A- FIR 
 
 HISTORY- 
 
 
T 
 
 
; 
 
 THE FIRST PRESIDENT, INAUGURATED 1789. 
 
A FIRST BOOK IN 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 
 LIFES AND DEEDS OF GREAT: AMERICANS 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWARD EGGLESTON 
 
 NEW YORK : CINCINNATI :- CHICAGO 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
 * 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1889, 
 BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 
 
 EGGLES. FIRST-BOOK HIST. 
 
 EDUCATION IIBRJ 
 
 prtntca b 
 
 2). Bppleton & Company 
 flew HJorfe, ia. S. B. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN preparing a first book of American history, it is necessary to 
 keep in mind the two purposes such a work is required to serve. 
 There are children whose school-life is brief ; these must get all the 
 instruction they are to receive in their country s history from a book 
 of the grade of this. To another class of pupils the first book of 
 American history is a preparation for the intelligent study of a text 
 book more advanced. It is a manifest waste of time and energy 
 to require these to learn in a lower class the facts that must be re- 
 studied in a higher grade. Moreover, primary histories which fol 
 low the order of larger books are likely to prove dry and unsatis 
 factory condensations. But a beginner s book ought before all 
 things else to be interesting. A fact received with the attention 
 raised to its highest power remains fixed in the memory ; that which 
 is learned listlessly is lost easily, and a life-long aversion to history 
 is often the main result produced by the use of an unsuitable text 
 book at the outset. 
 
 The main peculiarity of the present book is that it aims to teach 
 children the history of the country by making them acquainted 
 with some of the most illustrious actors in it. A child is interested, 
 above all, in persons. Biography is for him the natural door into 
 history. The order of events in a nation s life is somewhat above 
 the reach of younger pupils, but the course of a human life and the 
 personal achievements of an individual are intelligible and delight 
 ful. In teaching younger pupils by means of biography, which is 
 the very alphabet of history, we are following a sound principle often 
 forgotten, that primary education should be pursued along the line 
 
 M577017 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 of the least resistance. Moreover, nothing is more important to the 
 young American than an acquaintance with the careers of the great 
 men of his country. 
 
 The superiority of works of history in our time over those of 
 other ages lies in the attention given to the development of the life 
 of the people as distinguished from the mere recital of public 
 events. The biographical method here adopted offers a great ad 
 vantage, by giving the younger pupil interesting glimpses of life in 
 other times by means of personal anecdote. The usages of Eu 
 ropean courts, the dwellings and arts of the Indians, the struggles 
 of pioneers in the wilderness, the customs of the inmates of frontier 
 houses, the desolations of the early wars with the savages, the home- 
 spinning and other domestic handicrafts, the stately manners and 
 ostentatious dress of our forefathers, and many other obsolete phases 
 of life, are vividly suggested to the pupil s mind not by dry didactic 
 statements, but in unforgettable stories of real people. This line 
 of instruction is much furthered by the running comment of the 
 accompanying illustrations. 
 
 It has often been lamented that no adequate provision is made 
 in a school course for teaching the principles of morality. But the 
 teaching of abstract principles is generally unavailing to produce 
 good conduct. In the preparation of the present work I have 
 been surprised to find how abundant are the materials for moral 
 instruction by example in the careers of our great men. The per 
 severance of Columbus, of Hudson, and of Morse, the fortitude 
 of John Smith, of Standish, and of Boone, can not but excite the 
 courage of those who read the narratives of their lives. No intel 
 ligent pupil will follow the story of Franklin s industrious pursuit 
 of knowledge under difficulty without a quickening of his own 
 aspirations. What life could teach resolute patience, truth-telling, 
 manly honor, and disinterested public spirit better than that of 
 Washington ? And where will a poor lad struggling with poverty 
 find more encouragement to strictest honesty, to diligent study, 
 and to simplicity of character than in the history of Lincoln ? 
 It would be a pity for a country with such examples in her his- 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 tory not to use them for the moral training of the young. The 
 faults as well as the virtues of the persons whose lives are told 
 here will afford the teacher opportunities to encourage right moral 
 judgments. 
 
 In the matter of illustrations, the publishers have shown a lib 
 erality without precedent, I believe, in the preparation of books of 
 this class. The talents and skill of some of the most eminent illus 
 trators in America have been brought into requisition to lend a 
 charm to the first lessons in American history. Should this ex 
 ample be generally followed in the preparation of school-books, it 
 may produce notable results ; a general refinement of taste and 
 feeling ought to follow an early acquaintance with works of real 
 artistic value. The pictures have been made under the author s 
 supervision, and are meant to be essential aids to the pupil rather 
 than mere decorations. The younger the pupil the more must 
 one have recourse to the imagination in teaching. Some of the 
 pictures convey information additional to that in the text ; the 
 object of most of them is to suggest to the pupil a vivid concep 
 tion of the narrative. 
 
 Perhaps the most novel feature of the book is the system of 
 picture maps. To the untrained eye of the younger pupil an ordi 
 nary map has not much meaning, but the beautiful and effective 
 bird s-eye views here first used in a school-book will leave a con 
 ception in the mind of a child distinct and ineffaceable. 
 
 Of course, the mode of studying such a book may be what the 
 teacher pleases. Brief suggestions for a topical recitation are ap 
 pended to each lesson. Recitations should not be verbal repetitions 
 of the text ; nor should they, in this grade, be precise and exhaust 
 ive. If the pupil is taught to give the substance of the narrative in 
 his own words, it will make him assimilate what he has studied, and 
 prove a valuable training in thought and expression. Several super 
 intendents of schools in large cities have declared in advance their 
 desire to introduce this book as a class-reader, thus securing an ele 
 mentary acquaintance with American history without overcrowding 
 the course of study. In using the book as a reader, the topical 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 questions will still be of service to make sure that attention has been 
 given to the substance of the lesson. 
 
 The definitions at the close of each lesson give chiefly the mean 
 ing of the word as used in the text. It is important that the pupil 
 pass no word without a clear comprehension of its force, and that 
 he be taught to observe carefully the pronunciation of proper names. 
 The judicious teacher will take pains to have the pupil examine 
 the illustrations carefully, and make sure that their force is under 
 stood. The maps will be readily comprehended, and are not likely 
 to be slighted. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. The Early Life of Columbus i 
 
 II. How Columbus Discovered America . . . . .7 
 
 III. Columbus after the Discovery of America .... 12 
 
 IV. John Cabot and his Son Sebastian . . . . ^ . 18 
 
 V. Captain John Smith . . . . . ... 23 
 
 VI. More about Captain John Smith 29 
 
 VII. The Story of Pocahontas 35 
 
 VIII. Henry Hudson . . . 42 
 
 IX. Captain Myles Standish . . 49 
 
 X. Myles Standish and the Indians 54 
 
 XL William Penn. , .59 
 
 XII. King Philip 67 
 
 XIII. Captain Church in Philip s War 74 
 
 XIV. Bacon and his Men . . . . . . . .79 
 
 XV. Boyhood of Franklin 86 
 
 XVI. Franklin, the Printer 90 
 
 XVI I. The Great Doctor Franklin 95 
 
 XVIII. Young George Washington . . . . . . .102 
 
 XIX. Washington in the French War . . .- . . 109 
 
 XX. Washington in the Revolution . . . . . . 115 
 
 XXI. The Victory at Yorktown and Washington as President . 122 
 XXII. Thomas Jefferson . v* .127 
 
 XXIII. Daniel Boone 134 
 
 XXIV. Robert Fulton and the Steamboat 141 
 
 XXV. William Henry Harrison 146 
 
 XXVI. Andrew Jackson . . . 153 
 
 XXVII. Morse and the Telegraph . . . . . . . 161 
 
 XXVIII. How the Telegraph became successful 166 
 
 XXIX. Early Life of Abraham Lincoln 171 
 
 XXX. Lincoln in Public Life 177 
 
 XXXI. Something about the Great Civil War 181 
 
 XXXII. How the United States became larger 186 
 
I. 
 
 The Early Life of Columbus. 
 
 MORE than four hundred years ago there lived in the 
 old city of G^aoa [gen -o-ah], in Italy, a workingman who 
 had four sons. One of these was Christopher Columbus, 
 who was born, probably about the year 1446, in that part of 
 the city occupied by the weavers of woolen cloth. Learned 
 men have lately taken much pains to find the very house. 
 It is a narrow house, and dark inside. The city has bought 
 it and put an inscription in Latin on the front, which says : 
 " No house more worthy ! Here, under his 
 father s roof, Christopher Columbus passed 
 his boyhood and youth." The father of 
 little Christopher was a wool-comber 
 that is, a man who prepared the wool 
 for the spinners, or, as some say, a 
 weaver. Christopher learned to work 
 in wool, like his father. " ,,^"7*00,. 
 
 COMBING WOOL. 
 
2 THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 At this time Genoa was a place of ships and sailors, going 
 and coming to and from many parts of the world. On the 
 beach he might have seen the fishermen 
 their boats and spread their curi 
 ous pointed sails, such as you see in the 
 picture. From the wharves of Genoa 
 he could watch the ships sailing out to 
 -- trade in distant lands. I wonder if the 
 wool-comber s little boy ever dreamed that 
 he might one day come to be the most famous 
 of all ship-captains, and sail farther away into unknown seas 
 than any man had ever sailed before ? 
 
 Columbus was doubtless poor and had to work for his 
 living. But he must have been studious, for he somehow 
 got a pretty good education. He learned Latin, he wrote a 
 good hand, and could draw maps and charts for the use of 
 sailors, by which last calling he was able to sup 
 port himself when he came to be a man. At 
 twenty-four years of age Columbus made 
 a voyage, but he was at least twenty- 
 seven years of age when he finally became 
 a seaman, and began to acquire that knowl 
 edge of sailing which prepared him to make 
 discoveries. The seamen of that time did not 
 sail very far. Their v^aees were mostly in COLUMBUS LEARNING 
 
 ^ TO DRAW MAPS. 
 
 the Med-i-ter-ra -ne-an, and they knew little 
 of the Atlantic Ocean, which they called "The Sea of 
 Darkness," because they did not know what was in it or 
 on the other side of it. They believed that great monsters 
 
THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 swam in the ocean, and that in one part it was so hot 
 that the water boiled. 
 
 Of course, they did not know that there was any such 
 place as America, and they believed that Africa reached 
 clear to the south pole. The only trade 
 they had with Asia was by caravans, which 
 brought silks, gums, spices, and precious 
 stones from the far East on the backs 
 of camels. 
 
 While Columbus was yet a little 
 boy, there was living in Pnrtrg^.1 
 [poar -tu-gal] a prince^named Henry, 
 the son of the king of that country. 
 Henry was a learned man, who 
 thought he could find a way to get 
 round Africa to the rich countries of 
 Asia. He sent out ship after ship, until he had discov 
 ered much of the African coast. 
 
 It was probably the fame of these voyages that drew 
 Columbus to Portugal. From Portugal Columbus himself 
 sailed down the newly discovered coast of Africa. Then 
 he went north beyond England, so that he was already a 
 very great traveler for the time. 
 
 While the Portuguese [poar -tu-gueze]. in trying to get 
 to India, were creeping timidly down the coast of Africa, 
 with land always in sight, Christopher Columbus conceived 
 a new and far bolder plan. As learned men believed the 
 world round, he proposed to sail straight west to Asia, 
 braving all the dangers of the unknown Atlantic. He 
 
 PRINCE HENRY. 
 
4 THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 thought the world much smaller than it is, and he supposed 
 that he should find Asia about as far west of Europe as 
 Ameri-ca is. He did not dream of finding- a new world. 
 
 As Portugal was the leading country in making dis 
 coveries, Columbus first proposed to find this new way 
 to Asia for the king of that country. If the good Prince 
 Henry had been alive, he would probably have adopted 
 the plan with joy. But " Henry the Navigator}" as he 
 was called, had died long before, and the advisers of the 
 King of Portugal rjdieuled the plan, and laughed at the 
 large reward which Columbus demanded if he should suc 
 ceed. However, the king secretly sent out one of his own 
 vessels, which sailed westward a little way, and then came 
 back and reported that there was no land there. When 
 Columbus heard of this, he left Portugal, not 
 liking to be cheated in this way. 
 
 He went to Spain and appeared at 
 court, a poor and friendless stranger. 
 Spain was ruled at this time by King 
 Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. They 
 i were very busy in their war with the 
 Mo_ors, who then occupied a great part 
 of Spain. Columbus followed the court 
 A MOORISH SOLDIER. from place to place for years. But the 
 king and queen paid little heed to the projects of this for 
 eigner. They were too much employed with battles and 
 sieges to attend to plans for finding a new way to India. 
 Most of those who heard of Columbus ridiculed his 
 plans. They did not believe that people could live on the 
 
THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 5 
 
 other side of the world, and walk 
 with their feet up and their heads 
 down. The very children tapped 
 their foreheads when Columbus 
 passed, to signify their belief that 
 the fellow was crazy. 
 
 In 1491 Columbus, whose plans 
 were at last ^rejected, left the court, 
 traveling on foot like the poor 
 man that he was, and leading his 
 
 little boy by the hand. He 
 stopped one day at the con 
 vent of La Rabida [lah rab - 
 ee-dah] to beg a little bread 
 and water for the child. The 
 good prior of the G^Onj^ejit, hap 
 pening to pass at that moment, 
 was struck with the foreign 
 accent of the stranger s 
 speech. He began to 
 talk with him, and soon 
 learned of the 
 ^project that had 
 
 so long filled the mind of Columbus. The prior 
 was deeply interested. He had once 
 been the confessor, or religious adviser, 
 of Isabella, and he now wrote the queen 
 a letter in favor of the plan of Colum 
 bus. The queen sent for the prior, and 
 
THE EARLY LIFE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 he persuaded her to bring back Columbus. She sent the 
 great navigator a mule and some decent clothes. 
 
 But Columbus, when he got back to court, still demand 
 ed such high rewards if he should succeed that he was 
 again allowed to depart. He set out to offer his plan to 
 the King of France ; but now his friends again interceded 
 with the queen, lamenting that Spain should lose his serv 
 ices. The queen sent a messenger after him, who over 
 took him in a pass of the mountains and brought him 
 back, with the ass_urance that, at last, he would be sent 
 forth on his voyage. 
 
 NavM-ga-tor, one who sails or directs the course of ships. Con - 
 vent, a house in which monks or nuns dwell. Pri -or, the head of a 
 company of monks. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 Where Columbus was born. 
 
 What Columbus learned. 
 
 What is said of Prince Henry. 
 
 What happened to Columbus in Portugal 
 
 What happened to him in Spain. 
 
 Place to be remembered 
 Genoa, the birthplace 
 
 of 
 
 4m-: 
 
 MONSTERS SUPPOSED TO LIVE IN THE OCEAN, AS OrtAWN ON QUO MAPS. 
 
HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 II. 
 
 How Columbus discovered America. 
 
 ABOUT two hundred years before 
 Columbus sailed, there arrived in the 
 city of V^em^) [ven -is] one day three 
 travelers, coarsely dressed in Chi 
 nese fashion. They said that they 
 were three gentlemen named Polo, 
 who had left Venice many years be 
 fore. They had almost forgotten 
 how to speak Italian, and at first 
 their own relatives thought them foreign 
 ers and imrjosti;s. But they gave a mag 
 nificent banquet at which they all appeared 
 in rich robes. They changed their gar 
 ments again and again as the feast went on. Every robe 
 taken off was cut up and given to the servants. At last 
 they took their old garments and ripped them open, and 
 poured out before the guests a collection 
 of precious stones of untold value. 
 
 One of these gentlemen, Marco Polo, 
 whose portrait you see here, wrote a book 
 of his travels, describing the vast riches of 
 Eastern countries, before unknown to peo 
 ple in Europe. Columbus had read this 
 book, and it was to find a new way to 
 reach the rich countries seen by Polo that he was now 
 resolved to sail partly round the globe. 
 
8 
 
 HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 In spite of the power which the King of Spain gave 
 him to force ships and seamen to go with him, Columbus 
 found the greatest trouble in fitting out his expedition, so 
 much were the sailors afraid of the ocean. But at last all 
 was ready. Those who were to sail into " The Sea of 
 Darkness " with Columbus took the sacrament and bade a 
 solemn farewell to their friends, feeling much like men 
 condemned to death. They embarked in three little ves 
 sels, only one of which had a deck over it. 
 
 Columbus went to the Canary Islands first. Then with 
 bitter lamentations the men took leave of the last known 
 land, and sailed into seas in which no ship had ever been. 
 Columbus tried to cheer them with the stories he had 
 read in Marco Polo s book, of the riches of the 
 great country of China. But he also de 
 ceived them by keeping two separate 
 accounts of his sailing. In the one 
 which he showed to his companions 
 he made the distance from Spain much 
 less than it really was. 
 
 But they were greatly alarmed to 
 find that, as they went west, the needle 
 of the compass did not point directly to 
 the north star. This change, though well known now, 
 was probably as surprising to Columbus as to his men, 
 but he did his best to keep up their courage. 
 
 The weather was fine, and the winds blew always from 
 the east. This alarmed the sailors more than ever, for they 
 were sure they would get no wind to come back with. 
 
 COLUMBUS READING POLO S BOOK. 
 
HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 9 
 
 One day the wind came around to the southwest, which 
 was a great encouragement. 
 
 But presently the ships struck great masses of sea-weed, 
 and all was grumbling and lamentation again. The fright 
 ened sailors remembered old stories of a frozen ocean, and 
 imagined that this must be the very place. When the wind 
 fell to a calm, they thought the ships might lie there and 
 rot for want of w r ind to fill the sails. 
 
 They were getting farther and farther away from Europe. 
 Where would they find food and water to last them till 
 they got home? They thought their commander a crack- 
 brained fool, who would go on to their destruction. They 
 planned, therefore, to throw him into the 
 sea, and go back. They could say that, 
 while he was gazing at the stars, after 
 his fashion, he had tumbled over. 
 
 But the worst disappointments were 
 to come. One day the glad cry of 
 " Land ! " was raised. Columbus fell on 
 his knees to return thanks, while the 
 men scrambled up into the rigging. 
 But it proved to be only a cloud. On 
 the /th of October another false alarm disheartened the 
 sailors more than ever. 
 
 From the first Columbus had pointed to sea-weed, and 
 other supposed signs of land, until the men would no longer 
 listen to his hopeful words. Now the appearance of some 
 song-birds, a Jieron, and a duck, could not comfort them. 
 The great enterprise was about to end in failure, after all, 
 
IO 
 
 HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 when, on the nth of October, the sailors found a branch 
 of a thorn-tree with berries on it. At length a carved 
 stick was found, and the men began to believe that they 
 were really near to some inhabited land. 
 
 During the night which followed this discovery no one 
 on the ships slept. About ten o clock Columbus saw a 
 glimmering light appearing and disappear 
 ing, as though some one on shore were 
 carrying a torch. At two o clock a 
 sailor sighted land. 
 
 The morning light of Friday, Oc 
 tober 12, 1492, showed the Spaniards 
 a beautiful little island. ) Columbus 
 dressed himself in scarlet, and planted 
 the Spanish standard on the shore, 
 throwing himself on the earth and 
 kissing it, while the naked Indians 
 wondered whether these men in bright 
 
 armor had flown from the skies in their winged boats or 
 had sailed down upon the clouds. The sailors, lately so 
 ready to cast Columbus into the sea, now crowded about 
 him, embracing him and kissing his hands. 
 
 When the Indians had recovered from their first sur 
 prise, they visited the ships, some of them in canoes, and 
 others by swimming. They brought with them a ball of 
 cotton yarn, bread made from roots, and some tame par 
 rots, which, with a few golden ornaments, they exchanged 
 for caps, glass beads, tiny bells, and other trifles, with 
 which they could adorn themselves. 
 
HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 I i 
 
 The (island which Columbus first discovered was a small 
 one, which he called San Salvador) but we do not now know 
 which of the West India Islands it was. He thought that 
 he was on the coast of Asia.) But where were the rich 
 islands and great cities and houses roofed with gold, of 
 which Marco Polo had written two hundred years before? 
 
 From island to island Columbus sailed, looking for these 
 things, not knowing that they were thousands of miles 
 away. Finding the island of Cuba very large, he con 
 cluded that it was a part of the mainland of Asia. 
 
 Im-pos -tors, people who pretend to be what they are not. 
 Craek -brained, crazy. Stand -ard, national flag-. Ar -mor, a 
 dress to protect the person in battle, usually made of metal. 
 
12 HOW COLUMBUS DISCOVERED AMERICA. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 About the return of the Polos. 
 
 What Marco Polo wrote. 
 
 What Columbus was looking for. 
 
 About his departure. 
 
 His voyage. (See Map at the top of page i.) 
 
 The discovery. 
 
 Date to be remembered 
 
 1492, the year of the discovery of America. About how many hun 
 dred years ago ? 
 
 III. 
 Columbus after the Discovery of America. 
 
 COLUMBUS was very kind to the natives. At one time 
 a poor savage was captured by the sailors and brought to 
 Columbus, who was standing on the high after-castle of the 
 ship. The terrified Indian sought to gain his favor by 
 presenting the great man with a ball of cotton yarn. Co 
 lumbus refused the present, but he put upon the Indian s 
 head a pretty colored cap ; he hung bells in his ears, and 
 tied strings of green beads about his arms. Then he sent 
 the simple creature ashore, where his friends were after- 
 waftl seen admiring his ornaments. 
 
 At another time the sailors picked 
 up an Indian who was crossing in an 
 open canoe a wide tract of water 
 from one island to another. This man had a piece of 
 casava-bread and a gourjj of water for his sea stores. 
 He also had a bit of red paint with which to deco 
 rate his face before appearing among strangers, and 
 
COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 a string of beads procured from the white men. He was 
 rowing to a neighboring island to carry the news of the 
 coming of the Spaniards. His canoe was taken on board, 
 he was fed with the best food of the ship, and put ashore 
 at his destination. 
 
 Having got one of his vessels ashore on the coast of 
 Hayj:i [ha -tee], which he called Hispaniola [his-pan-ee-o - 
 lah], Columbus built a fort of the timber from the wrecked 
 vessel and left here a little colony. 
 
 But now he began to think of carrying home the 
 good news of his great discovery. In January, 1493, he 
 set sail for Spain. On the I2th of January, when all 
 were looking forward to a joyful return, a terrific storm 
 threatened to wreck the ship and to bury in the ocean all 
 memory of the great discovery. Prayers were 
 said and vows w r ere made, for the safety of 
 the ship. 
 
 To preserve the memory of his discovery 
 if all else should be lost, Columbus wrote 
 two accounts of it, which he inclosed in 
 cakes of wax and put into two barrels. 
 One of these was thrown into the sea ; the 
 other was set upon the stern of the vessel, 
 that it might float off if the ship should go 
 down. He hoped that one of these barrels 
 might drift to the coast of Europe and be found. 
 
 Columbus at length reached the islands called the 
 Azgres. Here, when the storm had abated, some of his 
 men went ashore to perform their vows at a little chapel, 
 
COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 and were made prisoners by the Portuguese governor. 
 Having got out of this difficulty, Columbus put to sea and 
 met another gale, which split his sails and threatened to 
 wreck the vessel. He finally came to anchor in a Portu 
 guese port, where he no doubt felt some e^oiltation in show 
 ing what Portugal had lost by refusing his offers. 
 
 In April he reached Barcelona [bar-say -lo -nah], a Span 
 ish city, and made his entry in a triumphal procession. 
 At the head marched the Indians whom he had brought 
 
 back with him. These were 
 well smeared with paint and 
 :.._ J decorated with the feathers of 
 
 tropical birds and with gold 
 en ornaments. Then 
 
 parrots and stuffed 
 birds were borne in the pro 
 cession with articles of gold. Colum 
 bus followed, escorted by Spanish knights proud to do him 
 honor. Ferdinand and Isabella received him under a can- 
 
COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 15 
 
 opy of gold brocade. As a mark of special honor, they 
 caused him to sit down while he related his discoveries. 
 
 This was the happiest moment in the troubled life of 
 Columbus. He who had been thought insane was now the 
 most honored man in Spain. 
 
 The rest of his story is mostly a story of misfortunes. 
 The people in his first colony on the island of Hispaniola 
 quarreled among themselves and roaltsaed the Indians, 
 until the latter fell on them and killed them all. The 
 second colony was also unfortunate. Columbus was not a 
 wise governor, and he had many troubles in trying to settle 
 a new country with 
 
 U -;/ 
 
 unruly and avaricious people. 
 
 An officer sent out to inquire into the disorders in the 
 colony sent .Columbus home in chains. The people were 
 shocked at this treatment of the great navigator, and so 
 were the king and queen, who ordered the chains removed. 
 When Columbus appeared before Isabella and saw tears in 
 her eyes, he threw himself on his knees, while his utter 
 ance was choked by his sobs. 
 
COLUMBUS IN CHAINS. 
 
 16 COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 After this he was not permitted to return to his colony ; 
 but in 1502 he made his fourth voyage to America, trying 
 to find a way to get through the mainland 
 of South America in order to reach India, 
 which he thought must lie just beyond. 
 He was at length forced to run his 
 worm-eaten vessel aground near the 
 shore of the island of Jamaica [ja- 
 may -cah]. Thatched cabins were 
 built on the deck of the stranded 
 ship, and here Columbus, a bed 
 ridden invalid, lived miserably for a year. 
 
 One faithful follower, named Diaz [dee -ath], traded a 
 brass basin, a coat, and his two shirts, to an Indian chief 
 for a canoe, in which after horrible suffering Diaz reached 
 Hispaniola. Meantime the men on the wrecked ship got 
 provisions from the Indians in exchange for trinkets. Some 
 of the men ran away from Columbus and lived with the 
 savages. 
 
 The Indians now got tired of providing food in ex 
 change for toys, and Columbus and his men were at the 
 point of starvation. Knowing that an eclipse of the 
 moon was about to take place, he told the Indians that 
 a certain god would punish them if they did not pro 
 vide for him, and, as a sign, he said the moon would lose 
 its light and change color that very night. No sooner 
 did the eclips,e appear, than the Indians brought him all 
 the provisions at hand, and the Spaniards did not lack 
 after that. 
 
COLUMBUS AFTER THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 
 
 Help at length reached Co 
 lumbus, and he returned to 
 Spain broken in health and 
 spirits. Queen Isabella, who 
 had been his best friend, died 
 soon after his return. Co 
 lumbus died on the 2Oth of 
 May, 1506. He believed to 
 the last that he had discovered the 
 eastern parts of Asia. He never knew that he had found 
 a new continent. 
 
 COLUMBUS BEFORE ISABELLA. 
 
 After-castle, a cabin built above the deck at the stern of a ship in 
 ancient times, to enable the sailors to shoot down upon the deck of an 
 enemy s vessel. Casava [kas -a-vah], a sort of bread made of the root 
 of the tapioca-plant. Gourd [goard], the fruit of a vine of the same 
 family as the pumpkin, with a hard and woody shell, which is still used as 
 a dipper or bottle in many parts of America. Can -o-py, a covering or 
 awning spread overhead. Bro-cade , silk goods with gold or silver thread 
 woven in it, or woven with raised figures. Avaricious [av-a-rish -us], 
 fond of money, eager for gain. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 Columbus and the Indians. 
 The voyage home. 
 The triumphant reception. 
 The colonies planted by Columbus. 
 Columbus in chains. 
 His last voyage and shipwreck. 
 His return and death. 
 
 The pupil may be asked to write out briefly his impression of the useful 
 ness, the character, and the fate of Columbus. 
 
 
1 8 JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 
 
 IV. 
 
 John Cabot and his Son Sebastian. 
 
 THE food eaten four or five hundred years ago was 
 mostly coarse and unwholesome. The people were there 
 fore very fond of all sorts of spices which they mixed with 
 almost everything they ate. These spices were brought 
 from Asia by caravans. It was chiefly to get to the land of 
 spices by sea that Prince Henry the Navigator tried to 
 send ships around the southern point of Africa. Columbus 
 had also tried to reach the " Spice Islands " of Asia in his 
 voyage to the west. 
 
 Now another Italian was to try it. This man was John 
 Cabot [cab -ot]. Like Columbus, he was probably born in 
 or near the city of Genoa ; like Columbus, he thought much 
 about geography as it was then understood ; and, like Co 
 lumbus, he was a great traveler. He moved to Venice and 
 then to Bristol in England. 
 
 The Italian merchants traveled farther than any others 
 in that day. One of Cabot s long trading journeys had 
 
 carried him into Ara 
 bia as far as the city 
 of Mecca [mek -kah]. 
 Here he saw the cara 
 vans that brought their loads of costly spices on the 
 backs of camels from the countries of the East. Now 
 the people of Europe in Cabot s time, having very few 
 printed books, knew almost nothing about these far-away 
 Eastern countries. 
 
JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. . 19 
 
 " Where do these spices come from ? " Cabot asked of 
 the men belonging to the caravan. 
 
 They answered that they brought them from a country 
 far to the east of Mecca, where they bought spices of other 
 caravans which brought them from a land yet farther to 
 the east. From this Cabot reasoned as Columbus had done, 
 that, if he should sail to the west far enough, he would get 
 round the world to the land of spices. It would be some 
 thing like going around a house to come in by the back 
 door. 
 
 While Cabot was living in England there came great news 
 out of Spain. One Christopher Columbus, it was said, had 
 discovered the coasts of India by sailing to the westward, 
 for Columbus thought the land he had found a part of India. 
 When this was told in England, people thought it "a thing 
 more divine than human to sail by the west into the east." 
 And when Cabot heard the story, there arose in his heart, a-s 
 he said, "a great flame of desire to do some notable thing." 
 
 While Columbus had waited in discouragement for Fer 
 dinand and Isabella to accept his project, he had sent his 
 brother Bartholomew Columbus to Henry the Seventh, then 
 King of England, to offer the plan to him. What answer the 
 king gave to Bartholomew is not known, for, before the 
 latter got back to Spain, Christopher Columbus had re 
 turned from his first vo) T age. 
 
 But now for this same King Henry of England Cabot 
 offered to make a voyage like that of Columbus. As the 
 Atlantic had already once been crossed, the king readily 
 agreed to allow Cabot to sail under his authority. 
 
20 
 
 JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 
 
 In May, 1497, Cabot set sail from Bristol in a small 
 vessel with eighteen men, mostly Englishmen. Cabot sailed 
 much farther north than Columbus, and he appears to have 
 discovered first the island of Cape Breton, now part of the 
 Dominion of Canada. He went ashore on the 24th of 
 June, and planted a large cross and the flag of England, 
 as well as the flag of St. Mark, the patron saint of Venice. 
 He also discovered the mainland of North America. Cabot 
 was thus the first to see the American continent. Columbus 
 discovered the mainland of South America a year later. 
 Cabot did not see any Indians, but he brought back some 
 of their traps for catching wild animals. 
 
 He got back to England in August, having been gone 
 but three months. He brought news that he had discov 
 ered the terri 
 tory of the Em 
 peror of China. 
 The king gave 
 him a pension, 
 he dressed him 
 self in silks, and 
 was called " The 
 Great Admiral." 
 It is to be feared 
 this sudden rise 
 in the world puffed him up a great deal. To one of his com 
 panions he promised an island, and another island he was 
 going to bestow on his barber! On the strength of these 
 promises, both of these men set themselves up for counts ! 
 
 CABOT AND HIS TWO COUNTS. 
 
JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 21 
 
 That there were many fish on the new coast was a fact 
 which irapxessed the alicai Bristol people, though Cabot 
 had no thought of engaging in Jrishery. He imjaginpd that 
 by sailing a little farther south than before he might come 
 to the large island that Marco Polo called Cipango, and 
 we now call Japan. He did not know that the far-off 
 country he had seen was not half so far away as Japan. 
 Cabot believed that all the spices and pr^eijQus stones in 
 the world came from Cipango. 
 
 King Henry the Seventh fitted out Cabot with another 
 and much larger expedition. This expedition went far to 
 the north along the coast of America, and then away to 
 the south as far as the shores of what is now the State 
 of North Carolina. Cabot found Indians dressed in skins, 
 and possessing no metal but a little copper. He found 
 no gold, and he brought back no spices. The island of 
 Cipango and the territories of the Emperor of China he 
 looked for in vain, though he was sure that he had reached 
 the coast of Asia. 
 
 Cabot s crew brought back stories of seas so thick with 
 codfish that their vessels were made to move more slowly 
 by them. They even told of bears swimming out into the 
 sea and catching codfish in their claws. But 
 
 s~\ ^ . }s\ _ 
 
 the English people lost interest in voy 
 ages that brought neither gold nor 
 spices, and we do not know anything 
 more about Jjohn Cabot. 
 
 John Cabot s second son, Sebastian, 
 who was with him on this voyage, be- 
 
22 
 
 JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 
 
 came, like his father, famous for his knowledge of geogra 
 phy, and was sometimes employed by the King of Spain 
 and sometimes by the King of England. He promoted 
 expeditions to try to find a way to China by the north 
 of Europe. When a very old man he took a great interest 
 in the sailing of a new expedition of discovery, and vis 
 ited with a company of ladies and gentlemen the Search- 
 thrift, a little vessel starting on a voyage of exploration to 
 the northeast. Having tasted of " such good cheer " as 
 
 the sailors 
 could make 
 aboard the 
 ship, and 
 after mak 
 ing them 
 liberal pres 
 ents, the 
 little com 
 pany went 
 ashore and 
 dined at 
 the sign of 
 
 the " Christopher," where the lively old gentleman for joy, 
 as it is said, at the " towardness of the discovery, danced 
 with the rest of " the young company," after which he 
 and his friends departed, " most gently commending" the 
 sailors to the care of God. 
 
 Car -a-van, a company of merchants, or others, traveling together for 
 safety. No -ta-ble, worthy of notice. Ad -mi-ral, a title given to 
 
JOHN CABOT AND HIS SON SEBASTIAN. 23 
 
 the commander of a fleet, and also in old times to a man who had per 
 formed some great exploit at sea. Towardness, forwardness. Count, 
 a title of nobility. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 
 Caravans of spices. John Cabot s first voyage. 
 
 The travels of Cabot. John Cabot s second voyage. 
 
 The news from Columbus. Sebastian Cabot. 
 
 V. 
 Captain John Smith. 
 
 ON the estate of Lord Willoughby, in the 
 eastern part of England, there was a family of 
 poor tenants named Smith, who had a son born 
 in 1579. They named him John. John Smith is 
 the most common of names, but this was the 
 -"-^ most uncommon of all the John Smiths. He 
 was apprenticed to learn a trade, but he ran away from his 
 master and became, for a while, a servant to Lord Wil 
 loughby, who was going to Holland. 
 
 Like most runaway boys, he found the world a hard 
 place, and had to lead a very rough-and-tumble life. He 
 enlisted as a soldier ; he was shipwrecked ; he was robbed 
 and reduced to beggary ; and, if we may believe his own 
 story, he was once pitched into the sea by a company of 
 pilgrims, who thought that he had caused the storm, like 
 Jonah in the Bible. This must have happened not far from 
 shore, for he reached land without the aid of a whale, 
 and went into the war against the Turks. There he killed 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 three Turks in single combat, 
 and cut off their heads, but 
 Captain John Smith came near 
 losing his own head in the 
 fight with the last one. 
 
 The Turks captured Smith 
 afterward and made him a 
 slave. His Turkish master 
 was very cruel, and put an 
 iron collar on his neck. While 
 
 Smith was thrashing wheat one day with his dog-collar 
 
 on, the Turk began to 
 
 thrash him. Smith grew 
 
 angry, and, leaving the 
 
 wheat, hit his master with 
 
 the flail, killing him on the 
 
 spot. Then he took a bag 
 
 of wheat for food, mount 
 ed his master s horse and 
 
 escaped to the wilderness, 
 
 and got out of Turkey. 
 When, at last, Captain 
 
 Smith got back to England 
 
 with his wonderful budget 
 
 of stones about narrow es 
 capes and bloody fights, he 
 
 probably found it hard to 
 
 settle down to a peaceful life. 
 
 The English people were just 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 CROSS-BAR SHOT, 
 
 CLOSED AS PUT INTO A GUN 
 
 AND OPEN AFTER FIRING. 
 
 then talking a great deal about settling a colony in North 
 
 America, which was quite wild and almost wholly unex- 
 
 rjilored. Nothing suited the wandering and daring Cap 
 tain Smith better. He joined the com- 
 
 f; """ - f) pany which set sail for America, in three 
 
 little ships, in 1606. The largest of these 
 was called the Susan Constant. 
 
