HENRY RAND HATFIELD 
 
 2695 LE CONTE AVENUE 
 
 BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA 
 
A PRACTICAL 
 
 SYSTEM OF BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 BT 
 
 SINGLE AND DOUBLE ENTKY: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 FORMS OF BOOKS AND PRACTICAL EXERCISES, 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE USE OP 
 
 THE FARMER, MECHANIC, MERCHANT, AND 
 PROFESSIONAL MAN. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 
 A VARIETY OF USEFUL FORMS FOR PRACTICAL USE, VIZ. : NOTES, BILLS, 
 
 DKAFTS, RECEIPTS, ETC., ETC.: ALSO, A COMPENDIUM OF RULES 
 
 OF EVIDENCE APPLICABLE TO BOOKS OF ACCOUNT, AND 
 
 OF LAW IN REFERENCE TO THE COLLECTION 
 
 OF PROMISSORY NOTES, ETC. 
 
 L EYI S, FIJLTOtf A3TD GEO. W, EASTMAN 
 
 AUTHORS OF A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF PENMANSHIP. 
 
 REVISED EDITION. 
 
 TROY, N. Y.: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MOORE & NIMS; 
 NEW YORK: A. S. BARNES & BURR, 
 
 AHD SOLD BY TIIK PRINCIPAL BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATE*. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING BLANKS, 
 
 XIATLY RULED ON FINE PAPER, AND PUT UP IN THE MOST CONVENIENT FORM 
 FOR USE : ADAPTED TO FULTON AND EASTMAN S BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 I. ACCOUNT-BOOK FOR THE FARMER. One book. 
 II. DAY-BOOK AND LEDGER FOR THE MECHANIC. Two books. 
 III. DAY-BOOK, JOURNAL, AND LEDGER FOR THE MERCHANT. Three 
 
 books. 
 
 The use of the above Blank Books will be found very important, in familiarizing 
 the Scholar with the Forms relating to the Keeping of Accounts, according to FUL 
 TON and EASTMAN S System of Book-keeping. 
 
 Persons sending for these Blanks will please specify in their orders the number 
 they want of each kind. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, 
 
 BY A. S. BAKNES & COMPANY, 
 
 In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, 
 
 BY MOOEE & NIMS, 
 
 In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern 
 District of New York. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE 5 1 
 
 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION . . 8 
 
 COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS.. . 9 
 
 PAET FIRST. 
 
 FORM FOR FARMERS Containing 
 Examples and Explanations of 
 Accounts with Persons of dif 
 ferent Pursuits 10 2T 
 
 Practical Exercises 28- 32 
 
 FORM FOR MECHANICS 33 
 
 Definition of the Day-Book 
 Ledger Alphabet or Index 
 
 Directions for Posting Books 3334 
 
 Day-Book 3542 
 
 Index and Ledger 43 53 
 
 Practical Exercises 5458 
 
 FORM FOR MERCHANTS 59 
 
 Description of Day-Book 
 Petty Alphabet or Index to 
 tfie Day-Book, and Method 
 of preparing it Journal and 
 Directions for Journalizing 
 Ledger Alphabet or In 
 dex to the Ledger Direc 
 tions for Posting and Com 
 paring Books, and for Cor 
 recting Errors 5964 
 
 Day-Book, or Blotter ... 65 T4 
 
 Index to Day-Book 75 T7 
 
 Journal 78 98 
 
 Index to Ledger 99 102 
 
 Ledger 103107 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Practical Exercises 108114 
 
 Petty Cash-Book 115120 
 
 Account Sales 121 
 
 Bill-Book 122124 
 
 Account Current 325 
 
 Bank-Book 126127 
 
 Bill of Purchase 128-129 
 
 Bill of Book Account 130181 
 
 PAET SECOND. 
 
 13S 
 
 ib. 
 
 and 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY 
 
 Debtor and Creditor 
 
 Application of Debtor 
 
 Creditor ib. 
 
 Classes of Accounts ib. 
 
 Books used 134 
 
 Definition of Books-Day -Book 
 Journal Ledger and In 
 dex 134135 
 
 Auxiliary Books Definition 
 
 of, Ac 135 
 
 Definition and Object of Ac 
 counts Fictitious Eeal and 
 
 Personal 185137 
 
 Directions for Journalizing. . . 138 
 
 Directions for Posting 139 
 
 To the Pupil ib. 
 
 General Eule for Journalizing. 140 
 
 Exercises in Journalizing 140 141 
 
 Examples of Day-Book Entries 
 
 Journalized and Posted 142144 
 
 Day-Book 147157 
 
 Journal 158169 
 
 Index to Ledger 170178 
 
 Ledger 174194 
 
 Directions for Trial Balance. . .195 200 
 
 1^283882 
 
CONTEXTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Directions for Balance Sheet 201 202 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES ib. 
 
 Inventory-Book 203 204 
 
 Consideration 254 
 
 Invoice-Book 205 206 
 
 Of Presentment for Payment . . 255 
 
 Sales-Book 20T 209 
 
 Proceedings on Non-Payment . ib. 
 
 Practical Exercises 210 211 
 
 Of Payment ib. 
 
 
 Interest 256 
 
 FOBM FOB EETAILERS Direc 
 tions and Definitions of 
 Books . . 212214 
 
 Forms of Notes and Eeceipts . 256 259 
 CHATTEL NOTES 257 
 
 Day-Book 215220 
 
 Forma of Chattel Notes 260 
 
 Memoranda for Day-Book 220222 
 Index and Ledger 223237 
 
 CHECKS ON BANKS AND BANKERS ib. 
 Form 261 
 
 Monthly Cash-Book 238 240 
 
 
 Merchandise Book 241243 
 
 
 Expense Book 244 245 
 
 
 PAET THIED. 
 BOOKS OF AC.COUNT.... 247 
 
 BONDS 262 
 Common Form of a Bond 263 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE ib 
 
 Form of Chattel Mortgage 264 
 
 Of the Eequisites of a Bill 248 
 Of the Obligations of Parties. . 249 
 
 BILL OF SALE ib. 
 
 Of Transfer ib 
 
 Common Bill of Sale ib 
 
 Of Presentment for Acceptance 250 
 Of Acceptance ib. 
 
 
 Of Proceedings on Non-Ac 
 ceptance ib 
 
 General Form of Power of 
 
 Of Presentment for Payment. 251 
 Of Proceedings on Non-Pay 
 
 Eevocation of Power of At 
 torney 266 
 
 ment .... ib 
 
 
 Of Payment and other Dis 
 
 DEEDS ib 
 
 charges ib 
 
 Quit-Claim Deed 267 
 
 Form of a Set of Bills of Ex 
 
 Warranty Deed ib 
 
 change . . . . 252 
 
 
 Form of a Draft or Inland Bill ib. 
 
 MORTGAGE 268 
 
 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 PKEFACE. 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING is a mercantile term, used to denote 
 the method of keeping accounts of all kinds, in such a 
 manner that a person may at any time know the true 
 state of his affairs. 
 
 Every person, engaged in business for himself, should 
 keep a book of some kind in which to record all his 
 business transactions. The day-laborer, the farmer, 
 and the mechanic, should keep an account with every 
 person with whom they deal. No one should trust 
 transactions of a pecuniary nature to his memory 
 alone. 
 
 The merchant who is incompetent to keep a full and 
 accurate record of his business transactions, or neglects 
 to do it, must abandon all claims to the confidence 
 which he might desire others to repose in him ; all hope 
 of success in the accumulation of property ; and forego 
 all peace of mind, which he might otherwise enjoy, in 
 the prosecution of his business. 
 **** * # -x- *^^. 
 
 Book-keeping should be more extensively taught in 
 our schools. Among the many books already published 
 on this subject, none are well adapted to, and very few, 
 if any, are intended for, the use of common schools. 
 Hence, this important study is almost entirely neglected 
 by those who attend such schools only, and pursued by 
 but few who attend those of a higher grade. 
 
 Many, indeed, think that the study of Book-keeping 
 is useless, unless pursued in the counting-room, or in 
 connection with the actual business of buying and sell 
 ing. This is a great mistake. Book-keeping is one of 
 the most important branches of study that can be pur 
 sued by those of suitable age and attainments in our 
 
6 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 schools of every grade. It is a highly important branch 
 of female education, and should be ranked next in the 
 course of study, and next in importance, to reading, 
 writing, and arithmetic. As welf might a person post 
 pone the study of arithmetic until he has occasion to 
 cast the interest on a note, or to use a knowledge of 
 figures for any other purpose, as to defer the study of 
 Book-keeping till he has the cares of actual business 
 on his mind. In fact, while the pupil is pursuing this 
 study, he is applying the principles of arithmetic in a 
 most practical manner. He is gaining discipline of 
 mind as much, at least, as by any other study. He 
 is learning to spell the names of a great many articles 
 in commerce, which would not otherwise come under 
 his notice. He is, or may be, improving his style of 
 penmanship, especially when, as in this work, all the 
 items, w r hich he is required to copy, are printed in a 
 beautiful script type. By taking such a view of the 
 subject, we are led unhesitatingly to assert, that the 
 school-room is the place to study Book-keeping ; and, 
 with a suitable teacher and text-book, a thorough 
 knowledge of it can be obtained there. 
 
 Such a text-book the Authors confidently believe 
 they now submit to the public. 
 
 The work is divided into three parts. Part First 
 embraces three forms, or methods of keeping accounts, 
 adapted to the use of particular classes of individuals, 
 and suited to the different capacities of students. 
 
 After each form is a practical exercise, designed to 
 test the learner s knowledge of the form he has just 
 passed through, and which cannot fail to give as thor 
 ough and practical a knowledge of Book-keeping as 
 could possibly be obtained in a counting-room. 
 
 The following are some of the advantages of the 
 " Merchants Form" over that generally used by them, 
 where the Journal is a mere copy of the D ay-Book or 
 Blotter, and where each entry, or all those on the same 
 page of the Journal, are separately posted : 
 
 "it saves more than one-third of the writing in jour 
 nalizing. It saves at least three-fourths the labor in 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 posting. It requires but twelve lines in the Ledger to 
 post a year s business, while in the ordinary way as 
 many pages may be necessary. In settling with a per 
 son at the end of a year, you have only to refer back 
 to twelve places in the Journal to show him all the 
 items of his account, whereas in the ordinary manner of 
 keeping books you might have to refer to five hundred. 
 
 Other advantages might be named, but these are 
 deemed sufficient to mention here. 
 
 Part Second contains a clear and comprehensive 
 exposition of the principles of Double Entry exemplified 
 in two sets of books, the second of which is peculiarly 
 adapted to a retail business ; and as double entry is the 
 only method that can be relied on for accuracy, it is 
 confidently believed that this form of books, when 
 known, will be generally adopted by that class of mer 
 chants for whom it is designed. 
 
 The Third Part was prepared by a member of the 
 bar, and the authorities consulted, and from which the 
 rules here laid down were collected (in addition to the 
 reports of our Supreme Courts), are Story s, Chitty s, 
 and Byle s elaborate and scientific treatises upon bills 
 and notes. 
 
 This part consists of rules of evidence and general 
 rules of law, in relation to bills of exchange, &c., to 
 gether with a large number of forms useful to all classes 
 of business men ; such as bonds, receipts, &c., &c. 
 
 * * # * * 
 
 ROCHESTER, January, 1851. 
 
PKEFACE 
 
 TO THE REVISED EDITION. 
 
 IN the revision of this work, such alterations have 
 been made, as were necessary, to meet more fully the 
 wants of both teacher and pupil. These alterations are 
 confined entirely to the arrangement of the materials of 
 the book so that the new edition may be used with 
 the old, without creating confusion. In making these 
 alterations, we have endeavored to avoid the necessity 
 of the pupil s turning pages for references, by having 
 examples, explanations, and memoranda, as far as pos 
 sible, on opposite pages ; to increase the discipline it 
 gives the student, by changing many of the examples 
 from the script to the memoranda form, in order that, 
 instead of merely copying, the pupil may be compelled 
 to apply the principles ; to aid both teacher and pupil 
 in the prosecution of the study, by the insertion of a 
 large number of questions in connection with each 
 form ; to simplify some portions of the work, as the 
 Trial Balance, Balance Sheet, &c. These, with other 
 changes, are such as have been suggested by those who 
 have made practical use of the book, and have tested 
 both its virtues and faults. It is believed that these 
 alterations and additions, together with the new type 
 and style of script, will add greatly to the value and 
 efficiency of the work, thereby insuring it a warm 
 welcome among its patrons. 
 
 TROY, 1863, 
 
COMMERCIAL ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 9 
 
 THE following is a list of the abbreviations used in this 
 work, and those commonly used in Book-keeping : 
 
 Acct.. . 
 Agt... 
 Amt. . . 
 
 @ 
 
 Aug. . . 
 
 . .Account. 
 . .Agent. 
 . . .Amount. 
 ...At. 
 . . .August. 
 
 Bal Balance. 
 
 Bbl Barrel. 
 
 B. B Bill Book. 
 
 Bk. B Bank Book. 
 
 Blk. ..... .Black. 
 
 Bot Bought 
 
 B. P Bill of Parcels. 
 
 Bro Broad. 
 
 Brot Brought. 
 
 Bush Bushel 
 
 C. B Cash Book. 
 
 Co. . . Company 
 
 Com Commission. 
 
 Cr ..Creditor. 
 
 0. S. B . . . .Commission Sales Book. 
 
 Cts Cents. 
 
 Cwt Hundred Weight. 
 
 Cap Capital 
 
 Dft Draft. 
 
 Disct Discount. 
 
 Do. or Ditto. The Same. 
 
 Doz Dozen. 
 
 Dr Debtor. 
 
 Ds Days. 
 
 D. B.. Day-Book. 
 
 Dec December. 
 
 E. E Errors Excepted. 
 
 Exch Exchange. 
 
 Gall... 
 Gro.. 
 
 ..Gallon. 
 
 . . Gross. 
 
 Hdkf Handkerchief. 
 
 Hhd... 
 
 I. B Invoice Book. 
 
 Inst Instant 
 
 Int Interest. 
 
 i. e That is. 
 
 1* 
 
 Ins Insurance. 
 
 Invt Inventory. 
 
 Jan January. 
 
 J. F. Journal Folio. 
 
 Lab. Labor. 
 
 Lbs Pounds. 
 
 Led Ledger. 
 
 Manufg Manufacturing. 
 
 Mdse Merchandise. 
 
 Mos Months. 
 
 No Number. 
 
 KB Take Notice. 
 
 Oz. Ounce. 
 
 Payt Payment. 
 
 Pd Paid. 
 
