 during 1853-4, and the possibility of building such roads 
 was ascertained. 
 
 472. The Ostend Manifesto. Cuba had always been 
 viewed with longing eyes by the United States, but several 
 attempts to purchase it failed, and a filibustering expedition, 1 
 undertaken in 1851, to seize the island by force, ended in 
 disaster. In 1854 another attempt at purchase was made. 
 
 The American ministers to 
 England, France, and Spain 
 met at Ostend, Belgium, 
 and published a manifesto 
 which set forth the advan 
 tages to be derived by both 
 Spain and the United States 
 from the transfer of Cuba, 
 at a reasonable price, as 
 well as the danger to both 
 nations of allowing it to 
 remain in the possession 
 of Spain. England and 
 France, however, joined 
 Spain in opposing the plan, 
 and after some temporary excitement the matter was dropped. 
 
 473. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. The great political 
 events of PierceV administration arose from a bill intro 
 duced into Congress by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, 3 of 
 Illinois, "to organize the territories of Kansas and Ne 
 braska." Disregarding the Missouri Compromise (402), 
 this bill left to the majority of people in each territory the 
 choice whether to enter the Union as a slave or a free state. 
 It became a law after five months of violent debate. Then 
 began a rush for the first possession of the land. 
 
 474. Kansas was the immediate object. Missourians 
 were earliest on the ground, and, guarding the nearest ap- 
 
 Franklin Pierce. 
 
266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 preaches, forced emigrants from New England to take a 
 circuitous route through Iowa. In 1856 a convention at 
 Lecompton framed a state constitution admitting slavery. 
 Another convention at Topeka declared the first to be illegal, 
 as the ballot had been controlled by armed voters from Mis 
 souri, and proceeded to organize Kansas as a free state. 
 Two capitals and two legislatures claimed to be the lawful 
 centers of government. 
 
 475. Civil war broke out. Lawrence, which had been 
 settled by Massachusetts people, was plundered and burnt. 
 Murder and all kinds of violence were unrestrained. Con 
 gress refused a seat to the delegate from Kansas, and sent 
 a committee to investigate the manner of his election. It 
 was made evident that there had been no true expression of 
 the will of the majority. Governor Geary 4 was appointed 
 with a military force sufficient to secure order. 
 
 476. The Republican Party was now organized on the 
 principle of resistance to the extension of the slave-holding 
 interest. It comprised the greater number of Whigs, all the 
 Free-soilers, and those Democrats who opposed the exten 
 sion of slavery in the territories. Fremont 5 was the Repub 
 lican candidate for the Presidency in 1856, and received the 
 electoral votes of eleven states. One state voted for Fill- 
 more, who had been nominated by the American or 
 * Know-Nothing " party. The remaining nineteen states 
 gave their votes to James Buchanan, the Democratic candi 
 date, who became the fifteenth President of the United 
 States. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. The " Filibusters," as they were called, were a lawless set who, after 
 the Mexican War, organized expeditions within the Untted States against 
 Cuba and Central America. The expedition against Cuba consisted of 500 
 men, commanded by a Cuban named Lopez. They were defeated and im 
 prisoned, and Lopez was executed. 
 
 2. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was born 1804, and died, 1869. 
 He graduated at Bowdoin College in the class of 1824, and was admitted 
 to the bar three years later. He was very successful as a lawyer. His po 
 litical life began in the legislature of his state, from which, in 1833, he was 
 
NOTES. 267 
 
 transferred to the lower house of Congress. In 1837 he was chosen United 
 States Senator. Twice Mr. Pierce refused cabinet appointments by Pres 
 ident Polk, and once declined the nomination of his party for governor 
 of New Hampshire. He favored the annexation of Texas, and was 
 among the first to volunteer for the Mexican War (g 453). For bravery in 
 action he rapidly rose from the ranks to a brigadier-generalship, and was 
 commissioned by General Scott to arrange an armistice after the battle of 
 Churubusco. When made President, in 1852, he received 254 electoral 
 votes to 42 cast for Winfield Scott. Pierce s entire administration was one 
 of intense political excitement. Party feeling ran high in all parts of the 
 country. The President was an advocate of the doctrine of "State 
 Rights," and opposed every anti-slavery movement. After the expiration 
 of his term of office Mr. Pierce made an extended European tour, and 
 then settled down in his quiet New Hampshire home. 
 
 3. Stephen Arnold Douglas was born in Brandon, Vt., 1813, and died 
 at Chicago, 1861. He emigrated to the West in 1833, and a year later com 
 menced the practice of law in Jacksonville, 111. He showed such ability 
 in his profession that at the youthful age of 22 years he was chosen attor 
 ney-general of the state. In 1840 he was appointed secretary of state, and 
 the same year a judge on the supreme bench of Illinois. Douglas first 
 became a candidate for Congress in 1837, but was defeated. Again nomi 
 nated by the Democrats in 1843, he was more successful. He was re-elected 
 to the House of Representatives the two following terms, and in* 1847 was 
 promoted to the Senate. He was an acknowledged leader in this high 
 body for the remainder of his life. During his long congressional career 
 Mr. Douglas took part ably in the discussion of every important political 
 question before the nation. He was a master of constitutional law, a 
 powerful debater, and exerted a strong personal influence over his au 
 diences. He was a man of large frame, though not tall, and was popularly 
 styled " the little giant." His Kansas-Nebraska bill, which embodied the 
 doctrine of " squatter sovereignty " (as termed by the papers of the day) 
 was the cause of exciting controversy throughout the land, and led to the 
 formation of the Republican party. At the Baltimore Convention, in 
 1852, Mr. Douglas received 92 votes as candidate for the Presidency; and 
 at Cincinnati, in 1856, 121 votes. In 1860 he was the nominee of the north 
 ern wing of the Democratic party, and received a very large popular vote. 
 He greatly deplored the Civil War, and strongly denounced the doctrine 
 of secession. 
 
 4. John W. Geary (6. 1819, d. 1873) was a well known Pennsylvania 
 politician and soldier. He served with valor in the Mexican War; went 
 to California in 1849, where he held several important offices: accepted 
 the governorship of Kansas during the stormy times of 1856, but was 
 compelled to yield to the stronger faction ; recruited a regiment of Penn 
 sylvania volunteers in 1861, and fought gallantly till the close of the Civil 
 War, having been promoted to the rank of major-general. After the war 
 he was twice elected governor of his native state. 
 
 5. John Charles Fremont is of French descent, and was born in 
 Savannah, Georgia, 1813. To him more than to any other man are Amer 
 icans indebted for the early exploration and first intelligent survey 
 of the vast territory between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean. 
 He was a fine mathematician and a good civil engineer. His proposal to 
 the government to explore the unknown region of the Rocky Mountains 
 was accepted, and in 1842 he set out on his first expedition. Much valu 
 able information was gained, and soon after his return Fremont fitted out 
 a second exploring party much larger than the first. During the next 
 half dozen years he crossed the continent many times, often suffering the 
 most extreme dangers from cold, and hunger, and the Indians. He be 
 came known as "the pathfinder." Under Fremont s leadership upper 
 California was taken from the Mexicans. The American settlers on the 
 Pacific slope elected him governor of California in 1846, and the next Jan 
 uary he dictated the terms of surrender to the Mexican forces. President 
 Taylor commissioned Fremont to run the boundary line between Mexico 
 and the United States. In 1850 he was sent as United States Senator from 
 the new state of California. 
 
 In the presidential election of 1856 he received 114 electoral votes to 
 Buchanan s 174. During the Civil War he was a major-general in the 
 Union army : his campaigns were in Missouri and Virginia. In 1878 Pres 
 ident Hayes appointed John C. Fremont governor of Arizona Territory. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1857-1861. 
 
 James Buchanan, President. 
 
 John C. BreeTienridge, Vice-president. 
 
 477. The Fifteenth President. Early in Mr. Bu 
 chanan s administration two northern states were added: 
 Minnesota in 1858, and Oregon in 1859, making thirty-three in 
 all. The new President 1 desired to appease all strife, but 
 
 the conflict of principles 
 was now too serious to 
 yield to persuasion. The 
 Supreme Court 2 of the Unit 
 ed States decided that the 
 Missouri Compromise was 
 unconstitutional, and that 
 slaves might be carried into 
 any territory of the Union*. 
 But this was contrary to the 
 Ordinance of 1787, which 
 prohibited slavery in the 
 North-west Territory. 
 
 478. The excitement be- 
 james Buchanan. came greater when John 
 
 Brown? formerly of Kansas, actually invaded the state of 
 Virginia with a party of about twenty men, for 
 the purpose of liberating slaves. He gained 
 possession of the arsenal at Harper s Ferry, thinking to arm 
 the negroes whom he expected to join him. He was easily 
 captured, his party being either killed or dispersed, and 
 was tried, convicted, and put to death under the laws of 
 Virginia. Though this rash movement had no support, the 
 (268) 
 
 Oct., 1859. 
 
MOVEMENTS TOWARD DISUNION. 
 
 269 
 
 news of it excited a rage of resentment throughout the 
 South, where it was considered as an expression of universal 
 Northern feeling. 
 
 479. The Democratic Party itself, in convention at 
 Charleston, became divided on the question of 
 slavery in the territories. The majority adjourned Apn1 l86 
 to Baltimore and nominated Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, 
 to be the next President. 
 A number of the delegates 
 withdrew from this Balti 
 more Convention and nomi 
 nated John C. Breckinridge, 4 
 of Kentucky. A. third party 
 named John Bell, 5 of Ten 
 nessee, and Edward Ev 
 erett, 6 of Massachusetts, for 
 President and Vice-presi 
 dent. The Republicans 
 meanwhile nominated Abra 
 ham Lincoln, of Illinois, and 
 Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. 
 
 Jefferson Davis. 
 
 480. By dividing its forces, 
 the Democratic Party lost the 
 
 power which it had held for twelve out of fifteen presidential 
 terms since the accession of Jefferson. Mr. Lincoln was 
 therefore elected by a plurality of votes. He was a native 
 of Kentucky. He had educated himself, in spite of poverty 
 and adverse circumstances, to be a successful lawyer and a 
 popular representative in Congress, and had fairly won the 
 confidence of his fellow-citizens by his energetic and upright 
 character. 
 
 481. Secession. Immediately after the election of Lin 
 coln, the political leaders of South Carolina put in operation 
 their plan of withdrawing from the Union. A convention, 
 
270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 called for that purpose, passed an ordinance of secession, 
 which was ratified by the state legislature, December 20, 
 1860. Within a few weeks Georgia and all the Gulf States 
 had followed the example. 
 
 482. The Star of the West. In Charleston Harbor 
 Major Anderson, commanding the government troops in 
 Fort Moultrie, removed by night to Fort Sumter, a much 
 stronger position. But his supplies were low, and his men 
 were few; he could not long withstand an attack from the 
 batteries which had been erected on the land. Early in 
 January, 1861, President Buchanan determined to send re 
 inforcements and provisions secretly to the beleaguered na 
 tional fort. To this end, he ordered the steamer l Star of 
 the West" to Charleston Harbor with men and supplies. 
 But news of her coming reached South Carolina before the 
 
 vessel; and, on attempting to approach Fort 
 
 Sumter, the steamer was fired upon from Morris 
 
 Island, and struck several times. She was obliged to put 
 
 back to New York without accomplishing the mission of the 
 
 President. This was the opening act of the Civil War. 
 
 Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on the 
 2 pth of this month, and took an active part in succeeding 
 events. 
 
 483. Confederate States of America. A convention 
 of delegates from six of the seven seceding states met at 
 Montgomery, Alabama, in February, 1861, and organized a 
 new government under the title of the "Confederate States 
 of America." The main features of its constitution were 
 modeled upon those of the United States, but the sovereign 
 rights of each state were recognized; the favor of foreign 
 nations was sought by pledges of free trade; and slavery 
 was guaranteed protection not only in existing states but in 
 territories yet to be acquired. 
 
 Jefferson Davis? of Mississippi, and Alexander H. Stephens* 
 
NOTES. 271 
 
 of Georgia, were elected President and Vice-president of the 
 new Confederacy. 
 
 484. Washington itself was the headquarters of se 
 cession during the winter of i86o- 6i. Many leaders of 
 the movement were in the cabinet of Mr. Buchanan and in 
 the Senate of the United States. The national government 
 was paralyzed. Its navy was scattered to the most distant 
 seas, and a great part of its cannon, rifles, and military 
 stores were in southern forts and arsenals, which were taken 
 almost without exception by the authorities of the Confeder 
 ate States. Many southern officers in the army and navy, 
 believing their obedience due to their native states rather 
 than to the Union, resigned their commissions and offered 
 their services to the Confederate government. 
 
 485. Fort PifkenSj near Pensacola, and Fort Sumter, in 
 Charleston Harbor, were still held for the United States; 
 and Fortress Monroe, the strongest work on the coast, was 
 never lost, but served as a base of operations at sea. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was born 1791; graduated at 
 Dickinson College, 1809 ; was admitted to the bar, 1812 ; elected to the lower 
 branch of Congress, 1828: appointed minister to Russia, 1831; was United 
 States Senator from 1833 to 1845 ; became Secretary of State under Polk, 
 and minister to England under Pierce. He was nominated for President 
 by the Democrats m convention at Cincinnati, in the summer of 1856. 
 His administration covered the stormy political period just before the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. He was blamed by the Unionists for not tak 
 ing measures to prevent secession, but after his retirement from the Pres 
 idential chair he wrote a book explaining and defending his policy while 
 in office. Buchanan was never married ; he died in 18G8. 
 
 2. Roger Brooke Taney (6. 1777, d. 1864) of Maryland was the Chief- 
 justice who made this decision. The case is known as "the Dred Scott 
 case " Taney was appointed Chief-justice by President Jackson in 1835, 
 and took his seat upon the Supreme bench in 1837. 
 
 3. John Brown was born in the year 1800 at Torrington, Conn. When 
 a boy he moved to northern Ohio. Going to Kansas in 1855, he and four 
 grown sons were prominent in their armed opposition to the pro-slavery 
 party. Their home was near the town of Osawatomie, from which the 
 father became known as " Osawatomie Brown." His invasion of Vir 
 ginia with so small a number of followers would seem to indicate his in 
 sanity at the time. Even his enemies credit him with undaunted 
 bravery. 
 
 4. John Cabell Breckenridge (6. 1821, d. 1875) was of an excellent Ken 
 tucky family, received a good education, and took a prominent part in 
 national politics. He was a major in the Mexican War, and afterwards 
 
272 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 was elected to his state legislature. In 1851, and again in 1853. he was sent 
 to the United States House of Representatives. He was Buchanan s Vice- 
 president, and in 1860 was made United States Senator. He defended the 
 Southern Confederacy on the floor of the Senate, and then joined the 
 Confederate army. He was created a major-general, and took part in 
 several of the most important conflicts of the war. He was appointed 
 Confederate Secretary of War in 1865, and after the close of the struggle 
 went to Europe, where he remained for a few years. He died at his home 
 in Kentucky. 
 
 5. John Bell (6. 1797, d. 1869) was a statesman upon whom his native 
 state conferred many political honors. First elected a member of the 
 United States House of Representatives in 1827, he was returned for seven 
 consecutive terms ; in 1834 he was chosen Speaker of the House. President 
 Harrison selected Mr. Eell as his Secretary of War. In 1847 he was elected 
 to the United States Senate, and again in 1853. His nomination for the 
 Presidency was by the " Constitutional Union " party. 
 
 6. Edward Everett (&. 1794, d. 1865) was a distinguished American 
 statesman, orator, and writer. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, 
 sums up Everett s character thus : " He was an ardent and gifted scholar, 
 an accomplished and devoted professor, a cautious and conservative 
 statesman, a sincere and earnest patriot, an exhaustless and consum 
 mate rhetorician. He was a true man, an ever-obliging and faithful 
 friend, a good citizen. . . . The annals of our country to the day of his 
 death will be searched in vain for another so ready, prolific, and brilliant 
 a writer and speaker, or for one who has done more both to adorn Ameri 
 can literature, and to advocate and advance every public interest and 
 patriotic cause." 
 
 7. Jefferson Davis was born in Kentucky, 1808; graduated from the 
 United States Military Academy, West Point, 1828; was employed for a 
 time in arduous frontier service, and fought bravely in the Mexican War. 
 He was severely wounded at the battle of Buena Vista. He first entered 
 Congress the lower house in 1845, and was promoted to the Senate in 
 1847. During President Pierce s administration, Davis was his Secretary 
 of War. Afterwards he returned to the Senate, and was one of the most 
 prominent Democratic leaders until the outbreak of the Civil War. His 
 fortunes in the Confederacy are related in the text. 
 
 8. Alexander Hamilton Stephens was born near Crawfordville, Ga., 
 1812. He was a graduate of the State University at the age of 20; was ad 
 mitted to the bar in 1834; and entered the state legislature two years later. 
 From that date he was actively engaged in political life most of the 
 time. He was sent to the United States House of Representatives in 1843, 
 where he remained for sixteen years a statesman whose ability was rec 
 ognized by all parties. After the Civil War the Georgia general assembly 
 elected Mr. Stephens to the United States Senate; but, the state not hav 
 ing been fully restored to the Union under the reconstruction require 
 ments, he was not permitted to take his seat. In 1872, however, he was 
 elected to the United States House of Representatives, and held his seat 
 there until 1882, when he was elected Governor of Georgia. He died in 
 1883, and was buried with the most distinguished honors. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART IV. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. Describe the condition of the states at the close of 
 
 the Revolution. 309, 310 
 
 2. What arrangements were made with the Indians? 311, 312 
 
 3. Describe the formation and adoption of the Con 
 
 stitution. 3 I 3~3 I 9 
 
 4. Name the first President and his cabinet. 320, 321 
 
 5. What was their policy in money matters ? 322 
 
 6. What four causes of disturbance in Washington s 
 
 time ? 3 26 -33 
 
 7. What three foreign treaties were made? 331, 334, 335 
 
 8. What did Washington say of the advantages of 
 
 union ? 337 
 
 9. Describe his character and habits as President. 336, 338, 339 
 
 10. Describe the two political parties and their princi- ) 333, 340, 351, 
 
 pies. j 390, 392, 398 
 
 11. What three cities have been seats of the Federal 
 
 Government? 320, 323, 347 
 
 12. What occasioned the Alien and Sedition laws, and 
 
 why were they repealed ? 341, 342 
 
 13. What troubles with France during Adams s ad 
 
 ministration ? 343-345 
 
 14. How did cotton become profitable ? 348 
 
 15. Describe the beginning of Ohio. 324, 325, 349 
 
 16. What can you tell of Jefferson, his policy and 
 
 character? 35 I ~353 
 
 17. How was Louisiana acquired, and what was done 
 
 with it ? 356-359 
 
 18. Describe the successive dealings of the govern- ) 329, 335, 360, 
 
 ment with the Barbary States. j 397> 
 
 19. Tell the story of Aaron Burr. 350, 361, 362 
 
 20. What caused the War of 1812 ? 3 6 4-3 6 8 
 
 21. Describe the first campaign on land. 368-371 
 
 ) 372, 373, 377- 
 J 382 
 U. S. H. 18. (273) 
 
 22. What was done by the American navy ? 
 
274 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Section 
 
 23. What was done by General Harrison ? 375, 376, 383 
 
 24. Describe two campaigns of Jackson. 384, 394, 395 
 
 25. Describe the war on the coast. 385, 386 
 
 26. What was the cause of the Hartford Convention ? 387, 390, 392 
 
 27. What occurred in 1814 in northern New York? 390, 391 
 
 28. Describe the return of peace. I 393 396 398 
 
 1400 
 
 29. What seven states were admitted A.D. 1812-1820? 383, 399, 402 
 
 f 62, 135, 148, 
 
 30. Describe the progress of slavery. -j 152, 251, 401, 
 
 1 402, 441 
 
 31. Describe the progress of steam navigation. 363, 403 
 
 32. What is the "Monroe Doctrine?" 404 
 
 33. What was Mr. Monroe s Indian policy? 406 
 
 34. Describe J. Q. Adams s administration. 409-414 
 
 35. Describe the policy of Jackson. 415, 421-425 
 
 36. What was the subject of Webster s and Hayne s 
 
 debate? 416, 417 
 
 37. Describe Indian affairs during Jackson s adminis 
 
 tration. , . 418-420 
 
 38. Describe the financial condition and policy of the 
 
 Government. 422-424 
 
 39. What changes during Van Buren s term? 42743 
 
 40. Describe Harrison s election and time of service. 433, 434 
 
 41. Describe Tyler s policy. 435 
 
 42. What happened in Rhode Island ? 437 
 
 43. Tell the story of the Mormons. 438, 439 
 
 44. What treaties were made with Great Britain in 
 
 1842 and 1846? 436, 443, 444 
 
 45. What occasioned a war with Mexico ? 440, 441, 445 
 
 46. Describe its main events. 446-456 
 
 47. What were the terms of peace? 457 
 
 48. Consequences of the gold discovery? 45$, 459 
 
 49. What was the Wilmot Proviso ? 460 
 
 50. How were Iowa and Wisconsin first settled ? 461 
 
 51. Describe Taylor s administration. That of Fillmore. 462-468 
 
 52. Foreign treaties made and attempted. 470, 472 
 
 53. Pacific Railroad explorations. 471 
 
 54. Consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 473-476 
 
 55. What were the great events of Buchanan s term? 477-485 
 
PART V. THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1861-1865. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 
 
 The First Gun, Battery Stevens. 
 
 486. The Sixteenth President. No President since 
 Washington had taken upon him so heavy a burden with the 
 oath to " preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the 
 United States." That Constitution had secured great happi 
 ness to the people during seventy-two years of seldom-broken 
 peace : it was yet to be seen whether it would bear the strain 
 of civil war, such a war as the world had not known in 
 nineteen hundred years. 
 
 (275) 
 
276 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 487. In his inaugural address Mr. Lincoln 1 declared 
 
 that he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere with 
 
 Southern institutions, but designed to hold and 
 
 :h 4 ,i86i. defend the property o f t h e United States against 
 
 any who should assail it. He threw upon the politicians of 
 
 the South the whole respon 
 sibility of the calamities which 
 must follow the destruction of 
 the Union, assuring them that 
 there could be no conflict un 
 less they themselves should 
 choose to begin it. 
 
 488. Miscalculations. 
 
 No one, probably, imagined 
 the horrible magnitude of the 
 struggle then commencing. 
 Mr. Seward, 2 then Secretary 
 of State, predicted that the 
 war, if there was a war, 
 would not last more than 
 ninety days. The South, on 
 the other hand, relied upon the great number of her sympa 
 thizers in the North to prevent any energetic action on the 
 part of the Government. Moreover, she believed that if 
 her cotton was withheld from European factories, France 
 and England would combine to put an end to the war and 
 procure the needed supply. 
 
 489. Fall of Fort Sumter. Before daylight of the 
 1 2th of April, 1 86 1, the first cannon-ball from a Confederate 
 battery struck the wall of Fort Sumter. The bombardment 
 was kept up for thirty-four hours, until at midnight of the 
 1 3th Major Anderson found that longer resistance was im 
 possible. By the terms of surrender he marched out with 
 his eighty men, with all the honors of war, and spent the 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
ARMING FOR CIVIL WAR. 
 
 277 
 
 remnant of his powder in a last salute to the stars and 
 stripes. 
 
 490. The news flew along the electric wires and aroused 
 both divisions of the country to more decided action. Vir 
 ginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which had 
 wavered, renounced the Union and joined their fortunes 
 with the Confederate States. On the other hand, Missouri, 
 Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware refused to secede. The 
 navy-yard at Norfolk, with its 2,000 cannon and immense 
 stores of war materials, was seized by Virginia troops. The 
 United States arsenal at 
 Harper s Ferry was 
 burned by order of the 
 Federal commander. 
 
 f Miles 
 
 Sketch of Charleston Harbor. 
 
 491. Formation of 
 Armies. Both presi 
 dents called for volun 
 teers, and both calls 
 were answered with en 
 thusiasm. For the de 
 fense of the national 
 capital, which was in 
 immediate danger, mili 
 tia regiments hastened 
 from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York. The 
 "Sixth Massachusetts" was attacked in its passage through 
 Baltimore, and several men were killed. It was the eighty- 
 sixth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, where their 
 great-grandfathers had shed the first blood in the struggle for 
 freedom (232). Even then it was felt to be unnatural and 
 degrading that men of the same English race should destroy 
 each other. The present strife was more unnatural, and all 
 who w r ere not maddened by excitement felt that victory on 
 either side must be mingled with regret. 
 
276 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 487. In his inaugural address Mr. Lincoln 1 declared 
 
 that he had neither the right nor the wish to interfere with 
 
 Southern institutions, but designed to hold and 
 
 defend the property of the United States against 
 
 any who should assail it. He threw upon the politicians of 
 
 the South the whole respon 
 sibility of the calamities which 
 must follow the destruction of 
 the Union, assuring them that 
 there could be no conflict un 
 less they themselves should 
 choose to begin it. 
 
 488. Miscalculations. 
 
 No one, probably, imagined 
 the horrible magnitude of the 
 struggle then commencing. 
 Mr. Seward, 2 then Secretary 
 of State, predicted that the 
 war, if there was a war, 
 would not last more than 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 ninety days. The South, on 
 
 the other hand, relied upon the great number of her sympa 
 thizers in the North to prevent any energetic action on the 
 part of the Government. Moreover, she believed that if 
 her cotton was withheld from European factories, France 
 and England would combine to put an end to the war and 
 procure the needed supply. 
 
 489. Fall of Fort Sumter. Before daylight of the 
 1 2th of April, 1 86 1, the first cannon-ball from a Confederate 
 battery struck the wall of Fort Sumter. The bombardment 
 was kept up for thirty-four hours, until at midnight of the 
 1 3th Major Anderson found that longer resistance was im 
 possible. By the terms of surrender he marched out with 
 his eighty men, with all the honors of war, and spent the 
 
ARMING FOR CIVIL WAR. 
 
 277 
 
 remnant of his powder in a last salute to the stars and 
 stripes. 
 
 490. The news flew along the electric wires and aroused 
 both divisions of the country to more decided action. Vir 
 ginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which had 
 wavered, renounced the Union and joined their fortunes 
 with the Confederate States. On the other hand, Missouri, 
 Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware refused to secede. The 
 navy-yard at Norfolk, with its 2,000 cannon and immense 
 stores of war materials, was seized by Virginia troops. The 
 United States arsenal at 
 
 Harper s Ferry was 
 burned by order of the 
 Federal commander. 
 
 491. Formation of 
 Armies. Both presi 
 dents called for volun 
 teers, and both calls 
 were answered with en 
 thusiasm. For the de 
 fense of the national 
 capital, which was in 
 immediate danger, mili 
 tia regiments hastened Sketch of Charleston Harbor, 
 from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York. The 
 "Sixth Massachusetts" was attacked in its passage through 
 Baltimore, and several men were killed. It was the eighty- 
 sixth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, where their 
 great-grandfathers had shed the first blood in the struggle for 
 freedom (232). Even then it was felt to be unnatural and 
 degrading that men of the same English race should destroy 
 each other. The present strife was more unnatural, and all 
 who were not maddened by excitement felt that victory on 
 either side must be mingled with regret. 
 
278 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 492. In the east the main field of war was Virginia; 
 in the west, at first, Missouri. Though the latter state had 
 voted against secession, it contained a strong Confederate 
 party, and sixty battles were fought upon its soil within a 
 year. In the part of Virginia west of the Alleghanies a 
 majority of the people were attached to the Union. In 
 1861-62 the necessary steps for organization were taken, and 
 the separate state of West Virginia was admitted to the 
 United States in June, 1863. Meanwhile General McClellan, 
 with his Union army, gained repeated victories over the 
 Confederate generals Garnett, Floyd, and Lee, who sought 
 to retain West Virginia by force. 
 
 493. Richmond, the capital of old Virginia, was also the 
 capital of the Confederate States. The Southern cry, * On 
 to Washington!" was echoed by the Northern shout, "On 
 to Richmond ! " The most serious battle of the year took 
 place at Bull Run, on Sunday, July 21. General Beaure- 
 gard 3 commanded the Confederate army of 30,000 men. 
 General McDowell s forces consisted of a nearly equal num 
 ber, composed mainly of volunteers for ninety days ; he had, 
 however, one battalion of Regulars and a few regiments of 
 three years men. For six hours the Northern men stood 
 their ground, and kept or regained all their positions. The 
 Confederates were once broken and driven a mile and a half 
 from the field; but they were rallied by Gen. T. J. Jackson, 
 whose inflexible bravery there won for him the name of 
 "Stonewall" Jackson. 
 
 494. A Southern Victory. At the moment when the 
 Confederate cause seemed lost, suddenly General Kirby 
 Smith arrived with fresh forces for their relief. The Union 
 troops, exhausted by intense heat and furious fighting, were 
 thrown into confusion, and battle was changed to flight. A 
 confused throng of fugitives filled all the roads to Washing 
 ton, and never rested until they were safely over the Long 
 Bridge across the Potomac. 
 
CREATION OF A NAVY. 
 
 279 
 
 495. According to Mr. Pollard, the Southern historian, the 
 victory at Bull Run was a misfortune to the Confederacy, for 
 it led to ill-grounded confidence. Southern volunteers left 
 the army in crowds, thinking that the war was over. The 
 National Government was roused to more serious effort. 
 Congress voted five hundred 
 millions of dollars and half a 
 million of men. General 
 George B. McClellan, 4 who 
 had distinguished himself in 
 West Virginia, was called to 
 command the Army of the 
 Potomac; and when, a few 
 months later, General Scott 
 retired from active service, 
 McClellan became com- 
 mander-in-chief of all the 
 forces of the United States. 
 
 George B. McClellan. 
 
 496. Of the national 
 navy only one war-steamer 
 
 was on the Atlantic coast, and there was not a gun on the 
 Mississippi or any of its branches. With wonderful energy 
 the Government created a great steam-navy to blockade the 
 Southern ports, and a fleet of gun-boats to patrol the Missis 
 sippi. 3 Though European governments declared that a 
 blockade of so long a coast-line could never be enforced, 
 they acknowledged within a few months that it was complete 
 and effective. 
 
 497. The Blockade. The South had been used to re 
 ceive all manufactured articles from Europe in exchange for 
 her cotton and other agricultural products. Now that she 
 was cut off from intercourse with the civilized world, cotton 
 could not go out and cannon could not come in; and 
 though she had begun the war with abundant supplies of 
 
2 So HISTORY OF TttE UNITED STATES. 
 
 money and material (484), its continuance must depend on 
 breaking or running " the blockade. 
 
 498. Many a spirited chase occurred between the 
 national steamers and the low, light, neutral-colored craft 
 which swarmed in bays and sounds, and slipped out at 
 night, bound for the West Indies or for Europe. President 
 Davis issued "letters of marque" to privateers who made 
 reprisals upon Northern commerce. Captain Semmes, 6 of 
 the Sumter, had many successes; but at length he was 
 blockaded in the port of Gibraltar, until he sold his vessel 
 and traveled to England to buy a new one. This was the 
 far-famed Alabama, so called, though she was registered only 
 by her number, 290, on the builder s list. In her cruise of 
 twenty months she almost drove American commerce from 
 the sea, destroying sixty-five vessels and property worth 
 $10,000,000. She was sunk at last in a battle with the 
 United States war-steamer Kearsarge, commanded by Cap 
 tain Winslow, on the coast of France, June, 1864. 
 
 499. Messrs. Mason and Slidell, envoys to England 
 and France from the new Confederacy, were taken in the 
 
 Bahama Channel from the English mail-steamer 
 
 Nov 1861. 
 
 Trent, by Captain Wilkes, of the United States 
 steam sloop-of-war San Jacinto. Great wrath was expressed 
 at this "insult to the British flag," and it was predicted that 
 England within twenty days would break the blockade and 
 declare war against the United States. 
 
 500. End of the Trent Affair. The Federal govern 
 ment, however, promptly disavowed the act of Captain 
 Wilkes, and set the envoys at liberty, having no mind to 
 assert a "right of search" which had been so justly resented 
 when exercised by Great Britain before 1812 (367). 
 France, England, and Spain had proclaimed neutrality 
 toward both "belligerent powers," thus recognizing the 
 Confederacy as on nearly the same footing as the United 
 
NOTES. 281 
 
 States. The neutrality was infringed in England by the fit 
 ting out of vessels in the Confederate interests, but the 
 damage thence resulting was made good by the payment of 
 $15,500,000 after the war. 
 
 501. Before the end of 1861 the National Government 
 had regained a considerable part of the Atlantic coast by the 
 capture of the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal En 
 trance, 7 and the occupation of Tybee Island, near the mouth 
 of Savannah River. The army, which had numbered 16,000 
 at the beginning of the year, had risen to 600,000 by the 
 first of December, and the Secretary of War announced that 
 the Government was able not only to protect itself, but to 
 attack any foreign power which should meddle with our do 
 mestic affairs. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Abraham Lincoln (6. 1809, d. 1865) was born In Hardin (now Larue) 
 County. Ky. His father could neither read nor write, and when his son 
 was in his eighth year he migrated to the backwoods of Indiana. Here 
 Abraham grew to manhood as a farm laborer and store clerk, with but 
 little time or opportunity for education. In 1828 he was hired by a flat- 
 boatman, and made a trip to New Orleans. After his return his family 
 removed to Illinois, and he was employed for some time in assisting his 
 father to split rails for the fences. In the succeeding years we find him 
 employed variously as a flatboatman, clerk, surveyor, postmaster, and 
 river pilot. During the Black Hawk War (g 418) he served as captain, and 
 on his return, becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Illi 
 nois state legislature in 1834. In the midst of his varied occupations he 
 managed to study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He settled 
 at Springfield, Illinois, where he attained great reputation as a lawyer. 
 He took a prominent part in the Presidential campaigns of 1840 and 1844, 
 and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1840. From this time 
 he was not prominent in politics until the repeal of the Missouri Com 
 promise (402), when he was called upon to reply to a speech made by 
 Stephen A. Douglas at Springfield, 111., in support of the Kansas-Nebraska 
 bill. Lincoln s speech on this occasion is considered the most effective 
 ever made by him. It carried the audience by storm, and at once 
 stamped Lincoln as the proper candidate to pit against Douglas. The 
 contest between these two for the United States Fenatorship resulted in 
 Douglas s favor, but brought Lincoln prominently before the country, and 
 led to his nomination in 1860 for the Presidency. 
 
 In appearance, as in character, Lincoln was a most remarkable man. 
 He was six feet four inches high, gaunt and rugged, a fitting type of the 
 class from which he sprang. But the rough exterior covered a noble 
 mind and a heart that bore " malice toward none, with charity for all." 
 In his death the South felt that it had lost its best friend ; the North, its 
 grandest President ; and the colored people, their emancipator. His name 
 is fitly coupled with that of Washington, and " The Martyred President" 
 will ever remain sacred in the memory of the American people. 
 
 2. William Henry Seward (6. 1801, d. 1872) was bom in Florida, Orange 
 County, N. Y., and after graduating at Union College commenced the 
 practice of law. He was soon drawn into politics, arid before he was 
 
282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 thirty years of age was elected to the state senate. From this time for 
 ward we find him prominent in the councils of both state and nation. 
 Twenty-four years of his life were spent in the three important posts of 
 governor of New York, Senator in Congress, and Secretary of State. In 
 the latter position he had the most difficult office to fill in Lincoln s cab 
 inet, owing to the great importance at that time attached to our foreign 
 relations. His keen, far-seeing judgment and prompt, decisive action 
 justified the President s selection. Mr. Seward was a man of indomitable 
 perseverance and courage. " Few public men of any note have been sub 
 jected to more sudden and desperate reverses, and none ever bore them 
 with more fortitude or set to work more energetically to recover from 
 them." While these qualities made him respected and admired of his 
 friends, they also roused the most bitter feelings in his opponents ; and 
 during the latter part of his political career, as an adherent of Andrew 
 Johnson, he was repeatedly subject to savage attacks even by his own po 
 litical party ; but Seward remained uncoiiquered to the end, and, though 
 broken in health, spent the declining years of his life in a trip around tlie 
 world. This was followed on his return by the publication of a book de 
 scribing his travels, and full of keen observations on all that he had seen. 
 He died at Auburn, New York, in the seventy -second year of his age. 
 
 3. General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard, one of the most 
 prominent and efficient generals of the South, was born near New Or 
 leans, in 1818, and was educated at West Point, where he graduated in 1838. 
 He was twice breveted for gallant service in the Mexican War, first as a 
 captain and afterward as a major. At the close of that war he was made 
 a member of a special board of engineers for the improvement of har 
 bors and rivers, and the erection of defenses on the Gulf of Mexico. Later 
 he had charge of the construction of the custom-house, quarantine ware 
 houses, and marine hospital at New Orleans. In January, 1861, he was 
 appointed superintendent of West Point, but almost immediately re 
 signed the position and entered the army of the Confederacy with the 
 rank of brigadier-general. At the time of the surrender he had attained 
 the highest possible rank. He then retired to private life in New Orleans. 
 
 4. General George Brinton McClellan was born in Philadelphia in 
 1826, and graduated at West Point with high honors. He saw his first 
 active service in the war with Mexico, where^he distinguished himself for 
 gallant conduct, and was breveted first lieutenant and captain. As an en 
 gineer, he accompanied exploring expeditions up the Red River and over 
 the route of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The Government appointed 
 him on a commission to visit the seat of the Crimean War in 18.55, and 011 
 his return published his official report on the " Organization of European 
 Armies, and Operations in the Crimea." He has also written and trans 
 lated other works of a military nature. In 1857 he resigned from the 
 army, and interested himself in various railroad enterprises until the 
 breaking out of the Civil War. Much dissatisfaction was felt at his ap 
 parently dilatory conduct of the war in Virginia, and he was finally or 
 dered on November 7, 1882, to proceed to Trenton, N. J., and there await 
 further orders. He took no further part in the war, and resigned his po 
 sition in the army on November 8th, 18fi4, the day he was defeated as the 
 Democratic nominee for President. For the three years succeeding Jan 
 uary 1, 1878, he was governor of New Jersey. 
 