 I am sorry to say the people sent out 
 in this first company were what we should 
 call nowadays a hard set. They were 
 most of them men who knew nothing 
 about work. They had heard how the 
 Spaniards grew rich from the gold and 
 
 silver in South America, and they expected to pick up 
 
 gold without trouble. 
 
 The colony was settled at a place called Jamestown. 
 
 Soon after the settlers landed the Indians attacked them 
 
 while they were unarmed, and the settlers might all have 
 
 been put to death with the bows and arrows and war-clubs 
 
 of the savages, if the people on one of ; 
 
 the ships had not fired a cross-bar shot 
 
 such as you see in the picture. This 
 
 cross-bar shot happened to cut down a 
 
 limb of a tree over the heads of the 
 
 Indians. When they heard the noise 
 
 of the cannon, like thunder, and saw 
 
 the tree-tops come tumbling on their 
 
 heads, the savages thought it was time 
 
 to make good use of their heels. 
 
26 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 The people of that day did not know how to plant 
 colonies, and the lack of good food and shelter caused 
 the death of more than half of the James 
 town settlers. The Indians who lived near 
 them had fields of Indian corn, whose 
 streaming blades and waving tassels were 
 a strange sight to Englishmen. When at 
 last the corn was ripe, Captain John 
 Smith set sail in a small boat and traded 
 a lot of trinkets to the Indians for corn, 
 and so saved the lives of many of the people. 
 The English thought America was only a narrow strip 
 of land. They were still looking for a way to India, as 
 Columbus had looked for one more than a hundred years 
 before. The King of England had told them to explore 
 any river coming from the northwest. Smith therefore 
 set out to sail up the little Chickahom^iny River to find 
 the Pacific Ocean, not knowing that this ____ 
 ocean was nearly three thousand miles away. 
 
 The daring captain left his two 
 men in charge of the boat while he 
 went on farther. The Indians 
 killed the men and then pur 
 sued Smith. Smith had taken 
 an Indian prisojieiv and he ;/^jf 
 saved himself by putting this 
 prisoner between him and his 
 enemies. But the Indians caught 
 Smith after he had fled into a 
 
 SMITH FIGHTS THE INDIANS. 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 2? 
 
 swamp, where he sank up to his waist in the mud, so 
 that he could neither fight nor run. He made friends with 
 the head Indian of the party by giving him a pocket- 
 compass and trying to explain its use. 
 
 As all the Indians had a great curiosity to see a white 
 man, Smith was marched from one Indian village to an 
 other ; but he was treated with a great deal of respect. 
 Perhaps the Indians thought that men who sailed in big 
 canoes and discharged guns that blazed and smoked and 
 made a noise like thunder and knocked the trees down, 
 must have some mysterious power. But they also thought 
 that if they could persuade the white people to give them 
 some big guns they could easily conquer all the Indian 
 tribes with which they were at war. 
 
 The Indians surrounded Smith with curious charms by 
 way of finding out whether he was friendly to them or 
 not. They fed him very well ; but Smith, who was as igno 
 rant of Indians as they were of 
 white people, thought that they 
 were fattening him to eat him, f 
 
 so he did not have much appetite. 
 
 Powhatan [pow-at-tan 7 ] was 
 the name of the g^reat chief of 
 these Indians. This chief set 
 Smith free. He sent some men 
 
 along with him on his return to Jamestown to bring back 
 two cannons and a grindstone in exchange for the prisoner ; 
 but the Indians found these things rather too heavy to carry, 
 and they were forced to return with nothing but trinkets. 
 
28 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Captain Smith seems to have been the best man to 
 control the unruly settlers and manage the Indians. The 
 people in England who had sent out this colony thought 
 they could make the chief, Powhatan, friendly by send 
 ing him presents. They sent him a crown, a wash-basin, 
 and a bedstead, also a red robe, and other things quite un 
 necessary to a wild Indian. But when Powhatan for the 
 first time in his life had a bedstead and a wash-basin and 
 a red gown, he thought himself so important that he 
 would not sell corn to the settlers, who were in danger 
 of starving. Captain Smith, however, showed him some 
 blue glass beads, pretending that he could not sell them 
 because they were made of some substance like the sky, 
 and were to be worn only by the greatest princes. Pow 
 hatan became half crazy to get these precious jewels, and 
 Smith bought a large boat-load of corn for a pound or two 
 of beads. 
 
 Ap-pren -tieed, bound to serve a master in order to learn a trade. 
 Pil -grim, a traveler going to visit some holy place. Single com 
 bat, a duel, a fight between two men only. Ex-plore , to visit and 
 examine a country before unknown or little known. Un-ex-plored , 
 not yet visited or examined by civilized people. Trink -et, a toy ; some 
 thing of small value. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 What you can remember of Captain Smith s curious adventures 
 
 before he went to Turkey. 
 His adventures in the war with the Turks. 
 His escape from slavery. 
 His captivity among the Indians. 
 
 Date and place to be remembered : First English colony settled in 
 America, at Jamestcywn, in the year 1607. 
 
MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 2 9 
 
 VI. 
 
 More about Captain John Smith. 
 
 THE two best things about Captain John Smith were, 
 that he was never idle and he never gave up. He 
 was a good man to have in a colony, for he was 
 always trying to find out something new 
 or to accomplish some great 
 thing. He had not found a 
 way to China in the swamps 
 on the Chickahominy Riv 
 er ; he had only found a 
 mud-hole, and got him 
 self captured by the In 
 dians. But 
 
30 MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 
 
 he thought he might find the Pacific Ocean by 
 sailing up the Chesapeake [ches -a- 
 peak] Bay. So he went twice 
 up this bay, exploring at last to 
 the very head of it. Of course, 
 he did not find a way into the 
 Pacific Ocean. We know well 
 enough nowadays that China is 
 not anywhere in the neighborhood 
 of Pinltimrrrr But Smith made a 
 good map of the great bay, and he 
 bought corn from the Indians, and so kept 
 the colony alive. This was better than finding a way 
 to China, if he had only known it. 
 
 In living in an open boat and sailing among Indians that 
 were very suspicious and unfriendly, Smith and his men 
 had to suffer many hardships. They were sometimes nearly 
 wrecked by storms, and once when their sail had been torn 
 to pieces they patched it with the shirts off their backs. 
 Their bread was spoiled by the splashing of the salt water, 
 and they suffered so much from thirst that at one time 
 they would have been willing to give a barrel of gold, if 
 they had only had it, for a drink of puddle-water. Some 
 times when sleeping on the ground they got so cold that 
 they were forced to get up in the night and move their 
 fire so that they could lie down on the warm earth where 
 the fire had been. 
 
 At one place the Indians shot arrows at them from the 
 trees. Then they tried to get the Englishmen to come on 
 
MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 shore by dancing with baskets in their hands. Captain 
 Smith says that he felt sure they had nothing in their 
 baskets but \4Uainy. So he had his men fire off their 
 guns. The noise of the guns so frightened the savages 
 that they all dropped to the ground and then fled into the 
 woods. Smith and his men now ventured ashore and left 
 presents of beads, little bells, and looking-glasses in their 
 wigwams. Pleased with these things, the Indians became 
 friendly and fell to trading. 
 
 Once, when many of Captain Smith s men were ill, the 
 Indians attacked him. Smith put his sick men under 
 a tarpaulin, and mounted their hats on sticks among his 
 well men, so that 
 the boat appeared 
 to have its full 
 force. Having 
 procured Indian 
 shields of wicker- 
 Wui, Captain 
 Smith put them 
 along the side of 
 his boat, so as to 
 
 1 
 
 SMITH AND HIS MEN IN CAMP. 
 
 :w^ ,JK 
 
 fight from behind 
 them. But he generally 
 made friends with the In 
 dian tribes, and he came back to Jamestown with plenty 
 of corn and furs. 
 
 Powhatan, the greatest of the Indian chiefs, wanted to 
 get the arms of the white men. Muskets, swords, and pis- 
 
MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 tols were now and then stolen by the Indians, and Cap 
 tain Smith tried to put a stop to this thievery. Two In 
 dians who were brothers stole a pistol. They were capt 
 ured, and one of them was put into prison, while the other 
 was sent to get the pistol. The one in the prison was 
 allowed a fire of charcoal, to keep him from freezing. 
 When his brother came back, the prisoner was found 
 
 smothered by the gas 
 from the charcoal -fire. 
 The other poor fellow was 
 heart-broken ; but Captain 
 Smith succeeded in reviv 
 ing the one that had been 
 smothered. From this the 
 Indians concluded that he 
 was not only a great brave, 
 but a great medicine-man 
 as well, who could bring 
 dead people to life. 
 
 At another time an 
 Indian stole a bag of 
 gunpowder, which was a 
 thing of wonder to the 
 savages. He also stole a 
 piece of armor at; the same time. lie- 
 had seen white men dry their powder when wet by put 
 ting it into a piece of armor and holding it over the 
 fire. He tried to do the same thing ; but the fire was 
 too hot for the powder, and the Indian was treated to 
 
MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 33 
 
 a very great surprise. This terrified the savages for a 
 time. 
 
 In 1609 there were many new-comers, and Captain 
 Smith s enemies got control of the colony. They sent 
 Smith home, and he never saw Virginia again. 
 
 Captain Smith afterward sailed on a voyage to New 
 England in 1614. While his men caught and salted fish to 
 pay for the expense of the voyage, Smith sailed in an open 
 boat along the New England coast. He traded with the 
 Indians, giving them beads and other trinkets for furs. He 
 also made the first good map of the coast. After he had 
 returned to England with furs, Hunt, who was captain of 
 his second ship, coaxed twenty-four Indians on board and 
 then sailed away with them to Spain. Here he made sale 
 of his ship-load of salted fish, and began to sell the poor 
 Indians for slaves. Some good monks, finding out what he 
 was doing, stopped him and took the Indians into their con 
 vent to make Christians of them. One of these Indians, 
 named Squanto [squon -to], afterward found his way to 
 England, and from there was taken back to America. 
 
 Captain Smith tried very hard to persuade English peo 
 ple to plant a colony in New England. He finally set out 
 with only sixteen men to begin a settlement there. He had 
 made friends with the New England Indians, and he was 
 sure that with a few men he could still succeed in planting 
 a colony. But he had very bad luck. He first lost the 
 masts of his vessels in a storm. He returned to England 
 again and set sail in a smaller ship. He was then chased 
 by a pirate-vessel. Smith found, on hailing this ship, that 
 
34 MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 some of the men on board had been soldiers under him in 
 the Turkish wars. They proposed to him to be their cap 
 tain, but he did not want to command such rogues. 
 
 Smith s little vessel had no sooner got away from these 
 villains, than he was chased by a French ship. He had to 
 threaten to blow up his ship to get his men to fight. He 
 escaped again, but the next time he was met by a fleet of 
 French privatrjs. They made Smith come aboard one of 
 their vessels to show his papers. After they had got him 
 out of his ship they held him prisoner and took possession of 
 his cargo. They afterward agreed to let him have his vessel 
 again, as he was still determined to sail to New England ; 
 but his men wanted to turn back ; so, while Smith was on 
 the French ship, his own men ran away with his vessel and 
 got back to England. Thus his plan for a colony failed. 
 
 Smith spent his summer in the French fleet. When the 
 French privateers were fighting with an English vessel they 
 made Smith a prisoner in the cabin ; but when they fought 
 with Spanish ships they would put Smith at the guns and 
 make him fight with them. Smith reached England at last, 
 and had the satisfaction of having some of his runaway sail 
 ors put into prison. He never tried to plant another col 
 ony, though he was very much pleased with the success of 
 the Plymouth colony which settled in New England a few 
 years later than this. This brave, roving, fighting, boast 
 ing captain died in 1631, when he was fifty-two years old. 
 
 Vil -lain-y, wickedness. Tar-pau -lin, water-proof canvas for 
 covering goods. Wig -wam, an Indian house. Wicker-work, 
 woven of twigs, like a basket. Piece of armor, one of the plates for- 
 
MORE ABOUT CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 35 
 
 merly worn on the breast, back, or other part of a soldier for protection. 
 Pi -rate, a sea-robber. Pri-va-teer , a war ship belonging to private 
 owners, with authority from a government to capture the vessels of an 
 enemy. Medicine-man, a priest and doctor among the Indians who 
 pretends to work by charms. 
 
 Tell what you can about 
 
 Captain Smith in Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Captain Smith s dealings with the Indians. 
 
 The Indians and the gunpowder. 
 
 Captain Smith s attempt to settle New England. 
 
 VII. 
 
 The Story of Pocahontas. , 
 
 WHILE Captain John Smith was a prisoner among the 
 Indians of Powhatan s tribe< he made the acquaintance of 
 that chief s daughter, Pocahontas [po-ca-hun -tas], a little 
 girl of ten or twelve years of age, with whom he was very 
 much pleased. Years afterward, he said that Powhatan had 
 at one time determined to put him to death ; but when 
 Captain Smith s head was laid upon some stones, and 
 Indians stood ready to beat out his brains, Pocahontas laid 
 her head on his, so that they could not kill Captain Smith 
 without striking her ; seeing which, Powhatan let him live. 
 Captain Smith said nothing about this qccurrejoc^e in the 
 first accounts of his captivity, and many people think that 
 it never happened. 
 
 But it is certain that, whether Pocahontas saved his 
 life at this time or not, he was much attached to her, and 
 she became very fond of going to Jamestown, where she 
 
THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 played with the boys in the street. When the settlers 
 were in danger of starving, she brought them food. When 
 
 . w , ^... ._;.__ a m&ssrnger was sent 
 
 from Jamestown to 
 carry an important 
 message to Captain 
 Smith, then in Pow- 
 hatan s country, she 
 hid the man, and got 
 him through in spite 
 of Powhatan s desire 
 to kill him. When 
 the Indians intend 
 ed to kill Captain 
 Smith, she went to 
 his tent at night and 
 gave him warning. 
 Captain Smith of 
 fered her trinkets as 
 a reward, but she 
 refused them, with 
 tears in her eyes, 
 saying that Powha- 
 
 tan would kill her if he knew of her coming there. These 
 are the stories told of her in Captain Smith s history. 
 And when a number of white men then in the Indian 
 country were put to death, she saved the life of a white 
 boy named Henry Spelman by sending him away. 
 
 When Captain Smith had been in the colony two years, 
 
 ty 
 
 POCAHONTAS CARRIES VENISON TO JAMESTOWN. 
 
THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 37 
 
 ships came from London with many hundreds of people. 
 The ships that brought this company to Jamestown in 
 1609 were under the command of men that were enemies 
 of Captain Smith, who had come to be governor of the 
 colony. These men resolved to depose John Smith, so 
 as to get the government of Jamestown into their own 
 hands. Smith, having been injured by. an explosion of 
 gunpowder, consented to go back to England. His ene 
 mies sent charges against him. One of these charges was 
 that he wished to marry Pocahontas, who was now grow 
 ing up, and thus to get possession of the colony by claim 
 ing it for the daughter of Powhatan, whom the English 
 regarded as a kind of king. 
 
 The colony had every reason to be sorry that Captain 
 Smith was sent away. The men left in charge managed 
 badly, Powhatan ceased to be friendly, and his little daugh 
 ter did not come to see the English people any more. 
 The people of Jamestown were now so afraid of the In 
 dians that they dared not venture outside the town. Soon 
 all their food was gone, and they had eaten up their horses. 
 Some of the people were killed by the Indians ; some fled 
 in one of the ships and became pirates ; and great num 
 bers of them died of hunger. 
 
 Ships arrived at last, bringing help to the colony. 
 Under one governor and another Jamestown suffered many 
 troubles from sickness and from the Indians. There was in 
 the colony a sea-captain named Argall, who thought that, 
 if he could get Pocahontas into his power, her father, the 
 great chief Powhatan, might be persuaded to be peaceable, 
 
 4 
 
THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 Pocahontas was by this time a young woman of about 
 eighteen. She was visiting an old chief named Japazaws, 
 who lived on the ^otomac^River. Argall was trading with 
 the Indians at Japazaws s town. He told Japazaws that, if 
 he would bring Pocahontas on board his ship, he would 
 give him a copper kettle. Every Indian wanted to have a 
 copper kettle, of all things. Japazaws and his wife, pre 
 tending that 
 they wished 
 ; to see the 
 vessel, coaxed 
 Pocahontas to 
 go with them. 
 Argall refused 
 p^ to let her go 
 ashore again, 
 and carried her 
 to Jamestown 
 a prisoner. 
 
 Here she 
 stayed a year. 
 
 The English people in Jamestown refused to give her up 
 unless Powhatan would return some guns which the In 
 dians had taken. There was an Englishman living at 
 Jamestown, named John Rolfe, who fell in love with Poca 
 hontas, and proposed to marry her. When word was sent 
 to Powhatan of this, lie readily agreed to the marriage, and 
 an old uncle and two brothers of Pocahontas went down 
 to Jamestown to attend the wedding. Pocahontas, having 
 
 POCAHONTAS TAKEN PRISONER. 
 
THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 39 
 
 been instructed in the Christian religion, was baptized in 
 the little church, and married to Rolfe in 1614. Her real 
 name was Matoax, but her father called her Pocahontas. 
 When she was baptized, she took the name of Rebecca. 
 
 THE WEDDING OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 The marriage of Pocahontas brought peace with the 
 Indians. In 1616, with her little baby-boy, Pocahontas 
 was taken to England. Here she was called " the Lady 
 Rebecca/ and treated with great respect as the daughter 
 of a king. 
 
 The people at Jamestown had told Pocahontas that John 
 Smith was dead. When she saw him alive in England, she 
 
4O THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 was very much offended. She fell into such a pout that for 
 some time she would not speak to anybody. Then she 
 ajmounced her intention of calling Captain Smith her father, 
 after the Indian^prkm of adoption. 
 
 She was greatly pette<TT)y"~the king and queen and all 
 the great people. The change from a smoky bark hut 
 to high life in England must have been very great, but 
 she surprised everybody by the quickness with which 
 she learned to behave rightly in any company. She was 
 much pleased with England, and was sorry to go back. 
 When she was ready to sail, she was attacked by small 
 pox, and died. 
 
 Her little boy was now left in England. Captain Argall, 
 who had made Pocahontas prisoner, was now made Gov 
 ernor of Virginia. He was a very dishonest man, and he 
 and some partners of his appear to have had a scheme to 
 get possession of the colony by claiming it for the child of 
 Pocahontas as the grandson of " King Powhatan." Argall 
 sent word to England that the Indians had resolved to sell 
 no more land, but to keep it all for this child. This was, no 
 doubt, a falsehood. Argall was a bad governor, and he was 
 soort recalled, and a better man took his place. The son of 
 Pocahontas returned to Virginia when he was grown. 
 
 But when Pocahontas was dead, and Powhatan also, 
 there was nothing to keep the Indians quiet, and in 1622 
 they suddenly fell upon the settlement and killed more 
 than three hundred people in one day. Long and bloody 
 wars followed, but the colony of Virginia lived through 
 them all. 
 
THE STORY OF POCAHONTAS. 
 
 INDIAN MASSACRE IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 Col -o-ny, a company of people who have left their native country 
 to dwell together in some distant land. A-dop -tion, the taking of a 
 person as a relative who is not naturally so. Re-called , called back. 
 
 Tell in your own words the story of 
 
 Pocahontas saving Captain Smith s life. Pocahontas and the 
 messenger. Pocahontas warning Smith. Pocahontas saving 
 Spelman. 
 Also tell about 
 
 The sending of Captain Smith to England. The famine at James 
 town. 
 Also tell of 
 
 Pocahontas a prisoner. Her marriage. Her visit to England. Her 
 death. Her son. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 HUDSON STOPPED BY ICE. 
 
 VIII. 
 Henry Hudson. 
 
 THREE hundred years ago England was rather poor 
 in people and in money. Spain had become rich and im 
 portant by her gold-mines in the ^est__kidies and the cen, 
 tral parts of America. Portugal^ had been enriched b% 
 finding a way around Africa to India, where many things 
 such as silks and spices were bought to be sold in Europe 
 at high prices. Some thoughtful men in England had an 
 idea that as the Portuguese had reached India by sailing 
 round the Eastern Continent on the south, the English 
 might find a way to sail to India around the northern 
 part of Europe and Asia. By this means the English 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 43 
 
 ships would also be able to get the precious things to 
 be found in the East. 
 
 For this purpose some London merchants founded the 
 Mus-co -vy Company, with old Sebastian Cabot at its head. 
 This Muscovy^Company had not succeeded in finding a 
 way to China round the north of Europe, but in trying 
 to do this its ships had opened a valuable trade with Rus 
 sia [rush -ah], or Muscovy as it was then called, which was 
 a country but little known before. 
 
 One of the founders of this Muscovy Company was a 
 rich man named Henry Hudson. It is thought that he 
 was the grandfather of Henry Hudson, the explorer. The 
 merchants who made up this company were in the habit 
 of sending out their sons, while they were boys, in the 
 ships of the company, to learn to sail vessels and to gain 
 a knowledge of the languages and habits of trade in dis 
 tant countries. Henry was sent to sea while a lad, and was 
 no doubt taught by the ship-captains all about sailing ves 
 sels. When he grew to be a man, he wished to make him 
 self famous by finding a northern way to China. 
 
 In the spring of 1607, almost four months after Captain 
 Smith had left London with the colony bound for James 
 town, his friend Hudson was sent out by the Muscovy Com 
 pany to try once more for a passage to China. He had 
 only a little ship, which was named Hopewell, and he had 
 but ten men, including his own son John Hudson. He 
 found that there was no way to India by the north pole. 
 But he went farther north than any other man had gone. 
 
 Hudson made an important discovery on this voyage. 
 
44 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 He found whales in the Arctic Seas, 
 
 and the Muscovy Company now fitted 
 
 out whaling ships to catch them. The 
 
 next year the brave Hudson tried to 
 
 pass between Srjitz-ber^-en and Nova 
 
 Zemfela [no -vah zem -blah], but he "was again turned back 
 
 by the walls of ice that fence in the frozen pole. 
 
 By this time the Muscovy Company was discouraged, 
 and gave up trying to get to India by going round 
 the north of Europe. They thought it better to make 
 money out of the whale-fishery that Hudson had found. 
 But in Holland there was the Qutch East India Com 
 pany, which sent ships round Africatcr7ndTaT^TTiey~Tiad 
 ^^.^p^, heard of the voyages of Hudson, 
 
 -df&jd&RJif^ wno nac ^ " ot the name of " the 
 
 bold Englishman." The Dutch 
 Company was afraid that the 
 English, with Hudson s help, 
 might find a nearer way by 
 the north, and so get the 
 trade away from them. So 
 they sent for " the bold Eng 
 lishman," and hired him to find 
 this new route for them. 
 
 Hudson left Arjisterdam in 
 1609 i n a ^acht called "The Half 
 ^ Moon." He sailed round Nor 
 way and found his old enemy the ice as bad as ever about 
 Nova Zembla. Just before leaving home Hudson had re- 
 
 THIS MAP SHOWS THE WAY TO INDIA AND 
 CHINA BY THE SOUTH, AND HOW HUD 
 SON TRIED TO REACH THOSE LANDS BY 
 SAILING AROUND BY THE NORTH. 
 
HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 45 
 
 THE HALF MOON VISITED BY THE INDIANS 
 
 ceived a letter from his friend Captain John Smith, in 
 Virginia, telling him that there was a strait leading into 
 the Pacific Ocean, to the north of Virginia, j Hudson per 
 suaded his men to turn about and sail with him to America 
 to look for the way to India that Smith had written about. 
 So they turned to the westward and sailed to Ncwjcjimi- 
 land, and thence down the coast until they were opposite 
 lame^Jiiyer. Then Hudson turned north again, and began 
 to look for a gateway through this wild and unknown coast. 
 He sailed into ^Delaware Bay, as ships do now on their way 
 to PhjlaHplphiq Then he sailed out again and followed the 
 
 shore till he came to the opening by which thousands of 
 ships nowadays go into -N^u^York. 
 
 He passed into New York Bay, where no vessel had 
 ever been before. He said it was " a very good land to fall 
 
4 6 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 in with, and a pleasant land to see." The 
 New Jersey Indians swarmed about the ship 
 dressed in fur robes and feather mantles, and 
 wearing- copper necklaces. Hudson thought 
 some of the waterways about New York 
 harbor must lead into the Pacific. 
 
 He sent men out in a boat to examine the 
 bays and rivers. They declared that the 
 land was " as pleasant with grass and flow 
 ers as ever they had seen, and very sweet Ji 
 smells." But before they got back, some 
 Indians attacked the boat and killed one 
 man by shooting him with an arrow. 
 
 When the Indians came round the 
 ship again, Hudson made two of them 
 prisoners, and dressed them up in 
 red coats. The rest he drove away. 
 As he sailed farther up from the 
 sea, twenty-eight dug-put 
 canoes filled with men, 
 women, and children, 
 paddled about the ship. 
 The white men traded 
 with them, giving them 
 trinkets for oysters and 
 beans, but none were 
 allowed to come aboard. 
 As the ship sailed 
 
 
 
HENRY HUDSON, 
 
 47 
 
 on up the river that we now call the Hudson, the two 
 Indian prisoners saw themselves carried farther and farther 
 from their home. One morning they jumped out of a 
 port-hole and swam ashore, without even stopping to say 
 good-by. They stood on the bank and mocked the men 
 on the Half Moon as she sailed away up the river. 
 
 Hudson s ship anchored again opposite the ^.atskjl-l 
 Mountains, and here he found some very friendly Indians, 
 who brought corn, 
 pumpkins, and to 
 bacco to sell to the 
 crew. Still farther 
 up the river Hudson 
 visited a tribe on 
 shore, and wondered 
 at their great heaps 
 of corn and beans. 
 The chief lived in a 
 round bark house. 
 Captain Hudson was 
 made to sit on a 
 
 mat and eat from a red wooden bowl. The Indians wished 
 him to stay all night ; they broke their arrows and threw 
 them into the fire, to show their friendliness. 
 
 Hudson found the river growing sjiallow^r. When he 
 got near where Albany now stands he sent a row-boat yet 
 higher up. Then he concluded that this was not the way 
 to the Pacific. He turned round and sailed down the river, 
 and then across the ocean to England. The Half Moon 
 
48 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 returned to Holland, and the Dutch sent out other ships to 
 trade in the river which Hudson had found. In the course 
 of time they planted a colony where New York now stands. 
 
 Captain Hudson did not try to go round the north of 
 Europe any more. But the next spring he sailed in an 
 English ship to look for a way round the north side of 
 the American Continent. On this voyage he discovered 
 the great bay that is now called Hudson s Bay. 
 
 In this bay he spent the winter. His men suffered from 
 hunger and sickness. In the summer of 1611, after he had, 
 with tears in his eyes, divided his last bread with his men, 
 these wicked fellows put him into a boat with some sick 
 sailors and cast them all adrift in the great bay. 
 
 The men on the ship shot some birds for food, but in a 
 fight with the Indians some of the leaders in the plot against 
 Hudson were killed. The seamen, as they sailed home 
 ward, grew so weak from hunger that they had to sit down 
 to steer the vessel. When at last Juet, the mate, who had 
 put Hudson overboard, had himself died of hunger, and all 
 the rest had lain down in despair to die, they were saved 
 by meeting another ship. 
 
 Ex-plor -er, one who travels to unknown countries to find out what 
 they are. Dutch, belonging to Holland. Dug -out ca-noes , boats 
 made by hollowing out a log. Port -hole, an opening in the side of a ship, 
 through which a cannon may be fired. Yacht (yot), a kind of small vessel. 
 
 Tell what you can remember about Hudson s attempt to get to China 
 
 by going round the north of Europe. 
 Tell of Hudson s discovery and exploration of the Hudson River. 
 
 Of Hudson s discovery of a great bay. 
 
 Of his death. 
 
 A | 
 
 (ji ,(A.-t-i.O ^ A. 
 
 
 
CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 49 
 
 IX. 
 
 Captain Myles Standish. 
 
 THIRTEEN years after the first settlement at James 
 town a colony was planted in New England. We have 
 seen that the rough-and-ready John Smith was the man 
 who had to deal with the Indians in Virginia. So the 
 first colony in New England had also its soldier, a brave 
 and rather hot-tempered little man Captain Standish. 
 
 Myles Standish was born in England in 1584. He be 
 came a soldier, and, like John Smith, went to fight in the 
 Low Country that is in what we now call Holland which 
 was at that time fighting to gain its liberty from Spain. 
 
 The Government of Holland let people be religious in 
 their own way, as our country does now. In nearly all 
 other countries at that time people were punished if they 
 did not worship after the manner of the established church 
 of the land. A little band of people in the north of Eng 
 land had set up a church of their own. For this they 
 were persecuted. In order to get away from their troubles 
 they sold their houses and goods and went over to Hol 
 land. These are the people that we now call " the Pil 
 grims," because of their wanderings. 
 
 Captain Standish, who was also from the north of Eng 
 land, met these countrymen of his in Holland. He liked 
 their simple service and honest ways, and he lived among 
 them though he did not belong to their church. 
 
 The Pilgrims remained about thirteen years in Hol 
 land. By this time they had made up their minds to seek 
 
CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 
 
 THE MAYFLOWER. 
 
 a new home in the wild woods of America. About a hun 
 dred of them bade the rest good-by and sailed for Amer 
 ica in the Mayflower in 
 1620. As there might 
 be some fighting to 
 do, the brave sol 
 dier Captain Myles 
 Standish went along 
 with them. 
 The ship first reached 
 land at Cape Cod. 
 Captain Stan3ish ancf 
 sixteen men landed, and 
 marched along the shore looking 
 In one spot they found the ground 
 Digging here, they discovered In 
 dian baskets filled with corn. Indian corn is an American 
 plant, and they had never before seen it. The beautiful 
 grains, red, yellow, and white, were a " goodly sight," as 
 they said. Some of this corn they took with them to plant 
 the next spring. The Pilgrims paid the Indians for this 
 seed-corn when, they found the right owners. 
 
 Standish made his next trip in a boat. This time he 
 found some Indian wigwams covered and lined with mats. 
 In December, Captain Standish made a third trip along 
 the shore. It was now so cold that the spray froze to the 
 clothes of his men while they rowed. At night they slept 
 behind a little barricade made of logs and boughs, so as 
 to be ready if the Indians should attack them. 
 
 for a place to settle, 
 freshly patted down. 
 
CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 5 I 
 
 One morning some of the men carried all their guns 
 down to the water-side and laid them in the boat, in order 
 to be ready for a start as soon as breakfast should be fin 
 ished. But all at once there broke on their ears a sound 
 they had never heard before. It was the wild war-whoop 
 of a band of Indians whose arrows rained around Stand- 
 ish and his men. Some of the men ran to the boat for 
 their guns, at which the Indians raised a new yell and 
 sent another lot of arrows flying after them. But once 
 the white men were in possession of their guns, they fired 
 
 a volley which made 
 the Indians take to 
 their heels. One un 
 commonly brave In 
 dian lingered behind 
 a tree to fight it out 
 alone ; but when a 
 bullet struck the tree and sent bits of bark and splinters 
 rattling about his head, he thought better of it, and ran 
 after his friends into the woods. 
 
 Captain Standish and his men at length came to a 
 place \vhich John Smith, when he explored, the coast, had 
 called Plymouth [plim -uth]. Here the Pilgrims found a 
 safe harbor for ships and some running brooks from 
 which they might get fresh water. They therefore se 
 lected it for their landing-place. There had once been 
 an Indian town here, but all the Indians in it had died 
 of a pestilence three or four years before this time. The 
 Indian corn-fields were now lying idle, which was lucky 
 
CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 
 
 for the Pilgrims, since otherwise they would have had to 
 chop down trees to clear a field. 
 
 The Pilgrims landed on the 2ist day of December, in 
 our way of counting, or, as some say, the 22d. They 
 built some rough houses, using paper dipped in oil in 
 stead of window-glass. But the bad food and lack of 
 warm houses or clothing brought on a terrible sickness, 
 so that here, as at Jamestown, one half of the people died 
 
 in the first year. Cap 
 tain Standish lost his wife, 
 but he himself was well 
 enough to be a kind nurse 
 to the sick. Though he 
 was born of a high family, 
 he did not neglect to do 
 the hardest and most dis 
 agreeable work for his 
 sick and dying neighbors. 
 As there were not many 
 houses, the people in Plym 
 outh were divided into 
 nineteen families, and the 
 single men had to live with 
 one or another of these 
 families. A young man 
 named John Alden [awl - 
 den] was^ssi|piod to live in 
 Captain Standish s house. 
 Some time after Standish s 
 
 A PURITAN MAIDEN. 
 
CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 53 
 
 wife died the captain thought he would like to marry a 
 young woman named Priscilla Mullins. But as Standish 
 was much older than Priscilla, and a rough-spoken soldier 
 in his ways, he asked his young friend Alden to go to the 
 Mullins house and try to secure Priscilla for him. 
 
 It seems that John Alden loved Priscilla, and she did 
 not dislike him. But Standish did not know this, and poor 
 Alden felt bound to do as the captain requested. In that 
 day the father of the young lady was asked first. So Alden 
 went to Mr. Mullins and told him what a brave man Cap 
 tain Standish was. Then he asked if Captain Standish 
 might marry Priscilla. 
 
 " I have no objection to Captain Standish," said Pris- 
 cilla s father, " but this is a matter she must decide." 
 
 So he called in his daughter, and told her in Alden s 
 presence that the young man had come to ask her hand 
 in marriage with the brave Captain Standish. Priscilla 
 had no notion of marrying the captain. She looked at 
 the young man a moment, and then said : 
 
 "Why don t you speak for yourself, John?" 
 
 The result was that she married John Alden, and Cap 
 tain Standish married another woman. You may read this 
 story, a little changed, in Longfellow s poem called " The 
 Courtship of Miles Standish." 
 
 Per -se-cu-ted, punished unjustly ; troubled on account of religion. 
 Bar-ri-eade , something hastily thrown up for protection, War - 
 whoop, a cry by which the Indians try to frighten their enemies in 
 battle. Vol -ley, a discharge of many small arms at once. Pes -ti- 
 lence, any fatal sickness that spreads from one to another, so that a 
 large number of people die of it in a short time. Re-quest -ed, asked. 
 5 
 
54 
 
 CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 How the Pilgrims came to be in Holland. 
 
 About their coming to America. 
 
 Their troubles in trying to find a place to live. 
 
 About their sufferings in Plymouth. 
 Tell How Standish came to know the Pilgrims ? 
 
 Why he came to Plymouth ? 
 
 The curious story of his courtship ? 
 
 X. 
 
 Myles Standish and the Indians. 
 
 THE Indians, having got one taste of the 
 fire-arms of the white men, were afraid to 
 attack Plymouth. But they thought that 
 they might get rid of the white men by 
 witchcraft. So they held what they called 
 a "powwow" in a big swamp, to per 
 suade the spirits to kill or drive away 
 the new-comers. Sometimes the Pil 
 grims would see some Indians on a hill 
 top near Plymouth. But the savages al 
 ways ran away as soon as they were dis 
 covered. Perhaps they came to see whether 
 the Plymouth people had all been killed 
 
 DANCING MEDICINE-MAN. 
 
 But in the spring a chief from a place farther east 
 came to visit the Indians near Plymouth. He had met 
 English fishermen and learned a little English. He was 
 not afraid to visit the white men. Walking boldly into 
 
MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 55 
 
 INDIAN 
 
 BOW 
 
 AND 
 ARROW. 
 
 the little town, he said, " Welcome, Englishmen." 
 The Pilgrims were surprised to hear two English 
 words from the mouth of an Indian. 
 
 They treated this Indian well, and he came again 
 bringing an Indian named Squanto [squon -to] who 
 could speak more English. Squanto, who had lived 
 at Plymouth, was one of the Indians carried away 
 to Spain by Captain Hunt. From Spain he had 
 been taken to England, and then brought back to 
 America. When he got home to Plymouth he found 
 that all the people of his village had died of the 
 pestilence. 
 