 Per By. 
 
 Pr Pair. 
 
 Ps Pieces. 
 
 P. C. B Petty Cash Book. 
 
 P. & L Profit and Loss. 
 
 P Page. 
 
 Prem Premium. 
 
 Qrs. . , Quarters. 
 
 Eecd. . . . Received. 
 
 Recvble. ....... Receivable. 
 
 Rend Rendered. 
 
 R. R Railroad. 
 
 S. B Sales Book. 
 
 Shipt Shipment. 
 
 Sks Skeins. 
 
 Sps Spools. 
 
 Thd Thread. 
 
 IHt Last Month. 
 
 Yiz. Namely. 
 
 Tds Yards. 
 
 Yr ..Year. 
 
3 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 FORM FOR FARMERS. 
 
 THIS Form requires but one book, in which two pages 
 opposite each other are appropriated for each individual 
 account. The name of the person should be written in a 
 bold hand at the top of the page, and the letters Dr. at 
 the right of the name on the left-hand page, and Cr. 
 at the right of the name on the right-hand page. Each 
 page should be divided by perpendicular lines into five 
 spaces, the first for the month, the second for the day of 
 the month, the third for the items, the fourth and fifth 
 for dollars and cents. Whenever you trust the person 
 with any thing, the date, name, and value of the thing 
 should be placed on the left-hand or debit page; and 
 whenever he pays or trusts you with any thing, the date, 
 name, and value in dollars and cents should be placed 
 on the right-hand or credit page of his account. 
 
 For example, if, on the first of January, 1848, you sell 
 I, H. Jameson five bushels of wheat at one dollar and 
 twenty-five cents a bushel, and on the fifteenth day of Feb 
 ruary following he pays you four dollars; on the fourth day 
 of March you sell him twelve pounds of butter at fifteen 
 cents per pound, eighteen pounds of cheese at eight cents 
 per pound, and ten bushels of oats at thirty-one cents per 
 bushel ; and on the first day of May he pays you cash five 
 dollars ; and on the tenth day of May, you wish to close the 
 account, and so ask him for what he still owes you, and he 
 pays you the amount in cash, i. e., three dollars and fifty- 
 nine cents the entries would be as on the opposite page, 
 
12 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 All the accounts should be kept in the above manner, 
 and on the first day of January, or of some other month, 
 in each year, should be settled, and the book balanced. 
 
 In settling with a person, if he pays you in cash, or 
 gives you his note to balance his account, give him credit 
 accordingly, as in the account of I. II. Jameson, on the 
 preceding page. 
 
 If you pay him cash, or give him your note to balance, 
 charge him accordingly. If the account is not balanced 
 by cash paid, or note given, it should v be done by giving 
 the person credit, or charging him with enough to balance 
 it. For instance, if you find that he is owing you, give 
 him credit for the amount " By Balance," and charge the 
 same to him in the new account. If, on the other hand, 
 you find that you are owing him, make him debit for the 
 amount " To Balance," and credit him with same in the 
 new account. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is this form called ? How many pages are used for each ac 
 count ? Why should the pages be opposite ? How should each ac 
 count be headed ? At which side of the name should the letters, Dr. 
 and Cr., be placed? Into how many spaces should each page be di 
 vided ? For what is the first space used ? the second ? the third ? the 
 fourth ? the fifth ? Whenever you trust the person with any thing, on. 
 which page do you place it ? If the person trust you, on which page ? 
 What three things must be put down in each entry? When should 
 accounts be settled ? What is meant by the terms "balance" "bal 
 ancing an account?" If the account is not balanced by cash, or a note, 
 how do you balance it ? If you credit the person with the balance, on 
 which page of the new account do you make the entry ? If you debit 
 him, on which page ? 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 13 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 Rule a sheet of paper as directed, and enter the follow 
 ing accounts, in the same manner as that of I. H. Jame 
 son. 
 
 4 EXAMPLE I. 
 
 On the first day of January, 1861, you sell Daniel 
 White ten bushels of wheat at one dollar and ten cents a 
 bushel three bushels of potatoes at eighty cents a bushel 
 on the fourth day of February, he pays you ten dollars 
 on the fifth day of March he sells you two dozen eggs at 
 eighteen cents a dozen on the eighth day of April, you 
 sell him six pounds of butter at twenty cents a pound 
 and on the first day of June, he pays you four dollars and 
 twenty-four cents to balance the account. 
 
 EXAMPLE II. 
 
 On the second day of June, 1861, you sell George John 
 son, a horse for one hundred and fifty dollars on the 
 sixth day of June, he sells you a cow for sixty dollars on 
 the eighth day of June, he sells you twenty bushels of oats 
 at forty cents a bushel on the ninth day of June, you sell 
 him forty pounds of wool at forty-five cents a pound on 
 the first day of August, he gives you his note at six months 
 for one hundred dollars to balance the account. 
 
14 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 IXDEX. 
 
 The Index is sometimes a separate book, but it usually 
 is placed in the front part of the Account-Book. Several 
 pages are divided into spaces, as on the opposite page ; 
 Each space is marked by a letter. The Index is used to 
 enable us to refer the more readily to accounts in the 
 book. For example, we enter the account of A. I. Hovey 
 on the first page of the book. We look in the Index 
 for the space marked by the letter H., the initial of his 
 name, and enter his name and the number of the page. 
 Whenever we enter any account in the book, we enter the 
 name and number of page, in the space of the Index 
 marked by the initial of the name. In order to refer to 
 any account, we turn to the Index, and the space marked 
 with the initial of the name, and there find the page on 
 which is the account, to which we can then at once turn. 
 Sometimes, instead of one page being divided into spaces, 
 each letter has a separate page. If the account should be 
 transferred to another page, the number of the new page 
 must, also, be placed in the Index by the name. After 
 the learner has thoroughly studied the foregoing princi 
 ples let him prepare paper and enter the following ac 
 counts, that are explained. Let the paper be ruled 
 with care the writing distinct the figures correctly 
 made and the balancing lines drawn perfectly straight. 
 
INDEX TO FARMER S FORM. 
 
 B 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 ^Oitter, 
 
 .G 
 
 H 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
 (7~ 
 
 n ) t 
 
 N 
 
 R 
 
 <f 
 
 W 
 
 15 
 
<J/. C7&OW 
 
 & 
 
 45 
 
 2 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 90 
 75 
 00 
 
 The foregoing account is with a merchant. On the left- 
 hand page he is debited with every thing you have let 
 him have, and on the right-hand page he is credited for 
 every thing you have purchased of him. On the 31st day 
 of December, 1848, you wish to settle this account, which 
 is done in the following manner. 
 
 In the first place you add the sums in the money col 
 umns of the debit side of the account, and find they 
 amount to forty-six dollars and fifty-nine cents, which is 
 the sum total of all that you have let him have. You next 
 add the sums in the money columns of the credit side, and 
 find they amount to seventy-eight dollars and eighty-three 
 cents, which is the value of all the articles you have pur- 
 
 16 
 

 /an. 
 
 <~/ ummina 
 
 C? ateiatud- 
 & mger 
 
 20 
 
 2 " 
 
 40 
 
 y CP 
 
 A#. <Juqat 
 
 ff 
 
 5.00 
 
 .4$ 
 .40 
 
 .50 
 .43 
 .75 
 
 .42 
 2,00 
 
 09 
 
 40 00 
 
 ^ 42 
 36 
 00 
 
 06 
 42 
 43 
 
 24 
 4\ 50 
 2 40 
 5 50 
 34\ $4 
 2\ 46 
 4 50 
 
 / 
 // 
 
 20 
 
 chased of him. You then subtract the forty-six dollars 
 and fifty-nine cents, the amount you have let him have, 
 from the seventy-eight dollars and eighty-three cents, the 
 amount purchased of him, and find the difference to be 
 thirty-two dollars and twenty-four cents, which is the 
 amount you owe him. You then pay him this amount, 
 and enter it on the debit side of his account, " To Cash to 
 Balance." The debit and credit sides will now foot alike. 
 You next draw single lines opposite each other under 
 these columns, and after adding and placing the amount 
 under them, you draw double lines to signify that the two 
 sides are balanced and closed. 
 
30 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 SO 
 90 
 60 
 
 24 
 
 90 
 
 30\ 50 
 
 MEMORANDA OF THE ABOVE ACCOUNT 
 
 Jan. 4th, 1848. Bo t of J. Rogers, 1 pr. fine sewed boots, at $6.00. 
 15th. Sold him 5 bushels of wheat, at $1.12. 29th. Sold him a ton of 
 hay, at $8.00. Feb. 12th. Bo t of him 1 pr. of stoga boots for James, 
 at $2.50; and 2 prs. of boots for boys, $1.75 Mar. 4th. Sold him 
 36 Ibs. of ham, at $.07. 27th. He mended boots for James, $.75. 31st. 
 Bo t of him 1 pr. woman s boots for Julia, $1.50. April 14th. Sold 
 him 8 bushels of oats, at $.38. 27th. Sold him 1 cord of wood, at 
 May 1st. Sold him 8 Ibs. of butter, at $.15. June 19th. Bo t of 
 pr. morocco shoes, at $1.25. 30th. Sold him 5 bushels of potatoes, at 
 $.38. July 8th. He mended shoes, $1.13. 24th. Bo t of him 1 pr. 
 gaiter boots, $2.00. Aug. 16th. Sold him 6 doz. eggs, at $.10. Oct. 9th. 
 Bo t 1 pr. of fine boots, for James, at $4.00. 28th. Sold him 32 Ibs. of 
 cheese, at $.07. Nov. 13th. Bo t of him 1 pr. fine brogans, at $2.00. 
 Dec. 20th. Sold him 1 hide, 78 Ibs., $ 05. 25th, Bo t of him 1 pr. 
 pumps for James, $1.75. 
 
 18 
 
Tamt 
 
 (7 
 
 JPov. 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 08 / s * 
 
 tfto 
 
 4.75 
 
 r ame* 
 
 4 " 
 
 vken 
 
 s *. ^a^r 
 4 
 j 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 30. 
 
 00 
 50 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 43 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 75 
 42 
 
 ~io 
 
 OD comparing this memoranda, with the entries in the account above, 
 you will find that whenever I sold J. Rogers any article, I made an 
 entry on the debit side as in the item, 5 bus. of wheat placing in the 
 first space the month in the second, the day of the month in the 
 third the word "To," followed by the name of the articles, carrying 
 out into the fourth and fifth, the total cost. On the other hand, when- 
 ever I bought any thing of him, I made the entry on the other page- 
 observing the same order. On Dec. 30th, I wished to balance this acc t. 
 To do this, I add up the column on the debit page, and find that it 
 amounts to $30.50. I then add up the column on the credit page, 
 which amounts to $26.38. I then subtract the amount of credit from 
 the amount of the debit column, and the remainder, shows that he still 
 owes me $4.12. I then make the entry, " Dec. 30th, By balance $4.12 ;" 
 and draw the lines, which denote that the account is balanced. I then 
 open a new account, either on a new page, or, as in this case, on the 
 same page, and make as the first entry "Dec. 30th. To balance 
 $4.12." I charge him with $4.12 in the new account, because that is the 
 amount I give him credit for, in the old account, in order to balance it. 
 
 19 
 
JPo 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 *" ? 
 
 5 
 
 . 
 
 ZTeam, 4.50 
 
 in tL $ar .25 
 
 2.00 
 at 6 montnd- to Svatance 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 25 
 2 
 6 
 
 63 
 
 25 
 00 
 90 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 40 
 H>5 
 
 MEMORANDA OF ABOVE ACCOUNT. 
 
 1848. Jan. 22d. Bo t of Dwight Foster 1 brass plated 
 harness, $30.00. Mar. 4th. Sold him 3 yds. of gray cloth 
 at $.75. April 28th. I worked for him 2 days, with team, 
 at $1.50 per day. Same date. Bo t of him 1 pr. of breast 
 straps $1, and 2 hame straps at $.25 a piece. June 8th. 
 He repaired my harness, $2.00. Aug. 5th. I sold him 
 5 Ibs. fine wool, $.38, and paid him $25, in cash. Aug. 
 19th. Bo t of him saddle, bridle and martingals, $16! Oct. 
 16th. Bo t of him 1 pr. of collars, $4.00, and 1 pr. of halt 
 ers, $1.75. Nov. llth. Sold him 4 bushels of corn in the 
 ear at $.25 per bushel, and 1 load of straw, $1. Nov. 30th. 
 Bo t of him 1 leather trunk, for James, $8.00. Dec. 8th. 
 Sold him 2 cords of wood at $2 per cord. 
 
 20 
 
These transactions would be entered as above. Let the 
 pupil compare, carefully, each entry in the memoranda 
 with its corresponding one in the acc t. On the 30th De 
 cember I wish to close the account. As in the preceding 
 account of James Rogers, I first find the am t of debit 
 column, and then of the credit column. Having subtract 
 ed the smaller from the greater, I find that I still owe him 
 $17.10. Not having the money to pay this amount, I give 
 him my note at 6 months, and, as that represents cash, I 
 make the entry, "Dec. 30th, To my note at 6 mo s to 
 balance, $17.10." I then draw in the figure columns the 
 lines as above, and having added up the columns on each 
 page, the amounts are now of course the same. The lines 
 drawn under the last entry on the credit page denote that 
 the account is balanced and closed. 
 
 21 
 
0*. 
 
 7 
 45 
 
 do. &toivinq 
 if 
 
 / /y/? 
 LO <ZT& o&m& 
 / 
 
 a 
 
 >^<M,nq 
 4.00 
 4.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 50 
 00 
 
 00 
 50 
 ~00 
 
 MEMORANDA OF THE ABOVE ACCOUNT. 
 
 1848. May 1st, one day s labor plowing and harrowing 
 of potato-field, $2.00. 2d. Bo t 12 bushels of potatoes for 
 seed, at $.37^. Same day, two days labor planting the field, 
 at$l. June 20th, one day s labor plowing, $1.50 ; also, 
 2 days labor, hoeing, at $1. July 7th, one day s labor 
 plowing, $1.50. Sept. 15th. Digging and covering pota 
 toes, $5.00; also, sold 12 bushels of potatoes, for cash, 
 at $.25 per bushel ; also, sold 25 bushels of small potatoes 
 at $.20 per bush. 1849. Mar. 17th. Paid for 3 days 
 labor, marketing, at $2 per day; also received cash for 300 
 bushels potatoes at $.35 per bushel. 
 