 5. This was due to the energy and ability of Mr. G. V. Fox, Assistant 
 Secretary of the Navy. " For four years his ardent mind, practical and 
 full of resources, effectively controlled the department, and at the expira 
 tion of those memorable four years he retired without aspiring to any 
 other reward than the satisfaction of having served his country well." 
 
 6. Raphael Semmes was the Paul Jones of the Civil War (\ 283). He 
 was born in Charles County, Maryland, in 1809, and entered the navy as a 
 midshipman in 1826. Ho gained his first experience in the Mexican War, 
 where he served both on board ship and on shore. He has published sev 
 eral works giving accounts of the Mexican War, and the exploits of the 
 "Sumter" and "Alabama." 
 
 7. The bombardment of Fort Walker, one of the forts guarding Port 
 Royal, was so severe that the garrison was compelled to evacuate it, ex 
 cepting three brave men, who remained, and for half an hour continued 
 to load and fire the only gun that replied to the enemy. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1862. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 
 
 502. Three objects were now kept steadily in view by 
 the Union generals: (i) The opening of the Mississippi 
 River; (2) The recovery of the coast; and (3) The capture 
 of Richmond. 
 
 The first was accomplished by a severe and continuous 
 struggle of eighteen months. General Albert Sidney John 
 ston l commanded the Confederate forces in the West. His 
 main task was to protect the Memphis and Charleston 
 Railroad," which connected the country west of the Missis 
 sippi with Richmond and the coast, and conveyed supplies 
 of Texan beef to the Southern army. His line of defense 
 extended from Columbus to Bowling Green in Kentucky; 
 and its strongest points were near the center of the line, at 
 Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson, on the 
 Cumberland River. 
 
 503. Fort Henry was first attacked by the Union gun 
 boats under Commodore Foote, 2 and was taken after an 
 hour s fighting; but the garrison made good their retreat to 
 the stronger works of Fort Donelson. This was besieged by 
 General Grant with a Union army, in concert 
 
 J eb. 12, 1862. 
 
 with the gun-boats which arrived two days later 
 up the Cumberland. An attack was made, but a heavy can 
 nonade from the fort repulsed the gun-boats, and Com 
 modore Foote received a serious wound. Early the next 
 morning the garrison attempted to break through the be 
 sieging lines and escape to Nashville; but though the fight 
 was desperate, they were defeated and driven within their 
 
 (283) 
 
284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 trenches. The national soldiers lay three nights on the 
 frozen ground, pelted by storms of sleet and snow. 
 
 504. Surrender of Donelson. Before daylight of Feb 
 ruary 15, General Buckner, then commanding the fort, as 
 his superiors, Floyd and Pillow, had consulted their own 
 interests by retiring, sent to ask what terms of capitulation 
 would be accepted. Grant replied, "None, but uncondi 
 tional surrender;" and added, "I propose to move imme 
 diately upon your works." Fort Donelson was surrendered 
 with 15,000 men, and the line of defense thus broken was 
 necessarily abandoned. Nashville, Columbus, and Bowling 
 Green were occupied by Union troops, and the Mississippi 
 was open as far south as Arkansas. 
 
 505. Grant was placed in command of the new military 
 department of Western Tennessee, and the field of conflict was 
 removed to the southern border of that state. The " Mem 
 phis and Charleston Railroad " was now the object of attack, 
 especially at Corinth, where it crosses the Mobile and Ohio 
 Railroad." Ascending the Tennessee River, Grant posted 
 himself near Pittsburg Landing, at Shiloh, awaiting rein 
 forcements from Buell. 
 
 506. Battle of Shiloh. Here he was attacked by Gen 
 erals Johnston .and Beauregard with a fine Confederate army 
 of 40,000 men. The battle raged all day mainly to the ad 
 vantage of the assailants, who captured the Union camp, 
 with thirty flags, 3,000 prisoners, and an immense quantity 
 of war materials. They were compelled to fall back, how 
 ever, with the loss of their general-in-chief, while Generals 
 Grant and Sherman rallied the Union forces, many of whom 
 had never been in battle before, and saved the first day s 
 engagement from being an utter rout. 
 
 507. The next morning the fight was renewed. Buell s 
 fresh forces had arrived upon the field, and the tide turned. 
 The second day s battle continued from before sunrise until 
 
INVASION OF KENTUCKY, 285 
 
 late in the afternoon. At last the Confederates retreated in 
 good order toward Corinth, and Grant remained in posses 
 sion of the field. Island Number Ten was sur- 
 
 April 7, 1862. 
 
 rendered on the same day, after a three weeks 
 bombardment, and its garrison of 5,000 men became pris 
 oners of war. 
 
 508. A battle on the Mississippi between the Union 
 gun-boats and the Confederate iron-clads, resulted in victory 
 to the former. Fort Pillow was abandoned, Memphis was 
 taken, and the great river was open to the Union forces as 
 far south as Vicksburg. Beauregard abandoned Corinth, 
 and fell back on his third line of defense, extending through 
 central Mississippi to Alabama. 
 
 During this grand campaign for the Mississippi and the 
 railway connections in the South, the war in Missouri had 
 been virtually ended by the expulsion of General Price and 
 the defeat of his army, now commanded by General Van 
 Dorn, at Pea Ridge, in Arkansas. The Confederates had 
 increased their numbers by several thousands of Indians; 
 but these were thrown into confusion by the terrific roar and 
 fatal effects of the Federal artillery, so that they only con 
 tributed to the defeat of their allies. 
 
 509. A Double Movement. "The war was in truth a 
 vast siege," but the South was unwilling to have it so. A 
 double movement was now made to break through the be 
 sieging lines and carry the conflict into the North. 
 
 On the same day, Lee moved into Maryland and 
 Bragg 3 into Kentucky, hoping to secure those border states, 
 whose people were almost equally divided in sympathy 
 between the Union and the Confederacy, and then march 
 on to dictate terms of peace in Philadelphia or New York, 
 We will follow the western movement first. 
 
 510. The Campaign in Kentucky. Bragg inarched 
 from Chattanooga to Frankfort, pursued by Buell, whose 
 
286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 force was increased by all the men that Grant could spare. 
 General Kirby Smith defeated a Union army at Richmond, 
 Kentucky, and threatened Cincinnati. The first object of 
 both Confederate generals was Louisville; but this was saved 
 by the arrival of Buell a few hours in advance, and the in 
 vasion of the North was abandoned. Bragg and Smith set 
 up a provisional government at Frankfort, and urged all the 
 people of Kentucky to join the cause of the Confederacy. 
 
 511. But while the Confederate generals were offering 
 peace and brotherhood, their foragers were stripping farms 
 of live-stock, and mercantile houses of clothing and provis 
 ions, paying only in worthless Confederate scrip (579). 
 Assuming that Kentucky was now in the Confederacy, they 
 even drafted men into their ranks according to the law in 
 force in the South. Their losses by desertion were greater, 
 however, than their gains by conscription, and though many 
 refugees accompanied their retreating army, taking with them 
 their slaves, whom they were afraid of losing by the success 
 of the North, the mass of the plundered Kentuckians felt less 
 disposed than ever to break their connection with the Union. 
 
 512. National Victories. Though defeated at Perry- 
 ville, Kentucky, Bragg effected the retreat of his "wagon- 
 train forty miles long " to Chattanooga. While Grant s army 
 in Mississippi was weakened (510) by Buell s detachments, 
 Sept. i 9 . the Confederates attacked luka and Corinth. They 
 Oct. 3 . were defeated at both places, at the latter with 
 immense loss. 
 
 513. Murfreesborough. Neither government was satis 
 fied with the campaign in Kentucky. Buell was superseded 
 by Rosecrans, and Bragg was ordered northward again to 
 finish his work. On the last day of 1862 the two armies 
 met before Murfreesborough, in Tennessee. At first the Con 
 federates prevailed, but the firmness of Generals Sheridan and 
 Hazen saved the Union cause. The carnage was frightful; 
 and during New Year s day, 1863, "the two armies, breath- 
 
NEW ORLEANS CAPTURED. 287 
 
 less with their death struggle, stood looking at each other." 
 The fight was renewed January 2d, the next day. Bragg 
 retreated, and another costly victory had been won for the 
 nation. 
 
 514. On the lower Mississippi, meanwhile, yet more 
 important events had occurred. Early in April Captain 
 Farragut, 4 with a fleet of armed steamers and mortar-boats, 
 in concert with a land force under General Butler, under 
 took the capture of New Orleans. This largest and richest 
 city of the Confederacy was defended by two great forts 
 seventy miles down the river ; below these a strong iron 
 chain stretched from bank to bank; and the river was 
 guarded by gun-boats, fire-rafts, and a floating battery. 
 
 515. Surrender of New Orleans. A heavy cannon 
 ade from the fleet produced no effect upon the forts, and 
 Farragut determined to pass them. Protecting his gun-boats 
 with iron chains and bags of sand suspended over their 
 sides, he steamed boldly up the river, encountered and 
 destroyed twelve out of thirteen of the Confederate armed 
 steamers, and advanced to the city. Confiding in the river 
 defenses, the commandant at New Orleans had sent a large 
 detachment of his troops to reinforce Beauregard and Bragg. 
 As soon as the Union fleet came in sight, fire was set to the 
 immense stores of cotton, ships, gun-boats, steamers, and 
 docks. General Butler took military possession of the city. 
 The forts and fleet below were soon afterward surrendered. 
 Farragut, ascending the river, captured Baton Rouge and 
 Natchez, and, passing the guns of Vicksburg, joined the 
 Union fleet above. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Albert Sidney Johnston (6. 1803, d. 1862) was born in Mason County, 
 Kentucky. He graduated at West Point in 1826, and had seen active serv 
 ice in frontier duty and in the Black Hawk War. He then resigned and 
 went to Texas, where he attained chief command of the Texan forces. 
 He also served as a volunteer in the war between the United States and 
 Mexico, and in 1849 re-entered the regular army with the rank of major. 
 
288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Civil War he had attained the rank of brevet 
 brigadier-general, bestowed for meritorious service in Utah. He would 
 doubtless have borne a more conspicuous part in the war but for his early 
 fall at Shiloh. 
 
 2 Andrew Hull Foote (6. 1806, d. 1863) was born in New Haven, Con 
 necticut, and entered the Navy, 1822. In 1861 he was made flag officer of 
 the Western naval fleet, and personally conducted the building of the 
 gun -boats to be used. 
 
 Through neglecting his wound received at Fort Donelson he nearly lost 
 his life, and was compelled for a time to retire from.active service. He 
 was made a rear-admiral, and in May, 1863, was ordered to take command 
 of the South Atlantic Squadron, but while on his way to do so he was 
 taken suddenly ill in New York, and died. 
 
 Admiral Foote was a man of great moral as well as physical courage, 
 and did much to improve the morals of those under his command. He 
 commanded the respect and admiration of the entire Navy and his loss 
 was keenly felt. 
 
 3. General Braxton Bragg (&. 1817, d. 1876) was born in Warren County, 
 North Carolina, and was educated at West Point. In the Mexican War 
 he was breveted on three separate occasions for gallant conduct. He re 
 signed from the army in 1856, and settled on a plantation at Thibodeaux, 
 La At the opening of the Civil War he was made a brigadier-general in 
 the Confederate army, and on the death of A. S. Johnston at Shiloh suc 
 ceeded him in command, with the full rank of general. After the battle 
 of Perryville he was relieved of his command and placed under arrest by 
 the Confederate authorities. He was almost immediately released, how 
 ever, and restored to his former rank. He was again relieved after defeat 
 at Mission Ridge, and was called to Richmond as military adviser to the 
 Confederate president, with whom he was a great favorite. At the close 
 of the Civil War he was engaged as chief engineer in the improvements 
 in Mobile Bay. 
 
 4. David Glascoe Farragut (6. 1801, d. 1870) was the most illustrious 
 naval officer of the Union in the Civil War. His naval career began at 
 the early age of eleven, when he served on board the " Es^ex " in the War 
 of 1812 (1 379). He then received the highest praise from Commodore Por 
 ter in his official report of a battle with the British " Argus, and would 
 have been promoted in rank had he been old enough to allow of it. 
 Aside from an attack and capture of a pirate stronghold in Cuba, in 1823, 
 Farrao-ut saw no active service until the war broke out in 1861, when he 
 had advanced to the rank of captain. He received the thanks of Con 
 gress for his gallant capture of New Orleans, and was placed first on the 
 list of rear-admirals. After the capture of Mobile ( 560) Farragut again 
 received the thanks of Congress, and a new grade of rank, that of vice- 
 admiral was created for him : this was followed in July, 1866, by the crea 
 tion of the still higher rank of Admiral, which was conferred on him as a 
 mark of most distinguished honor. The following year Farragut joined 
 the European squadron, to the command of which he had been appointed, 
 and every-where received marks of the highest respect from the foreign 
 powers. After his return from this command his health began to fail, 
 and, while on a journey for its improvement, he died at the Portsmouth 
 havy-yard. 
 
*-* rK a ^irf 
 j &f i/m.on^ 
 
 : ^1^ I,vll1. Si ** * \ T /" a 
 
 ILLUSTRATING 
 
 THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 28 By Russell Hi n man C.E. 
 
 50 100 1.-.0 200 2.-.0 Miles 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1862 (Continued]. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 
 
 516. On the 8th of March, 1862, a strange-looking craft 
 appeared in Hampton Roads. It was the old United States 
 steamer Mcrrimac, now in Confederate service, cut down to 
 the water s edge and fitted with a sharp steel prow and a 
 sloping iron-plated roof. Steering directly for the sloop-of- 
 war Cumberland, it so disabled her by one blow of her steel 
 beak that she sank, with her flag flying and with all her 
 men on board. 1 
 
 517. The United States frigate Congress was next attacked. 
 She was run ashore, but the Merrimac poured into her such 
 a storm of shot and shell that she was forced to surrender. 
 The new sea-monster then retired to Norfolk, intending to 
 complete its work of destruction the next day. Early in the 
 morning it steamed out again, and approached the steam 
 frigate Minnesota; but before it had fired a gun a new cham 
 pion appeared upon the scene. 
 
 518. It was the iron-clad Monitor of Captain Ericsson, 2 
 which had arrived from New York during the night, just in 
 time for its first trial of strength. Its deck near the surface 
 of the water was protected by a heavy iron sheathing; it 
 was surmounted by an iron tower, which, slowly revolving, 
 turned its two enormous guns in every direction. The duel 
 between these odd antagonists was not unlike David fighting 
 Goliath, for the Monitor was less than one fifth the burden 
 of the Merrimac. But the shot and shells of the latter rolled 
 harmlessly off the iron sheathing of her little opponent, while 
 her huge beak passed above the deck and could not reach 
 the tower. The Monitor glided nimbly away from every 
 
 U. S. H.-19. (289) 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 charge, and found out every 
 weak spot in the Merrimats 
 armor, where a heavy ball 
 from her guns could make a 
 leak. 
 
 519. At length, unable 
 either to silence her assailant 
 
 Monitor and Merrimac. 
 
 or to engage any other vessel while she was present, the Mer 
 rimac withdrew to Norfolk for repairs. She was blown up 
 by the Confederates two months later, on the surrender of 
 Norfolk to the United States. The national government im 
 mediately contracted with Captain Ericsson for a fleet of 
 " Monitors," which effectually defended the coast, and made 
 the United States for a time the greatest naval power in the 
 world. 
 
 520. The movement toward Richmond by the 
 
 Union forces was attended with tremendous difficulties and 
 losses, and no favorable result. A second march to Manas- 
 
BATTLES IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 291 
 
 sas was rewarded by the capture of Quaker guns 3 and an 
 empty camp. The Army of the Potomac was then removed 
 to Fortress Monroe, and spent a month and more in digging 
 intrenchments and graves in the deep mud of the penin 
 sula which had witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis (304). 
 When, at length, the Federals were ready to assault York- 
 town, the Confederates again gave them the slip, and re 
 treated towards Richmond. 
 
 521. A battle at Williamsburg resulted in loss to both 
 and gain to neither party, except that the Confederate gen 
 eral succeeded in covering the retreat of his baggage-train. 
 The Federals kept the hard-won field, and buried their dead. 
 McClellan then slowly advanced, and after two weeks saw 
 the spires and roofs of Richmond. The Confederate Con 
 gress hastily adjourned, and a mass of retreating fugitives 
 clogged all the roads to the southward. 
 
 522. Jackson s Valley Campaign. But while Mc- 
 Clellen awaited reinforcements, J. E. Johnston, the Confed 
 erate commander-in-chief, warded off his intended blow by 
 sending "Stonewell" Jackson up the Shenandoah Valley to 
 threaten Washington. This brilliant dash was successful in 
 preventing McDowell s march to the aid of McClellan, and 
 the attack upon Richmond. 
 
 523. A two days battle at Fair Oaks would probably 
 have ended in victory to the Confederates but for the dis 
 abling of their chief by a serious wound. General Robert 
 E. Lee, 4 who succeeded him, had time to raise immense 
 numbers of recruits and strengthen the defenses of Rich 
 mond; and by severing McClellan from his supplies, forced 
 him to move his army to the James. This difficult move 
 ment was only accomplished with seven days tremendous 
 fighting, usually successful, but fearfully costly of life. The 
 Federal army, still outnumbering its enemy, then posted 
 itself at Harrison s Landing below Richmond. 
 
292 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Aug. 29, 30. 
 
 524. Washington was now seriously threatened. Gen 
 eral Pope, commanding the Union forces in northern Vir 
 ginia, was defeated at Cedar Mountain, and three weeks later 
 had to encounter the whole army of Lee on the 
 old battle-field of Bull Run. Two days fighting 
 ended in a severe defeat of the Federals ; and, after another 
 
 sharp conflict at Chantitty, 
 Pope retreated to Washing 
 ton and resigned his com 
 mand. 
 
 Robert E. Lee. 
 
 525. Lee crossed the 
 Potomac and invaded Mary 
 land, pursued by McClellan, 
 who had restored the Union 
 army -to perfect condition 
 after its ruinous campaign. 
 Stonewall Jackson seized Har 
 per s Ferry with its arsenal of 
 cannon and small arms, and 
 twelve thousand Union pris 
 oners; but on the same day 
 Lee was defeated at South 
 Mountain, and his northward march was arrested. 
 
 526. Battle of Antietam. At Sharpsburg, in the beau 
 tiful valley of Antietam, one of the most terrific battles of 
 the war was fought, on the iyth of September. For four 
 teen hours the mountains echoed to the roar of five hundred 
 cannon and mortars, and when night came 25,000 men lay 
 dead or wounded upon the field; but neither side could 
 claim a victory. Lee retreated into Virginia, followed at a 
 distance by McClellan, who was soon afterward relieved of 
 command by General Burnside, of Rhode Island. 
 
 527. Battle of Fredericksburg. Burnside advanced 
 in December to attack the strong Confederate works in the 
 
NOTES. 
 
 293 
 
 rear of Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock. The assault 
 was made with splendid courage and steadiness, and was five 
 times renewed under a storm of cannon-balls, but it was re 
 pulsed with a loss of twelve thousand Union men. 
 
 528. General Results. The year had been, on the 
 whole, disastrous to the national interests in the East, though 
 the control of the Atlantic coast had been extended by the 
 recovery of Norfolk in Virginia, of Roanoke Island and 
 several points in North Carolina, of Fort Pulaski near Sa 
 vannah, and of the eastern ports of Florida. 
 
 On the other hand the year had been marked by great 
 successes in the West, and only two posts on the Mississippi, 
 Vicksburg and Port Hudson, were held by the Confed 
 eracy. The operations against Vicksburg were 
 checked for a time by the destruction of Grant s 
 magazines of supplies at Holly Springs, in Mississippi, by 
 General Van Dorn and his cavalry. Fifteen hundred pris 
 oners were taken, and the property destroyed was variously 
 valued at from one to four millions of dollars. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. " Through the hole she had made, large enough for a man to enter, 
 the water poured in. In vain Lieutenant Morris, who commanded the 
 "Cumberland," worked the pumps to keep her afloat a few moments 
 more, hoping that a lucky shot might find some weaker place. He only 
 abandoned his guns, as, one after another, the settling of the sinking ship 
 swamped them in the water. The last shot was fired by Matthew Tenney 
 from a gun on a level with the water. That brave man then attempted 
 to escape through the port-hole, but was borne back by the incoming 
 rush, and went down with the ship. With him went down nearly one 
 hundred dead, .sick, and wounded, and those who, like him, could not ex 
 tricate themselves. The " Cumberland " sank in fifty-four feet of water. 
 The commander of her assailant saw the flag of the unconquered but 
 sunken ship still flying above the surface." Draper. 
 
 2. John Ericsson was born, in 1803, in the province of Vermeland, 
 Sweden ; and at an early age displayed great mechanical ability. After 
 serving some years as an engineer in the Swedish army, he went to En 
 gland, where he introduced several important inventions which attracted 
 great attention and gained the inventor several medals and prizes. His 
 invention of the propeller not being well received, however, he came to 
 the United States in 1839, and two years later built a war steamer, the 
 "Princeton." for the Government, which was the first steamship ever 
 built with the propeller machinery. This vessel was also furnished with 
 numerous other ingenious inventions of Ericsson s which have since 
 come into common use. The revolving turret, however, is the most im 
 portant of Ericsson s inventions, and has caused a complete change iu the 
 naval architecture of the world. 
 
294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3. " Quaker guns " are wooden imitations of cannon, frequently used 
 to deceive an enemy as to the strength of a position. 
 
 4. Robert Edmund Lee (6. 1807, d. 1870) was one of the ablest generals, 
 and one of the most noted characters brought into prominence by the 
 Civil War. He was born at Stratford House, Westmoreland County, Va.. 
 and graduated, second in his class, at West Point in 1829. He displayed 
 his great ability, and was employed in the most responsible positions 
 even during the times of peace, and when war was declared with Mexico 
 
 of the war he was recognized by the army as the fitting successor of Gen 
 eral Scott whenever the latter should retire from the head of the army. 
 
 A letter written to his sister after the secession of Virginia plainly indi 
 cates his feeling in regard to the Civil War, and sets forth his reason for giv 
 ing his services to the Confederate cause. In it he says : " Now we are in a 
 state of war which will yield to nothing. The whole South is in a state 
 of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been drawn ; 
 and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and would 
 have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real or 
 supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I 
 would take part against my native state. With all my devotion to the 
 Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have 
 not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my rela 
 tives, my children, and my home. I have therefore resigned my com 
 mission in the army, and, save in the defense of my native state, with the 
 hope that my poor services will never be needed, I hope I may never be 
 called on to draw my sword." 
 
 During the first year of the war, although one of five generals appointed 
 by the Confederate Congress, Lee was kept in the background, but on his 
 appointment as commander-in-chief, in 1862, new life was infused into the 
 armies under him, and that energy which never flagged to the bitter end 
 began to make itself felt. Although outnumbered, sometimes by more 
 than two to one, he kept up the unequal fight for three years, and in 
 the battles during that period usually inflicted far heavier losses than 
 he received. Probably not even Napoleon was so devotedly loved by his 
 soldiers as was Lee, and under his command they were almost invincible. 
 He has been charged with grave mistakes in several instances, such as 
 the invasion of Pennsylvania, which led to the defeat at Gettysburg, and 
 the defense of Petersburg: but in these two, at least, the only error that 
 can be attributed to him is in giving way, against his own judgment and 
 advice, to a higher political authority. 
 
 The war left him homeless and penniless, and he gladly accepted the 
 presidency of what is now called the " Washington and Lee University," 
 at Lexington, Va. Here, after a quiet, useful life of five years, he died. 
 It is worthy of record that during these last years he used all his influ 
 ence, in a quiet way, to remove the bitter sectional feelings induced by 
 the war. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1863. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 
 
 A Truce in the Trenches. 
 
 529. The year 1863 opened with the greatest event of 
 the war. Until July of 1862 the President had acted in 
 all sincerity upon his avowed intention to leave slavery un 
 molested in the states where it existed, though his party was 
 pledged to prevent its extension into new states and terri 
 tories. General Butler had indeed confiscated the negroes 
 whom he found employed upon the Confederate earthworks 
 near Fortress Monroe, considering them as contraband of 
 
 (295) 
 
296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 war," and they had been fed and protected as Union ref 
 ugees. But when Fremont, in Missouri, and other generals, 
 had undertaken to liberate the slaves of those who were 
 fighting against the Government, the President had disap 
 proved and reversed their action. 
 
 530. The South, on the other hand, had declared one 
 chief object of secession to be the founding of a republic, 
 of which African slavery should be the corner-stone. If 
 the war was ever to end, this corner-stone must be removed. 
 On the 22d of September, 1862, five days after the battle of 
 Antietam, President Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring 
 that after one hundred days all persons held as slaves 
 within any state or designated part of a state, the people 
 whereof shall be in rebellion against the United States, shall 
 be then, thenceforward, and forever free." 
 
 531. The Emancipation became effective on the first 
 day of January, 1863. Freedmen were invited to enter the 
 service of the United States, and regiments of colored troops 
 were organized in South Carolina and Kansas. Free negroes 
 had already been armed and drilled for Confederate service, 
 and General Butler, commanding at New Orleans, had re 
 ceived several such regiments into the armies of the United 
 States. Within the year more than fifty thousand colored 
 men had enlisted as soldiers and sailors, and they contrib 
 uted much to the final victories of the Union on the Mis 
 sissippi. 
 
 532. Chancellorsville. In January, 1863, General 
 Hooker 1 succeeded to the command of the Army of the 
 Potomac. He found it greatly demoralized: 80,000 men and 
 3,000 officers were absent from their posts. His rigorous 
 discipline soon made it the "finest army on the planet." 
 
 It was defeated, however, in a two days battle at 
 
 Chancellorsville, with a loss. of 17,000 men. To 
 
 the South the joy of victory was clouded by the loss of 
 
 "Stonewall" Jackson, 2 whose impetuous charge with 25,000 
 
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 297 
 
 men upon the Union right had decided the fortunes of the 
 day. He was returning in the evening to his camp, when 
 he was fired upon through a blunder of some of his own 
 men, and was mortally wounded. 
 
 533. New York Riots. The Southern leaders were now 
 ready for a vigorous in 
 vasion of the North, and 
 
 their cause seemed about 
 to triumph. The Union 
 armies were weakened by 
 the expiration of terms 
 of enlistment, and a riot 
 broke out in New York 
 in resistance to a draft. 
 For three days the dis 
 orders continued; a col 
 ored orphan asylum and 
 an armory were plun 
 dered and burned; ne 
 groes were assaulted and 
 even killed by the mob. stonewall Jackson. 
 
 The peace party had gained strength by the long continu 
 ance of the war, with its ruinous cost in blood and treasure; 
 and the force of the Government was correspondingly dimin 
 ished. 
 
 534. Invasion of the North. Perhaps nothing could 
 so effectually have reunited and nerved the Northern people 
 as the actual invasion of their soil. Lee advanced to Cham- 
 bersburg, in Pennsylvania, and on the ist of July met the 
 Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg. General Meade 3 was 
 in command, having superseded Hooker only two days be 
 fore. The Union army was stronger in number 4 than 
 the Confederate army, and, acting on the defensive, had 
 greatly the advantage in a strong natural position along the 
 crest of Cemetery Ridge. 
 
298 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 535. Battle of Gettysburg. Three days the battle 
 raged which was deciding the fate of a continent. On either 
 side men admired the magnificent valor and steadiness of 
 their opponents. Finally, on the afternoon of July 3d, the 
 flower of the Confederate army, 18,000 strong, made a des 
 perate charge upon the center of the Union line, and in the 
 face of a terrible fire forced their way into the very intrench- 
 ments. Here fierce hand-to-hand fighting lasted a few min 
 utes, and then the assailants gave way. The Southern loss 
 is said to have been about 25,000 men; that of the North 
 was but little less. The battle-field was afterwards conse 
 crated as a national cemetery. 
 
 536. The retreat of Lee and the surrender of 
 Vicksburg occurred at the same hour, and the result of 
 the war was no longer doubtful. The great stronghold of 
 the Mississippi had been invested by the Federal armies on 
 the 1 9th of May. Their terrific bombardment on the three 
 following days failed to take the place, and a regular siege 
 began. Citizens refused to leave the town, but dug caves in 
 the damp earth of the hill-sides to avoid the storm of mortar- 
 shells exploding in their streets. 
 
 537. The Confederate soldiers, who had been sadly de 
 moralized by five severe defeats within twenty days, recov 
 ered themselves within the strong works of Vicksburg. 
 Often their pickets w r ere posted within ten yards of those of 
 the Federals; and, laying aside their arms by mutual con 
 sent, the men would spend the night-watches in friendly 
 chat, regardless of the fact that they might be ordered to 
 become each other s murderers before another sun should 
 set. But these informal truces never made either party less 
 brave or less obedient when the stern command was given. 
 
 538. End of the Siege. The outworks of Vicksburg, 
 Haines s Bluff and Chickasaw Landing, were soon gained 
 by the Federals, and the latter became their base of sup- 
 
OPENING OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 299 
 
 plies. Both parties suffered from want of water and from 
 the poisonous vapors of the swamps during the burning days 
 and chilly nights of June. The Confederates, besides, were 
 pinched with hunger, and exhausted by forty-seven days and 
 nights of unrelieved duty in the trenches, when on the 3d 
 of July General Pemberton proposed a surrender. It took 
 place on the 4th, 15 generals, 31,000 men, and 172 can 
 non, the greatest surrender of men and material that had 
 then ever been made in war, and only surpassed since in the 
 capture of Metz and Paris by the Germans. 
 
 539. Port Hudson, which had been enduring a similar 
 siege by General Banks, surrendered four days later 
 
 than Vicksburg, The war was ended on the Mis 
 sissippi ; the divided members of the Confederacy were never 
 reunited; and the great river flowed, unvexed by hostile 
 craft, from Minnesota to the Gulf. 
 
 540. Morgan s Raid. During this eventful month of 
 July the Confederate General Morgan made a dash into In 
 diana and Ohio with 4,000 cavalry. He entered the former 
 state at Brandenburg, and, after scouring the country around 
 Cincinnati, thought to leave Ohio above Pomeroy. Here, 
 however, Federal gun-boats cut off his retreat, and, hemmed 
 in by the pursuing forces, most of his men were captured. 
 He himself escaped there only to be taken near New Lis 
 bon, O. He was imprisoned at Columbus but soon escaped. 
 
 541. Autumn of 1863. The most important events of 
 the autumn were in the mountain region of eastern Ten 
 nessee and northern Georgia. Throughout the South the 
 people of the mountainous regions were ready to aid and 
 support the National cause; and the Government desired to 
 protect them, as well as to hold the great natural barriers 
 between the Atlantic slope and the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 542. The cliff, which the Indians had named Chattanooga, 
 or Eagle s Nest, rises like a wall two thousand feet from the 
 
300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Lookout Mountain. 
 
 banks of the Tennessee. Its English name is Lookout 
 Mountain, while the Indian name of the cliff has been ap 
 plied to the town near its base. This was and is a great 
 railway center, through which the whole interior of the 
 cotton region is connected with the North. Missionary 
 Ridge, on the east and south, was the boundary of the Cher 
 okee Nation before its removal to the westward; and here, 
 two hundred years ago, the French missionaries held their 
 schools of native children. 
 
 543. Siege of Chattanooga, General Rosecrans, dur 
 ing the summer of 1863, gained all Tennessee for the Union 
 
CAMPAIGN NEAR CHATTANOOGA. 301 
 
 cause; but in September he was severely defeated on the 
 Chickamauga River, nine miles from Chattanooga, and was 
 closely besieged for two months in the town by General 
 Bragg. At this point Rosecrans was relieved of command; 
 and the three military departments of the Ohio, the Ten 
 nessee, and the Cumberland were united under General 
 Grant. He arrived at Chattanooga, October 23, and in five 
 days threw open the road to Nashville, by which abundant 
 supplies reached the starving National troops. As the first 
 provision train steamed into the station, soldiers, sick with 
 hunger, thronged to embrace the very locomotive as if it had 
 been a living friend. 
 
 544. Their health and spirits were suddenly restored. 
 General Thomas, 5 who had saved the battle on the Chicka 
 mauga from being a rout, commanded the Army of the Cum 
 berland. General Hooker arrived from Virginia with 23,000 
 men ; Sherman, with four divisions of his victorious army of 
 the Tennessee, came to have part in the decisive battle which 
 was now to be fought for the possession of the gate-way to 
 the South. 
 
 545. Battle of Lookout Mountain. On the 23d of 
 November Thomas seized and fortified Orchard Knob, ad 
 vancing the National line one mile beyond that which the 
 Confederates had occupied a few hours before. Here Grant 
 stationed himself to watch the great battle-field thirteen miles 
 in length. The next day Hooker charged up Lookout Moun 
 tain above the river mists which settled densely in the valley. 
 All the morning the battle raged "above the clouds;" but 
 the victory was complete. The next day Hooker descended 
 the north-eastern slope and advanced to the Rossville Gap 
 in Missionary Ridge, while Sherman carried the northern 
 end of the same range, and forced Bragg to weaken his 
 center to save his extreme right. 
 
 546. Battle of Missionary Ridge. While the Con 
 federates were making this difficult movement, the decisive 
 
302 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 blow was struck by the Army of the Cumberland, which, 
 dashing over the plain at a full run, with their bayonets held 
 in a dazzling, wavering line, charged up Missionary Ridge 
 
 under a plunging fire from 
 the Confederate guns. Fifty- 
 five minutes from their first 
 movement they were in full 
 possession of the ridge ; and 
 the cannon at the summit 
 had not cooled when they 
 were wheeled about and fired 
 against their late masters. 
 Sheridan pursued and cap 
 tured most of the artillery 
 which Bragg had removed. 
 547. Sherman immediately 
 pushed northward to the re 
 lief of Burnside, who was 
 shut up in Knoxville by Gen 
 eral Longstreet. 6 The latter, with superior numbers, at 
 tacked him as soon as he heard of the Confederate defeat 
 at Chattanooga. Burnside s men fought bravely, though 
 weakened by short rations, and the attack was repulsed. 
 
 Joseph Hooker. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Joseph Hooker (6. 1814, d. 1879) was born at Hadley, Mass., and grad 
 uated at West Point in 1837. His first active service was in the war against 
 the Semlnoles. In the Mexican War he was distinguished by three suc 
 cessive brevets, rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1853 he re 
 signed from the army, arid engaged in farming in California. At the out 
 break of the war in 1861 he tendered his services to the United States, and 
 was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. Throughout the war he 
 was noted for his personal bravery, and came to be known as " Fighting 
 Joe." He retired in 1808 on the full rank of major-general. 
 
 2. Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born in 1824 at Clarksburg, Harrison 
 County, in what is now West Virginia. He graduated at West Point in 
 1846, but after gallant service in the Mexican War he resigned from the 
 army, having accepted an appointment to a chair in the Virginia State 
 Military Institute at Lexington. Here he remained in comparative ob 
 scurity until 1861, when he at once tendered his services to the Southern 
 Confederacy. He was exactly two years in its service, being placed in 
 command of Harper s Ferry, May 2d, 1861, and falling at Chancellorsville, 
 May 2d, 1863. His firm stand at Bull Run changed the fortunes of the day, 
 
NOTES. 
 
 and gained for him and his brigade the undying name of "Stonewall." 
 In his "Valley Campaign," with a comparatively petty force, he struck 
 blow after blow with a rapidity and secrecy that were marvelous, and 
 managed to neutralize a Federal force aggregating 70,000 men. He thus 
 ruined McClellan s general plans, and inspired the gravest fears in the 
 North for the safety of Washington. 
 
 3. George Gordon Meade was horn at Cadiz, Spain, in 1815, where his 
 father was at that time United States naval agent. Meade graduated at 
 West Point in 1885, and served with distinction against the Seminoles and 
 throughout the Mexican War. On his return from the latter the citizens 
 of Philadelphia presented him with a sword. He was in many of the 
 hardest fought battles of the war, and at Antietam was slightly wounded 
 and had two horses shot under him. For his hard-won victory at Gettys 
 burg he received the thanks of Congress, and after the war closed many 
 honoi-s were bestowed upon him. The citizens of Philadelphia presented 
 his wife with a house, and, after his death in 1872, subscribed a fund of 
 $100,000 for his family. 
 
 4. Authorities differ much as to the number of men engaged on either 
 de in this battle as well as in many others. The movements prepara 
 
 tory to a battle are too urgent to admit of careful reports. The Union 
 
 side in this battle as well as in many others. The movements prepara 
 tory to a battle are too urgent to admit of careful reports. The Union 
 forces actually engaged have been estimated at 105,000,95,000 and 82,000; 
 
 Lee s forces, at 110.000, 73,500 and 08,000. It is impossible to secure absolute 
 accuracy when the estimates of the generals having the fullest knowledge 
 vary so widely. 
 
 5. George Henry Thomas (6. 1816, d. 1870) was born in Southampton 
 County, Va., and graduated at West Point in 1840. The next year he was 
 breveted for gallantry in the war with the Seminoles, and during the 
 Mexican War he was advanced to the rank of brevet major. During the 
 five years immediately preceding the Civil War, Thomas, as major of the 
 Second Cavalry, was stationed in Texas. Of this regiment A. S. Johnston 
 was colonel, Robert E. Lee lieutenant-colonel, W. J. Hardee senior major, 
 with Kirby Smith, Fitz Hugh Lee, Hood, and others, as subordinate offi 
 cers, who afterwards became prominent on the Southern side during the 
 war. Considering this fact, his surroundings, and the place of his birth, 
 Thomas s adherence to the Union is remarkable. Few generals on either 
 side did better service or so commanded the love and esteem of their sub 
 ordinates. His stand at Chickainauga after the rout of the right and cen 
 ter, was one of the most heroic events of the war. When peace was de 
 clared Thomas had attained the rank of major-general of the regular 
 army, and it is characteristic of the man that he refused the rank of lieu 
 tenant-general, tendered him in 1868, on the ground that he had done noth 
 ing since the war to deserve such promotion. Upon his death, Congress 
 passed resolutions of sympathy, and military honors accompanied his 
 burial at Troy, N. Y. 
 
 6. General James Longstreet was born in South Carolina in 1820. but 
 removed with his family during his childhood to Alabama, from which 
 state he received his appointment to West Point. Here he graduated in 
 1842, and in the Mexican War, which soon followed, he was advanced for 
 gallant conduct to the rank of brevet major. 
 