 Squanto now came again to the old home of his 
 people at Plymouth and lived with the Pilgrims. He 
 showed the English a way to catch eels by treading 
 them out of the mud with his feet. He knew 
 the woods and waters well, and he showed 
 them how to hunt and fish. He taught them 
 how to plant Indian corn as the Indians did, 
 putting a fish or two in every hill for ma 
 nure, and then watching the fields for awhile 
 to keep the wolves from digging up the 
 buried fish. Without the seed-corn and the 
 help of Squanto the whole colony would 
 have starved. 
 
 Squanto liked to make himself important 
 among the Indians by boasting of the power 
 of his friends the white men. He talked about the dread 
 ful gunpowder kept in the cellar at Plymouth. He also 
 
 SQUANTO 
 CATCHING EELS. 
 
56 MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 told them that the horrid pestilence was kept in the same 
 cellar with the powder. 
 
 Massasoit [mas-sa-so -it], the chief of Squanto s tribe, 
 came to see the Pilgrims, bringing some other Indians with 
 him. They were taken into the largest house in Plymouth 
 and seated on a green mat and some cushions. The Gov 
 ernor of the colony was then brought in while the trum 
 pets were blowing and the drums beating. This parade 
 pleased the Indians, but they were much afraid of the 
 Plymouth people. Afterward the Pilgrims sent Massasoit a 
 red cotton coat and a copper chain, and by degrees a firm 
 friendship was made between him and the white men. 
 
 Captain Standish was a little man, and one of his ene 
 mies once nick-named him " Captain Shrimp." But the 
 Indians soon learned to be afraid of him. When a chief 
 near by threatened to trouble the Pilgrims and kill Squan- 
 to, Standish marched to the spot and surrounded his wig 
 wam. Having fired on the Indians and frightened them, 
 he took three whom he had wounded back to Plymouth 
 with him. The white people cured their wounds and sent 
 them home again. 
 
 The Nar-ra-gan -sett Indians were enemies of Massasoit. 
 None of their people had died of the pestilence, and they 
 were therefore stronger than Massasoit s tribe. The Narra- 
 gansetts sent a bundle of arrows to Plymouth tied up in a 
 snake s skin. Squanto told the English that this meant to 
 say that they would come and make war on Plymouth. 
 The Pilgrims filled the snake s skin with bullets, and sent 
 it back. This was to say, " Shoot your arrows at us and we 
 
MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 57 
 
 will kill you with our bullets." The Narragan- 
 setts were so afraid of the bullets that they sent 
 them back to Plymouth, and there was no war. 
 
 When the Pilgrims had been settled at Plym 
 outh more than a year, a ship brought them news 
 of the dreadful massacre that had taken place in 
 Virginia. The Pilgrims were afraid something 
 of the kind might happen to them. So Cap 
 tain Standish trained the Plymouth men, and 
 they kept guard every night. They put can 
 non on the roof of their meeting-house and 
 carried their guns to church. 
 
 A company of people from England made a 
 settlement at Weymouth [way -muth], not very 
 far from Plymouth. They were rude and famil 
 iar, and the Indians soon despised them. Some 
 Indian warriors made a plan to kill them all. 
 They intended to kill the Plymouth people at 
 the same time. But Massasoit told the Pilgrims 
 about it, and said they must go and kill the lead 
 ers before they had a chance to kill the white me.n. 
 
 Captain Standish set out for the colony at 
 Weymouth. He took but few men, so that the 
 Indians might not guess what he came for. But 
 they saw that the little captain was very " angry 
 in his heart," as they said. Seeing how few his 
 men were they tried to frighten him. 
 
 One of these Indians named Wittamut sharp 
 ened the knife which he wore hanging about his 
 
58 
 
 MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 neck. While sharpening it he said to Captain Standish : 
 " This is a good knife. On the handle is the picture of a 
 woman s face. But I have another knife at home with 
 which I have killed both Frenchmen and Englishmen. 
 That knife has a man s face on it. After a while these two 
 will get married." 
 
 A large Indian named Pecksuot said : " You are a cap 
 tain, but you are a little man. I am not a chief, but I am 
 strong and brave." 
 
 It was now a question whether Standish would attack 
 the Indians or wait for them to begin. One day when 
 Wittamut, Pecksuot, and two other Indians were in the 
 room with Standish and some of his men, the captain made 
 a signal, and himself snatched the knife 
 that hung on Pecksuot s neck and stabbed 
 him to death after a terrible struggle. 
 His men killed the other Indians in the 
 same way. The rest of their tribe 
 ^ fled to the woods for fear, and 
 
 after that the English 
 >. were called "stabbers" 
 in the Indian language. 
 The Pilgrims were often 
 very near to starvation dur 
 ing the first years after they 
 
 A PLYMOUTH SETTLER GETTING HIS DINNER. 
 
 settled at Plymouth. At one 
 
 time they lived on clams and lobsters and such fish as 
 they could catch. Standish made many voyages along 
 the coast, trading with the Indians for furs, which were 
 
MYLES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 59 
 
 sent to England and exchanged for whatever the settlers 
 might need. 
 
 A few years after the Pilgrims settled Plymouth people 
 began to settle near them, and in 1630 there came over a 
 large number of people, who founded Roston and other 
 Massachusetts towns. Captain Standish lived to be more 
 than seventy years old and to see many thousands of people 
 in New England. He owned a place at Duxbury, just 
 across the bay from Plymouth. He died there in 1656. 
 The hill which he owned is still called " Captain s Hill." 
 
 Witch -craft, the use of charms or ceremonies in order to persuade 
 the spirits to do some wonderful thing. .Pow -\vow, mysterious cere 
 monies practiced by the Indians. Shrimp, a creature resembling a lob 
 ster, but smaller; a little wrinkled man. Sig -nal, a sign given to another. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 How the Indians tried to get rid of the white men. 
 
 How the first Indian came to Plymouth. 
 
 About Squanto. 
 
 About Massasoit. 
 
 About the Narragan setts. 
 
 How and why Standish killed certain Indians. 
 
 About the beginning of Boston. 
 
 XI. 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 V WILLIAM PENN, who founded Pennsylvania, was born in 
 London, England, in 1644. He was the only son of Admiral 
 William Penn. Admiral Penn had become a captain before 
 he was twenty, and had distinguished himself in naval bat- 
 
6o 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 ties. He was a rich man, lived fashionably, and was re 
 ceived at court. He wanted to make his son William a 
 man of importance in the world like himself. So William 
 Penn was carefully educated. When he was at Oxford he 
 heard a man named Thomas Loe preach against such things 
 as the wearing of gowns by students. It had been the cus 
 tom for. the students in the col 
 leges at Oxford to wear gowns; 
 but the Puritans, who ruled 
 England after Charles I was 
 beheaded, forbade this, having 
 a notion that it was wicked. 
 When King Charles II was re 
 stored to the throne, the stu 
 dents were again required to 
 put on gowns. Under the i^- 
 fluence of Loe s preaching, Penn 
 and some other young men refused to dress in this way, 
 and they even went so far as to tear off the gowns of other 
 students. For this Penn was expelled from the university. 
 William Penn s father was very angry with his son 
 when he came home expelled. He was afraid that his son 
 would join the Friends, or Quakers, who not only refused 
 to take part in the ceremonies of the English Church, but 
 also refused to serve the king as soldiers, believing war to 
 be wicked. They would not make oath in court, nor would 
 they take off their hats to anybody. Admiral Penn did not 
 like to see his son adopt the opinions and ways of a people 
 so much despised and persecuted. 
 
 TEARING OFF A STUDENT S GOWN. 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 6l 
 
 Hoping that William would forget these impressions, he 
 sent him to France. Here young Penn was presented at 
 the court of Louis XIV, and here he finished his educa 
 tion. He then traveled in Italy, and returned to England 
 when he was twenty years old. His father was well 
 pleased to see that he had improved in manners, and 
 seemed to have forgotten his Quaker ideas. 
 
 He was presented at the court of Charles II, and became 
 a law student. He also carried disrjatches from his father s 
 fleet to the king. In 1665 the plague broke out in London, 
 and in these sad times William Penn s religious feelings 
 began to return. 
 
 His father, hoping to give him something else to think 
 about, sent him to Ireland to attend to some land which 
 belonged to the admiral. Here he was presented at the 
 court of the viceroy, the Duke of Ormond. 
 He served as "a soldier for a little while dur 
 ing an insurrection. You will see that his 
 portrait was painted in armor, after 
 the fashion of fine gentlemen of that 
 time. But while Penn was in Ire 
 land, he heard that Thomas Loe, , 
 whose preaching had affected him so 
 much when he was a student, was to 
 preach in Cork. Penn went to hear 
 him ; all his old feelings revived, and he W1LL1AM PENN AS A YOUNG MAN . 
 became a Friend. He now attended the 
 meetings of the Friends, or Quakers, for which he was at 
 length arrested and thrown into prison with the rest of the 
 
62 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 congregation. He was afterward set free. His father, 
 hearing of what his son had been doing, sent for him. 
 Admiral Penn was very angry with William, but he told 
 him that he would forgive him 
 everything else if he would take 
 off his hat to his father, to the 
 king, and to the king s broth 
 er, the Duke of York. Will 
 iam took some time to think 
 of it, and then told his father 
 that he could not promise even 
 this. The admiral then turned 
 his son out-of-doors. But his 
 mother sent him money, and after 
 a time he was allowed to come 
 home, but not to see his father. 
 William Penn presently began to preach and write in 
 favor of the doctrines of the Friends. He soon got into 
 trouble, and was imprisoned in the Tower 
 of London for eight months. The 
 Duke of York was a great friend 
 of William Penn s father, and 
 he finally got Penn released 
 from the Tower. The father 
 now gave up opposing his 
 son s religion. William Penn was ar 
 rested again in about a year for preach 
 ing in the street. He was tried, and spoke for himself 
 very boldly in court. The jury, after listening to him, 
 
 PENN THINKS IT WRONG 
 TO TAKE OFF HIS HAT TO HIS FATHER. 
 
 TOWER OF LONDON. 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 PENN APPEALS TO THE JURY. 
 
 would not bring 1 in any verdict but that he was guilty of 
 speaking in the street. 
 
 The judges were very angry with the jury, but the 
 jurymen would not change their verdict. The judges of 
 that day were very tyrannical. The jurymen in this case 
 were fined, and sent to prison along with William Penn, 
 who was imprisoned for wearing his hat in court. Soon 
 after Penn was released, his father died. The admiral 
 asked the Duke of York to befriend his son, who, he 
 feared, would always be in trouble. 
 
 Penn now traveled in England, Wales, Ireland, Holland, 
 and Germany, on his preaching journeys. He used all the 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 influence he had at court with the king and the king s 
 brother, the Duke of York, to get Quakers and other perse 
 cuted people out of prison. 
 
 The American colonies had come to be a place for peo 
 ple of all religions to flee to when they were troubled in 
 England. Some members of the Society of Friends Penn 
 among others began to be interested in West Jersey, a 
 part of what is now the State of New Jersey, as a place 
 of refuge for Quakers. 
 
 The English Government owed Penn s father a large 
 sum of money. Charles II was in debt, and found it hard 
 to pay what he owed, so at length Penn persuaded the 
 king to grant him a tract of land on the west side of the 
 
 Delaware River. The king 
 :;.-> named this Pennsylvania, 
 in honor of Admiral Penn. 
 Wj William Penn made the laws of 
 his colony such that nobody in it 
 would be troubled because of his 
 religion. He sent some colonists 
 there in 1681. Some of the people 
 dug holes in the river-bank to live 
 \ in when they first reached Penn 
 sylvania. Penn himself came the 
 
 next year, and laid out a city, naming it Philadelphia, 
 which means " Brotherly Love." 
 
 William Penn managed the Indians well, and for many 
 years after his death Pennsylvania had no wars. Penn made 
 a treaty with the Indians under a large elm, in 1682. The 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 woods were filled with savages, all armed and painted. 
 The Quakers were but a handful. They wore neither weap 
 ons nor ornaments, except that 
 Penn had a sky-blue sash around 
 his waist. The Indians seat 
 ed themselves on the ground 
 around their various chiefs 
 in the form of half-moons. 
 
 Is** .- 
 
 When Penn was a young 
 man he had been famous 
 for his skill in jumping and 
 other exercises. Finding 
 the Indians engaged in a 
 jumping-match one day, he 
 took part with them, and 
 they were much pleased to 
 have the great governor 
 
 share in their sport. Pennsylvania grew much faster than 
 any of the other colonies. The government established 
 by Penn was free, the Indians were friendly, and the 
 land was sold in small farms, so that poor men could own 
 their farms. People, therefore, liked to settle in Penn s 
 colony. 
 
 After two years William Penn went back to England. 
 King Charles II died soon after. William Penn s friend, 
 the Duke of York, now became king as James II, and Penn 
 was seen a great deal in the palace. He got the Friends 
 relieved from all their troubles, but he came to be hated a 
 great deal by those who disliked King James. When this 
 
 PENN AND THE INDIANS. 
 
66 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 king was driven from England, and King William and 
 Queen Mary were set up in his stead, Penn was very 
 much suspected of wishing to bring James back. He was 
 arrested several times, but nothing could be proved against 
 him. The control of Pennsylvania was taken from him 
 also, but this was afterwards restored. 
 
 Penn returned to Pennsylvania in 1699. He was once 
 taking a journey through his province when he met a little 
 girl named Rebecca Wood going to " meeting " on foot. 
 He took the little girl up behind him on his horse, and the 
 great proprietor of Pennsylvania was seen riding gravely 
 along with the bare legs and feet of a poor little girl dan 
 gling at his horse s side. 
 
 Penn returned again to England, and, after many years, 
 died in 1718. His descendants appointed the governors of 
 Pennsylvania until the Revolution. 
 
 WAMPUM BELT GIVEN BY THE INDIANS TO WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 Na -val bat -tles, battles between ships at sea. U -ni-ver -si-ty, 
 a title given to all the colleges at Oxford taken together. Ex-pelled , 
 turned out. Dis-patch -es, written messages. The plague, a terrible 
 disease which in old times caused the death of many thousands of peo 
 ple. Vice -roy, one who governs a kingdom or province in place of a 
 king. Re-vived , came to life again. Ju -ry, a company of men, 
 usually twelve in number, selected to hear testimony and decide a case. 
 Ju -ry-men, the members of a jury. Ver -dict, the decision of a jury. 
 Ty-ran -nic-al, overbearing, like a tyrant. Pal -ace, the house of a 
 king. Pro-pri -e-tor, owner. 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 6/ 
 
 Tell all you can remember about 
 
 How William Penn became a Friend. 
 
 William Penn and his father. 
 
 Penn s troubles as a Quaker preacher. 
 
 How Penn got Pennsylvania. 
 
 The settlement of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn s life afterwards. 
 
 XII. 
 
 King Philip. 
 
 WHEN the Pilgrims first came to New England they 
 found that the nearest tribe of Indians, the Wam-pa-no -ags, 
 of which Massasoit was chief, had been much reduced in 
 number by a dreadful sickness. The bones of the dead lay 
 bleaching on the ground. 
 
 The next neighbors to the Wampaupags were the Nar- 
 ragansetts. These had not been visited by the great sick 
 ness, but were as numerous and strong as ever. Massasoit 
 was, therefore, very glad to have the English, with their 
 strange guns and long swords, near him, to protect his peo 
 ple from the Narragansetts. 
 
 The two sons of Massasoit had been named by the white 
 people Alexander and Philip, and they were very proud of 
 their names. These young men remained friendly to the 
 settlers for some time after their father s death. But many 
 things made the Indians discontented. They readily sold 
 their lands to the white people for blankets, hatchets, toys, 
 and such things. The ground was all covered with woods, 
 and, as they used it only for hunting, it was of little value. 
 
68 
 
 KING PHILIP. 
 
 But when they saw how much the white men made out of 
 it they wished to be paid over again. 
 
 Many of this tribe of Indians became Christians through 
 the preaching of John Eliot, who was called " The Apostle 
 to the Indians." These were called " praying Indians." 
 They settled in villages and tried to live like white people, 
 though they continued to dwell in bark-houses, because 
 they found that the easiest way to clean house was to leave 
 the old one and build a new. They no longer followed 
 their chiefs or respected the charms of the medicine-men. 
 It made the great men among the Indians angry to see their 
 people leave them. 
 
 The young chief Alexander began to show ill-feeling 
 toward the white people. The rulers of Plymouth Colony 
 took harsh measures with him. They 
 sent some soldiers and brought him 
 to Plymouth to answer for his con 
 duct. When this proud Indian saw 
 himself arrested and degraded in this 
 way he felt it bitterly. He was 
 taken sick at Plymouth, and died 
 soon after he got home. 
 
 The Indians imagined that Alex 
 ander had died of poison given him 
 by white men. Some time afterward 
 the white people heard that Alexan 
 der s brother, Philip, was sharpening hatchets and knives. 
 They immediately sent for him, and forced him and his 
 men to give up the seventy guns they had brought with 
 
 ARREST OF ALEXANDER. 
 
KING PHILIP. 
 
 69 
 
 them. They also made Philip promise to send in all the 
 other guns his men had. 
 
 When the white people first came, the Indians had noth 
 ing to shoot with but bows and arrows. In Philip s time 
 they had given up bows, 
 finding guns much better 
 for killing game. You may 
 be sure that when Philip 
 once got away from the 
 white people he did not send 
 in any more guns. But he 
 hid his anger, as an Indian 
 
 always does, and waited for 
 a chance to strike. 
 
 Though Philip lived in a 
 common, dirty wigwam, and 
 was probably often in need of food, he was called King 
 Philip, and he proudly called himself a king and thought 
 himself as great a man as the King of England. He had a 
 coat made of shell-beads, or wampum. These beads were 
 made by breaking and polishing little bits of hard-clam 
 shells, and then boring a hole through them with a stone 
 awl, as you see in the picture. Wampum was used for 
 money among the Indians, and even among the white peo 
 ple at that time. Such a coat as Philip s was very valuable. 
 Philip dressed himself, also, in a showy red blanket ; he 
 wore a belt of wampum about his head and another long 
 belt of wampum around his neck, the ends of which dangled 
 nearly to the ground. 
 
 BORING WAMPUM. 
 
KING PHILIP. 
 
 WAMPUM BELT. 
 
 The quarrel between the white people and the Indians 
 grew more bitter. An Indian, who had told the white men 
 of Philip s plans, was put to death, probably by Philip s 
 order. The white people hanged the Indians who had 
 killed their friend. 
 
 The Indians under Philip were now resolved on war. 
 But their medicine-men, or priests, who pretended to talk 
 with spirits, told them that whichever side should shed 
 the first blood would be beaten in the war. The Indians 
 burned houses and robbed farms, but they took pains not 
 to kill anybody, until a white man had wounded an In 
 dian. Then, when blood had been shed, they began to kill 
 the white people. 
 
 This Indian war broke out in 1675. The New England 
 people lived at that time in villages, most of them not very 
 far from the sea. The more exposed towns were struck 
 first. The people took refuge in strong houses, which were 
 built to resist the Indians. But everywhere those who 
 moved about were killed. Some were shot in going for 
 water, others were slain as they ran out after the savages 
 had set fire to their houses. 
 
 The white men sent out troops, but the Indians some- 
 
KING PHILIP. 7 l 
 
 times waylaid soldiers and killed them suddenly. Philip 
 cut up his fine wampum coat and sent the bead money of 
 which it was made to neighboring chiefs to persuade them 
 to join him. Soon other tribes, anxious to share in the 
 plunder and slaughter, entered the fight. 
 
 As the Indians grew bolder, they attacked the white 
 men in their forts or block-houses. At Brookfield they 
 shot burning arrows on the roof of the block-house, but 
 the white men tore off the shingles and put out the 
 fire. Then the savages crept up and lighted a fire under 
 one corner of the house ; but the men inside made a 
 dash and drove back the enemy and put the fire out. 
 Then the Indians made a cart with a barrel for a wheel. 
 They loaded this with straw and lighted it, and backed 
 the blazing mass up against the house, sheltering them 
 selves behind it. Luckily a shower came up at that mo 
 ment and put out the fire. 
 
 A very curious thing happened at Hadley. An old 
 gentleman named General Goffe was hid away in a house 
 in that town. He was one of the judges that had con 
 demned Charles I to death twenty-six years before. When 
 the son of King Charles I came to be king he put to death 
 
KING PHILIP. 
 
 such of these judges as he could find, and Goffe had to 
 flee from England and hide. Nobody in the village knew 
 that Goffe was there, except those who entertained him. 
 While all the people were at church one Sunday, the old 
 
 general ventured to look out 
 of the window, which he did 
 not dare to do at other times. 
 He saw the Indians coming 
 to attack the town. He rushed 
 out and gave the alarm, and, 
 with long white hair and beard 
 streaming in the wind the 
 old soldier took command 
 Sjp of the villagers, who soon 
 drove back the savages. 
 But when the fight was over, the 
 people could not find the old 
 man who had led them, nor did they know who he was 
 or where he came from. They said that a messenger had 
 been sent from heaven to deliver them. 
 
 The powerful tribe of the Narragansetts promised to 
 remain peaceable, but young savages are too fond of war 
 to miss a chance to engage in a battle. Some of the Nar 
 ragansetts joined Philip, and their great fort was a refuge 
 for Philip s men. They were probably waiting for spring 
 to come before openly joining in the war. 
 
 The white men resolved to strike the first blow against 
 them while it was yet winter. A thousand men from Mas 
 sachusetts and Connecticut pushed through the snow and 
 
 GENERAL GOFFE SAVES HADLEY. 
 
KING PHILIP. 73 
 
 made a desperate assault by night on the Narragansett 
 town, which was inside a fortification having but one 
 entrance, and that by a bridge. Nearly two hundred of 
 the white men were killed in this fight, and many hun 
 dreds of Indians were slain, and their fort and all their 
 provisions were burned. The white men marched back, 
 carrying their wounded through the bitter cold. 
 
 The Narragansetts took a terrible revenge. They joined 
 Philip at once. Towns were now burned and people killed 
 in every direction. The white men in armor could not 
 catch the nimble Indians, who massacred the people in 
 one village only to disappear and strike another village far 
 away. Many women and children were carried into cap 
 tivity by the Indians. 
 
 Bleach -ing, whitening. Apostle [a-pos -sel], one sent on an im 
 portant religious mission. Charm, an object or ceremony supposed to 
 have magical powers. Way-lay , to watch for an enemy by hiding near 
 the way along which he must pass. Block -house, a house built of Jogs 
 closely fitted together and arranged for defending those in it. Colonel 
 [ker -nel], an officer who commands a regiment of soldiers. 
 
 Tell what you can 
 
 About the father and brother of King Philip. 
 
 About the quarrels between white men and Indians. 
 
 How the war began. 
 
 About block-houses, and how the Indians attacked the people in 
 them. 
 
 About the fight with the Narragansetts. 
 Also tell How wampum was made. 
 
 What wampum was used for. 
 
 What you know about the medicine-men. 
 
 About Colonel Goffe. 
 
74 
 
 CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 
 
 XIII. 
 Captain Church in Philip s War. 
 
 THE white men had not learned how to fight the In 
 dians, who moved swiftly from place to place, and hid 
 themselves in the darkest swamps. But at last the man 
 was found who could battle with the Indians in their own 
 way. This was Captain Benjamin Church. 
 
 Church could not only fight the Indians, but he knew 
 how to make them his friends. One tribe, not far from 
 
 his home, was un 
 der the control of a 
 squaw - sachem, or 
 woman chief. Her 
 name was Awa- 
 shonks. She and 
 Benjamin Church 
 were good friends, 
 and after the war 
 broke out Church 
 tried to go to see 
 her, but some of the 
 
 Indians of her tribe who were friendly to Philip attacked 
 Church and his men, so that they had to hide behind a 
 fence till a boat came and took them away. 
 
 Later in the war, Church sent word to Awashonks 
 that he would meet her and four other Indians at a 
 certain place. But the rulers of Plymouth Colony thought 
 it too dangerous for Church to go to see the squaw- 
 
CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 75 
 
 sachem. They would not give him any men for such an 
 
 exprrijtinar"* 
 
 However, Church went on his own account, with one 
 white man and three Indians. He took some tobacco and a 
 bottle of rum as presents suited to the taste of this Indian 
 queen. Church ventured ashore, leaving his canoe to stand 
 off at a safe distance, so that if he should be killed the men 
 in the canoe might carry the news to the white people. 
 Awashonks and the four Indians met him and thanked him 
 for venturing among them. But soon a great number of 
 warriors, frightfully painted and armed, rose up out of the 
 tall grass and surrounded Captain Church. The captain 
 knew that if he showed himself frightened he would be 
 killed. 
 
 " Have you not met me to talk about peace?" he said to 
 Awashonks. 
 
 " Yes," said Awashonks. 
 
 " When people meet to talk of peace they lay down their 
 arms," said Captain Church. 
 
 The Indians now began to look surly and to mutter 
 something. 
 
 " If you will put aside your guns, that will do," said 
 Church. 
 
 The Indian warriors laid down their guns and squatted 
 on the grass. During the discussion some of them grew 
 angry, and one fellow with a wooden tomahawk wished to 
 kill Church, but the others pushed him away. The captain 
 succeeded in making peace with this tribe, who agreed to 
 take the side of the English against Philip. 
 
7 6 CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 
 
 Awashonks held a war-dance after this, and Church at 
 tended. The Indians lighted a great bonfire, and moved 
 about it in rings. One of the braves stepped inside the 
 circle and called out the name of one of the tribe 
 fighting on Philip s side against the white 
 people. Then he pulled a fire-brand out 
 of the fire to represent that tribe, and 
 he made a show of fighting with the fire 
 brand. Every time the name of a tribe 
 was called a fire-brand was drawn out 
 and attacked in^fhls" way. 
 
 After this ceremony Church could call 
 on as many of these Indians as he wished 
 to help him against Philip. With small bands 
 of these Indians and a few white men Cap 
 tain Church scoured the woods, capturing a 
 great many Indian prisoners. 
 
 From the prisoners that he took, Church 
 chose certain ones and made them sol 
 diers under him. He would say to one of these men: 
 " Come ! come ! You look wild, and mutter. That doesn t 
 matter. The best soldiers I have got were as wild and 
 surly as you a little while ago. By the time you ve been 
 one day with me you ll love me, too, and be as active as 
 any of them." 
 
 And it always turned out so. The captain was so jolly, 
 and yet so bold and so successful, that the savage whom he 
 chose to help him would presently do anything for him, 
 even to capturing his own friends. 
 
 Jr 
 
 FIGHTING A FIRE-BRAND. 
 
CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 77 
 
 At last so many of Philip s Indians were taken that 
 Philip himself was fleeing from swamp to swamp to avoid 
 falling into the hands of the white men. But he grew 
 fiercer as he grew more desperate. He killed one of his 
 men for telling him that he ought to make peace with the 
 white men. The brother of the man whom he killed ran 
 away from Philip, and came into the settlement to tell the 
 white people where to find that chief. 
 
 Captain Church had just come from chasing Philip to 
 make a short visit to his wife. The poor woman had been 
 so anxious for her husband s safety that she fainted when 
 she saw him. By the time she had recovered the Indian 
 deserter came to tell Church where Philip could be found, 
 
 =-*, r 
 
 and the captain galloped off at once. 
 
 Church placed his men near the swamp in which 
 Philip was hidden. The Indians took the alarm and fled. 
 In running away Philip ran straight toward Church s 
 hidden men, and was shot by the very Indian whose 
 brother he had killed. His head was cut off and stuck 
 up over a gate-post at Plymouth. Such was the ugly cus 
 tom in that day. 
 
 Philip s chief captain, Annawon, got away with a con 
 siderable number of Indians. Church and half a dozen of 
 his Indian scouts captured an old Indian and a young 
 squaw who belonged to Annawon s party. They made 
 these two walk ahead of them carrying baskets, while 
 Church and his men crept behind them. In this way they 
 got down a steep bank right into the camp of Annawon, 
 whose party was much stronger than Church s. But Church 
 
CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIP S WAR. 
 
 boldly seized the 
 guns of the In 
 dians, which were 
 stacked together. 
 
 " I am taken," 
 cried Annawon. 
 
 " What have you 
 got for supper ? " 
 asked Church. " I 
 have come to sup 
 with you." 
 
 Annawon or 
 dered the women 
 to hurry up sup 
 per, and when it 
 was ready he asked 
 Church whether he 
 would have " horse- 
 beef " or " cow-beef." Church preferred to eat cow-beef. 
 The captain told his Indians to stand guard while he 
 tried to get a nap. But soon all were fast asleep except 
 Church and Annawon, who lay eying each other. Present 
 ly, Annawon got up and walked away. Church moved all 
 the Indians guns close to himself. He thought that the old 
 chief might have gone for another gun, and he lay down 
 beside the chief s son, so that Annawon could not shoot him 
 without killing his own son. 
 
 But Annawon came back with a bundle in his arms. 
 He fell on his knees before Church. 
 
 INDIAN WOMAN CARRYING BASKET. 
 
CAPTAIN CHURCH IN PHILIPS WAR. 79 
 
 " Great captain," he said, " you have killed Philip and 
 conquered his country. I and my company are the last. 
 This war is ended by you, and therefore these things are 
 yours." 
 
 He opened the bun 
 dle, which contained 
 Philip s belts of wam 
 pum and the red 
 blanket in which 
 Philip dressed on great 
 occasions. 
 
 This ended King 
 Philip s War. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 
 Captain Church s visit to Awashonks. 
 
 The war-dance. 
 
 How Church got his Indian prisoners to help him. 
 
 How Philip was killed. 
 
 How Annawon was made prisoner. 
 
 XIV. 
 Bacon and his Men. 
 
 IN 1676, just a hundred years before the American Revo 
 lution, the people of Virginia were very much oppressed by 
 Sir William Berkeley, the governor appointed by the king of 
 England. Their property was taken away by unjust taxes, 
 and in other ways. The governor had managed to get all 
 the power into his own hands and those of his friends. 
 
80 BACON AND HIS MEN. 
 
 This was the time of King Philip s War in New Eng 
 land. The news of this war made the Indians of Virginia 
 uneasy, and at length the Susquehannas and other tribes 
 attacked the frontiers. Governor Berkeley would not do 
 anything to protect the people on the frontier, because he 
 was making a great deal of money out of the trade with 
 friendly Indians, and if troops \vere sent against them this 
 trade would be stopped. 
 
 When many hundreds of people on the frontier had 
 been put to death, some three hundred men formed them 
 selves into a company to punish the Indians. But Berkeley 
 refused to allow any one to take command of this troop, or 
 to let them go against the savages. 
 
 There was a brilliant young gentleman named Nathaniel 
 Bacon, who had come from England three years before. 
 He was a member of the governor s Council, and an edu 
 cated man of wealth. He begged the governor to let him 
 lead this company of three hundred men against the In 
 dians ; but the cruel and stubborn old governor said, No. 
 
 Bacon was sorry for the suffering people. He went 
 to the camp of these men, to see and encourage them. 
 But when they saw him they set up the cry, " A Bacon ! 
 A Bacon ! A Bacon ! " This was the way of cheering a 
 man at that day and choosing him for a leader. 
 
 Bacon knew that the governor might put him to death 
 if he disobeyed orders, but he could not refuse these poor 
 men who had been driven from their homes. So off he 
 went at their head to the Indian towns, where he killed 
 many of the savages. 
 
BACON AND HIS MEN. 
 
 8l 
 
 The old governor gathered his friends and started after 
 Bacon, declaring that he would hang him for going to 
 war without orders ; but while he was looking for him, 
 the people down by the coast rose in favor of Bacon. 
 The governor had to make peace with them by promis 
 ing to let them choose a new legislature. 
 
 When Bacon got back from the Indian country the 
 frontier people nearly worshiped him as their deliverer. 
 They kept guard night and day over his house. They 
 were afraid the angry governor would 
 send men to kill him. 
 
 The people of his county elect 
 ed Bacon a member of the new 
 Legislature. But they were afraid 
 the governor might harm him. 
 Forty of them with guns went 
 down to Jamestown with him in a 
 sloop. With the help of two boats 
 and a ship the governor captured 
 Bacon s sloop, and brought Bacon 
 into Jamestown. But as the an 
 gry people were already rising to 
 
 defend their leader, Berkeley was afraid to hurt him. He 
 made him apologize, and restored him to his place in 
 the Council. 
 
 But that night Bacon was warned that the next day 
 he would be seized again, and that the roads and river 
 were guarded to keep him from getting away. So he 
 took horse suddenly and galloped out of Jamestown in 
 
 GUARDING BACON S HOUSE. 
 
82 
 
 BACON AND HIS MEN. 
 
 the darkness. The next morning the governor sent men 
 to search the house where he had stayed. They stuck 
 their swords through the beds, think 
 ing him hidden there. 
 
 But Bacon was already among 
 friends. When the country 
 people heard that he was in 
 danger, they seized their guns 
 and vowed to kill the gov 
 ernor and all his party. Ba 
 con was quickly marching on 
 Jamestown with five hundred 
 angry men at his back. The 
 people refused to help the gov 
 ernor, and Bacon and his men 
 entered Jamestown. It was their 
 turn to guard the roads and keep Berkeley in. 
 
 The old governor offered to fight the young captain 
 sin^iejianded, but Bacon told him he would not harm 
 him. Bacon forced the governor to sign a commission 
 appointing him a general. He also made the Legislature 
 pass good laws for the relief of the people. These laws 
 were remembered long after Nathaniel Bacon s death, and 
 were known as " Bacon s Laws." 
 
 While this work of doing away with bad laws and 
 making good ones was going on, the Indians crept down 
 to a place only about twenty miles from Jamestown and 
 murdered the people. General Bacon promptly started for 
 the Indian country with his little army. But. just as he 
 
BACON AND HIS MEN. 83 
 
 was leaving the settlements, he heard that the governor 
 was raising troops to take him when he should get back ; so 
 he turned about and marched swiftly back to Jamestown. 
 
 The governor had called out the militia, but when they 
 learned that instead of taking them to fight the Indians 
 they were to go against Bcicon, they all began to murmur 
 " Bacon ! Bacon ! Bacon ! " Then they left the field and 
 went home, and the old governor fainted with disappoint 
 ment. He was forced to flee for safety to the eastern shore 
 of Chesapeake Bay, and the government fell into the hands 
 of General Bacon. 
 
 Bacon had an enemy on each side of him. No sooner 
 had Berkeley gone than the Indians again began their mur 
 ders. Bacon once more marched against them, and killed 
 many. He and his men lived on horseflesh and chinquiapm 
 nuts during this expedition. 
 
 When Bacon got back to the settlements and had dis 
 missed all but one hundred and thirty-six of his men, he 
 heard that Governor Berkeley had gathered together sev 
 enteen little vessels and six hundred sailors and others, and 
 with these had taken possession of Jamestown. Worn out 
 as they were with Jatigue and hunger, Bacon persuaded his 
 little band to march straight for Jamestown, so as to take 
 Berkeley by surprise. 
 
 As the weary and dusty heroes of the Indian war hur 
 ried onward to Jamestown, the people cheered the gallant 
 little company. The women called after Bacon, " Gen 
 eral, if you need help, send for us ! " So fast did these men 
 march that they reached the narrow neck of sand that con- 
 
8 4 
 
 BACON AND HIS MEN. 
 
 nected Jamestown with the mainland before the governor 
 had heard of their coming. Bacon s men dug trenches in 
 the night, and shut in the governor and his people. 
 
 After a while Bacon got some cannon. He wanted to 
 put them upon his breastworks without losing the life of 
 any of his brave soldiers. So *he sent to the plantations 
 near by and brought to his camp the wives of the chief 
 men in the governor s party. These ladies he made to 
 sit down in front of his works until his cannon were in 
 place. He knew that the enemy would not fire on them. 
 
 When he had finished, 
 he politely sent them 
 home. 
 
 Great numbers of 
 the people now flocked 
 to General Bacon s 
 standard and the gov 
 ernor and his follow 
 ers left Jamestown in 
 their vessels. Know 
 ing that they would try 
 to return, Bacon or 
 dered the town to be 
 burned to the ground. 
 Almost all of the people except those on the eastern 
 shore sided with Bacon, who now did his best to put the 
 government in order. But the hardships he had been 
 through were too much for him. He sickened and died. 
 His friends knew that Berkeley would soon get control 
 
 BACON S DEFENSES. 
 