 Besides accounts with persons, the farmer finds it not 
 only convenient but useful to keep accounts with his dif- 
 
 22 
 
ferent fields and departments of labor, in order to know, 
 accurately, the yearly gains. The above account is one 
 kept to ascertain the profit on a potato-field for one year. 
 It is headed "Potato-field, One Acre Lot." It is made 
 debtor to the labor of preparing and cultivating the ground, 
 to the cost of the seed, to digging and covering the crop, 
 and the cost of marketing. It is credited with the re 
 ceipts for the crop. By adding up the columns, as in fore 
 going account, and subtracting the less from the greater, 
 we find that the receipts exceed the expenses $88.50, which 
 is then entered on the debtor side, as "March IVth, To 
 profit on 1 acre of potatoes $88.50," in order to balance 
 and close the account. By pursuing this method with all 
 his fields, the farmer may determine with accuracy the 
 whole profit arising from the cultivation of his farm. 
 
 23 
 
24 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the Index ? In what part of the book is it placed ? Is it 
 ever a separate book ? Describe its ruling and use. How would you enter 
 A. J. Hovey s account in Index? How does the Index enable you to 
 refer to an account ? If an account is transferred to another page in the 
 Leger, what entry do you make in the Index? 
 
 When the learner has become so familiar with the fore 
 going exercises, as to be able to enter the accounts nicely 
 on paper ruled for the purpose, let him enter in his blank 
 book the memoranda on the following pages. The pupil 
 should avoid all mistakes. The teacher should insist upon 
 the entries being made with the greatest care. A blot on 
 the page is unpardonable. All figures should be made 
 with great neatness. The heading of each account should 
 be in a good bold style the entries in a clear writing with 
 out flourishes. The ruler should be used in drawing the 
 lines. A quill pen and red ink are the best for this purpose. 
 
 Memoranda of transactions between Barney McGuinniss 
 and myself: 
 
 1848. Feb. 8. He cut for me 8 cords of wood, at $.38 per cord. Same 
 day, I sold him 2 bushels of wheat, at $1.12 per bushel, and 20 Ibs. of 
 pork, at $.08 per Ib. Mar. 1st. He has sawed wood for me 3 days, end 
 ing this day, at $.75 per day. April 1st. I sold Mm 1 bushel of corn, 
 $.G3 ; also | bus. beans, at $1.00 per bush. April 8th. He has worked 
 4 days drawing manure, ending to-day, at $.75 per day. April 24th, 
 He has worked 6 days, building wall, at $.75 per day. May 8th. I sold 
 Mm a pig for $.75, and plowed his garden for $.75. May 29th. He has 
 worked for me 2 days, hoeing corn, at $.75 per day. June 7th. I sold 
 him 3 yds. gray cloth, at $.75 per yd., and paid him $3.00 in cash. July 
 24th. He has worked for me 3 ds^s, haying, at $1 per day. Aug. 12th. 
 He has worked for me 5 days, harvesting, at $1.50 per day. Sept. 9th. 
 I have pastured his cow for 4 weeks, ending to-day, at $.25 per week. 
 Oct. 9th. He haa worked for me 2 days, threshing, at $.88 per day. 
 Nov. llth. He has husked corn for me for 2 days, at $.75 per day. 
 Nov. 13th. I sold him 4 Ibs. of butter, at $.13 per Ib. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 25 
 
 If the memoranda are properly entered the pupil will 
 find that the account will be balanced by making this 
 entry: "Dec. 30th. To cash to balance, $14.77," the ain t 
 I owed and paid him on that day. 
 
 Memoranda of transactions between my hired man, James 
 Hamilton, and myself: 
 
 1848. Feb. 12th. Purchased a pr. of boots for James Hamilton, at $2.50. 
 March 2 7th. Paid for mending his boots $. 7 5. April 1 5th. Paid him cash 
 $5.00. May 1st. I owe him for 4 mo s labor, closing to-day, at $9.00 
 per month. May 4th. Paid his bill for goods at Hovey s, $31.81. May 
 15th. Paid Wilder, for making a suit of clothes for James Hamilton, $8. 
 July 3d. Paid him cash $10.00, and let him the use of horse and car 
 riage 1 day for $1.50. July 31st. I owe him for 2 mo s labor, ending 
 to-day, at $10 per month. Oct. 9th. Purchased for him 1 pr. of fine 
 boots $4, and overcoat $14. Nov. 30th. Purchased for him 1 leathern 
 trunk, $8. Dec. 25th. Purchased for him 1 pr. of pumps, $1.75. Dec. 
 30th. Paid him in cash $15. G9, and I owe him for labor 6 rno s, ending 
 to-day, at $12 per month. 
 
 If the memoranda are properly entered, the account will 
 be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 30th. 
 To my note at 3 mo s to balance, $25." 
 
 Memoranda of transactions between the blacksmith, James 
 
 McElvain, and myself: 
 
 1848. Jan. 8th. Bo t of him 1 lumber sleigh $28.00, and he also shod 
 my horse for $1. Feb. 9th. He set 1 shoe, $.13. April 15th. He made 
 1 large clevis for me, $1. May 4th. He mado 2 hoes for me, at $.50. 
 June 8th. He sharpened Colter, $.13, and shod my horses for $1.75. 
 Aug. 5th. He set wagon tire for me, $1 ; also mended chain, $.13. Aug. 
 14th, I sold him 1 ton of hay, $8. Sept. 9th. He ironed whippletrees 
 for me, $1.50. Oct. 22d. I sold him 5 cords of wood, at $2 per cord. 
 Nov. 15th. Sold him 4 bus. of wheat at $1.12 per bush.; 16 bus. of oats 
 at $.3$ per bus. ; and 3 bus. of corn, at $.62 per bus. Nov. 18th. Bo t 
 of him 14 Ibs. of gate hinges at $.13. Dec. 21st. Worked for him 1 day 
 with team, $1.50. 
 
26 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 If the memoranda are properly entered, the account will 
 be balanced by making the following entry: "Dec. 30th. 
 To cash to balance, $5.54." 
 
 Memoranda of transactions between the tailor -, Chester 
 
 Wilder , and myself: 
 
 1848. February 1st. He made a coat for me, $5.00. March 15th. Sold 
 him 1 cord of wood, $2.00. March 16th. He cut 2 pairs of pants for the 
 boys at $.19 each; also, bought of him 1 satin vest, $4.00. April 8th. 
 Sold him 6 Ibs. of butter, at $.15 per Ib. May 15th. He made suit of 
 clothes for James, $8.00. June 22. Sold him 1 bbL of flour $6.00, and 
 paid him cash $10.50. Oct. 9th. Bo t of him an overcoat for James, 
 $14.00. Oct. 18th. He cut 2 coats for boys, at $.38 a piece. Nov. 23d. Sold 
 him | ton of hay, at $8 per ton. Dec. 1 1th. Sold him a hog, weighing 249 
 Ibs., at $.4 per Ib. Dec. 25th. Bought of him 1 pair of cassimere panta 
 loons, $6.00. 
 
 If the above memoranda are properly entered, the ac 
 count will be balanced by making the following entry: 
 "Dec. 30th. To cash and balance, $4.78." 
 
 Memoranda of expenditures and receipts incurred in fat 
 tening 5 hogs^kept to ascertain the profit. (Pork account.) 
 1848. Oct. 15th. Bought 5 hogs, total weight H871bs. a $ ,03 per Ib. ; 
 and 75 bushels of com at $.50 per bushel Nov. 13th. Paid $.05 per 
 bushel for grinding 30 bus. of com. Dec. 16th. Paid cash $5 for butch 
 ering the pigs. Dec. 16th. Laid by 672 Ibs. pork for family use at $.05 
 per Ib. Dec. 17th. Sold 1,167 Ibs. pork, at $.05 perlb. 
 
 If the above memoranda are properly entered, the ac 
 count will be balanced by making the following entry: 
 " Dec. 17. To profit on fattening pork, |12.34." 
 
 Memoranda of expenditures and receipts, in cultivating 
 5 acres of corn, kept to ascertain profit. (^Cornfield 
 account?) 
 
 1848. May 1. Manured 5 acres at $2 per acre. May 3d. 3 days 
 plowing, at $2 per day. May 4th. 1 day harrowing, $2. May 5th. \\ 
 days furrowing, at $1.50 per day. May 6th. bushel of seed corn, at 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 27 
 
 $1 per bL; and 4 days planting at $.75 per day. June 6th. Cultivated 
 4 days, $1.50 per day, and hoed 5 days, $.75 per day. July 8th. Plow 
 ed 3 days, $1.50 per day, and hoed 5 days, $.75 per day. Sept. 5th. 4 
 days cutting up the corn, $.75 per day. Nov. 1st. 16 days husking, 
 $.75 per day, and 2 days drawing in at $2.00. Nov. 1st Stored for 
 home use 56 bushels ears soft corn at $.12, and 163 bushels hard corn 
 at $.25; also cornstalks, $10. Nov. 2d. Sold 2 loads of pumpkins at 
 $.75 per load, and reserved 6 loads for home use at $.50 per load. Dec. 
 14th. 3 days threshing and cleaning corn, at $.75 per day; also 2 days 
 marketing, at $2 per day. Dec. 14th. Sold 140 bushels shelled corn, at 
 $.50 per bushel. Dec. 15th. Interest on 5 acres at $50, at 7 per cent.= 
 $250*.07=~$17.50. 
 
 If the above memoranda be properly entered, the ac 
 count will be balanced by making the following entry: 
 "Dec. 16th. To profit on crop, $47.50." 
 
 Memoranda of expenditures and receipts in cultivating 10 
 acres of wheat kept to ascertain profit. ( Wheatfield 
 account.) 
 
 1848. June 16th. Plowed 7 days at $2. June 19th. Harrowed 2 
 days at $2. Sept. 6th. Worked 6 days cultivating at $2 ; also, sowed 
 17^ bushels seed wheat at $1.25 ; also worked 1 day at sowing, at $1.00, 
 and 2 days furrowing and ditching at $2. 1849. August 9. Harvested 
 10 acres at $1.50 per acre. Aug. 15th. Drew the wheat into the barn, 
 $6. Sept. 28th. Threshed 200 bushels at .07 pr. bush. Oct. 5th. Took 
 15 bushels for family use at $1.00 per bl., and sold 85 bushels at $1.06. 
 Oct. 15th. Marketed 200 bushels, a $ ,03 per bl. sold 100 bushels at $1 .00 . 
 allowed for wear of implements, $2.00; also interest on 10 acres at $50 
 at 7 per cent.=$500 * .07=$35. 
 
 If the above memoranda be properly entered, the ac 
 count will be balanced by making the following entry: 
 "Oct. 16th. To profit on 10 acres of wheat, $70.22." 
 
28 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 FARMER S FORM. 
 
 THE learner having carefully studied, and practiced 
 upon the preceding accounts, may, now, enter in his 
 blank-book the memoranda on the following pages, being 
 careful, to write distinctly, and to make all the letters and 
 lines correctly, avoiding mistakes. In these memoranda 
 the names are not given, but the occupation, as merchant, 
 blacksmith, shoemaker, tailor, &c. The learner may sub 
 stitute for these the names of persons with whom he is 
 acquainted, following these occupations. The price per 
 yard, ounce, pound, ton, day, month, pair, piece, &c., is 
 given, leaving the amount to be extended by the learner. 
 He may also substitute the abbreviations, wherever they 
 can be, in place of the whole word. 
 
 The accounts to be opened in this set are with a mer 
 chant, shoemaker, blacksmith, tailor, harness-maker, hired 
 man, neighbor, cornfield, and wheatfield ; and if the 
 transactions are properly disposed of, the balances will 
 show that I am indebted as follows : To the shoemaker, 
 $8.20 ; the hired man, $82.31 ; the harness-maker, $19.00 . 
 the blacksmith ; $9.00 ; the merchant, $5.25. The tailor 
 owes me $11.09 ; my neighbor owes me $1.25. Profit on 
 10 acres of corn, $85.83 ; do. on 15 acres of wheat, 
 $185.08. 
 
 The foregoing principles are sufficient to enable any fir 
 mer to keep accurate accounts ascertaining what crops, 
 &c., are the most profitable. It is the usual custom to 
 keep the cash account in a separate book, called the cash- 
 book a full explanation of that book is given in another 
 part of this volume. 
 
 MEMORANDUM FOR 1850. 
 
 JANUARY. 
 
 5th. Sold the tailor 2 cords of wood, at $2.1 2^. Bought 
 of the shoemaker 2 pair of stoga boots, at $2.50. 14th. 
 Bought of the tailor 1 pair of pantaloons for my hired 
 man, at $6. 00. 15th. Sold the shoemaker 3 cords of maple 
 wood, at $2.00, and bought of him 1 pair of woman s 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 29 
 
 boots, at $1.50. 19th. The tailor has cut a pair of panta 
 loons for me, at 25c., and a coat at 50c. 28th. Sold the 
 harness-maker 1 ton of hay at $8.00, and bought of him 1 
 single harness at $20.00. 
 
 FEBRUARY. 
 
 9th. Drew wood for my neighbor to-day with my team, 
 at $1.50. 16th. Bought of the shoemaker 2 pair of chil 
 dren s shoes, at 75c., and had a pair mended, at 25c. 20th. 
 Paid my hired man, cash, $5.00. 23d. Sold the shoemaker 
 half a ton of hay, at $7.00, and half a bushel of beans, at 
 $1.00. 25th. My hired man has lost 2 days time, at 50c. 
 28th. The tailor has made a vest for me, at $1.50. 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 9th. Worked for the blacksmith 1 days with my team, 
 at $1.50. 16th. The blacksmith mended my hay-knife, at 
 25c. Bought of the merchant 30 yards of Brown Factory, 
 at 10c., and half a dozen spools of white thread, at 62c. 
 23d. Bought 1 Ib. Young Hyson tea, at 75 c., and sold him 
 1| tons of hay, at $8.00. 25th. Sold the harness-maker 
 25 bundles of rye straw, at 4c., and he has repaired my 
 harness, at $4.00. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 6th. Sold the blacksmith 9 pounds of butter, at 14c. 
 15th. My neighbor has plowed for me 1 day with his team, 
 at $1.50. The blacksmith has ironed my whippletrees, at 
 $1.25, and sharpened my colter, at 12c. 18th. Sold the 
 blacksmith 5 bushels of potatoes, at 50. 23d. The shoe 
 maker has tapped my boots, at 50c. 
 
 MAT. 
 