 He resigned his commission in 1861 to join the Confederate army, in 
 which he bore a conspicuous part from the battle of Bull Run, ^yhere he 
 commanded a brigade, to the close of the war, when he had attained the 
 rank of lieutenant-general. He possessed something of Stonewall Jack 
 son s ability to draw out to the fullest extent the fighting qualities of the 
 men in his command. It was he that covered the retreat of Lee to Rich 
 mond after the battle of Williamsburg (521). At Fair Oaks (523) his 
 troops bore the brunt of the battle, and during the seven days fighting 
 that followed, were reduced in numbers nearly one half. Again, at Fred- 
 ericksburg, in Virginia, and at Chickamauga, in Tennessee, it was Long- 
 street s command that carried the day for the Confederates. After being 
 driven from Knoxville by Sherman he joined Lee in Virginia, and was 
 severely wounded in the battle of the Wilderness by his own troops. 
 
 Since the war General Longstreet, accepting the situation, has done his 
 utmost to restore harmony of feeling between the divided sections of his 
 countrv. In 1880 he was appointed U. S. minister to Constantinople. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 NINETEENTH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1864. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-president. 
 
 548. The main military movement of the early months 
 was the " Meridian raid" of part of Sherman s army. They 
 destroyed all the railroads centering at Meridian, Mississippi, 
 with their bridges and trestle-works, and made it impossible 
 for the Confederates either to draw supplies from the state or 
 to move large bodies of troops within it. 
 
 549. Lieutenant-general Grant. Congress revived 
 the grade of lieutenant-general, hitherto borne only by Wash 
 ington and Scott, and in March General Grant was placed 
 at the head of all the armies of the United States. Hence 
 forth there was no scattering of forces. Grant in the East, 
 and Sherman in the West, acted upon one plan, which they 
 had formed together in an interview at Cincinnati. 
 
 550. Battles in the Wilderness. The fortunes of the 
 Confederacy now depended upon two armies : that of Gen 
 eral Lee, in Virginia, and that of General J. E. Johnston, in 
 Georgia. Grant crossed the Rapidan and commenced his 
 march to Richmond. All the obstacles that the highest mil 
 itary genius could invent, and that perfect valor and disci 
 pline could execute, were thrown in his way. Dense woods 
 blocked his advance, and a two days battle in this gloomy 
 "Wilderness" cost 20,000 of his brave men; but acknowl 
 edging no defeat, he pressed on, intending to turn the Con 
 federate right flank and cut their line of connection with 
 Richmond. 
 
 551. Lee perceived the plan, and checked it by placing 
 a division of his army upon Grant s road to Spottsylvania 
 
 (34) 
 
MOVEMENTS TOWARD RICHMOND. 
 
 305 
 
 Court-house. Five days severe fighting resulted in immense 
 losses to both parties and no decided gain to either. Still 
 Grant telegraphed, I propose to fight it out on this line, if 
 it takes all summer." He relied upon the superior resources 
 of the North in men and means ; and thought that, the cam 
 paign once begun, the inter 
 est of all parties required 
 him to push it through to 
 the speediest possible con 
 clusion. 
 
 552. Sheridan s Raid, 
 
 Of three side-movements 
 which he had planned, only 
 one succeeded. General 
 Sigel was severely defeated 
 in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 and General Butler on the 
 James. General Sheridan, 1 
 however, made a brilliant 
 cavalry dash around the 
 
 rear of the Confederate 
 
 Philip H. Sheridan. 
 
 army, destroyed miles of railroad on which it depended for 
 supplies, and even captured some of the outer defenses of 
 Richmond. 
 
 553. The Confederate General Early, meanwhile, with 
 12,000 men, dashed down the Shenandoah Valley, crossed 
 into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and threatened Washing 
 ton. It was saved, however, by the timely advance of Na 
 tional troops, and Early retreated. In September he was met 
 by Sheridan, who defeated him twice, and drove him up the 
 Valley. In a battle at Cedar Creek, the Confederates seemed 
 likely to regain all that they had lost, for the Federals were 
 driven four miles from their position; but Sheridan, hearing 
 the roar of cannon thirteen miles away, galloped to the field 
 just in time to rally his disordered lines and lead them back 
 
 U. S. H.-20. 
 
306 
 
 HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED STA TES. 
 
 to victory. Washington was never again threatened by the 
 Confederates. The beautiful Shenandoah Valley was left 
 bare of every thing that could feed or tempt an army. 
 
 554. Disaster at Petersburg. Grant was still pushing 
 his advance, resisted at every step. Crossing the James, he 
 besieged both Richmond and Petersburg. At the latter 
 
 place a mine was sprung 
 under a Confederate fort, 
 and the Union troops 
 pressed forward over the 
 ruins; but they were met 
 by a storm of shot and 
 shell which destroyed four 
 thousand lives in a few 
 minutes. 
 
 A first attempt upon the 
 Weldon Railroad failed with 
 immense loss; but in Au 
 gust that important line 
 was secured by the Na 
 tional troops, and Rich- 
 Joseph E. Johnston. mond wag cut off from the 
 
 South. The siege continued until April of 1865. 
 
 555. Campaign in Georgia. Sherman moved from 
 Chattanooga toward Atlanta three days later than Grant 
 entered upon his campaign in the Wilderness. His forces 
 were nearly double those of Johnston, 2 who conducted a 
 masterly retreat among the woods and mountains of north 
 ern Georgia. Avoiding a battle, Johnston intrenched him 
 self in the strongest positions where, if attacked, he always 
 repulsed his enemy; but Sherman, by a skillful flank move 
 ment, always managed to seize his lines of supply and force 
 him to fall back. 
 
 556. In this way the two armies arrived near Atlanta, 
 where Johnston was superseded by General Hood, and more 
 
SHERMAN IN GEORGIA. 
 
 307 
 
 active operations commenced. Johnston s cautious tactics, 
 
 though they had displeased his superiors, were fully justified 
 
 by the results. Hood was three times defeated within nine 
 
 days, with a loss of 20,000 
 
 men. Sherman broke up 
 
 the railroads to the west 
 
 and south of Atlanta, and 
 
 managed to throw himself 
 
 between two divisions of 
 
 Hood s army, so that he 
 
 could crush them both in 
 
 succession. 
 
 557. Destruction of 
 Atlanta. Thus out-gen- 
 eraled and cut off from 
 supplies, Hood destroyed 
 what he could of the 
 mills, foundries, and stores 
 in Atlanta, and abandoned 
 
 the place. Georgia, the "Empire State of the South," sur 
 passed all the other seceded states in the number and value 
 of her manufactures. The destruction of the machine-shops, 
 factories, and foundries, whence the greater part of its ma 
 terial of war had been derived, was an incalculable loss to 
 the blockaded Confederacy. 
 
 558. Sherman s March to the Sea. Hood pushed 
 northward into Tennessee, expecting that Sherman would 
 follow him. But this was no part of the Federal plan. 
 Leaving Generals Schofield and Thomas to complete the de 
 struction of Hood s army, Sherman 3 burned Atlanta, and 
 moved rapidly toward the sea, with his army of 60,000 
 men. Moving in four columns, living upon the country as 
 they went, tearing up and twisting iron rails so as utterly 
 to destroy railway connections, the conquering army left a 
 track of desolation sixty miles in width behind it. No 
 
 William T. Sherman. 
 
308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 effective resistance was encountered, for all able-bodied men 
 were in Confederate camps. The South had put forth her 
 last efforts, and the Confederacy was indeed "an empty 
 shell." 
 
 559. The city of Savannah was abandoned, after Fort 
 McAllister had been taken by storm, and it was occupied 
 by General Sherman, December 21. 
 
 General Butler s attempt upon Fort Fisher, which guarded 
 Wilmington, in North Carolina, failed a few days later; but 
 Commodore Porter 4 maintained his position with his gun 
 boats, and upon the arrival of fresh troops the fort was taken, 
 January 15, 1865. The last port of the Confederacy was 
 now closed. 
 
 560. Mobile Bay. The forts and floating defenses of 
 Mobile harbor had been taken in August, by Admiral Far- 
 ragut, in one of the most remarkable naval actions of the 
 war. The approaches from the Gulf were well guarded, 
 not only by forts and batteries on shore, but by sunken tor 
 pedoes, and by a powerful fleet, commanded by the highest 
 officer of the Confederate navy. The fourteen Federal ves 
 sels that were outside the bar advanced, "two abreast and 
 lashed together," delivering their broadsides of heavy shot 
 with perfect precision as they passed the forts. Four Federal 
 iron-clads already within the bar joined in the battle, which 
 was kept up for three hours with great spirit and resolution on 
 both sides. The severest conflict was with the Confederate 
 ram Tennessee, which engaged five Union vessels at once, 
 but at length surrendered. Mobile Bay was restored to the 
 nation, and blockade-running ceased in the Gulf. Charleston 
 had been besieged since June of 1863 by Admiral Dahlgren 
 and General Gillmore. 
 
 561. Re-election of Lincoln. At the autumn election 
 of 1864 Abraham Lincoln was chosen President by an im 
 mense majority in the loyal states, Andrew Johnson, of 
 
NOTES. 309 
 
 Tennessee, being Vice-president. Congress voted an amend 
 ment 5 to the Constitution, declaring that "neither slavery 
 nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, 
 shall exist within the United States, or any place subject 
 to their jurisdiction." In due time this amendment was rat 
 ified by the legislatures of more than three fourths of the 
 states, and became a fundamental law of the land. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1 Philip Henry Sheridan was born in Somerset, Perry County, Ohio, 
 in 1831, and received his education at West Point. Until the breaking out 
 of the Civil War he was stationed most of the time in Texas and on the 
 Pacific coast. He was then made chief quartermaster to the army of 
 South-western Missouri, and it was not until May of 1862 that he was 
 transferred to a cavalry command. He immediately began to show that 
 ability and energy which afterwards caused him to be recognized as the 
 most able cavalry leader of the war. P or defeating a superior cavalry 
 force at Booneville, Miss., on July 1st, 1862, he was made brigadier-general, 
 and, the following December, was advanced to the rank of major-general 
 for gallant action at Murfreesborough. At Chickamauga he again dis 
 tinguished himself: and, at the head of his division, fearlessly led the 
 charge up Missionary Ridge. When Grant was made lieutenant-general 
 of the United States armies in 1864, he had Sheridan transferred to tho 
 East, and gave him command of the cavalry in the Army of the Potomac. 
 The many brilliant raids and hard-won victories which followed, increased 
 his fame ; and the decisive battle of Five Forks, conducted by Sheridan 
 with rare skill, compelled Lee to evacuate Petersburg. 
 
 Sheridan s rank is now lieutenant-general of the regular army, and his 
 head-quarters are at Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 2. Joseph Eccleston Johnston was born in Prince Edward County, 
 Va in 1807. and graduated at West Point in 1829. Of all the Southern 
 generals, he had held the senior rank in the United States army, and, 
 notwithstanding a great deal of unjust criticism, he probably did more 
 for the Confederate cause than any general except Lee. 
 
 He had had extensive experience on the western frontier, against the 
 Florida Indians, and in the Mexican War. During the latter he was 
 twice wounded, and for his gallantry was three times breveted, rising to 
 the rank of colonel. In 1860 he had attained the rank of brigadier-general 
 of staff, and held this position when he resigned his commission April 
 22d 1861, and cast his lot with the Confederacy. After the surrender of 
 his army to General Sherman, he addressed the following order to his 
 
 r " ( Comrades: In terminating our official relations, I earnestly exhort 
 you to observe faithfully the terms of pacification agreed upon ; and to 
 discharge the obligations of good and peaceful citizens, as well as you 
 have performed the duties of thorough soldiers in the field. By such a 
 course you will best secure the comfort of your families and kindred, and 
 restore tranquillity to our country." 
 
 3. "William Tecumseh Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820. 
 When he was nine years of age his father died, and the Hon. Thomas 
 Ewirig took Sherman into his family. After graduating at West Point in 
 1840, Sherman saw active service in the Seminole War, but took no part in 
 the Mexican War which followed. At that time he was stationed on the 
 Pacific coast, where he remained until 1850. He then was sent to New 
 York as bearer of dispatches, and while there was married to Ellen Ewing, 
 daughter of his benefactor. He resigned from the army in 1853, and en 
 gaged in banking in San Francisco and New York. During 1858 and 1859 
 
310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 he practiced law in Leavenworth, and on January 1, 1860, he assumed the 
 duties of superintendent of the " Louisiana State Seminary of Learning 
 and Military Academy " at Alexandria. When it seemed probable that 
 the state would join in the secession movement, Sherman demanded 
 his release from the governor of the state. His request was granted, and 
 in February of 1861 Sherman removed to St. Louis. Being appointed 
 colonel in the regular army, he embarked in the war, commanding 
 a division at the memorable battle of Bull Run. After that battle, he 
 was made brigadier-general of V9lunteers and transferred to the West. 
 His action there soon stamped him as an able commander, and in his 
 official report of the battle of Shiloh General Grant said, " I am indebted 
 to General Sherman for the success of the battle." His gallant service 
 during the siege of Vicksburg was rewarded by the rank of brigadier- 
 general in the regular army. When Grant was made lieutenant-general, 
 he had Sherman appointed as his successor in chief command of the 
 Western armies of the Union, and the latter immediately began to pre 
 pare for that " March to the Sea," which is one of the most celebrated 
 events in our history. 
 
 After Grant s resignation of the office, Sherman was appointed General 
 of the army, and still holds that position, with head-quarters at Wash 
 ington. 
 
 4. David Dixon Porter was born in Philadelphia in 1813. His father 
 was David Porter, who did such gallant service in the War of 1812 (g379). 
 Both father and son entered the service of Mexico in her war with Spain, 
 and when the latter was only fourteen years of age he was engaged in a 
 very bloody sea-fight with a much superior Spanish vessel. That war 
 closing, young Porter entered the United States Navy, and after a long 
 interval of peace, during which he served in the Mediterranean squadron, 
 and on the coast survey at home, the Mexican War gave him an oppor 
 tunity of adding fresh laurels to an already famous name. His first 
 service in the Civil War was the relief of Fort Pickens, and he then im 
 mediately began the construction and organization of the mortar flotilla 
 which did such effective work in the reduction of New Orleans and 
 Vicksburg. Porter s aid in capturing the last point won him the rank of 
 rear-admiral, and he was given command of all the naval forces on the 
 western rivers above New Orleans. Being transferred to the North At 
 lantic blockading squadron, Porter crowned his valuable services to the 
 Union by the capture of Fort Fisher at Wilmington, N. C. He was made 
 vice-admiral in 1866, and for the four succeeding years had charge of the 
 naval school at Annapolis. In 1870, on the death of Farragut, he suc 
 ceeded to the highest rank, as Admiral of the Navy of the United States. 
 
 5. It will be noticed that the wording of this amendment is identical, 
 in part, with that of the act establishing the North-west Territory (324), 
 and with the language of the Wilmot Proviso (g 460, Note). 
 
CHAPTER XL. 
 
 TWENTIETH ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1865. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, President. Andrew Johnson, Vice-president. 
 
 562. Sherman in South Carolina. After a month s 
 rest in Savannah, Sherman pursued his "grand march" 
 through the Carolinas. Columbia was taken, February 17, 
 after its stores of cotton had been set on fire. The flames 
 spread to dwellings, and a great part of the city was con 
 sumed. General Hardee found it necessary to abandon 
 Charleston. The immense magazines of cotton were kindled 
 by his orders; unhappily the fire reached a mass of powder, 
 and two hundred lives were destroyed by the explosion. 1 
 Though every effort was made to arrest the flames, the fair 
 city became a scene of ruin and desolation. 
 
 563. Passing into North Carolina, Sherman was met 
 by Johnston, who had been again placed in command. The 
 latter was defeated at Averysboro and Bentonville, and, April 
 13, Sherman took possession of Raleigh. The forces of the 
 Confederacy now consisted of the remnant of Johnston s 
 troops and Lee s army of 40,000 men, which lay behind the 
 earth-works of Richmond and Petersburg, hemmed in by 
 Grant s 100,000 veterans. 
 
 564. The Last Effort. To disguise his plan of moving 
 southward to join Johnston, Lee attacked and took Fort 
 Steedman, but it was almost immediately recaptured. Three 
 thousand men were lost in the vain assault, and Grant made 
 no movement to relax his hold upon the Southern roads. 
 On the first of April Sheridan advanced to Five Forks, 
 twelve miles in the rear of Lee s position, and captured its 
 garrison of 5,000 men. 
 
 (3") 
 
312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 565. Advance upon Richmond. The next morning 
 the Union army advanced upon Richmond. Resistance 
 was no longer possible. President Davis was in church 
 when the news reached him that the lines were broken and 
 that Lee was forced to retire from the capital. Measures 
 were immediately taken for removing the papers and other 
 property of the Confederate government. Citizens took the 
 alarm, and soon the streets were clogged with wagons carry 
 ing household goods and valuables. The confusion in 
 creased ail night. The city authorities ordered the destruc 
 tion of all intoxicating liquors; but some soldiers managed 
 to secure a portion, and added the horrors of a mad carousal 
 to those inseparable from the abandonment of the city. 
 
 566. Burning of Richmond. Four great store-houses 
 of tobacco were set on fire by General EwelPs order; iron 
 clads were blown up ; bridges burnt ; the flames leaped 
 from street to street," and the roar of the conflagration was 
 heard above the rumbling of wheels and all the other sounds 
 of flight. On Monday morning, the 3d of April, the Na 
 tional forces occupied the Confederate capital. 
 
 567. Lee s Surrender. Lee retreated westward, closely 
 pursued by Grant. His men had nothing to eat but the 
 shoots of trees, and were so worn out that their progress was 
 very slow. Arms were thrown away, and hundreds deserted 
 at a time. Sheridan, with his cavalry, hung on his flanks, 
 and captured thousands of prisoners. Finally, on the pth, 
 Lee surrendered his entire command, then consisting of less 
 than 28,000 men, at Appomattox Court-house, Virginia. 
 Officers and men, having given their word of honor to fight 
 no more against the United States, "until properly ex 
 changed," were dismissed to their homes. Johnston sur 
 rendered 2 on similar terms to Sherman, April 26th, and 
 the few scattered forces of the. Confederacy followed the 
 example. 
 
LINCOLN S SECOND INAUGURATION. 313 
 
 /;. fojfr/- .y/^ 
 i 
 
 Fortress Monroe. 
 
 568. Jefferson Davis, after a feeble attempt to keep up 
 the forms of a government at Danville, escaped to the south 
 ward. He was arrested by Union forces near Irwinsville, 
 Georgia, and was held for two years a prisoner at Fortress 
 Monroe. Then he was released on bail, and the proposed 
 trial for treason never took place. 
 
 569. Mr. Lincoln s second Inaugural Address, on 
 
 the 4th of March, 1865, fairly stated the positions of the 
 two parties in the Civil War : Both read the same Bible, 
 and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid 
 against the other. . . . The prayers of both could not be 
 answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The 
 Almighty has his own purposes. . . . With malice towards 
 none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God 
 gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work 
 we are in, to bind up the Nation s wounds, ... to do all 
 which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace 
 among ourselves and with all nations." 
 
 It was believed that the same just and manly spirit which 
 
314 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 had guided the nation through the tempest of civil war 
 would best preside over its interests in the restoration of 
 peace. But so it was not to be. 
 
 570. Thanksgiving Day. The fourth anniversary of 
 the surrender of Sumter was appointed by the President as 
 a day of thanksgiving for the close of the war. By his invita 
 tion a party of distinguished civilians repaired to Charleston, 
 
 and witnessed the raising of the stars and stripes 
 above the ruined fort. 8 He remained at his post 
 in Washington. In the evening, learning that the people 
 would be disappointed if he failed to appear at the theater, 
 he went thither accompanied by his wife. A half-mad actor, 
 named John Wilkes Booth, who had been nerving himself 
 to the horrid deed by draughts of brandy, entered the Pres 
 ident s private box and shot him through the head; then, 
 leaping to the stage, escaped, took horse, and spurred away 
 into the darkness. At the same time another murderer vis 
 ited the house of Mr. Seward, who was ill in bed, and 
 stabbed him several times, but not mortally. 
 
 571. Death of the President. Mr. Lincoln lingered 
 until the next morning in unconsciousness, and then died. 
 The horror and indignation excited by the wicked plot was 
 not confined to the North. It was found, however, that 
 only a few persons of no great reputation were concerned in 
 it. Booth was overtaken and shot, as he refused to surren 
 der; four of his accomplices were hanged, and three were 
 imprisoned for life. 
 
 As the funeral escort of the dead President passed through 
 the northern cities to his old home in Springfield, Illinois, it 
 was attended by many tokens of the love and grief of the 
 people. 
 
 572. The Seventeenth President. Vice-president 
 Andrew Johnson took the oath of the highest office on the 
 day of Mr. Lincoln s death, and became the seventeenth 
 President of the United States. 
 
NOTES. 315 
 
 573. Nevada was the third state formed (1864) from the 
 lands acquired from Mexico. Its rich silver mines, discov 
 ered in 1859, have drawn a crowd of adventurers; and in 
 no state have such sudden and immense fortunes been made. 
 Carson City and Virginia City are centers of mining interests. 
 
 Several territories were divided during this period, and 
 Dakota, Arizona, Idaho, and Montana received regular terri 
 torial governments. 
 
 Reacl histories of the Civil War by Greeley, Draper, Stephens, Pol 
 lard, and Lossing: Moore s "Rebellion Record;" Badeau s "Life of 
 Grant;" Johnston s "Narrative of Military Operations." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. "Some boys had discovered powder at the depot of the "North 
 western Railway," and amused themselves by throwing some of it on the 
 burning cotton in the street. The powder dropping from their hands 
 soon formed a train, along which fire ran to the large quantity stored at 
 the depot. A terrible explosion followed, by which the city was shaken 
 to its foundations." Lossing. 
 
 2. Terms of surrender were first agreed upon between Sherman and 
 Johnston on the 18th of April. But the terms were considered too liberal 
 by the Government, and were refused. 
 
 3. On this occasion a well-deserved compliment was paid to Anderson, 
 then a major-general. With his own hands he raised the identical flag 
 that he had been compelled to lower four years before. 
 
CHAPTER XLL 
 
 RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 574. The war once over, all reasonable men were ready 
 to join in repairing its wastes and forgetting its enmities. 
 Doubtless there were selfish Northern adventurers, who cared 
 only to make their own fortunes out of the poverty of the 
 exhausted South and the ignorance of the freedmen; while 
 there were disappointed politicians, who, having failed to 
 destroy the Government, used every opportunity to obstruct 
 its action. Both these classes presented obstacles to the 
 thorough restoration of peace, but their influence could not 
 be lasting. 
 
 575. The strength and the clemency of the great 
 Republic were equally proved by the circumstances attend 
 ing the close of the war. The hopes of its enemies were 
 disappointed. It had been said that the peaceful, industri 
 ous pursuits of the majority of the people had unfitted them 
 for war; and that, used as they were to personal independ 
 ence, they would never submit to the needful discipline of 
 the army. But it was found that men will fight most cheer 
 fully and bravely for a government that represents their will 
 and promotes their prosperity, and that happy home-life, so 
 far from destroying courage, is a strong incentive to it. 
 
 576. Great anxiety was expressed, at the close of the 
 war, lest the letting loose of more than a million of men, 
 used to the rough disorders of camp-life, might endanger 
 the security of the country. The very persons who had 
 said "Americans will never fight," now predicted that they 
 would never cease from fighting. But the disbanded citizen- 
 soldiers gladly and peaceably returned to their homes, and 
 public order was not seriously disturbed. 
 
COSTS OF WAR. 317 
 
 577. The National debt had increased to more than 
 twenty-seven hundred millions of dollars. If to this be 
 added the expenses of states, counties, and towns, the cost 
 of the war was at least $4,000,000,000. Part of the sum 
 was raised by the issue of "greenbacks;" /. e. t the Gov 
 ernment s promises to pay certain amounts to the bearer; 
 and these fell in value until $2.90 in paper had to be paid 
 for $1.00 in gold. Gold and silver coin disappeared, and, 
 until the Government provided a fractional paper currency, 
 postage-stamps did duty as small change. 
 
 578. Prosperity and Public Credit. At the same 
 time, the immense contracts given out by the Government 
 afforded work to multitudes of people, and never were wages 
 higher nor the appearances of prosperity greater than during 
 the early years of the war. Though the war expenses toward 
 the end of the great conflict exceeded in one year the whole 
 cost of the Government from Washington to Buchanan, yet 
 public credit was unshaken, and the loan called for in 
 March, 1865, was taken to the amount of $530,000,000 in 
 five months. 
 
 579. The Confederate paper money was only a 
 promise to pay certain sums, two or six months after the 
 conclusion of peace between the Confederate States and the 
 United States. As the hope of such a peace vanished, the 
 currency became worthless, and was found scattered about 
 the streets of Nashville and Atlanta like waste paper. The 
 bonds of the Confederacy, of course, could never be paid. 
 
 580. The loss of life during the war was not far from 
 600,000 on both sides. It is impossible to number the lin 
 gering deaths of those whose health was ruined by exposure 
 on battle-fields and in camps. Some idea of the maiming 
 effects of war may be obtained from the fact that the United 
 States provided more than seven thousand artificial limbs for 
 disabled soldiers. 
 
318 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 581. If we ask what was gained by all this suffering 
 and expenditure of life and treasure, we find that the South, 
 before the war was over, gave up the two principles for which 
 it was ostensibly made. The right of secession was indeed 
 a principle which no government could admit, and, notwith 
 standing its assertion of state sovereignty, the Confederacy 
 was from the very beginning more strongly centralized than 
 the Union had ever been. Its leaders found, just as their 
 fathers had found in Revolutionary times (234), that a rope 
 of sand is not strong enough to bear the strain of war. One 
 flag, one uniform, were seen all through the South, and one 
 will at Richmond controlled all movements. 
 
 582. Abandonment of Slavery. The other principle 
 was far more reluctantly abandoned; but before Lee s sur 
 render the Confederate government, like that of the Union 
 two years before, had come to the resolution to arm the ne 
 groes, and thus in the end to set them free. The two pur 
 poses of the war being thus given, up, it might seem that the 
 conflict itself should have ceased; and so it would, at an 
 earlier date, if the people had been as well informed as its 
 government. 
 
 583. No one can hear without the warmest admiration of 
 the sacrifices and sufferings of the Southern people. Cut 
 off from their usual means of communication with the outer 
 w r orld, they were deluded by false rumors of success and 
 false reports of the character of their opponents. Naturally, 
 bitter prejudices prevailed; and it was long before the 
 people found that their Northern fellow-countrymen were 
 human like themselves, and that the real interests of all were 
 the same. Before the end of the war, every man between 
 the ages of seventeen and fifty-five had been called to the 
 ranks; property every-where was seized by the Confederate 
 government at its own prices. Many thousand soldiers de 
 serted within a few weeks, not from cowardice, for no men 
 were ever braver, but because their families were starving. 
 
^ 
 
 SCIENCE AND HUMANITY IN ^ 
 
 584. The conduct of the war on both sides proved 
 
 the progress of science. During some great battles, all the Na 
 tional major-generals were in council, though hundreds of 
 miles apart, by the aid of electric wires.- Fifteen thousand 
 miles of military telegraph were sold when the war was over. 
 The antiquated cannon and small arms with which the con 
 flict began were replaced by Dahlgrens, columbiads, and the 
 most improved rifles, and in naval architecture America sur 
 passed all nations. 
 
 585. Sanitary Commissions. Never had science and 
 human sympathy gained such victories over the horrid bru 
 talities of war. The United States Sanitary Commission dis 
 pensed twelve millions of dollars in money and supplies for 
 the relief of the sick and wounded, and the Western Sanitary 
 Commission, three millions more. But money could not meas 
 ure the service rendered: the home comforts added to the 
 rough necessaries of the military hospital ; the feeding- 
 stations" and night lodgings for soldiers returning home on 
 sick-leave; the strength imparted by the assurance that their 
 sufferings were gratefully remembered. 
 
 586. The Christian Commission, also, shared the 
 hardships of the march, the trench, the battle-field; and cared 
 for both bodies and souls. It cheered the sick, comforted 
 the dying, buried the dead. It supplied $5,000,000 in 
 money and material. Both Commissions continued their 
 kind offices after the war was over, providing homes for 
 disabled soldiers and employment for those who needed it. 
 
 587. Foreign Results of the War. One sixth part 
 of all the people in England depended for their daily bread 
 upon the cotton manufacture, and suffered severely from the 
 blockade (497) which deprived them of their material for 
 work. Lancashire weavers were starving; and neither Egypt 
 nor India could supply cotton enough to give them employ 
 ment. Moreover, English manufacturers were injured by 
 
320 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the high tariff (398) which excluded their goods from 
 American markets, and a very strong and bitter feeling 
 against the Union prevailed. The British government, how 
 ever, resisted all pressure which would have carried it into 
 interference in the war. 
 
 588. Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, be 
 lieving that the Union was already destroyed, sent an army 
 to Mexico, thinking to establish an empire of the * Latin 
 Race" in America, and perhaps to regain part of the great 
 territory which France had sold (356, 357). But the Union 
 victories, and the firm remonstrances of the Government, 
 led him to abandon his Mexican plans. The Emperor Max 
 imilian, whom he had placed upon a tottering throne, was 
 betrayed and shot; his poor wife, crazed with grief, vainly 
 besought help from the governments which had led him to 
 his destruction. Mexico continued to be a republic, on 
 friendly terms with the United States. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART V. 
 
 1. With what views and expectations did the North 
 
 and the South go to war? 
 
 2. Describe the beginning of hostilities. 
 
 3. What Southern states refused to secede? 
 
 4. Name the eleven seceding states. 
 
 5. What preparations were made on both sides? 
 
 6. What changes occurred in Virginia? 
 
 7. Describe the first great battle and its effects. 
 
 8. The blockade and attempts to break it. 
 
 9. The affair with the British steamer Trent. 
 
 10. What was accomplished during 1861 ? 
 
 11. What three objects comprised the Federal plan of 
 
 the war ? 
 
 12. Sketch the campaign in which forts Henry and 
 
 Donelson were taken. 
 
 13. Describe the battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Land 
 
 ing. 
 
 14. What occurred meanwhile on the Mississippi and 
 
 in Missouri ? 
 
 15. What was the Confederate plan for the autumn of 
 
 1862? 
 
 16. Describe the campaign in Kentucky. 
 
 17. What was done on the lower Mississippi? 
 
 1 8. Describe the doings of the Merrimac and the first 
 
 Monitor. 
 
 19. What was done in 1862 by the Army of the Po 
 
 tomac ? 
 
 20. What resulted from Lee s first invasion of Mary 
 
 land? 
 
 21. What was the general result of 1862? 
 
 22. What were the causes and effects of the Emanci 
 
 pation Proclamation ? 
 
 23. What changes and disasters to the Army of the 
 
 Potomac, January to May, 1863 ? 
 U. 8. H. 21. 
 
 (321) 
 
 Section 
 
 487, 4 88 
 4 8 9 
 490 
 
 481, 490 
 491 
 492 
 
 493-495 
 
 496-498 
 
 499, 500 
 
 501 
 
 502 
 502-504 
 
 55-57 
 508 
 
 509 
 
 510-513 
 5H, 5i5 
 
 516-519 
 520-524 
 
 525, 526 
 528 
 
 529-531 
 532 
 
3 22 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Section 
 
 24. Describe Lee s second invasion of the North. 533~535 
 
 25. The siege and surrender of Vicksburg and Port 
 
 Hudson. 536-539 
 
 26. General Morgan s movement north of the Ohio. 540 
 
 27. The objects, scenes, and events of the Chattanooga 
 
 campaign. 541-547 
 
 28. Grant s campaign in the Wilderness. 549-554 
 
 29. Sherman s movements in Georgia. 555~559 
 
 30. What three cities were besieged by the U. S. Navy ? 559, 560 
 
 31. What was done by Sherman in the Carolinas ? 562, 563 
 
 32. Describe the surrender of Richmond, of Lee s 
 
 army, and of the Confederate president. 564-568 
 
 33. The second inauguration and the death of Lincoln. 569-571 
 
 34. Sum up the effects of the Civil War at home and ) 574-582, 587, 
 
 abroad. } 588 
 
 35. What scientific improvements were of use during 
 
 the war ? 584 
 
 36. What was done by the Sanitary and Christian 
 
 Commissions? 585, 586 
 
PART VI. THE UNION RESTORED. 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1865-1869. 
 
 589. An important question had now to be settled. 
 Were the lately seceded states out of the Union or in it? 
 The President 1 held that they had never been out; a ma 
 jority in Congress, though 
 
 denying the privilege of se 
 cession, insisted that they 
 had forfeited their state 
 rights and must be dealt 
 with as territories. The dif 
 ference of policy between 
 Congress and the President 
 grew wider, and three im 
 portant laws were passed 
 over his veto. One estab 
 lished a Freedmeits Bureau 
 to protect and provide for 
 the lately emancipated 
 slaves; a second guaran 
 teed their civil rights; a 
 third made it illegal for the 
 President to remove any civil officer without the consent of the 
 Senate. 
 
 590. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. The last, 
 called the "Tenure of Office Bill," was infringed by the 
 President s dismissal of Edwin M. Stanton, 2 Secretary of 
 
 (323) 
 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 
324 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 War. Thereupon the House of Representatives impeached 
 Andrew -Johnson before the bar of the Senate. 
 
 March, 1868. 
 
 Chief-justice Salmon P. Chase 3 presiding. The 
 trial lasted more than two months. The President was ac 
 quitted, as one vote was lacking of the two thirds required 
 for his condemnation. 
 
 591. The work of Reconstruction went on. The 
 principle of the Civil Rights Bill was embodied in a Four 
 teenth Amendment to the Constitution, which was promptly 
 accepted by Tennessee, and ultimately by the other states. 
 In time all the new state governments annulled the ordi 
 nances of secession, repudiated the Confederate war-debts, 
 and were admitted to representation in Congress. One source 
 of bitterness remained. Candidates for office were required 
 to take the "iron-clad oath," as it was called, declaring that 
 they had no part in the war for secession. Few of the in 
 telligent class in the South could take this oath, though 
 many frankly accepted the results of the war, and were 
 ready in good faith to resume their allegiance to the United 
 States. The consequence was that public offices often fell 
 into the hands of Northern immigrants and freed negroes. 
 
 592. Submarine Telegraph. The year 1866 was sig 
 nalized by the successful completion of a submarine tele 
 graph connecting Europe and America. The hero of the 
 enterprise was Mr. Cyrus W. Field, 4 of New York, who, 
 during twelve years of costly experiments, never lost heart, 
 even under disastrous failure; but, crossing the ocean fifty 
 times, succeeded in imparting his own courage to English 
 and American capitalists. The first transatlantic cable was 
 laid in 1858 from Heart s Content, in Newfoundland, to Va 
 lencia Bay, in Ireland. It transmitted four hundred mes 
 sages, but ceased to work within a month. 
 
 593. Many ridiculed the idea of renewing the attempt, 
 but Mr. Field soon formed a new company with a capital 
 
THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 
 
 325 
 
 Sitka. 
 
 of three millions of dol- 
 
 Sl lars; a greatly improved 
 
 cable was constructed, 
 and in June, 1865, the 
 
 Great Eastern began to lay it on the ocean bed. Half her 
 task was completed, when the cable broke and was lost be 
 neath the waves. A new company was promptly formed, 
 a new cable made, and in the following summer the two 
 hemispheres were connected by lines of instant communica 
 tion. Repairing to the scene of her former failure, the 
 Great Eastern picked up the lost cable, joined the severed 
 strands, and successfully laid it. Afterwards a cable was 
 laid from Brest, in France, to Duxbury, in Massachusetts. 
 594. The purchase of all Russian America for 
 $7,200,000, in 1867, greatly enlarged the territory of the 
 United States. From its south-western peninsula, the whole 
 country is called Alaska. Sitka, its chief town, is one of 
 the rainiest settlements on the globe. The wealth of the 
 
326 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 region consists in its pine and cedar timber, its seal-skins 
 and other valuable furs, and its mineral deposits, including 
 gold. The Yukon, one of the great rivers of the world, 
 flows for 2,000 miles through the territory. Its waters 
 abound in fish. 
 
 Nebraska was admitted as the thirty-seventh state in the 
 Union during the year of the Alaska purchase. Wyoming 
 Territory was organized in 1868, having been formed from 
 parts of Dakota, Idaho, and Utah. 
 
 595. The Burlingame Embassy. One notable event 
 of 1868 was the arrival of an embassy from China, the first 
 ever sent by that exclusive empire to any foreign power. 
 Its head was Honorable Anson Burlingame, an American 
 citizen, and lately his country s representative in China. He 
 had so commanded the confidence of the Chinese govern 
 ment that the emperor had induced him to undertake this 
 important mission, not only to the United States but to 
 several European courts. The Chinese had begun to cross 
 the Pacific in great numbers, to find employment in Cali 
 fornia and the inland mining states. A treaty, now con 
 cluded between the Asiatic Empire and the American 
 Republic, guaranteed security of life, liberty, and property 
 to the people of either nation while in the territory of the 
 other. 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1. Andrew Johnson s career is a striking example of the self-made 
 man. He was born in 1808 at Raleigh, N. C., where his father at different 
 times pursued the calling of bank porter, constable, and church sexton. 
 The family were so poor that young Johnson received no schooling what 
 ever, and at the age of ten was apprenticed to a tailor. Soon after this he 
 had his ambition aroused by a charitable gentleman, who used to read to 
 the men in the shop, and diligently employed his leisure hours in learn 
 ing to read. After residing for a short period at Laurens C. H., South Car 
 olina, he removed to Greenville, Tennessee, in 1826, and there married. 
 Under his wife s instruction Johnson rapidly extended his education, 
 and, becoming interested in local politics, was twice elected alderman 
 and twice mayor of the city. He was three times elected to the state leg 
 islature, and finally made his appearance as a representative in Congress 
 in 1843. He retained his seat there until 1853, when he was elected gov 
 ernor of Tennessee. Johnson was a Democrat in principle, and in 1860 
 was an adherent of the Breckinridge party ; but when the question of se 
 cession arose, Johnson, who was then a United States Senator, took a firm 
 
NOTES. 327 
 
 stand for the Union. This aroused a storm of indignation in the secession 
 party in his native state, and on his return there in May, 1861, a mob en 
 tered the cars for the purpose of lynching him. He, however, met them 
 boldly, pistol in hand, and the mob retired. 
 