BACON AND HIS MEN. 85 
 
 again, now that their leader was dead. They knew that 
 his enemies would dig up Bacon s body and hang it, after 
 the fashion of that time. Therefore they buried it nobody 
 knows where ; but as they put stones into his coffin, they 
 must have sunk it in the river. 
 
 Governor Berkeley got back his power, and hanged 
 many of Bacon s friends. But the king of England re 
 moved Berkeley in disgrace, and he died of a broken 
 heart. The governors who came after were generally care 
 ful not to oppress the people too far. They were afraid 
 another Bacon might rise up against them. 
 
 Gov -ern-or s Coun- cil, in some of the colonies a company of 
 men appointed by the king or the governor, and having nearly the same 
 powers as the State senates have nowadays. Legislature [lej -is-la - 
 chur], the body or bodies of men chosen to make the laws. Sloop, 
 a vessel with one mast. Sin -gle- hand -ed, without help from others. 
 Com-mis -sion, a paper certifying one s appointment to an office. 
 Chinquapin [chink -a-pin], a nut something like an acorn, which grows 
 on a small tree in Virginia and elsewhere. Fatigue [fa-teeg j, weari 
 ness. MainMand, the principal land, not an island, (Above the 
 mainland is distinguished from Jamestown, which was not quite an island 
 then.) Plan-ta -tion, a Southern farm. Starid -ard, the flag of an 
 army or of a commander. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL NOTE. See the map of Chesapeake Bay, on page 
 29, to illustrate Berkeley s flight to the eastern shore of the Chesapeake. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 How were the people of Virginia oppressed ? 
 How did Bacon come to go to the Indian wars ? 
 How was Bacon arrested, and how did he escape? 
 How did he drive Governor Berkeley out of Jamestown ? 
 What happened after Bacon s death ? 
 
86 
 
 BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 
 
 XV. 
 
 Boyhood of Franklin. 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, the fif 
 teenth in a family of seventeen 
 children, was born in Boston in 
 1706. Benjamin learned to read 
 when he was very young, but he 
 was sent to school for only two 
 years. When he was ten years 
 old he had to help his father. 
 Franklin s father made his living 
 by boiling soap and making 
 tallow-candles. Little Benjamin 
 had to cut wicks for the can 
 dles, fill the molds with the melt 
 ed tallow, tend the shop, and run on errands. He did 
 not like the soap and candle trade. Playing about the 
 water, he had learned to swim, and to manage a boat, when 
 he was very young. Like many other boys, he got the 
 notion that it would be a fine thing to go to sea and be 
 a sailor. But his father did not think so. 
 
 Franklin and his playmates used to fish for minnows 
 in a mill-pond which had a salt-marsh for a shore, so that 
 the boys had to stand in the mud. He was a leader among 
 the boys, and already very ingenious. So he proposed that 
 the boys should build a little wharf in this marsh to stand 
 on. Near the marsh there was a pile of stones, put there 
 to be used in building a new house. In the , evening, 
 
BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 87 
 
 when the workmen were gone, Franklin and the other 
 boys tugged and toiled until they had managed to carry 
 all these stones away and build them into a wharf or 
 pier reaching out into the water. 
 
 In the morning the workmen were very much surprised 
 to find that their pile of stones had walked away during 
 the night. They soon found out where the stones were, 
 and complained to the parents of the boys. Franklin and 
 some of the other boys were punished for their mischief. 
 Benjamin tried to make his father see that it was a 
 very useful work to build such a pier, but the father 
 soon showed him that " nothing was useful that was not 
 honest." 
 
 When Franklin had worked for two years with his fa 
 ther at the trade of making tallow-candles, the father began 
 to be afraid that Ben would run away and go to sea, as 
 another of his sons had done before. So Franklin s father 
 took him to walk with him sometimes, showing him men 
 working at their trades, such as bricklaying, turning, and 
 joining, hoping that the boy would take a fancy to one of 
 these occupations. Meantime, Benjamin became very fond 
 of reading. He read his father s books, which were very 
 dull for children, and he sold some little things of his 
 own to buy more. As the boy was so fond of books, 
 Benjamin s father could think of nothing better than to 
 
88 BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 
 
 make him a printer. So Benjamin was apprenticed to his 
 older brother, James Franklin, who already had a print 
 ing-office. Benjamin liked this trade, and learned very 
 fast. As he was often sent to book - stores, he got a 
 chance to borrow books. He sometimes sat up all night 
 to read one of these, taking great care to keep the books 
 clean and to return them soon. 
 
 Benjamin took a fancy to write poetry about this time. 
 His brother printed this " wretched stuff," as Franklin after 
 ward called it, and sent the boy around the town to ped 
 dle it. Ben was very proud of his poetry until his father 
 made fun of it, and told him that " verse-makers were 
 generally beggars." 
 
 Franklin had a notion as a boy that it was wrong to 
 eat meat, so he told his brother that if he would give 
 him half of what his board cost, he would board himself. 
 After this, Benjamin made his dinner on biscuit or a tart 
 from the baker s. In this way he saved some of his board- 
 money to buy books, and used the time while the other 
 printers were at dinner to study. 
 
 James Franklin, Benjamin s brother, printed a little 
 newspaper. Franklin was printer s boy and paper-carrier, 
 for after he had worked at printing the papers, he car 
 ried them around to the houses of the subscribers. But 
 he also wanted to write for the paper. He did not dare 
 propose so bold a thing to his brother, so he wrote some 
 articles and put them under the printing-office door at 
 night. They were printed, and even Benjamin s brother 
 did not suspect that they were written by the boy. 
 
BOYHOOD OF FRANKLIN. 89 
 
 The two brothers did not get on well together. The 
 younger brother was rather saucy, and the older brother, 
 who was high-tempered, sometimes gave him a whipping. 
 
 James Franklin once printed something in his news 
 paper which offended the government of the colony. He 
 was arrested and put into prison for a month ; for the 
 press was not free in that day. Benjamin published the 
 paper while his brother was in prison, and put in the 
 sharpest things he dared to say about the government. 
 After James got out of prison he was forbidden to print 
 a newspaper any longer. So he made up his mind to print 
 it in the name of his brother Benjamin. In order to do 
 this he was obliged to release Benjamin Franklin from his 
 apprenticeship, though it was agreed that Ben was to re 
 main at work for his brother, as though still an apprentice, 
 till he was twenty-one years old. But Benjamin soon got 
 into another quarrel with his brother James, and, now 
 that he was no longer bound, he left him. This was not 
 fair on his part, and he was afterward sorry for it. 
 
 Wharf [hworf], a place for boats to land; in the text, a bank of 
 stones reaching out into the water like a wharf. Mill -pond, the water 
 gathered by a mill-dam. Salt -marsh, grass-land over which the sea- 
 water flows when the tide is high. Apprenticed [ap-pren -tist], bound 
 for a number of years to learn a trade. 
 
 Tell How Franklin and his friends built a wharf. 
 
 About Franklin s father, and how Franklin came to learn the 
 
 printing business. 
 
 How Franklin managed to get books, and time to read them. 
 Of Franklin s first writings. 
 Of Franklin s brother, and his imprisonment. 
 Of Franklin s quarrels with his brother. 
 
9O FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 Franklin, the Printer. 
 
 WHEN Ben Franklin left his brother he tried in vain to 
 get a place in one of the other printing-offices in Boston. 
 But James Franklin had sent word to the other printers 
 not to take Benjamin into their employ. There was no 
 other town nearer than New York large enough to sup 
 port a printing-office. Franklin, who was now but seven 
 teen years old, sold some of his books, and secretly got 
 aboard a sloop ready to sail to New York. In New York 
 he could find no work, but was recommended to try in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 The modes of travel in that time were very rough. The 
 easiest way of getting from Boston to New York was by 
 sailing-vessels. To get to Philadelphia, Franklin had first 
 to take a sail-boat to Amboy, in New Jersey. On the 
 way a squall of wind tore the sails and drove the boat to 
 anchor near the Long Island shore, where our runaway 
 boy lay all night in the little hold of the boat, with the 
 waves beating over the deck and the water leaking down 
 on him. When at last he landed at Amboy, he had been 
 thirty hours without anything to eat or any water to drink. 
 
 Having but little money in his pocket, he had to walk 
 from Amboy to Burlington ; and when, soaked with rain, 
 he stopped at an inn, he cut such a figure that the people 
 came near arresting him for a runaway bond-servant, of 
 whom there were many at that time. He thought he 
 might better have stayed at home. 
 
FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 91 
 
 This tired and mud-spattered young fellow got a chance 
 to go from Burlington to Philadelphia in a row-boat by 
 taking his turn at the oars. There were no street-lamps in 
 the town of Philadelphia, and the men in the boat passed 
 the town without knowing it. Like forlorn tramps, they 
 landed and made a fire of some fence-rails. 
 
 When they got back to Philadelphia in the morning, 
 Franklin who was to become in time the most famous 
 
 FRANKLIN 8 ENTRY INTO PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 man in that town walked up the street in his working- 
 clothes, which were badly soiled by his rough journey. 
 His spare stockings and shirt were stuffed into his pock- 
 
92 FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 
 
 ets. He bought three large rolls at a baker s shop. One 
 of these he carried under each arm ; the other he munched 
 as he walked. 
 
 As he passed along the street a girl named Deborah 
 Read stood in the door of her father s house, and laughed 
 at the funny sight of a young fellow with bulging pockets 
 and a roll under each arm. Years afterward this same 
 Deborah was married to Franklin. 
 
 Franklin got a place to work with a printer named 
 Keimer. He was now only a poor printer-boy, in leather 
 breeches such as workingmen wore at that time. But, 
 though he looked poor, he was already different from 
 most of the boys in Philadelphia. He was a lover of good 
 books. The boy who has learned to read the best books 
 will be an educated man, with or without schools. The 
 great difference between people is shown in the way they 
 spend their leisure time. Franklin, when not studying, 
 spent his evenings with a few young men who were also 
 fond of books. Here is the sort of young man that will 
 come to something. 
 
 I suppose people began to notice and talk about this 
 studious young workman. One day Keimer, the printer 
 for whom Franklin was at work, saw, coming toward his 
 office, Sir William Keith, the governor of the province of 
 Pennsylvania, and another gentleman, both finely dressed 
 after the fashion of the time, in powdered periwigs and 
 silver knee-buckles, much as you see in the picture on the 
 next page. Keimer was delighted to have such visitors, 
 and he ran down to meet the great men. But imagine his 
 
FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 
 
 93 
 
 disappointment when the governor asked to see Franklin, 
 and led away the young printer in leather breeches to 
 talk with him in the tavern. 
 
 The governor wanted Franklin to set up a printing-office 
 of his own, because both Keimer and the other master- 
 printer in Philadelphia were poor workmen. 
 But Franklin had no money, and it took a 
 great deal to buy a printing-press and types 
 in that day. Franklin told 
 the governor that he did 
 not believe his father would 
 help him to buy an outfit. 
 But the governor wrote a 
 letter himself to Frank 
 lin s father, asking him to 
 start Benjamin in business. 
 
 So Franklin went back 
 to Boston in a better plight 
 than that in which he 
 had left. He had on a 
 brand new suit of clothes, 
 he carried a watch, and he had some silver in his pock 
 ets. His father and mother were glad to see him once 
 more, but his father told him he was too young to start 
 in business for himself. 
 
 Franklin returned to Philadelphia. Governor Keith, 
 who was one of those fine gentlemen that make many prom 
 ising speeches, now offered to start Franklin himself. He 
 wanted him to go to London to buy the printing-press. 
 
 
 FRANKLIN AND THE GOVERNOR. 
 
94 FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 
 
 He promised to give the young man letters to people in 
 London, and one that would get him the money to buy 
 the press. 
 
 But, somehow, every time that Franklin called on the 
 governor for the letters he was told to call again. At last 
 Franklin went on ship-board, thinking the governor had 
 sent the letters in the ship s letter-bag. Before the ship 
 got to England the bag was opened, and no letters for 
 Franklin were found. A gentleman now told Franklin that 
 Keith made a great many such promises, but he never kept 
 them. Fine clothes do not make a fine gentleman. 
 
 So Franklin was left in London without money or 
 friends. But he got work as a printer, and learned some 
 things about the business that he could not learn in America. 
 The English printers drank a great deal of beer. They 
 laughed at Franklin because he did not drink beer, and they 
 called him the " Water American." But he wasn t a fellow 
 to be afraid of ridicule. They told him that water would 
 make him weak, but they were surprised to find him able 
 to lift more than any of them. He was also the strongest 
 and most expert swimmer of all. In London he kept up his 
 reading. He paid a man who kept a second-hand book 
 store for permission to read his books. 
 
 Franklin came back to Philadelphia as clerk for a mer 
 chant ; but the merchant soon died, and Franklin went to 
 work again for his old master, Keimer. He was very use 
 ful, for he could make ink and cast type when they were 
 needed, and he also engraved some designs on type-metal. 
 Keimer once fell out with Franklin, and discharged him ; 
 
FRANKLIN, THE PRINTER. 
 
 95 
 
 but he begged him to come back when there was some 
 paper money to be printed, which Keimer could not print 
 without Franklin s help in making the engravings. 
 
 Squall, a sudden and violent gust of wind. Bond - serv -ant, 
 a person sold into a kind of slavery for four years or more, to pay his 
 passage from Europe, according to a practice very common in the last 
 century. Bulg -ing, swelling out. Per -i-wig, a wig, a cap of false 
 hair, much worn by fashionable gentlemen in former times, and usually 
 sprinkled with a white powder. Knee - buck -les, buckles used to 
 fasten the short breeches, worn in old times just below the knees, and to 
 hold up the long stockings. Out -fit, articles of every sort necessary to 
 begin any business, journey, or expedition with. Plight, condition. 
 Print -ing - press, a machine by which paper is pressed against type 
 covered with ink; any machine for printing. Type - met -al, a mixed 
 metal used to make types for printing. 
 
 Tell About Franklin s journey from Boston to Philadelphia. 
 About his arrival in Philadelphia. 
 His life in Philadelphia. 
 His journey to England. 
 His return to Philadelphia. 
 
 XVII. 
 The Great Doctor Franklin. 
 
 AFTER a time Franklin started 
 a printing-office of his own. He was 
 very much in debt for his printing- 
 press and types. To pay for them 
 he worked very hard. Men saw him 
 at work when they got up in the 
 
 morning, and when they went to bed at night the candle 
 in his office was still shining. When he wanted paper he 
 
 PRINTING-PRESS OF FRANKLIN S TIME. 
 
96 THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 
 
 would sometimes take the wheelbarrow himself and bring 
 it from the store at which he bought it to his printing- 
 office. 
 
 People began to say : " What an honest, hard-working 
 young man that Franklin is ! He is sure to get on ! " And 
 then, to help him get on, they brought their work to his 
 office. 
 
 He started a newspaper. Now his reading of good 
 books and his practice in writing since he was a little boy 
 helped him. He could write intelligently on almost any 
 subject, and his paper was the best one printed in all 
 America at that time. 
 
 Franklin married Miss Deborah Read, the same who 
 had laughed when she saw him walking the street with a 
 roll under each arm and his spare clothes in his pockets. 
 His wife helped him to attend the shop, for he sold station 
 ery in connection with his printing. They kept no servant, 
 and Franklin ate his breakfast of plain bread and milk out 
 of an earthen porringer with a pewter spoon. In time he 
 paid off all his debts and began to grow rich. 
 
 In those days books were scarce and people had but few 
 of them. But everybody bought an almanac. Franklin 
 published one of these useful little pamphlets every year. 
 It was known as " Poor Richard s Almanac," because it 
 pretended to be written by a poor man named Richard 
 Saunders, though everybody knew that Richard was Frank 
 lin himself. This almanac was very popular on account of 
 the wise and witty sayings of Poor Richard about saving 
 time and money. 
 
THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 97 
 
 Franklin did not spend all his time making money. He 
 studied hard as usual, and succeeded in learning several 
 languages without the help of a teacher. This knowledge 
 was afterward of the greatest use to him. 
 
 Like other people in America at that time, he found it 
 hard to get the books he wanted. To help himself and to 
 do good to others, he started a public library in Philadel 
 phia, which was the first ever started in America. Many 
 like it were established in other towns, and the people in 
 America soon had books within their reach. It was ob 
 served, after a while, that plain people in America knew more 
 than people in the same circumstances in other countries. 
 
 Franklin did many other things for the public. Seeing 
 how wasteful the old fire-places were, since they burned a 
 great deal of wood and made the rooms cold 
 and full of draughts, and often filled the 
 house with smoke, he invented a system of 
 saving heat by means of a small iron fire 
 place or open stove. He founded a high- 
 school, which afterward became a great 
 university. When the frontier people were 
 slain by Indians during the French War, 
 he was the chief man in raising and arming troops for 
 their relief. 
 
 These and other acts of the sort made Franklin well 
 known in Pennsylvania. But he presently did one thing 
 which made him famous all the world over This one 
 thing was accomplished in a very short time ; but it came 
 from the habits of study he formed when he was a little 
 
 FRANKLIN S FIRE-PLACE. 
 
9 8 
 
 THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 
 
 boy. He was always reading-, to 
 get more knowledge, and making 
 experiments, to find out things. Peo 
 ple did not know a great deal about 
 electricity at that time. In Europe many learned 
 men were trying to find out what they could about 
 various^ sorts of electricity, and lectures on the subject 
 had been given A Philadelphia. Something made Franklin 
 think that the electricity which was produced by a ma 
 chine was of the\same nature as the lightning in the 
 sky. So he devised, a plan to find out. He set a trap 
 to catch the lightnink He made a kite by stretching a 
 silk handkerchief on aVrame. Then he fastened a metal 
 point to the kite and tied a hemp string to it to fly it 
 with. He thought that if lightning were electricity, it 
 would go from the metal-point down the hemp string. At 
 the lower end of the stringxhe tied a key, and a silk 
 string to catch hold of, so that he should not let the 
 electricity escape through his ham 
 
 Franklin knew that if a grown man\were seen 
 flying a kite he would soon be surrounded by 
 a crowd. So one stormy night he went out 
 and sent up his kite. He waited under a 
 shed to see if the electricity would come. 
 When he saw the little fibers of the hemp 
 stand up charged with electricity, he held 
 his hand near the key and felt a shock. 
 Then he went home, the only man in 
 the world that knew certainly that light- 
 
THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 99 
 
 ning was electricity. When he had found out this secret 
 he invented the lightning-rod, which takes electricity from 
 the air to the earth and keeps it from doing harm. 
 
 When the learned men of Europe heard that a man 
 who had hardly ever been at school had made a great dis 
 covery, they were struck with wonder, and Franklin was 
 soon considered one of the great men of the world, and 
 was called Dr. Franklin. 
 
 When the troubles between England and her colonies 
 began, there was no one so suitable to make peace as 
 the famous Dr. Franklin. Franklin went to England and 
 tried hard to settle matters. But he would not consent to 
 any plan by which Americans should give up their rights. 
 
 When the war broke out Dr. Franklin came home 
 again. He was made a member of Congress, and (he 
 helped to make the Declaration of Independence, j After 
 the Americans had declared themselves independent they 
 found it a hard task to fight against so powerful a coun 
 try as England. They wanted to get some other country 
 to help them. So Franklin, who was well known in Eu 
 rope, and who had studied French when he was a poor 
 printer, was sent to France. 
 
 When Franklin went to France he had to appear at the 
 finest court in the world. But in the midst of all the dis 
 play and luxury of the French court he wore plain clothes, 
 and did not pretend to be anything more than he was in 
 Philadelphia. This pleased the French, who admired his 
 independent spirit and called him "the philosopher." He 
 persuaded the French Government to give money and 
 
IOO 
 
 THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. 
 
 arms to the Americans. He fitted out vessels to attack 
 English ships, and during 1 the whole War of the Revolution 
 he did much for his country. 
 
 When the war was ended there came the hard task of 
 making peace. In this Franklin took a leading part. 
 
 When peace had been made, Dr. Franklin set out to 
 leave Paris. As he was old and feeble, the queen s litter, 
 
 FRANKLIN ON THE QUEEN S LITTER. 
 
 which was carried by mules was furnished to him. On 
 this litter he traveled till he reached the sea. After he 
 got home he was the most honored man in America next 
 to Washington. He became a member of the Convention 
 of 1787, which formed the Constitution of the United 
 States. He died in 1790, at the age of eighty-four. 
 
 When Franklin was a boy his father used -to repeat to 
 him Solomon s proverb, " Seest thou a man diligent in his 
 business ? he shall stand before kings." This was always 
 
THE GREAT DOCTOR FRANKLIN. IOI 
 
 an encouragement to him, though he did not expect really 
 to stand before kings. But he was presented to five dif 
 ferent kings in his lifetime. 
 
 Pop -rin-ger, a kind of bowl, out of which porridge is eaten. 
 Draughts [pronounced drafts}. Frontier [front -eer], the outer edge 
 of white men s settlements next the Indian country. " Frontier people," in 
 the text, are the people living nearest to the wilderness occupied by Indians. 
 [The word frontier sometimes refers to the region lying near the line be 
 tween two countries.] Fi -bers, fine, thread-like bits, such as you will 
 find if you pick a piece of twine to pieces, and which may be seen sticking 
 out from a piece of rough string. Shock, the feeling that one has on re 
 ceiving electricity into the person from a body charged with it. Court 
 here means the palace of a king ; also the attendants and ministers who 
 are about his person or carry on his government. Lux -u-ry, rich food, 
 dress, and pleasures of any kind. Phi-los -o-phep, one who acts calmly 
 and wisely, according to reason. Littler, a framework supporting a sort 
 of bed, on which a person may be carried by men or horses. Con-sti- 
 tu -tion, in our country, a written plan of government which tells how 
 and by whom the laws shall be made and carried out, and what kind of 
 laws may be made, and what kind may not be made. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 
 How Franklin succeeded in his own printing-office. 
 
 His industry. 
 
 His economy. 
 
 His newspaper. 
 
 His almanac. 
 Tell also of his other employments. 
 
 His studies. 
 
 The public library that he founded. 
 
 The fire-place he invented. 
 
 His public services in the French War. 
 Tell what you can about his great discovery. 
 Tell about his services during the Revolution. 
 
 What he did in England. 
 
 What he did in France. 
 
 His return home when he was old. 
 8 
 
102 
 
 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 Young George Washington. 
 
 GEORGE WASHING 
 TON was born in a 
 plain, old-fashioned 
 house in Westmore 
 land County, Vir 
 ginia, on the twen 
 ty-second day of 
 February, 1732. He 
 was sent to what 
 was called an " old- 
 field school." The 
 country school- 
 houses in Virginia at 
 that time were built 
 in fields too much worn out to grow anything. Little 
 George Washington went to a school taught by a man 
 named Hobby. 
 
 In that day the land in Virginia was left to the oldest 
 son, after the custom in England, for Virginia was an Eng 
 lish colony. As George s elder brother Lawrence was to 
 have the land and be the great gentleman of the family, 
 he had been sent to England for his education. When he 
 got back, with many a strange story of England to tell, 
 George became very proud of him, and Lawrence was 
 equally pleased with his manly little brother. When Law 
 rence went away as a captain, in the regiment, raised in 
 
 WASHINGTON S FIRST COMMAND. 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 103 
 
 America for service in the English army against the 
 Spaniards in the West Indies, George began to think 
 much of a soldier s life, and to drill the boys in Hobby s 
 school. There were marches and parades and bloodless 
 battles fought among the tufts of broom-straw in the old 
 field, and in these young George was captain. 
 
 This play-captain soon came to be a tall boy. He 
 could run swiftly, and he 
 was a powerful wrestler. 
 The stories of the long 
 jumps he made are almost 
 beyond belief. It was also 
 said that he could throw 
 farther than anybody else. 
 The people of that day 
 went everywhere on horse 
 back, and George was not 
 afraid to get astride of the 
 wildest horse or an un 
 broken colt. These things 
 proved that he was a 
 strongly built and fearless 
 boy. But a better thing 
 is told of him. He was 
 
 so just, that his schoolmates used to bring their quarrels 
 for him to settle. 
 
 When Washington was eleven years old his father 
 died, but his mother took pains to bring him up with 
 manly ideas. He was now sent to school to a Mr. 
 
 WASHINGTON CREAKING A COLT. 
 
104 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 Williams, from whom he learned reading, writing, and 
 arithmetic. To these were added a little book-keeping 
 and surveying. 
 
 George took great pains with all he did. His copy 
 books have been kept, and they show that his handwrit 
 ing was very neat. He also wrote out over one hundred 
 " rules for behavior in company." You see that he wished 
 to be a gentleman in every way. 
 
 His brother Lawrence wished George to learn to be 
 a seaman, and George himself liked the notion of going 
 to sea. But his mother was unwilling to part with him. 
 So he stayed at school until he was sixteen years old. 
 
 A great deal of the northern part of Virginia at this 
 time belonged to Lord Fairfax, an eccentric nobleman, 
 whose estates included many whole counties. George 
 Washington must have studied his books of surveying 
 very carefully, for he was only a large boy when he was 
 employed to go over beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains 
 and survey some of the wild lands of Lord Fairfax. 
 
 So, when he was just sixteen years old, young Wash 
 ington accepted the offer of Lord Fairfax, and set out for 
 the wilderness. He crossed rough mountains and rode his 
 horse through swollen streams. The settlers beds were 
 only masses of straw, with, perhaps, a ragged blanket. 
 But George slept most of the time out under the sky by 
 a camp-fire, with a little hay, straw, or fodder for a bed. 
 Sometimes men and women and children slept around these 
 fires, " like cats and dogs," as Washington wrote, " and 
 happy is he who gets nearest the fire." Once the straw 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 105 
 
 TOASTING MEAT BY A CAMP-FIRE. 
 
 on which the young surveyor was asleep blazed up, and 
 he might have been consumed if one of the party had 
 not waked him in time. Washington must have been 
 a pretty good surveyor, for he re 
 ceived large pay for his work, earn 
 ing from seven to twenty-one dol 
 lars a day, at a time when things 
 were much cheaper than they are 
 now. 
 
 The food of people in the woods 
 was the flesh of wild turkey and 
 other game. Every man was his 
 own cook, toasting his meat on a 
 forked stick, and eating it off a 
 chip instead of a plate. Washing 
 ton led this rough life for three years. It was a good 
 school for a soldier. Here, too, he made his first acquaint 
 ance with the Indians. He saw a party of them dance to 
 the music of a drum made by stretching deer-skin very 
 tight over the top of a pot half full of water. 
 They also had a rattle, made by putting 
 shot into a gourd. They took pains to tie 
 a piece of a horse s tail to the gourd, so as 
 to see the horse-hair switch to and fro 
 when the gourd was shaken. 
 When Washington was but nineteen years old 
 /( the governor of Virginia made him a major of 
 militia. He took lessons in military drill from an old sol 
 dier, and practiced sword exercises under the instruction 
 
 
io6 
 
 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 WASHINGTON AND VAN BRAAM. 
 
 of a Dutch 
 man named 
 Van Braam 
 [brahm]. The 
 people in Vir 
 ginia and the 
 j other colonies 
 were looking 
 forward to a 
 war with the 
 French, who 
 in that day had 
 colonies in Can 
 ada and Louisiana. They claimed the country w r est of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. The English colonists had spread 
 over most of the country east of the mountains, and they 
 were beginning to cross the Alleghanies. But the French 
 built forts on the west side of the mountains, and stirred 
 up the Indians to prevent the English settlers from coming 
 over into the rich valley of the Ohio River. 
 
 The governor of Virginia resolved to send an officer 
 to warn the French that they were on English ground. 
 Who was so fit to go on this hard and dangerous errand 
 as the brave young Major Washington, who knew both 
 the woods and the ways of the Indians ? So Washington 
 set out with a few hardy frontiermen. When at length, 
 after crossing swollen streams and rough mountains, he 
 got over to the Ohio River, where all was wilderness, he 
 called the Indians together and had a big talk with them, 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 107 
 
 at a place called Logtown. He got a chief called " The 
 Half-king," and some other Indians, to go with him to the 
 French fort. 
 
 The French officers had no notion of giving up their 
 fort to the English. They liked this brave and gentle 
 manly young Major Washington, and entertained him well. 
 But they tried to get the Half-king and his Indians to 
 leave Washington, and did what they could to keep him 
 from getting safe home again. With a great deal of 
 trouble he got his Indians away from the French fort at 
 last, and started back. Part of the way they traveled in 
 canoes, jumping out into the icy water now and then to 
 lift the canoes over shallow places. 
 
 When Washington came to the place where he was to 
 leave the Indians and recross the mountains, his pack- 
 horses were found to be so weak that they were unfit for 
 their work. So Major Washington gave up his saddle- 
 horse to carry the baggage. Then he strapped a pack on 
 his back, shouldered his gun, and with a man named Gist 
 set out ahead of the rest of the party. 
 
 Washington and Gist had a rascally Indian for guide. 
 When Washington was tired this fellow wished to carry 
 his gun for him, but the young major thought the gun 
 safer in his own hands. At length, as evening came on, 
 the Indian turned suddenly, leveled his gun, and fired on 
 Washington and Gist, in the dark, but without hitting 
 either of them. They seized him before he could reload 
 his gun. Gist wanted to kill him, but Washington thought 
 it better to let him go. 
 
io8 
 
 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 Afraid of being 
 attacked, they now 
 traveled night and 
 day till they got to 
 the Alleghany Riv 
 er. This was full 
 of floating ice, and 
 they tried to cross 
 it on a raft. Wash 
 ington was push 
 ing the raft with a 
 pole, when the ice 
 caught the pole in 
 such a way as to 
 fling him into the 
 river. He caught 
 hold of the raft and 
 got out again. He 
 and Gist spent the cold night on an island in the river, 
 and got ashore in the morning by walking on the ice. 
 
 They now stopped at the house of an Indian tradejv 
 Near by was a squaw-chief, who was offended that she 
 had not been asked to the council Washington had held 
 with the Indians at Logtown. To make friends, he paid 
 her a visit, and presented her with a blanket such as the 
 Indians wear on their shoulders. Washington bought a 
 horse here, and soon got back to the settlements, where the 
 story of the adventures of the young major was told from 
 one plantation to another, producing much excitement. 
 
 THE INDIAN ATTACKS WASHINGTON. 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 109 
 
 Reg -i-ment, a body of soldiers consisting of a number of compa 
 nies, commanded by a colonel. Ec-cen -tric, odd ; peculiar in life or 
 manners. Sur-vey , to run the lines between different pieces of land, 
 and find out the quantity of land in each tract. Pack -horses, horses 
 used for carrying baggage. Raft, several logs, timbers, or boards fast 
 ened so as to float together in the water. In -dian trad -er, a white 
 man who sells goods to Indians and buys the skins of animals from them. 
 
 Tell where Washington was born. 
 
 What schools he attended and the studies he pursued. 
 
 Other facts about his boyhood. 
 
 Of his surveying, and the life in the woods. 
 
 About the French on the west of the mountains. 
 
 Washington s journey to the French fort. 
 
 His adventures during his return. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 Washington in the French War. 
 
 WHEN Washington got back from the western side of 
 the mountains it became evident to the governor of Vir 
 ginia that the French must either be driven away or the 
 English people must be shut in to the country on the east 
 of the mountains. The people in the colonies did not like 
 the notion of being fenced in like a lot of cattle in a past 
 ure. So Washington was again sent to the West in 1754, 
 to take possession of the country. On his first trip he 
 had seen the point where the Alleghany [al-le-ga -ny] and 
 Mpnongahela [mo-non -ga-hee -la] Rivers meet, which he 
 thought would be a good place for a fort. A small compa 
 ny of men were sent ahead to build a fort at this place ; but 
 the French drove them away, and planted a fort of their own 
 on the ground. This was called Fort Duquesne [du-ken J. 
 
no 
 
 WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 
 
 ERIE 
 
 
 
 THIS MAP SHOWS WASHINGTON S HOME AT MOUNT 
 VERNON J THE SCENE OF HIS SURVEYING \ THE 
 COUNTRY THROUGH WHICH HE PASSED IN HIS 
 JOURNEY TO FORT VENANGO J AND THE ROUTE 
 OF BRADDOCK S ARMY FROM WINCHESTER TO 
 THE PLACE OF ITS DEFEAT. 
 
 
 Though the 
 French in Amer 
 ica were not many, they 
 were nearly all soldiers. So when 
 Washington with his party had 
 got through the wild mountains 
 into the western wilderness he found that there were many 
 more soldiers on the French side than he had. Hearing 
 that a French party was dogging his steps, he marched 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 
 
 Ill 
 
 in the night and surrounded them. After a sharp skirmish 
 the French fled, but were nearly all captured. This little 
 fight was George Washing 
 ton s first battle. 
 
 But Washington soon 
 found that he must retreat 
 or be taken. He fell back 
 to a place called Great 
 Meadows, where he built a 
 sort of fort and called it 
 Fort Necessity. Here the 
 Half-king in despair left 
 him, and the French at 
 tacked his little force. 
 After the conflict had last 
 ed one day, Washington, 
 seeing himself outnumbered, 
 agreed to march out of the \) 
 fort and return to the set 
 tlements, which he did. 
 This expedition of Wash 
 ington s was the beginning of a great war between Eng 
 land and France. 
 
 The next year troops were sent from England under 
 General Braddock, who set out to drive the French from 
 Fort Duquesne. Braddock was a brave man, but one of 
 the sort who can not learn anything. He laughed at 
 the lank and careless-looking American troops, who cut a 
 sorry figure along-side of the English with their bright red 
 
 IN FORT NECESSITY. 
 
112 
 
 WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 
 
 coats and fine drill. He was sure that these rough Amer 
 icans were of no use. Even American officers were treat 
 ed with contempt by the British authorities, and were not 
 allowed to rank with English officers. Washington was 
 so stung by this that he resigned his place, but he ac 
 cepted a position on Braddock s staff. 
 
 Rough as the mountain roads were, Braddock traveled 
 in a coach as far as he could, and tried to keep up the dis 
 play common in Europe. He said that the Indians would 
 not prove formidable when they came to fight his well- 
 drilled English troops. Washington could not persuade the 
 general to send scouts on either side of his line. One day 
 
 there came to 
 Braddock a com 
 pany,: of woods 
 men in hunting- 
 shirts. They 
 were"cbmmand- 
 ed by the fa 
 mous Captain 
 Jack, who was 
 known as the 
 " Black Hunt 
 er" of Pennsyl 
 vania. Captain 
 Jack s whole fam- 
 
 GENERAL BRADDOCK AND CAPTAIN JACK. 
 
 ily had been killed 
 
 by the savages in his absence. He had then taken to 
 the woods, and devoted himself to revenging the death 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 113 
 
 of his family and to protecting the settlers. He and his 
 followers lived in the forest, and kept the Indians in con 
 stant fear of them. This Captain Jack, and all his men, 
 came to General Braddock and offered to help him as 
 scouts. But Braddock put all his confidence in his solid 
 ranks of English soldiers, and he foolishly refused the offer 
 of the Black Hunter and his men. 
 
 As the army drew near to Fort Duquesne, Washington 
 suggested to the commander that the Virginia rangers 
 should be sent in front, because they were used to the 
 woods. But Braddock was angry to think that a young 
 American should advise an old British general. 
 
 On the Qth of July, 1755, as Braddock s army was 
 marching along the narrow track through the woods, the 
 Indians and French attacked them. All at once the woods 
 rang with the wild war-cry of the Indians, like the bark 
 ing of a thousand wild animals. The forest, but a minute 
 before so silent, was alive with screaming savages. From 
 every tree and thicket the Indians leveled their rifles at the 
 red coats of the English, who fell like pigeons under their 
 fire. Unable to see anybody to shoot at, the English sol 
 diers did not know what to do. The Americans took to 
 the trees and stumps and returned the fire in Indian fash 
 ion, and Washington begged the general to order the Brit 
 ish to do the same ; but Braddock made them stand up 
 in line, where they could easily be shot down. 
 
 Braddock fought bravely, and fell at length mortally 
 wounded. Colonel Washington did his best to rally the 
 men and save the battle. He had two horses shot under 
 
114 WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. 
 
 him, and four bullets went through his coat. The army, 
 so gay and brave in the morning, was soon broken to 
 pieces, and the men fled back to the settlements. 
 