 1st. Bought of the blacksmith 1 large device, at $1.13, 
 and plowed the shoemaker s garden, at $1.00. 4th. Fin 
 ished plowing cornfield to-day, 7 days, with team, at 
 $2.00. 5th. Planted corn 1 day for my neighbor, at 75c. 
 7th. Sold the tailor 4 bushels of potatoes, at 31c., and 5 
 Ibs. of butter, at 12^0. Labored 2 days harrowing corn 
 field, at $2.00, and 2 days furrowing cornfield, at $1.50. 
 8th. Planted in cornfield 2 bushels of seed corn, at $1, and 
 finished planting cornfield, eight days, at $1.00. 14th. My 
 neighbor let me have 25 bushels of potatoes, at 30c. 15th. 
 
30 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Bought of the merchant three yards of black cassimere, 
 at $1.50, 25 pounds of sugar, at 9c., one pound of Young 
 Hyson tea, at 75c.; and sold him fifteen pounds of butter, 
 at 12c., and 9 dozen of eggs, at lOc. 31st. Bought of 
 the harness-maker one saddle, at $14.00, and paid him 
 cash $10.00. 
 
 JUNE. 
 
 1st. Bought of the shoemaker 2 pair of Morocco bus 
 kins, at $1.25. 6th. My neighbor has hoed corn for me, 3 
 days, at 75 c. 8th. Cultivated cornfield eight days, with 
 horse, at $1.50, and finished hoeing cornfield, twelve days, 
 at $1.00. 9th. Blacksmith has repaired my wagon, at 
 $3.25, and shod two horses, at $1.00. 15. Bought of the 
 shoemaker 1 pair of gaiter boots, at $2. 25. 21st. Sold the 
 blacksmith 12 pounds of butter, at 12|c. 22d. Finished 
 plowing wheatfield, fifteen acres, ten days, at $2.00. 25th. 
 Sold the merchant 15 bushels of oats, at 30c., and gave 
 my hired man an order on him for goods, $18.50. 26th. 
 Finished harrowing wheatfield, three days, at $2.00. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 1st. Sold the merchant 8 pounds of butter, at 12c., and 
 bought of him 1 pound of Young Hyson tea, at 75c., 2 
 gallons of molasses, at 44c., and ten yards of calico, at 
 12^0. 2d. Bought of the shoemaker one pair of fine 
 boots, for my hired man, at $4.50. 4th. Paid my hired 
 man, cash, on account, $10.00. 5th. Finished plowing 
 cornfield, five days, at $1.50. 15th. Bought of the black 
 smith one hay-rake, at $8, and he has mended my pitch 
 fork, at 13c. 24th. Drew hay, with team for my neighbor, 
 one day, at $1.50. 25th. Sold the blacksmith half ton 
 of hay, at $5.00. 31st. Sold the blacksmith one ton of 
 hay, at $6.00. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 3d. The blacksmith has set my wagon tire, at $1.25, and 
 made a linchpin, at 13c. Sold the merchant two tons of 
 hay, at $6.00. 24th. Paid the shoemaker cash, on account, 
 $5.00, and sold him a calf-skin weighing 10^ pounds, at 
 lOc. 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 
 2d. Bought of the blacksmith one pair of small device, 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 31 
 
 at $1.25, and he has set one shoe, at 12c. 4th. Bought of 
 the merchant 15 pounds of nails, at 6c., and sold him 
 four bushels of apples, at 25c., and five pounds of butter, 
 at 14c. 5th. Sold my neighbor eight bushels of seed 
 wheat, at $1.25. 14th. Finished cutting up corn in corn 
 field, nine days, at $1.00. Labored with team on wheat- 
 field, cultivating, ten days, at $2.00. Sowed 26 bushels of 
 seed wheat, at $1.25. Labor, furrowing, and ditching, 
 $5.00. Two days labor, sowing, at $1.00. 18th. Sold the 
 blacksmith one cord of wood, at $2.00. 
 
 OCTOBER. 
 
 5th. Sold the merchant 12 bushels of corn, at 50c., and 
 bought of him a bill of goods amounting to $15.94. The 
 blacksmith has ironed a lumber wagon for me, at $22.00, 
 and made a neck yoke, at $1.25. My neighbor has 
 threshed for me two days, at 75 c. Pastured the shoe 
 maker s cow six weeks, at 25c., and bought of him two 
 pair of boys boots, at $2.00. 12th. Sold my hired man 
 2f yards of gray cloth, at 75c. 17th. Threshed for my 
 neighbor two days, at 75c. 18th. Sold the tailor 36 
 pounds of pork, at 8c. 19th. The tailor has made a pair 
 of pantaloons for my hired man, at $] .00. 
 
 NOVEMBER. 
 
 2d. Measured out of the products of my cornfield, for 
 home use, 74 bushels of ears of soft corn, at 13c.; 315 
 bushels of ears of sound corn, at 25c.; cornstalks, $25.00 ; 
 pumpkins, at $5.00. 8th. Sold the blacksmith two bushels 
 of turnips, at 25c. 9th. Labored in cornfield, husking, 
 forty days, at $1.00 ; five days with team, drawing in, at 
 $2.00. 13th. Bought of the merchant 1 umbrella, at 
 $1.50, 5 pounds of coffee, at 14c., and 10 pounds of cotton 
 batting, at 10c.; and sold him 15 bushels of potatoes, at 
 25c., and 20 bushels ears of corn, from cornfield, at 25c. 
 15th. Bought of neighbor one barrel of salt, at $1.25. 
 22d. The blacksmith has shod for me one pair of horses, 
 at $2.00. Sold the tailor half a ton of hay, at $8.00. 
 25th. Sold the blacksmith 12 bushels of ears of corn, from 
 cornfield, at 25c. 29th. Sold the tailor three bushels of 
 wheat, at $1.25. Paid my hired ,nan, cash, $8.00. Bought 
 of the shoemaker one pair of fine boots, at $4.50. 
 
32 BOOK-KEEPING 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 2d. Sold the blacksmith five barrels of cider, at $1.25. 
 5th. Bought of blacksmith 28 pounds of gate hinges, at 
 12c. 7th. Sold the shoemaker one cord of wood, at $2.25. 
 llth. Sold the tailor 6 yards of gray cloth, at 56c., and 14 
 pounds of lard, at 7c. 14th. Labored threshing corn, from 
 cornfield, seven days, at $1.00. 16th. Received cash, 
 for one hundred bushels of corn, at 50c. 18th. Bought of 
 the merchant 2^- yards of cassimere, for my hired man, at 
 $1.25, and 8 pounds of crushed sugar for myself, at 13c. 
 Sold him two cords of body maple wood, at $2.50. The 
 blacksmith has sharpened and set 6 shoes on my horses, at 
 12c. The tailor has cut for me 2 pair of pantaloons, at 
 25c., and one vest at 25c. Bought of the shoemaker one 
 pair of stoga boots, for my hired man, at $2.50. Sold the 
 blacksmith 4 cords of wood, at $2.25, and 8 bushels of 
 oats, at 31c. 25th. Bought of the merchant 2 gallons of 
 molasses, at 44c., 5 pounds of raisins, at 13c., and 5 pounds 
 of rice, at 6c. 30th. Received cash for 80 bushels of 
 corn, at 56c. 31st. Received cash for 52 bushels of corn, 
 at 56c. Marketing 232 bushels of corn, at 3c. My hired 
 man has worked for me 8 months at $13.00, and 4 months 
 at $10.00. Int. on cornfield land, 10 acres, at $50,00 per 
 acre, at 7 per cent. 
 
 To close the account with wheatfield, it will be necessa 
 ry to trespass a little on the year 1851. 
 
 August 13th. Harvesting 15 acres, at $1.25. 24th. 
 Drawing it into the barn, $10.00. October 19th, Thresh 
 ing 346 bushels of wheat, at 7c. Reserved 46 bushels 
 for home use, at $1.00 26th. Sold, for cash, 85 bushels of 
 wheat, at $1.25. November 15th. Sold for cash, 100 
 bushels of wheat, at $1.13. 18th. Sold, for cash, 80 
 bushels of wheat, at $1.06. 22d. Sold, for cash, 35 bush 
 els of wheat, at $1.00. Marketing 300 bushels of wheat, 
 at 3c. Interest on 15 acres of land, at $50.00 per acre, at 7 
 per cent. 
 
FOEM FOR MECHANICS. 
 
 books necessary in this form are the Day-book and 
 Ledger. The cash account may be kept in a separate 
 book forming a Cash-book, or not, at the option of the 
 Book-keeper. 
 
 The accounts might be kept as in the Farmer s form, in 
 one book, i. e., the Ledger ; only, it would not be as 
 convenient, for the mechanic is constantly called away 
 from his business to attend to the wants of his customers. 
 And, besides, having many more accounts and entries 
 to make, than the Farmer, these accounts are of a differ 
 ent nature, such as cannot be remembered till evening, as 
 those of the Farmer. Hence it is necessary, that the me 
 chanic should use a book, in which he can make a full 
 record of the transactions as they occur, and then at his 
 leisure, he can arrange the various entries in their respect 
 ive accounts in the Ledger. 
 
 The Day-book is a book in which all business transac 
 tions should be recorded at the time and in the order in 
 which they occur. It is divided by perpendicular lines 
 into seven spaces. The month occupies the first space ; 
 the day of the month, the second ; the name of the person 
 and the transaction, the third ; the value of the items, in 
 dollars and cents, the fourth and fifth; and their sum total, 
 the sixth and seventh. 
 
 If, for example, on the first day of January, 1848, you 
 sell Benjamin Hamilton the following articles : One brass 
 plated single harness for thirty dollars, one pair of halters 
 
34 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 for one dollar and seventy-five cents, and one riding bridle 
 for one dollar and fifty cents your Day-book entry would 
 be as follows : 
 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 25 
 
 If you had purchased the same articles of Hamilton, all 
 the difference in the entries would have been this : after 
 the name on the first line, in the place of Dr. you should 
 have written Or.; and on the next line, in the place of To 
 you should have written By. 
 
 Whenever it is necessary to repeat the date, or the 
 word To or _Z?y, it may be done by placing two dots 
 (thus,") under the date or word to be repeated. One 
 line should be left between every two entries. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is this form ? How many books are needed in this form ? 
 Name them. Is a cash book needed ? Could the accounts be kept in 
 one book ? Why, then, do they use two ? What is the Day-book for ? 
 When and how should the transactions be entered ? Into how many 
 spaces is the book divided ? For what is the first space used ? the 
 second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh? Explain the example 
 given ? What difference would have occurred in the entries, if you 
 had purchased the articles of him ? Instead of repeating date, what 
 may you write ? Instead of repeating the words To and By, what may 
 you write ? How much space should you leave between each entry ? 
 
DAY-BOOK. 
 
 MECHANICS FORM. 
 
0^. 
 
 . Cotte 
 
 0. 
 
 ZTo / 
 
 fO if ame* 
 
 ZTo: 
 
 0*. 
 
 .25 
 
 J.25 
 
 0^. 
 0*. 
 
 0*. 
 
 &?a,vne<M- 
 3.50 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 36 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 3*7 
 
 Let the pupil rule some paper and enter the following 
 memoranda, according to directions ; when he has become 
 proficient in making the entries, he may enter them in his 
 day-book. 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 Lyons, 1848, Saturday, Jan. 1st. Sold Isaac H. Jameson 
 1 Set of Double Harness, $26.00, and 1 pair of Halters, 
 $1.75. 3d. Sold Henry B. Holbrook 1 Silver plated Sin 
 gle Harness $35. 4th. Sold Daniel W. Potter, 1 pair of 
 Breast Straps $1, and 2 Hame Straps, at 25c. 5th. 
 Charles D. Campbell, 1 pair of Collars, $3.50. Also, 
 Sold Franklin S. Clark, 4 Bridles, at $1.25, 1 pair of Mar- 
 tingals, $75, and 1 Halter, $88. 7th. Sold Sylvester N. 
 Nurse, 1 Set of Single Tug Harness, $16, and 1 Breast 
 Collar, $1.75, also sold Bela Dunbar, 1 saddle $15. 8th. 
 Sold Charles Harford 1 Brass Plated Single Harness, $30. 
 10th. Sold James S. Hawkins, 1 Set Single Tug Harness, 
 $16, 2 pair of Collars, at $3.50, 1 pair of Halters, $1.75, 
 and 1 pair of Tugs, $3.25. 
 
 The pupil will please notice, carefully, each abbrevia 
 tion, and the position of each entry on the opposite page. 
 The entries should be so made, that if a straight line should 
 be drawn down the page it would pass thro the initial of 
 each name, another thro the word " To," another thro 
 the word, " Dr." Attention to these particulars will in 
 sure that neatness and precision, which are absolutely 
 necessary in book-keeping. 
 
, Weetnetetap, Jan. JSt/i, 
 
 /a 
 
 42 
 
 JP. 
 
 4 
 / 
 
 / 
 
 43 C#c< 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 9 
 
 ZTo 4 2 
 
 JP. 
 
 24 
 
 4 i 
 
 3 * 
 
 4 tf/Mxt 
 
 /~o 4 7 mate 
 
 y 
 
 Zftw/M .43 
 
 00 
 39 
 
 38 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 39 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 1848. Jan. 12th. Sold Clark N". Fulton 1 set brass plated 
 harness, $38 ; 1 pair breast collars, $5.50 ; also 1 pair mar- 
 tingals, $.75. 13th. Sold Aaron B. Patterson 1 single har 
 ness, $22 ; also sold I. H. Jameson 1 halter strap, $.31, 
 and mended tug, $.13. 15th. Sold Cornelius O. Rumsey 
 1 pair collars, $3, and 1 pair breast straps, $1. 17th. Sold 
 Horatio N. Short 1 valise, $3, and 1 bridle, $1.13. 19th. 
 Sold Henry Woodward 1 pair blind bridles, $4 ; 3 name 
 straps at $.13, and 1 throat latch, $.12 ; also, sold John 
 Lynd 1 single harness, $18. 21st. Repaired harness for 
 Hiram Hawley, $3.75, and sold Andrew C. Mynderse 1 
 trunk, $4.50. 
 
 (The above to be entered in Day-Book.) 
 