 Lincoln appointed Johnson military governor of Tennessee in 1862, 
 when his bold, energetic management of affairs attracted general atten 
 tion throughout the North, and marked him as a fitting complement for 
 the presidential ticket of 1865. 
 
 Johnson s course as President was a great surprise and disappointment 
 to the party that elected him, but probably no President could have car 
 ried out a plan of reconstruction that would have been effective and at 
 the same time acceptable to those still burning with the angry passions 
 of civil war. 
 
 The President attempted to secure the Democratic nomination for re 
 election but failed. He was also defeated as candidate for United States 
 Senator in 1870, and for Representative in 1872. Finally, in 1875, he was 
 elected to the Senate, but his health failed, and on the 31st of July of that 
 year he died. 
 
 2. Edwin McMasters Stanton (6. 1814, d. 1869) was born at Steuben- 
 ville, Ohio, and received his education at Kenyon College in that state. 
 Being admitted to the bar in 1836, he commenced practice at Cadiz, Ohio, 
 but afterwards removed to Steubenville. In 1847, although retaining his 
 office in the latter city, he removed to Pittsburgh, and a few years later 
 acquired a national reputation as counsel for the state of Pennsylvania 
 against the Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., tried before the Supreme 
 Court of the United States. His business before this court became so con 
 tinuous and important that in 1856 he removed to Washington. Two 
 years later he was sent as United States counsel to the Pacific Coast in 
 some land cases involving millions of money. He was successful in these 
 cases, and while employed thus collected Mexican archives which were 
 scattered far and wide through California in the hands of unauthorized 
 parties. These archives aided in the detection of false claims to land and 
 mines, and were of incalculable value. 
 
 In 1860 Mr. Stanton was suddenly appointed Attorney-general of the 
 United States by President Buchanan. The office had not been sought, 
 but was accepted at the cost of a lucrative law practice. When Buchan 
 an s term expired Mr. Stanton resumed the practice of law; but in 1862 
 Lincoln appointed him Secretary of War. This office, like the preceding 
 one, was unsought, and the appointment was made 011 the urgent solici 
 tation of prominent citizens. "The characteristics of Mr. Stanton s ad 
 ministration were integrity, energy, determination, singleness of purpose, 
 and the power to comprehend the magnitude of the rebellion and the 
 labor and cost in blood and treasure involved in suppressing it." 
 
 In 1869 Grant appointed Mr. Stanton as an associate justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court. The Senate immediately confirmed the appoint 
 ment, but before he could take his seat he died after a brief illness, having 
 worn himself out in the service of his country. 
 
 3. Salmon Portland Chase (6. 1808, d. 1873) was born at Cornish, N. H. 
 His father died when Chase was but nine years old, and the latter s uncle, 
 then an Episcopal bishop in Ohio, undertook his education. After a col 
 legiate training, first at Cincinnati College and then at Dartmouth, he 
 went to Washington, where he taught school while studying law. In 1830 
 he removed to Cincinnati to practice, and there employed his leisure time 
 in preparing an edition of the " Statutes of Ohio," which at once gave 
 him reputation, and has since superseded all other editions. 
 
 Chase was a warm advocate of anti-slavery principles, and may be con 
 sidered virtually the originator and leader of what has since become the 
 Republican party. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, and took 
 a prominent part in all the exciting debates over the slavery question 
 which occurred during his term (463, 467, 4(58, 473-476). He was elected 
 governor of Ohio in 1855, and reflected in 1857 by a larger majority than 
 had ever been given a governor in that state. He was returned to the 
 United States Senate in 1860, but President Lincoln almost immediately 
 made him Secretary of the Treasury, and he bore one of the most ardu 
 ous positions during the war, evolving and carrying out financial schemes 
 with wonderful judgment and skill. As a foundation to work upon he 
 had an empty treasury and a poor National credit ; yet he rapidly re- 
 
328 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 paired both evils, and by the National banking system, which was purely 
 his invention, placed the finances of the country on a sounder basis than 
 ever before known. 
 
 Mr. Chase resigned from this office in June, 1864, only to accept, in the 
 following December, the still more responsible position of Chief-justice 
 of the United States. The grave questions raised immediately succeeding 
 the war, which involved the constitutionality of certain acts of Congress 
 and the President, the reconstruction of the South, and other matters of 
 equal importance were dealt with by him in a manner to excite the ad 
 miration of all. 
 
 In 1870 a paralytic stroke ruined his physical health, and although still 
 able to perform the duties of his office with the usual clearness and great 
 ness of mind, he gradually wasted away and finally died at New York in 
 the sixty-sixth year of his age. 
 
 4. Cyrus W. Field was born at Stockbridge, Mass., in 1819, and, after 
 an ordinary education in his native town, went to New York when fifteen 
 years old, and rapidly worked his way from a clerkship to the head of a 
 large and prosperous mercantile house. At the age of thirty-four he re 
 tired, and for six months traveled in South Americ?*. Shortly after his 
 return, he was applied to for aid in establishing a telegraph line across 
 Newfoundland to connect with a fast line of ocean steamers. He became 
 interested in the project, and conceived the idea of extending the tele 
 graph line across the ocean. The undertaking seemed almost preposter 
 ous, but Mr. Field went to work with his usual energy, never ceasing in 
 his endeavors nor losing hope until success finally crowned his efforts. 
 Not content with this wonderful achievement, Mr. Field endeavored to 
 organize a company to establish a .submarine cable from San Francisco 
 to Japan, and thus complete the telegraphic circuit of the globe. He did 
 not succeed, however, and for the present the undertaking has been 
 abandoned. 
 
CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST AND TWENTY-SECOND ADMINISTRATIONS, 
 A. D. 1869-1877. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant, President. 
 
 Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson, Vice-presidents 
 
 Crossing the Prairies. 
 
 596. The Eighteenth President. 
 By the elections in the autumn of 1868 
 General Ulysses S. Grant 1 became the 
 eighteenth President, and Schuyler Colfax, 
 of Indiana, Vice-president of the United States. 
 
 597. The Pacific Railroad was completed in May, 
 1869. For six years the great work had been in progress, 
 at once from San Francisco in the west, and Omaha, Ne 
 braska, in the east. The two construction-trains met at 
 Ogden, in Utah, one party having completed 882 miles of 
 road, the other 1032. The great continent, of which Co 
 lumbus and his fellow discoverers saw only the eastern edge, 
 no longer blocked the way to India, but afforded the speed 
 iest passage to it even for Europeans. 
 
 (329) 
 
33 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 598. The first few months of 1870 saw the restoration 
 of the South to all her abandoned rights. The Senators 
 and representatives of Texas, last of all the seceded states, 
 resumed their seats in Congress, March 30. On the same 
 day the President proclaimed the Fifteenth Amendment, 
 already adopted by Congress and ratified by three fourths of 
 the states, as part of the Constitution. It prevented the 
 legal denial of his right to vote to any citizen of the United 
 States on account of race, color, or previous condition of 
 servitude. 
 
 599. Unsettled war claims, arising from the mischief 
 done by Confederate cruisers under the British flag, occa 
 sioned some anxiety both in England and America. But 
 neither "government was unwise enough to plunge the two 
 nations into war for matters which could be settled by 
 reason. A "Joint High Commission," consisting of five 
 
 English and five American statesmen, met at 
 
 Jan., 1871. . . . . 
 
 Washington, and, after a fair discussion, agreed 
 that all claims of either nation against the other should be 
 decided by three modes of arbitration : 
 
 ._ 600. (i) The "Alabama Claims," including demands 
 for injury done by several other English-built Confederate 
 cruisers, were submitted to a board of commissioners from 
 five friendly nations. This board met at Geneva, Switzer 
 land, in the summer of 1872, and, having heard the lawyers 
 on both sides, decreed that Great Britain should pay to the 
 United States fifteen and a half millions of dollars. To the 
 lasting praise of the British government, the amount was 
 paid without demur. 
 
 601. (2) A question concerning the boundary between 
 Washington Territory and British Columbia was 
 referred to the Emperor of Germany, and his decision was 
 accepted by both parties. (3) Some years later three com 
 missioners, one English, one American, and one chosen by 
 
CONFLAGRA TIONS. 
 
 33* 
 
 the first two, met at Boston to settle claims arising from 
 the fisheries near the coasts of Nova Scotia and Newfound 
 land. In consequence of their award, the United States paid 
 to Great Britain five millions of dollars. Lovers of peace 
 rejoice that a step has thus 
 been made toward the good 
 time coming, though doubt 
 less yet too far away, when 
 cannon-law between nations 
 shall be esteemed as obsolete 
 and brutal as fist-law " be 
 tween individual men. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Oct. 8 and 9, 1871. 
 
 602, The Chicago Fire. 
 The years 1871 and 1872 
 were marked by several 
 dreadful fires. For two days 
 Chicago was burning, solid 
 masses of stone, iron, and 
 brick making scarcely more 
 
 resistance to the fierce heat than the lightest wooden build 
 ings. Nearly 100,000 persons were deprived 
 of homes; and the property destroyed was 
 worth $200,000,000. About the same time the great lum 
 ber-lands of Wisconsin and Michigan were visited by im 
 mense conflagrations. The flames spread from forests to 
 villages ; people plunged into lakes or rivers to escape them, 
 but uncounted hundreds perished. 
 
 603. Boston was visited in November, 1872, by a simi 
 lar disaster, though with less loss of life and property. 
 More than sixty acres, covered with magnificent structures 
 of granite and brick, were laid in ashes. The 
 disaster was greater from an epidemic which had 
 disabled all the horses in Boston, so that the heavy fire- 
 engines had to be drawn by men. With wonderful energy 
 
332 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED SJ^ATES. 
 
 Democrats, 
 peace, and 
 
 both Chicago and Boston recovered from their great calami 
 ties ; so that within a year or two the burnt districts " 
 were only to be known by more splendid and massive build 
 ings than those which the flames had destroyed. 
 
 604. Horace Greeley, 2 founder and editor of the " New 
 York Tribune," was proposed for the presidency, in the 
 autumn of 1872, both by the Liberal branch of the Repub 
 lican party and by the 
 
 He loved 
 at the first 
 
 movement toward seces 
 sion in 1860 had even ad 
 vocated a friendly separa 
 tion of the states rather 
 than war. He soon 
 changed his views, and 
 favored the " short, sharp, 
 and decisive" conflict 
 which might lead to settled 
 peace. His name was on 
 the bond which released 
 the ex-president of the 
 Confederacy from prison ; 
 and many thought his election would hasten the return of 
 good feeling between different sections of the country. Grant, 
 however, was reflected, with Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, 
 as Vice-president; and Greeley, broken down by labor, ex 
 citement, and domestic sorrow, died within the month. 
 
 605. Grant s Indian Policy. The President had a 
 new and hopeful plan for preventing trouble with the In 
 dians. This was to civilize and win them by every possible 
 means to the pursuits of peace. To this end he proposed 
 schools, model farms, premiums for success in cattle-raising, 
 etc.; and, as Quaker policy toward the Indians was the only 
 one that had ever succeeded (120), he committed all ques- 
 
 Horace Greeley. 
 
FINANCIAL TROUBLES. 333 
 
 tions concerning them to a board consisting mainly of 
 "Friends," while an educated Indian, who had served on 
 his staff during the war, was a prominent member. But 
 this humane scheme could not immediately efface the memory 
 of many wrongs. 
 
 606. The Modocs had been ordered from their lands in 
 Oregon to a new reservation in the Indian Territory. They 
 refused to go, and, intrenching themselves upon their < lava- 
 beds," defied the Government to remove them. Their leader 
 was "Captain Jack," whose father had been killed by the 
 order of a United States officer, when under a flag of truce. 
 The Modocs were soon surrounded and overpowered; but 
 to avoid bloodshed a truce was agreed upon, 
 
 April, 1873. 
 
 during which General Canby and six commis 
 sioners met the chiefs in council. Revenge and treachery 
 won the day. The General and a kind-hearted clergyman 
 were murdered in the presence of the council ; another com 
 missioner was shot but not killed. War was then prosecuted 
 until the whole band surrendered, and their chiefs, having 
 been tried by court-martial, were put to death. 
 
 607. Effects of Paper Money. The unsettling of 
 values by the Civil War (577, 5 7 8) still kept the money- 
 markets in an excited and unhealthy state. There was great 
 seeming prosperity ; hundreds of millions of the public debt 
 were paid; but eight years went by without any serious 
 attempt to redeem the Government s promises on the green 
 backs, and the frequent rise and fall of their value gave 
 every opportunity to wild speculation. 
 
 608. Railways and Money Panics, More railroads 
 were begun than the country needed or could pay for. 
 Chief of these was the "Northern Pacific," from Duluth, on 
 Lake Superior, to Puget Sound. Its stock was largely held 
 and sold by a banking firm in Philadelphia. The failure 
 of this firm in 1873 gave a shock to the commercial world, 
 
334 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 and in the panic many banks and other establishments were 
 forced to suspend payments. Public works ceased; multi 
 tudes of the poor were without employment. " Hard times" 
 were most keenly felt by those who had no share in causing 
 them. 
 
 609. Worst of all was the destruction of confidence. No 
 one knew whom to trust. So many enormous fortunes had 
 been made by fraudulent contracts or by scarcely less fraud 
 ulent speculation, that men were tempted to despise the mod 
 erate rewards of honest employments, and to join in the rush 
 for sudden wealth. Reproach fell even upon Senators and 
 Representatives at Washington. A long series of investiga 
 tions resulted in the clearing of a few names, but left others 
 deeply shadowed. 
 
 610. Ring Robberies. The management of New York 
 and other great cities fell into the hands of thieves, who 
 robbed the public treasury and bribed voters to keep them 
 selves and their tools in power. Tax-payers were too busy 
 to look after their own interests. Suddenly their eyes were 
 opened, and then the movement toward reform was as swift 
 and thorough as the current of crime and corruption had 
 been. So many frauds were brought to light that "at first 
 sight it seemed as if the world had suddenly grown worse ; 
 on second reflection it was clear that it was growing better." 
 
 611. The Specie Resumption Act, passed by Con 
 gress in 1876, provided for the redemption in coin of all 
 legal tender notes on and after January i, 1879. 
 
 Colorado, the thirty-eighth state, was admitted to the Union 
 in 1876. The wonderful dryness of its air makes it the 
 paradise of pilgrims in search of health; while its metallic 
 wealth affords abundant attraction to miners and adventurers. 
 
 612. The Centennial Year. The year 1876 completed 
 a century of American Independence. The great Republic 
 had surpassed the hopes of her friends and disappointed the 
 
HOSTILE INDIANS. . 335 
 
 wishes of her enemies. Though assailed by foes within, 
 she had proved strong enough not only to conquer but to 
 forgive. The Centennial was celebrated by a great Inter 
 national Exposition at Philadelphia. More than two hun 
 dred buildings were erected in Fairmount Park, where a 
 magnificent display of the products of all the zones delighted 
 increasing throngs of visitors for six months. 
 
 613. Dom Pedro II., the energetic and enlightened 
 Emperor of Brazil, was present, with President Grant, at 
 the opening, and afterwards pursued his journey through the 
 states, inquiring into every thing that could be of use to his 
 great undeveloped empire. 
 
 614. The war with the Sioux more sadly signalized 
 the Centennial summer. Instead of confining themselves to 
 the extensive lands in Dakota which they had accepted by 
 treaty with the United States, these savages were committing 
 robberies and murders in Montana and Wyoming. A large 
 detachment of the regular army was sent to subdue them. 
 General Custer, with the Seventh Cavalry, was reconnoiter- 
 ing near the Little Horn River, when he suddenly 
 
 came upon the Indians in force. A fierce battle 
 followed, in which the General, with every man of his com 
 mand, was slain. 
 
 This great disaster led, of course, to a stern following up 
 of the war. The savages were defeated many times during 
 the summer, autumn, and winter, until a remnant of their 
 number, under the chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse, es 
 caped into British territory. 
 
 615. The Republican party had now been in power 
 sixteen years, the most exciting and momentous years in the 
 history of our country. Violent differences of opinion had 
 arisen in those years concerning finance, reconstruction, and 
 other questions occasioned by the war; and the presidential 
 canvass of 1876 was the most closely contested that had 
 
336 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ouster s Last Fight. 
 
 ever been held. "Returning Boards" had been appointed 
 in some of the Southern states with the power of declaring 
 the result of elections. Their decision in favor of the Re 
 publican party in Florida and Louisiana was immediately 
 denounced by the Democratic party as fraudulent; the Re 
 publicans firmly disputed the accusation, and serious trouble 
 seemed imminent. 
 
NOTES. 337 
 
 616. The Joint High Commission. When Congress 
 met, there was a long debate. It was agreed at last that a 
 Commission consisting of five Judges of the Supreme Court, 
 five Senators, and five Representatives should hear the evi 
 dence and decide. Their conclusion was reached two days 
 before the end of General Grant s term. It was to the effect 
 that the Republicans had cast one hundred and eighty-five 
 electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio; the Dem 
 ocrats had cast one hundred and eighty-four for Samuel J. 
 Tilden, of New York. So the vexed question was settled, 
 and President Hayes was inaugurated (the 4th being Sunday) 
 on the 5th of March, 1877. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Ulysses S. Grant was born in 1822 at Point Pleasant, Clermont Co., 
 Ohio, and passed his boyhood in the neighboring village of Georgetown. 
 At the age of seventeen he entered West Point, where he graduated four 
 years later without having distinguished himself, being twenty-first in a 
 class of thirty-nine. As a second lieutenant he was stationed on the 
 frontier until the breaking out of the Mexican War. He was in every 
 important battle of the latter except that of Buena Vista, and received 
 the warmest praise from his superior officers for gallant conduct. He was 
 rewarded by brevets on two occasions. He resigned his commission as 
 captain in 1854, and attempted farming near St. Louis. Not meeting with 
 much success, however, he accepted a position in his father s tannery at 
 Galena, Illinois. Here he lived in comparative obscurity, and at the 
 breaking out of the Civil War was entirely unknown to the public. 
 When President Lincoln issued his call for volunteers Grant organized 
 and drilled a company at Galena, and at the same time offered his ser 
 vices by letter to the Adjutant-general, but was ignored. Marching his 
 company to Springfield, Illinois, he was appointed by the governor to 
 muster the state volunteers, and five weeks later was made colonel of a 
 regiment. He first reported to General Pope, in Missouri, and shortly 
 after, having been appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, he was 
 placed in command of the district of South-east Missouri. His first act of 
 importance was the seizure of Paducah, which had great influence in 
 keeping Kentucky in the Union; and the capture of Fort Donelson, 
 which followed soon after, gave him a National reputation and won him 
 his commission of major-general of volunteers. His career was now a 
 series of brilliant successes, and his generalship at Chattanooga is consid 
 ered by military authorities as the masterpiece of the War. He has been 
 severely criticised tor recklessly sacrificing the lives of his soldiers, but 
 without just cause ; for although the battles during his advance on Rich 
 mond we re unusually severe and costly to the Union side, yet Grant felt 
 that he was pursuing the shortest and best course to put an end to the 
 horrors of civil war, and the result proved the correctness of his judg 
 ment. 
 
 Grant was included in the plot of the conspirators who murdered Lin 
 coln, and probably escaped death through declining the latter s invita 
 tion to join the party at the theater. 
 
 After his second term as President had expired, he made a tour of the 
 globe, and no individual in the world s history ever received such a con 
 tinuous series of ovations. The crowned heads of Europe vied with the 
 common people in paying him marked attention, and his reception on 
 his return home by the country at large was no less enthusiastic. 
 U. S. H 22. 
 
338 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2. Horace Greeley (6. 1811, d. 1872) was born at Amherst, New Hamp 
 shire, and was a remarkably precocious child. He could read when only 
 two years old, and at the age of seven had read all the books upon which 
 he could lay his hands within a radius of seven miles from his father s 
 farm-house. When Horace was ten years of age his father moved to Ver 
 mont, and in this state the son took his first step in the profession of jour 
 nalism, being apprenticed to a printer. The newspaper on which he 
 worked as a compositor was discontinued in 1830, and Greeley went west 
 to visit his parents, who had in the meantime removed to Erie County, 
 Pa. He worked at his trade there for a short time, but wages being very 
 low he determined to go to New York, where he arrived August 17th, 1831, 
 with but ten dollars in money and a small bundle of clothing. After 
 working as a compositor for about a year and a half he embarked in suc 
 cessive ventures as a journalist, but with poor success financially, until 
 finally, April 10th, 1841, he issued the first number of the " New York 
 Tribune," which has since made the name of Horace Greeley celebrated 
 throughout the English-speaking world. He was justly proud of his suc 
 cess in his chosen profession ; and in his autobiography says, " I cherish 
 the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish 
 long after I shall have moldered into forgotten dust, being guided by a 
 larger wisdom, a more unerring sagacity to discern the right, though not 
 by a more unfaltering readiness to embrace and defend it at whatever 
 personal cost ; and that the stone which covers my ashes may bear to 
 future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of the New York 
 Tribune. " 
 
 Mr. Greeley s peculiar political position, as well as his personal eccen 
 tricities made him the butt of numberless caricatures during the cam 
 paign in which he was defeated, and in addition to the harassing political 
 strain, he suffered the private grief occasioned by his wife s death. The 
 result was an attack of inflammation of the brain, winch ended his life 
 in a very short time. His funeral was public and most impressive. The 
 body lay in state in the New York City Hall, and was visited by an im 
 mense throng of people, among whom were the President, Vice-president, 
 and Chief-justice of the United States. 
 
CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 TWENTY-THIRD ADMINISTRATION, A. D. 1877-1881. 
 Rutherford B. Hayes, President. William A. Wheeler, Vice-president. 
 
 617. The Nineteenth President. Among President 
 Hayes s 1 first measures was the withdrawal of National troops 
 from the Southern states. Governor Wade Hampton, of 
 South Carolina, and other officials, assured him that their 
 presence only promoted irritation, and was not needed for 
 the preservation of order. The President desired to do all 
 that the most generous confidence could dictate toward 
 soothing all feelings of bitterness and establishing peace and 
 friendship. 
 
 618. Civil Service Reform was the next object. Ever 
 since Jackson s administration the rule had been that "to 
 the victors belong the spoils" after an election (415). 
 Postmasters and other officials had been appointed upon the 
 recommendation of members of Congress, not always with a 
 view to the fitness of the candidate, but rather as payment 
 for political services. President Hayes was pledged to con 
 sult the service of the public rather than of the politicians, 
 and to regulate both his appointments and dismissals by 
 questions of personal worth. 
 
 619. The " Grangers."- The immense power and 
 wealth of certain railway companies had for several years 
 attracted attention. During the war an association, called 
 the "Patrons of Husbandry," was formed to protect the in 
 terests of Western farmers against exorbitant charges for 
 transportation on the part of the railroads, and in general to 
 oppose all oppressive monopolies. In 1874 there were twenty 
 
 (339) 
 
340 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 July 16. 
 
 gmia, 
 
 thousand "Granges," or local associations, and a member 
 ship of a million and a half. 
 
 620. Railway Riots. In the summer of 1877 railway 
 interests were threatened in a less orderly way. Brakemen 
 and other train-hands on the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad" "struck" at Martinsburg, in West Vir- 
 in consequence of a reduction in their wages. The 
 
 business of the whole road 
 was suspended. The ex 
 ample was quickly fol 
 lowed upon other roads. 
 Buildings and rolling- 
 stock were burnt; and 
 from opposition to the 
 companies the movement 
 became rebellion against 
 the states and even the 
 Government at Washing 
 ton, which sent troops to 
 put down the insurgents. 
 621. Pittsburgh, in 
 Pennsylvania, was the 
 scene of the greatest vio- 
 
 Rutherford B. Hayes. 
 
 lence. The mob numbered 20,000 men, and for two days 
 had entire control of the city. 100 lives were destroyed; 
 125 locomotives and 2,500 freight and express cars were 
 burnt. Riots occurred at Chicago, St. Louis, and even at 
 San Francisco; but here it was not railway capitalists, but 
 the employers of Chinese laborers, who were attacked. 
 
 622. Communism. The alarming fact was that the lead 
 ers in all these places were not railway hands, but restless 
 communists, " who were traveling from place to place ex 
 citing workmen against their employers. While the men 
 were "striking," their families too often were starving. The 
 
CHINESE IMMIGRATION. 341 
 
 railway riots were put down within a fortnight; but the 
 great question of employers and employed remained to tax 
 the best energies of thoughtful minds for many years to 
 come. 
 
 623. The Chinese Question. The large immigration 
 of Chinese laborers makes the problem more difficult. They 
 already number more than 100,000 in America, of whom 
 75,000 are in the state of California alone. They cross the 
 Pacific often in large companies under the direction of con 
 tractors, and find employment in the mines, in factories, in 
 market-gardening, and domestic service. On the one hand, 
 fear has arisen lest the relations of "coolies" with the con 
 tractors may abridge the personal liberty which the Govern 
 ment wishes to guarantee to every inhabitant of the country; 
 on the other, lest the habits of heathenism, which the im 
 migrants have brought with them, may prove injurious to the 
 morals of the community. It can not be said, however, that 
 the noisiest opponents of the Chinese are the most orderly or 
 most Christian part of the population; while the "heathen" 
 very often set a worthy example of quiet industry and obe 
 dience to law. 
 
 624. In the early months of 1879 a bill passed both 
 houses of Congress setting aside part of the Burlingame 
 treaty (595), and putting a check on further immigration 
 from China. President Hayes vetoed the bill, considering 
 the faith of the United States pledged to the fulfillment of 
 the treaty until both governments could agree to change it. 
 This was effected in September of the following year, when 
 treaties were made between the two governments, giving the 
 United States the right to limit or suspend the immigration 
 of Chinese laborers. 
 
 625. What no one fears or regrets, is the presence of one 
 hundred and four Chinese youth in our academies and col 
 leges. 2 Since the opening of the great Asiatic empire to in- 
 
34 2 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 tercourse with other nations, boys of good birth and talents 
 have been sent to be educated in the United States at the 
 expense of their own government. Their superintendent 
 here is Yung Wing, a Chinese mandarin, who is himself a 
 graduate of Yale College, and lately minister of China at 
 
 Washington. The govern 
 ment of Japan has sent not 
 only boys to American col 
 leges, but young women to 
 fit themselves for teachers 
 of girls at home. 
 
 626. Cost and Credit 
 of the Government. 
 
 On the first day of 1879 
 payments in gold were re 
 sumed by the Treasury and 
 the national banks; and 
 thus, after eighteen years, the 
 disturbing effects of the Civil 
 War upon the currency were 
 
 James A. Garfield. , , . jr.. 
 
 ended. The war debt, 
 
 though diminished by over nine hundred millions of dollars 
 since 1866, still occasions by far the greatest item of public 
 expense. The cost of the Government, as such, /. e., of the 
 civil service, army, and navy, is comparatively small, and is 
 met by duties on foreign goods. The interest and sinking 
 fund of the public debt are provided for by the internal rev 
 enue, which is levied mainly on tobacco, whisky, and malt 
 liquors. All surplus revenue, from whatever source, is de 
 voted to the reduction of the National debt. 
 
 627. The four years term of Mr. Hayes was chiefly re 
 markable as a period of peace and prosperity. Bounteous 
 harvests supplied an enormous export of grain to European 
 markets. Immigrants arrived at our ports in greater num- 
 
NOTES. 
 
 343 
 
 bers than ever before, and an unusual proportion of these 
 were industrious people, who were likely to be an advantage 
 rather than a burden to the country. The census taken in 
 June, 1880, showed the population of the United States to 
 be more than fifty millions. 
 
 The election in the following November resulted in the 
 choice of James A. Garfield? of Ohio, to be the twentieth 
 President of the United States, and of Chester A. Arthur, 
 of New York, to be Vice-president. The Democratic candi 
 date for the Presidency was Winfield S. Hancock, U. S. A. 
 
 628. Never did an administration begin with brighter pros 
 pects. The nation was at 
 peace, and with the return 
 of prosperity, the bitterness 
 that had sprung from civil 
 conflict, had passed away. 
 President G a r fi e 1 d repre 
 sented all that is best in 
 American life, not only in 
 the self-reliant virtues that 
 had raised him from poverty 
 to the highest position in 
 the land, but also in the in 
 tellectual zeal and diligence 
 that had made him the 
 most scholarly of all our 
 
 statesmen," and the genial goodness and sincerity which won 
 the confidence even of his political opponents. He com 
 menced his presidential work as thoroughly as he had done 
 every thing else, determined to appoint only honest and 
 competent public servants, and to remove none except for 
 sufficient cause. After four busy months, he was just quit 
 ting Washington to attend the Commencement at Williams 
 College, when a shot from a vile assassin ended his active 
 career, and thrilled the whole nation with grief and horror. 
 
 Chester A. Arthur. 
 
344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Still there was an eighty days struggle for life, bravely and 
 patiently sustained ; but on the evening of the nineteenth of 
 September, he died at Long Branch in New Jersey. Prob 
 ably no ruler ever gained such universal sympathy. In En 
 gland and France it was especially marked. On the day of 
 the funeral, the people of these countries voluntarily closed 
 their places of business, and draped their houses in mourn 
 ing. A bond of common sorrow seemed to unite more 
 closely all the civilized nations of the world. 
 
 Vice-president Arthur 3 took the oath of the chief magistracy, 
 first in his own house in the city of New York, on the 
 night of Mr. Garfield s death, and on the 2ist of Sep 
 tember in the Capitol at Washington, in the presence of the 
 Judges of the Supreme Court. He thus became the twenty- 
 first President of the United States. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1822. 
 He graduated atKenyon College, in that state, and, after taking his degree 
 at the Harvard Law School, commenced the practice of law at Fremont, 
 Ohio. In 1849 he moved to Cincinnati, and soon established a flourishing 
 practice. He was made major of the Twenty-third Ohio Volunteers in 
 1861, and served throughout the war. He was badly wounded at South 
 Mountain (g 525), and shortly after was promoted to a colonelcy. Gallant 
 service in many of the hardest battles of the Army of the Potomac was 
 rewarded by successive advances in rank, and at the close of the war 
 Hayes was a brevet major-general. After the battle of Cedar Creek (g 553), 
 in which he took part, Hayes was iiotified of his election to Congress from 
 the second district of Ohio. He resigned from the army in June, 1865, and 
 the following December took his seat in Congress. He was re-elected in 
 1866, but resigned his seat to accept the governorship of Ohio : the latter 
 office was held for two successive terms, when he again became a candi 
 date for Congress and was defeated. In 1875 he received an unprecedented 
 honor in his native state, being elected governor for the third time. His 
 popularity in Ohio, and the stand taken by him on the issues at stake in 
 his last contest for the governorship, brought him prominently before the 
 country, and resulted in his nomination for the presidency in 1876. 
 
 2. Since the above was written, the Emperor of China has recalled the 
 Chinese students from American colleges. This change of policy is ow 
 ing, it is said, to the representation of one of his ministers, who has vis 
 ited this country and reported that the youth were renouncing the religion 
 and customs of their ancestors; it may have been influenced, however, in 
 some degree by the Anti-Chinese agitations in some of our states. 
 
 An act of Congress, approved by the President in 1882, prohibited the 
 ingress of Chinese laborers for the period of ten years. 
 
 3. James Abram Garfield was of New England descent, and was born 
 in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, in 1831. His father died when James was but 
 
NOTES. 
 
 345 
 
 two years of age, leaving his widow with four small children to struggle 
 for life in the backwoods. James received a meager education, and at the 
 age of twelve began to aid in supporting the family, first as a carpenter, 
 then as a book-keeper, and afterwards as a boatman on the canal. Aban 
 doning the last occupation on account of illness, his ambition fora higher 
 education became aroused, and he secured it in the face of many obstacles. 
 He was so poor that he was compelled to work in the mornings and even 
 ings and Saturdays to help pay his tuition. At the age of 18, he began to 
 teach in the district schools. In 1851, he became a student of the Western 
 Reserve Eclectic Institute, Hiram, Ohio, the institution that, in 1867, be 
 came, and has since been known as, Hiram College. In Hiram, he fitted 
 for the Junior year of Williams College, where he graduated with high 
 honors in 1856. He had served two years as a subordinate teacher at 
 Hiram before going to college. On his graduation, he returned to that 
 institution as a teacher. In 1857, he became Principal of the Eclectic In 
 stitute. In 1859, he was elected to the State Senate, and while serving as 
 senator at Columbus was admitted to the bar. He left his post at Hiram 
 in the fall of 1861 to enter the army as colonel of an Ohio regiment. After 
 the battle of Chickamauga, in 1863, he was made a major-general. In 1862, 
 he was elected to the National House of Representatives; and, on the con 
 vening of the 38th Congress, he resigned his major-general s commission, 
 and took his seat in that body. He was re-elected to the successive Houses 
 until January, 1880, when he was elected to the National Senate. In June 
 of that year, he became the candidate of the Republican party for the 
 presidency; and, in November following, he was elected to that high 
 office. His political life was one of constant labor and study, and few 
 politicians have developed such breadth of thought and soundness of 
 judgment. 
 
 4. Chester Alan Arthur was born at Fairfield, Vermont, October 5, 
 1830, the son of a learned Irish clergyman. He entered Union College 
 Schenectady, N. Y., when only fifteen years of age, and so thorough was 
 his preparation, and so diligent his study, that he took the highest honors 
 of every year, although he was, part of the time, meeting his own expenses 
 by teaching. Graduating in 1848, he commenced the study of law at 
 Ballston Springs, N. Y., and continued it at Lansingburgh. In 1851, he 
 became principal of an academy at Pownal, Vt., but while fitting students 
 for college still continued his law studies. In 1853 he was admitted to the 
 bar in the city of New York, and soon engaged in the contest against 
 slaveholding interests which then agitated the nation. He became known 
 among the " practical men " in city politics by attending primary meet 
 ings and keeping watch over the polls at elections. 
 
 Mr. Arthur was a member of the Convention at Saratoga in 1856, which 
 organized the Republican Party, and subsequently became Engineer-in- 
 Chief on the staff of Governor Morgan. He had previously been much 
 interested in the organization of the State-militia, and in 1861, was ad 
 vanced to the important post of Quartermaster-General. The quota of 
 the state of New York under one call in 1862 amounted to sixty regiments 
 or 59,705 men. In raising and providing for these recruits, Gen. Arthur 
 proved his great energy and talent for organization. His duties ended 
 with the inauguration of a Democratic Governor, and he returned in 1864 
 to his law practice, which he continued nearly eight years. 
 
 In November, 1871, he was appointed by President Grant, to be Collector 
 of the Port of New York, one of the most lucrative offices in the gift of the 
 government, which he held until 1878. In 1879 he was elected chairman 
 of the Republican State Committee of New York, and had much to do 
 with the success of the campaign. In June of 1880, he was nominated for 
 Vice-president by the Republican Convention at Chicago, was elected in 
 November, and entered upon his office on the fourth of March, 1881. 
 
CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 PROGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. 
 
 629. Territory and Population. In little more than a 
 century the United States has grown, from a line of scat 
 tered colonies on the Atlantic coast, to a continental power 
 bordering two oceans and covering more than three and a 
 half millions of square miles. The summer sun never sets 
 (346) 
 
PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 347 
 
 upon its whole extent, for a new day dawns upon the 
 forests of Maine before its predecessor has quitted the west 
 ernmost island of Alaska. The population has multiplied in 
 the same time from less than three to over fifty millions. 
 About one half of the whole territory, including Alaska 
 (594), is still public land, at the disposal of Congress and 
 the President. This includes, of course, the least valuable 
 portions of the country west of the Mississippi (15); but 
 there are yet unoccupied fertile lands capable of maintain 
 ing hundreds of millions of human beings. 
 
 630. Railroads and Telegraphs. Fifty years ago 
 there were twenty-three miles of railroad in the United 
 States; now there are more than 100,000 miles. The mag 
 netic telegraph was then unknown; now telegraphic lines 
 measure over 150,000 miles, and use wire enough to go 
 fifteen times around the globe. These two items give but a 
 slight hint of the improved means of traffic and communi 
 cation. The fatigue and danger in traveling enormous dis 
 tances have been reduced almost to nothing, and the cost 
 of freight has been similarly lessened. 
 
 The telegraph itself is replaced in some instances by the 
 telephone, which transmits the spoken words instead of 
 mere conventional signals. By its means a famous speaker 
 or singer can be heard scores of miles away while its value 
 in business is beyond calculation. 
 
 631. Immigration. The rapid extension of public 
 works has been owing in great measure to immigrations from 
 Europe. By reason of their fortunate position, with but 
 few neighbors, the United States have been comparatively 
 free from the wastes and burdens of war which afflict most 
 of the European nations. Instead of spending some of the 
 best years of their lives in camps and barracks, men are at 
 liberty to provide comforts for themselves and their families. 
 This and other causes have led to a constant stream of im 
 migration across the Atlantic ever since the end of our War 
 
348 
 
 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 of 1812. Many of the new-comers were skilled mechanics, 
 and brought money enough to establish themselves well in 
 their chosen country. Others could at least dig canals, 
 grade railway-beds, and earn for their children better oppor 
 tunities than they themselves had enjoyed. Even during 
 our Civil War the high prices of labor drew larger numbers 
 to America than ever had come in the same period before. 
 In the ten years, A. D. 1860-1870, nearly four and one half 
 
 millions of European immi 
 grants entered the Northern 
 ports. 
 
 632. Beside all the in 
 dustrial advantages thus de 
 rived from the Old World, 
 it ought not to be forgotten 
 that some of the best brains 
 of Europe, either exiled 
 by political troubles or de 
 siring peace and freedom 
 for the better prosecution of 
 science, have made Amer 
 ica their home. Among the 
 latter class was Professor 
 Louis Agassiz, the Swiss 
 
 savant, who knew more about fishes than almost any other 
 man living, and whose death, in 1873, was mourned in two 
 hemispheres. Among the former were Doctor Francis Lie- 
 ber, of Columbia College, New York; Carl Schurz; and 
 many others. 
 