 But Washington had become the hero of the people. 
 He was now put in chief command of the Virginia troops in 
 defense of the frontier, and managed affairs well. In 1758 
 he commanded the foremost division in an expedition un 
 der General Forbes, which slowly cut its way through the 
 rough wilderness of Pennsylvania, and, having at last got 
 over the mountains, forced the French to leave Fort Du- 
 quesne. The fort was rebuilt by the English and renamed 
 Fort Pitt, in honor of William Pitt, the great prime-minis 
 ter of England, who was a true friend to the Americans. 
 When a town grew around Fort Pitt it was called Pittsiuu^ 
 
 The war between the English and the French was 
 finally closed in 1763. Canada, with all the country east 
 of the Mississippi, was given up to the English, and settlers 
 soon began to make their way into the region now known 
 as Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 
 Before the war closed Washington retired to his home 
 at Mount Vernon, and was married to Mrs. Martha Custis, 
 a widow. 
 
 Scouts, soldiers sent out, singly or in small parties, to search for 
 hidden enemies and to gain information. Woods -man, a man skilled 
 in the ways of living and traveling in the woods. HuntMng - shirt, 
 a loose shirt or jacket, at first made of deer-skin, but sometimes of home 
 spun cloth, and worn by hunters. Ranks, rows or lines of soldiers. 
 Rang -ers, troops employed to range, or ride through the woods and 
 guard the settlements from Indians. Wounded [woond -ed], injured as 
 by a cut or a gun-shot. Mor -tal-ly wounded, so badly wounded 
 as to cause death after a while. 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE FRENCH WAR. II $ 
 
 Tell How Washington s first battle came about. 
 
 How Washington was defeated at Fort Necessity. 
 
 How General Braddock marched. 
 
 About Braddock s defeat. 
 
 How Fort Duquesne was taken at last. 
 
 The result of the war between the English and French colonies. 
 Also tell about Captain Jack. 
 
 About Washington in battle. 
 
 About Washington s marriage. 
 
 XX. 
 
 Washington in the Revolution. 
 
 WASHINGTON lived for many years quietly at Mount 
 Vernon, and he did not intend to have anything more to 
 do with a soldier s life. He was fond of hunting and fish 
 ing. He sometimes helped to haul a^seinejn^ the Potomac 
 River. He rode over his large plantation to see that all 
 went well, and he made maps of all his fields, and kept 
 his accounts carefully and neatly, as he had always done. 
 All traveling strangers were sure of welcome at his house, 
 and the poor, when in danger of suffering, were provided 
 with corn from his granary. 
 
 But, as time went on, the English Parliament tried to 
 collect a tax from the Americans. The Americans declared 
 that, so long as they elected no members of Parliament, 
 that body had no right to tax them without their consent. 
 But the men who governed in England did not think that 
 people in the colonies had the same rights as people in 
 England, so they oppressed the Americans in many ways. 
 Without asking consent of the colonies, they put a tax on 
 
Il6 WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. * 
 
 all the tea that came into America ; and when some of 
 the tea got to Boston, the people turned Boston Harbor 
 into one big tea-pot by pitching the whole ship-load of 
 tea into the water. The English government resolved to 
 punish Boston, but the other colonies took sides with the 
 people of that town. 
 
 In order to make the English government cease their 
 oppressions, the Americans agreed not to wear clothes 
 made of English cloth, nor to use anything else brought 
 from England. Washington and other great gentlemen 
 of that time put on homespun American clothes, which 
 were coarse, for the Americans had not yet learned how 
 to make fine goods. American ladies who were extreme 
 ly fond of tea, which they drank from pretty little cups 
 brought from China, now gave up their favorite drink. 
 Instead of it, they sipped a tea made from the leaves of the 
 sage-plants in their gardens, or from the roots and flowers 
 of the sassafras. Probably they tried to drink these home 
 grown teas with cheerful faces, and to make believe that 
 they liked sage and sassafras as well as the real tea from 
 China. It must have been a pleasure to feel that they 
 were fighting a battle for liberty over their tea-tables. 
 
 Washington, in his quiet way, was a strong supporter 
 of liberty against the king of England and the Parliament. 
 In order to bring all the thirteen colonies to stand by one 
 another against England, a meeting, called a " Congress," 
 was appointed in 1774, and men were sent from each 
 colony to attend it. Washington was a member of this 
 Congress, which sent a letter to the king, demanding that 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 117 
 
 MINUTE-MAN. 
 
 they should be allowed the same liberties as 
 his subjects in England. 
 
 But neither the king of England nor the 
 English Parliament would repeal the laws 
 which the Americans disliked. As the Ameri 
 cans would not obey them, the quarrel grew 
 hotter, and English troops were sent to bring 
 the Americans to submit. { On the igth of 
 April, 1775, the Revolutionary War was be 
 gun by a battle at Lexington, near Boston, 
 between British troops and American farmers. 
 These farmers, who were called " minute-men," drove the 
 troops back, into Boston, firing on them from every field 
 and fence as they retreated, 
 
 Seeing that war had begun, Congress looked about for 
 a leader. They remembered the prudent and brave con 
 duct of Colonel George 
 Washington, when a young 
 man, in the French and 
 Indian War. He was chosen 
 to be general and commander- 
 in-chief of all the armies of the 
 colonies. 
 
 Before Washington reached 
 the army near Boston, the battle 
 ofv Bunker Hill had taken pla 
 In this battle the Americans had 
 been driven from the hill, but their 
 
 little force of plain countrymen had 
 9 
 
 THIS MAP SHOWS THE 
 
 SCENES OF THE 
 
 FIRST BATTLES OF THE 
 
 REVOLUTION. 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 fought so stubbornly against the well-trained English 
 troops that all America was encouraged. 
 
 For many months Washington kept a fine British army 
 shut up in Boston. When he was strong enough he 
 suddenly sent a body of troops to Dorchester Heights, 
 near Boston, where, by the help of bales of hay, breast... 
 works were built in a single night. When the English 
 general saw these works, he said, " The rebels have done 
 more in one night than my army would have done in 
 one month." The Americans began to throw shells from 
 the Dorchester battery into Boston, which soon became so 
 uncomfortable a place to stay in that the English army 
 got into ships and sailed away. 
 
 CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 
 
 The Americans at first were fighting only to get their 
 rights as subjects of England. But since neither the king 
 

 WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 nor the Parliament of England would let them have their 
 rights, they got tired of calling themselves Englishmen. 
 They determined to set up as an independent government. 
 On the 4th of July, 1776, Congress declared the colonies 
 ""free and independent." This 
 is called the " Declaration 
 of Independence." 
 
 Soon after the Dec 
 laration was adopted 
 the English govern 
 ment sent a fleet 
 and an army to 
 take New York. 
 Washington fought 
 against the English 
 army on Long Isl 
 and, and was defeated 
 and forced to give up 
 New York. After a while 
 he had to fall back across New 
 Jersey. It seemed as though all 
 
 were lost. But though his men were too few to fight the 
 wh^le English army, Washington felt that he must strike 
 a blow at some part of it in order to give the Ameri 
 cans courage. The English people did not like the war 
 against the Americans, so the king had hired some Hes 
 sian soldiers to fight for him. About a thousand of these 
 were in Trenton, N. J., while Washington was on the 
 other side oTtKe Delaware, a little way off. On Christmas 
 
 MARCH TO TRENTON. 
 
120 
 
 WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 night the Hessians were celebrating the day. Washing 
 ton celebrated it in his own fashion. He took part of his 
 army, and crossed the Delaware in the midst of floating 
 ice. There was a severe snow-storm, and two of his men 
 were frozen to death. He marched quickly to Trenton, 
 and after a sharp fight he took about a thousand pris 
 oners, as Christmas presents for his country. 
 
 Washington got back across the Delaware with his 
 prisoners, but in a few days he was again in Trenton, where 
 he came near being surrounded and captured by the Eng 
 lish general Cornwallis. The 
 Delaware was so full of ice 
 that the Americans could not 
 get back to the other side of 
 it, and a strong English force 
 was pressing upon them in 
 front. Something must be 
 done quickly. So at night 
 Washington had all his camp- 
 fires built up, in order to 
 deceive the enemy. He put 
 a few men to digging in the 
 trenches, and had them make 
 as much noise as possible. 
 Then he took his army silent 
 ly by a back road around 
 the English army till he got 
 behind it. While Cornwallis 
 thought he had Washington 
 
 \ nfl * THI8 MAf< SHOWS HOW 
 
 f.^<^. WASHINGTON EVADED THE 
 
 ty" ^ BRITISH FORCES AT TRENTON 
 AND MARCHED ON PRINCETON. 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 cooped up in Trenton, the Americans were marching on 
 Princeton, where there was a detachment of the English 
 troops. Washington, after a sharp " battle, defeated the 
 English in Frmceton. Cornwallis had gone to bed boast 
 ing that he " would bag the fox" in the morning; but 
 when morning came, " the fox " was gone. Cornwallis 
 thought at first that the Americans had retreated across 
 the Delaware, but soon he heard the booming of cannons 
 away behind him at Princeton ; then he knew that Wash 
 ington had outwitted him. He had to hasten back to 
 New Brunswick to save his stores, while Washington went 
 into the hills at Morristown, having forced the British to 
 give up the greater part of New Jersey. 
 
 Seine [sain], a long net for catching fish, which is dragged through 
 the water by men pulling at each end of it. Gran -a-ry, a building for 
 storing grain. Parliament [par -le-ment], the body of men which makes 
 the laws of England, consisting of the House of Lords and the House of 
 Commons. Breast/- works, ridges of earth thrown up to protect an 
 army in battle. Fleet, a number of ships of war under the command of 
 one officer. Out-\vit -ted, defeated by greater ingenuity or cunning. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 
 Washington s life at Mount Vernon. 
 
 The quarrel with England. 
 
 The beginning of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Battles near Boston. 
 
 Washington s retreat from New York. 
 
 The capture of Trenton. 
 
 The battle of Princeton. 
 Tell also what you remember about 
 
 The tea in Boston harbor. 
 
 What the Americans wore, and what they used for tea. 
 
122 THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 The Victory at Yorktown and Washington as President. 
 
 IN larger histories you will read of the many battles of 
 the Revolution, and of the sad sufferings of Washington s 
 soldiers, who were sometimes obliged to march barefoot, 
 leaving tracks of blood on the frozen ground. Sometimes 
 a soldier had to sit by the fire all night for want of a 
 blanket to cover himself with. There were not many peo 
 ple in this country then, and they were mostly farmers, 
 with but little money. They were fighting against Eng 
 land, which was the richest and strongest nation of that 
 time. But after a while France sent men and ships to 
 help the United States to finish the war. 
 
 The Revolutionary War lasted about seven years in 
 all. A great victory which Washington gained when the 
 war -had lasted more than six years really finished the 
 struggle. 
 
 General Cornwallis, the same whom Washington had 
 fooled when he slipped out of Trenton, had won several 
 victories over American troops in the Southern States. 
 But he could not subdue the people, who were always 
 ready to rise up again when he thought he had conquered 
 them. Cornwallis marched northward from Carolina into 
 Virginia, \vhere he did a great deal of damage. Wash 
 ington was in the North watching New York, which was 
 occupied by English troops. He thought if he could capt 
 ure the fine army which Cornwallis commanded in Virginia 
 he might end the war. 
 
THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN. 
 
 123 
 
 So, making every sign that he was going to attack 
 New York, in order that soldiers might not be sent from 
 New York to Cornwallis, he marched at the head of the 
 American and French armies toward the South. On the 
 way, he visited his home at Mount Vernon for the first 
 time in six years. 
 
 Sttn Cornwallis and his army were shut up in York- 
 town, as Washington had once been shut up by Cornwallis 
 
 I in Trenton. But Cornwallis was not allowed to 
 escape, as Washington did. Troops were sent all 
 around him like a net, to keep him from getting away, 
 while the French ships in Chesapeake Bay kept him from 
 getting any hejp by way of the sea. The fighting about 
 Yorktown was very severe, and the most splendid cour 
 age was shown by both the American and the French 
 
124 THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN. 
 
 soldiers in charging the redoubts. The English fought 
 with the greatest stubbornness on their side. 
 
 During the assaults Washington stood where he could 
 see the bravery of the troops. One of his aides told him 
 that it was a dangerous place for him to be in. 
 
 " If you think so you are at liberty to step back," said 
 Washington. 
 
 Presently a musket-ball struck a cannon near him and 
 rolled at his feet. General Knox grasped Washington s 
 arm, and said, " My dear general, we can not spare you 
 yet." 
 
 " It is a spent ball. No harm is done," answered Wash 
 ington. 
 
 Finding he could no longer resist, Cornwallis surren 
 dered, and the war was virtually closed by the taking of 
 Yorktown. The people of England had never liked this 
 oppressive war, and the next year the English govern 
 ment felt obliged to acknowledge the independence of the 
 United States. 
 
 Washington did not seek to make himself a king or a 
 ruler over the country he had set free. When his work was 
 over he gladly gave up command of the army, and went 
 back to become, as he said, "a private citizen on the banks 
 of the Potomac." While all the world was praising him, 
 he went to work again taking care of his lands and crops 
 at Mount Vernon, with the intention of never leaving his 
 home for public life again. 
 
 But the people soon found that their government was 
 not strong enough. Each .State was almost a little country 
 
WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. 12$ 
 
 by itself, and the nation Washington and others had fought 
 so hard to set free seemed about to fall into thirteen 
 pieces. So a convention was called, to meet in Phila 
 delphia in 1787, five years after the close of the Revo 
 lution. This convention, of which Washington was the 
 president, made a new Constitution, which should bind all 
 the States together into one country, under the rule of a 
 President and Congress. 
 
 When the new Constitution had been adopted it be 
 came necessary to choose a President. Everybody wanted 
 Washington to leave his fields and be the first President. 
 He was elected by almost all the votes cast. 
 
 At that time the capital of the country was New York. 
 There were no railroads or telegraphs, so a messenger had 
 to be sent from New York to Mount Vernon to tell Gen 
 eral Washington that he had been chosen the first Presi 
 dent of the United States. As the general traveled to 
 New York the people turned out everywhere to do him 
 honor. They rode by his carriage, and they welcomed 
 him with public dinners in the towns. When he got to 
 Trenton, out of which he had marched to escape from 
 Cornwallis and fight the battle of Princeton, he found the 
 bridge over which he had marched that night beautifully 
 decorated. A triumphal arch had been erected by the 
 women of Trenton, and, as the President passed beneath 
 it, girls dressed in white sang a song of victory, and 
 strewed flowers before him. 
 
 When he reached Elizabethtown Point there was in 
 waiting for him a handsome large barge. In this he was 
 
126 
 
 WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON IN WASHINGTON S TIME. 
 
 rowed by thirteen master-pilots 
 
 dressed in white, and six other 
 
 barges kept him company. The whole city of New York 
 
 welcomed him with every possible honor. On the 3Oth of 
 
 April, 1789, he took the oath of office, in the presence of 
 
 a great throng of people. 
 
 Washington was again elected President in 1792. He 
 refused to be elected a third time, and, after publishing a 
 farewell address to the country, he left the presidency in 
 1797. He died at Mount Vernon in 1799. 
 
 Aide [aid], an officer whose duty it is to convey the orders of a gen 
 eral. A spent ball, a ball that has almost stopped moving. Barge, 
 used here in the sense of a large row-boat. Oath of office, a sworn 
 pledge to perform the duties of an office. 
 
WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT. I2/ 
 
 Tell of Cornwallis in Virginia. 
 
 Washington s march to Yorktown. 
 
 The battle at Yorktown. 
 
 The end of the war. 
 
 The making of the Constitution. 
 
 Washington as President. 
 
 What is said of the hardships of soldiers in the Revolution ? 
 What country helped the United States against England ? 
 How was Cornwallis shut up in Yorktown ? 
 What anecdote of Washington in this battle is told ? 
 What did Washington do when the war was over? 
 Tell about the journey of Washington to New York. * 
 
 What does the frontispiece of this book show ? 
 When and where did Washington die ? 
 What do you think of his character ? 
 
 XXII. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 ( THOMAS JEFFERSON was the author of the Declaration 
 of Independence. ^ His father was a Virginia planter, and 
 allo a surveyor. The father was a man of strong- frame, 
 able to stand between two great hogsheads of tobacco 
 lying on their sides and set both on end at once. He 
 lived a hardy life, surveying in the woods. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743. His father died 
 when he was fourteen, and left him the owner of a large 
 plantation. Like most Virginia boys, he was fond of hunt 
 ing, riding, and swimming. But he did not waste his life 
 in sport. When he went to college at Williamsburg he 
 became a famous student. Sometimes he studied fifteen 
 hours a day, which would have been too much if he had 
 
128 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 not been strong. No man in all America, perhaps, was 
 his superior in knowledge. 
 
 While he was a student, the colonies were thrown into 
 violent excitement by the passage of the Stamp Act in 
 England. This was a law for taxing the Americans, made 
 without their consent. While this excitement was raging, 
 young Jefferson went into the Virginia Legislature one 
 day and heard the famous speech of Patrick Henry against 
 tjie Stamp Act. 
 
 In the midst of his speech Patrick Henry cried out, 
 " Csesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and 
 George III " At this point everybody thought Henry 
 A was going to threaten the death of George III, who was 
 king of England and of the colonies. This would have 
 been treason. So, without waiting for Henry to finish, 
 some of those who heard him broke into an uproar, cry 
 ing out, " Treason ! treason ! " 
 But when they paused, Pat 
 rick Henry finished by 
 saying, " George III 
 may profit by their ex 
 ample. If that be trea 
 son, make the most of 
 it." This scene made 
 a deep impression on 
 young Jefferson. 
 Jefferson s wealth was in 
 creased by his marriage. He built him a house which he 
 called Monticello [mon-te-chel -lo], meaning " little mount- 
 
THOMAS JEFFERSON. I2Q 
 
 ain," from its situation on a high hill. Jefferson was very 
 fond of trying new things. He introduced foreign plants 
 and. trees, and he brought in new articles of furniture and 
 new ways of building houses. 
 
 While yet a young man he was sent to the Virginia 
 Legislature, and then to Congress. He strongly favored 
 the War of the Revolution. , John Adams and others tried 
 to persuade Congress to declare the colonies independent 
 of England. At last a committee was appointed to write 
 the Declaration. Jefferson was not a great speaker, but 
 he was a brilliant^ writer. He wrote the Declaration of 
 Independence, and it was signed by the members of Con 
 gress on the Fourth of July, 1776. 
 
 In the Declaration Jefferson had declared that " all 
 men are created free and equal." He now set about abol 
 ishing some of the laws which kept men from being " free 
 and equal " in this country. In his own State of Virginia 
 much of the land was tied up so that it coutd only de 
 scend to the oldest son. This was called the law of entail. 
 Jefferson got this law abolished, so that a father s land 
 would be more equally divided among his children. 
 
 There were also laws in most of the States which 
 established some religious denomination as the religion of 
 the State, and supported it by taxes. Jefferson got Vir 
 ginia to pass a law separating the State from the Church, 
 and making all men equal in regard to their religion. 
 
 Jefferson was governor of Virginia during part of the 
 Revolutionary War, and he had to make great exertions 
 to defend the State from the British. The British troops 
 
THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 1 
 
 at length marched on Monticello, and Jefferson had to flee 
 from his house. 
 
 Two of Jefferson s negro slaves, whose names were 
 Martin and Cassar, made haste to hide their master s silver 
 
 plate. They had raised a 
 plank in the floor, and 
 Csesar was crouched un 
 der the floor hiding the 
 silverware as Martin 
 handed it down to him. 
 Just as the last piece 
 went down, Martin saw 
 the red-coats approach 
 ing. He dropped the 
 plank, leaving Caesar a 
 prisoner. In this uncom 
 fortable place the faithful 
 fellow lay still for three days 
 and nights without food. 
 Jefferson was very loving and tender to his family. It 
 was a great sorrow to him that four out of his six chil 
 dren died very young. His wife also died at the close of 
 the Revolutionary War. 
 
 Jefferson was sent to take Franklin s place as Ameri 
 can Minister to France. He was there five years, and 
 then returned to America. He had always been kind to 
 the negroes on his plantation. When he got back they 
 were so rejoiced that they took him out of his carriage 
 and carried him into the house, some of them crying and 
 
 THE RED-COATS ARE COMING! 
 
THOMAS JEFFERSON. 131 
 
 others laughing with delight, because " massa come home 
 again." 
 
 While Jefferson was gone, the Constitution of the United 
 States had been adopted and General Washington had been 
 elected President. He appointed Jefferson s Secretary of 
 StateA Jefferson resigned this office after some years, and 
 went oack to Monticello. 
 
 In 1796 he was elected Vice-President, and in 1800 he 
 was chosen President of the United States. As President 
 he introduced a more simple way of living and transacting 
 business. He was much opposed to pomp and ceremony. 
 It is said that when he was inaugurated he rode to the 
 Capitol on horseback and hitched his horse to the fence. 
 Another account has it that he walked there in company 
 with a few gentlemen. At any rate, he would have no dis 
 play, but lived like a simple citizen. 
 
 When Jefferson became President the United States 
 extended only to the Mississippi River. President Jeffer 
 son bought from France a great region west of the Mis 
 sissippi, larger than all the United States had been before 
 that time. This is known as the " Louisiana purchase," 
 because all the country bought from France was then 
 called Louisiana. It has been cut up into many States 
 since its purchase. 
 
 Jefferson was elected President a second time in 1804. 
 In 1809 he retired to Monticello, where he lived the re 
 mainder of his life. 
 
 He was once riding with his grandson when a negro 
 bowed to them. Jefferson returned the bow, but the boy 
 
132 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 did not. Jefferson turned to his grandson, and said, " Do 
 you allow a poor negro to be more of a gentleman 
 
 than you are ? " 
 
 While he was Presi 
 dent, Jefferson was once 
 riding on horseback with 
 some friends. An old 
 man stood by a stream 
 waiting to get across 
 without wetting his feet. 
 After most of the others 
 had passed over he asked 
 Jefferson to take him on 
 behind and carry him 
 across, which he did. When he 
 had got down, a gentleman, com 
 ing up behind, asked him, " Why did you ask him, and 
 not some other gentleman in the party ? " 
 
 " I did not like to ask them," said the old man ; 
 " but the old gentleman there looked like he would do 
 it, and so I asked him." He was very much surprised 
 to learn that it was the President who had carried him 
 over. 
 
 After Jefferson retired from the presidency so many 
 people desired to see him that his plantation house was 
 overrun with company, until he was made poor by enter 
 taining those who came. It is related that one woman even 
 poked a pane of glass out with her parasol, in order to see 
 the man who wrote the great Declaration. 
 
 JEFFERSON AND THE NEGRO. 
 
THOMAS JEFFERSON. 133 
 
 John Adams, the second President, and Jefferson, the 
 third, lived to be very old. They died on the same day. 
 Curiously, that day was the 4th of July, 1826. If you sub 
 tract 1776 from 1826, you will find that they died exactly 
 fifty years after the day on which the great Declaration 
 was signed. And they were the two men who had the 
 largest share in the making of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. 
 
 Treason [tree -zon], the crime of attempting to overthrow the sov 
 ereign, or the government of one s country. Brilliant [bril -yant], 
 shining, splendid. Secretary of State, the officer who superintends the 
 business of the United States with other nations. In-au/-gu-ra-ted, 
 put into office with proper ceremonies. 
 
 Tell about 
 
 Jefferson s boyhood. 
 
 Patrick Henry s speech. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The law of entail. 
 
 The separation of the State from the Church. 
 
 Jefferson as Minister to France. 
 
 Jefferson as President. 
 
 The Louisiana purchase. 
 What can you tell 
 
 Of Jefferson s home ? 
 
 Of his negro slaves ? 
 
 Of his inauguration as President ? 
 
 Of his politeness to poor people ? 
 
 Of the desire of people to see him ? 
 
 Of his death ? 
 
 Date to be remembered The Fourth of July, 1776, when the 
 Declaration of Independence was signed. 
 
 NOTE. The addition of Louisiana to the United States is illustrated 
 by a map in the last chapter of the book. 
 10 
 
134 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 THE BOY HUNTER. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 Daniel Boone. 
 
 DANIEL BOONE was born in Penn 
 sylvania in 1735. Boone 
 was a hunter from the 
 time he was old enough 
 to hold a gun to 
 his shoulder. 
 He got just 
 enough education to know 
 how to read and write in a 
 rough way. But in the woods he learned the lessons that 
 made him the great pioneer 
 and explorer. 
 
 One day the boy did j 
 not return from his 
 hunting. The neigh 
 bors searched sev 
 eral days before 
 they found him. 
 He had built a 
 little cabin of sod 
 and boughs. Skins 
 of animals were 
 drying around the hut, 
 and the young half-sav 
 age was toasting a piece of meat before the fire. This 
 love for the wilderness was the ruling passion of his life. 
 
 TRYING TO BE A SAVAGE. 
 
DANIEL BOONE. 135 
 
 By the time Daniel was thirteen the part of Pennsylva 
 nia in which he lived had become settled. The Boones, 
 like true backwoodsmen, moved to a wilder region on the 
 Yadkin River, in North Carolina. While Daniel s father 
 and brothers cleared a new farm, the boy hunter was left 
 to supply the table with meat. 
 
 One of Boone s modes of hunting was by " shining 
 deer," as it was called in that country that is, hunting 
 deer at night with torches, and killing them by shooting 
 at their glistening eyes. One night Boone, hunting in this 
 fashion, saw a pair of eyes shining in the dark which he 
 thought to be deer s eyes, but which proved to be those of 
 a neighbor s daughter, whom Boone afterward married. 
 
 As the country was settling, he moved on to the head 
 waters of the river, where he and his young wife set up 
 their log-cabin in the lonesome wilderness. At this time 
 the Alleghany Mountains formed a great wall, beyond 
 which was a vast wilderness, with no inhabitants but In 
 dians and wild animals. (See map, page 1 10.) Boone was 
 too fond of wild life and too daring not to wish to take a 
 peep over the mountains and get a sight of the land on 
 the other side. Fifteen years before !he Revolutionary 
 War began, he pushed across the mountain wall and hunt 
 ed bears in what is now Tennessee. 
 
 In 1769 he went into Kentucky with five others. Here 
 he hunted the buffalo for the first time, and came near being 
 run down by a herd of them. At length he and a man 
 named Stewart were taken captive by the Indians. Boone 
 pretended to be very cheerful. When he had been seven 
 
136 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 days in captivity, the Indians, having eaten a hearty sup 
 per, all fell into a sound sleep. Boone sat up. One of 
 the Indians moved. Boone lay down again. After a while 
 
 he rose up 
 once more. 
 As the In 
 dians all lay 
 still, he wak 
 ened Stew 
 art, and they 
 took two 
 guns and qui 
 etly slipped 
 away, getting 
 back in safe 
 ty to a cab 
 in they had 
 built. But 
 they never 
 
 found any trace of the four men who had crossed the 
 Alleghanies with them. 
 
 One day, when Boone and Stewart were hunting, a lot 
 of arrows were shot out of a pane brake near them, and 
 Stewart fell dead. Boone s brother and another man had 
 come from North Carolina to find Daniel. The other man 
 walked out one day and was eaten up by wolves. There 
 were now only the two Boones left of eight men in all who 
 had crossed the mountains. 
 
 By this time Boone ought to have had enough of the 
 
 BOONE ESCAPES. 
 
DANIEL BOONE. 137 
 
 wilderness. But the fearless Daniel sent his brother back 
 to North Carolina for ammunition and horses, while he 
 spent the winter in this almost boundless forest, with no 
 neighbors but Indians, wolves, and other wild creatures. 
 This was just what Daniel Boone liked, for he was him 
 self a wild man. 
 
 Once the Indians chased him. Seeing them at a dis 
 tance, following his tracks like dogs after a deer, he 
 caught hold of one of those long, wild grape-vines that 
 dangle from the tall trees in Kentucky, and swung him 
 self away out in the air and then dropped down. When 
 the Indians came to the place they could not follow his 
 tracks, and Boone got away. 
 
 He lived alone three months, till his brother returned. 
 Then the Boones selected a spot on which to settle, and 
 went back to North Carolina for their families and their 
 friends. On their way out again, in 1773, the Indians at 
 tacked Boone s party and killed six men, among whom 
 was Boone s eldest son. The women of the party now 
 went to the nearest settlement, but Boone made sev 
 eral journeys to and fro. In 1775, just as the Revolu 
 tionary War broke out, he built a fort in Kentucky, and 
 called it Boonesborough. Even while building the fort 
 Boone and his friends were attacked by Indians. When 
 the lort_was completed, Boone s wife and daughters came 
 to Boonesborough, and they were the first white women 
 in Kentucky. 
 
 A daughter of Boone s and two other girls were capt 
 ured by the Indians while picking flowers outside of the 
 
138 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 fort. These cunning backwoods girls managed to drop 
 reds torn from their clothes, and to break a bough now 
 and then, so as to guide their fathers in 
 following them. The party was 
 overtaken by Boone and others, 
 and the girls were rescued- 
 
 To tell of -all the battles 
 around Boonesborough, or of 
 all of Daniel Boone s fights and 
 escapes, would take a great 
 part of this book. Once, when 
 hunting, he encountered two 
 Indians. He "treed," as they 
 called it that is, he got be 
 hind one of the large trees 
 of the forest. The Indians 
 did the same. Boone partly 
 exposed himself, and one of 
 the Indians fired, but Boone, 
 who was very quick, dodged at 
 the flash of the Indian s gun. He played the same trick 
 on the other. Then he shot one of the Indians, and had 
 a hand-to-hand fight with the other. The Indian struck 
 at him with his tomahawk, but Boone protected himself 
 with his gun-barrel, and killed the Indian with a knife 
 such as hunters of that time carried in their belts. 
 
 One day Boone was attacked by a hundred savages. 
 He tried the speed of his legs, but one young Indian 
 was swifter than he, and he was captured. The Indians 
 
 A BACKWOODS GIRL. 
 
DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 139 
 
 thought him a great prize. They shaved his head, leav 
 ing a single lock, painted his face, and dressed him up 
 like an Indian. Then they gave him to an old woman 
 who had lost her son. She had her choice to adopt him 
 or give him up to be burned alive. After looking at him 
 a long time the squaw made up 
 her mind to adopt him. 
 
 The Indians among whom Boone 
 was a prisoner were fighting on the 
 English side in the Revolution 
 The English officers who were then 
 at Detroit bought all their captives 
 from the Indians, except Boone, and 
 they offered five hundred dollars for 
 Captain Boone. But the Indians 
 would not sell so great a warrior. 
 The English officers were sorry for 
 him, and out of real kindness, when 
 they could not buy him, they offered 
 him money. Boone refused to re 
 ceive any favors from those who 
 were fighting against his country. 
 
 He pretended to like the Indian way of living. He 
 stayed a long time with them, and took part in all their 
 sports. He seemed to have forgotten his own people. 
 But when he found that they were preparing to attack 
 Boonesborough, he got ready to escape. Pretending to 
 chase a deer, while holding a piece of his breakfast in his 
 hand, he succeeded in getting away. By running in streams 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
140 DANIEL B*NE. 
 
 of water he kept the Indians frm following his tracks. 
 He lived on roots and berries, and only once ventured to 
 discharge his gun to get food. 
 
 When he got back to Boonesborough he found that 
 his family had given him up for dead and gone back to 
 North Carolina. He repaired the fort, and beat off five 
 hundred Indians who attacked it. 
 
 Boone brought his family to Kentucky again, and was 
 in many severe fights after this. Kentucky had no rest 
 from bloodshed until Wayne defeated the Indians in Ohio, 
 in 1794. (See page 146). When Kentucky had filled up 
 with people, the old pioneer went off to Missouri so as to 
 get "elbow-room." The amusements of his old age were 
 lying in wait for deer, shooting wild turkeys, and hunting 
 for bee-trees. He was eighty-five years old when he died. 
 
 Pi-o-neer , an early settler in a new country. Wil -der-ness, a 
 wild country; a country without inhabitants. Dangle [dang -ul], to hang 
 down. Cab -in, a small house. Cane -brake, a thicket of growing 
 canes (such as are used for fishing-rods). Ammunition [am-mu-nish - 
 un], things used in loading a gun, as powder, bullets, caps, and so on. 
 Fort, a place built to keep out enemies in war. Shreds, little strips 
 or threads torn off. Res -cued, saved from danger ; recovered. Tom - 
 a-hawk, an Indian s hatchet. A-dopt , to take for one s own child. 
 Squaw, an Indian woman. Bee -tree, a tree in which a swarm of wild 
 bees have stored honey. 
 
 Tell about 
 
 Daniel Boone as a boy. His first journeys over the mountains. 
 His encounters with the Indians. The escape of three Ken 
 tucky girls. His long captivity and escape. His old age and 
 death. 
 
 To be remembered : 
 
 The State first settled by Daniel Boone Kentucky. 
 
R0BERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 141 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Robert Fulton and the Steamboat. 
 
 MORE than a hundred years ago a sickly Scotch boy 
 named James Watt used to sit and watch the lid of his 
 mother s tea-kettle as it rose and fell while the water was 
 boiling, and wonder about the power of steam, which 
 caused this rattling motion. In his day there were no 
 steamboats, or steam-mills, or railways. There was noth 
 ing but a clumsy steam-engine, that could work slowly an 
 up-and-down pump to take water out of mines. This had 
 been invented sixty years before. Watt became a maker 
 of mathematical instruments. He was once called to re 
 pair one of these wheezy, old-fashioned pumping-engines. 
 He went to work to improve it, and he became the real 
 inventor of the first steam-engine that was good for all 
 sorts of work that the world wants done. 
 
 When once steam was put to work, men said, " Why 
 not make it run a boat ? " One English inventor tried to 
 run his boat by making the engine push through the water 
 a thing somewhat like a duck s foot. An American named 
 Rumsey moved his boat by forcing a stream of water 
 through it, drawing it in at the bow and pushing it out 
 at the stern. But this pump-boat failed. 
 
 Then came John Fitch. He was an ingenious, poor 
 fellow, who had knocked about in the world making but 
 tons out of old brass kettles and mending guns. He had 
 been a soldier in the Revolution and a captive among the 
 Indians. At length he made a steamboat. He did not 
 
142 
 
 ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 
 
 FITCH S STEAMBOAT. 
 
 imitate the duck s foot or the steam-pump, but, like most 
 other inventors, he borrowed from what had been used. 
 
 He made his engine drive 
 a number of oars, so 
 as to paddle the boat 
 forward. His boat was 
 tried on the Delaware 
 River in 1787. The 
 engine was feeble, and 
 the boat ran but slow 
 ly. .Fitch grew extremely poor and ragged, but he used 
 to say that, when " Johnny Fitch " should be forgotten, 
 steamboats would run up the rivers and across the sea. 
 This made the people laugh, for they thought him what 
 we call " a crank." 
 
 Robert Fulton was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. He 
 was the son of an Irish tailor. He was not fond of books, 
 but he was ingenious. He made pencils for his own use 
 out of lead, and he made rockets for his own Fourth of 
 July celebration. 
 
 With some other boys he 
 used to go fishing 
 in an old flat- 
 boat. But he got 
 tired of pushing 
 the thing along 
 with poles, so he 
 contrived some pad 
 dle-wheels to turn with -^ 
 
 FULTON 8 FIRST INVENTION. 
 
ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 143 
 
 cranks, something like those in the picture. He was four 
 teen years old when he made this invention. 
 
 At seventeen he became a. miniature painter in Phila 
 delphia, and by the time he was twenty-one he had earned 
 money enough to buy a little farm for his mother. He 
 then went to Europe to study arfc/*C 
 
 But his mind turned to mechanical inventions, of which 
 he now made several. Among other things, he contrived 
 a little boat to run under water and blow up war-vessels ; 
 but, though he could supply this boat with air, he could 
 not get it to run swiftly. 
 
 He now formed a partnership with Chancellor Living 
 ston, the American Minister to France, who was very much 
 interested in steamboats. Fulton had two plans. One was 
 to use paddles in a new way ; the other was to use the 
 paddle-wheel, such as he had made when he was a boy. 
 He found the wheels better than paddles. 
 
 He built his first steamboat on the River Seine, near 
 Paris, but the boat broke in two from the weight of her 
 machinery. His next boat made a trial-trip in sight of a 
 great crowd of Parisians. She ran slowly, but Fulton felt 
 sure that he knew just what was needed to make the next 
 one run faster. 
 