 Let the pupil study carefully these memoranda, as en 
 tered on opposite page. The date is set down first, the 
 month in the first space, the day of the month in the sec 
 ond. The name of the person is placed on the same line 
 in the third space, and in the same space near the double 
 line the word " Dr.," if he has purchased of you, " Cr." if 
 you have purchased of him. In the same space under the 
 name place the word " To," if " Dr." is written after the 
 name, and " By," if " Cr." After this word place the 
 item, the price of each article if composed of several, as in 
 H. Woodward s acc t "3 Hame Straps .13" then place 
 amount of item, if there is one entry, in the sixth and sev 
 enth spaces, as in entry of Aaron B. Patterson. If there 
 is more than one item, place the amount in fourth and fifth 
 spaces, as in the account of Horatio N. Short, "To 1 Valise 
 3.00," and then place the combined amount of the several 
 items in sixth and seventh spaces on the same line of last 
 item, as in H. N". Short s account, last line 
 
 |" | | " 1 Bridle || 1 | 13 || 4 13 j 
 
40 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 From the preceding explanations the pupil will be able 
 to enter the following memoranda in his Day-Book. Let 
 them be entered in immediate connection with the memo 
 randa on preceding pages, of which they are a continuation. 
 Let the teacher, in examining the entries made by the 
 pupil, notice every mistake, either in entering the memo 
 randa, or in writing, or in figures. He should insist upon 
 the columns of figures being so placed that figures of the 
 same order shall come under each other. 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 1848. Jan. 25th. Cleaned harness for Henry B. Holbrook, $2.50. 
 Repaired it, $1.88. Sold him 1 halter, $.87. Also, sold Timothy N. 
 Foster set silver-plated harness, $42 ; saddle and bridle, $23 ; and pair 
 halters, $1.50. 26th. Repaired harness for Sylvester N. Nurse, $2.38; 
 also covered the dash of his buggy, $3.50. Same day bought of Frank 
 lin S. Clark 1 wash-tub, $1.13, and 3 patent pails, at $.31. Also, sold 
 Timothy G. Baldwin 1 set long tug harness, $26.00. Aaron B. Pat 
 terson has paid me cash on account, $10.00. 29th. Bought of Daniel 
 W. Potter 19 Ibs. veal, at $.04. 31st. Sold Charles D. Campbell 1 brass 
 plated single harness, $30. Also, sold Wm. Gridley 1 pair martingals, 
 $.75, 3 hame straps, at $.13, and 1 bum strap, $.30. Also, repaired 
 harness for J. H. Jameson, $1, and sold him 1 pair tugs, $3, and 1 pr. 
 tugs, $2. Also sold James S. Hawkins 1 brass plated gig harness, $20, 
 and repaired harness, $2.75. Also sold James H. Gillett 1 saddle, $18, 
 1 bridle, $1.50, 1 pair martingals, $1, and 1 halter, $1. February 1st. 
 Sold Henry Woodward 1 pair fine boots for self, $4. Also, Bela Dun- 
 bar 1 pair boots for hired man, $2.50, and 1 pair buskins for wife, $1.25. 
 Also, sold Aaron B. Patterson 1 pair kip boots for George, $3.25, and 
 repaired boy s boots, $.13. 3d. Sold Hiram Hawley 1 pair shoes, $1.50, 
 1 pair children s shoes, $.75, and 1 pair small children s shoes, $.50. 
 4th. Footed fine boots for Timothy N. Foster, $3. Also tapped and 
 patched boots for Sylvester N. Nurse, $.50, mended shoes, $.13, and 
 sold him pair of shoes for wife, $1.50. 5th. Sold Charles Harford 2 pair 
 small shoes, at $.50. Also mended boots for Andrew C. Mynderse, 
 $.38. 7th. Bought of Timothy G. Baldwin 12 Ibs. butter, $.13. 10th. 
 Sold Clark N. Fulton 1 pair gaiter boots, $2. llth. Sold Henry B. Hol 
 brook 1 pair fine boots, $5.50, and 1 pair boy s ditto, $1.75. 14th. 
 Sold Horace 0. Bigelow 1 pair buskins for wife, $1.25. 15th. Sold 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 41 
 
 William Gridley 1 pair stoga boots, $2.50, and 1 pair women s shoes, 
 $1.00. 17th. Sold Cornelius 0. Rumsey 2 pair stoga boots, at $2.50. 
 18th. Bought of Horatio N. Short 1 bbl. of flour, $7. Also sold Frank 
 lin S. Clark 1 pair pumps, $1.75. 21st. Sold John Lynd 3 pair buskins, 
 at $1.25 22d. Sold James S. Hawkins 6 pairs stoga boots at $2.50. 
 25th. Sold Daniel W Potter 1 pair fine boots for Eddy, $5.50. Same 
 day, bought of him 27 Ibs. pork, at $.09. 26th. Charles Harford has 
 paid me cash $25. 28th. Isaac H. Jameson 1 pair gaiters for wife, $2, 
 and footed fine boots, $3.50. 29th. Sold Henry Woodward 1 pair pru- 
 nell shoes, $1.50, 1 pair small shoes, $.75, and mended shoes, $.38. 
 March 1st. Shod horses for Daniel W. Potter, $2.00. 2d. Sold William 
 Gridley 13 Ibs. gate hinges, at $.13, and 4 Ibs. bolts, at $.14. Same 
 day, sold Sylvester N. Nurse 3 linch pins, $.12, repaired wagon for him, 
 $.50, set wagon tire, $.50, and ironed neck yoke, $1.00. 3d. Mended 
 chain for Henry B. Holbrook, $.13, and sharpened 2 shoes, $.31. Also 
 sharpened colter for Horatio N. Short, $.13. Also sold James S. Haw 
 kins 1 large clevis, $1.13, 1 pair small clevises, $1.25, and ironed whip- 
 pletrees, $3. 4th. Shod horse for Andrew C. Mynderse, $1. 6th. Sold 
 Charles Harford 1 linch -pin, $.12, 1 hook and staple, $.13, mended 
 shovel, $.13, and set 2 shoes, $.31. 8th. Repaired wagon for Wood 
 ward, $3. 9th. Mended log chain for Bela Dunbar, $.19, and shod his 
 horse, $1.00. 10th. Sold Isaac H. Jameson 17 Ibs. gate hinges, at $.13, 
 and shod bis horse, $1. 13th. Repaired sulkey for John Lynd, $3.50. 
 Also bought of Henry Woodward 19 Ibs. pork, at $.07, 21 Ibs. pork, at 
 $.06, and 3 bushels wheat, at $1.50. 14th. Sold Hiram Hawley 1 large 
 clevis, $1.25, and sharpened drag teeth, $.93. Also shod horses for 
 Timothy N. Foster, $2. 15th. Shod horse for Franklin S. Clark, toed 
 and set 2 shoes, $.31, and set 2 new shoes, $.50. 17th. Sold Clark N. 
 Fulton 3 bolts, at $.13, 2 linch pins, at $.12. 18th. Set 1 tire for Tim 
 othy G. Baldwin, $.38, and mended skein on wagon, $.50. Also sold 
 Daniel W. Potter 1 hook to trace chain, $.13. 20th. Sold Charles D. 
 Campbell 1 king bolt, $.75. 21st. Bought of Hiram Hawley 5 tons of 
 hay, at $8. 22d. Sold Horace 0. Bigelow 2 bands for drag, $.38, 
 mended chain, $.12, and shod horses, $2. 23d. Henry B. Holbrook 
 has paid me cash, $15. Sold Henry Woodward 1 hook and staple, 
 $.13. Also shod horses for James II. Gillett, $2. 24th. Sold Cornelius 
 0. Rumsey 1 iron wedge, $.88, 1 linch pin, $.12, and shod horse, $1. 
 Also repaired drag for Timothy G. Baldwin, $.75. 27th. Bought of 
 Daniel W. Potter 8 dozen eggs, $.10. Also repaired threshing machine 
 for Isaac H. Jameson, $4.75. 29th. Repaired wagon for Sylvester N. 
 Nurse, $2.50, and ironed neck yoke, $.88. 30th. Sold William Gridley 
 
42 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 8 Ibs. spikes, at $.12^, and repaired cart, $1.88. 31st. Bought of Cor 
 nelius 0. Rumsey 12 Ibs. butter, at $.13, 8 Ibs. butter, at $.10, 22 Ibs. 
 pork, at $.07, 23 Ibs. pork, at $.06, and he has paid me cash, $5. 
 Henry B. Holbrook has paid me cash to balance his account, $32.94. 
 Daniel "W. Potter has paid me cash to balance acc t, $5.14. Charles D. 
 Campbell has paid me cash to balance acc t, $34. 25. Franklin S. Clark 
 has given me his note at 6 months, $7.13, to balance acc t. 
 Entry should be 
 
 ( " Franklin S. Clark Cr. 
 
 "j . By note at 6 mo s to bal. acc t, $7.13." 
 
 Sylvester N. Nurse has given me his note, at 3 mo s for $31.50, to 
 balance acc t. William Gridley has paid me cash to balance acc t, 
 $10.07. BelaDunbar has paid me cash, $19.94. Charles Harford has 
 given me his note at 30 days for $6.69. Henry Woodward has paid 
 me cash, $7.18. Timothy G. Baldwin has paid me cash, $26.07. James 
 S. Hawkins has given me his note at 6 mo s for $71.13. I have allowed 
 and credited John Lynd his acc t against me, $18.75. 
 
 Entry should be 
 
 C John Lynd Cr. 
 
 I By am t of his acc t, $18.75. 
 
 I have allowed and credited Isaac H. Jameson his acc t against me, 
 $13.75, and he has given me his note at 3 mo s to balance account, 
 $33.90. 
 
INDEX AND LEDGER. 
 
 MECHANICS FORM. 
 
B 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 nu &. 
 
 . 0. 
 s 
 
 JP. 
 
 44 
 
 G 
 
 II 
 
 J 
 
 ^/ 
 
 K 
 
 M 
 
o 
 
 Q 
 
 II 
 
 w 
 
 z 
 
 45 
 
ALPHABET, OR DsDEX. 
 
 THE ALPHABET, or IXDEX, is a small book in which are 
 arranged, in alphabetical order, the names of all persons 
 having accounts in the Ledger, together with the pages 
 on which such accounts are entered. 
 
 This book was fully explained in the last set, but to 
 assist the pupil the names of the accounts in this set have 
 been placed in the proper places. The pupil may copy 
 these names into the blank index. The number of the page 
 has been purposely omitted. Let the pupil, as soon as he 
 opens an account in the Ledger, place the number of the 
 page opposite the name in the Index. 
 
 THE LEDGER. 
 
 The LEDGER is a book to which each person s account 
 is transferred from the Day-book, and arranged on a page 
 by itself. The name of such person should be written in 
 a bold hand at the top of the page, with Dr. on the left 
 and Cr. on the right. 
 
 Each page of the Ledger should be divided by a double 
 perpendicular line into two equal parts ; the one for the 
 debtor, and the other for the creditor side of the account. 
 Each of these parts should also be divided by perpendicu 
 lar lines into six spaces ; the first space for the month, the 
 second for the day of the month, the third for the items, 
 the fourth for the page of the Day-book on which the 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 47 
 
 original entries were made, and the fifth and sixth for dol 
 lars and cents. 
 
 The first account to be opened in the Ledger is that of 
 the person whose name stands first in the Day-book. As 
 soon as it is opened it should be entered in the Alphabet. 
 
 POSTIXG BOOKS in this form is collecting and transfer 
 ring each person s account from the Day-book to its ap 
 propriate page in the Ledger. The entries recorded in 
 the Day-book should be posted in the order 4n which they 
 occur ; that is, the first entry should be the first posted, 
 and the second entry next, and so on until they are all 
 posted. 
 
 Whenever there is more than one article charged or 
 credited to an individual on the same page of the Day 
 book, the several sums should be added, and the amount 
 entered in the Ledger, 7b, or By Sundries / but when 
 there is but one article so charged or credited, it may be 
 specified in the Ledger. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 "What is the Alphabet? What entries are made in it? For what 
 purpose is it used? When do you make an entry in this book? 
 "What is the Ledger? How are the accounts arranged in it? How 
 should the page in the Ledger be headed? Into how many equal 
 parts is the Ledger page divided? "What are these for? Into how 
 many spaces should each of the parts be divided ? For what are the 
 different spaces used? Whose account must be opened first in the 
 Ledger? What entry to be made in the Index when an account is 
 opened in the Ledger? What is meant by "Posting Books?" How 
 should entries in Day-book be posted ? When there is more than one 
 item in the charge on Day-book, what must be done ? How will you 
 enter the amount in Ledger? If there is but one item in the charge, 
 what may be done ? 
 
. 
 
 So 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,v> >a \ 
 
 48 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 49 
 
 The pupil will find on the opposite page the account of 
 Isaac H. Jameson, as it would appear in the Ledger. 
 
 On the first page of the Day-book you will find the name 
 of Isaac II. Jameson, the first recorded. He is there, on 
 the first day of January, 1848, made debtor for one set of 
 double harness at twenty-six dollars, and one pair of hal 
 ters at one dollar and seventy-five cents, the sum total is 
 twenty-seven dollars seventy-five cents ; hence, we make 
 the entry 
 
 Jan. | 1. | To Sundries | 1 || $27 | 75 | 
 On the second page, 13th day of January, for one hal 
 ter strap at thirty-one cents, and mending tug thirteen 
 cents, sum total forty-four cents, and we make the entry 
 next to the one just entered. On the fourth page, 31st 
 day of January, for repairing harness one dollar, one pair 
 of tugs three dollars, one pair of tugs two dollars, sum 
 total six dollars. Of this we make the third entry on 
 debit side of account. On the sixth page, 28th day of 
 January, for footing fine boots three dollars fifty cents, 
 one pair of gaiters for wife two dollars, sum total five dol 
 lars fifty cents, which makes the fourth entry on debit 
 side. On the eighth page, 10th day of March, for seven 
 teen pounds of gate hinges, at thirteen cents per pound, 
 two dollars twenty-one cents, shoeing horse one dollar, 
 sum total three dollars twenty-one cents. This is posted 
 as the fifth entry on the debit side. On the ninth page, 
 27th day of March, for repairing threshing-machine four 
 dollars seventy-five cents, which is entered as last entry on 
 debit side; and on the tenth page, 31st day of March, he 
 is made credit for the amount of his account thirteen dol 
 lars seventy-five cents, and his note to balance the account 
 thirty-three dollars and ninety cents, and should be posted 
 as on the following page on the credit side of the ac 
 count. The same method is pursued in posting the other 
 accounts. 
 
^3 
 
 V 
 
 
 i i 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 51 
 
 On the opposite page you will find the same account (Isaac 
 H. Jameson s) posted by figures, the small figures indi 
 cating the Day-book page, and the large ones the amount 
 of the entry transferred. When the line is filled, these 
 sums are added, and the sum total extended into the mon 
 ey columns. This method is very simple, and needs no 
 further explanation after the instructions given on preced 
 ing page. It is not as full as the first method of posting, 
 but is adopted by some, because it occupies so much less 
 space in the Ledger than the former. The learner, if he 
 chooses, may practise both. 
 