 633. Manufactures. American cotton mills and the 
 full adoption of the Federal Constitution date from the same 
 year. In 1789 Samuel Slater, a pupil of Arkwright (348), 
 came to this country and established the first mill for spin 
 ning cotton yarn, at Pawtucket, in Rhode Island. England 
 did not then allow the export of machinery, nor even of 
 
MANUFACTURES AND INVENTIONS. 349 
 
 plans, so that Slater had to set up his wheels and spindles 
 chiefly from memory and with his own hands. His "Old 
 Mill" still exists. 
 
 In 1812 Francis Lowell, in like manner, partly invented 
 and set up a power-loom at Waltham, in Massachusetts. 
 He carried on all the processes which convert raw cotton 
 into finished cloth, in one establishment, the first of its kind 
 in the world. The cotton manufacture has grown from those 
 humble beginnings until it employs 100,000 persons in 1,074 
 factories; and many flourishing cities, like Lowell and Law 
 rence, Fall River, Manchester, and Little Falls, owe their 
 wealth to this important industry. 
 
 634. Paper-making has advanced equally in amount 
 and far more in quality. If we compare the Continental 
 paper-money with the National bank-note currency of the 
 present day, we shall see progress both in the manufacture 
 of material and in the art of engraving. Millions of bales of 
 rags are imported every year to the paper factories of Mas 
 sachusetts, and fine note-paper is sent to Europe in return. 
 Many new materials, such as wood-fiber, straw, jute, and 
 manilla are used as well as rags. 
 
 635. Vulcanized India Rubber. Among the inven 
 tions which have wrought the greatest changes is that of 
 vulcanized India Rubber. Mr. Charles Goodyear found, in 
 1839, that by mixing the native gum with sulphur and white 
 lead, it became practically an elastic metal of wonderful 
 tenacity. It serves numberless purposes, such as belting 
 and hose for machinery, springs and wheels for cars, pave 
 ments, coating of telegraphic wires, etc. Combined with tar 
 and sulphur, the same gum affords material for jewelry and 
 many small articles, being as black and lustrous as jet. 
 
 636. The sewing machine is due mainly to the perse 
 verance of an American, Elias Howe, Jr., who in 1846 re 
 ceived a patent for the first really successful instrument of 
 
35 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 the kind. Singer, Wilson, Grover and many others have in 
 vented improvements; but of the millions of machines man 
 ufactured in the United States, every one has been indebted 
 to Howe for some essential feature. Germany and Russia, 
 as well as many other countries, use American sewing ma 
 chines. 
 
 637. The inventive genius which the subduing of a great, 
 wild continent first called into action, has been only height 
 ened by prosperity. The soil of South Africa, Australia, 
 and Japan is turned by American plows, and their har 
 vests are gathered by American mowers and reapers; fires 
 in European cities are extinguished by American steam fire- 
 engines; American palace-cars roll over European railways; 
 and American steam-boats ply on the Rhine, the Danube, 
 and the Bosporus. Great London newspapers are printed 
 on the type-revolving press invented by Richard Hoe of 
 New York. The development of the great mineral wealth 
 of the Pacific states has called for new implements and ma 
 chinery for mining. The most important is the Stetefeldt 
 Furnace for reducing silver ore, which was invented at 
 Austin, Nevada, in 1867. 
 
 638. Illumination. In countless other inventions Amer 
 ica only shares the general progress of the age. The streets 
 of cities, which half a century ago were made passable at 
 night only by the glimmer of whale-oil lamps, now blaze 
 with gas; and if present prospects be fulfilled, night will 
 soon rival day by means of electric lights. 
 
 The mail service is a wonder of cheapness and celerity. A 
 postal card can be sent from Maine to Oregon for one cent, 
 a newspaper for two, and a letter for three cents. 
 
 639. The Weather Department at Washington, es 
 tablished in 1870, gives notice in advance of the approach 
 of storms, the rise and fall of rivers, and all aerial changes, 
 by means of its telegraphic communications with all parts of 
 
EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. 351 
 
 the United States, and with more than a dozen stations in 
 distant parts of the globe. Nine tenths of its predictions 
 have proved true. Lives and property have been saved by 
 these timely warnings; and the science of meteorology, on 
 which so many interests depend, has been studied more 
 thoroughly than could ever be done by a smaller scale of 
 observations. 
 
 640. Education. The same zeal for knowledge which 
 moved the first colonists in their poverty to establish schools 
 for their children, has occasioned munificent endowments in 
 our times for institutions of learning. Instead of the seven 
 colleges of Revolutionary days, we have three hundred and 
 sixty-six colleges and universities, though Harvard, Yale, and 
 their venerable contemporaries, have never lost their high 
 rank, but have been enriched by new and generous endow 
 ments. The University of Michigan at Ann Arbor is pre 
 eminent among younger institutions, not only in its number 
 of students, but in the liberal policy which has controlled it 
 from the beginning. Young women are admitted to all its 
 lectures and examinations. Harvard, also, bestows degrees 
 upon women who pass examinations equivalent to those of 
 regular students. For the higher education of women exclu 
 sively, Vassar, Wellesley, and Smith colleges, and many 
 others have been endowed by private munificence. Cornell 
 University, at Ithaca, N. Y., is open equally to young men 
 and women. It is so liberally endowed by the state and gen 
 eral governments, by Ezra Cornell, whose name it bears, and 
 by others, that it places the means of the highest education 
 within the reach of rich and poor alike. 
 
 641. The Peabody Fund. The grandest endowment 
 ever made for purposes of education was that of George 
 Peabody, for many years banker in London, but a native of 
 Massachusetts. His gifts for schools, colleges, libraries, and 
 museums in the United States amounted to more than five 
 and a quarter millions of dollars. More than three millions 
 
352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 went for the support and encouragement of common schools 
 in the Southern states, which, owing to scattered population 
 and other causes, had not yet organized their plans for ele 
 mentary education. 
 
 642. Public Schools. Now there is not a state nor an 
 organized territory without its system of public schools. 
 More than eight millions of children are named on the roll- 
 books of these schools, and the yearly cost of their educa 
 tion is not less than one hundred millions of dollars. In 
 eleven states attendance at school is required by law; for if 
 even parents are neglectful, the state can not afford to have 
 ignorant voters growing up. Beside the common schools, 
 there are high schools, academies, normal schools for the 
 training of teachers, scientific and professional schools, and 
 special institutions for the blind, the mute, and the feeble 
 minded. 
 
 643. American literature has shared and aided the 
 general progress. Among essayists, Emerson, Whipple, 
 Dana, and Stedman; among historians, Bancroft, Prescott, 
 Irving, Kirk, Motley, and Parkman; among poets, Bryant, 
 Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, and Aldrich; among novelists, 
 Cooper, Hawthorne, and Mrs. Stowe, are known and ad 
 mired beyond the limits of their own country. Besides, we 
 have had men of both thought and action, who have told 
 the story of their own great deeds. Doctor Kane s record 
 of winters passed in the icy regions of the arctic zone, and 
 Stanley s story of exploration in Central Africa are brilliant 
 additions to the literature of voyages and travels. 
 
 644. Advancement of Science. Americans have con 
 tributed their full share to the advancement of science; and 
 the Government has been ever ready, by liberal grants in 
 aid of voyages and researches, to further the general en 
 lightenment. The Smithsonian Institution uses for the same 
 
THE WAY TO SUCCESS. 353 
 
 ends the income derived from the bequest of James Smith- 
 son, a son of the English Duke of Northumberland. Dying 
 at Genoa, in 1829, this gentleman though he had never 
 been in America bequeathed his whole fortune to the Gov 
 ernment of the United States, to found at Washington an 
 institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
 among men." The Institution began its work in 1846 with 
 a yearly income of $40,000. 
 
 645. If in a general review of the rapid progress, vast 
 extent, and present prosperity of our country, we are tempted 
 to a moment s pride, we must recollect that duties grow with 
 opportunities. Our forefathers left the comforts of home- 
 in some cases rank and luxury in Europe, that they might 
 found new states on the broad foundation of equal rights to 
 all. Their sons may expect just as much honor and wealth 
 as their strong, industrious hands, alert and well-stored 
 brains, and sterling characters can win, no more. In 
 America, more than in any other country on the globe, suc 
 cess depends on personal qualities. Though fraud and pre 
 tense may now and then gain a transient advantage, there 
 is only one sure road to high and permanent distinction, 
 and that is substantial worth. 
 
 CJ, S. H.-23. 
 
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. PART VI. 
 
 Section 
 
 1. What differences of policy between Congress and 
 
 President Johnson ? 589, 590 
 
 2. What amendments were made in the Constitution 
 
 of the United States? 561, 591, 598 
 
 3. Describe the failures and final success of the trans 
 
 atlantic telegraph. 592, 593 
 
 4. What states and territories were organized between 
 
 1860 and 1870? 492, 573, 594 
 
 5. Describe our affairs with China since 1868. 595, 623-625 
 
 6. What important railroad was completed in 1869? 597 
 
 7. What settlements have been made with England ? 599-601 
 
 8. What great conflagrations in 1871 and 1872? 602, 603 
 
 9. What is said of Horace Greeley ? 604 
 
 10. Describe President Grant s policy toward and 
 
 dealings with the Indians. 605, 606, 614 
 
 11. What changes in money matters during his terms? 607-611 
 
 12. How was the Centennial celebrated ? 612, 613 
 
 13. Describe the election of 1876 and its result. 615, 616 
 
 14. Describe the policy of President Hayes. 617, 618 
 
 15. Who were the "Grangers"? 619 
 
 16. Describe the labor riots of 1877. 20-622 
 
 17. What are the chief items of public income and 
 
 expenditure ? 626 
 
 18. Who was elected President in 1880? 627 
 
 19. What progress during a hundred years in extent, 
 
 population, and means of intercourse ? 628, 629 
 
 20. What has occasioned immigration to America? 630, 631 
 
 21. Describe the progress of manufactures. 632, 633 
 
 22. Name some important inventions. 634-637 
 
 23. What has been done for education ? 639-641 
 
 24. What for science ? 638, 643 
 
 25. Name some of the chief American authors. 642 
 
 (354) 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 (355) 
 
Eclectic U.S. History Map No. ftChapaXX-XXVIII 32 
 
 Longitude W< 
 
SKETCH SHOWING THE , 
 
 ISITION AND DISTRIBUTION 
 
 OF i 
 
 TERRITORY. 
 
 By Bussell Hinman.C.E. 
 
TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY 
 
 IN 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 (Numerals Refer to Map No. 9.) 
 
 1 and 2. Part of original state of Massachusetts erected into state of 
 Maine, 1820. 
 
 3. Part of public land of the United States. 
 
 4. One of original thirteen states. 
 
 5. Formed into state of Vermont in 1791 out of the state of New York. 
 
 6. One of original thirteen states ; included 1 and 2, and extended west 
 to the Mississippi River. 
 
 7. One of original thirteen states. 
 
 8. One of original thirteen states ; originally extended west to the Mis 
 sissippi River. 
 
 9. One of original thirteen states; originally including 5; a claim of 
 Massachusetts to portion of territory of southern New York was settled 
 in 1786 by a convention at Hartford. 
 
 10. One of original thirteen states. 
 
 11. One of original thirteen states ; in 1792, 89 added. 
 
 12. One of original thirteen states. 
 
 13. One of original thirteen states ; originally embraced 13 and 14. 
 
 14. Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Maryland in 1790. 
 
 15. Ceded to the United States for a capital city by Virginia in 1790; re- 
 troceded to Virginia by United States in 1846. 
 
 16. One of original thirteen states ; originally embraced 15, 16, 17, 18, 31, 
 54, and 55. 
 
 17. Formed into state of West Virginia out of Virginia in 1863. 
 
 18. Formed into state of Kentucky, 1792, out of Virginia. 
 
 19. One of original thirteen states ; originally embraced 19 and 20. 
 
 20. Ceded to United States by North Carolina in 1790, and with 23, 24, and 
 28 erected into the Territory south of the Ohio River ; admitted as state, 
 1796. 
 
 21. One of original thirteen states ; originally comprised 21, 23, 24, and 28. 
 
 22. One of original thirteen states ; originally comprised 22, 25, 26, 27, 
 and 29. 
 
 23. Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787 ; in 1790 transferred 
 to Territory south of Ohio River (23. 24, 28, and 20) ; in 1802 ceded to Georgia. 
 
 24. Ceded by South Carolina to United States in 1787 ; in 1790 transferred 
 to Territory south of Ohio River ; in 1804 to Mississippi territory ; in 1817 to 
 Alabama territory, and in 1819 to state of Alabama. 
 
 25. Ceded by Georgia to United States, 1802 ; transferred to Mississippi 
 territory, 1804 ; to Alabama territory, 1817 ; and to state of Alabama, 1819. 
 
 26. Erected, with 27, into Mississippi territory, 1798, subject to Georgia s 
 claims, which were ceded to the United States, 1802 ; to Alabama territory 
 1817 ; to state of Alabama, 1819. 
 
 27. Same as 26 until 1817, when erected into state of Mississippi. 
 
 28. Ceded to United States by South Carolina, 1787 ; erected into Terri 
 tory south of Ohio River, 1790 ; transferred to Mississippi territory, 1804 : 
 and to state of Mississippi, 1817. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 29. Ceded to United States by Georgia, 1802 ; transferred to Mississippi 
 territory, 1804 ; and to state of Mississippi, 1817. 
 
 30. Ceded to United States by France. 1803 ; transferred to Mississippi 
 territory, 1812 ; and to state of Mississippi, 1817. 
 
 31. Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to Mississippi 
 territory. 1812; to Alabama territory, 1817; state of Alabama, 1819. 
 
 32. Ceded to United States by Spain, 1819 ; erected into Florida territory, 
 1822 ; into state of Florida, 1845. 
 
 33. Ceded to United States by France, 1803; transferred to state of 
 Louisiana, 1812. 
 
 34. Ceded to United States by France, 1803; erected into territory of 
 Orleans, 1804 ; admitted as state of Louisiana, 1812. 
 
 35.* Ceded to United States by France, 1803 ; included in district Louis 
 iana in 1804; in territory Louisiana, 1805; in territory Missouri, 1812; 
 erected into Arkansas territory, 1819 ; admitted as state of Arkansas, 1836. 
 
 36. Admitted as state of Missouri, 1821. 
 
 37. Added to state of Missouri, 1836. 
 
 38. Annexed to territory of Michigan, 1834 ; to territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; 
 to territory Iowa, 1838; admitted as part of state of Iowa, 1846. 
 
 39. Same as above to and including admission to territory Iowa ; trans 
 ferred to state of Iowa, 1846. 
 
 40. Same as 39 ; transferred from state to territory Iowa, 1846 ; to terri 
 tory Minnesota, 1849 ; to state Minnesota. 1858. 
 
 41. Annexed to territory Michigan, 1834; territory Wisconsin, 1836; ter- 
 tory Iowa, 1838; territory Minnesota, 1849; state Minnesota, 1858. 
 
 42. As above, to and including territory Minnesota, 1849 ; included in 
 territory Dakota, 1861. 
 
 43. Transferred from territory Missouri to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; to 
 territory Dakota, 1861. 
 
 44. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783 ; included in territory north-west Ohio 
 River, 1787 ; to territory Indiana, 1800 ; to territory Illinois, 1809 ; to terri 
 tory Michigan. 1818 ; to territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; to territory Minnesota, 
 1849; to state Minnesota, 1858. 
 
 45. As above, to and including territory Wisconsin, 1836 ; admitted as 
 state Wisconsin 1848. 
 
 46. As 44, to and including territory Michigan, 1818 ; to state Michigan, 
 1837. 
 
 47. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; territory north-west Ohio River, 1787; 
 territory Indiana, 1800 ; territory Michigan, 1818; territory Wisconsin, 183(5; 
 state Wisconsin, 1848. 
 
 48. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783 ; transferred to Territory north-west Ohio 
 River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1800; territory Michigan, 1818; state Mich 
 igan, 1837. 
 
 49. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
 Ohio River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1800; territory Michigan, 1805; state 
 Michigan, 1837. 
 
 50. Ceded by Great Britain; transferred to Territory north-west Ohio 
 River, 1787; territory Indiana, 1802; territory Michigan, 1805; state Mich 
 igan, 1837. 
 
 51. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
 Ohio River, 1787; to territory Michigan, 1805; to state Ohio, 1836. 
 
 52. Ceded by Great Britain, 1783; transferred to Territory north-west 
 Ohio River, 1787 ; territory Indiana, 1800 ; territory Michigan, 1805 ; to state 
 Indiana, 1816. 
 
 53. North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same 
 by Virginia, 1784 ; territory north-west Ohio River, 1787 ; admitted as state 
 Ohio, 1803. 
 
 54. North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by 
 Virginia, 1784 ; Territory north-west Ohio River, 1787 ; territory Indiana, 
 1800 ; state Indiana, 1816. 
 
 55. North of 41st parallel ceded by Great Britain, 1783; south of same by 
 
 *A11 of the French cession west of the Mississippi River (except 34) was ceded to the 
 United States as the "Province of Louisiana" in 1803; erected into district of Louisiana, 
 1804; into territory of Louisiana, 1805; into territory of Missouri, 1812. The subsequent 
 descriptions of territory within the French cession will he carried on from this point, 
 and a repetition of these changes common to all, avoided. 
 
TRANSFERS OF TERRITORY. in 
 
 Virginia, 1784 ; Territory north-west Ohio River, 1787 ; territory Indiana, 
 1800 ; territory Illinois, 1809 ; state Illinois, 1818. 
 
 56. Territory Nebraska. 1854 ; state Nebraska, 1867. 
 
 57. Territory Kansas, 1854 ; state Kansas, 1861. 
 
 58. Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to territory Kansas, 1854; to state 
 Kansas, 1861. 
 
 59. Ceded by Texas, 1850 ; never has been organized. 
 
 60. Ceded by France, 1803; declared " Indian country," 1834. 
 
 61. The independent republic of Texas, admitted as state of Texas, 1845. 
 
 62. Ceded by Texas, 1850 ; transferred to territory Kansas, 1854 ; territory 
 Colorado. 1861 ; state Colorado, 1876. 
 
 63. Ceded by Texas, 1850; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850; ter 
 ritory Colorado, 1861 ; state Colorado, 1876. 
 
 64. Ceded by Texas, 1850 ; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850. 
 
 65. Ceded by Mexico, 1848: transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850. 
 
 66. Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850; 
 territory Arizona, 1863. 
 
 67. Ceded by Mexico, 1853 ; transferred to territory New Mexico, 18-54 ; to 
 territory Arizona, 1863. 
 
 68. Ceded by Mexico, 1853 ; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1854. 
 
 69. Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; transferred to territory New Mexico, 1850 ; to 
 territory Arizona, 1863 ; to state Nevada, 1866. 
 
 70. Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; transferred to territory Utah, 1850 ; territory 
 Nevada, 1861 ; erected into state Nevada, 1864. 
 
 71. Ceded by Mexico, 1848; transferred to territory Utah, 1850; state Ne 
 vada, 1866. 
 
 72. Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; admitted as state of California, 1850. 
 
 73. Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; territory Utah, 1850. 
 
 74 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; territory Utah, 1850 ; territory Colorado, 1861 ; 
 state Colorado, 1876. 
 
 75. Ceded by France, 1803 ; territory Missouri to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; 
 territory Colorado, 1861 ; state Colorado, 1876. 
 
 76. Ceded by France, 1803 ; territory Missouri to territory Kansas, 1854 ; 
 to territory Colorado, 1861 ; to state Colorado, 1876. 
 
 77. Ceded by Mexico, 1848 ; transferred to territory of Utah, 1850; terri 
 tory Nebraska, 1861 ; territory Idaho, 1863 ; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory 
 
 TS.^Sedl d by Mexico, 1848; territory Utah. 1850; territory Wyoming, 1868. 
 
 79. The claim of the United States to 79, 80, 84, 85, 86, and 87 is based 
 upon first discovery of Columbia River in 1792 ; first exploration, by Lewis 
 and Clarke in 1805 ; first settlement at Astoria in 1811. Claims allowed by 
 Spain in treaty of 1819, and by Great Britain in treaty of 1846. 
 
 80. See 79; to territory Oregon, 1848; territory Washington, 1853; terri 
 tory Nebraska, 1861 ; territory Idaho, 1863; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory 
 Wyoming, 1868. 
 
 81. Ceded by France in 1803 (except south-west corner, which was ceded 
 by Mexico in 1848); transferred to territory Nebraska, 1854; territory 
 Idaho, 1861 ; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory Wyoming, 1868. 
 
 82. Ceded by France, 1803 ; transferred to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; terri 
 tory Dakota, 1861 ; territory Idaho, 1863 ; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory 
 Wyoming, 1868. 
 
 83. Ceded by France, 1803 ; transferred to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; ter 
 ritory Dakota, 1861 ; territory Idaho, 1863 ; territory Montana. 1864. 
 
 84. See 79 ; to territory Oregon, 1848 ; territory Washington, 1853 ; terri 
 tory Idaho, 1863 ; territory Montana, 1864. 
 
 85. See 79; to territory Oregon, 1848; territory Washington, 1853; terri 
 tory Idaho. 1863. 
 
 86. See 79 ; to territory Oregon, 1848 ; territory Washington, 1853. 
 
 87. See 79; to territory Oregon, 1848 ; state Oregon, 1859. 
 
 88. Ceded by France, 1803 ; transferred to territory Nebraska, 1854 ; terri 
 tory Dakota, 1861 ; territory Idaho, 1863 ; territory Dakota, 1864 ; territory 
 Montana. 1873. 
 
 89. Ceded by state of New York, 1781, and Massachusetts, 1785, to United 
 States; transferred to Pennsylvania, 1792. 
 
 90. Ceded by Russia, 1867 ; unorganized territory of Alaska. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF TWENTY -FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 i, 2. GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1789-1797. Public credit established by 
 Hamilton United States Bank and Mint at Philadelphia 
 Whisky riot and Indian ravages suppressed Treaties with 
 Great Britain, Spain, and Algiers Vermont, Kentucky, and 
 Tennessee admitted. ?? 321-339 
 
 3. JOHN ADAMS, 1797-1801. Party strife between Federalists and 
 Republicans Alien and sedition laws French republic threat 
 ens war, but Bonaparte makes peace United States Govern 
 ment removed to Washington City, in the district ceded by 
 Maryland and Virginia Coal and cotton become sources of 
 wealth Ohio admitted as a state in 1803. $34-349 
 
 4, 5. THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1801-1809. Republican plainness at the 
 White House Purchase of Louisiana ; its northern part ex 
 plored by Lewis and Clarke War with Tripoli ends in victory to 
 the United States Steam navigation on the Hudson English 
 Right of Search retaliated by the Embargo Act. $$350-365 
 
 6, 7. JAMES MADISON, 1809-1817. War with Great Britain Harri 
 son s victory at Tippecanoe Hull surrenders Detroit and all 
 Michigan Territory American victories on ocean and lakes 
 State of Louisiana admitted Massacre at Raisin River South 
 ern Indians surprise Fort Minis, but are subdued by Jackson 
 British ravage Atlantic coast, burn Washington, bombard 
 Baltimore Burn Oswego American victories at Lundy s 
 Lane and Plattsburgh Hartford Convention opposes the war 
 Jackson s victory at New Orleans Peace at Ghent War 
 against Barbary States puts an end to tribute Duties imposed 
 for protection of home industries Indiana organized as a 
 state, Michigan and Illinois as territories. $$366-399 
 
 8, 9. JAMES MONROE, 1817-1825. Return of prosperity Mississippi, 
 Illinois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri admitted as states 
 "Missouri Compromise" advocated by Henry Clay First 
 steamship crosses the Atlantic Florida is ceded by Spain 
 Monroe Doctrine enunciated. {$400-408 
 
 (iv) 
 
SYNOPSIS OF ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 I0 . JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829. Completion of Erie Canal 
 First steam locomotives on " Delaware and Hudson Canal 
 Railroad " Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on 
 semi-centennial of American Independence. 409-414 
 
 ii, 12. ANDREW JACKSON, 1829-1837. Changes in offices under Gov 
 ernmentDebates on public lands "Nullification" in 
 South Carolina Firmness of the President Indian disturb 
 ances North and South Seminole War The President vetoes 
 rechartering of United States Bank, and removes public funds 
 Era of prosperity and wild speculations Surplus in United 
 States Treasury divided among the states Jackson s Specie 
 Circular Arkansas and Michigan admitted. $$415-426 
 
 J3. MARTIN VAN BUREN, 1837-1841. Commercial failures and 
 panic Repudiation by two states ; bankruptcy of eight 
 The Sub-Treasury Law Sympathy with Canada Rise of 
 the Whig Party. % 427-433 
 
 f WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON (1841) died after one month in 
 14. J office. 
 
 [JOHN TYLER, 1841-1845. Refuses to recharter National 
 Bank, and his cabinet resign Webster-Ashburton Treaty 
 settles boundary of Maine and New Brunswick Dorr s re 
 bellion in Rhode Island Removal of Mormons to Utah 
 Annexation of Texas and admission of Florida First tele 
 graph established. 434-442 
 15. JAMES KNOX POLK, 1845-1849. North-west boundary settled 
 by treaty with Great Britain War with Mexico General 
 Taylor gains battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Mon 
 terey, and Buena Vista General Scott marches from the 
 coast to the capital, which surrenders General Kearney 
 conquers New Mexico ; General Fremont and Commodore 
 Stockton, California Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo trans 
 fers to United States upper California, Nevada, Utah, Ari 
 zona, and New Mexico Gold discovered in California The 
 Wilmot Proviso States of Iowa and Wisconsin admitted. 
 
 443-461 
 
 ("ZACHARY TAYLOR, 1849-1850. California admitted to the 
 !6. J Union by Clay s Omnibus Bill Death of the President. 
 
 [MILLARD FILLMORE, 1850-1853. Daniel Webster Secretary 
 of State Gadsden Purchase secures southern Arizona 
 Death of Calhoun, Clay, and Webster Fugitive Slave Law 
 opposed by Personal Liberty laws in several states. 462-468 
 
vi HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 17. FRANKLIN PIERCE, 1853-1857. World s Fair in New York 
 Perry s expedition to Japan Explorations for Pacific Railroad 
 "Ostend Manifesto" by three American ministers, looking to 
 the acquisition of Cuba Organization of Kansas and Nebraska 
 Border warfare Rise of Republican and American, or 
 "Know-Nothing," parties. $469-476 
 
 18. JAMES BUCHANAN, 1857-1861. Minnesota and Oregon admitted 
 John Brown s invasion of Virginia Division of Democratic 
 party Election of Abraham Lincoln Ordinances of secession 
 in South Carolina, Georgia, and the Gulf States Jefferson 
 Davis elected President of the Confederate States United 
 States forts and arsenals seized by Southern forces. 477-485 
 
 19. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 1861-1865. Bombardment and fall of Fort 
 Sumter Eleven states in Secession Separation of West Vir 
 ginia Union defeat at Bull Run McClellan commander-in- 
 chief Blockade of southern Atlantic coast The " Trent Affair " 
 set right by United States Government Recapture of Hatteras 
 Inlet, Port Royal Entrance, and Tybee Island. 486-501 
 
 1862. Forts Henry and Donelson taken by Grant Battle of 
 Shiloh Capture of Island No. 10, Memphis, and Fort Pillow 
 Federal victory at Pea Ridge Bragg s campaign in Kentucky 
 Confederate defeats at luka, Corinth, and Murfreesborough 
 Capture of New Orleans by Farragut and Butler Merrimac and 
 Monitor in Hampton Roads McClellan s march to Richmond 
 Second defeat at Bull Run Invasion of Maryland Battle of 
 Antietam Union defeat at Fredericksburg. 502-528 
 
 1863. Emancipation of all slaves in seceded states Enlist 
 ment of 50,000 negroes in Federal armies and navies Union 
 defeat at Chancellorsville ; death of " Stonewall " Jackson Riots 
 in New York Invasion of Pennsylvania Confederate defeat at 
 Gettysburg Surrender of Vicksburg and Port Hudson ends the 
 war on the Mississippi Morgan s raid in Indiana and Ohio 
 Campaign of Chattanooga ends in Union victories at Lookout 
 Mountain and Missionary Ridge. $?5 2 9~546 
 
 1864. Grant, as Lieutenant-general, at head of United States 
 armies Battles of the "Wilderness" costly and indecisive 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain saved by " Sheridan s Ride " Sieges 
 of Richmond and Petersburg begun Sherman defeats Hood, 
 burns Atlanta, marches through Georgia to the sea; captures 
 Savannah Re-election of President Lincoln. $547~56i 
 
 1865. Burning of Columbia and part of Charleston Sher- 
 
SYNOPSIS OF ADMINISTRATIONS. vil 
 
 man s march through the Carolinas Abandonment and 
 burning of Richmond Surrender of Lee s and Johnston s 
 armies Murder of President Lincoln Nevada admitted, 
 and territories organized. 5 O2 ~573 
 
 20. ANDREW JOHNSON, 1865-1869. Reconstruction Policy" of 
 the President differing from that of Congress, he is im 
 peached, but acquitted Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution secures the civil rights of freedmen Most of 
 the Southern states repeal their ordinances of secession, and 
 are re-admitted to the Union Submarine telegraph success 
 fully established between Ireland and America, 1866 Pur 
 chase of Alaska Burlingame embassy from China makes a 
 treaty of friendship. 5 8 9~595 
 
 , 22. ULYSSES S. GRANT, 1869-1877. Pacific Railroad completed 
 Texas, last of the seceded states, resumes place in Congress 
 Treaty of Washington provides for settlement of all dif 
 ferences between England and the United States Alabama 
 claims, fixed by International Board at Geneva, are paid by 
 Great Britain Fires in Chicago, the north-western forests, 
 and in Boston Grant s Indian Policy Murder of General 
 Canby by the Modocs Commercial panic and distress 
 Ring robberies in great cities Congress passes a Specie Re 
 sumption Act Colorado becomes a state Centennial Expo 
 sition at Philadelphia War with the Sioux Massacre of 
 General Custer and his army Joint High Commission from 
 Senate, Representatives, and Supreme Court decide the re 
 sults of the Presidential election of 1876. 596-616 
 23. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, 1877-1881. Pledges of peace and 
 civil service reform Railway riots suppressed Chinese 
 Question in California Act to set aside the Burlingame 
 Treaty passed by Congress but vetoed by the President- 
 Resumption of gold payments January, 1879 617-627 
 [JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD, 1881. Inaugurated March 4th, 
 
 2 4 ._ jgg! ; died September igth of the same year. g 628 
 
 [CHESTER ALAN ARTHUR, 1881 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 THE DECLARATION OE INDEPENDENCE 
 
 IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776. 
 
 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA. 
 
 WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
 people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
 another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and 
 equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature s God entitle 
 them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they 
 should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal ; 
 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; 
 that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; that, to 
 secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
 just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form 
 of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the 
 
 as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
 Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should 
 not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all expe 
 rience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
 are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which 
 they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, 
 pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them 
 under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off 
 such a government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
 Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
 the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of gov 
 ernment. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history 
 of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the estab 
 lishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let 
 facts be submitted to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
 the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
 importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be 
 obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
 them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis 
 tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre 
 sentation in the legislature a right inestimable to them, and formidable 
 to tyrants only. 
 
 (viii) 
 
THE DECLARA TION OF INDEPENDENCE. IX 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort 
 able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
 purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with 
 manly firmness, his invasions On the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
 be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
 have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remain 
 ing, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from with 
 out and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that 
 purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refus 
 ing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the 
 conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent 
 to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
 offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
 consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, 
 the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
 our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
 their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any mur 
 ders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent ; 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury ; 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses ; 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov 
 ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
 boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
 introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments; 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
 with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec 
 tion, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and 
 destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
 complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun 
 with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the 
 most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, 
 to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their 
 friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to 
 bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all 
 ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned forredress in the 
 most humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
 repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We 
 have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to 
 extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them 
 of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have 
 appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
 them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, 
 which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. 
 We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our sep 
 aration, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war ; 
 in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
 world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the au 
 thority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, 
 That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Free and In 
 dependent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of 
 Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as Free and 
 Independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con 
 tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things 
 which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this 
 Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of DIVINE PROVI 
 DENCE, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our 
 sacred honor. 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thorn 
 ton. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat 
 Paine, Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND, ETC. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington,William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 NEW YORK. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
 Morris. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkin- 
 son, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 DELAWARE. Csesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M Kean. 
 
 MARYLAND. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Car 
 roll of Carrol Iton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Ben 
 jamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
 Braxton. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas 
 Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 GEORGIA. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com 
 mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
 liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Con 
 stitution for the United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. SECTION 1. 
 
 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
 the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre 
 sentatives. 
 
 SECTION 2. 
 
 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
 every second year by the people of the several States ; and the electors in 
 each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most 
 numerous branch of the State legislature. 
 
 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to 
 the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United 
 States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
 which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the sev 
 eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their 
 respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
 number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of 
 years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. 
 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first 
 meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse 
 quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, 
 but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such 
 enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be en 
 titled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island and Provi 
 dence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, 
 four; Pennsylvania, eight: Delaware, one ; Maryland, six; Virginia, ten ; 
 North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five; and Georgia, three. 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
 executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such 
 vacancies. 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
 officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION 3. 
 
 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators 
 from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each 
 Senator shall have one vote. 
 
 (xi) 
 
xii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
 election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
 The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira 
 tion of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
 year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one 
 third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen, by 
 resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, 
 the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next 
 meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age 
 of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and 
 who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-president of the United States shall be president of the 
 Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro- 
 tempore, in the absence of the Vice-president, or when he shall exercise 
 the office of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole powe,r to try all impeachments. When 
 sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the 
 President of the United States is tried, the Chief -justice shall preside; and 
 no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of 
 honor, trust, or profit, under the United States; but the party convicted 
 shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, 
 and punishment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION 4. 
 
 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
 Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thei e- 
 of ; but the Congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula 
 tions, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
 meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
 law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION 5. 
 
 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica 
 tions of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a 
 
 auorumtodo business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
 ay, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members 
 in such manner and under such penalties as each House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its 
 members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two 
 thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment 
 require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, 
 on any question, shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be en 
 tered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
 consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
 place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION 6. 
 
 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for 
 their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
 the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and 
 breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
 the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from 
 the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be 
 questioned in any other place. 
 
 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was 
 elected.be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xm 
 
 States which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall 
 have been increased, during such time ; and no person holding any office 
 under the United States shall be a member of either House during his 
 continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION 7. 
 
 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Repre 
 sentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as 
 on other bills. 
 
 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
 the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of 
 the United States : if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
 it with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, 
 who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to re 
 consider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall 
 agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the 
 other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 
 by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
 the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
 names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on 
 the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
 by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
 been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he 
 had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its re 
 turn, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques 
 tion of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United 
 States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, 
 being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations pre 
 scribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION 8. 
 
 The Congress shall have power 
 
 H. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts 
 and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United 
 States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
 the United States; 
 
 "2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 States, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
 the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix 
 the standard of weights and measures ; 
 
 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
 current coin of the United States ; 
 
 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for 
 limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their re 
 spective writings and discoveries; 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 
 
 ._ 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
 seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 
 
 r/ 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and, make rules 
 concerning captures on land and water; 
 
 J2. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
 use shall be for a longer term than two years; 
 
 i/13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 \ 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
 naval forces; 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
 
 U, S, H-24. 
 
xiv HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
 officers and the authority of training the militia according to the disci 
 pline prescribed by Congress; 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such 
 district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular 
 States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Govern 
 ment of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places 
 purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
 same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, 
 and other needful buildings ; and, 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
 into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any depart 
 ment or officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION 9. 
 
 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States 
 now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
 Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
 tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dol 
 lars for each person. 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended 
 unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re 
 quire it. 
 
 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
 the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. No 
 preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to 
 the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or 
 from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 
 
 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
 appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the 
 receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from 
 time to time. 
 
 7. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no 
 person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the 
 consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, 
 of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 SECTION 10. 
 
 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit; make 
 any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any 
 bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con 
 tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
 or duties on imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary 
 for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and 
 imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of the 
 treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the 
 revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the consent 
 of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time 
 ,of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with 
 /a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such im 
 
 minent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE U.-SECTION 1. 
 
 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 states of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, 
 and, together with the Vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected 
 as follows : 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint in such manner as the legislature thereof 
 may direct, a number of Electors equal to the whole number of Senators 
 and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; 
 but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or 
 profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xv 
 
 Clause 3 has been superseded by the 12th Article of Amendments. 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
 the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the 
 same throughout the United States. 
 
 5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
 States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
 the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
 who shall not have attained to the age of thirty -five years, and been four 
 teen years a resident within the United States. 
 
 6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
 resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and d utiesof the said office, 
 the same shall devolve on the Vice-president ; and the Congress may by 
 law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both 
 of the President and Vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act 
 as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be 
 removed or a President shall be elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for hisservices a compen 
 sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period 
 for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that 
 period any other emolument from the United States or any of them. 
 
 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol 
 lowing oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office 
 of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre 
 serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 SECTION 2. 
 
 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of 
 the United States, and of the militia of the several States when called 
 into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, 
 in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
 upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he 
 shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the 
 United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present 
 concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent 
 of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and 
 Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers 9f the United 
 States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
 which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the 
 appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, in the Presi 
 dent alone, in the Courts of law, or in the heads of Departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may hap 
 pen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall 
 expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 SECTION 3. 
 
 He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
 BS he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary 
 occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of dis 
 agreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
 may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive 
 ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws 
 be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
 States. 
 
 I- SECTION 4. 
 
 The President, Vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, 
 shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, 
 treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. SECTION 1. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
 Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 
 
XVI HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior 
 Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
 times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimin 
 ished during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION 2. 
 