 Fulton and Livingston both returned to America. Ful 
 ton ordered from James Watt a new engine, to be made 
 according to his own plans. In August, 1807, Fulton s 
 new boat, the Clermont, was finished at New York. Peo 
 ple felt no more confidence in it than we do now in a 
 flying-machine. They called it " Fulton s Folly." How- 
 
144 
 
 ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 
 
 FULTON S FIRST STEAMBOAT. 
 
 ever, a great many people gathered to see the trial-trip 
 and laugh at Fulton and his failure. The crowd was 
 struck with wonder at seeing the black smoke rushing 
 from the pipes, and the revolving paddle-wheels, which 
 were uncovered, as you see in the picture, throwing spray 
 
 into the air, while the boat 
 moved without spreading 
 her sails. At last a 
 steamboat had been 
 made that would run 
 at a fair rate of speed. 
 The Clermont began 
 to make regular trips 
 from New Jjfork to Al- 
 ,bany. When the men 
 on the river sloops first saw this creature of fire and 
 smoke coming near them in the night, and heard the puff 
 of her steam, the clank of her machinery, and the splash 
 of her wheels, they were frightened. Some of the sailors 
 ran below to escape the monster, some fell on their knees 
 and prayed, while others hurried ashore. 
 
 While Fulton was inventing and building steamboats, 
 people became very much interested in machinery. A man 
 named Redheffer pretended to have invented a perpetual- 
 motion machine, which, once started, would go on of itself. 
 People paid a dollar apiece to see the wonder, and learned 
 men who saw it could not account for its motion. Fulton 
 was aware that it must be a humbug, because he knew 
 that there could be no such thing as a machine that 
 
ROBERT FULTON AND THE STEAMBOAT. 145 
 
 would run of itself. But his friends coaxed him to go to 
 see it. When Fulton had listened to it a while he found 
 that it ran in an irregular way, faster and then slower, 
 and then faster and slower again. 
 
 " This is a crank-motion," he said. " If you people will 
 help me, I ll show you the cheat." 
 
 The crowd agreed to help. Fulton knocked down some 
 little strips of wood, and found a string running through 
 one of them from the machine to the wall ; he followed 
 this through the upper floor until he came to a back gar 
 ret. In this sat a wretched old man, who wore an im 
 mense beard, and appeared to have been long imprisoned. 
 He was gnawing a crust of bread, and turning a crank 
 which was connected with the machinery by the string. 
 When the crowd got back to the machine-room Redheffer 
 had run away. 
 
 Fulton died in 1815. Before his death many steamboats 
 were in use. Some years after his death steam was applied 
 to railways, and a little later steamers were built to cross 
 the ocean. 
 
 In-vent -or, one who invents or contrives something not before 
 known. In-gen -ious, inventive; good at contriving new ways of 
 doing things. Be-low , on a vessel, this word means down stairs. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 
 James Watt and the steam-engine. 
 Early attempts to build steamboats. 
 Fulton s early life. 
 
 How Fulton invented the steamboat. 
 The first steamboat on the Hudson. 
 Fulton and the perpetual motion. 
 
146 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 William Henry Harrison. 
 
 ONE of the members of Congress who signed the Dec 
 laration of Independence in 1776 was Benjamin Harrison, 
 a stout and jolly man. When Congress chose John Han 
 cock for its President, or chairman, Hancock made a mod 
 est speech, as though he would decline the place. But 
 Benjamin Harrison just took him up in his arms and set 
 him down in the chair. 
 
 The third son of this Benjamin Harrison was William 
 Henry Harrison. He was born in Virginia in 1773. His 
 father died when he was young. Young Harrison began 
 the study of medicine, but there was a war with the In 
 dians in the West, and he wanted to go to the war. His 
 guardian wished him to stick to his study of medicine ; 
 but there was more soldier than doctor in Harrison, and 
 President Washington, who had been his father s friend, 
 made the young man an officer in the army when he was 
 but nineteen years old. 
 
 When Harrison got to the Western country the army, 
 under the lead of General St. Clair, had been surprised by 
 the Indians and defeated. Washington appointed General 
 Wayne to take St. Clair s place, and Wayne gave Harrison 
 a place on his staff. Wayne trained his men carefully, and 
 practiced them in shooting, and when he marched it was 
 with every care not to be surprised. The Indians called 
 Wayne " the Chief who never Sleeps. * He fought a battle 
 with the Indians on the Maumee River, in Ohio, and he 
 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 147 
 
 pushed them so hotly with bayonets and guns fired at short 
 range that the Indians fled in every direction. They were 
 so thoroughly beaten that they made peace with the white 
 people, and the Western settlers had rest from war for a 
 while. 
 
 In 1801 a new Territory, called Indiana, was formed. 
 It took in all the country which now lies in Indiana, Illi 
 nois, and Wisconsin, and it had but few white people in it. 
 Harrison was made governor of this large region. 
 
 There was a young Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh [te- 
 cum -sy], who had fought against Wayne in 1794. He 
 was much opposed to the Indians selling their lands. 
 He declared that no tribe had a right to sell land 
 without the consent of the other tribes. There were at 
 that time seventeen States, and the Indians called the 
 United States the " Seventeen Fires." Tecumseh got the 
 notion of forming all the Indian tribes into a confeder- 
 _acj; like the " Seventeen Fires," or States, of the white 
 men. 
 
 Tecumseh was not born a chief, but he had gathered 
 a great band of followers, and had thus become a pow 
 erful leader. He made long journeys to the North and 
 West, and then traveled away to the South to bring the 
 Indians into his plan for a great war that should drive 
 the white people back across the Alleghany Mountains. 
 In one council at the South the Indians refused to join 
 him. Tecumseh told them that, when he got to De 
 troit, he would stamp on the ground and make the 
 houses in their village fall down. It happened soon after 
 
148 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
 
 that an earthquake did destroy some of their houses, and 
 the frightened Indians said, " Tecumseh has arrived at De 
 troit." They immediately got ready to help him against 
 the white people. 
 
 Tecumseh had a brother who pretended to be a prophet, 
 and who was called " The Open Door." He gathered 
 many Indians about him at Tippecanoe, in Indiana, and he 
 preached a war against the white people. 
 
 Governor Harrison held a council with Tecumseh at 
 Vincennes. Seats were placed for the chief on the piazza 
 of the governor s house, but Tecumseh insisted on holding 
 
 the council in a 
 grove. He said 
 that the white 
 people might 
 bring out some 
 chairs for them 
 selves, but that 
 the earth was the 
 Indians mother, 
 and they would 
 rest on her 
 bosom. 
 
 In the discus 
 sions Tecumseh 
 grew very angry, and his warriors seized their tomahawks 
 and sprang to their feet. Harrison drew his sword, a 
 white man near him showed a dirk, and a friendly Indian 
 cocked his pistol to defend the governor, while a Method- 
 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 149 
 
 1st minister ran with a gun to protect Harrison s family. 
 Others present armed themselves with clubs and brick 
 bats. The soldiers now came running up to fire on the 
 Indians ; but Harrison stopped them, and told Tecumseh 
 that he was a bad man, and that he could now go. 
 
 Tecumseh cooled down and had another talk with the 
 governor the next day, and Harrison even went to the 
 chief s tent with only one companion. 
 
 But General Harrison soon saw that, in spite of all he 
 could do, war would come. Tecumseh went South to stir 
 up the Southern tribes. He gave these far-away Indians 
 bundles of sticks painted red. He told them 
 to throw away one stick every day, and, 
 when all were gone, they were to fall 
 upon the white people. 
 
 But General Harrison thought, if 
 there had to be war, he would rather 
 
 TECUMSEH S ALMANAC. 
 
 fix the time for it himself ; so, while 
 Tecumseh was leaving his almanac of red sticks in the 
 South, the general marched from Vincennes [vin-senz J, up 
 the Wabash [waw -bash] to Tippecanoe [tip -pe-ka-noo J, 
 which was TeujrisliIs-4K)me. Knowing that the Indians 
 would try to surprise him, he fooled them into believing 
 that he was going up on one side of the river, and then 
 crossed to the other. He got nearly to Tippecanoe in 
 safety, but the prophet sent messengers to him, pretending 
 that the Indians would make peace the next day. 
 
 Harrison s men lay on their arms that night. About 
 four o clock on the morning of November 7, 1811, the 
 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
 
 general was pulling on his boots, intending to awaken the 
 army, when a sentinel fired at a skulking Indian, and the 
 war-whoop sounded from the tall grass on every side. 
 The white men put out their camp- 
 fires, so that the Indians could 
 not see to shoot at them, and 
 the fierce battle raged 
 in the darkness. The 
 signals to charge and 
 to fall back were given 
 to the Indians 
 by the rattle 
 of deer s hoofs. 
 The prophet sung 
 a wild war-song on 
 a neighboring hill, 
 after promising his fol 
 lowers that bullets 
 should not hurt them. 
 But many an Indian and 
 many a white man fell in that bloody struggle. When 
 daylight came, Harrison s men made a charge which drove 
 away the savages. 
 
 Harrison burned the village at Tippecanoe, and Tecum- 
 seh came back to find his plan for driving the white men 
 over the mountains spoiled. But the war with England 
 broke out soon after this, and Tecumseh entered the Brit 
 ish army, and was made a brigadier-general. 
 
 General Harrison was now once~"more~ "Opposed to Te- 
 
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 151 
 
 cumseh, for he was put in command of the United States 
 army in the West. In 1813 he was besieged in Fort Meigs 
 [megs] by an English army under General Proctor and a 
 body of Indians under Tecumseh. 
 
 While the English were building their batteries to fire 
 into the fort the Americans were very busy also, but they 
 kept a row of tents standing to hide what they were doing. 
 When the English guns were ready, the Americans took 
 down their tents and showed a great earthwork that would 
 shelter them from the batteries. This made Tecumseh 
 angry. He said that General Harrison was like a ground 
 hog he stayed in his hole, and would not come out and 
 fight like a man. 
 
 Proctor, though belonging to a civilized nation, was a 
 heartless brute. Tecumseh was born a savage, but he was 
 always opposed to cruelty. Some of Harrison s men had 
 been captured, and Proctor allowed the Indians to put 
 them to death. When Tecumseh saw what was going on, 
 he rushed in between the Indians and their prisoners with 
 his tomahawk in hand, and stopped the slaughter. 
 
 " Why did you allow this ? " he demanded of General 
 Proctor. 
 
 " I could not control the Indians," said Proctor. 
 
 " Go home and put on petticoats," said Tecumseh. 
 
 The English fleet on Lake Erie was beaten in a fight 
 with the American ships under Commodore Perry in the 
 fall of 1813. Harrison now crossed into Canada, and the 
 British army retreated to the river Thames [temz], where 
 Harrison overtook it, and a battle followed. Proctor was 
 
152 
 
 WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 
 
 afraid to fall 
 into the hands 
 of the Amer 
 icans, who 
 hated him for 
 his cruelties to 
 prisoners and 
 the wounded. 
 He ran away 
 before the bat 
 tle was over. 
 Brave Tecum- 
 seh was killed 
 in this fight. 
 Harrison left the army soon after this. In 1840 he was 
 
 living in a simple way on his farm at North Bend, in Ohio, 
 
 when he was nominated for President of the United States. 
 
 He was elected, but he died on the 4th of April, 1841, one 
 
 month after taking office. 
 
 Guardian [gard -i-an], one appointed to care for the interests of a 
 person who is under age. Con-fed -er-a-cy, persons, states, or tribes, 
 who agree to act together. Proph -et, one who speaks by command 
 of God. Skulk -ing, sneaking ; moving so as to avoid being seen. 
 Sen -ti-nel, a soldier set to watch. Brig-a-dier - gen -er-al, an 
 officer of a lower rank than major-general ; one who properly commands a 
 brigade of several regiments. Besieged [be-seejd J, shut up in a place 
 by an enemy. Nom -i-na-ted, put forward as a candidate. 
 
 Tell in your own words what it was that made Harrison famous. 
 Tell how he came to destroy the Indian town at Tippecanoe. 
 Tell about the siege of Fort Meigs. 
 About the battle of the Thames. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 153 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 Andrew Jackson. 
 
 GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON S father was also named 
 Andrew Jackson. He was an Irishman, who came to the 
 Waxhaw settlement, on the line between North and South 
 Carolina, about ten years before the Revolution. He had 
 built a log-cabin, cleared a little land, and raised a crop of 
 corn, when he sickened and died. In this sad time his son, 
 Andrew Jackson, was born. Andrew s mother lived with 
 her relatives, and spun flax to earn a little money. 
 
 From a little fellow " Andy " was a hot-tempered boy. 
 Some larger boys once loaded a gun very heavily, and 
 gave it to Andy to fire, in order to see him knocked over 
 by the " kick " of the gun. But the fierce little fellow 
 had no sooner tumbled over, than he got up and vowed 
 that he would kill the first one that laughed, and not one 
 of the boys dared to provoke him. 
 He grew up in a wild country and 
 among rough people. What little 
 schooling he got was at an old field 
 school-house. 
 
 When he was but thirteen the 
 Revolutionary War began. In the 
 South the struggle was very bitter, 
 neighbor battling against neighbor 
 with any weapons that could be 
 found. Of course, a fiery fellow like 
 Andrew wanted to have a hand in 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON 
 MAKES HIS OWN WEAPONS. 
 
154 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 the fight against England. Whenever he went to a black- 
 smith s shop he hammered out some new weapon. Young 
 as he was, he was in two or three skirmishes. In one of 
 these, Andrew and his brother were taken prisoners. A 
 
 British officer ordered Andrew 
 to clean the mud off his boots. 
 Young Jackson refused, and got a 
 sword-cut on his head for it. His 
 brother was treated in the same 
 way. The two wounded boys 
 were then confined in a for- 
 lorn prison-pen, where they 
 took the small-pox. Their 
 mother managed to get them 
 exchanged, and brought the 
 sick boys home. 
 
 When Andrew Jackson 
 was eighteen years old he 
 went to the village of 
 Salisbury to study law. At 
 this time many settlers were 
 crossing the mountains into the 
 rich lands to the westward, and 
 
 young Jackson moved to the newly settled country of 
 Tennessee. Here, in the fierce disputes of a new coun 
 try, it took a great deal of courage to practice law. 
 
 Jackson was not only brave ; he was also a quick-tem 
 pered man, who got into many quarrels during his life, and 
 sometimes fought duels^JThe rough people among whom 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 15$ 
 
 he lived were afraid of him. One day he was eating at a 
 long table which the keeper of the tavern had set out of 
 doors for the crowd that had come to see a horse-race. 
 A fight was going on at the other end of the table ; but 
 fights were so common in this new country that Jackson 
 did not stop eating to find out what it was about. Pres 
 ently he heard that a friend of his, one Patten Anderson, 
 was likely to be killed. Jackson could not easily get to 
 his friend for the crowd, but he jumped up on the table 
 and ran along on it, putting his hand into his pocket as 
 though to draw a pistol. He cried out at the same time, 
 " I m coming, Patten ! " and he opened and shut the to 
 bacco-box in his pocket with a sound like the cocking of 
 a pistol. The crowd w:.s so afraid of him that they scat 
 tered at once, crying, " Don t fire ! " 
 
 Jackson was an able man, and an honest one in his way. 
 He was once a judge, he kept a store, he went to Con 
 gress, and then to the United States Senate. When the 
 "War of 1812" with England broke out he was sent as a 
 general of Tennessee volunteers to defend New Orleans. 
 When he had waited some time at Natchez he was or 
 dered to disbaftd^his troops, as they were not needed. 
 Those who sent such an order from Washington did not 
 stop to ask how the poor Tennesseeans were to make their 
 way back to their homes. Jackson refused to obey the 
 order, pledged his own property to get food for his men, 
 and marched them to Tennessee again. The men became 
 devoted to him, and gave him the nickname of " Old 
 Hickon 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 But after a while war broke out in the Southwest in 
 earnest. Tecumseh, in his Southern trip, had persuaded a 
 , who was known to the whites as Weath- 
 ersford and to the Indians as Red 
 Eagle, to "take up the hatchet-^ 
 and go to war. The Indians at 
 tacked Fort Mimms, in which four 
 hundred men, women, and children 
 were shut up. They burned the 
 fort and killed the people in it. 
 Weathersford tried to stop the 
 massacre, but he could not con 
 trol his savages. 
 
 When the news of this slaugh 
 ter reached Tennessee Jackson 
 was very ill from a wound in the 
 
 arm and a ball in the shoulder which he had got in a foolish 
 fight. But, in spite of his wounds, the fiery general marched 
 at the head of twenty -five hundred men to attack the 
 savages. He had a great deal of trouble to feed his troops 
 in the wilderness ; the men suffered from hunger, and some 
 times rebelled and resolved to go home. Jackson once 
 ordered out half his army to keep the other half from leav 
 ing. Again, the half that had tried to desert was used to 
 make the others stay. At another time he stood in the road 
 in front of his rebellious soldiers, and declared in the most 
 dreadful words that he would shoot the first villain who 
 took a step. 
 
 In spite of all these troubles with his wild soldiers Jack- 
 
 CHIEF IN FULL DRESS. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 57 
 
 son beat the enemy by rapid marches and bold attacks. 
 In 1814 the savages had fortified themselves at a place 
 called Horseshoe Bend. Here Jackson had 
 a terrible battle 
 with the Indians, 
 who fought until 
 they were almost 
 all dead. At length 
 most of the sav 
 ages submitted, or 
 fled into Florida, 
 which at that time 
 belonged to Spain. 
 The white men 
 had vowed to kill 
 Weathersford, the 
 chief ; but that 
 fearless fellow rode 
 up to Jackson s 
 tent, and said that 
 he wanted the 
 general to send 
 for the Indian 
 
 women and children, who were starving in the woods. 
 When the whi^e soldiers saw Weathersford, they cried 
 out, " Kill him ! " But Jackson told them that anybody 
 who would kill so brave a man would rob the dead. 
 
 Jackson was suffering all this time from a painful illness, 
 and was hardly able to sit in the saddle. But he marched 
 
 WEATHERSFORD 
 SURRENDERS TO GENERAL JACKSON. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 to Mobile, which he suc 
 ceeded in defending against 
 an English force that had 
 landed in Florida, and had 
 been joined by Florida 
 Indians. Jackson resolved 
 that the Spaniards should 
 not give any further aid to the enemies of the United 
 States. He therefore marched his army into Florida and 
 took the Spanish town of Pensacola, driving the English 
 away. 
 
 It soon became necessary for him to go to New Or 
 leans to defend that place. The English landed twelve 
 thousand fine men below that city. Jackson armed the free 
 negroes and the prisoners out of the jails, but, after all, he 
 had only half as many soldiers as the English. The general 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 159 
 
 though yellow with illness, was as resolute as ever. He had 
 several fights with the English as they advanced, but the 
 decisive battle was fought on the 8th of January, 1815, when 
 the English tried to carry the American works by storm. 
 Jackson s Southwestern troops were many 
 of them dead-shots. They mowed down 
 the ranks of the British whenever they 
 charged, until more than one fifth of 
 the English troops had been killed 
 or wounded and their general 
 was also dead. Though the 
 English had lost twenty-six 
 hundred brave men, the Amer 
 icans had but eight killed and 
 thirteen wounded. 
 
 One little English bugler, 
 fourteen years old, had climbed 
 into a tree near the American 
 works and blown his bugle- 
 charge, to cheer the English, 
 till there were none left to 
 blow for. An American soldier 
 then brought him into camp, 
 where the men made much of their 
 young prisoner, because he was so brave. 
 
 This wonderful defense of New Orleans ended the 
 " War of 1812." General Jackson became the darling of 
 his country. When the United States bought Florida from 
 Spain, he was sent to take possession of that country. 
 
l6o ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 In 1828 Jackson was elected President of the United 
 States. He was a man of the plain people, rough in speech 
 and stern in manner, but his popularity was very great. 
 He was the first President who put out of office those who 
 had voted against him, and appointed his .own friends to 
 their places. He enforced the laws with a strong hand, 
 and he managed affairs with other nations in such a way 
 as to make the country respected in Europe. 
 
 General Jackson died in 1845. He was, as we have 
 seen, a man of strong will and fierce passions. But he was 
 faithful to his friends, affectionate with his relatives, and 
 exceedingly kind to his slaves. He had no children, but 
 he adopted a nephew of his wife s and brought him up as 
 his son. He also adopted an Indian baby, found after one 
 of his battles in its dead mother s arms. His splendid de 
 fense of New Orleans showed Jackson to be one of the 
 very ablest generals America has ever produced. 
 
 Weapon [wep -pun], something to fight with. Skir -mish, a small 
 battle. Du -el, a fight between two men with weapons. To draw a 
 pistol, is to take it from the pocket or belt to fire. Vol-un-teers , 
 men not regular soldiers who enlist in an army during a war. Dis-band , 
 to dismiss a company of soldiers. "Old Hickory"; this name was 
 given to Jackson, who shared all the hardships of his men, because the 
 hickory-tree is rough outside, and has a very tough wood. Half - breed, 
 a person one of whose parents is of the white race, and the other Indian. 
 "Take up the hatchet," an Indian phrase meaning to go to war. 
 Massacre [mas -a-ker], the putting to death of people who have no means 
 of defending themselves. Spaniards [span -yards], the people of Spain. 
 Resolute [rez -o-lute], determined. Decisive [cle-si -siv], that which 
 decides or settles a matter. Dead-shot, one whose aim in shooting is 
 perfect. Bugle-charge, notes played on a bugle as a signal for soldiers 
 to charge. Popularity [pop-yu-lar -i-ty], favor with the people. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON. l6l 
 
 Tell in your own words about the boyhood of General Jackson. 
 What part did he take in the Revolution ? 
 
 Tell about his war against the Indians under Red Eagle, or Weathers- 
 ford. 
 
 Which do you think was Jackson s most famous battle? 
 Tell about the defense of New Orleans. 
 What kind of a President was Jackson ? 
 What kind of a man was he ? 
 What kind of a general ? 
 
 XXVII. 
 Morse and the Telegraph. 
 
 BEFORE the railroad and the telegraph were invented 
 it took weeks for news to go from one part of this country 
 to another. The mails were carried by a lad on horseback, 
 or by a stage-coach drawn by horses. The railroad was 
 invented in England and introduced into this country about 
 1830. <\ The locomotive carried news much more quickly 
 than norses feet could travel. But now we know to-day 
 what happened yesterday on the other side of the world, 
 and we wonder how people ever got on without the 
 electric telegraph. 
 
 Samuel Finley Breeze Morse, who invented the electric 
 telegraph, or that form of it that came into general use, 
 was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1791. When 
 he was four years old he was sent to school to an old 
 lady, who was lame and not able to leave her chair. She 
 managed her scholars with a very long rattan stick. This 
 was her telegraph, we might say, but the children did not 
 always like the messages she sent upon it. Morse showed 
 
162 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 
 
 his talent as an artist by scratching- a picture of the old 
 lady on a piece of furniture, but he did not like the mes 
 sage she sent him on her rattan telegraph. 
 
 When Samuel Morse went to Yale College he took 
 great interest in the experiments in electricity which he 
 saw there. But the chief question with him at this time 
 was how to get a living. He had a talent for making 
 pictures, and he took to painting miniatures of people for 
 five dollars apiece ; he also made profiles at a dollar apiece. 
 As there were no photographs then, people who wanted 
 small pictures of themselves had to have them painted. 
 This was usually done on ivory. 
 
 We have seen that Fulton, the maker of steamboats, was 
 a painter. Morse became a painter, and went to England 
 to study, where he attracted attention by his good work. 
 After four years in Europe he came to America again, as 
 poor as ever. His clothes were threadbare, and his shoes 
 were ragged at the toes. " My stockings," he said, " want 
 to see my mother." He brought with him a large picture, 
 which everybody admired, but nobody bought it. 
 
 He was already thinking about inventions. He and his 
 brother invented a pump, which his brother jokingly named 
 " Morse s Patent Metallic, Double-headed, Ocean-drinker 
 and Deluge-spouter Valve Pump Box." But the pump, for 
 all this, was not a success, and Morse traveled from town 
 to town painting portraits for a living. 
 
 Morse went to Europe again, and in 1832 he sailed for 
 America once more. He was now about forty-one years 
 old. One evening, in the cabin of the ship, the talk turned 
 
MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 163 
 
 on electricity. A Dr. Jackson, who was one of the pas 
 sengers, told of an interesting experiment which he had 
 seen in Paris. Electricity had been sent instantaneously 
 through a great length of wire arranged in circles around 
 a large room. 
 
 " Then," said Morse, " I don t see why messages can 
 not be sent a long distance instantaneously by means of 
 electricity." 
 
 When the conversation was over the rest forgot all 
 about it. But Morse began to plan a telegraph, making 
 drawings of the machine in his sketch-book. But he was 
 much too poor to go on with his invention. His brothers 
 gave him the use of a room for a studk^and here he lived, 
 and made experiments on a rude telegraph. He did his 
 own cooking, and he used to go out at night to buy food, 
 for fear that his friends should discover how little he had 
 to eat. 
 
 In 1835 Morse became a professor. He now took a 
 Professor Gale into partnership in the telegraph. But 
 neither of them had money enough to perfect the inven 
 tion. While they were one day exhibiting their rude ma 
 chine to some gentlemen, a student named Alfred Vail 
 happened to come into the room. Young Vail was the son 
 of Judge Vail, a wealthy mill-owner. He had worked for 
 some years in his father s shops, and was a far better 
 mechanic than Professor Morse or Professor Gale. 
 
 Vail s quick eye soon comprehended the new invention, 
 which was being tested with seventeen hundred feet of 
 wire stretched back and forth across the room. 
 
164 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 
 
 " Do you intend to try the telegraph on a large scale?" 
 Vail asked. 
 
 " I do, if I can get the money to carry out my plans," 
 Professor Morse replied. 
 
 Vail then proposed to get money for Morse if the pro 
 fessor would make him a partner. This was agreed to, and 
 the young man hurried to his room, locked the door, threw 
 himself on his bed, and gave himself up to imagining the 
 future of the telegraph. He took up his atlas and traced 
 out the great lines which the telegraph would take. It is 
 probable that Professor Morse would have failed if it had 
 not been for the help of this young man. 
 
 After getting some further explanations from Morse, 
 Alfred Vail hurried home and talked to his father about 
 it, until the judge decided to furnish the two thousand 
 dollars that would be needed to make a perfect telegraph. 
 This was to be taken to Congress, to persuade that body 
 to supply money to build the first line. 
 
 \ Besides furnishing money for the machine, the Vails got 
 Morse to paint some portraits for them, and thus supplied 
 him with money to meet his most pressing wants. Alfred 
 now had a room fitted up in one of his father s workshops 
 at Speedwell, in New Jersey. He kept the place carefully 
 locked, lest the secret of the invention should be discov 
 ered by others. 
 
 A boy named William Baxter, fifteen years old, was 
 taken from the shop to help Alfred Vail. For many months 
 Alfred and Baxter worked together, sometimes day and 
 
 night. There was no such thing as telegraph wire in a 
 
 
 
MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 
 
 I6 5 
 
 day when there were no telegraphs. But the ladies of 
 that time wore a kind of high bonnet, which was called a 
 " sky-scraper," and a sort of wire was used to strengthen 
 and stiffen the fronts of such bonnets, which 
 proved to be the best to be had for the pur 
 pose of the new telegraph-makers. Vail bought 
 all the bonnet-wire in the market. 
 
 Vail made many improvements in 
 Morse s machine. He also made the instru 
 ment write, not with the zigzag marks used 
 by Professor Morse, but in dots and dashes 
 for letters, as you will see in the alphabet 
 given on this page. Morse was busy get 
 ting his patent, and Professor Gale was 
 engaged in making the batteries. 
 
 A "SKY-SCRAPER. 
 
 A - 
 
 F 
 
 L - 
 
 Q 
 
 w 
 
 
 B 
 
 G - -- 
 
 M - 
 
 R 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 H ---- 
 
 N - 
 
 S --- 
 
 V 
 
 __ 
 
 D 
 
 I -- 
 
 O - - 
 
 P 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 v 
 
 
 
 THE TELEGRAPHIC ALPHABET. 
 
 Rat-tan , the long slender shoots of the East Indian cane. Miniature 
 [min -it-yur], a small picture ; usually a small portrait on ivory. Profile 
 [pro -file], a side-view of a face. In-stan-ta -ne-ous-ly, immediately; 
 at once. Sketch -book, a book in which an artist makes hurried draw 
 ings. Com-pre-hend -ed, took in ; understood. Pat -ent, a paper 
 from a government giving an inventor the right to prevent other people 
 from using his invention. Bat -ter-y, that part of the telegraph which 
 produces the electricity. 
 12 
 
1 66 MORSE AND THE TELEGRAPH. 
 
 Tell in your own words 
 About Morse s early life. 
 
 Tell how he came to think of inventing a telegraph. 
 Tell something of his struggles with poverty. 
 How did Vail come to take an interest in the invention ? 
 How did he get telegraphic wire ? 
 
 XXVIII. 
 How the Telegraph became successful. 
 
 MORSE now had but three pupils. One of his pupils, 
 when his quarter s tuition was due, had not yet received his 
 money from home, so that he could not pay the professor 
 immediately. One day, when Morse came in, he said : 
 
 "Well, Strother, my boy, how are we off for money?" 
 
 " Professor, I m sorry to say I have been disappointed, 
 but I expect the money next week." 
 
 " Next week ! " exclaimed Morse ; " I shall be dead by 
 next week." 
 
 " Dead, sir ? " 
 
 " Yes, dead of starvation." 
 
 " Would ten dollars be of any service ? " asked Strother, 
 in alarm. 
 
 " Ten dollars would save my life ; that is all it would 
 do," answered the professor, who had not eaten a mouth 
 ful for twenty-four hours. The money was paid. 
 
 Judge Vail grew discouraged about the telegraph. The 
 old gentleman refused to look at the machine. Alfred Vail 
 saw that if the work were not finished soon his father 
 would put a stop to it. He and young Baxter stayed 
 
HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 167 
 
 close in their room, with Morse, working as fast as they 
 could, and avoiding Judge Vail, lest he should say the 
 words that would end their project. Baxter would watch 
 the windows, and, when he saw Judge Vail go to din 
 ner, he would tell Morse and Alfred Vail, and they would 
 all go to dinner at the house of Alfred s brother-in-law, 
 making sure to get safe back before the judge should 
 appear again. 
 
 At last the invention was in working order, and Alfred 
 Vail said to Baxter: 
 
 " William, go up to the house and ask father to come 
 down and see the telegraph machine work." 
 
 The boy ran eagerly, in his shop-clothes and without 
 any coat, and Judge Vail followed him back to the little 
 room. Mr. Vail wrote on a slip of pa 
 per, " A patient waiter is no loser." 
 He handed this to Alfred, saying : 
 
 " If yOU Can Send that SO that INSTRUMENT FOR SENDING TELEGRAMS. 
 
 Professor Morse can read it at the 
 
 other end of the wire, I shall be convinced." 
 
 Alfred clicked it off, and Morse read it at his end. 
 The old gentleman was overjoyed. 
 
 But there was a great deal of trouble after this in 
 getting the matter started. It was thought necessary to 
 have the Government build the first line, because business 
 men were slow to try new things in that day. The Presi 
 dent, and other public men, showed much curiosity about 
 the new machine, but Congress was slow to give money 
 to construct a line. 
 
l68 HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 In 1842 a bill was passed in the House of Representa 
 tives apjDropriating thirty thousand dollars to construct a 
 telegraph on Morse s plan from Washington to Baltimore. 
 It had yet to pass the Senate before it could become a law. 
 When the last hours of the session had arrived, a senator 
 told Morse that his bill could not be passed, there were so 
 many other bills to be voted on before it. Morse went to 
 his hotel, and found that, after paying his bill and buying 
 his ticket to New York, he had thirty-seven cents left. 
 
 i But the next morning, while he was eating his break 
 fast before leaving Washington, Miss Ellsworth, the daugh 
 ter of the commissioner of patents, brought Morse word 
 that his bill had passed the night before. For her kind 
 ness the inventor promised her that she ^should send the 
 first message over a telegraph line. 
 
 Morse tried to lay his wires underground in pipes, but 
 it was found that naked wires laid in this way let the elec 
 tricity escape into the ground. What was to be done? 
 There were now but seven thousand dollars left of the 
 thirty thousand. To change their plan would be to con 
 fess that those wno were building the telegraph had made 
 a mistake, and this would make people more suspicious 
 than ever. The machine for digging the ditch in which the 
 wires were to be laid was run against a stone and broken 
 on purpose to make an excuse for changing the plan. 
 
 A year had been wasted, when it was decided to put 
 the wires on poles. At last, in 1844, the wires were 
 strung, and Miss Ellsworth sent the first message, which 
 was, " What hath God wrought IV The first news that 
 
HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 169 
 
 went over the wire was that James K. Polk had been 
 nominated for President. 1 
 
 But at first people would not believe that messages had 
 come over the wire. They waited for the mails to bring 
 the same news before they could believe it. One man asked 
 how large a bundle could be sent over the wires. A joking 
 fellow hung a pair of dirty boots on the wire, and gave it 
 out that they had got muddy from traveling so fast. A 
 woman who saw a telegraph pole planted in front of her 
 door said she supposed she could not punish her children 
 any more without everybody knowing it. She thought the 
 wire would carry news of its own accord. At first few 
 messages were sent. The operators worked for nothing, 
 and slept under their tables. But after a while people be 
 gan to use the wires, which were gradually extended over 
 the country. Another kind of electric telegraph had been 
 tried in England, but Morse s plan was found the best. 
 
 Before Morse put up his first line he had tried a tele 
 graph through the water. To keep the electricity from 
 escaping, he wound the wire with thread soaked in pitch 
 and surrounded it with rubber. He laid this wire from 
 Castle Garden, at the lower end of New York city, across 
 to Governor s Island, in the harbor. He was able to tele 
 graph through it, but before he could exhibit it the anchor 
 of a vessel drew up the wire, and the sailors carried off 
 part of it. 
 
 About 1850, Cyrus W. Field, of New York, got the 
 notion that a telegraph could be laid across the Atlantic 
 Ocean. After much trouble to raise the money needed, 
 
170 HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. 
 
 and two attempts to lay a telegraph cable across the 
 ocean, the first cable was laid successfully in 1858. The 
 Queen of England sent a message to the President of 
 the United States, and President Buchanan sent a reply. 
 Many great meetings were held to rejoice over this union 
 of the Old World with the New. But the first Atlantic 
 telegraph cable worked feebly for three weeks, and then 
 ceased to work altogether. 
 
 Mr. Field now found it hard work to get people to 
 put money into a new cable. Seven years after the first 
 
 one was laid, the Great Eastern, 
 , the largest ship afloat, laid 
 twelve hundred miles of 
 telegraph cable in the 
 Atlantic Ocean, when 
 ; : *? the cable suddenly 
 broke. The next year, 
 in 1866, the end of this ca 
 ble was found and brought 
 up from the bottom of the sea. It was spliced to a new 
 one, which was laid successfully. 
 
 Morse lived to old age, no longer pinched for money, 
 and honored in Europe and America for his great inven 
 tion. He died in 1872, when nearly eighty-one years old. 
 The latest wonder in telegraphing is the telephone, 
 which is a machine by which the actual words spoken are 
 carried upon a wire and heard at the other end of the 
 line. The invention was made about the same time, in 
 somewhat different forms, by several different men. 
 
 
 THE GREAT EASTERN. 
 
HOW THE TELEGRAPH BECAME SUCCESSFUL. I /I 
 
 House of Rep-re-sent -a-tives, that part of Congress which is 
 chosen by the people. Sen -ate, that part of Congress which is chosen 
 by the Legislatures of the States. The Senate meets at one end of the 
 capitol and the House of Representatives at the other. A bill must be 
 agreed to by both, in order to become a law. Ap-pro -pri-ate, to set 
 apart for a particular purpose. Exhibit [egz-hib -it], to show. 
 
 Tell in your own words about 
 
 The finishing of the invention in Judge Vail s shop. 
 
 The passing of the bill in Congress. 
 
 The building of the first telegraph line. 
 
 The sending of the first message. 
 
 The mistakes which people made regarding the telegraph. 
 