 By a careful study of the account given above, and the 
 explanations accompanying it, the pupil will be enabled 
 readily to post the remaining accounts. In order to guide 
 the pupil in this labor, the accounts of Henry B. Holbrook, 
 Daniel W. Potter, Charles D. Campbell, and Franklin S. 
 Clark are given, as they will appear, if correctly posted. 
 If the remaining accounts are properly posted by the 
 pupil, he will find the following amounts necessary in or 
 der to balance them: Sylvester N. Nurse, ; Horace O. 
 Bigelow, $3.75; William Gridley, ; Bcla Dunbar, ; 
 Charles Harford, ; James S. Hawkins, ; Clark N. 
 Fulton, $46.88 ; Aaron B. Patterson, $15.38 ; Cornelius O. 
 Rnmsey, $0.72; Horatio N. Short (Cr.), $2.74; Henry 
 Woodward, ; John Lynd, $6.50; Hiram Hawley (Cr.), 
 $31.32 ; Andrew C. Mynderse, $5.88 ; Timothy N. Foster, 
 $71.50; Timothy G. Baldwin, ; James II. Gillet, 
 $23.50. 
 
 NOTE. The dash indicates that the accounts, after which it is placed, 
 balance. 
 
^ 
 
 I 
 
 s 
 
 So V 
 
 So 
 
tS ^ 
 
 \ 
 
 SO 
 
 Va V 
 
 T 
 
54 BOOK-KEEPIXG. 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 The form on the preceding pages, although it is 
 designated as the " Mechanic s Form," is, nevertheless, 
 well adapted to the use of professional men and mer 
 chants ; and from the fact that a majority of merchants, in 
 the small villages throughout the country, keep their books 
 after this form, we have thought best to give a Memoran 
 dum of the business transactions of a merchant for three 
 months, requiring the pupil to record them in the Day- 
 Book, post to the Ledger, and balance the accounts as in 
 the preceding. The price per ounce, pound, gallon, yard 
 or piece, is given, leaving the amount to be extended by 
 the learner ; and if the above-described operation is cor 
 rectly performed, it will be found, on balancing the books, 
 that the following persons are indebted to you for the 
 sums opposite each name : Hiram Mann, $39.42 ; Milton 
 Seely, $42.71; Albert J. Hovey, $7.17; Charles R. 
 Heeox, $4.49 ; William F. Ashley, $9.15 ; Ephraim B. 
 Price, $6.43 ; Peter Brant, $17.63 ; William Walling, 
 $7.52 ; Men it Thornton, $23.03 ; John Messenger, $1.71 ; 
 Alpheus Clark, $8.81 ; Samuel Weaver, $28.66 ; John 
 Hancock, $12.63 ; Samuel Moore, $17.21 ; Xathan Brit- 
 tan, $5.36 ; and you are indebted to Myron Holmes, $2.32. 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 JANUARY 
 
 1st. Sold Hiram Mann 2 1 yds. broadcloth, at $3.00, li 
 yd. silk serge, at $1.50, 1 doz. large buttons, at 75c., and 
 i uoz. small, do., at 25c. 2d. Sold Myron Holmes 10 yds. 
 silk, at $1.50, and 5 skeins silk, at 4c.; Milton Seely, 1 cap 
 for boy, at $1.25, and 1 pair small coarse boots, at $1.50 ; 
 Albert J. Hovey, 10 Ibs. sugar, at 10c., and 1 Ib. tea, at 
 $1.00. 3d. Sold Charles R. Hecox 5 yds. calico, at 10c., 
 5 Ibs. coffee, at 14c., and 1 Ib. tea, at $1.00 ; William F. 
 Ashley, 15 Ibs. sugar, at 10c., 1 oz. nutmegs, at 12c., and 
 
BOOK-KEEPIXG. 55 
 
 1 oz. cloves, at 13c. 4th. Sold Ephraim. B. Price 1 bbl. 
 of salt, at $1.25, 1 bbl. water lime, at $2.25, 50 Ibs. 
 coarse salt, at Ifc., and 20 Ibs. mackerel, at 8c.; Peter 
 Brant, 10 yds. muslin de laine, at 50c., 15 yds. factory, at 
 10c., and 5 spools thread, at 5c.; William Walling, 20 Ibs. 
 sugar, at 10c., 10 Ibs. coffee, at 10c., and 1 Ib. tea, at 
 $1.00. 7th. Sold Merrit Thornton 3 yds. gray cloth, at 
 $1.00, 3 yds. factory, at 8c., and buttons, 6c.; Hiram Mann, 
 8 Ibs. sugar, at 9c., and 5 Ibs. coffee, at 14c. 9th. Sold 
 John Messenger cloth and trimmings for overcoat, at 
 $9.00, 6 yds. cassimer, at $2.00 ; and he has paid me cash 
 on account, $20.00. 10th. Sold Albert J. Hovey 10 yds. 
 calico, at 12|c., and 1 spool thread, at 5c.; Alpheus Clark, 
 1 yd. silk, at $1.25, 1 cord and tassel, at $1.00, and 3 
 skeins silk, 4c. llth. Sold Milton Seely 1 ps. factory, 30 
 yds., at lOc. 12th. Sold John Messenger 50 Ibs. sugar, 
 at 10c., and 1 ps. factory, 40 yds., at Sc.; and bought of 
 him 1 firkin butter, at $10.00. 14th. Sold Merrit Thorn 
 ton cloth and trimmings for pants, at $6.00. 15th. Sold 
 William Walling 3 yds. S. G. cloth, at 56c. 16th. Sold 
 Peter Brant 1 Ib. tea, at $1.00, and 10 Ibs. sugar, at lOc. 
 17th. Sold William F. Ashley 9 yds. bed-ticking, at 12ic., 
 and 3 spools, at 5c. 18th. Sold Charles R. Hecox 9 yds. 
 factory, at 9c., 9 yds. ticking, at 12ic., and 2 spools, at 5c. 
 19th. Sold Samuel Weaver 4 yds. light green broadcloth, 
 at $2.50, 3| yds. worsted goods, at 75c., and buttons, 50c.; 
 and bought of him 20 Ibs. butter, at 15c., and 10 doz. 
 eggs, at lOc. Sold Ephraim B. Price, per wife, 9 yds. 
 muslin de laine, at 25c. 21st. Sold Albert J. Hovey, 1 
 pair kid gloves, at $1.00 ; Myron Holmes, 1 pair kid 
 gloves, at $1.00. 22d. John Messenger has paid me cash 
 on account, $5.00. 23d. Sold Hiram Mann 8 yds. calico, 
 at 12^c., and 1 spool, at 5c. Peter Brant has paid me 
 cash on account, $10.00. Sold John Hancock 1 Ib. tea, at 
 $1.00, 5 Ibs. coffee, at 12ic., and 10 Ibs. sugar, at lOc. 
 25th. Sold Milton Seely 3~ yds. cassimer, at $2.00, 3 yds. 
 factory, at 8c., and buttons, 6c. 26th. Sold Samuel 
 Moore, per Emogene, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00, and 1 
 pair cotton, at 19c.; William Walling, 10 yds. calico, at 
 14c., 15 yds. factory, at IQc.; and bought of him 10 cords 
 maple wood, at $2.00. 29th. Sold Peter Brant 15 Ibs. 
 sugar, at lOc., and 5 Ibs. coffee, at 14c. 30th. Sold 
 Samuel Moore cloth and trimmings for coat, at $9.80, 1 
 3* 
 
56 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 pair suspenders, at 50c., and 1 pair gloves, at 31c.; and he 
 has paid me cash on account, $25.00. Sold Myron Holmes 
 1 pair buckskin gloves, at $1.00, 1 pair black kid do., at 
 $1.00, cloth and trimmings for dress coat, $15.00, 50 Ibs. 
 sugar, at 10c., 20 Ibs. coffee, at 15c., 5 Ibs. tea, at 50c.; 
 and he has paid me cash on account, $25.00. Bought of 
 him 10 super, plows, at $5.00. 31st. Sold Nathan Britten 
 1 pair cotton hose, at 25c., 1 pair worsted gloves, at 
 50c., and 1 doz. skeins worsted, at 13c. 
 
 FEBRUAKY 
 
 1st. Sold William F. Ashley 1 silk pocket handkerchief, 
 at 50c., and 1 cravat, at $1.50. 4th. Sold Ephrairn B. 
 Price 14 yds. shirting, at 12c., 2 yd^. linen, at 75c., 4 yds. 
 calico, at 6c., and 1 doz. spools thread, 63c. 5th. Sold 
 Samuel Moore 2 rolls white paper, at 31c., and 3 brooms, 
 at 18c. 6th. Sold Milton Seely 1 satin vest pattern, $3.25, 
 1 yd. cambric, 10c., 1 white do., 13c., and ^ doz. buttons, 
 at 12c.; Samuel Weaver, 13 yds. shirting, at 13c., 2 yds. 
 Irish linen, at 88c., and 3 spools thread, at 5c. 7th. Sold 
 Alpheus Clark 10 yds. sheeting, at 10c.; William Wal 
 ling, 12 yds. calico, at 8c., and 5 Ibs. batting, at 12|c. 
 8th. Sold Ephraim B. Price vest and trimmings, at $2.25, 
 1 yd. linen, 75c.; and bought of him bill of groceries, 
 $15.42. 9th. Sold William F. Ashley 20 yds. calico, at 
 12ic. llth. Sold Merrit Thornton 1 doz. tumblers, $1.00, 
 and 8 Ibs. refined sugar, at 12^0.; Nathan Brittan, 12 yds. 
 barred mull, at 31c., and 2 pair cotton hose, at 38c. 13th. 
 Sold John Hancock 1 pair rubbers, at $1.00, 1 pair kid 
 gloves, at $1.00, and 1 pair buskins, at $1.50. 14th. Sold 
 Hiram Mann 1 graduated robe, $3.50, 1 yd. drilling, at 
 13c., and thread, 6c. 15th. Sold Samuel Moore 32 yds. 
 sheeting, at 10c,, and 4 yds. Irish linen, at $1.00. 16th. 
 Sold Albert J. Hovey 1 set fine blue ware, at $3.50 ; 
 Peter Brant, 1 Ib. tea, at $1.00; and 5 Ibs. rice, at 5c.; 
 John Messenger, 10 yds. muslin de laine, at 25c., and 1 
 yd. drilling, at 13c. 18th. Sold Myron Holmes, per son, 
 1 vest pattern and trimmings, at $8.00. 19th. Sold 
 Charles R. Hecox 17 yds. sheeting, at 5c., and 20 yds. 
 calico, at 12c. 20th. Sold Samuel Moore 1 fur hat, at 
 $4.00 ; Milton Seely, per wife, super, shawl, at $30.00 ; 
 John Hancock, 1 gal. lamp oil, $1.50, and 2 gals, molasses, 
 at 37c. 21st. Sold Samuel Weaver 2 yds. mull edge, at 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 57 
 
 Sic., and 1 pair gloves, at 75c. 22d. Sold Merrit Thorn 
 ton 3 yds. cassimer, at $2,00, 1 yd. canvas, at 19c., and 1 
 pair black silk gloves, at $1.00. 25th. Sold Alpheus Clark 
 10 Ibs. mackerel, at 8c., 20 Ibs. sugar, at 10c., and 10 doz. 
 eggs, at 14c. 27th, Sold Hiram Mann 1 ps. sheeting, 30 
 yds., at 10c., and 20 yds. calico, at lOc. 28th. Sold 
 Samuel Moore 6 yds. alpaca, at 60c., and 1 yd. cambric, 
 at 10c.; Myron Holmes, 9 yds. muslin de laine, at 37c., 2 
 spools thread, at 5c., and 5 skeins silk, at 4c.; William F. 
 Ashley, 1 vest and trimmings, $5.00. 
 
 MARCH 
 
 1st. Sold Albert J. Hovey 4 Ibs. cotton batting, at 
 12^c., and 8 yds. calico, at 12|c. 2d. Sold Milton Seely 3 
 yds. edging, at 8c.; E. B. Price, 4 Ibs. cofiee, at 14c., and 
 1 Ib. cinnamon, at 31c. 4th. Sold Merrit Thornton 2^ 
 yds. linen, at $1.00, 9 yds. gingham, at 38c., and 1 doz. 
 spools, 63c. 6th. Sold John Messenger 1 cap, at $1.50 ; 
 Samuel "Weaver, 1 pair rubbers, at $1.75. 7th. Sold 
 Alpheus Clark 1 gal. lamp oil, at $1.00, and 3 Ibs. nails, at 
 8c. 8th. Sold John Hancock 3 bbls. salt, at $1.00, 100 
 Ibs. sugar, at 7^c. ; and he has paid me cash on account, 
 $10.00. Sold Ater Brant 2 brooms, at 13c., and 3 yds. 
 flannel, at 75c. 9th. Sold William Walling 6 yds. alpaca, 
 at 50c., and 1 yd. cambric, at lOc. ; and bought of him 10 
 Ibs. butter, at 12ic. llth. Sold Charles R. Hecox 1 pair 
 kid gloves, $1.00, 1 pair rubbers, at $1.50, 1 pair buskins, 
 at $1.25 ; and bought of him 1 firkin butter, 80 Ibs., at 
 12ic. 12th. Sold Hiram Mann 3 bbls. salt, at $1.00 ; 
 Merrit Thornton, 9 yds. calico, at 12^c. ; and bought of 
 him 100 ft. hemlock fence boards, at 7^c. Sold Peter 
 Brant 12 Ibs. sugar, at lOc. 13th. Sold Milton Seely, per 
 wife, 12 yds. silk, at $1.25 ; and he has paid me cash on 
 account, $20.00. 14th. Sold William F. Ashley 12 yds. 
 calico, $1.00 ; Myron Holmes, per wife, 1 pair kid bus 
 kins, at $1.50. 15th. Sold Samuel Moore 1 set blue ware, 
 at $3.00 ; Samuel Weaver, 1 set fine blue tea ware, at 
 $3.50 ; William Walling, 2 bed-cords, at 25c. 16th. Sold 
 Merrit Thornton | bbl. mackerel, at $9.00. 18th. Sold 
 Ephraim B. Price 2 yds. satinet, at 75c. 20th. Sold 
 Peter Brant 4 yds. satinet, at $1.12, and 2 yds. cassimere 
 at $1.50 ; John Hancock, 3 linen handkerchiefs, at 44c., 
 and I yd, linen, at 75c. Samuel Weaver, per wife, 1 yd. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Italian silk, at $1.50, 1 cord rind tassel, at $1.25, and 3 
 skeins silk, at 4c. 21st. Sold Milton Seely 1 vest pat 
 tern, at $1.50, and trimmings, at 38c. 22d. Sold Albert 
 J. Hovey 9 yds. muslin de laine, at 31c., and 2 skeins silk, 
 at 4c. 23d. Sold Ephraim B. Price 8 yds. gingham, at 
 50c., 1 yd. cambric, at 10c., and 2 spools thread, at 5c. 
 25th. Sold Charles K. Hecox 10 yds. gingham, at 31 c., 
 and 1 spool thread, at 5c.; John Hancock, 3 linen handker 
 chiefs, at 31c., and 1 yd. linen, at 75c. ; Peter Brant, ^14 
 yds. sheeting, at lie., 30 yds. do., at 9c., 2 yds. Irish 
 linen, at 75c. ; and bought of him 15 Ibs. butter, at 12c. 
 26th. Sold William Walling 150 Ibs. sugar, at lOc. 27th. 
 Sold Samuel Weaver 3 yds. black cassimer, at $2.00 ; 
 Hiram Mann, cloth and trimmings for dress coat, $15.00 ; 
 William F. Ashley, 2 pair small shoes, at 31c., and he has 
 paid me cash on account, $5.00. 28th. Sold John Mes 
 senger 1 set buttons, at 75c., 1 hank thread, at 13c,, and 1 
 pair shoes, at $1.00. 29th. Sold Myron Holmes 1 shawl, 
 at $10.00, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00, 2 yds. mull edging, 
 at 40c., 1 bag clasp, at 50c., and 1 yd. silk velvet, at 
 $3.50 ; Samuel Moore, 9 yds. silk warp alpaca, at 75c., 1 
 yd. cambric, at 10c., 1 pair kid buskins, at $1.00, 2 linen 
 handkerchiefs, at 50c., 1 yd. silk, at $1.75, 1 cord and 
 tassel, at 75c. 30th. Sold John Messenger 1 gal. lamp 
 oil, at $1.50. Albert J. Hovey has paid me cash on 
 account, $5.00. 
 