 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising 
 under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, 
 or which shall be made, under their authority ;lo all cases affecting am 
 bassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty 
 and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States 
 shall be a pill Lji , tlTcontroversies between two or more States; between a 
 State and citizens of another Sta.te ; between citizens of different States ; 
 between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of differ 
 ent States ; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
 States, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con 
 suls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall 
 have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the 
 Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
 with such exceptions and under such regulations as the. Congress shall 
 make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
 jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall 
 have been committed : but when not committed within any State, the 
 trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have di 
 rected. 
 
 SECTION 3. 
 
 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only In levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com 
 fort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of 
 two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
 but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, 
 except during the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV SECTION 1. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, 
 records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress 
 may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
 and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION 2. 
 
 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and im 
 munities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
 who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on de 
 mand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be de 
 livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
 escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
 therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered 
 up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION 3. 
 
 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union : but no 
 new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
 State ; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or 
 parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States con 
 cerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
 rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging 
 to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so con 
 strued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any partic 
 ular State. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xvii 
 
 SECTION 4. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a repub 
 lican form, of government, and shall protect each of them against inva 
 sion ; and, on application of the legislature, or of the Executive (when 
 the legislature can not be convened) against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces 
 sary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applica 
 tion of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a con 
 vention for proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
 to all intents an.d purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by 
 the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions 
 in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may 
 be proposed by the Congress : provided, that no Amendment which may 
 be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in 
 any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the 
 first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of 
 its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adop 
 tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under 
 this Constitution as under the Confederation. 
 
 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
 made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, 
 under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
 land ; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in 
 the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem 
 bers of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial offi 
 cers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound 
 by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test 
 shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under 
 the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
 the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
 prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech 
 or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
 petition the government for a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, 
 the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the 
 consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre 
 scribed by law. 
 
xviii HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
 effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, 
 and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath 
 or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and 
 the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous 
 crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
 cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual 
 service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject 
 for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall 
 be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor 
 be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor 
 shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
 speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
 cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
 to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits at common law where the value in controversy shall exceed 
 twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
 tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
 States, than according to the rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
 cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be con 
 strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
 prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
 the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
 to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
 United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
 any foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
 for President and Vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
 inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their 
 ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. xix 
 
 son voted for as Vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
 persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-presi 
 dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
 certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
 States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the 
 Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
 having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, 
 if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors ap 
 pointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
 having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those 
 voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme 
 diately, by ballot, .the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
 shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one 
 vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
 from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not 
 choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
 them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-pres 
 ident shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitu 
 tional disability of the President. The person having the greatest num 
 ber of votes as Vice-president shall be the Vice-president, if such number 
 be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no per 
 son have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the 
 Senate shall choose the Vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall 
 consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of 
 the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitu 
 tionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of 
 Vice-president of the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment 
 for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
 within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis 
 lation. 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to 
 the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State 
 wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall 
 
 equal protection of the laws. 
 
 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States ac 
 cording to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per 
 sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to 
 vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
 president of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive 
 and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, 
 is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
 years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
 except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of represen 
 tation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of 
 such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens 
 twenty -one years of age in such State. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector 
 of President and Vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, un 
 der the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
 an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
 as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
 of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
 engaged irt insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or 
 comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two 
 thirds of each House, remove such disability. 
 
XX HISTOR Y OF THE UNITED STA TES. 
 
 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by 
 law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
 services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
 But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
 or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the 
 United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; 
 but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
 the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied 
 or abridged by the United States, or by any Stated on account of race, 
 color, or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. By whose authority was the Constitution established ? 
 
 2. What six distinct purposes are declared in the "enacting clause" 
 with which it opens? 
 
 3. What imperfect union had already existed ? g 298, 299. 
 
 4. How long had the United States existed as a nation when the Consti 
 tution was adopted ? 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 5. To whom is the law-making power entrusted ? Section 1. 
 
 6. Of what two bodies does Congress consist? 
 
 7. By whom and how often is a Representative chosen ? Section 2. 
 
 8. Of what age and nationality must he be ? Section 2, Clause 2. 
 
 9. Can an inhabitant of Maine be elected to represent a district in 
 Nevada? 
 
 10. What was the least number of persons that were entitled to a Repre 
 sentative when the Constitution was adopted ? Section 2, Clause 3. 
 
 11. What number constitutes a Congressional District now ? Ans. 151,912. 
 
 12. What is the whole number of United States Senators? Section 3. 
 
 13. How long does a Senator serve ? 
 
 14. What are his qualifications as to age and citizenship ? Section 3, 
 Clause 3. 
 
 15. Who presides in the Senate ? Section 3, Clause 4. 
 Ifi. In what case does the Vice-president vote? 
 
 17. How would his place in the Senate be filled in case of his death, ab 
 sence, or promotion to the Presidency ? Section 3, Clause 5. 
 
 18. How many Vice-presidents have succeeded to the highest office ? 
 
 19. What judicial powers are vested in the Senate? Section 3, Clause 6. 
 
 20. What punishment can be inflicted in cases of impeachment? Sec 
 tion 3, Clause 7. 
 
 21. How often, and on what day, does Congress assemble ? Section 4, 
 Clause 2. 
 
 22. Who decides upon the qualifications of members ? Section 5, Clause 1. 
 
 23. What are the privileges of members of Congress? Section 0, Clause 1. 
 
 24. Can they hold any office under the Government ? Section 6, Clause 2. 
 
 25. What house originates bills for raising the public revenues? Section 
 7, Clause 1. 
 
 26. What part has the President in making laws ? Section 7. Clause 2. 
 
 27. In what two cases can a law become effective without the President s 
 signature ? Section 7, Clause 2. 
 
QUESTIONS ON- THE CONSTITUTION. xxi 
 
 28. Recite the powers and duties of Congress as enumerated in the 
 eighteen clauses of Section 8. 
 
 29. In what cases only can a writ of habeas corpus be refused to an 
 arrested person ? Section 9, Clause 2. 
 
 30. What is a writ of habeas corpus? See Andrews s "Manual of the 
 Constitution," pages 146, 147. 
 
 31. Can a law authorize the punishment of an offense that was com 
 mitted before the law was made ? Section 9, Clause 3. 
 
 32. Can Congress favor one state more than another in imposing taxes 
 and duties ? Section 9. Clause 5. 
 
 33. Can a citizen of the United States accept gifts, offices, or titles from 
 
 a foreign government ? Section 9, Clause 7. 
 34. What restrictions are laid on 
 
 the actions of the several States? Sec 
 tion 10. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 35. What is required of a candidate for the Presidency as to age, citizen 
 ship, and residence ? Section 1, Clause 5. 
 
 36. What powers are exercised by the President alone? Section 2, 
 Clauses 1 and 3. 
 
 37. What, in concurrence with the Senate ? Section 2, Clause 2. 
 
 38. What additional duties are demanded of him ? Section 3. 
 
 39. How and for what reasons can a President be removed ? Section 4. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 40. How long do Judges of the Supreme Court hold their office? Section 1. 
 
 41. What cases are judged by the Supreme Court? Section 2. 
 
 42. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction? 
 See Andrews s " Manual of the Constitution," page 206. 
 
 43. In what court must a robber of the mails be tried ? 
 
 44. What is meant by " trial by jury "? Section 2, Clause 3. Andrews s 
 " Manual of the Constitution," page 213. 
 
 45. What constitutes treason against the United States? Section 3, 
 Clause 1. 
 
 46. Can the children of a traitor be made to suffer in person or property 
 for their father s crime ? Section 3, Clause 2. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 47. What duties do the several states owe to each other ? Sections 1 and 2. 
 
 48. By what authority and under what conditions can new states be 
 admitted ? Section 3. 
 
 49. What claim can any state make on the General Government ? Sec 
 tion 4. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 50. How can amendments be made .in the Constitution ? 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 51. What constitutes the supreme law of the land ? Section 2. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 52. What was the general purpose of the ten Amendments proposed by 
 the first Congress and accepted by the states? Articles I-X. 
 
 53. Can any one be legally called in question for religious belief or prac 
 tice in the United States? Article I. 
 
 54. What are the rights of the accused under Articles V to VIII. 
 
 55. How was the mode of electing executive officers settled in 1803 and 
 1804? Article XII. 
 
 56. Under what description were slaves alluded to in the original Con 
 stitution ? Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 ; and Section 9, Clause 1. 
 
 57. What was the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified in December, 1865? 
 
 58. How are "citizens" defined in the Fourteenth Amendment? Sec 
 tion 1. 
 
 59. How is the number of Representatives made dependent on the free 
 exercise of the right to vote ? XIV, Section 2. 
 
 60. What class of persons were excluded from civil office by Amend 
 ment XIV, Section 3. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Numbers refer to Sections; N refers to accompanying Notes. A Pronouncing 
 Vocabulary will be found on page xxxviii. 
 
 Abercrombie, defeated, 186, 187. 
 
 Abraham, Plains of, 190, N.; 191. 
 
 Acadia, settled, 83, N. ; ceded to 
 France, 129; captured, 169; trans 
 ferred to England, 173, N.; French 
 expelled, 181. 
 
 Adams, John, at Versailles, 307, N.; 
 Vice-pres., 319 ; leading Federalist, 
 333; Pres., 340, N.; death of, 413. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy,- Pres., 409, N.; 
 character of, 410; in Congress, 414. 
 
 Adams, Mrs. John, 347, N. 
 
 Adams, Samuel, 233, N. 
 
 Admiralty, Courts of, 148. 
 
 Agassiz, Louis, 632. 
 
 Alabama, settled by French, 160; 
 admitted, 402 ; secedes, 481. 
 
 Alabama Claims, settled, 600. 
 
 Alaska, purchased, 594. 
 
 Albany, founded, 106; named, 115; 
 convention at, 178. 
 
 Albemarle, settlements, 131, 132; 
 attacked by the Tuscaroras, 172. 
 
 Alexander, Sir William, 83, N. 
 
 Algerine Pirates, 329, 335, 397. 
 
 Alien Law, 342. 
 
 Allen, Ethan, 237, N. 
 
 Almanac, Poor Richard s, 204. 
 
 Amendments, the 13th, passed by 
 Congress, 561, N.; the 14th accepted, 
 591 ; 15th becomes law, 598. 
 
 America, discovered by Northmen, 
 6 ; by Columbus, 32, 33, 36 ; by En 
 glish, 37; by Portuguese, 38 ; parti 
 tion of, 49. 
 
 American, debts in Eng. after Rev., 
 330, 331; flag first raised, 283, N.; 
 first saluted, 300 ; Party, 476 ; Philo 
 sophical Society founded, 206; 
 " System," the, 398. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci, 36. 
 
 Anderson, Major, seizes Ft. Sum- 
 ter, 482 ; compelled to evacuate, 489 ; 
 honors to, 570, N. 
 
 Andre, Major, 293-295, N. 
 
 Andros, royal governor, 138, N., 139. 
 
 Anne, Queen, 148, N. 
 
 Antietam, battle of, 526. 
 
 Appalachee Bay, disc., 41 ; settle 
 ments conquered by English, 171. 
 
 Appalachian Mountain System, 12. 
 
 Arizona, settled, 48 ; ceded to U. S., 
 457; territory increased, 465; or 
 ganized, 573. 
 
 Arkansas, settled by French, 162; 
 admitted, 426; secedes, 490. 
 
 Arkwright, invents "spinning 
 jenny," 348, 633. 
 
 Arlington, Lord, 67. 
 
 Armed Neutrality in Europe dur 
 ing American Revolution, 301. 
 
 Army of the Potomac in 1862,528; 
 condition Jan., 1863, 532. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 
 237, N.; at Quebec, 246, N.; attacks 
 Tryon, 262, N.; sent to aid Schuy- 
 ler, 263 ; promoted, 266, N.; treason 
 of, 292-295. 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., Vice-pres., 627; 
 President, 628, N. 
 
 Aspinwall, William, 93. 
 
 Astoria, founded, 443. 
 
 Astor, John Jacob, 443, N. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga., destruction of, 557, 558. 
 
 Atlantic Cable, laid, 592, 593. 
 
 Azores, discovered, 30. 
 
 Bacon s Rebellion, 68, N., 69. 
 
 Balboa, Nunez de, 39, N. 
 
 Baltimore, bombarded 386; Demo 
 cratic convention at, 479; attack 
 on Union troops in, 491. 
 
 Baltimore, the first lord, 70, 71 ; the 
 second lord, 71, 73. 
 
 Bank of North America, founded, 
 315, N. 
 
 Bank of the U. S., established, 323; 
 renewal of charter vetoed, 421 ; re- 
 chartered and fails, 429. 
 
 Banks, Gen., at Port Hudson, 539. 
 
 Barbary States prey on American 
 commerce, 329, 335, 360, 397. 
 
 Barren, Com., kills Decatur, 397, N. 
 
 Barton. Col., takes Prescott pris 
 oner, 262, N. 
 
 Bartram, John, 206. 
 
 Baton Rouge, captured, 515. 
 
 Baum, defeated by Stark, 264. 
 
 Beauregard, Gen., at Bull Run. 493; 
 at Shiloh, 506; abandons Corinth, 
 508. 
 
 Bell, John, nominated for Presi 
 dency, 479. N. 
 
 Bemus s Heights, battle of, 265, N. 
 
 Bennington, battle of, 264, N. 
 
 Berkeley, Gov., 67-69, N.; receives 
 grant of half of New Jersey, 116 ; 
 sells to Quakers, 118; receives 
 grant of part of Virginia, 130, N. 
 
 Bienville, at Biloxi, 160, N.; gov 
 ernor of Louisiana, 161, N. 
 
 Biloxi, Miss., settled, 160, N. 
 
 Black Hawk War, 418. 
 
 Bladensburg, battle of, 385, N. 
 
 Blennerhasset, Harman, 362, N. 
 
 Block, Adrian, explorations in 
 Long Island Sound, 105. 
 
 (xxii) 
 
Bio 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ced 
 
 Blockade, the, 496-498. 
 
 Board of Trade, appointed, 145; re 
 ject colonial union, 178. 
 
 Bon Homme Richard, 283, N. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 243, N. 
 
 Booth. John Wilkes, murders Lin 
 coln, 570; is killed, 571. 
 
 Bordentown, N. J., abandoned by 
 British, 259. 
 
 Boston, founded, capital of Salem 
 colony, 86, N.; under Andros, 138; 
 massacre, 222, N.; port closed, 228; 
 besieged by Americans, 233 . evac 
 uated by British, 248; the great 
 fire in, 603. 
 
 Boundary bet. Eng. and Spanish 
 poss. altered, 171 ; of U. S. by treaty 
 of Versailles, 309; bet. U. S. and 
 Spanish poss. fixed, 334 ; bet. Maine 
 and New Brunswick disputed, 431 ; 
 present N. E. boundary of U. S. 
 fixed, 436; bet. Oregon and British 
 America fixed, 444; bet. U. S. and 
 Mexico disputed, 445; bet. Wash. 
 Ter. and British Col. settled, 601. 
 
 Braddock s defeat, 180. 
 
 Bradford, Gov., 80, 199. 
 
 Bradstreet, Col., captures Fort 
 Frontenac, 188. 
 
 Bragg, Gen. Braxton, invades Ky., 
 509-511, N.; at Perryville, 512; at 
 Murfreesborough, 513; at Chick- 
 amauga and Chattanooga. 543 : at 
 Lookout Mountain, 545, 546. 
 
 Brandt, in Mohawk Valley, 264, N.; 
 relative of Johnsons, 275, N.; de 
 feated, 276. 
 
 Brandy wine, battle of, 263, N. 
 
 Brazil discovered, 38. 
 
 Breckenridge, John C., nominated 
 for Presidency, 479, N. 
 
 Breed s Hill fortified, 238. 
 
 Brock, Gen., receives Hull s surren 
 der, 370; killed, 371. 
 
 Brook, Lord, 89. 
 
 Brown, Gen., at Lundy s Lane, 388 N. 
 
 Brown, John, invades Va., 478 N. 
 
 Brown University founded, 201. 
 
 Buchanan, James, Pres., 476; tries 
 to conciliate parties, 477, N. 
 
 Buell, Gen., at Shiloh, 507; pursues 
 Bragg, 510; superseded by Rose- 
 crans, 513. 
 
 Buena Vista, battle of, 449. 
 
 Bull Run, first battle of, 493-495; 
 second battle of, 524. 
 
 Bunker Hill, order for fortifying, 
 238; battle of, 239, 240, N.; monu 
 ment erected, 405. 
 
 Burgesses, council of, 63; set apart 
 lands for college, 201 ; appoint fast 
 owing to Boston Port Bill, and 
 favor united resistance, 229. 
 
 Burgoyne, Gen., arrives at Boston, 
 238, N.; plan of for 1777, 262 ; fights 
 two battles of Saratoga and sur 
 renders, 265, 266, N. 
 
 Burke, Edmond, 271. 
 
 Burlingame, Anson, embassador 
 from China, 595; bill to set aside 
 treaty of, 624. 
 
 Burlington, Iowa, founded, 461. 
 
 Burlington, N. J., settled by Quak 
 ers, 118 ; abandoned by British, 259. 
 
 Burnside.Gen., succeeds McClellan, 
 526 ; at Knoxville, 547. 
 
 Burr, Aaron, Vice-pres.. 350, N.; kills 
 Hamilton, 321, N., 361; tried for 
 treason, 362. 
 
 Butler, Gen. B. F., takes possession 
 of New Orleans, 514, 515; confis 
 cates negroes, 529; receives negro 
 regiments in army, 531 ; on the 
 James, 552; attacks Ft. Fisher, 559. 
 
 Cabot, John, 37, N.; Sebastian 37, N. 
 
 Cabral, 38. 
 
 Calhoun, John C., Vice-pres., 409, N.; 
 proposed pres. of a Southern Con 
 federacy, 417; on annexation of 
 Texas, 441 ; death of, 466. 
 
 California, settled, 48 ; independent 
 of Mexico, 456 ; ceded to U. S., 457 ; 
 slavery ques., 462 ; admitted, 463. 
 
 Calvert, George, 70; Cecil, 71 ; George 
 Leonard, 72. 
 
 Calverts, the, 73, 
 
 Cambridge, seat of Harvard, 87. 
 
 Camden, N. J., settled by Dutch, 108 ; 
 battle of, 288, N. 
 
 Cameron, Richard, founds sect of 
 Covenanters, 137, N. 
 
 Canada, French in, 47 ; conquest by 
 Americans planned, 169; ceded to 
 Great Brit,, 193; urged to join col 
 onies in seeking redress, 218, 231 ; 
 line of com. with seized, 237; in 
 vasion by colonies, 245-247; inva 
 sion in 1812, 371, 383 ; rebels against 
 England, 431. 
 
 Canary Islands discovered, 30. 
 
 Canby, Gen., killed by Modocs, 606. 
 
 Canonchet, 103. 
 
 Canonicus, threatens war, 80; gives 
 Roger Williams land, 92. 
 
 Cape Breton Island, captured, 189. 
 
 Cape Fear River settlement, 132, N. 
 
 Carillon, Fort, 186. 
 
 Carleton, Sir Guy, 247, 306. 
 
 Carolinas, granted, 130, N.; endeavor 
 to suppress slave trade, 148; sur 
 rendered to the crown, 150; cede 
 western lands to U. S., 298. 
 
 Caroline, Fort, 44, 45; vessel, 431. 
 
 Carson City, 573. 
 
 Carteret, Sir George, receives half 
 of New Jersey, 116. 
 
 Carthagena, S. A., captured by Eug. 
 colonists, 174. 
 
 Cartier, Jacques, 43, N. 
 
 Carver, John, 78, 79. 
 
 Catherine, the Great, proclaims 
 "armed neutrality," 301. 
 
 Cedar Creek, battle of. 553. 
 
 Cedar Mountain, battle of, 524. 
 
 (xxiii) 
 
Cen 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cor 
 
 Centennial Exposition, 612. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, battle of, 451. 
 
 Champlain, Lake, explored, 47. 
 
 Champlain. Samuel de, 47, N. 
 
 Chancellorsville, battle of, 532. 
 
 Chantilly, battle of, 524. 
 
 Chapultepec, fortress captured, 453. 
 
 Charles I, cedes Maryland, 70 ; op 
 poses Puritans, 125 ; beheaded, 126. 
 
 Charles II, destroys Virginia free 
 dom, 67; grant to Penn.119; gives 
 away half N. Amer., 128, N.; cedes 
 Acadia and Nova Scotia, 129 ; gives 
 land and charter to Conn., 129; 
 grant to Duke of York, 129 : grants 
 the Carolinas, 130 ; dies, 136. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., settled, 133; at 
 tempted cap. by French, 171; be 
 sieged by British, 249 N.; cap. by 
 Brit., 285 ; evacuated by Brit., 307 ; 
 Democratic convention at, 479 ; be 
 sieged by Union forces, 560 ; aban 
 doned and burned by the Confed 
 erates, 562, N.; ceremonies after 
 Civil War, 570, N. 
 
 Charlestown, Mass., founded, 86; 
 burned by British, 240. 
 
 Charter Oak, 139, N. 
 
 Chase, Salmon P., 590, N. 
 
 Chatham, Earl of, see Pitt, William. 
 
 Chattanooga, vicinity described, 
 541,512; siege of, 543. 
 
 Cherokees, sell lands in Ky., 243; 
 moved west of Miss. River, 406; 
 civilization of, 407. 
 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y., massacre, 275. 
 
 Chicago fire, 602. 
 
 Chicagou (Chicago), fort estab., 165. 
 
 Chickamauga River, battle of, 543. 
 
 Chickasaw Landing, captnred, 538. 
 
 Chihuahua, captured, 454. 
 
 China, sends embassy to TJ. S., 595. 
 
 Chinese, immigration, 595, 621,623; 
 education in America, 625. 
 
 Chippewa, battle of, 387. 
 
 Choiseul, 215, N. 
 
 Chopart, angers the Natchez, 163. 
 
 Christiana, founded, 110. 
 
 Churubusco, battle of, 452. 
 
 Cincinnati, founded, 349; threat 
 ened by Kirby Smith, 510; by 
 Morgan, 540. 
 
 Cincinnati, Society of the, 308, N. 
 
 Civil Rights Bill, passed, .589. 
 
 Civil Service reform, 618. 
 
 Claims against England, 599, 600. 
 
 Clark, Col., N. W. of Ohio River, 
 277 ; captures British posts, 278. 
 
 Clarke, John, 93. 
 
 Clarke, William, 358, N. 
 
 Clay, Henry, advocates "Missouri 
 Compromise," 402, N.; Sec. of State, 
 409: introduces compromise on 
 tariff, 417 ; candidate for Pres., 441 ; 
 introduces " Omnibus Bill," 463, N.; 
 death of, 466. 
 
 Clayborne s rebellion, 72. 
 
 Clermont, the, 363. 
 
 Clinton, Gen., arrives at Boston, 238, 
 N.; besiges Charleston, S. C., 249; 
 plan for 1777, 262 ; succeeds Howe, 
 272; captures Charleston, 285; treats 
 for surrender of West Point, 293; 
 tries to buy Princeton mutineers, 
 297 ; superseded by Carleton, 306. 
 
 Clinton, George, Vice-Pres., 362, N.; 
 re-elected, 366. 
 
 Cockburn, Admiral, 386, N. 
 
 Coddington, William, 93. 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler, Vice-Pres., 596. 
 
 Coligny, 44, N. 
 
 Colonial habits, 209-211. 
 
 Colonies organize themselves into 
 
 sovereign states, 251. 
 
 Colorado, admitted, 611. 
 
 Colorado River, explored, 42. 
 
 Columbia College, founded, 201; 
 
 Columbia River, explored, 358; 
 named, 443, N. 
 
 Columbia, S. C.. captured, 562. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, 31-36, N.; 
 Diego, 39. 
 
 Commerce of colonies, 213 ; restric 
 tions on, 244. 
 
 Communism in America, 622. 
 
 Compromise, Missouri, 402 ; on the 
 tariff, 417 ; of 1850, 463, N. 
 
 Conant, Roger, 84, N. 
 
 Concord, Mass., stores dest., 233. 
 
 Confederate States of America, or 
 ganized, 483; recognized by Eng., 
 France, and Spain, 500; resources 
 exhausted, 558; forces remaining 
 Apr., 1865, 563; conduct of people 
 during Civil War, 583 restoration 
 to abandoned rights, 598. 
 
 Confederation, articles of closer, 
 adopted by the U. S., 298 ; charac 
 ter of, 299, 310. 
 
 Conflicting English Grants, 83, 129. 
 
 Congress, of northern colonies, 169 ; 
 first Continental, 230, 236 ; second 
 Continental, 234, 235. 
 
 Connecticut, colony formed, 96; be 
 comes one of " The United Colo 
 nies of New England," 97 ; receives 
 land and new charter from Charles 
 II, 129; included in grant to Duke 
 of York, 129; under Andros, 139; 
 cedes North-west Territory, 298. 
 
 Connecticut River, settlements, 88 ; 
 banks ravaged by British, 284. 
 
 Conspiracy of Pontiac, 194. 
 
 Constitution of the U.S., proposed, 
 317; opinions of, 318; adoption by 
 states, 319 ; text of, p. 363. 
 
 Continental army, described, 238, 
 N., 241. 
 
 Contreras, battle of, 452. 
 
 Convention, at Albany, 178; the 
 Constituent, 313-319. 
 
 Conway Cabal, 268, N. 
 
 Cordilleras, the, 13. 
 
 Corinth, battle of, 512. 
 
 Cornbury, Lord, 214. 
 
 Cornell University, 640. 
 
 (xxiv) 
 
Cor 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 End 
 
 Cornplanter, 276, x. 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, lays waste New 
 Jersey, 258, N.; pursues Wash., 260 ; 
 chases Greene arid Morgan, 290; 
 at Guilford Court-house, 291; In 
 trenches himself at Yorktown, 302 ; 
 surrenders, 304. 
 
 Coronado, 42. 
 
 Cortereal, 38. 
 
 Cortez, 40. 
 
 Cotton, growing introduced, 348, N.; 
 manufacture of, 633. 
 
 Cotton, Rev. John, 86, N.; 88, N.; 
 198, N. 
 
 Courts of Admiralty, estab., 148. 
 
 Covenanters, in N. J., 137, N. 
 
 Cowpens, battle of the, 289. 
 
 Creeks, defeated, 384; moved west, 
 406; civilization of, 408. 
 
 Croghan, Maj., 376. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 127, N. 
 
 Crown Point, fort estab., 165: sur 
 prised by Seth Warner, 237. 
 
 Crystal Palace, in New York, 469. 
 
 Cuba, colonized, 39; attempt to ob 
 tain, 472, N. 
 
 Culpepper, Lord, 67, 69, N. 
 
 Cumberland, sunk by Merrimac, 
 516, N. 
 
 Custer, Gen., death of, 614. 
 
 Cutler, Dr. Manasseh. Ohio pioneer, 
 325, N.; Jarvis, at Marietta, 325, N. 
 
 gade, Major, massacred, 420. 
 ahlgren, Admiral, besieges Char 
 leston, 560. 
 
 Dakota, organized as territory, 573. 
 
 Dakotas, in Minnesota, 20. 
 
 Danbury, Conn., 262, N. 
 
 Davis, discovers strait, 50. 
 
 Davis, Jefferson. Pres. of Southern 
 Confederacy, 483, N.; calls for vol 
 unteers, 491 ; authorizes privateers, 
 498 ; abandons Richmond, 565 ; pris 
 oner, 568; suspected complicity 
 with Booth, 571, N. 
 
 Dearborn, Ft., capt. by Indians, 370. 
 
 Dearborn, Gen., 374. 
 
 De Ay lion, 40. 
 
 Decatur, Stephen, burns the Phil 
 adelphia, 360; subdues Barbary 
 States, 397, N. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 250, 
 N., 251 ; text of, p. 360. 
 
 Declaration of Rights by the col 
 onies, 221. 
 
 De Espejo, 48, N. 
 
 De Gorgues, 46. 
 
 De Kalb, Baron, 288. 
 
 Delaware, becomes a separate col 
 ony, 122 ; refuses to secede, 490. 
 
 Delaware, Lord, 59. 
 
 Delawares, the, 183. 
 
 Democratic Party, founded by Jef 
 ferson, 333, 351 ; principles of, 351 ; 
 in power forty years, 432; favor 
 annexation Texas, 440 ; divided, 479. 
 
 Department of the Interior, estab 
 lished, 464. 
 
 De Sot9, Hernando, 41, N. 
 
 D Estaing, Count, arrives with fleet, 
 273; attempts capt. of Savannah, 
 285 ; urges France to send troops to 
 America, 302, N. 
 
 Detroit, fort estab., 165; saved from 
 capture by Indians, 194; surren 
 dered to British, 370. 
 
 Dieskau, Baron, defeated, 182. 
 
 Dinwiddie, Gov., sends Washing 
 ton to Venango, 176 ; appoints 
 Washington to command a mili 
 tary district, 319, N. 
 
 Dom Pedro II, visits U. S., 613. 
 
 Donelson, Ft., captured, 503, 504. 
 
 Doniphan, Col., captures Chihua 
 hua, 454. 
 
 Donop, Col., 263, N. 
 
 Dorchester, founded, 86. 
 
 Dorchester Heights, fortified, 248. 
 
 Dorr s Rebellion, 437, N. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., introduces 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473, N.; nom 
 inated for Pres., 479. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 50, N. 
 
 Dred Scott case, 477, N. 
 
 Drummond, Gen., at Ft. Erie, 389. 
 
 Drummond, Wm., first gov. of 
 North Carolina, 132. 
 
 Dubuque, founded, 461. 
 
 Duke of Newcastle, 214. 
 
 Du Quesne, Ft., built, 176 ; seized by 
 French, 177; Braddock s attempt 
 at recapture, 180 ; taken by Wash 
 ington and name changed, 188. 
 
 Dustin, Hannah, exploit of, 168, N. 
 
 Dutch, explorations in America, 
 104, N.; settlements in America, 
 character of, 107; title to lands in 
 America disputed by Eng., 108; 
 conquer New Sweden, 113; discon 
 tent in settlements, 114 ; seized by 
 Eng., 115: recaptured by Dutch, 
 117 ; ceded to Eng., 117. 
 
 Dutch East India Company, com 
 mission Hudson, 104, N. 
 
 Dutch West India Comp. formed, 
 106, N.; make settlements in Amer 
 ica, 107, 108. 
 
 Early, Gen.,inShenandoah Valley, 
 553. 
 
 East India Company, the Dutch, 
 commission Hudson, 104, N. 
 
 Education, in United States, 640. 
 
 Edward, Ft., built by Eng., 182; 
 abandoned by Americans, 264. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 202; grand 
 father of Aaron Burr, 350, N. 
 
 Electoral College, 340, N. 
 
 Eliot, John, life of, 100, N.; translates 
 Bible, 101 ; intercedes for Ind., 102. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 51, N. 
 
 Embargo Act, the, 365. 
 
 Endicott, John, 84, N. 
 
 (XXV) 
 
Eng 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gar 
 
 England, sends explorers to Amer., 
 37, 50, 51 ; first settlement by, 56: re 
 ligious differences in, 74 ; conflict 
 ing grants of, 83, 129; gains New 
 Netherlands, 115, 117; civil war 
 in, 125-127; revolution in, 140; ac 
 quires Canada, 193; holds Ameri 
 can posts after Rev., 326, 330, 331 ; 
 claims right of search. 364, 367 ; re 
 sents Trent affair, 499; infringes 
 neutrality, 500; suffers by the 
 blockade, 587 ; difficulties with am 
 icably settled, 599-601. 
 
 English Revolution, 140; settles 
 three important principles, 144. 
 
 Eric, the Red, 6. 
 
 Ericsson, Capt. John, invents the 
 Monitor, 518, N. 
 
 Erie Canal opened, 411. 
 
 Erie, Ft., captured by Americans, 
 387 ; besieged by British, 389. 
 
 Everett, Edward, nominated for 
 Vice-pres., 479, N. 
 
 Ewell, Gen., burns Richmond, 566. 
 
 Expedition by English col. against 
 Mexico and West Indies, 174, 
 
 Fair Oaks, battle of, 523. 
 
 Faneuil Hall, 227, N. 
 
 Farragut, Admiral, captures New 
 Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez, 
 514, 515; in Mobile Bay, 560. 
 
 Federalist, the, 321, N.; 366, N. 
 
 Federalist Party, founded, 333 ; de 
 feated, 350; resist War of 1812, 390, 
 392 ; favor protection, 398 ; merged 
 into Whig Party, 432. 
 
 Fenwick, John, 118. 
 
 Field, Cyrus W., and the Atlantic 
 Cable, 592, N, 593. 
 
 Filibusters, 472, N. 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, Pres., 464, N.; can 
 didate for Pres., 476. 
 
 Finisterre, Cape, limit of colonial 
 trade, 128. 
 
 First American cargo to Eng., 213. 
 
 First American journal, 149. 
 
 First book written in America, 196. 
 
 First college in United States. 87, N. 
 
 First Continental Congress, 230; 236. 
 
 First cotton-mill in U. 8., 348, 633. 
 
 First election held under the Con 
 stitution, 319. 
 
 First English settlement, 56. 
 
 First law-making body in America 
 elected by the people, 63. 
 
 First printing-press in U. S., 87, N. 
 
 First publications in U. S., 87. 
 
 First settlement in America, 46. 
 
 First steamboat in America, 363; 
 on western waters, 363. 
 
 First steamer crosses Atlantic, 403. 
 
 First steam locomotive in U. S., 412. 
 
 First telegraph in U. S., 442. 
 
 First vessel on the Great Lakes, 158. 
 
 First written constitution framed 
 in America, 96. 
 
 Fisher, Ft., capt. by U. S. forces, 559. 
 
 Fisheries, on Newfoundland banks 
 discov., 43 ; carried on by Eng., 51, 
 54; troubles about settled, 601. 
 
 Five Forks, battle of, 552, N.; 564. 
 
 Florida, discov., 39 ; ceded to Eng., 
 193 ; to the U. S. by Spain, 403 ; ad 
 mitted, 441 ; secedes, 481 ; eastern 
 ports seized by U. S., 528. 
 
 Floyd, Gen. J. B., in W. Va., 492. 
 
 Fontaine bleau, treaty of, 308, N. 
 
 Foote, Commodore, at Fts. Henry 
 and Donelson, 503, N. 
 
 Foreign aid to America, 261, 269, N.; 
 273, 302, N. 
 
 Forts of the French, 165. 
 
 Fountain of Youth, 35, 39. 
 
 Fox, C. J., 271. 
 
 Fox, G. V., in the Civil War, 496, N. 
 
 France, difficulties with, 343-345, 425. 
 
 Franciscan Fathers in America, 155. 
 
 Frankfort, Ky., burial-place of 
 Boone, 243, N. 
 
 Franklin, Benj., proposes Union, 
 178; biography of, 203-205, N.; sent 
 as commissioner to Paris, 270; 
 commissioner at Versailles, 307, N.; 
 at Constiutional Convention, 315. 
 
 Frederic, the Great, 269, N. 
 
 Fredericksburg, battle of, 527. 
 
 Free Soil Party, organized, 460. 
 
 Free trade, advocated, 398. 
 
 Freedmen s Bureau, estab., 589. 
 
 Freeman s Farm, battle of, 265, N. 
 
 Fremont, John C., in California, 455, 
 456; candidate for Pres., 476, N.; at 
 tempts to liberate slaves, 529. 
 
 French and Indian War, 167, 179-194. 
 
 French, discov. and settlements, 43- 
 47; colonists in S. C., 134, N.; ex 
 plorations in Miss. Val., 155-158; on 
 the Gulf, 159, 160; war with the 
 Natchez, 163; settlement at New 
 Orleans, 162, 164; forts, 165; in 
 Maine, 173 ; expelled from Acadia, 
 181 ; Revolution, effect in America, 
 328, 329; cable laid, 593. 
 
 Friends, persecution of, 99, N.; pur 
 chase N. J., 118; settle Perm, and 
 Del., 119-122; liberated from pris 
 ons, 123; records concerning, 207. 
 
 Frobisher, 50, N. 
 
 Frontenac, Ft. estab., 165; capt 
 ured by Bradstreet, 188 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law, 467. 
 
 Fulton, Robert, 363, N. 
 
 Fur traders, 155, 157, 158, 443, N. 
 
 Gadsden Purchase, 465. 
 
 Gage. Gen., sends expedition to Con 
 cord and Lexington, 232; besieged 
 in Boston, 233, N.; superseded by 
 Howe, 240. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, Sec y of Treasury, 
 353, N.; pronounces Hamilton s 
 records clear, 354. 
 
 Gardiner s Island, 213, N. 
 
 (xxvi) 
 
Gar 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Her 
 
 Garfield, James A., Pres., 627, N. ; 
 assassinated, 628. 
 
 Garnett, Gen., in W. Va., 492. 
 
 Gasp6e, burned, 225,226. 
 
 Gates, Gen. Horatio, takes com 
 mand in the North, 265, N.; plots 
 against Washington, 268, N.; de 
 feated at Camden and succeeded 
 by Greene, 288, N. 
 
 Geary, John W., appointed gov 
 ernor of Kansas, 475, N. 
 
 Genet, Edmond Charles, 332, N. 
 
 George, Lake, scene of Abercrom- 
 bie s defeat, 186, 187. 
 
 George III, 219 ; petitioned by col 
 onists, 231 ; employs Hessians and 
 Indians, 244; statue of pulled 
 down, 251; adjourns parliament 
 and offers pardon to colonies, 271. 
 
 Georgia, bestowed on Oglethorpe, 
 150 ; character of settlers, 151 ; 
 slavery introduced, 152 ; war with 
 Spain, 153, 174 ; sends relief to Bos 
 ton, 228; becomes royal province, 
 280; cedes western lands to U.S., 298 ; 
 secedes, 481 ; manufactures of, 557. 
 
 Germantown, settled, 121; battle 
 of, 263, N. 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 344, N. 
 
 Ghent, Treaty of, 393. 
 
 Gila River, explored, 42. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 51. 
 
 Gillmore, Gen., at Charleston, 560. 
 
 Gist, Christopher, 176. N. 
 
 Gladstone, Wm. E., 318, N. 
 
 Gold, discovered, 458. 
 
 Goodyear, Charles, invents vulcan 
 ized India Rubber, 635. 
 