 The laying of the Atlantic cable. 
 
 The telephone. 
 
 What is a telegraph used for ? 
 
 What do you know about how it is worked ? 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 Early Life of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 FIVE years after Daniel Boone , (l ^^ 
 took his family to Kentucky 
 there came over the mountains 
 a man named Abraham Lincoln, 
 bringing his wife and children. 
 The Lincolns and Boones were .. *x&^ &gsxSEgmis&w&*& ! ? 
 
 ^ ^afc^a!ifc-" : ^SS|SfeflElSCSSS*^t*ii? 1 ?S!^ 
 
 friends. They were much the 
 
 Same kind Of people, hunters A SCHOOL-HOUSE IN THE BACKWOODS. 
 
 and pioneers, always seeking a new and wild country to 
 live in. This Abraham Lincoln, the friend of Boone, was 
 grandfather of President Abraham Lincoln, who was born 
 in a log-cabin in Kentucky in 1809. 
 
I/ 2 EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 When little Abe Lincoln was seven years old his father 
 moved from Kentucky to southwestern Indiana, which was 
 then a wild country. Here he lived in a house of the 
 roughest and poorest sort known to backwoods people. It 
 had three sides closed with logs. The other side was left 
 entirely open to the weather. There was no chimney, but 
 the fire was built out of doors in front of the open side. 
 There was no floor. Such a wretched shelter is called a 
 " half-faced camp." It is not so good as some Indianjvig 
 warns. Of course, the food and clothes and beds of a 
 family living in this way were miserable. 
 
 Poor little Abe Lincoln sometimes attended backwoods 
 schools. The log school-houses in Indiana at that time 
 
 YOUNG LINCOLN WRITING LETTERS FOR THE NEIGHBOR 
 
 had large open fire-places, in which there was a great 
 blazing fire in the winter. The boys of the school had to 
 
EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 173 
 
 chop and bring in the wood for this fire. The floor of 
 such a school-house was of rougfr boards hewn out with 
 axes. The schoolmasters were generally harsh men, who 
 persuaded their pupils to sftidy by means of long beech 
 switches, such as they were accustomed to use in driving 
 oxen. These schoolmasters did not know much themselves, 
 but bright little Abe 
 Lincoln soon learned 
 to write. This was 
 very handy for his 
 father and other men 
 in the neighborhood 
 who could not write, 
 and who got Abra 
 ham to write their 
 letters for them. 
 
 Lincoln could not 
 
 i 
 
 get many books to 
 
 read in a community so 
 
 destitute and illiterate. 
 
 He could not have wasted 
 
 his time and weakened his 
 
 mind, as so many boys and 
 
 girls do now, by reading exciting 
 
 stories, for he did not have them. He read carefully the 
 
 books that he had. The Bible, ^Esop s Fables, Pilgrim s 
 
 Progress, a life of Washington, and a life of Henry Clay 
 
 he read over and over again, for he could get no other 
 
 books. Whenever he heard any subject talked about 
 
1/4 EARLY LIFE OE ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 that he did not understand, he would go off alone and 
 think it out, and try to put it into clear words. This 
 habit of close and careful thinking, and this practice in 
 clothing his thoughts in words that exactly fitted them, 
 was the best education in the world. Many boys and girls 
 who have good schools and good books never learn to 
 think for themselves. 
 
 When one is poor, a little money means a great deal. 
 One day Abraham Lincoln, by this time eighteen years 
 old, rowed two men with their baggage from the shore 
 out to a steamboat in the Ohio River. For this the men 
 dropped two silver half-dollars into the boat. Abraham 
 was overjoyed. To think that a poor boy could earn so 
 much money in so short a time made the whole world 
 seem wider and fairer before him, he said. 
 
 The people of southern Indiana in that day used to 
 send what they raised on their farms to New Orleans. 
 
 They loaded their corn, hay, 
 and potatoes on large 
 
 flat-boats, some- 
 
 P~>^ 
 
 times a hundred 
 feet long. These 
 boats were floated 
 
 AN OHIO RIVER FLAT-BOAT. OU tllC CUT^Ut Of tllC 
 
 Qhio River to where -that 
 river empties into the Mississippi, and then down the Mis 
 sissippi. It was a long voyage, and the boatmen had to live 
 on their boats for many weeks. They rowed the boats with 
 long sweeps, or oars, which required two and sometimes 
 
EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 175 
 
 four men to move each one of them. Lincoln was much 
 trusted, and when he was nineteen years old he was sent 
 down the river in charge of one of these boats. This gave 
 him his first knowledge of the world. 
 
 By the time he was twenty-one he 
 had attained the height of six feet 
 four inches. His father, who was 
 always poor, once more sought a 
 newer country by removing to Illi 
 nois. Here Abraham helped to 
 build a log-cabin, and then he split 
 the rails to make a fence around 
 the new corn-field. In order to get 
 clothes, he went out to work as a hired 
 man on a neighbor s farm. The 
 cloth used by the Western people 
 at that time was woven by hand 
 in their own homes. Lincoln 
 had to split four hundred rails to 
 pay for each yard of the bgy6* 
 srjun brown Jans that went to make 
 his trousers. Perhaps he was sorry to be so tall and to 
 need so much cloth for a pair of trousers. 
 
 Lincoln went a second time on a flat-boat to New Or 
 leans. The boat was loaded with live hogs, and it is said 
 that Lincoln, finding that the hogs could not be driven, 
 carried them on board the boat in his long arms. After 
 he came back he became a clerk in a country store, where 
 he employed his spare time in reading. Like Franklin, he 
 
 RAIL-SPLITTING. 
 
176 EARLY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 got his education by the right use of his leisure time. In 
 this store he showed that careful honesty for which he 
 was always remarkable. Once, when by mistake he had 
 taken a "fip" that is, six and a quarter cents more 
 than was due from a customer, he walked several miles 
 the same night to return the money. When he found 
 that, by using the wrong weight, he had given a woman 
 two ounces of tea less than she ought to have had, he 
 again walked a long distance in order to make the matter 
 right. 
 
 One of the things he wanted to learn was English 
 grammar, in order to speak more correctly ; but gram 
 mars were hard to find at that time. He heard of a man 
 eight miles away who had a grammar, so he walked the 
 eight miles and borrowed it. Lincoln got a lawyer who 
 sometimes visited the store to explain what he could not 
 understand in his grammar. 
 
 Home -spun, cloth made at home. Jeans [jeens], a strong home 
 made woolen cloth, often called " Kentucky jeans." It was the cloth most 
 used for men s garments while the country west of the Alleghanies was 
 new. (The word jean originally meant a stout cotton cloth, and is so used 
 in Europe). Fip, a coin no longer used. It was worth six and a quarter 
 cents, and had been called " fivepenny bit," from which " fip ny bit," and 
 then " fip." The same coin was called a " sixpence " in New York, and 
 by other names elsewhere. 
 
 Give some account of 
 
 Abraham Lincoln s childhood. 
 His education. 
 
 His work at farming and flat-boating. 
 His honesty. 
 
LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 177 
 
 XXX. 
 
 Lincoln in Public Life. 
 
 IN 1832, when there was an Indian war in Illinois, 
 known as the Blackhawk War, Lincoln ^volunteered to 
 fight against the chief Blackhawk and his Indians. Lin 
 coln was chosen captain of the company. But he did not 
 happen to be in any battle during the war. He used to 
 say, jokingly, that he " fought, bled, and came away." 
 
 When " Captain " Lincoln got home from the Black- 
 hawk War, he bought out a country store in New Salem, 
 where he lived. He had a worthless young man for a 
 partner, and Lincoln himself was a better student than 
 merchant. Many bad debts were made, and, after a while, 
 as Lincoln expressed it, the store " winked out." This 
 failure left him in debt. For six years afterward he lived 
 very savingly, until he had paid every cent of his debts. 
 After he ceased to keep store he was postmaster. In a 
 country post-office he could borrow and read his neigh 
 bors papers before they were called for. He used to 
 carry letters about in the crown of his hat, and distribute 
 the mail in that way. 
 
 Next he became a surveyor. He studied surveying 
 alone, as he did other things. His strict honesty and his 
 charming good-nature, as well as his bright speeches, 
 amusing stories, and witty sayings, made him a favorite 
 among the people. In 1834 he was elected to the Illi 
 nois Legislature. In a suit of home-spun he walked a hun 
 dred miles to attend the Legislature. When the session 
 
1 78 
 
 LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 
 
 was over he came home and went to surveying again. 
 Whenever he had a little money he applied himself to 
 studying law. When his money gave out he took up his 
 
 compass and 
 went back to 
 surveying. 
 
 In 1837 
 he went to 
 S4irig^eWi 
 and began 
 life as a 
 lawyer. The 
 lawyers of 
 that day rode 
 from county 
 to county 
 to attend 
 the courts. 
 Lincoln 
 " rode the 
 "as it 
 
 was called, 
 
 Avith the others, and he 
 Avas soon a successful laAvyer. 
 
 He would not take a case which would put him on the 
 unjust side of a quarrel. Nor would he take pay from 
 people Avhom he knew to be poor, so he did not become 
 a rich man. 
 
 Lincoln was always remarkable for his kindness of 
 
LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 179 
 
 heart. While riding along the road one day he saw a 
 pig fast in a mud-hole. As he had on a new suit of 
 clothes he did not like to touch the muddy pig, and so 
 he rode on, leaving piggy to get out if he could. But 
 he could not get the pig out of his thoughts, so, when 
 he had gone two miles, he turned his horse back and 
 helped the floundering pig out of his distress. He said 
 he did this to " take a pain out of his own mind." 
 
 Once a poor widow, who had been kind to him many 
 years before, asked him to defend her son, who was on 
 trial for murder. It was proved in court by a witness 
 that in a drunken row this widow s son had struck the 
 blow that killed the man. Everybody thought the young 
 man would be hanged. When questioned by Lincoln, the 
 witness said that he had seen the murder by moonlight. 
 Then Lincoln took a little almanac out of his pocket, and 
 showed the court that at the time the man was killed the 
 moon had not risen. The young man was declared " not 
 guilty," but Lincoln would not take any pay from the 
 mother. 
 
 In 1846 Abraham Lincoln was elected a member of 
 Congress. This was during the war with Mexico. In 
 that day the Southern States allowed negroes to be held 
 as slaves. The Northern States had abolished slavery, so 
 that part of the States were called free States and part 
 slave States. There came up, about this time, a great 
 debate as to whether slavery should be allowed in the 
 new Territories. Lincoln strongly opposed the holding 
 of slaves in the Territories, and he soon became known 
 
ISO LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. 
 
 as a speaker on that side of the question. His fame 
 reached to the East, and Abraham Lincoln, who had come 
 up from the poverty of a half-faced camp, was invited to 
 address a large meeting in the great hall of Cooper Insti 
 tute, in New York. You see, the boy who had tried to 
 think everything out clearly, and to put every subject into 
 just the right words, had got such a knack of saying 
 things well, that multitudes of educated people were de 
 lighted to listen to his clear and witty speeches. 
 
 When, in 1860, the anti-slavery men came to nominate 
 a President, many of the Western people wanted Lincoln, 
 whom they had come to call " Old Abe/ and " Honest 
 Old Abe." When the convention that was to nominate 
 a President met, the friends of Lincoln carried in two of 
 the fence-rails he had split when he was a young man, 
 and thousands of people cheered them. Lincoln was 
 nominated, and, as the other party split into two parts, he 
 was elected. 
 
 This election was followed by the great civil wan_ 
 The war made President Lincoln s place a very trying 
 one, for people blamed him for all defeats and failures. 
 But during all the four years of war he was patient and 
 kindly, and by his honesty and wisdom he won the affec 
 tions of the people and the soldiers. People thought of 
 him at first as only a man who had happened to get 
 elected President. But during these long years he showed 
 himself a great man, and when the war was ended he was 
 respected over all the world. 
 
 When the terrible war was over and the soldiers were 
 
LINCOLN IN PUBLIC LIFE. l8l 
 
 coming home, Lincoln was shot by an assassin as he sat 
 in the theatre, on the I4th of April, 1865. His death was 
 lamented not only over all this country but throughout 
 Europe, for. his goodness of heart made him as much 
 loved as his greatness of mind made him admired. 
 
 Com -pass, an instrument showing direction by means of a magnetic 
 needle which points always toward the north and south poles. It is used by 
 surveyors to fix the direction of lines between parcels of land. Circuit 
 [sir -kit], in the lesson, means all places in which a judge held courts. 
 Nom -i-nate, to name a man as the candidate of a party for a particular 
 office. Civ -il war, war between two parties in the same country. As- 
 sas -sin, one who murders another. 
 
 Tell about 
 
 The various occupations of Lincoln before he became a lawyer. 
 
 Lincoln as a lawyer. 
 
 The stories of Lincoln s kindness. 
 
 Lincoln s part in the debate about slavery. 
 
 How he was nominated and elected. 
 
 Lincoln as President. 
 
 Lincoln s death. 
 
 OA 
 
 Something about the Great Civil War. 
 
 SOON after Abraham Lincoln became President there 
 broke out the civil war, which caused the death of many 
 hundreds of thousands of brave men, and brought sorrow 
 to nearly every home in the United States. Perhaps none 
 of those who study this book will ever see so sad a time. 
 But it was also a brave time, when men gave their lives for 
 the cause they believed to be right. Women, in those davs, 
 
 suffered in patience the loss of their husbands and sons, and 
 13 
 
SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 
 
 very many of them went to nurse the wounded, or toiled 
 at home to gather supplies of nourishing- food for sick 
 soldiers in hospitals. 
 
 The war came about in this way : There had been 
 almost from the foundation of the Government a jitaJi^ 
 between the Northern and Southern States. Long and 
 angry debates took place about slavery, about the rights of 
 the States and the government of the Territories. These 
 had produced much bitter feeling. When a President op 
 posed to slavery was elected, some of the Southern States 
 asserted that they had a right to withdraw from the Union. 
 This the Northern States denied, declaring that the Union 
 could not be divided ; but before Lincoln was inaugurated, 
 seven States had declared themselves out of the Union. 
 They formed a new government, which they 
 called " the Confederate States of America," 
 and elected Jefferson Davis President. 
 
 President Lincoln refused to acknowledge 
 that the Confederate States were a govern 
 ment. He refused to allow the United States 
 fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Caro 
 lina, to be surrendered to the Confederates, 
 and he sent ships with provisions for the 
 small garrison of this fort. The Southern 
 troops about Charleston refused to let 
 - these provisions be landed, and at length 
 opened fire on the fort. This began the 
 war. Four other States now joined the 
 Confederacy, making eleven in all. 
 
 ULY8SE8 8. GRANT. 
 
SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 183 
 
 It was a time of awful excitement in every part of the 
 country. All winter long angry passions had been rising 
 both in the North and in the South. When the first gun 
 was fired at Sumter, in April, 1861, there was such a storm 
 of fierce excitement as may never be seen again in Amer 
 ica. In the North, a hundred thousand men 
 were enlisted in three days. The excitement in 
 the South was just as great, and a large por 
 tion of the Southern people rushed to arms. 
 In those stormy times the drums were beat 
 ing all day long in the streets ; flags waved 
 in every direction, and trains were thronged 
 with armed men bidding farewell to friends 
 and hastening forward to battle and death. 
 Men and women wept in the streets as they 
 cheered " the boys " who were hurrying away 
 to the war. For a while people hardly 
 took time to sleep. 
 
 We can not tell the story of the war 
 in this book ; you will study it in larger 
 histories. The armies on both sides became very large, 
 and during the war there were some of the greatest con 
 flicts ever seen in the world. The first great battle was 
 fought at Shiloh, in Tennessee. Others took place at Mur- 
 freesboro [mur -freze-bur -ro], Chickamauga [chick-a-maw - 
 gah], and Nashville, in Tennessee ; at Antietam [an-tee - 
 tam], in Maryland ; and at Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania. 
 Very many battles, great and small, were fought in Virginia, 
 between Washington and Richmond. 
 
 ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
1 84 
 
 SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 
 
 On the side of the Union the three most famous generals 
 were U. S. Grant, W. T. Sherman, and Philip H. Sheri 
 dan. The three greatest generals on the Confederate side 
 were Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, and 
 Thomas J. Jackson, commonly called " Stones., 
 wall Jackson." 
 
 Both sides showed the greatest courage. 
 The generals on both sides were very skill 
 ful. Victory was now with one party and 
 now with the other ; but, as the years passed 
 on, the Union armies, being the stronger, 
 gradually gained one advan- i 
 tage after another. By 
 means of troops and gun 
 boats sent down from the 
 & 
 
 North under Grant, and a 
 -- fleet under Admiral Farra- 
 
 gut, which was sent around 
 by sea to capture New Orleans, the whole 
 of the Mississippi River was secured. Be 
 tween Washington and Richmond the Con 
 federates won many victories, but they 
 were at length compelled to fall back be 
 hind the fortifications of Richmond and 
 Petersburg, where they were Jaeslgged by 
 General Grant. 
 
 During the time of this siege General Sherman marched 
 directly into the heart of the Confederacy, where he was 
 for weeks without any communication with the North. He 
 
 CONFEDERATE SOLDIER. 
 
 UNION SOLDIER. 
 
SOMETHING ABOUT THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 185 
 
 marched across the great and fertileJState of Georgia, from 
 Atlanta to Savannah, on the sea-coast, and then from Sa 
 vannah northward toward Richmond. By destroying the 
 railroads and the food by which General Lee s army in 
 Richmond was supplied, this march of Sherman s made it 
 impossible for the Confederates to continue the war. 
 
 Lee was forced to retreat from Richmond, and he sur 
 rendered his army on the gth of April, 1865. All the other 
 Confederate forces soon after laid down their arms, f The 
 war had lasted four yearsxUAs a result of the long strug 
 gle, slavery was abolished-^ all the territory of the United 
 Statesrl 
 
 Ri -val-ry here means a strife for influence or mastery in the Govern 
 ment. Ter -ri-to-ries, regions of country belonging to the United States 
 not yet admitted to the Union as States. Most of the States were gov 
 erned as Territories until they contained population enough for States, and 
 the present Territories expect to be made into States. The States regulate 
 their own affairs and have full representation in both houses of Congress. 
 The Territories are governed as Congress may direct. Gun -boat, a 
 small war-vessel adapted to shallow water. Fertile [fer -til], fruitful, bear 
 ing abundant crops. Abolished [a-bol -isht], done away with ; destroyed. 
 
 Tell about 
 
 The sorrows of the civil war. 
 
 The courage and self-sacrifice of the war. 
 
 The causes of the war. 
 
 The Confederate States. 
 
 The firing of the first guns. 
 
 The excitement at the beginning of the war. 
 
 The great battles. 
 
 The great generals. 
 
 The course of the war. 
 
 Its end. 
 
 Its results. 
 
1 86 GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 How the United States became Larger. 
 
 An Object-Lesson in Historic Geography. 
 
 To THE TEACHER. When this lesson is studied, the pupil should 
 cut out the blank parts of each leaf, as directed, before the lesson, or as 
 it proceeds, laying each section of the map down so as to connect with 
 the succeeding one, and giving time to impress vividly on his mind the 
 form and relative extent of the national territory after each successive 
 addition. When the book is used after the leaves have been cut out, a 
 sheet of paper may be laid between pages 188 and 189, and then re 
 moved and placed, as the lesson progresses, between 190 and 191, 192 
 and 193, 194 and 195. 
 
 WHEN Washington was a young man, the French 
 claimed all the land west of the Alleghany Mountains. If 
 the French had succeeded in holding all this western 
 country the United States would always have been only 
 a little strip of thirteen States along the Atlantic coast, 
 reaching from Maine to Georgia. But by conquering 
 Canada the English got possession of 
 THE UNITED STATES. ^ : ^ a ll the territory east of the Mississippi 
 River. This was given up to England 
 by the French in the treaty made 
 twelve years before the Revolu 
 tionary War. Daniel Boone and 
 other settlers soon after- 
 ward crossed the 
 mountains and be- 
 gan to take posses 
 sion of the great West. 
 
8 7 
 
 PATENTED, MARCH 4, 1890. 
 
To THE TEACI 
 
 cut out the blank p 
 it proceeds, laying e 
 the succeeding one, 
 form and relative ej 
 addition. When the 
 sheet of paper may 
 moved and placed, i 
 and 193, 194 and 19 
 
 WHEN Washington was a young 
 claimed all the land west of the Alleg-han 
 
 o ./ 
 
 French had succeeded in holding all this western 
 country the United States would always have been only 
 a little strip of thirteen States along the Atlantic coast, 
 reaching from Maine to Georgia. But by conquering 
 Canada the English got possession of 
 all the territory east of the Mississippi 
 River. This was given up to England 
 by the French in the treaty made 
 twelve years before the Revolu 
 tionary War. Daniel Boone and 
 other settlers soon after- 
 ward crossed the 
 mountains and be 
 gan to take posses 
 sion of the great West. 
 
 SEVENTH ADDITION TO 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 SEE PAGE 195. 
 
GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 189 
 
 During the first year of the Revolution no care was 
 taken to drive the British from the forts in the West. 
 But in 1778 George Rogers Clark led a 
 little band of Kentucky settlers through 
 the wilderness to the Misiissippi Riv 
 er, where he captured the British fort 
 at Kaskaskia, in what is now Illinois. 
 He then marched eastward and capt 
 ured Vincennes, in the present State of 
 Indiana. These and other victories of 
 Clark gave the United 
 
 FIRST ADDITION, 
 PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA 
 PURCHASED IN 1 
 
To THE TEACI * 
 
 cut out the blank p 
 
 it proceeds, laying e 
 
 the succeeding one, 
 
 form and relative ej 
 
 addition. When the 
 
 sheet of papi 
 
 moved and j: 
 
 and 193, 194 
 
 WHEN 
 
 claimed all t ii- r ttw , 
 the French had sue 
 country the United ,< 
 a little strip of thirte 
 reaching from Maine to Gv 
 Canada the 
 all the ter 
 River. T 
 
 by the French in ^ 
 twelve years before me Revolu 
 tionary War. Daniel Boone and 
 other settlers soon after 
 ward crossed the 
 mountains and be 
 gan to take posses 
 sion of the great West. 
 
GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THIRD ADDITION, FLORIDA, 1821. 
 
 States, at the close of the- war, a claim to all the coun 
 try lying east- of the Mississippi. In the map, page 187, 
 you will see what was the size of our 
 country when the war closed. 
 
 In 1803, twenty-one years after the 
 close of the Revolutionary War, Presi 
 dent Jefferson bought from France all 
 that large region beyond the Mississippi 
 River known then as Louisiana. It has 
 since been cut up into many States and 
 Territories. You will see by the sec 
 tion of the map on page 189 just how 
 large it was. If you cut off the -white 
 part of page 187 and lay the leaf 
 down on page 189, you will see 
 just how much the United States 
 was increased in size when ; - 
 Jefferson bought the old 
 province of Louisiana. The 
 
 SECOND ADDITION, "OREGON COUNTRY, 
 
 BY EXPLORATION BEFORE AND 
 
 IN THE YEAR 1805. 
 
 
claimed ail u^ Ult ,^ 
 the French had sue 
 country the United ,< 
 a little strip of thirte 
 reaching- from Maine to Gv 
 
 Canada the 
 
 ADDITION TO 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 SEE PAGE 195. rf 
 
 River. T. 
 by the French 
 twelve years 
 \ tionary War. 
 
 othei 
 
GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 193 
 
 size of the country was more than doubled when Lou 
 isiana was added to it. 
 
 The province of Louisiana did not reach to the west 
 ward of the Rocky Mountains. But in 1791, before Lou 
 isiana was bought, Robert Gray, the first sea-captain thai 
 ever carried the American flag- around the world, discov 
 ered the river Oregon, which he called the Columbia, after 
 the name of his ship. After Jefferson had bought Louisi 
 ana for the United States, he sent the explorers Lewis and 
 Clark with a party to examine the western part of the 
 new territory, and to push on to the Pacific. These men 
 were two years and four months making the trip from 
 St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean FOURTH ADDITION| REPUB LIC OF TEXAS. MS. 
 and back. They reached the 
 ocean in 1805, and spent the win 
 ter at the mouth of the Columbia 
 River. The " Oregon 
 country," as it was called, 
 was then an unclaimed 
 wilderness, and the dis 
 covery of the riv 
 er by Captain ! n - * 
 Gray, with the ex- f 
 ploration of the | s 
 country by Lewis 
 and Clark, gave 
 the United States 
 a claim to it. 
 The region which 
 
194 
 
 GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 was added to the United States by these explorations is 
 shown on page 191. By cutting off the white part of 
 page 189 and laying it clown upon 191, you will see how 
 the " Oregon country " extended the United States to 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 On this same page 191 you will also find a map of 
 Florida. The peninsula of Florida was occupied by the 
 Spaniards more than forty years before the first colony of 
 English people landed at Jamestown. From the time the 
 colonies were settled there were many quarrels between 
 the people of this country and the Spanish inhabitants 
 of Florida. But in 1821 Florida was bought from Spain, 
 and became a part of the United States. 
 
 Mexico, which was at first a Spanish colony, rebelled 
 against Spain, and secured its independence. One of the 
 States of the Mexican Republic was Texas. Americans 
 who had settled in Texas got into a dispute with the 
 government of Mexico. This took the form of a revolu 
 tion, and Texas became an independent republic, under 
 a president of its own. In 1845 this republic of Texas 
 
 was annexed to 
 
 the French 
 
 \ twelve years 
 \ 
 
 tionary War. 
 
 othei 
 
 the United States 
 by its own con 
 sent, and has 
 been from that 
 time the largest 
 State in the 
 Union. By re 
 moving the blank 
 
 
GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 195 
 
 part of page 191 you will connect the map of Texas, on 
 page 193, with the rest, and this will show what our coun 
 try was in 1845. 
 
 The Mexicans, though driven out of Texas, were quite 
 unwilling to lose so large a territory. The annexation of 
 Texas to the United States led to a war with Mexico, which 
 lasted two years. During this war the United States troops 
 took from Mexico California, on the Pacific coast, and a 
 large region known as New Mexico, in the interior. At 
 the close of the war, in 1847, this territory was retained by 
 the United States, which paid to Mexico fifteen million 
 dollars for it. Another small tract was bought from Mex 
 ico in 1851, which we may account part . of the addition 
 from Mexico in consequence of the war, and consider the 
 two together. You will see, on this page, how large a re 
 gion was added to the country by these annexations from 
 Mexico. Cut out the blank space from page 193, and 
 you will see how the country has been built up by ad 
 ditions of territory 
 
 . " FIFTH AND SIXTH ADDITIONS, 
 
 tO itS present Size. TERRITORY CEDED BY MEXICO 
 
 ,. ill IN 1848 AND 1851 - 
 
 1 he only land 
 under the govern 
 ment of the United 
 States which lies 
 separate from the 
 rest is Alaska. 
 This was bought 
 from Russia in 
 1867. You will 
 
196 GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 get some notion of its position with reference to the rest 
 of the country by looking at the map on page 186, in its 
 relation to the sections on pages 187, 189, 191, 193, and 
 195. The United States is thus made up of eight parts. 
 There is, first, the country as it was at the close of the 
 Revolutionary War, and then seven additions made at dif 
 ferent times. 
 
 Prov -ince, a colony or region belonging to a distant country. 
 Treaty [tree -ty], a contract or agreement between two nations. Re- 
 pub -lie, a country governed by representatives of the people. 
 
 Tell about 
 
 The conquest of the West from the French. 
 
 The capture of English forts at the West by George Rogers Clark. 
 The western limit of the United States at the close of the Revolu 
 tionary War. 
 
 The seven additions to the United States : 
 i. The province of Louisiana. 
 2 The Oregon Country. 
 
 3. Florida. 
 
 4. Texas. 
 
 5 and 6. Additions from Mexico. 
 7. Alaska. 
 
 In giving an account of these additions the maps should be used. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adams, John, 129, 133. 
 
 African coast, Portuguese discoveries on 
 the, 3. 
 
 Alaska, 195. 
 
 Albany, 47. 
 
 Alden, John, 52, 53. 
 
 Alexander, Indian chief, 67, 68. 
 
 Alleghany Mountains, 106, 135. 
 
 America, discovery of, by Columbus, 10, 
 ii ; discoveries in, by John Cabot, 20, 21. 
 
 Anna-won, Indian chief, 77-79. 
 
 Antietam, battle of, 183. 
 
 Argall, Samuel, makes Pocahontas a pris 
 oner, 37, 38 ; governor of Virginia, 40. 
 
 Asia, plans for finding a new way to, 3, 4, 
 18 (see also under China, India, Japan, 
 and Pacific Ocean) ; supposed to have 
 been reached by Columbus, n, 17, 19; 
 by John Cabot, 20, 21. 
 
 Atlantic Ocean, the, called "The Sea of 
 Darkness," 2, 8 ; laying of telegraph 
 cables in, 169, 170. 
 
 Awashonks, Indian chief, 74-76. 
 
 Bacon, Nathaniel, and his men, 79-85. 
 
 " Bacon s Laws," 82. 
 
 Barcelona, entry of Columbus into, 14, 15. 
 
 Berkeley, Sir William, 79-85. 
 
 "Black Hunter" of Pennsylvania. See 
 
 Jack, Captain. 
 
 Blackhawk, Indian chief, 177. 
 Blackhawk War, 177. 
 Boone, Daniel, 134-140, 186. 
 
 14 
 
 Boonesborough, 137-140. 
 
 Boston, founding of, 59 ; besieged by Wash 
 ington, 118. 
 
 Boston Tea-party, the, 116. 
 
 Braddock, Edward (general), expedition and 
 defeat of, 111-113. 
 
 Brookfield, Indian attack on, 71. 
 
 Bunker Hill, battle of, 117, 118. 
 
 Cable, telegraph, in the Atlantic Ocean, 
 
 169, 170. 
 
 Cabot, John, 18-23. 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 21-23, 43- 
 California, 195. 
 Canada, discovery in, 20; French colonies 
 
 in, 106 ; surrendered to the English, 114 ; 
 
 conquered by the English, 186. 
 Cape Breton Island discovered by John 
 
 Cabot, 20. 
 
 Captain Jack. See under Jack. 
 Carolina, Cornwallis in, 122. 
 Catskill Mountains, 47. 
 Central America, Spanish possessions in, 
 
 42. 
 
 Charles I, king of England, 60. 
 Charles II, king of England, 60 ; grants 
 
 land to William Penn, 64 ; death of, 65. 
 Chesapeake Bay explored, 30. 
 Chickahominy, attempts to find the Pacific 
 
 Ocean and China by way of the, 26, 29. 
 Chickamauga, battle at, 183. 
 "Chief who never Sleeps, the," a name 
 
 given to General Wayne, 146. 
 
198 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 China, supposed to have been reached by 
 John Cabot, 20 ; attempts to find a new 
 way to, 30, 43. 
 
 Church, Benjamin, in King Philip s War, 
 
 74-79- 
 
 Church and state separated in Virginia, 
 129. 
 
 Cipango, name given by Marco Polo to 
 Japan, 21. 
 
 Civil war, 180, 181 ; causes of, 182; fall of 
 Fort Sumter, battles of Shiloh, Murfrees- 
 boro, Chickamauga, Nashville, Antietam, 
 Gettysburg, and in Virginia, 183 ; capture 
 of New Orleans, siege of Petersburg and 
 Richmond, 184 ; Sherman s march to the 
 sea, 184, 185 ; Lee s retreat and surrender 
 
 185. 
 
 Clark, George Rogers, 189. 
 
 Clark, William, 193. 
 
 "Clermont, the," Fulton s steamboat, 143, 
 144. 
 
 Colonies in America, mismanagement of, 
 26; Captain Smith s successful manage 
 ment, 28, 29 ; religious liberty sought in, 
 64 ; taxation of, 115, 116. See also under 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 Columbia River discovered by Robert Gray, 
 193 ; Lewis and Clark at the, 193. 
 
 Columbus, Bartholomew, 19. 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, early life of, 1-6 ; 
 how he discovered America, 7-11 ; after 
 the discovery of America, 12-17 attempt 
 to reach the "Spice Islands of Asia," 18 ; 
 his supposed discovery of India, 19. 
 
 Compass, variation of the, 8. 
 
 Confederate States of America, the, forma 
 tion of, 182. 
 
 Congress, Colonial, appointed, 116. 
 
 Constitution of the United States, the, for 
 mation of, loo ; adoption of, 125. 
 
 Corn, Indian. See Indian corn. 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles (first marquess), at 
 Trenton, 120, 121 ; victories in the South, 
 122 ; defeat at Yorktown, 123, 124. 
 
 Cuba, Columbus at, u. 
 Custis, Mrs. Martha, married to George 
 Washington, 114. 
 
 I " Darkness, Sea of." See Atlantic Ocean. 
 I Davis, Jefferson, election of, as President, 
 I 182. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 99, 119 ; Jef 
 ferson its author, 127, 129, 133. 
 Delaware Bay, Henry Hudson on, 45. 
 Delaware River, 64 ; crossing of the, by 
 
 General Washington, 120. 
 I Dorchester Heights, 118. 
 Duquesne, Fort, built by the French, 109 ; 
 Braddock s expedition against, 111-113; 
 the French driven out of, 114. 
 Dutch discoveries in America, 45, 47, 48 ; 
 colonization in America, 48. See also 
 under Holland. 
 
 Dutch East India Company, the, sends out 
 Henry Hudson, 44. 
 
 Eliot, John, 68. 
 
 England, war with Spain, 103 ; war with 
 France, 109-114; taxation of the Ameri 
 can colonies by, 115 ; possessions in 
 America, 186. See Ulso Revolutionary 
 War and War of 1812. 
 
 English discoveries in America, 20 ; settle 
 ments in America, 25 ; settlers west of 
 the Alleghanies, 106 ; possessions in 
 America, 186. % 
 
 Entail, law of, in Virginia, 102, 129. 
 j Erie, Lake, battle of, 151. 
 
 Fairfax, Thomas (sixth baron), 104. 
 j Farragut, David G. (admiral), 184. 
 Ferdinand, king of Spain, 4, 14. 
 
 Field, Cyrus W., 169. 
 ! Fireplace invented by Franklin, 97. 
 Fitch, John, 141 ; his steamboat, 142. 
 Florida owned by Spain, 157, 194 ; invaded 
 by General Jackson, 158 ; purchased from 
 Spain, 159, 194. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 I 99 
 
 Forbes, John, (general), 114. 
 
 Fort Duquesne. See Duquesne, Fort. 
 
 Fort Meigs. See Meigs, Fort. 
 
 Fort Minims. See Mimms, Fort. 
 
 Fort Necessity. See Necessity, Fort. 
 
 Fort Pitt. See Pitt, Fort. 
 
 Fort Sumter. See Sumter, Fort. 
 
 France, war with England, 109-114; aid 
 of, sought by the Americans, 99 ; aid 
 given to the colonies against England, 
 99, loo, 122; purchase of Louisiana from, 
 131, 191, 193. See also under French. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, boyhood of, 86-89 ; 
 Franklin, the printer, 90-95 ; the great 
 Doctor Franklin, 95-101 ; his education, 
 how gained, 175, 176. 
 
 French and Indian War, 109-114. 
 
 French colonies and possessions in Ameri 
 ca, 106, 1 86. 
 
 French War, 109-114. 
 See also under France. 
 
 Friends. See Quakers. 
 
 Fulton, Robert, and the steamboat, 141 
 145- 
 
 Genoa, i, 2. 
 
 George III, king of England, 128. 
 
 Georgia, General Sherman s march through, 
 185. 
 
 Gettysburg, battle of, 183. 
 
 Gist, Christopher, 107, 108. 
 
 Goffe, William (colonel), 71 ; saves Hat- 
 field, 72. 
 
 Grant, U. S., 184. 
 
 Gray, Robert, discovers the Oregon River, 
 
 J 93- 
 Great Eastern (ship), laying of telegraph 
 
 cable by, 170. 
 Great Meadows, Washington at, in. 
 
 Half-King, the, Indian chief, 107. 
 Half-Mocm, the (ship), 44, 46, 47. 
 Hancock, John, 146. 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 146. 
 