FORM FOR MERCHANTS. 
 
 THE principal Books of this Form are the Day-book or 
 Blotter, the Journal, the Ledger, and Cash-book. 
 
 The DAT-BOOK and the manner of keeping it are the 
 same as described in the second Form, with these excep 
 tions : the manner and place of dating are different, and 
 it is ruled with single money-columns instead of double. 
 
 A PETTY ALPHABET or INDEX to the Day-book should 
 also be kept, in which all the names entered in the Day 
 book during a month should be entered and alphabetically 
 arranged. 
 
 This book should be commenced on the evening of the 
 first business day of each month, by writing in it all the 
 names that were entered in the Day-book during the day, 
 together with the pages on which such entries were 
 made ; and so every evening during the month, enter in 
 the Alphabet all the new names that appear in the Day 
 book, with their pages ; and if a name appears that has 
 already been entered in the Alphabet, enter the number of 
 the page on which it stands opposite such name. When 
 ever the name occurs more than once on the same page of 
 the Day-book, it is indicated in the Alphabet by repeating 
 the number of the page. A small cross (+) placed after 
 the figure indicates that there is a credit-entry on that 
 page in the Day-book. 
 
 The JOURNAL is a book into which all the items of each 
 person s account are transferred from the Day-book, and so 
 arranged that those for each month are collected together. 
 
 At the close of every month the Day-book should be 
 journalized, which is done in the following manner: 
 Transfer the first entry of the month, in the Day-book, to 
 the Journal ; then find the name thus transferred in the 
 Alphabet, and if that has been kept as above directed, 
 you wi?l see on what pages of the Day-book this name 
 
60 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 again occurs ; then turn to these pages in order, and 
 transfer to the Journal all the items entered to this name, 
 placing them under the name already entered there, with 
 the dates, &c., keeping the debits and credits by them 
 selves. After thus transferring them, place two parallel 
 lines (thus //) opposite each entry on the Day-book, to 
 indicate that they have been carried to the Journal. Pro 
 ceed in the same manner with the next name in the Day 
 book, and so on until all is journalized. 
 
 After journalizing the month s transactions, the books 
 should be compared to see if the accounts are correctly 
 journalized ; and if found correct, write in the Day-book, 
 after the last entry for the month, Examined. 
 
 The LEDGER in this Form is a book in which a whole, or 
 a part of a page, is appropriated to every account in the 
 Journal. 
 
 This book is ruled like the Ledger of the second Form, 
 but the lines which there separate the space for the day 
 of the month from the month may be omitted . 
 
 An ALPHABET or INDEX to the Ledger, like the one 
 described in the second Form, is necessary. 
 
 At the close of the first month the Journal should be 
 posted. But before this is done the Ledger (which we 
 will suppose is new) should be paged, and the names of 
 all the persons (including Stock, Cash, and Merchandise) 
 with whom you have opened an account should be written 
 at the top of the space appropriated to such account. 
 These names, with Dr. on the left and Or. on the right, 
 should be written in a bold hand, and then should be 
 alphabetically arranged in the Index, with the page of the 
 Ledger on which they are recorded. The Journal should 
 next be page-marked, which is done as follows : open to 
 the first account in it, and then find in the Alphabet what 
 page of the Ledger is appropriated to this account, and 
 place the number of this page on the margin of the Jour- 
 
BOOK-KEEPIXG. 61 
 
 nal, opposite such account. Proceed in the same manner 
 until each account in the Journal is page-marked. 
 
 You are now prepared to post the books. Commence 
 with the first account in the Journal ; the figure in the 
 margin shows the page of the Ledger appropriated to this 
 account. Enter on the Dr. side of that page the month in 
 the first space ; " To Merchandise" in the wide space, the 
 page of the Journal in the next, and the sum total of the 
 debits in the two next spaces. Then if there are any credits 
 to this account in the Journal, their sum total should be en 
 tered in the Ledger on the Cr. side in the same manner, ex 
 cept in the wide space write " By Cash," " By Merchan 
 dise," or " By Sundries," as the case may be. Then place two 
 parallel oblique lines, one above and the other below the 
 figure in the margin, to indicate that the account has been 
 posted. Proceed in the same manner until each account in 
 the Journal for the month has been posted. At the close 
 of the next and the subsequent months, the Journal 
 should be posted in the same manner as above described. 
 
 Every month, immediately after the Journal has been 
 posted, it should be compared with the Ledger, to see if 
 any mistakes have been made in posting In order to 
 facilitate this, it should be done by two persons. One 
 should take the Journal, and commencing with the first 
 account in the month, give its title and the page of the 
 Ledger upon which it is posted, as indicated by the figures 
 in the margin of the Journal ; the other should then turn 
 to this page in the Ledger, and see if it is correctly 
 posted, while the first reads from the Journal the entry, 
 amount, page, &c. 
 
 In comparing the books, if any account is found to have 
 been overlooked, it of course should be posted immediately. 
 
 If an entry has been made on the wrong side of an 
 account in the Ledger, it should not be erased, but the 
 same amount should be entered on the opposite side of 
 
62 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 this account " To" or " By Error," and then the entry 
 made as it should have been at first. 
 
 If an entiy has been posted to the wrong account, the 
 same amount should be entered on the opposite side of 
 this account "To" or " By Error," and it should then be 
 posted in its proper place. 
 
 When either the Day-book, Journal, or Ledger is writ 
 ten full, its place is supplied by a new one, and the differ 
 ent books are usually designated by the first letters of the 
 alphabet : the first day-book as Day-book A ; the second, 
 Day-book B : the first journal as Journal A ; the second, 
 Journal B : the first ledger as Ledger A ; the second, 
 Ledger B ; the third, Ledger C, &c. 
 
 After writing the Day-book for the months of January, 
 February, and March, journalizing and posting it to the 
 Ledger, the accounts may be balanced. 
 
 Balancing accounts is placing a sufficient sum on the 
 least side of an account to make it equal with the greatest, 
 and is done by adding the Dr. and Cr. columns, subtract 
 ing the least from the greatest, and making the account 
 Dr. "To" or Cr. " By Balance" for the difference. The 
 debit and credit sides will now foot alike. Xext draw 
 single lines opposite each other under these columns, and, 
 after adding and placing the amount under them, draw 
 double lines under the amount, to signify that the two 
 sides are balanced and closed; then bring down the 
 balance by making the account Dr. "To" or Cr. "By 
 Balance" of old account. But if the Ledger is full, and you 
 wish to transfer the account to a new one, let the balancing 
 entry be " To" or " By Balance to Ledger B ;" and in the 
 new Ledger, "To" or "By Balance from Ledger A." 
 
 In the following set of books, after writing the Day 
 book, journalizing and by posting the three months trans 
 actions, the books may be balanced, and the accounts 
 transferred to a new Ledger. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 63 
 
 The same plan will be adopted in this as in the two pre 
 ceding forms. A portion of the accounts will be in the 
 memoranda form with explanations on one page, and the 
 memoranda, as they appear when entered in the book, on 
 the opposite page. Great care must be taken with this 
 form, otherwise but little if any progress can be made in 
 the second portion of the book. Let the teacher require 
 the pupil to be thoroughly acquainted with the questions 
 that follow, and in examining the books of the pupil rigidly 
 enforce the principles that have been given. 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is this form called ? What are the principal books used ? What 
 are the Day-book and manner of keeping it like ? In what does it dif 
 fer from the Day-books of the preceding forms ? What is the Index to 
 the Day-book called? For what is it used? When should the names 
 entered in the Day-book be placed in this Index ? Describe the man 
 ner of entering these names. If a name has already been entered, what 
 do you do if it occurs again ? What do you do if a name occurs twice 
 on one page ? What indicates a credit entry ? What is the Journal ? 
 How are the accounts arranged in it ? When should the Day-book be 
 journalized ? What is meant by journalizing ? Describe the manner 
 of journalizing. What do the parallel lines (||) placed opposite the Day 
 book entry signify ? What should be done after journalizing the ac 
 counts of the month ? If found correct, what do you write in the Day 
 book? Where do you write it? What is the Ledger in this form ? Is 
 it like the Ledger in the preceding forms ? What line may be omitted? 
 Is an Alphabet necessary to this Ledger ? When should the Journal 
 be posted ? What should be written first in the Ledger ? What stylo 
 of writing should be used ? What should be placed on the left ? What 
 on the right? Where should the names be entered next? How do 
 you page-mark the Journal? After these preparations, what is the 
 manner of posting ? What marks do you put in the Journal to show 
 that the account has been posted ? After the accounts have been en 
 tered, what is to be done ? Describe the best way of reviewing the 
 entries ? If an account has been overlooked, what is done ? Should 
 you erase a wrong entry ? How can you correct it ? If an entry has 
 been made in the wrong account, how can you correct it ? How are 
 
64 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 the new Day-books, &c., designated when a new set is used ? What is 
 meant by balancing accounts ? Describe the method. If you open a 
 new account in the same book, how will the entry read ? If in a new 
 book? 
 
DAY-BOOK, OR BLOTTER. 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM. 
 
j Tan. 3d, 
 
 u 
 
 anaeM-on &C & 
 
 di<it er ^s 
 
 - <_/ {6400.14, 
 
 230 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 Ta 
 
 40 
 
 2 tfa 
 30 M 
 
 66 
 
 Pcvn,. 6tfa. -- 
 
 .0$ 
 
 .05 
 
 0*. 
 
 4.25 
 
 .43 
 
 48 
 
 4$ 
 
 4 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 67 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 Lyons, Monday, Jan. 3d, 1848. Bought of Pierce & 
 Willson merchandise amounting by invoice to $173. Also 
 bought of Sanderson & Co. an invoice of merchandise, $480. 
 Also bought of Benedict & Rockwell an invoice of merchan 
 dise, $227. 4th. Sold Joseph M. Demmon 230 yds. brown 
 sheeting, at .08, 48 yds. red flannel, at .38, and 3 doz. 
 Coat s spool thread, at .48 per doz. Also sold Moses 
 Austin 17 yds. sheeting, at .05, and 20 yds. calico, at .13. 
 5th. Sold George C. Dean 10 yds. muslin de laine, at .31, 
 1 yd. drilling, .13, and 2 doz. buttons, at .15, per doz. 
 6th. Sold Xathan Brittan, per James, 2 gallons lamp oil, 
 at 1.25, and 30 Ibs. loaf sugar, at .13. 
 
 This memoranda would be entered as on the opposite 
 page. The method is the same as employed in the two pre 
 ceding forms, with the exception, first, of the position of 
 the date, it occupying the centre, and not the side of the 
 page, and the day of the week, as the day of the month 
 being expressed ; second, the separate amounts of the dif 
 ferent items in each account are placed separately in the 
 last two spaces, and not the sum merely, as in preceding 
 forms. The method of entering the memoranda in Day 
 book being so similar to the preceding forms, further ex 
 planation is deemed unnecessary. The pupil will now 
 carefully enter in his Day-book the following memoranda 
 in connection with the foregoing. 
 