 Gookin, Daniel, 102. 
 
 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 82. 
 
 Gorges, William, 83. 
 
 Gosn9ld, explorations of, 54, N.; 
 carries the first cargo from Amer 
 ica to England, 213. 
 
 Grand Model of government for 
 Carolinas, 130, 131. 
 
 Grangers, the, 619. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S., captures Ft. Don- 
 elson, 503, 504 ; commands dept. of 
 W. Tenn., 505; at Shiloh, 506, 507; 
 at luka and Corinth, 512 ; supplies 
 cut off, 528; commander of three 
 western departments, 543 ; at Look- 
 out Mountain and Missionary 
 Ridge, 545, 546; lieutenant-general, 
 549 ; at battles of Wilderness, 550 ; 
 Spottsylvania, 551 ; besieges Rich 
 mond and Petersburg, 554; cap 
 tures Richmond, 565, 566 ; receives 
 Lee s surrender, 567; Pres., 596, N.; 
 re-elected, 604; Indian policy of, 
 605 ; at Centennial Exposition, 613. 
 
 Grasse, Count de, 302, N. 
 
 Gray, Capt. Robert, 443, N. 
 
 Great Britain, see England. 
 
 Great Eastern, lays second Atlantic 
 Cable, 593. 
 
 Great Ireland, 8. 
 
 Great Lakes, described, 18 ; route of 
 fur traders, 157 ; first vessel on, 158. 
 
 Greeley, Horace, nominated for 
 Pres., 604, N. 
 
 Green Mountain Boys capt. Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point, 237, N. 
 
 Greene, Gen. Nathaniel, succeeds 
 Gates, 288, N.; pursued by Corn- 
 wallis, 290; at Guilford Court 
 house and Eutaw Springs, 291. 
 
 Greenland, 6. 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 457. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, king, plans 
 settlements in America, 109, N. 
 
 Habits of colonial times, 209-211. 
 
 Haines s Bluff, captured, 538. 
 
 Hale, Capt. Nathan . hung as spy, 255. 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, at the Const. 
 Conv., 315 ; on the Const., 319 ; Sec y 
 of the Treasury, 321-323, x.; leading 
 Federalist, 333; killed by Burr, 361. 
 
 Hamilton, Gov., offers reward for 
 scalps, 277; captured, 278. 
 
 Hamlin, Hannibal, 479. 
 
 Hampton, Gen., commands on 
 Lake Champlaiii, 374. 
 
 Hampton, Gov. Wade, on National 
 troops in the South, 617. 
 
 Hancock, John, 233, N. 
 
 Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., 627. 
 
 Hardee, Gen., abandons Charles 
 ton, S. C., 562. 
 
 Harper s Ferry, arsenal seized by 
 Brown, 478 ; burned, 490 ; seized by 
 Jackson, 525. 
 
 Harrison, Gen. W. H., wins battle 
 of Tippecanoe, 368 ; commands in 
 the West, 374-376; wins battle of 
 the Thames, 383; Pres., 433; death 
 of, 434, N. 
 
 Hartford, founded, 88; unites with 
 Windsor and Wethersfield to found 
 Connecticut, 96 ; Dutch settlers, 108 ; 
 Federalist Convention held, 392. 
 
 Harvard College, founded, 87, N., 
 149; celebrates accession of George 
 III, 219 ; degrees to women, 640. 
 
 Hatteras Inlet, fort on capt., 501. 
 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., election to 
 Presidency disputed, 615 ; declared 
 Pres., 616 ; withdraws troops from 
 Southern States, 617, N.; pledged 
 to Civil Service reform, 618 ; vetoes 
 bill against Burlingame Treaty, 624. 
 
 Hayne, Robert, 416, N. 
 
 Hazen, Gen., 513. 
 
 Henry, Fort, captured, 503. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, introduces Decla 
 ration of Rights, 221 ; at the first 
 Continental Congress, 230, N.; fits 
 out expedition north-west the 
 Ohio River, 277; objects to "We, 
 the people," 319, N. 
 
 Henry, Prince, the Navigator, 30, N. 
 
 Henry VII, of England, 37. 
 
 Herkimer, Gen. Nicholas, 264, N. 
 
 (xxvii) 
 
Hes 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Jam, 
 
 Hessians, employed by George III, 
 244 ; locate in America, 266. 
 
 Historians of colonial times, 199. 
 
 Hoe, Richard, invents type-revolv 
 ing press, 63V. 
 
 Holland, sympathizes with Ameri 
 can colonies, 300. 
 
 Holly Springs, seized by Van Dorn, 
 528. 
 
 Hood, Gen., supersedes Johnston 
 and defeated by Sherman, 556 ; de 
 stroys Atlafita, 557; defeated by 
 Schofleld and Thomas, 558. 
 
 Hooker, Gen. Joseph, commands 
 Army of the Potomac, 532, N.; suc 
 ceeded by Meade, 534 ; at Lookout 
 Mountain, 544, 545. 
 
 Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 88, N., 198. 
 
 Horse-shoe Bend, battle of, 384. 
 
 House of Burgesses, Va., see Bur 
 gesses, council of. 
 
 Houston, Gen. Sam., 440, N. 
 
 Howe, Jr., Elias, invents sewing- 
 machine, 636. 
 
 Howe, Lord George Augustus, at 
 Ticonderoga, 187. 
 
 Howe, Admiral Richard, arrives at 
 New York, 252, N.; at Newport, 
 R. I., 273. 
 
 Howe, Gen. Wm., at Boston, 238, 
 N.; supersedes Gage, 240 ; evacuates 
 Boston, 248; encamps at Staten 
 Island, 252; takes possession of 
 New York, 255; plan of for 1777, 
 262; enters Philadelphia, 263, N.; 
 offers bribes to American soldiers, 
 267 resigns his command, 272. 
 
 Hubbardton, battle at, 264, N. 
 
 Hudson, Henry, 104, N. 
 
 Hudson Bay territory, transferred 
 to English, 173, N. 
 
 Hudson River, exp., 104; named, 
 105 ; banks ravaged by British, 284. 
 
 Huguenots in South Carolina, 134, N. 
 
 Hull, Capt. Isaac, captures the Guer- 
 riere, 372, N. 
 
 Hull, Gen. Wm., invades Canada, 
 369 ; surrenders, 370. 
 
 Hutchinson, Gov., removes soldiers 
 from Boston, 222, N. 
 
 Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 93, N. 
 
 Iberville, Lemoine d , 160, N. 
 
 Iceland, 6. 
 
 Idaho, territory formed, 444; re 
 ceives organized government, 573. 
 
 Illinois, first settled, 156, 158, N.; 
 county of, organized, 278 ; organ 
 ized as separate territory, 399 ; ad 
 mitted, 402. 
 
 Immigration, 631. 
 
 Impressment of seamen by En 
 gland, 330, 331, 367, 368. 
 
 Independence, first steps toward, 
 215-231 ; Declaration of, 250, N., 251 ; 
 text, p. 360. 
 
 India rubber, vulcanized, 635. 
 
 Indian Company, founded, 161, N. 
 
 Indian Territory, formed, 406. 
 
 Indiana, settled, 165; admitted, 399. 
 
 Indians, first location of, 20; river 
 tribes, 21; village Indians, 22 ; tribal 
 divisions, 23; the Iroquois, 24; 
 clans and sachems, 25 ; religion, 26 ; 
 customs, 27, 28; appearance and 
 character, 29 ; how named, 34 ; en 
 slaved, 38, 40, 103, 163; attack Vir 
 ginians, 64 ; attack New Englarid- 
 ers, 94, 102; converted, 101, 173; 
 attack Dutch, 111; form a treaty 
 with Penn, 120 : attack French, 163 ; 
 Schnectady, 168; Albernarle and 
 Pamlico settlements, 172 ; Ohio set 
 tlers, 183, 326 ; massacre at Ft. Wm. 
 Henry, 184; Pontiac s conspiracy, 
 194 ; employed by British, 244 ; rav 
 age Mohawk Valley, 264, N.; mas 
 sacre at Wyoming, 274; at Cherry 
 Valley, 275 ; treaties of 1784-90, 311, 
 312 ; Jefferson s policy towards, 355 ; 
 at Tippecanoe, 368; at Ft. Dear 
 born, 370; in the War of 1812, 375, 
 376, 383 ; attack Ft. Mimms, 384 ; re 
 moved west of Mississippi, 406; 
 troubles in Illinois and Wisconsin, 
 418 ; in Florida, 419, 420 ; employed 
 in Civil War, 508 ; Grant s policy 
 towards, 605 ; outbreak in Oregon, 
 606 ; in Dakota, Montana, and Wy 
 oming, 614. 
 
 Interior basin of Cordilleras, 15. 
 
 Inventions, cotton-gin, spinning- 
 jenny, steam-engine, 348; vulcan 
 ized India rubber, 635; sewing- 
 machine, 636; agricultural imple 
 ments, printing-press, etc., 637. 
 
 Iowa, admitted, 461. 
 
 Iron-clad Oath, the, 591. 
 
 Iroquois, see Six Nations. 
 
 Isabella, Queen, 31, 34. 
 
 Island No. 10, surrendered, 507. 
 
 luka, battle of, 512. 
 
 Jackson. Andrew, defeats Creeks, 
 384 ; wins battle of New Orleans, 
 394, 395 ; governor of Florida, 403 ; 
 Pres., 414: introduces "system of 
 rotation," 415, N. 
 
 Jackson, * Stonewall," at Bull Run, 
 493; in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 522; seizes Harper s Ferry, 525; at 
 Chancellorsville, 532, N. 
 
 James I, charters London and Ply 
 mouth Companies, 55 2 N.; makes 
 Virginia a royal province, 65 ; re 
 ligious intolerance of, 74 ; conflict 
 ing grants of, 83. 
 
 James II becomes king and liber 
 ates Quakers, 123; sells "Mon- 
 mouth s Rebels" to Virginia, 136; 
 persecutes the Covenanters, 137; 
 appoints Andros governor and 
 takes away colonial charters, 138, 
 139; deposed, 140. 
 
 (xxviiij 
 
Jam 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Lin 
 
 James River, named, 57 ; shores rav 
 aged by British, 284. 
 
 Jamestown, settled, 57; attacked 
 by Indians, 64. 
 
 Japan, treaty with, 470. 
 
 Japanese, in America, 625. 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant, at Ft. Moultrie 
 249, N.; killed at Savannah, 285. 
 
 Jay, John, American commissioner 
 at Versailles, 307, N.; on the Consti 
 tution, 319, N.; chief -justice of the 
 United States, 321; makes treaty 
 with England, 331. 
 
 Jefferson, Ft., built, 279. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declara 
 tion of Independence, 250 ; Sec y of 
 State, 321 ; leading Democrat, 333 ; 
 Vice-pres., 340; Pres., 350-353, N.; 
 has Hamilton s records examined, 
 354; greatest event in his term, 
 356 ; re-elected Pres., 362 ; opinion 
 on Embargo Act, 365; estimate of 
 Madison, 366, N.; makes proposi 
 tion to restrict- slavery, 402 ; death 
 of, 413. 
 
 Jesuit Fathers in America, 47, 48, N., 
 155, N. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, Vice-pres., 581 ; 
 Pres., 572; differences with Con 
 gress, 589, N.; impeachment of, 590. 
 
 Johnson family, 275, N. 
 
 Johnson, Gen. William, builds Ft. 
 Wm. Henry, 182; receives estate 
 on Mohawk, 275. 
 
 Johnson, Richard M.,Vice-pres.,426. 
 
 Johnston, Gen. A. S., in Civil War, 
 502, N., 506. 
 
 Johnston, Gen. J. E., commander- 
 in-chief of Confederacy, 522; at 
 Fair Oaks, 523 ; chief command in 
 Georgia, 550 ; opposes Sherman, 
 555, N.; superseded by Hood, 556 ; re 
 instated and defeated at Averys- 
 boro and Bentonville, N. C., 563; 
 surrenders to Sherman, 567, N. 
 
 Joint High Commission, 599, 616. 
 
 Jones, John Paul, 283, N. 
 
 Kansas, difficulties in, 474, 475 ; ad 
 mitted, 482. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 473. 
 
 Karlsefne, Thorfinn, 9. 
 
 Kaskaskia, Ills., founded, 156. 
 
 Kearny, Gen., in Mexican War, 
 447, 454. 
 
 Kent, Isle of, 71. 
 
 Kenton, Kentucky pioneer, 243. 
 
 Kentucky, settled, 243, N.; admitted, 
 335; refuses to secede, 490; urged 
 to join Confederacy, 510, 511. 
 
 Key, Francis S., writes " Star Span 
 gled Banner," 386. 
 
 Kidd, Captain, 213, N. 
 
 Kieft, gov. of New Netherlands, 111. 
 
 King George s War, 167, 174, 175. 
 
 King Philip s War, 102, 103, N. 
 
 King William s War, 167-169. 
 
 King s College, founded, 201. 
 Kittanning, destroyed, 183. 
 Know-Nothing party, 476. 
 Knox, Henry, takes possession of 
 New York, 308, N.; Sec y of War, 321. 
 Knoxville, battle of, 547. 
 Kosciusko, in America, 261, N. 
 
 Labrador, discovered, 37. 
 
 La Fayette, comes to Amer., 261, N.; 
 at Brandywine, 263, N.; at Andrews 
 court-martial, 295 ; in French 
 Rev., 328 ; revisits Amer., 405. 
 
 Lake Champlain, explored, 47. 
 
 La Salle s explorations, 158. N., 159 ; 
 basis of French claims, 176. 
 
 Laud, Archbishop, persecutes the 
 Puritans, 85, N.; 88, N.; 89, N.; 198, N. 
 
 Laudonniere, 45, N. 
 
 Law, John, originates " Mississippi 
 Scheme," 161, N.; settles Ark., 162. 
 
 Lawrence, James, biography, 377, 
 N.; captures the "Peacock," 378; 
 killed, 378. 
 
 Lawrence, Kansas, burned, 475. 
 
 League formed in New England, 97. 
 
 Lecompton, Convention, 474. 
 
 Lee, Arthur, Comm. to Paris, 270, N. 
 
 Lee, Charles, at Charleston, 249, N.; 
 taken prisoner and exchanged, 257, 
 262, N.; at Monmouth, 272, N. 
 
 Lee, Ft., captured, 256. 
 
 Lee, Henry, captures Jersey City, 
 282, N.; pronounces Washington s 
 funeral oration, 319, N.; commands 
 against " Whisky Rebellion," 327. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry, offers resolu 
 tion of independence, 250, N. 
 
 Lee, Robert E., defeated in W. Va., 
 492; invades Maryland, 509, 525; 
 commander-in-chief,523, N.; at sec 
 ond Bull Run and Chantilly, 524 ; 
 South Mountain, 525; Antietam, 
 526; Gettysburg, 534, 535; the Wil 
 derness, 550; Spottsylvania, 551; 
 force remaining Apr., 65, 563 ; capt 
 ures Ft. Steedman, 564; abandons 
 Richmond, 565 ; surrenders, 567. 
 
 Leif, in New England, 7. 
 
 Leisler, death of, 143. 
 
 Lenni Lenape, make treaty with 
 Penn, 120. 
 
 Leopard and Chesapeake, 364. 
 
 Lewis and Clarke s Expedition, 
 358, N. 
 
 Lexington, battle of, 232, 233, N. 
 
 Liberty Bell, 250, N. 
 
 Lieber, Dr. Francis, 632. 
 
 Lightning-rod, invented by Frank 
 lin, 2C5. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, Pres., 480; pol 
 icy of, 486, 487, N.; calls for volun 
 teers, 491 ; refuses at first to molest 
 slavery, 529; issues emancipation 
 proclamation, 530, 531; re-elected, 
 561 ; second inaugural address, 569; 
 death of, 570, 571, N. 
 
 U. S. H. 25. 
 
 (xxix) 
 
Lin 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Mis 
 
 Lincoln, Gen., sent to aid Schuyler, 
 263; commands in South, 281, N.; 
 attempts capture of Savannah, 285 ; 
 surrenders Charleston, 285; re 
 ceives Cornwallis s sword, 304. 
 
 Literary progress of the colonies, 
 149 ; in U. S., 643. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R., administers 
 oath of office to Washington, 320, 
 N.; aids Fulton, 320, N., 363; U.S. 
 agent in purchasing Louisiana, 
 356, 357. 
 
 Livingston, William, at Constitu 
 ent Convention, 315, N. 
 
 Locke, John, draws model of gov 
 ernment for Carolinas, 130, N. 
 
 London Company, chartered, 55; 
 laws of, 61 ; dissolved, 65. 
 
 Long Island, battle of, 253. 
 
 Long Island Sound, settlements, 89. 
 
 Long Parliament, 126. 
 
 Longstreet, Gen. James, at Knox- 
 ville, 547, N. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, battle of, 545. 
 
 Lpuis XIV, attempts to settle Lou 
 isiana, 159, N. 
 
 Louis XV, attempts to found an 
 empire in America, 161, N., 162. 
 
 Louisburg, capt. by Eng. colonists, 
 175, N.; colonists and regulars, 189. 
 
 Louisiana, named, 158; founder of, 
 160, N.; ceded to Spain, 193; ceded 
 to France and purchased by U. S., 
 356, 357 ; partly organized, 359 ; state 
 admitted, 383; secedes, 481. 
 
 Lowell, Francis, inventor, 633. 
 
 Lundy s Lane, battle of, 388, N. 
 
 Lynn, founded, 86. 
 
 McClellan, Gen. Geo. B., victorious 
 in W. Va., 492; commander-in- 
 chief, 495, N.; at Williamsburg, 521 ; 
 Fair Oaks, 523 ; South Mountain, 
 525; Antietam, 526; relieved of 
 command, 526. 
 
 McDonough,Commodore,at Platts- 
 burgh, 391, N. 
 
 McDougall, Gen., in command at 
 Peekskill, 262, N. 
 
 McDowell, Gen., at Bull Run, 493 ; 
 checked by Jackson, 522. 
 
 McHenry, Ft., bombarded, 386. 
 
 Macomb, Gen., at Plattsb gh, 391, N. 
 
 Madeiras, discovered, 30. 
 
 Madison, James, at Const.Conv., 315; 
 on Const., 319; leading Democrat, 
 333 ; Sec y of State, 353 ; Pres., 366, N. 
 
 Magellan, 38, N. 
 
 Mail service, extended, 146; organ 
 ized, 205; present state, 638. 
 
 Maine, coast explored, 54; colo 
 nized, 82; how named, 82, N.; east 
 ern part surrendered to Great 
 Britain, 193; admitted, 402. 
 
 Manhattan Island, settled, 106. 
 
 Manufactures, colonial, 212: of 
 U. S., 348, 633-637. 
 
 Marietta, founded, 325, N. 
 
 Marion, Gen., harasses the British, 
 286, N.; as a host, 287. 
 
 Marquette, 156, N. 
 
 Marshall, John, envoy to France, 
 344, N. 
 
 Maryland, colony formed, 70 ; royal 
 province, 73 ; agrees to Union, 298 ; 
 cedes land for a national capital, 
 323 ; ravaged by British, 385, 386 ; 
 refuses to secede, 490 ; invaded by 
 Lee, 509, 525 ; by Early, 553. 
 
 Mason, John, grant to, 82. 
 
 Mason and Slidell difficulty, 499, 500. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony, coast 
 explored, 54; extended, 81, 82,140; 
 royal charter, 85 ; laws of, 86 ; towns 
 of, 86 ; religious intolerance in, 90, 
 91, 99; new laws adopted, 96; one 
 of " United Colonies of New En 
 gland," 97 ; state cedes N. W. Ter 
 ritory to U. S., 298. 
 
 Massacre by Indians at Ft. Wm. 
 Henry, 184 ; at Wyoming, 274 ; at 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y., 275 ; at Ft. 
 Mimms, 384 ; Wahoo Swamp, 420. 
 
 Massasoit, treaty with, 79. 
 
 Matamoras, captured, 4.46. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, 141, N., 198. 
 
 Mather, Increase, 198, N. 
 
 Maximilian, in Mexico, 588. 
 
 Mayflower, the, 77. 
 
 Meade, Gen., at Gettysburg, 534, N. 
 
 Mecklenburg Resolutions, 242. 
 
 Meigs, Col., at Sag Harbor, 262, N. 
 
 Meigs, Ft., besieged, 376. 
 
 Memphis, ft. established, 165: capt 
 ured by U. S., 508. 
 
 Menendez, Pedro, 46. 
 
 Mercantile system adopted, 147. 
 
 Mercer, Ft., evacuated, 263, N. 
 
 Meridian Raid, the, 548. 
 
 Merrimac and Monitor, 516-519, N. 
 
 Mexico, city of, captured, 453. 
 
 Mexico, conquest of, 40 ; recognized 
 by U. S., 404 ; wages war with U. S., 
 446-457; Maximilian in, 588. 
 
 Michigan, settled, 156 ; organized as 
 territory, 399; admitted, 426; forest 
 fires in, 602; University of, 640. 
 
 Michillimackinac, founded, 158. 
 
 Miller, Col. James, at Lundy s Lane, 
 388, N. 
 
 Mimms, Ft., massacre of, 384. 
 
 Ministers of early New Eng., 198, N. 
 
 Mint, established, 323. 
 
 Minuit, Peter, 110, N. 
 
 Minute-men, organized, 231, N. 
 
 Mission Indians, 48. 
 
 Missionary Ridge, battle of, 546. 
 
 Mississippi, settled by French, 160; 
 admitted, 402; secedes, 481. 
 
 Mississippi River, disc, by De Soto, 
 41 ; by Marquette, 156 ; navigation, 
 secured to Americans, 334 ; strug 
 gle for possession of, 502-515 ; nav 
 igation of, opened, 539. 
 
 Mississippi Scheme, 161, N., 162. 
 
 (xxx) 
 
Mis 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 New 
 
 Mississippi Valley, described, 17; 
 explored by French, 155-158. 
 
 Missouri, admitted, 402 ; refuses to 
 secede, 490 ; field of Civil War, 492. 
 
 Missouri Compromise, 402; disre 
 garded, 463, 473. 
 
 Mitchell, Col., at Oswego. 387. 
 
 Mobile, Alabama, settled, 160. 
 
 Mohawk Valley, ravaged, 264, N. 
 
 Monmouth s rebels, in Virginia, 136. 
 
 Monroe, Fortress, held by Union 
 forces, 485 ; headquarters Army of 
 Potomac, 520; prison of Jefferson 
 Davis, 568. 
 
 Monroe, James, leading Democrat, 
 333; agent of U. S. in purchasing 
 Louisiana, 356; Pres., 400, N.; re- 
 elected, 404. 
 
 Monroe Doctrine, the, 404. 
 
 Montana, organized territory, 573. 
 
 Montcalm, captures Ft. Oswego, 183 ; 
 destroys Ft. William Henry, 184; 
 defeats Abercrombie, 187 ; killed at 
 Quebec, 190-192, N. 
 
 Monterey, captured, 448. 
 
 Montezumas, 453, N. 
 
 Montgomery, Ala., Confederate 
 Convention at, 483. 
 
 Montgomery, Gen., captures Mon 
 treal, 246, N.; killed at Quebec, 247. 
 
 Montreal, founded, 165; conquest 
 by American colonists planned, 
 169; captured by English, 193; by 
 Montgomery, 246; abandoned, 247. 
 
 Moore, Gov., attacks Spanish set 
 tlements, 171. 
 
 Morgan, Gen. Daniel, aids Schuy- 
 ler, 263; wins battle of the Cow- 
 pens, 289, N.; pursued by Corn- 
 wallis, 290. 
 
 Morgan s raid, 540. 
 
 Mormons, 438, 439, N. 
 
 Morris, Com. 360. 
 
 Morris, Lieut., 516, N. 
 
 Morris, Robt., at Const. Con v., 315, N. 
 
 Morristown, winter at, 284. 
 
 Moultrie, Col. William, defends 
 Charleston, 249, N.; recaptures Port 
 Royal, S. C., 281. 
 
 Moultrie, Ft., named, 249, N.; evac 
 uated by Anderson, 482. 
 
 Mound Builders, 2-5. 
 
 Murfreesborough, battle of, 513 
 
 Mutiny during Revolution, 297. 
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, friendly to 
 U. S., 345; orders mourning for 
 Washington, 346; prophecy con 
 cerning U. S., 357. 
 
 Napoleon III, designs on Mex., 588. 
 
 Narragansett Indians, threaten 
 war, 80; receive Roger Williams, 
 92 ; refuse to make war, 94, 95. 
 
 Narvaez, 41. 
 
 Natchez, Miss., settled, 160, 165 ; capt 
 ured by Union forces, 515. 
 
 Natchez Indians, exterminated, 163. 
 
 National Bank Bill, vetoed, 435. 
 
 National debt, 577 ; reduction of, 626. 
 
 Naval battles: the Bon Homme 
 Richard and Serapis, 283 ; bet. Eng. 
 and French at Yorktown, 302; 
 GuerriSre and Constitution, 372; 
 Wasp and Frolic, 373 ; Hornet and 
 Peacock, 378; Chesapeake and 
 Shannon, 378 ; Argus and Pelican, 
 379 ; Essex and British ships, 379 ; 
 of Lake Erie, 380-382 ; United States 
 and Macedonian, 397, N.; Alabama 
 and Kearsarge, 498 ; on the Missis 
 sippi, 508; Monitor and Merrimac, 
 516-519 ; in Mobile Bay, 560. 
 
 Navigation Acts, embarass Ameri 
 can trade, 128 ; renewed, 147. 
 
 Navy of U. S. in the Rev., 283, N.; in 
 the Civil War, 496, N. 
 
 Nebraska, admitted, 594. 
 
 Necessity, Ft., built, 177. 
 
 Negroes, introduced in America as 
 slaves, 62, 135, N.; confiscated by 
 Butler, 529 ; take part in the Civil 
 War, 531 ; civil rights estab., 589. 
 
 Nevada, ceded to U. S., 457; be 
 comes a state, 573. 
 
 New Amsterdam, founded, 106; 
 seized by Eng. and name changed 
 to New York, 115; recaptured by 
 Dutch, 117; ceded to England, 117. 
 
 New Brunswick, ceded to Great 
 Britain, 193. 
 
 New England, suffers in War of 1812, 
 387 ; oppose the war, 390, 392. 
 
 New France, named , 43; father of, 47. 
 
 New Hampshire, settled, 82, N.; part 
 of Massachusetts, 140 ; claims Ver 
 mont, 237, N. 
 
 New Haven, founded, 89. N.; laws 
 of, 89 ; one of " United Colonies of 
 New England," 97; site of Yale 
 College, 200. 
 
 New Jersey, named, 116 ; purchased 
 by Quakers, 118; receives the Cov 
 enanters, 137. 
 
 New Mexico, settled, 48, N.; ceded to 
 U. S., 457. 
 
 New Netherlands, named, 105 ; char 
 acter of inhabitants, 107 ; discon 
 tent in, 114 ; seized by Eng., 115 ; re 
 captured, 117 ; ceded to Eng., 117. 
 
 New Orleans, founded, 161, N., 162; 
 growth of, 164; American depot, 
 334 ; battle of, 394, 395 ; captured by 
 Union forces, 514, 515. 
 
 New Sweden, founded, 110, N.; con 
 quered by the Dutch, 113. 
 
 New York, harbor entered, 43 ; city 
 named, 115; captured by Dutch, 
 117; ceded to Eng., 117; colony 
 loses its charter, 138; claims Ver 
 mont, 237, N.; city seized by Brit., 
 255; state cedes N. W. Terr., 298; 
 city evacuated by Brit., 308; Wash 
 ington inaugurated as Pres., 320: 
 riots in, 533. 
 
 Newcastle, Duke of, 214. 
 
 (xxxi) 
 
New 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pin 
 
 Newfoundland, disc., 37; trans 
 ferred to England. 173, N. 
 
 Newport, Christopher, 56. 
 
 Newport, harbor disc., 43; settle 
 ment founded, 93 ; attack upon, 273. 
 
 Newspapers, colonial, 201, N. 
 
 Niagara, ft. estab., 165 ; English at 
 tempt to capture, 182. 
 
 Nicolls, Richard, gov. of N. Y., 117. 
 
 Norfolk, navy-yard seized by Con 
 federates, 490; surrendered to 
 U. S., 519. 
 
 Norridgewock, settlement of, 173. 
 
 North Carolina, settled, 132 ; discon 
 tent in, 223; state cedes western 
 lands to U. S., 298 ; pays for use of 
 cotton-gin, 348, N.; coasts ravaged 
 by British, 385 ; secedes, 490. 
 
 Northern Pacific B. R., begun, 608. 
 
 Northmen, in Iceland and Green 
 land, 6; in New England, 7. 
 
 North-west passage attempted, 38, 
 50, N., 104, N. 
 
 North-west Territory, see Terri 
 tory, etc. 
 
 Nova Scotia, ceded to Alexander, 
 83 ; to Temple, 129 ; ceded to Great 
 Britain by France, 193 ; see Acadia. 
 
 Officials, English, in colonies, 214. 
 
 Oglethorpe, receives Georgia, 150, 
 N.; lays out Savannah, 151 ; forbids 
 slavery and rum, 152 ; besieges St. 
 Augustine and repels Spanish in 
 vasion, 153, 174 ; returns to Eng., 154. 
 
 Ohio, settled, 325, N.; admitted, 349. 
 
 Ohio Company, 325, N. 
 
 Ohio River, discovered. 158, N. 
 
 Ohio University, established, 324. 
 
 Ohio Valley, possession disputed, 
 176 ; Indian troubles in, 183. 
 
 Omnibus Bill, 463, N.; excitement 
 over, 467. 
 
 Orange, Ft., changed to Albany, 115. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787 passed, 324 ; in 
 fringed, 477, N. 
 
 Oregon, explored, 358, N.; settled and 
 northern boundary fixed, 443, 444 ; 
 territory formed and state ad 
 mitted, 444. 
 
 Oriskany, battle of, 264, N. 
 
 Orleans, Territory of, organized, 359; 
 included in Louisiana, 383. 
 
 Osceola, 419, 420. 
 
 Ostend Manifesto, 472. 
 
 Oswego, Ft., capt. by Montcalm, 
 183 ; town capt. by British, 387. 
 
 Oxenstiern, sends emigrants to 
 America, 109. 
 
 Pacific coast, explored, 50. 
 Pacific Ocean, discovered, 39. 
 Pacific Railroad, explorations for, 
 
 471; completed, 597. 
 Pakenham, Gen., at New Orleans, 
 
 394, 395. 
 
 Palo Alto, battle of, 446. 
 
 Pamlico Sound, attacked, 172. 
 
 Pamphlets, colonial, 208. 
 
 Panic, of Van Buren s term, 427- 
 429 ; of 1873, 608. 
 
 Paoli, Penn., attack upon, 263, N. 
 
 Paper-making, 634. 
 
 Paper money, issued during Rev., 
 296; in Civil War, 511, 577, 579; 
 effects of latter, 607, 608. 
 
 Paris, treaty of, 193. 
 
 Parliament, oppresses the colonies, 
 144, 147, 148. 
 
 Patrons of Husbandry, 619. 
 
 Patroons, 107, N. 
 
 Pea Ridge, battle of, 508. 
 
 Peabody, Geo., endowments by,641. 
 
 Peekskill, N.Y., Brit, raid on, 262, N. 
 
 Pemberton, Gen., at Vicksburg, 538. 
 
 Penn, Wm., helps purchase New 
 Jersey, 118, N.; obtains grant of 
 Pennsylvania, 119 : purchases land 
 from Swedes arid founds Philadel 
 phia, 120 : makes treaty with In 
 dians, 120 ; grants liberal constitu 
 tion, 121; receives Delaware, 122; 
 releases Quaker prisoners, 123 ; in 
 gratitude towards, 124 ; draws plan 
 of union for the colonies, 146. 
 
 Pennsylvania, granted to Penn, 119 ; 
 j ust laws of, 121; includes Delaware, 
 122 ; recharters Bank of U. S., 429 ; 
 invaded by Lee, 534 ; by Early, 553. 
 
 PepperelL Col. William, 175, N. 
 
 Pequod War, 94, 95. 
 
 Perry, Capt. O. H., wins battle of 
 Lake Erie, 380-382, N. 
 
 Perry, Com. M. C., in Japan, 470. 
 
 Perryville, battle of, 512. 
 
 Personal Liberty Laws, 468. 
 
 Peru, conquered, 40. 
 
 Petersburg, Va., besieged, 554. 
 
 Petition sent to George III, 231, 
 
 Philadelphia, Swedish settlements 
 near, 110; founded, 1^0; second 
 Continental Cong, meets, 234 ; capt. 
 by Howe, 263, N.; evacuated by 
 Brit., 272 ; Constituent Conv. meet. 
 314 ; site of Bank of U. S., national 
 mint, and national capital, 323; of 
 Centennial Exposition, 612. 
 
 Philadelphia, the ship, burned by 
 Decatur, 360. 
 
 Physical divisions of the U. S., 19. 
 
 Pickens, Ft., 485. 
 
 Pickens, Gen., 286, N. 
 
 Picture-writing, 27. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, in Mexican War, 
 453 ; Pres., 468 ; biography of, 473, N. 
 
 Pilgrims, selected to found colony. 
 76; sail from Eng., 76, 77, N.; found 
 Plymouth, 78, N.; hardships of, 79- 
 81 ; religious tolerance, 90. 
 
 Pillow, Ft., abandoned, 508. 
 
 Pillow, Gen., at Contreras and 
 Churubusco, 452. 
 
 Pinckney, Charles Cotes worth, en 
 voy and minister to France, 344, N. 
 
 (xxxii) 
 
Pir 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ric 
 
 Pirates, in colonial times, 213; of 
 Barbary States, 329, 335, 360, 397. 
 
 Pitcher, Molly, 272, N. 
 
 Pitt, Wm., premier of Eng., 185; se 
 lects Wolfe to attack Q,uebec, 192, 
 N.; biography, 219, N.; takes part of 
 colonists, 229: opinion of First 
 Continental Congress, 236. 
 
 Pittsburgh, site of fort, 170 ; named, 
 188 ; riot at, 621. 
 
 Plains of Abraham, 190, N., 191. 
 
 Plattsburgh, battle of, 391. 
 
 Plots, against Washington, 265, N., 
 268, N.; to make Washington 
 king, 310. 
 
 Plymouth Colony founded, 78; part 
 o f Mass., 81, 140; becomes one of 
 " United Colonies of New Eng.," 97. 
 
 Plymouth Company, 55. 
 
 Pocahontas, 64, N. 
 
 Point Comfort, named, 57. 
 
 Polk, James K., Pres., 441 ; biogra 
 phy of, 443, N. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, 39. 
 
 Pontiac, conspiracy of, 194. 
 
 Pope, Gen., at Cedar Mountain, sec 
 ond Bull Run, and Chantilly, 524. 
 
 Population of U. S. in 1880, 627. 
 
 Port Hudson, held by Confederates, 
 528 ; surren. to Union forces, 539. 
 
 Port Royal, Nova Scotia, twice capt 
 ured by Massachusetts volunteers 
 and named Annapolis, 169. 
 
 Port Royal. S. C., named, 44 ; capt 
 ured by British and recaptured, 281; 
 fort captured by U. S., 501, N. 
 
 Porter, Capt. David, com. Essex, 379. 
 
 Porter, Com. D. D., assists at Ft. 
 Fisher, 559, N. 
 
 Postal service, see Mail service. 
 
 Potomac River, banks ravaged by 
 British, 284. 
 
 Powhatan, 64. 
 
 Praying Indians, 101 ; persecuted 
 by whites, 102. 
 
 Preble, Com. Edward, blockades 
 Tripoli, 360, N. 
 
 Prescott, Col., at Bunker Hill, 238, N. 
 
 Prescott, Gen. (British), 257, 262, N. 
 
 Price, Gen., in Missouri, 508. 
 
 Prince Edward Island, capt., 189. 
 
 Princeton, battle of, 260, N. 
 
 Princeton College, founded, 201. 
 
 Pring, 54. 
 
 Printing-press, 87, N.; 637. 
 
 Printz, gov. of New Sweden, 110, N. 
 
 Privateers, in the Rev., 283, 315, N.; 
 in the War of 1812, 373 ; of the Con 
 federate States, 498. 
 
 Proctor, Gen., brutality to prison 
 ers, 375 ; defeated at Fts. Meigs arid 
 Stephenson, 376; at battle of the 
 Thames, 383. 
 
 Providence, founded, 92, N. 
 
 Public education in N.W. Terr., 324. 
 
 Public improvements, disputes on, 
 
 411 ; during Jackson s term, 423. 
 Public schools in the U. S., 642. 
 
 Pu 
 
 Pueblo, captured, 451. 
 
 Pueblos, 22, 42, N. 
 
 Pulaski, aids America, 261, N.; killed 
 at Savannah, 285. 
 
 Pulaski, P t.,528. 
 
 Puritans, origin of, 74,75, N.; in Hol 
 land, 75, 76; sail for America, 76; 
 their patent invalid, 76; found 
 New Haven, 89 ; obtain control in 
 England, 125; see Pilgrims. 
 
 Putnam, Israel, 233, N. 
 
 Quaker guns, 520, N. 
 
 Quakers, see Friends. 
 
 Quebec, settled, 47- conquest of 
 planned, 169, N.; description of, 
 190, N.; capt. by Wolfe, 190-192, N.; 
 French attempt recapture, 193; be 
 sieged by Montgomery, 247. 
 
 Queen Anne s War, 167, 170-172. 
 
 Railroads, 412; Pacific R. R. ex 
 plorations, 471 ; growth of, 630. 
 
 Railway riots, 620. 
 
 Raleigh, N. C., captured by Sher 
 man, 563. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 51, N., 54. 
 
 Rail, Colonel, 259. 
 
 Randolph, Edmund, Attorney-gen 
 eral, 321, N. 
 
 Randolph, John, fights duel with 
 Henry Clay, 402, N. 
 
 Rasles, Father, killed, 173. 
 
 Reconstruction of the Southern 
 States, 591, 598. 
 
 Red Jacket, 276, N. 
 
 Regulators, in North Carolina, 223. 
 
 Reign of Terror, effect in Amer., 329. 
 