 Harrison, William Henry, 146-152. 
 Hatfield saved by Colonel Goffe, 71, 72. 
 Hayti (Hispaniola), Columbus at, 13 ; col 
 ony at, 15. 
 Henry VII, King of England, Columbus s 
 
 plan offered to, 19 ; sends out expeditions 
 
 under Cabot, 19, 21. 
 Henry the Navigator, Prince, of Portugal, 
 
 3, 4, 18. 
 Henry, Patrick, speech of, against the 
 
 Stamp Act, 128. 
 Hessians hired by the king of England, 
 
 119; surprised by General Washington 
 
 at Trenton, 120. 
 Hispaniola. See Hayti. 
 Holland, religious liberty in, 49. See also 
 
 under Dutch. 
 Hopewell (ship), 43. 
 Horseshoe Bend, battle at, 157. 
 Hudson, Henry, .42-48. 
 Hudson, John, 43. 
 Hudson River, the, explored by Henry 
 
 Hudson, 46, 47. 
 Hudson s Bay discovered by Henry Hudson, 
 
 48. 
 
 Illinois, 147; Indian war in, 177. 
 
 Independence, Declaration of. See under 
 Declaration. 
 
 India, plans and attempts to find new 
 routes to, 3, 4, 16, 26, 42, 44, 45 ; Colum 
 bus s supposed discovery of, 19. See also 
 under Asia and Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Indian corn, 50, 55. 
 
 Indiana, territory of, 147. 
 
 Indiana, 147 ; products of, sent to New Or 
 leans, 174. 
 
 Indians, treatment of, by Columbus, 12, 13 ; 
 brought to Spain, 14 ; at Jamaica, 16 ; 
 in Virginia, 25-28, 30-33, 35-41, 80, 82, 
 83 ; sold as slaves, 33 ; attempts to Chris 
 tianize, 33 ; New England Indians, 33 ; 
 in New Jersey, 45, 46 ; in New York, 47 ; 
 in New England (Massachusetts), 50, 51, 
 
2OO 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 54-59, 67-69 ; in Pennsylvania, Penn s 
 treaty with, 64, 65 ; John Eliot, 68 ; weap 
 ons of, 55, 69 ; wampum, 69, 70 ; methods 
 of warfare, 70, 71, 74 ; King Philip s 
 War, 70-79 ; Susquehannas, So ; in the 
 French and Indian war, 106, 113, 118; in 
 Kentucky, 135-140 ; aiding the English in 
 the Revolutionary War, 139 ; war in 
 Ohio, 146 ; war under Tecumseh in the 
 Northwest, 147-150 ; aid rendered to the 
 English in the War of 1812, 150-152, 158; 
 war in the Southwest, 156, 157 ; Black- 
 hawk war in Illinois, 177. 
 
 Inheritance, laws of, in Virginia, 102, 
 129. 
 
 Isabella, queen of Spain, 14, 15, 17. 
 
 Jack, Captain, 112, 113. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 153-160. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall Jackson ), 
 184. 
 
 Jamaica, Columbus at, 16. 
 
 James II, king of England, and Will 
 iam Penn, 65, 66. See also York, 
 Duke of. 
 
 James River, Henry Hudson at the, 45. 
 
 Jamestown, settlement at, 25 ; famine at, 
 26 ; Pocahontas aids the colonists, 36 ; 
 new colonists, Smith deposed, 37 ; troubles 
 with the Indians, 37, 38, 40 ; Nathaniel 
 Bacon and his men, 79-85. See also un 
 der Virginia. 
 
 Japan, Cabot s attempt to find, 21. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 127-133; purchase of 
 Louisiana, 191, 193. 
 
 Johnston, Joseph E., 184. 
 
 Kaskaskia, capture of fort at, 189. 
 
 Keith, Sir William, 92, 93, 94. 
 
 Kentucky, settlement of, 114; Daniel Boone, 
 
 134-140. 
 King Philip s War, 70-79. See also under 
 
 Philip. 
 Knox, Henry (general), 124. 
 
 Lake Erie. See Erie, Lake. 
 
 Law of entail in Virginia, 102, 129. 
 
 Lee, Robert E., 184; retreat from Rich 
 mond and surrender, 185. 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether, 193. 
 
 Lexington, battle at, 117. 
 
 Liberty, religious. See Religious liberty. 
 
 Library, public, first one founded in Ameri 
 ca, 97. 
 
 Lightning, Franklin s discovery as to the 
 nature of, 98, 99. 
 
 Lightning-rod, invention of the, 99. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 171-176; in public life, 
 177-181. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R. (chancellor), 143. 
 
 Loe, Thomas, influence of, on William 
 Penn, 60, 61. 
 
 Logtown, Washington s council with the 
 Indians at, 108. 
 
 Long Island, battle of, 119. 
 
 Longfellow, Henry W., "Courtship of 
 Miles Standish,"53. 
 
 Louisiana, French colonies in, 106. 
 
 " Louisiana purchase," the, 131, 191, 193. 
 
 Mary, queen of England, 66. 
 
 Maryland, battle at Antietam, 183. 
 
 Massachusetts, settlements in, 59. 
 
 Massasoit, Indian chief, 56, 67. 
 
 Matoax. See Pocahontas. 
 
 Maumee River, battle with the Indians at 
 
 the, 146. 
 
 Mayflower, the (ship), 50. 
 Meigs, Fort, General Harrison besieged in, 
 
 151- 
 
 Mexican War, the, 195. 
 Mexico, 194 ; war with, California and New 
 
 Mexico bought from, 195. 
 Mimms, Fort, attacked by Indians, 156. 
 Minute-men, 117. 
 Mississippi River secured by the Union 
 
 Army, 184. 
 Missouri, 140. 
 Mobile, General Jackson s defense of, 158. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 201 
 
 Monticello, 128, 131. 
 
 Morristown, Washington at, 121. 
 
 Morse, Samuel F. B., and the telegraph, 
 161-165 > how the telegraph became suc 
 cessful, 166-170. 
 
 Mount Vernon, 114, 115, 123, 124, 126 (illus 
 tration). 
 
 Mullins, Priscilla, 53. 
 
 Murfreesboro, battle of, 183. 
 
 Muscovy Company, the, 43, 44. 
 
 Narragansett Indians, 56, 57, 67, 72, 73. 
 
 Nashville, battle of, 183. 
 
 Navigation by steam, various experiments 
 in, 141, 142 ; Fulton s steamboat, 143, 
 144. 
 
 Necessity, Fort, in. 
 
 New Brunswick, Cornwallis at, 121. 
 
 New England, Captain Smith s attempts to 
 plant a colony in, 33, 34 ; colonization of, 
 by Pilgrims, 49 ; settlements in, 59. 
 
 New Jersey, Washington in, 119; forced 
 from the British, 121. 
 
 New Mexico, 195. 
 
 New Orleans, defense of, 155 ; battle of, 
 158, 159 ; capture of, 184. 
 
 New York, discovered by Henry Hudson, 
 45 ; colonized by the Dutch, 48 ; English 
 expedition against, 119 ; occupied by the 
 English, 122 ; Washington s feigned at 
 tack on, 123 ; inauguration of Washing- ! 
 ton in, 126. 
 
 North America discovered by John Cabot, i 
 20. 
 
 North Carolina, the Boones in, 135. See 
 also Carolina. 
 
 Nova Zembla, Henry Hudson at, 44. 
 
 Ohio River, English settlers in the valley | 
 of the, 106. 
 
 "Old Hickory," a nickname given to Gen 
 eral Jackson, 155, 160. 
 
 Open Door, the, Indian prophet, 148, 
 150. 
 
 " Oregon Country," the, 193, 194. 
 Oregon River discovered, 193. 
 
 Pacific Ocean, attempts to reach the, by 
 Captain Smith, 26, 30 ; by Henry Hud 
 son, 45, 47. See also under Asia and 
 India. 
 
 Penn, William, 59-66. 
 
 Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 59 ; named 
 by Charles II, 64 ; growth of the colony, 
 65 ; government of, by Penn s de 
 scendants, 66 ; settlement of, 135. 
 
 Pensacola, capture of, 158. 
 
 Perry, Oliver H. (commodore), at Lake 
 Erie, 151. 
 
 Petersburg, siege of, 184. 
 
 Philadelphia, founding of, 64 ; public library 
 started in, by Franklin, 97. 
 
 Philip, King, Indian chief, 67-73 > Captain 
 Church in Philip s War, 74-79. 
 
 Pilgrims, the, in Holland, 49; voyage to 
 America, 50 ; landing at Plymouth, 51, 52. 
 
 Pitt, Fort, 114. 
 
 Pitt, William, Fort Pitt named after, 
 114. 
 
 Pittsburg, 114. 
 
 Plymouth, colony at, 34 ; named by John 
 Smith, 51 ; settlement of Pilgrims at, 51, 
 52 ; troubles with the Indians at, 54, 
 56-58 ; want of food at, 55, 58. 
 
 Pocahontas, the story of, 35-40. 
 
 Polk, James K., 169. 
 
 Polo, Marco, 7, n, 21. 
 
 " Poor Richard s Almanac," 96. 
 
 Portugal, king of, and Columbus, 4. 
 
 Portuguese, attempts of the, to reach In 
 dia, 3, 42. 
 
 Powhatan, Indian chief, 27, 28, 31, 35-40. 
 
 Press, liberty of the, in the American colo 
 nies, 89. 
 
 Princeton, battle of, 121. 
 
 Printing-press of Franklin s time, 95 (illus 
 tration). 
 
 Priscilla. See Mullins, Priscilla. 
 
2O2 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Proctor, Henry A. (general), 151. 
 Puritans. See Pilgrims. 
 
 Quakers, 60, 61 ; Penn s efforts in behalf of, 
 64, 65 ; settlement in Pennsylvania, 64. 
 
 Railways, steam applied to, 145. 
 
 Read, Deborah, wife of Benjamin Franklin, 
 92, 96. 
 
 Rebecca. See Pocahontas. 
 
 Rebellion. See Civil war. 
 
 Red Eagle. See Weathersford. 
 
 Religious liberty, in Holland, 49; sought in 
 the American colonies, 64 ; in Virginia, 
 129. 
 
 Revolutionary War, French aid to the 
 Americans in the, 99, 100, 122 ; Frank 
 lin s services in, 99, 100 ; its causes, 115, 
 116; Congress appointed, 116; battles at 
 Lexington and Bunker Hill, 117 ; Boston, 
 118; battles in New York and New Jer 
 sey, 119; battle of Trenton, 119, 120; 
 battle of Princeton, 121 ; Cornwallis in 
 the South, 122 ; battle of Yorktown, 123, 
 124 ; Indian aid to the English, 139 ; in 
 the South, 153. 
 
 Richmond, battles near, 183 ; siege of, 184 ; 
 Lee s retreat from, 185. 
 
 Rolfe, John, married to Pocahontas, 38, 39. 
 
 Rumsey, James, his steamboat, 141. 
 
 Russia, purchase of Alaska from, 195. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur (general), 146. 
 
 San Salvador discovered by Columbus, 10, 
 ii. 
 
 Saunders, Richard. See Poor Richard s 
 Almanac. 
 
 " Sea of Darkness." See Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 u Seventeen Fires," name given by the In 
 dians to the United States, 147. 
 
 Sheridan, Philip H., 184. 
 
 Sherman, W. T., 184; his march to the 
 sea, 184, 185. 
 
 Shiloh, battle of, 183. 
 
 Slavery in the United States, 179; anti- 
 slavery movement, 180 ; cause of the civil 
 war, 182 ; abolished in the United States, 
 185. 
 
 Smith, Captain John, 23-28 ; more about 
 him, 29-34 ; Smith and Pocahontas, 35, 
 S 6 , 39i 40 ; his return to England, 37 ; 
 letter to Hudson concerning a passage to 
 the Pacific Ocean, 45 ; at Plymouth, 51. 
 
 South America, attempt to reach India by 
 way of, 16 ; discovered by Columbus, 20 ; 
 Spanish possessions in, 25. 
 
 Spain, Columbus s plans rejected in, 4 ; his 
 plans accepted. 6 ; expedition fitted out 
 under Columbus, 8 ; discoveries in Ameri 
 ca, 10, n, 13, 16 ; possessions in South 
 America, 25 ; possessions in the West In 
 dies and Central America, 42 ; war with 
 England, 103 ; aid to England in the war 
 of 1812, 158 ; Spaniards in Florida and 
 Mexico, 157, 194 ; Florida purchased from, 
 i59, 194- 
 
 Spaniards. Spanish. See under Spain. 
 
 " Spice Islands " of Asia, attempts to reach 
 the, 18. 
 
 Spitzbergen, Henry Hudson at, 44. 
 
 Squanto, Indian, 33, 55, 56. 
 
 Stamp Act, the, 128. 
 
 Standish, Myles, 49-53 ; Standish and the 
 Indians, 54-59. 
 
 State-rights, doctrine of, 182. 
 
 Steam applied to railways, 145. 
 
 Steam-engine, invention of the, 141. 
 
 Steamboats, experiments and trials, 141, 
 142 ; built by Fulton, 143, 144. 
 
 Steamers, ocean, 145. 
 
 Stonewall Jackson. See Jackson, Thomas J. 
 
 Sumter, Fort, 182, 183. 
 
 Susan Constant (ship), 25. 
 
 Susquehanna Indians, 80. 
 
 Taxation of the American colonies, 115^ 
 
 116. 
 Tea, tax on, 115, 116. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 203 
 
 Tecumseh, Indian chief, 147, 156; General 
 Harrison s council with, 148, 149 ; made 
 brigadier - general in the British army, 
 150 ; at Fort Meigs, 151 ; death of, 152. 
 
 Telegraph, the electric, 161 ; Morse s ex 
 periments on, 163-167; appropriation 
 made by Congress for, 168 ; submarine 
 cables, 169, 170. 
 
 Telephone, the, 170. 
 
 Tennessee, settlement of, 114, 154 ; Daniel 
 Boone in, 135. 
 
 Texas, annexed to the United States, 194 ; 
 Mexican War, 195. 
 
 Thames, battle of the, 151. 
 
 Tippecanoe, Tecumseh at, 148 ; battle of, 
 149, 150. 
 
 Trenton, the British at, 119 ; battle of, 120 ; 
 Washington s reception in, 125. 
 
 United States, growth of the, 186-196. 
 
 Vail, Alfred, and the electric telegraph, 
 
 163-167. 
 Vincennes, council of General Harrison 
 
 with Tecumseh at, 148 ; capture of, 189. 
 Virginia, Indian wars in, 40, 80, 82, 83 ; 
 
 inheritance of land in, 102, 129 ; Corn- 
 
 wallis in, 122; religious liberty in, 129; 
 
 battles in, during the civil war, 183. See 
 
 also under Jamestown. 
 
 Wampanoags, the, Indian tribe, 67. 
 Wampum, 69, 70 : wampum belts, 66, 70 
 (illustrations). 
 
 War of 1812, Meigs besieged, battle of Lake 
 Erie, battle of the Thames, 151 ; Indian 
 aid to the English, 150-152, 158 ; defense 
 of New Orleans, 155 ; battle of New Or 
 leans, 158, 159. 
 
 I Warfare, Indian methods of, 70, 71, 74. 
 j Washington, George, youth of, 102-109 
 in the French War, 109-114; in the 
 Revolution, 115-121; the victory at York- 
 town and Washington as President, 122- 
 126. 
 
 Washington, battles between Washington 
 and Richmond during the civil war, 183 ; 
 Confederate victories, 184. 
 
 Watt, James, 141, 143. 
 
 Wayne, Anthony, 146. 
 
 Weapons used by the Indians, 55, 69. 
 
 Weathersford (Red Eagle), Indian chief, 
 J S6, 157- 
 
 West, the, settlers in, 186 ; the British 
 driven from the Western forts, 189 ; ex 
 plorations by Lewis and Clark, 193. 
 
 West Indies, discoveries in the, 10, n, 13, 
 16 ; Spanish possessions in the, 42. 
 
 Weymouth, settlement at, 57. 
 
 William III, King of England, C6. 
 
 Wisconsin, 147. 
 
 Yadkin River, the Boones at the, 135. 
 
 York, Duke of, befriends William Penn, 
 62, 63 ; aids the Quakers, 64 ; becomes 
 King of England, 65. See also James 
 II. 
 
 Yorktown, battle of, 123, 124. 
 
 THE END. 
 
American History for Schools. 
 
 BARNES S SERIES; 
 
 Barnes s Primary History of the United States, By T. F. DONNELLY. 
 
 For Intermediate Classes. Fully illustrated 60 cents 
 
 Barnes s Brief History of the United States. Revised to the present 
 
 Administration. Richly embellished with maps and illustrations, $1.00 
 
 ECLECTIC SERIES : 
 
 Eclectic Primary History of the United States. By EDWARD S. ELLIS. 
 A book for younger classes, or those who have not the time to devote to a 
 more complete history ..... 50 cents 
 
 New Eclectic History of the United States. By M. E. THALHEIMER. 
 A revised, enlarged, and improved edition of the " Eclectic History of the 
 United States." Fully illustrated with engravings, colored plates, etc. 
 
 $1.00 
 EGGLESTON S SERIES: 
 
 Eggleston s First Book in American History. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. 
 
 With Special Reference to the Lives and Deeds of Great Americans. 
 
 Beautifully illustrated. A history for beginners on a new plan, 60 cents 
 Eggleston s History of the United States and its People. By EDWARD 
 
 EGGLESTON. For the Use of Schools. Fully illustrated with engravings, 
 
 maps, and colored plates ....... $1.05 
 
 We also publish Niles s United States History; Swinton s Series, two 
 
 books ; and Quackenbos s Series, two books. 
 
 General History. 
 
 Appletons School History of the World $1.22 
 
 Barnes s Brief General History of the World . . . .1.60 
 
 Fisher s Outlines of Universal History 2 40 
 
 Swinton s Outlines of the World s History 1.44 
 
 The Same, in two parts, each 75 
 
 Thalheimer s General History 1.20 
 
 Our list also includes Histories of England, France, Greece, Rome, etc:, be 
 sides Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Histories and Manuals of Mythology. 
 
 Send for Section 7, which fully describes these and other works on the same 
 subject. Special terms for introduction. Correspondence invited. 
 
 American Book Company, 
 
 NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, BOSTON, ATLANTA. 
 
 (765) 
 
ARITHMETIC. 
 
 Practical Two-Book Series. They state principles and defini 
 tions clearly and simply, provide plenty of practice, and are freshly 
 written, attractive, carefully graded, standard works. 
 
 MILNE S NEW ARITHMETICS. 
 
 Elements of Arithmetic 
 
 Standard Arithmetic ..... 
 
 An entirely new two-book series on the inductive method. 
 
 APPLETONS STANDARD ARITHMETICS. 
 
 Appletons First Lessons ...... 
 
 Appletons Numbers Applied ..... 
 
 Embodying many new and practical features. 
 
 ROBINSON S SHORTER COURSE. 
 
 First Book in Arithmetic 
 
 Complete Arithmetic ....... 
 
 Thorough", systematic, practical, economical. 
 
 RAY S NEW ARITHMETICS. 
 
 New Elementary Arithmetic ..... 
 
 New Practical Arithmetic 
 
 New Intellectual Arithmetic ..... 
 New Higher Arithmetic ...... 
 
 Philosophical in treatment concise, simple, and clear in style. 
 
 FISH S NEW ARITHMETICS. 
 
 Fish s Arithmetic, Number One ..... 
 Fish s Arithmetic, Number Two .... 
 
 30 cents 
 65 cents 
 
 36 cents 
 75 cents 
 
 30 cents 
 75 cents 
 
 35 cents 
 50 cents 
 25 cents 
 85 cents 
 
 30 cents 
 60 cents 
 
 Latest and best results of Mr. Fish s life-long studies in this department. 
 HARPER S GRADED ARITHMETICS. 
 
 Harper s First Book in Arithmetic ..... 30 cents 
 Harper s Second Book in Arithmetic .... 60 cents 
 
 The minimum of theory and maximum of practice. 
 
 WHITE S NEW ARITHMETICS. 
 
 White s First Book of Arithmetic 30 cents 
 
 White s New Complete Arithmetic 65 cents 
 
 One of the strongest and most attractive two-book series published. 
 
 Books sent prepaid on receipt of price. Correspondence is invited. 
 
 American Book Company, 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 (764) 
 
 CINCINNATI, 
 
 CHICAGO, 
 
 BOSTON, 
 
 ATLANTA. 
 
GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 The great demand for the American Book Company s numerous geographies 
 enables them to keep an efficient corps always engaged in securing accurate data of 
 every change and discovery affecting this science, and these are promptly incorpor 
 ated in the Company s books. 
 
 The leading School Geographies are the following 
 
 TWO-BOOK SERIES: 
 
 APPLETONS STANDARD GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Appletons Elementary Geography . . . -55 cents 
 
 Appletons Higher Geography ...... $1.25 
 
 BARNES S NEW GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Barnes s Elementary Geography ..... 55 cents 
 
 Barnes s Complete Geography $1.25 
 
 ECLECTIC GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Eclectic Elementary Geography 55 cents 
 
 Eclectic Complete Geography ...... $1.20 
 
 The maps show physical features of the earth s surface fully and accurately. 
 
 HARPER S GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Harper s Introductory Geography 48 cents 
 
 Harper s School Geography $1.08 
 
 The introductory book is written in pleasing narrative style. The advanced 
 book presents physical and political elements in proper order of sequence. 
 
 SWINTON S GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Swinton s Introductory Geography 55 cents 
 
 In Readings and Recitations. 
 Swinton s Grammar-School Geography .... $1.25 
 
 Physical, Political, and Commercial. 
 
 The text of these books is carefully graded so that the Introductory connects 
 with the Grammar School without the need of any intermediate manual. 
 
 Any of these books will be sent, prepaid, to any address on receipt of price. 
 Special terms for introduction. Correspondence invited. 
 
 American Book Company, 
 
 NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, BOSTON, ATLANTA. 
 
 (767) 
 
Copy Books. 
 
 8 
 
 Reasons why the best results 
 in teaching writing cannot 
 be obtained without them : 
 
 1. The perfect forms and beautiful engraving of the copies of the representa 
 tive Copy Books are an inspiration inciting pupils to their best efforts. 
 
 2. With these perfect examples constantly before them for imitation, pupils are 
 not likely to copy their own errors or imperfect work. 
 
 3. The pupil s work is preserved in convenient form for reference and comparison. 
 
 4. In the representative Copy Books a uniform standard of written forms is main 
 tained throughout the series, hence the learner s progress is not retarded in passing 
 from one grade to another, as is inevitable when copies are set by the teachers. 
 
 5. Few people are capable of writing a copy worthy of imitation. 
 
 6. Of such experts, fewer still are employed in schools : they make Copy Books. 
 
 7. Using printed books saves the time required to set inferior copies ; time so 
 saved can be devoted to the important work of close class supervision. 
 
 8. It was easier in the ancient Egyptian days to make bricks without straw than 
 it is to teach writing in a modern classroom without Copy Books. 
 
 The representative Copy Books in use in America are the following. There 
 are Wall Charts to accompany every series except Ward s. 
 
 SPENCERIAN COPY BOOKS Revised Edition. 
 
 Tracirrg Course. Nos. i to 4 . . . . Per doz. $0.72 
 
 Shorter Course. Nos. i to 7 72 
 
 Common-School Course. Nos. i to 8 ... 96 
 
 Primary Writing-Cards. Twelve numbers . . Per set 10 
 
 Practice Books. Nos. i and 2 .... Per doz. 60 
 
 The Spencerian Copy Books in their various editions have continually kept pace with the 
 general improvements in methods of teaching". In this revised edition the fundamental idea 
 throughout is to maintain the educational and logical character of the system in the develop 
 ment of the art, while tfce artistic and mechanical excellence is kept fully up to the quality 
 which has always distinguished the Spencerian. 
 
 APPLETONS STANDARD COPY BOOKS. 
 
 New Tracing Course. Nos. i to 4 . . . . Per doz. $0.72 
 
 Short Course. Nos. i to 7 72 
 
 Primary Movement Book ..... 72 
 Grammar Course. Nos. i, 2, 3, 4, 4^, 5, and 6, and Exercise Books 
 
 A, B, and C Per doz. 96 
 
 Business Course. Nos. i and 2 .... 1.20 
 
 The same. No. 3 96 
 
 These books are designed to produce free, practical writing. Letters are taught as wholes. 
 The Tracing, Short, and Grammar Courses are independent of each other, and each is com 
 plete in itself ; but progressive grading is maintained throughout. 
 
 (768) 
 
COPY BOOKS (CONTINUED). 
 
 ECLECTIC COPY BOOKS. 
 
 Primary Copy Book ....... Per doz. $0.72 
 
 Elementary Tracing Course. Nos. i, 2, and 3 . 72 
 
 New Copy Books Nos. i to 9 .... 96 
 
 In these copy books, simple, legible, and business-like style of capitals and small letters is 
 adopted. Each letter is given separately at first, and then in combination. The spacing is open, 
 the analysis simple, explanations are clear, concise, and complete. The lower numbers have 
 been entirely re-engraved, and the other numbers have been thoroughly revised. 
 
 PAYSON, DUNTON, AND SCRIBNER S NATIONAL COPY BOOKS. 
 
 New Edition. Nos. i to 6 Per doz. $0.96 
 
 Business Series. Nos. 7, n, and 12 ... 96 
 
 Ladies Series. Nos. 8, 9, and 10 . . . . 96 
 
 Primary Tracing Books. Nos. i and 2 ... 72 
 
 Short Course. Nos. i l / 2 , 2>, 3, 3^, 4, 5, and 6 . 72 
 
 Pencil Series. A, B, B^, C, D, E, and F 45 
 
 The School Series (six numbers) has been carefully revised and re-engraved. The order of 
 difficulty has been increased to more thoroughly meet the wants of graded schools, and ad 
 vanced work is taken up earlier than in the old series. 
 
 BARNES S NATIONAL SYSTEM OF PENMANSHIP. 
 
 Larger Course. Nos. i to 6 Per doz. $1.00 
 
 Brief Course. Nos. i to 6 ..... 75 
 
 Tracing Course. Nos. i and 2 ...".. 75 
 
 The series for ungraded schools is complete in six books, but for large graded schools the 
 more elementary courses are supplied to complete the gradation. The business forms include 
 checks, notes, drafts, receipts, etc., printed on patent safety-tint paper. 
 
 HARPER S NEW GRADED COPY BOOKS. 
 
 Tracing Course. Nos. i and 2 . . . . . Per doz. $0.72 
 
 Primary Course. Nos. i to 7 . . . . 80 
 
 Grammar Course. Nos. i to 8 . . . . . 1.08 
 
 Throughout the series only plain, practical styles of letters are given for imitation. The 
 arrangement of the primary course is essentially the same as that of the Grammar Course. 
 The difference between the two is chiefly in the size of the books. 
 
 CURTISS S COPY BOOKS. 
 
 Nos. i, 2, 2^, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 . . . Per doz. $I.OO 
 
 Practice Books. Nos. A and B 60 
 
 The same. Nos. i, 2, and 3 .... 90 
 
 WARD S LETTER-WRITING AND BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 Nos. i and 2 Each $O.IO 
 
 The same. Nos. 3 and 4 ...... 15 
 
 Intended to supply more practical work in the school-room. Letter-writing, bills, receipts, 
 accounts, checks, notes, and all commercial forms are given for practice. 
 
 If you are using unsatisfactory Copy Books, correspond with us with reference 
 to a change. Don t be satisfied with any Copy Books but THE BEST. 
 
 American Book Company, Publishers, 
 
 New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, Boston. 
 
 (769) 
 
Language Books. 
 
 Attractive books for language study, not part of any series, but may be used independently as 
 introductory to any more advanced grammars. 
 
 BARNES S LANGUAGE LESSONS; 
 
 Or, Short Studies in English. Illustrated. In two parts. 
 
 Part I. Picture Lessons in English ... 30 cents 
 Part II. Working Lessons in English ... 40 cents 
 Two Parts in One Volume 60 cents 
 
 A series of easy and attractive lessons, containing a large amount of practice upon each 
 topic belonging to English grammar. 
 
 ECLECTIC LANGUAGE LESSONS .... 35 cents 
 
 Designed to accustom children to correct use of the elementary forms of speech with as 
 little reference as possible to the technicalities of grammar. 
 
 LONG S NEW LANGUAGE EXERCISES. 
 
 Based upon the principle that children learn by example and practice, and not by rules 
 and theory. Fully illustrated. 
 
 New Language Exercises, Part I 20 cents 
 
 For First and Second Reader Grades. 
 
 New Language Exercises, Part II 25 cents 
 
 For Third and Fourth Reader Grades. 
 
 Lessons in English (Grammar and Composition) . . 35 cents 
 
 The rudiments of grammar, free from technicalities. 144 pages. Cloth. 
 
 METCALF AND BRIGHT S LANGUAGE EXERCISES, 42 cents 
 
 Comprising three parts in one volume, and covering three grades of work in schools. 
 Arranged to develop clearness of thought and accuracy of expression. 
 
 PARSHALL S GRADED EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS, SYNTHE 
 SIS, AND FALSE SYNTAX 36 cents 
 
 With an exemplified outline of the classification of sentences and clauses, and a table of 
 diacritical marks and questions. 
 
 SHOUP S EASY WORDS FOR LITTLE LEARNERS, and How 
 to Use Them 15 cents 
 
 Language lessons so arranged and illustrated as to make the study interesting and 
 instructive for beginners. 
 
 SILL S PRACTICAL LESSONS IN ENGLISH . . 60 cents 
 
 A brief course in grammar and composition. 
 
 STUDIES IN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Child s Book of Language. Graded Lessons and Blanks for the Natural 
 
 Development of Language. Four Numbers. Each number 20 pages and 
 
 blanks. Paper. Illustrated. Each ..... 8 cents 
 
 Teachers Edition. Four Parts in one vol. Paper. Illustrated. 30 cents 
 
 Letters and Lessons in Language. Lessons and Blanks in Four Numbers. 
 
 Each number 48 pages. Paper. Illustrated. Each . 16 cents 
 
 Letters and Lessons in Language. No. 5. Grammar 137 pages. i8mo. 
 
 Cloth 35 cents 
 
 Studies in Language. A Teachers Guide to the First Four Numbers of 
 " Letters and Lessons." 133 pages. Paper. Illustrated. 20 cents 
 
 WARD S GRAMMAR BLANKS. 
 
 Nos. i and 2. Per dozen 90 cents 
 
 For written recitations in analysis and parsing ; so arranged as to economize the time of 
 
 both pupil and teacher. 
 
 A ny of the above books will be mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price. Full list of publica 
 tions will be sent on application. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, 
 
 New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, Boston. 
 
 (77") 
 
DRAWING. 
 
 WHITE S NEW COURSE IN ART INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Books i, 2, 3 
 
 Books 4 to 9, inclusive 
 
 Per doz., 
 
 $1.00 
 
 1. 80 
 
 The Course provides for nine years of art instruction three years in the prim 
 ary and six in the grammar schools. It embraces nine books, one for each year. 
 The system differs from all others in that it is wider in its scope, entirely objective 
 in method, avoids slavish imitation and mere copying, and aims to develop individ 
 uality and to produce original work. Material for the course includes Drawing 
 Models, Sticks, Color Tablets, Form Tablets, Color Papers, etc., etc. These are 
 supplied by the publishers at moderate cost. 
 
 BARNES S POPULAR DRAWING SERIES. 
 
 Primary Cards Per set, 15 cents 
 
 Books A to C Each, 8 cents 
 
 Free Hand, Books i to 4 . . . ; . " 10 cents 
 
 The Same, Books 5 to 8 . . . . . "15 cents 
 
 Mechanical, Books i and 2 . . . ^ . " 18 cents 
 
 Perspective, Books i and 2 . . . j, . " 18 cents 
 
 KRUSrS DRAWING. 
 
 Easy Lessons, three parts ..... Each, 12 cents 
 
 Synthetic Series, i to 4 . . . . . . "12 cents 
 
 Analytic Series, 5 to 8 . . . . * . " 16 cents 
 
 Perspective, 9 to 1-2 ...... "21 cents 
 
 Supplementary Series, i to 4 . . . . " 16 cents 
 
 The Same, 4 to 6 "28 cents 
 
 ECLECTIC SYSTEM OF DRAWING. 
 
 Drawing Books, i to 3 . . . . . . Per doz., $1.20 
 
 Drawing Books, 4 to 5 . . . . ... 1.75 
 
 Drawing Books, 6 to 9 . . . . .. -.- " 2.00 
 
 Primary Drawing Cards . . . t . ... " .60 
 
 Any of these books will be sent, postpaid, to any address on receipt of price. 
 Correspondence in reference to introduction is cordially invited. 
 
 American Book Company, 
 
 NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, BOSTON, ATLANTA. 
 
 (766) 
 
Popular Books for Young Readers. 
 
 MONTEITH S POPULAR SCIENCE READER. By JAMES MONTEITH. 
 i2mo, cloth, 360 pages ........ 75 cents 
 
 Presents a number of easy and interesting lessons on natural science and nat 
 ural history, interspersed with appropriate selections from standard authors. 
 THE GEOGRAPHICAL READER AND PRIMER. 
 
 I2mo, cloth, red edges, 298 pages ...... 60 cents 
 
 A series of journeys around the world, based on Guyot s Introduction, with 
 primary lessons. Richly illustrated with over 130 engravings. 
 
 JOHONNOT S GEOGRAPHICAL READER. By JAMES JOHONNOT. 
 I2mo, cloth, 418 pages ......... $1.00 
 
 A collection of geographical descriptions and narrations from the best writers in 
 English literature, carefully classified and arranged. 
 
 JOHONNOT S HISTORICAL READERS. Seven books. 
 
 Grandfather s Stories . . 27 cents Stories of Other Lands . . 40 cents 
 Stories of Heroic Deeds . 30 cents Stories of the Olden Time . . 54 cents 
 Stories of Our Country . 40 cents Ten Great Events in History, 54 cents 
 
 An attractive series of books, carefully graded and fully illustrated. 
 
 SHEPHERD S HISTORICAL READER. By HENRY E. SHEPHERD, A.M. 
 I2mo, cloth, 345 pages ......... $I.OO 
 
 A collection of extracts representing the purest historical literature that has been 
 produced in the different stages of literary development, from the time of Claren 
 don to the era of Macaulay and Prescott. 
 
 JOHONNOT S NATURAL HISTORY READERS. Six books. 
 
 Books of Cats and Dogs . 17 cents Some Curious Flyers, Creepers, 
 Friends in Feathers and Fur, 30 cents and Swimmers . . .40 cents 
 
 Neighbors with Wings and Neighbors with Claws and Hoofs, 54 cents 
 
 Fins 40 cents Glimpses of the Animate World, $1.00 
 
 On the same plan as Johonnot s Historical Readers. These books are admir 
 able for supplementary reading classes. 
 
 LOCK WOOD S ANIMAL MEMOIRS. By SAMUEL LOCKWOOD, Ph.D. 
 
 Two books. I2mo. Illustrated. 
 
 Part I. Mammals. 317 pages. 60 cents Part II. Birds. 397 pages . . 60 cents 
 For use either as text-books of science in popular form, or as supplementary 
 
 readers. 
 
 McGUFFEY S NATURAL HISTORY READERS. 
 
 Two books. I2mo. Illustrated. 
 McGuffey s Familiar Animals and McGuffey s Living Creatures of 
 
 their Wild Kindred. 208 pages. 50 cts. Water, Land, and Air. 208 pages, socts. 
 
 TREAT S HOME STUDIES IN NATURE. By Mrs. MARY TREAT. 
 i2mo, cloth, 244 pages ........ 90 cents 
 
 Part I. Observations on Birds. Part II. Habits of Insects. Part III. 
 Plants that consume Animals. Part IV. Flowering Plants. 
 
 Copies of the above books will be sent, postage Prepaid, to any address on receipt of price. 
 Full descriptive circulars of supplementary readers for all grades mailed free on application. 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, 
 New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, Boston. 
 

I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 * -J-C& 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 rv 
 
QUAKER. SETTLERS OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
YC 50937 
 
 14 DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY 
 LIBRARY 
 
 TEL. NO. 642-4209 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below, or 
 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. 
 
 Jf\... ( f\UVM * I 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,,-R 11 1983 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^; 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 p! 
 fc 
 
 LD 21A-15m-ll, 72 General Library ^ 
 (Q576lslO)476 A-32 University of California > 
 Berkeley