 Religion of Indians, 26. 
 
 Religious differences in Eng., 74. 
 
 Religious intolerance in Massachu 
 setts, 90, 91. 
 
 Republican or Dem. party, 333. 
 
 Republican party, org., 476, 590, N. 
 
 Resaca de la Pal ma, battle of, 446. 
 
 Resolutions, the Mecklenburg, 242. 
 
 Restrictions on colonial industry, 
 128, 147, 148, 224, 244. 
 
 Resumption of specie provided for, 
 611 ; effected, 626. 
 
 Revenue Laws, evaded in R. I., 225. 
 
 Revere, Paul, 232, N. 
 
 Revolution, French, effect in Amer 
 ica, 3L8, 329. 
 
 Revolution in England, 140 ; settles 
 three great principles, 144. 
 
 Rhode Island, settled, 92, 93, N.; 
 charter of, 98; charter lost, 139; 
 smuggling in, 225; sends no dele 
 gates to Constituent Convention, 
 314 ; rebellion in, 437, N. 
 
 Rhode Island, island of, purch d, 93. 
 
 Riall, Gen., defeated at Chippewa, 
 387 ; capt. at Luudy s Lane, 388. 
 
 Ribault, 44, N. 
 
 Richmond, Ky., battle of, 510. 
 
 (xxxiii) 
 
Ric 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 She 
 
 Richmond, Va., settled, 66; capital 
 of the Southern Confederacy, 493 ; 
 threatened by Union troops, 520, 
 521; relieved, 522, 528; Grant s ad 
 vance on begun, 550; outer de 
 fenses captured, 552; besieged by 
 Grant and cut off from South, 
 554; captured by Gi-aiit, 565, 566; 
 burned, 566. 
 
 Riedesel, Hessian general, 266. 
 
 Right of search, claimed, 364, 367, 
 368 ; abandoned, 396. 
 
 Ring robberies, 610. 
 
 Rio Grande, explored, 48; claimed 
 by Texas as boundary, 445. 
 
 Riots, in New York, 533; railway, 620. 
 
 Roads, in colonial times, 211. 
 
 Roanoke Island, first settlement, 
 52; second settlement, 53, N.; re 
 covered by Union forces, 528. 
 
 Robertson, James, pioneer, 223, N. 
 
 Rochambeau, Count de, 302, N. 
 
 Rolfe, John, 64. 
 
 Rosalie, Fort, 160. 
 
 Rosecrans, Gen., at Murfreesbor- 
 ough, 513; at Chickamauga River, 
 543 ; relieved of command, 543. 
 
 Ross, Gen., burns Washington, 385, 
 N.; attacks Baltimore, 386. 
 
 Rotation in office introduced, 415. 
 
 Roxbury, founded, 86. 
 
 Royal officials in the colonies, 214. 
 
 Russian America purchased, 594. 
 
 Sachems, 25. 
 
 Sacs and Foxes, moved west, 418. 
 
 Sag Harbor, British vessels and 
 stores destroyed, 262, N. 
 
 St. Augustine, founded, 46; be 
 sieged by Oglethorpe, 153, 174. 
 
 St. Clair, Gen. Arthur, at Hubbard- 
 ton, 264, N.; governor of N. W. Ter 
 ritory, 325, N., 326. 
 
 St. Eustatius, captured by British 
 and restored, 300. 
 
 St. Ignace, Mich., established, 156. 
 
 St. John s, Canada, captured by 
 Montgomery, 246 ; abandoned, 247. 
 
 St. John s River, settlement, 45. 
 
 St. Joseph s, Mich., founded, 158. 
 
 St. Leger, Col., 264, N. 
 
 St. Mary, Mich., established, 156. 
 
 Salem Colony, founded, 84, N.; city 
 offers wharves to Boston mer 
 chants, 228. 
 
 Salem witchcraft, 141, N., 142. 
 
 Salt Lake City, founded, 439. 
 
 Samoset, 79. 
 
 San Antonio, captured, 452. 
 
 San Francisco, becomes city, 459. 
 
 San Jacinto, battle of, 440, N. 
 
 San Salvador, discovered, 33. 
 
 Sandys, Geo., translates Ovid, 197. 
 
 Sanitary Commissions during Civil 
 War, 585, 586. 
 
 Santa Anna, Gen., in Mexican War, 
 449-453, N. 
 
 Santa Fe", founded, 48, N.; captured 
 by U. S. forces, 454. 
 
 Saratoga, first battle of, 265, N.; sec 
 ond battle of, 266, N.; effect of vic 
 tories, 270. 
 
 Savannah, founded, 151; capt. by 
 British, 280; attempt at recapture, 
 285 ; evacuated by British, 307 ; oc 
 cupied by Sherman, 559. 
 
 Say, Lord, establishes settlement in 
 America, 89. 
 
 Saybrook, Conn., founded, 89; col 
 lege at, 200. 
 
 Schenectady, attacked by Ind., 168. 
 
 Schofield, Gen., pursues Hood, 558. 
 
 Schurz, Carl, 632. 
 
 Schuyler, Gen., 246, N.; 265, N. 
 
 Science, in the colonies. 206 ; in the 
 U.S., 644. 
 
 Scott, Winfield, prisoner by British, 
 371, N.; at Lundy s Lane, 388; in 
 South Carolina, 417; in Seminole 
 War, 420; on Canadian frontier, 431; 
 in Mexican War, 447, N., 450-453; 
 candidate for Pres., 473, N.; retires 
 from active service, 495. 
 
 Secession, right claimed, 416 ; of the 
 South, 481, 490 ; inadmissable, 581. 
 
 Second Continental Congress, 234- 
 235; abolish " colonial system," 250; 
 commissions La Fayette, 261, N.; 
 removes to Lancaster, 263 ; refuses 
 to receive British envoys, 271 ; re 
 turns thanks for result of Rev., 
 305; pass "Ordinance of 1787," 324. 
 
 Sedition Law, 342. 
 
 Semi-centennial, celebrated, 413. 
 
 Seminole War, 419, 420. 
 
 Semmes, Raphael, 498. N. 
 
 Separatists, 75, 76. 
 
 Serapis, captured by Jones, 283. 
 
 Seven Cities of Cibola, 42, N. 
 
 Sewall, Justice, 142. 
 
 Seward, Wm. H., on duration of 
 Civil War, 488, N.; attack on, 570. 
 
 Sewing-machine, invented, 636. 
 
 Shaftesbury, Lord, 130. 
 
 Sharpsburg, battle at, 526. 
 
 Shenandoah Valley, operations in, 
 522, 532, N., 552, 553. 
 
 Sheridan, Gen. Philip, at Murfrees- 
 borough, 513 ; at Missionary Ridge, 
 546; raid in Virginia, 552, N.; de 
 feats Early, 553; at Five Forks, 552, 
 N., 564 ; pursues Lee, 567. 
 
 Sherman, Gen.W. T., at Shiloh, 506 ; 
 at Chattanooga, 544-546; relieves 
 Burnside, 547; conducts Meridian 
 raid, 548 ; chief command in West, 
 549; advances into Georgia, 555; 
 defeats Hood, 556; compels de 
 struction of Atlanta, 557 ; march to 
 the sea, 558, JST.; captures Savannah, 
 559; Columbia, S. C., 562; defeats 
 Johnston at Averysboro and Beii- 
 tonville, 563; captures Raleigh, 
 N. C., 563 : receives Johnston s sur 
 render, 567, N. 
 
 (xxxiv) 
 
Shi 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tel 
 
 Shields, Gen., in Mexican War, 453. 
 
 Shiloh, battle of, 506, 507. 
 
 Sigel, Gen., in Shenandoah Valley, 
 552. 
 
 Sioux War, 614. 
 
 Sitka, described, 594. 
 
 Six Nations, 24, N.; receive the Tus- 
 caroras, 172 ; allies of British, 275 ; 
 overpowered by Americans, 276; 
 treaty with U. S., 311. 
 
 Sixth Mass, in Baltimore, 491. 
 
 Slater, Samuel, 348, 633. 
 
 Slavery, introduced, 62 ; in Carolina, 
 135, N.; trade increased, 148, N.; im 
 portation stopped in Virginia, 251 ; 
 prohibited in North-west Ter., 324, 
 402; subject reviewed, 401; lines 
 drawn by Missouri Coinp., 402 ; Gt. 
 Britain and U. S. unite to suppress 
 
 _trade, 436 ; compromise of 1850, 463 
 -fugitive slave law, 467 ; personal 
 Hberty laws, 468, N.; Dred Scott 
 
 ^ease, 477, N.; unmolested during 
 first of Civil War, 529 ; Emancipa 
 tion Proclamation, 530, 531 ; aban 
 doned by the South, 582. 
 
 Sloughter, Gov., authorizes Leis- 
 ler s death, 143. 
 
 Smith, Capt. John, unjustly impris 
 oned, 56, N.; leader at Jamestown, 
 58; returns to Eug., 59; writes first 
 book in America, 196 ; sends map 
 and report to London Comp., 196. 
 
 Smith, Joseph, founds Mormon 
 sect, 438, N.; killed, 439. 
 
 Smith, Kirby, at Bull Run, 494; in 
 vades Kentucky, 510, 511. 
 
 Smith College, 640. 
 
 Smithson, James, founds Smith 
 sonian Institution, 644. 
 
 Snorri, 9. 
 
 Somerset Court-house, N. J., battle 
 at, 262, N. 
 
 Sons of Liberty, organized, 230. 
 
 South American states, recognized 
 by U. S., 404. 
 
 South Carolina, visited by De 
 Ayllon, 40 ; settled and abandoned, 
 44; permanently settled, 133, N.; 
 character of people, 134, N., 135; 
 slavery introduced, 135, N.; sends 
 relief to Boston, 228 ; cedes western 
 lands to U. S., 298 ; pays for use of 
 cotton-gin, 348, N.; coasts ravaged 
 by British, 385; threatens seces 
 sion, 417 ; secedes, 481. 
 
 Southern Confed., planned, 417; 
 formed, 483; see Confed. States. 
 
 South-west passage, discov., 38, N. 
 
 Spain, explorers of, 30, 31, N., 39-42, N.; 
 settlements of, 46, 48, N.; at war with 
 Eng., 153, 174 ; cedes Florida and re 
 ceives Louisiana, 193; opposes col 
 onists in the Rev., 299; makes 
 treaty with U. S., 334; cedes Lou 
 isiana to France, 356: cedes Florida 
 to U. S., 403 ; loses American pos 
 sessions, 404. 
 
 Specie Circular, Jackson s, 424. 
 
 Specie Resumption, act passed, 611 ; 
 effected, 626. 
 
 Speculations in Jackson s time, 422. 
 
 Spinning-jenny invented, 348. 
 
 Spottsylvania Court-house, 551. 
 
 Springfield, Mass., founded, 88. 
 
 Springfield, N. J., battle at, 262, N. 
 
 Squatter sovereignty, 462, N., 473, N. 
 
 Stamp Act, opposed by Pitt, 219, N.; 
 passed, 220; repealed, 222. 
 
 Standish, Capt. Miles, 78, N. 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., 590, N. 
 
 Stanwix, Ft., treaty at, 311. 
 
 Star of the West, fired upon, 482. 
 
 Star Spangled Banner, written, 386. 
 
 Stark, Gen., at Bennington, 264, N. 
 
 Starving Time, the, 59. 
 
 State Rights, argued, 409, N., 416. 
 
 Steam-engine, invented, 348. 
 
 Steam navigat n, introduced, 363, N. 
 
 Steedman, Ft., capt. by Lee, 564. 
 
 Stephens, Alex. H., 483, N. 
 
 Stephenson, Ft., attacked, 376. 
 
 Steuben, Baron, enters the Amer 
 ican service, 269, N.; at Andre s 
 court-martial, 295. 
 
 Still water, battle of, 265, N. 
 
 Stirling, Major-general, 253, N. 
 
 Stockton, Com., in Mex. War, 456. 
 
 Stony Point, recapture of, 282, N. 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, appointed gov., 
 Ill, N.; makes treaties with English 
 and Indians, 112; conquers New 
 Sweden, 113 : surrenders New Am 
 sterdam to English, 115. 
 
 Submarine Telegraph between Eu 
 rope and America, 592, 593. 
 
 Sub-treasury Law, 430. 
 
 Sullivan, Gen. John, 253, N. 
 
 Sumter, Ft., seized by Anderson, 
 482, 485; surren. to Confed., 489; 
 stars and stripes raised over, 570, N. 
 
 Sumter, Gen., 286, N. 
 
 Swedes, in America, 109; buy lands 
 irom Indians, 110, N.; overpowered 
 by the Dutch, 113. 
 
 Tampa Bay, discovered, 41. 
 
 Taney, Roger Brooke, 477, N. 
 
 Tariff, imposed, 398; violent discus 
 sions on, 416 ; increased, 417. 
 
 Taxing colonies, 216, 217, 220,222, 227. 
 
 Taylor, Richard, 462, N. 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, in Seminole War, 
 420 ; in the Mexican War, 445-449 ; 
 Pres., 462, N.; death of, 464. 
 
 Tea, taxed, 227 ; sent home by New 
 York and by Philadelphia, 227; 
 thrown into Boston harbor, 227. 
 
 Tecumseh, defeated at Tippecanoe, 
 368, N.; protects prisoners, 375; at 
 tacks forts Meigs and Stephenson, 
 376 ; killed, 383. 
 
 Telegraph, introduced, 442; growth 
 of, 630. 
 
 Telephone, introduced, 630. 
 
 (XXXV) 
 
Ten 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 War 
 
 Tennessee, settled, 165, 223, N.; ad 
 mitted, 335 ; secedes, 490. 
 
 Tennessee, the Confederate ram, in 
 Mobile Bay, 560. 
 
 Tenney, Matthew, 516, N. 
 
 Tenure of Office Bill, passed, 589 ; 
 infringed, 590. 
 
 Territory North-west of Ohio River 
 ceded to U. S., 298, N.; organized, 
 324 ; states formed from, 325, N. 
 
 Territory of Louisiana, purchased, 
 356, 357 ; divided, 359. 
 
 Territory of Orleans, organized, 
 359 ; included in Louisiana, 383. 
 
 Texas, attempted settlement by 
 French, 158, N., 159 ; independent, 
 440, N.; admitted, 441 ; secedes, 481 ; 
 last of seceded states to resume 
 seats in Congress, 598. 
 
 Thames, battle of the, 383. 
 
 Thanksgiving day appointed, 570. 
 
 Thomas, Gen. Geo. H., saves battle 
 of Chickamauga, 544. N.; at Look 
 out Mountain, 545, 546; destroys 
 Hood s army, 558. 
 
 Thompson, Gen., killed, 420. 
 
 Thorfinn, Karlsefne, 9. 
 
 Ticonderoga, Ft., attacked by Abe r- 
 crombie, 186 ; surprised by Ethan 
 Allen, 237; surrendered to Bur- 
 goyne, 264. 
 
 Tilden, Samuel J., 616. 
 
 Tinicum Island, 110, N. 
 
 Tippecanoe, battle of, 368. 
 
 Tobacco culture introduced, 60. 
 
 Topeka, Kansas, convention at, 474. 
 
 Tories, denned, 248, N.; in Mohawk 
 Valley, 264, N.; plunder South, 306. 
 
 Trade, Board of, 145. 
 
 Treaty, of Utrecht, 173, N.; of Paris, 
 193 ; of Versailles, 307, N.; at Fon- 
 tainebleau, 308, N.; Jay s, 331 ; with 
 Spain, 334; with Algiers, 335, 360; 
 of Ghent, 393; with Spain, 403; 
 Webster and Ashburton, 436 ; with 
 Gt. Britain, 443 ; of Guadalupe Hi 
 dalgo, 457 ; with Japan, 470 ; with 
 China, 595. 
 
 Trent Affair, 499, 500. 
 
 Trenton, battle of, 259. 
 
 Tripoli, declares war on U. S., 360 ; 
 attacks American commerce, 397. 
 
 True Relation of Virginia, first 
 book written in America. 196. 
 
 Tryon, gov. of North Carolina, 223 ; 
 attacks Danbury, Conn., 262, N. 
 
 Twiggs, Gen., in Mexico, 452. 
 
 Tybee Island, captured, 501. 
 
 Tyler, John, Vice-pres., 433; Pres., 
 434, N. 
 
 Union of colonies planned, 146, 178. 
 Union of states, movement toward, 
 
 313; effected, 319. 
 
 United Colonies of New Eng., 97. 
 United States of America, first 
 
 named, 250; recognized as a nation 
 
 by France, 270 ; weak government 
 of, 296; articles of closer confeder 
 ation signed, 298; condition after 
 Rev., 309, 310 ; movements toward 
 Union, 313; assumes war debts of 
 the states, 322; capital of, 323; 
 foreign opinions of, 377; unpre 
 pared for Civil War, 484 ; condition 
 at end of 1861, 501; condition in 
 1880, 627 ; progress of, 629-645. 
 
 University of Michigan, 640. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, 201. 
 
 Utah, organized as a territory, 439 ; 
 ceded to U. S., 457. 
 
 Utrecht, treaty of, 173, N. 
 
 Valley Forge, 267, 268, 315, N. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, Pres., 426 ; biog 
 raphy, 427, N. 
 
 Van Dorn, Gen., at Pea Ridge, 508 ; 
 captures Holly Springs, 528. 
 
 Van Kensselaer, in Canada, 371. 
 
 Vasquez de Ayllon, 40. 
 
 Vassar College, 640. 
 
 Venango, Fort, 176, N. 
 
 Vera Cruz, captured, 450. 
 
 Vermont, possession disputed, 237, 
 N.; admitted, 335. 
 
 Verrazzano, 43. 
 
 Versailles, treaty of, 307, N., 309. 
 
 Vespucci, Amerigo, 36, N. 
 
 Vicksburg, held by Confederates, 
 528; siege and surrender of, 536-538. 
 
 Vincennes, fort established, 165. 
 
 Virginia, named, 52; first settled, 56, 
 57; condition in 1625, 66; ceded to 
 Cu I pepper and Arlington, 67; re 
 ceives " Monmouth s rebels," 136 ; 
 attempts to repress slave trade, 
 148; stops importation of slaves, 
 251 ; most powerful colony in 1776, 
 277; publicly thanks Col. Clark 
 and organizes "County of Illinois," 
 278 ; cedes N. W. Terr, to U. S., 298, 
 N.; calls convention of states, 313 ; 
 pays Washington for his service, 
 319, N.; cedes land for national cap 
 ital, 3&; secedes, 490; field of Civil 
 War in East, 492. 
 
 Virginia City, 573. 
 
 Volunteers called for Civil War, 491. 
 
 Wadsworth, Capt., 139, N. 
 
 Wahoo Swamp massacre, 420. 
 
 "Walker, Fort, captured, 501, N. 
 
 Walpole, Sir Robert, 214. 
 
 "War, bet. French and Spanish in 
 America, 45, 46; bet. Algonquins 
 and Iroquois, 47 ; Indian, in Va., 64 ; 
 Bacon s Rebellion, 68, 69; Clay- 
 borne s Rebellion, 71, 72; Pequod, 
 94, 95, King Philip s, 102, 103, N.; 
 Indian, in New Netherlands, 111 ; 
 Dutch and Swedes, 113; Dutch and 
 Eng., 115, 117 ; Civil, in Eng., 126, 127 ; 
 Monmouth s Rebellion, 136; bet. 
 
 (xxxvi) 
 
War 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Yun 
 
 Eng. and Spain, 153, 174; French 
 and Natchez, 163 ; King William s, 
 167-169 ; Queen Anne s, 167, 170-172 ; 
 French and Eng. in Maine, 173; 
 King George s, 174, 175 ; French and 
 Indian, 179-194 ; Revolution, 215-308: 
 with Algiers, 360 ; bet. France and 
 Eng., 364: of 1812, 368-396; Creek 
 Indians, 384 ; with Barbary States, 
 397; Seminoie, 419, 420; with Mex 
 ico, 446-457 ; Civil, 489-567 ; results of, 
 574-588 ; with the Modocs, 606 ; with 
 the Sioux, 614. 
 
 "Ward, Gen., at Boston, 238, N. 
 
 "Warner, Seth, captures Crown 
 Point, 237, N.; at Bennington, 264. 
 
 Warren, Samuel, spreads alarm of 
 Brit, expedition to Lex., 232, N.; 
 order to arrest, 233, N.; killed, 240, N. 
 
 "Washington, city of, site selected, 
 323 ; seat of Gov., 347 ; burned by 
 Brit., 385, N.; headquarters of seces 
 sion, 484 ; threatened by Confeder 
 ates, 524, 525, 553. 
 
 Washington, Fort, captured, 256. 
 
 Washington, Geo., sent toVenango, 
 176, N.; at Ft. Necessity, 177 ; aid to 
 Braddock, 180 ; capt. Ft. Du Quesne, 
 188; cominander-in-chief, 235; at 
 Boston, 241 ; compels Brit, to evac 
 uate Boston, 248 ; at New York, 248 ; 
 Long Island, 253, 254 ; White Plains, 
 255; Trenton, 259; made dictator, 
 260; at Princeton, 260, N.; Brandy- 
 wine and Germantown, 263, N.;Val- 
 ley Forge, 268, N.; Monmouth, 272, 
 N.; Morristown, 284 ; reprimands 
 Arnold, 293; at Yorktown, 302-304 ; 
 disbands army, 307; farewell to j 
 comrades, 308, N.; proposed as king, 
 310 ; pres. of Constituent Conv., 315 ; 
 elected Pres., 319; biography, 319, N.; 
 inaugurated, 320 ; cabinet of, 321 ; 
 selects site of capital, 323; threat 
 ened with impeachment, 331, N.; 
 opposes war against England, 332 ; 
 leader of Federalists, 333 ; declines 
 third term, 336; result of adminis 
 tration, 336, 339 ; plea for union, 337 ; 
 life as Pres., 338 ; death, 319, N., 346. 
 
 Washington, William A., 289, N. 
 
 Washington and Lee Univ., 319, N. 
 
 Washington Territory, formed, 444. 
 
 Watertown, founded, 86. 
 
 Watt, James, inv. steam engine, 348. 
 
 Way to Wealth, by Franklin, 204. 
 
 Wayne, Gen. Anthony, at Paoli, 
 Penn., 263, N.; at Germantown, 263, 
 N.; recaptures Stony Point, 282, N.; 
 defeats savages in Ohio, 326. 
 
 Weather Department, 639. 
 
 "Webster, Daniel, on " Liberty and 
 Union," 416, N.; effects treaty with 
 Eng., 436 ; on " Omnibus Bill," 463 ; 
 Sec y of State, 464 ; death of, 466. 
 
 Webster and Ashburton treaty, 436. 
 
 Weldon Railroad, seized, 554. 
 
 Wellesley College, 640. 
 
 Wesleys, John and Charles, 152, N. 
 
 West India Company, the Dutch, 
 formed, 106, N.; make settlements 
 in America, 107, 108. 
 
 West Virginia, separate state, 492. 
 
 Western Reserve, 129, 298. 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn., founded, 88; 
 unites with Windsor and Hart 
 ford, 96 ; college at, 200. 
 
 Weymouth, 54. 
 
 Whig party, established, 432 ; oppose 
 annexation of Texas, 440. 
 
 Whisky Rebellion, 327. 
 
 White Plains, battle of, 255. 
 
 Whitefleld, visits America, 152, N. 
 
 White-man s land, 8. 
 
 Whitney, Eli, inv. cotton-gin, 348, N. 
 
 Wilderness, battles of, 550. 
 
 Wilkes, Capt., seizes Mason and 
 Slidell, 499, 500. 
 
 Wilkinson, Gen. James, defeats 
 Burr s plans, 362, N. 
 
 Willamette Valley, settled, 444. 
 
 William and Mary grant new char 
 ter to New Eng. colonies, 140, N.; 
 recognized as rulers by col., 143. 
 
 William and Mary College, 149, 201. 
 
 William Henry, Fort, built, 182; de 
 molished, 184. 
 
 Williams, Roger, hist., 92, N.; exiled 
 and founds Providence, 92 ; pacifies 
 Narragansetts, 94 ; obtains charter 
 for Rhode Island, 98. 
 
 Williamsburg.Va., founded, 66 ; site 
 of college, 201 ; battle of, 521. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C., captured, 559. 
 
 Wilmot, David, " Proviso " of, 460, N. 
 
 Windsor, Conn., founded, 88; joins 
 Hartford and Wethersfield, 96. 
 
 Wingfield, 56, 58. 
 
 Winnebagoes, moved west, 418. 
 
 Winthrop, John, gov. of Massachu 
 setts Bay, 85; journal of, 199. 
 
 Winthrop, Jr., John, establishes 
 Saybrook, 89, 199. 
 
 Wisconsin, included in " Territory 
 of Illinois," 399; admitted, 461; 
 forest fires in, 602. 
 
 "Witchcraft, in Pennsylvania, 121; 
 in Massachusetts, 141, N., 142. 
 
 Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, 190-192, N. 
 
 Wonders of the Invisible World, by 
 Cotton Mather, 141, N. 
 
 Woolman, John, 207. 
 
 Worth, Gen., at San Antonio, 452. 
 
 "Wyoming, Pa., massacre at, 274. 
 
 Wyoming Territory, organized, 594. 
 
 Yale, Elihu, 200. 
 
 Yale College, 149, 200, 640. 
 
 York, Duke of, becomes James II, 
 
 123, 136. 
 Yorktown, besieged by Wash., 302- 
 
 304 ; abandoned by Con fed., 520. 
 Young, Brigham, 439, N. 
 Yukon River, described, 594. 
 Yung Wing, Chinese minister, 625. 
 
 (xxxvii) 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 
 
 KEY TO VOWELS. a, e, I, o, u, long; a, e, i, 6, ii, y, short] &, g, 
 i, o, obscure; far, last, fall, what; there, veil, term; for, food, 
 foot ; furl, rude ; e nearly as e in met, but more prolonged ; ee, as i 
 before r in spirit ; ii, French u, combining sounds of oo awe? e. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 9 as s ; gas j; g as in get ; n as in linger, link ; 
 ii combines sounds of n and y ; th as in thine. 
 
 SMALL CAPITALS. D, as th in this; G awe? K as German ch ; H, 
 similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated h ; 
 N, nasal, resembling ng in long; R, strongly trilled r; u, repre 
 sents the French eu, nearly like u m fur. 
 
 ABERCROMBIE, aVer-krum-bi. 
 AGASSIZ, ag x a-see or a x ga x se f . 
 ALGIERS, al-gerz x . 
 AMERIGE, a-rner i-ge. 
 ANDRE, an x dra. 
 ANTIETAM, an-te tam. 
 AUGSBURG, owGs x bot)RG. 
 AZORES, a-zorz 7 . 
 BALBOA, VASCO NUNEZ, DE, 
 
 vaVko noon x yeth da bal-bo 7 ^. 
 BARBADOES, bar-ba x doz. 
 BATON ROUGE, bat x un roozh. 
 BEAUREGARD, bo f reh-gard x . 
 BIENVILLE, be / aN / vel . 
 BILOXI, be-loks 7 !. 
 BOLEYN, bobFih. 
 BON HOMME RICHARD, bo nom 
 
 re^har . 
 BORGNE, born. 
 BOULOGNE, boo-lon 7 
 BOWDOIN, boMgn. 
 BRETON, brit x t n. 
 BROUAGE, broo^zh . 
 BUENA VISTA, bwa/na vis ta. 
 BURGOYNE, bur-goin x . 
 BURLINGAME, burning-gam. 
 CABOT, kab x ot. 
 CABRAL, ka-braF. 
 CANONCHET, k^-non^het. 
 CANONICUS, ka-uon^-kua. 
 CARIBBEAN, 
 
 CARILLON, ka^ 
 CARTERET, kar / ter-et. 
 CARTHAGENA, kaVta-je na. 
 CARTIER, JACQUES, zhak kaR 7 - 
 
 tya f . 
 
 CASTILE, kas-teeF. 
 CAYUGA, ka-yoo^. 
 CERRO GORDO, sgR x Ro goR x do. 
 CHAMPLAIN, sham-plan 7 . 
 CHAN TILLY, shan-tiFlee. 
 CHAPULTEPEC, cha-pool-ta-pek 7 . 
 CHATHAM, cha^am. 
 CHIHUAHUA, che-wa x wa. 
 CHOISEUL, shwa^uF. 
 CHOPART, sho / paB f . 
 CHURUBUSCO, choo-roo-boos / ko. 
 CIBOLA, se x bo-la. 
 CINCINNATI (the society), sin- 
 
 sin-na^i. 
 
 COCKBURN, ko x burn. 
 COLIGNY, GASPARD DE, gas x par 
 
 deh ko-leen^e. 
 COLUMBIA REDIVIVA, ko-lum x - 
 
 bi-a re-di-vFva. 
 CONANT, ko^ant. 
 CONTRERAS, kon-tra x ras. 
 CORDILLERAS, kor-diFler-as. 
 CORONADO, ko-ro-na x Do. 
 CORTEREAL, koR-ta-ra-aF. 
 CORTEZ, kor x tgz. 
 CREVECCEUR, kraVkuR . 
 
 (xxxviiij 
 
PR ONO UNCING VO CAB ULAR Y. 
 
 DAHLGREN, dal x gren. 
 
 DARIEN, da-re-en 7 . 
 
 DE AYLLON, VASQUEZ, vas x keth 
 
 da ll-yon x . 
 DEESPEJO, ANTONIO, an-to x ne-o 
 
 da es-pa x Ho. 
 DE GOURGUES, DOMINIQUE do x - 
 
 me x nek f deh gooRg. 
 DE MONTS, deh m6N x . 
 DE SOTO, HERNANDO, SR-nan - 
 
 do da so 7 !!). 
 D ESTAING, des x taN f . 
 DIAZ, dee x ath. 
 DIEGO, de-a x go. 
 DIESKAU, dees x kow. 
 DUBUQUE, du-book x . 
 DULUTH, du-looth x . 
 Du QUESNE, dii kan x . 
 EDINBURGH, ed in-bur-ruh. 
 EFFINGHAM, ef x fing-ham. 
 ERIC, er x ik. 
 ERICSSON, er x ik-son. 
 ESQUIMAUX, es kl-moz. 
 EsTREMADURA,es-tra-ma-Doo x ra. 
 FANEUIL, fan x el or fun x el. 
 FINISTERRE, fin-is-ter x . 
 
 FONTAINEBLEAU, foN x tan x blo f . 
 
 FREDERICA, fred-er-ik x a. 
 FROBISHER. frob x ish-r. 
 FRONTENAC, fron x te-nak. 
 GALLATIN, gal x a-tm. 
 GASPEE, gas x pa f ? 
 GENET, zheh-na x . 
 GENOA, gen x o-Q,. 
 GERRY, ger x i. 
 GHENT, geut. 
 GILA, He x la. 
 GORGES, gor x jez. 
 GRAND PRE, groN pra. 
 GRASSE, DE, dh gras. 
 GUADALUPE HIDALGO, gwa-da- 
 
 loo x pa he-dal x go. 
 GUATEMALA, gaw x te-ma f la. 
 GUERNSEY, gern x ze. 
 GUERRIERE, gaR x re x ar f . 
 HAVERHILL, ha x ver-il. 
 HAYTI, ha x ti. 
 
 HEIDELBERG, hi dl-beRG x . 
 HINGHAM, 
 
 HISPANIOLA, his-pan-i-o x lg,. 
 HOUSATONIC, hoo x sa-ton f ik. 
 HOUSTON, hu x ston. 
 HUGUENOTS, hu x ge-nots. 
 IBERVILLE, LEMOINE D , Igh- 
 
 mwan x de x -beR x veel f . 
 IROQUOIS, ir-o-kwoy x . 
 JOLIET, Louis, loo x e f zho x le-a f . 
 JUMEL, zhu x mel f . 
 KARLSEFNE, THORFINN, to^fin 
 
 karl x sef-ne. 
 KEARNY, kar x m. 
 KEARSARGE, ker x sarg. 
 KIEFT, keft. 
 KIRCHEIM, keeRK x him. 
 KITTANNING, kit-tan x ning. 
 KOSCIUSKO, kos-si-us x ko. 
 KUNNERSDORF, koo f ners-doRf x . 
 LA FAYETTE, DE, deh la x fa x yet f . 
 LANCASHIRE, lank x ^-shir. 
 LA SALLE, la x sal f . 
 LAUDONNIERE, lo x do x ne-eR . 
 LEIF, lif. 
 LEISLER, lis x ler. 
 
 LENNI LENAPE, len x ni len x ape. 
 LINNAEUS, lin-nee x us. 
 
 LOUIS LE GRAND,loO x e f leh gRON 
 
 LOYOLA, IGNATIUS, DE, ig-na x - 
 
 shi-us da loi-o x la or lo-yo x la. 
 MACiEJOWiCE,mats-ya-o-veet sa. 
 MACOMB, ma-koom x . 
 MAGNUSSON, FINN, fin mag - 
 
 ndbs x on. 
 
 MARQUETTE, maR x ket f . 
 MASSASOIT, mas x sas-soit. 
 MATHER, rnath x er. 
 MAUREPAS, moR x pa f . 
 MAXIMILIAN, maks-i-m!l x yan. 
 MEIGS, megz. 
 MENENDEZ, PEDRO, pee x dro or 
 
 pa x dro ma-nen x deth. 
 MICHILLIMACKINAC, mish x il-e- 
 
 mak f in-aw. 
 
 MINNITAREES, min x ni-ta f rez. 
 MINUIT, min x u-it. 
 
 MONTCALM DE SAINT- VERAN, 
 
 Louis JOSEPH DE, looV zho f - 
 zef x deh moN^alm dgh saN x - 
 va x r6N f . 
 
 (xxxix) 
 
PR ONO UNCING VO CAB ULAR Y. 
 
 MONTEREY, mon-ta-ra x . 
 MONTEZUMAS, mon x te-zu f maz. 
 MOULTRIE, moo x trl. 
 MUSCOVY, mus x ko-vy. 
 NARVAEZ, naR-va x eth. 
 NAUMKEAG, nowm-ke-ag x . 
 NIZA, MARCO DI, maR x ko de 
 
 ned x za. 
 
 NUECES, nwa x ses. 
 OGLETHORPE, o x g l-thorp. 
 O JEDA, ALONZO DE, a-lon x tho da 
 
 o-Ha x Da. 
 ONATE, JUAN DE, Hoo-an x da 
 
 on-ya x ta. 
 
 ONONDAGA, on x un-daw f g^. 
 ORISKANY, o-rls ka-ny. 
 OSAWATOMIE, os / a-wat / o-me. 
 OVID, ov id. 
 
 OXENSTIERN, 6ks f en-steern x . 
 PALO ALTO, pa x lo al x to. 
 PALOS, pa x lo9e. 
 PARIA, pa x re-a. 
 PASCUA FLORIDA, pas x cu-a 
 
 flo x ri-da. 
 
 PASHA, pa-sha x or pa x sha. 
 PA VIA, pa-vee x a. 
 PHILIPPINE, fil x ip-pin. 
 PHOENICIAN, fe-msh x an. 
 PIZARRO, pe-zar x o or pe-thar x o. 
 PONCE DE LEON, pon^ha da 
 
 la-on f . 
 POUTRINCOURT, poo x traN x kooR f . 
 
 POWHATTAN, pOW-h^t-tail x . 
 
 PRAGUE, prag. 
 
 PRESQUE ISLE, presk eel. 
 
 PUEBLO, pweb x lo. 
 
 PULASKI, pu-las x kee. 
 
 QUINNIPIAC, quin x ni-pi-ak f . 
 
 RAPHOE, ra-fo x . 
 
 RASLP:S, rahl. 
 
 RESACA DE LA PALMA, ra-sa x ka 
 
 da la pal x ma. 
 RIBAULT, re x bo . 
 RIEDESEL, ree x deh-zel. 
 Rio CHACO, ree x o cha x ko. 
 Rio GRANDE, ri x o grand. 
 
 ROCHAMBEAU, DE, dgh rO x - 
 
 ROSECRANS, ro^e-kranss. 
 ROUEN, roo / gn or rwoN. 
 SACO, saw / ko. 
 ST. AUGUSTINE, sent aw^us- 
 
 teen 7 . 
 
 ST. CROIX, sgnt kroi. 
 ST. IGNACE, saNt een^ass . 
 SAN FELIPE, san Hi-lee^a. 
 SAN JOAQUIN, san no-a-keen 7 . 
 SAN JUAN DE ULLOA, san ju x an 
 
 or san hwan da oo-lo x a. 
 SAN MIGUEL, san me-geT. 
 SANTA ANNA, ANTONIO LOPEZ 
 
 DE, an-to x ne-o lo x peth da 
 
 san / ta a^na. 
 SANTA FE, san x ta fa. 
 SCHURZ, shoorts. 
 SEWALL, su^l. 
 SnosHONES 1 ; sho-sho^ez. 
 SIERRA LEONE, se-eR^a la-o x na. 
 SIERRA NEVADA, se-eR^Ra na- 
 
 va^a. 
 
 SIGEL, see x ggl. 
 Sioux, soo or se-oo . 
 SLOUGHTEB, slo / ter. 
 STETEFELDT, stat x felt. 
 STEUBEN, st^ben or stoi^ben. 
 STRACHEY, stra x ke. 
 THIBODEAUX, tibVdo . 
 THORWALDSEN, to^wawld-sgn 
 
 or toR / val-zen. 
 
 TICONDEROGA, tl-konMer-o ga. 
 VACA, CABEZA DE, ka-ba^tha 
 
 da va^a. 
 VAN RENSSELAER, van ren x 
 
 ROCHEFOUCAULD, 
 
 VERA CRUZ, va x ra kroos. 
 VERGENNES, veR x zhen f . 
 VERMELAND, vern/land. 
 VERRAZZANO, ver-a-za^o. 
 VERSAILLES, ver-salz x . 
 VESPUCCI, AMERIGO, a-ma-ree 7 - 
 
 go ves-poot x chee. 
 VINLAND, vin x land. 
 WAHOO, wah-hoo 7 . 
 WHITEFIELD, hwi^feeld. 
 WYOMING, wyVming. 
 YEARDLEY, yeerd x li. 
 ZUNI, zoon x yee. 
 
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