68 BOOK-KEEPIXG. 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 Thursday, January 6th. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 5 yds. black broad 
 cloth, at $3.50, 1 satin vest pattern, $5.50, trimmings, $3.75, 5 Ibs. 
 of coffee, at $.15, and 10 Ibs. of sugar, at $.10. Also sold Miss May 
 Emmonds 3 yds. of linen edging, at $.19. 8th. Sold Hugh Jameson 
 merchandise and rendered bill, $8.07. Also sold John Adams 10 yds. 
 drab fringe, at $.68 and 3 pieces ribbon, at $.31. 10th. Paid Horatio 
 N. Taft s order, $2.38. Sold John M. Holley 3 yards black cassimere, 
 $2.25. Sold Levi S. Fulton 20* Ibs. sugar, at $.08, 1 Ib. tea, $.88, and he 
 took, also, in cash $8.00. Sold Abram L. Beaumont, 25 Ibs. sugar, at 
 $.10. llth. Sold Moses Austin 7 yds. alpaca, at $.50, 10 yds. cambric, 
 at $.10, 3 skeins silk, at $.04 and 4 sheets of wadding, at $.04. 12th. 
 Sold Samuel Moore 9 yds. muslin de laine, at $.44, 1 yd. cambric, at $.10, 
 2 yds. drilling, at $.12. Also sold Aaron D. Polhamus, 1 cravat, $1.12. 
 Also sold James C. Smith 4 yds. green baize, at $.50. Also sold Levi S. 
 Fulton 1 pair of fine boots, $5.00. Bought of James Rogers 1 pair 
 fine boots, $5.00. 14th. Sold George C. Youngs 3 yds. black cassimere, 
 at $1.75, and trimmings, $.25. 15th. Sold Moses Austin 30 yds. sheet 
 ing, at $.10. 17th. Sold James Rogers 2 hanks linen thread, at $.13, 
 and 4 pieces galoon, at $.31. Sold Nathan Brittan (wife) 1 pair kid 
 gloves, $1.00, 1 pair inferior kid, $.63. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds 9 
 yds. muslin de laine, at $.31, and trimmings, $.25. She paid cash on 
 account, $2.00. Sold John M. Holley (daughter) 20 skeins zephyr worst 
 ed at $.01. Sold Thomas Rook 4 yds. sheep s gray cloth, at $.63. 18th. 
 Sold Moses Austin 10 Ibs. cotton yarn, at $.19. Sold George C. Dean 
 (wife) 1 yd. mull edging, $.31, and 1 yd. edging, $.04. 19th. Sold 
 James McElwain 9 yds. muslin de laine, at $.28, 1 yd. cambric, $.10. 
 Sold George C. Youngs | Ib. tea, at $.88, 1 gallon molasses, at $.44, 1 Ib. 
 pepper, at $.13, and 1 Ib. spice, at $.13. Bought of George C. Youngs 2 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 9 
 
 bushels dried plums, at $2.50. 20th. Sold Horatio K Taft 1 set fine blue 
 tea-ware, $3.50. Sold Levi S. Fulton 1 Ib. tea, $.88, 5 Ibs rice, at $.05, 
 1 ounce nutmegs, $.13. 21st. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 1 pair rubbers, 
 $1.00. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 1 pair kid gloves, $1.00. Sold Moses 
 Austin 10 Ibs. of sugar, at $.10, and 5 Ibs. rice, at $.05, and bought of 
 him 5 Ibs. butter, at $.13. Sold Nathan Brittan 6 yds. merino, at $1.25. 
 22d. Sold Samuel Moore 1 yd. figured satin, $3.00, l yd. twist, at $.04, 
 yd. black cambric, at $.10, 1 yd. white cambric, $.13, 3 skeins silk, at 
 $.04, 1 sheet wadding, at $.04, $ doz. buttons, at $.18. 24th. Sold John 
 Adams 185 Ibs. sugar, at $.10. Sold Hugh Jameson 6 yds. merino, at 
 $1.12, 5 sheets wadding, at $.04, 4 skeins silk, at $.04. Sold James Me- 
 Elwain 1 Ib. tobacco, $.25. 25th. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds 3 yds. Irish 
 linen, at $.52, 4 spools thread, at $.04. 26th. Sold Lucius S. Wood 1 cra 
 vat, $.88. Sold Horatio N. Taft 3 yds. black cassimere, $2. 27th. Sold 
 James McElwain 9 yds. ticking, at $.18, 6 yds. tow cloth, at $.31, 16 yds. 
 calico, at $.08, 10 yds. gingham, at $.25. 28th. Sold George C. Dean 
 (wife) 10 yds. calico, at $.18, 2 linen hdkfs., at $.44. Sold John Adams 18 
 yds. muslin de laine, at $.18. Sold Samuel Moore 1 pair rubbers, $.88, 2 
 papers pins, at $.10. 29th. Sold Edward Messenger 9 yds. ticking, $.18, 
 6 yds. tow cloth, at $.31, 11 yds. calico, at $.06, 6 yds. calico, at $.05, and 
 8 Ibs. batting, at $.13. Sold Levi S. Fulton 10 yds. curtain calico, at $.13, 
 13 yds. calico, at $.06, 4 spools thread, at $.05, 11 yds. alpaca, at $.75, 
 and 1 Ib. spice, $.13. 31st. Sold Nathan Brittan 3 linen handkerchiefs, 
 at $.44, and 2 yds. Irish linen, at $.75. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus, 32 
 yds. shirting, at $.12, 4 yds. Irish linen, at $.75, and Tdoz. spools thread, 
 $.63. Sold Joseph M. Demmon 170 Ibs. sugar, at $.10. Abram L. Beau 
 mont 7 yds. flannel, at $.44, and 4 yds. flannel, at $.62. Feb. 1st. Sold 
 Daniel Chapman 4 yds. broadcloth, at $6.00, * yd. padding, at $.38, 
 yd. canvas, at $.25, I yd. silk serge, at $1.13, 5 skeins silk, at $.04, 
 and 20 buttons, $.64. Sold James McElwain, 1 bar soap, $.13, and 1 
 cake fancy soap, $.12. Bought of Jonas W. Goodrich 20 Ibs. mackerel, 
 at $.08. Sold Levi S. Fulton 20 Ibs. mackerel, at $.08, and 8 Ibs. coffee, 
 at $.12. 2d, Sold Abram L. Beaumont (wife) 1 shawl, $-7.00. 3d. 
 
70 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 Sold Moses Austin 1 comforter, $.31, and bought of him 8 Ibs. butter, 
 at $.14, and 4 bushels potatoes, at $.38. Sold Hugh Jameson 5$ yds. 
 flannel, at $.62. 4th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 4 yds. coating, at $2.00, 
 yd. padding, at $.38, yd. canvas, at $.25, 1 set buttons, $.75, and 
 1 hank thread, $.12. 5th. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds, 1 spool thread, 
 $.05, and 1 thimble, $.38. Sold George C. Dean 1 looking-glass, $3.00, 
 and 1 set fine blue tea-ware, $3.50. 7th. Sold John Adams 31 yds. 
 silk warped alpaca, at $.52. Sold James Rogers 2 Ibs. coffee, at $.13, 
 10 Ibs. sugar, at $.10, and 2 gallons molasses, at $.44. Sold James Bash- 
 ford 6 tumblers, at $.12, and 20 Ibs. refined sugar, at $.14. 8th. Sold 
 Abram L. Beaumont 31 yds. brown sheeting, at $.10. Sold Daniel 
 Chapman 1 pair rubbers, $.88, and 1 pair kid gloves, $1.00. 9th. Sold 
 Eeuben H. Foster 1 set knives and forks, 2.00, and 1 glass dish, $1.25, 
 and bought of him 10 bushels potatoes, at $.44, and 8 bushels oats, at 
 $.32. 10th. Sold George C. Youngs, J Ib. cinnamon, at $.38, 1 Ib. gin 
 ger, $.12, and 1 bbl. salt, $1.18. Sold Thomas Rook 20 yds. calico, at 
 $.06, 10 Ibs. batting, at $.11, 5 Ibs. cotton yarn, $.19, and 2 spools 
 thread, at $.05. Sold Samuel Moore (daughter) 2 yds. mull edging, at 
 $.40. llth. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus 9 yds. muslin de laine, at $.28, 
 1| yd. cambric, at $.10, and yd. jean, at $.16. Sold Edmund Hopkins 
 (wife) 1 graduated robe, $3.50, 1 yd. drilling, $.13, thread, $.06, and 
 bought of him 1 geography and atlas, $1.25. 12th. Sold Daniel Wat- 
 rous, 1 doz. tumblers, $1.00, and 8 Ibs. refined sugar, at $.14. Sold 
 George C. Dean (Fellers) -J- ream foolscap paper, $2.25. Bought of Philip 
 G. Almy merchandise per invoice, $42.00. 14th. Sold Thomas Ninde 
 J yd. silk serge, $1.00, and yd. silk serge, at $1.12. Sold Ephraim 
 B. Price vest and trimmings, $2.25, and 1 yd linen, $.75. 15th. Sold 
 James Rogers 31 yds. sheeting, at $.10, 2 pieces galoon, at $.31, and 
 4 spools thread, at $.05. Sold Thomas Rook 5 Ibs. coffee, at $.14, and 
 10 Ibs. refined, at $.14. 16. Sold George C. Youngs, 3 yds. flannel, at 
 $.50, 9 yds. calico, at $.13, and 4 spools thread, at $.05. Sold Nathan 
 Brittan 9 yds. silk warped alpaca, at $.75, and 1 yd. drilling, at $.12. 
 Bought of Moses Austin 4 Ibs. butter, at $.14. 17th. Sold Thomas 
 
BO OK-KEEPm G. 7 1 
 
 Nindo (wife) 8 yds. calico, at $.15, and 4 yds. calico, at $.10. Sold James 
 McElwain 1 Ib. tobacco, $.25. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey (daughter) 1 
 bag-clasp, $.50, and 2 linen handkerchiefs, at $.44. Sold Reuben II. 
 Foster 30 yds. brown sheeting, at $.08, and 1 doz. spools thread, $.63. 
 Levi S. Fulton, cash for personal expenses, $15.00. 18th. Sold Edward 
 Messenger 1 vest pattern, $1.00, 1 yd. celecia, $.19, and -J- twilled 
 goods, $.16. Sold Thomas Rook 8 Ibs. cotton batting, at $.11, 3 yds. 
 calico, at $.10, and 1 yd. cambric, $.10. 19. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 
 3 yds. black broadcloth, at $5.00, yd. padding, at $.38, canvas, 
 at $.25, l-i- yd. twist, at $.04, yd. silk serge, at $1.12, 5 skeins silk, at 
 $.04, and 1 set buttons, $.75. Sold Moses Austin 1 Ib. tea, $.88, and 
 8 Ibs. sugar, at $.10. 21st. Sold Levi S. Fulton 10 Ibs. sugar, at $.10, 
 and 4 Ibs. coffee, at $.14. Sold Edmund Hopkins, 10 Ibs. sugar, at $.09, 
 and 1 gallon molasses, $.44. Sold Horatio 1ST. Taft 30 yds. sheeting, at 
 $.10. 22d. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey, 3 yds. broad cloth, at $3.75, 2 
 yds. sheeting, at $.11, 10 Ibs. sugar, at $.10, and 1 Ib. tea, $.88. 23d. 
 Sold James Bashford 33 Ibs. refined sugar, at $.14, and bought of him 
 2 bush, dried plums, at $2.25, and 5 bush, dried apples, at $.75. Bought 
 of Remsen and Polhamus, wire, $.31. Sold Nathan Brittan 14 Ibs. 
 batting, at $.11, and 16 yds. calico, at $.06. Sold Hugh Jameson, Ib. 
 tea, at $.88, 1 gallon molasses, at $.44, and 1 Ib. of ginger, $.12. Sold 
 James McElwain, 4 Ibs. raisins, at $.15, 5 Ibs. crushed sugar, at $.14, 
 and 1 oz. nutmegs, at $.13. 24th. Sold George C. Dean 10 yds. sheet 
 ing, at $.08|, and 20^- yds. sheeting, at $.10. Sold Samuel Moore 17 
 yds. calico, at $.16, 10 yds. calico, at $.12. Sold John M. Holley 2 galls, 
 lamp oil, at $1.12, and 1 ball wicking, $.13. Sold James Rogers (Croal), 
 merchandise per order, $3.50. 25th. Sold Jonas ~W. Goodrich 1 Ib. tea. 
 $.75, 1 Ib. pepper, $.12, 1 Ib. ginger, $.12, and 2 Ibs. saleratus, at $.00. 
 26th. Sold Edward Messenger 6 Ibs. cotton yarn, at $.19, and 3 spools 
 thread, at $.05. Sold Reuben H. Foster 7 yds. alpaca, at $.50, 10 yds. 
 cambric, at $.10, 3 skeins silk, at $.04, and 4 sheets wadding, at $.04. 
 28th. Sold George C. Dean 16 yds. calico, at $.06, 8 Ibs. batting, at $.11, 
 and bought of him, 100 Ibs. white lead, at $.03. Sold Horatio N. Taffc 1 
 
72 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 bbl. salt, $1.13. Sold John M. Holley (wife) 1 set knives and forks, $2.25, 
 and 8 yds. flannel, at $.56. 29th. Sold Levi S. Fulton 2 yds. velvet rib 
 bon, at $.15, and 1 pair kid gloves, $.88. Sold Joseph M. Demmon 19 
 yds. Canton flannel, at $.40, and 33 yds. shirting, at $.10. March 
 1st. Sold Thomas Rook 4 Ibs. cotton batting, at $.11, and 7 yds. cal 
 ico, at $.08. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey (daughter) 3 yds. edging, at $.08. 
 2d. Sold Edward Messenger 1 doz. buttons, at $.50, 1 yd. celecia, $.18, 
 yd. twilled goods, ^at $.18, and f yd. canvas, at $.25. Sold Moses 
 Austin 4 Ibs. coffee, at $.14, and i Ib. cinnamon, at $.38. 3d. Sold 
 Daniel Chapman 2 yds. linen, at $1.00, 9 yds. gingham, at $.38, and 
 1 doz. spools thread, at $.03. 4th. Sold Lucius S. Wood 1 pair rub 
 bers, $.88. Sold James C. Smith 1 pair kid gloves, $1.00, 3 linen hand 
 kerchiefs, at $.42, and 1 linen handkerchief, G3. 6th. Sold Miss Mary 
 Emmonds 1 pair buskins, $1.13. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 1 pair rub 
 bers, $1.00. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 gallon lamp oil, at $1.25, and 3 Ibs. 
 nails, at $.06. 7th. Sold Moses Austin i Ib. tea, at $1.00, 1 bar soap, $.14, 
 and bought of him, 4J doz. eggs, at $.11. 8th. Sold, James C. Smith 
 1 pr. kid buskins, $1.25. Sold John M. Holley 1 yd. silk velvet, $3.50, 
 1 yd. sheeting, $.15, f yd. cambric, at $.10, 1 doz. buttons, at $.19, and 
 3 skeins silk, at $.04. 9th. Sold Daniel Watrous 1 Ib. tea, $1.00, 
 and 3 doz. eggs, at $.12. Sold Jonas W. Goodrich 3 yds. cassimere, at 
 $.88, 3 yds. sheeting, at $.10, If doz. buttons, at $.04, and 3 skeins 
 silk, at $.04. Sold Hugh Jameson 1 cap, $.88. 10th. Sold Thomas 
 Rook 3 Ibs. coffee, at $.14, and 1 Ib. butter, at $.14. Sold Thomas 
 Ninde ream foolscap paper, $2.25, and 1 quart ink, $.50. Sold Rev. 
 Ira Ingraham 4 linen hdkfs., at $.44. llth. Sold George C. Youngs 
 Ib. tea, at $.75, 1 Ib. pepper, $.12, and 1 gallon molasses, $.44. 13th. 
 Sold Reuben H. Foster (Samuel) 1\ yds. cassimere, at $2.00, 3 yds. 
 sheeting, at $.10, and buttons, $.06. Sold James Bashford 3 bbls. salt, 
 at $1.12, and 100 Ibs. sugar, at $.08|-. Sold Lucius S. Wood, i yd. linen, 
 at $.75. 14th. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus (wife) 1 pr. buskins, $1.13, 
 and 5 yds. muslin do laine, at $.31. 15th. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 
 (wife) 9 yds. calico, at $18, and bought 9 Ibs. butter, at $.14. Sold 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 73 
 
 James McElwain 1 file, $.10, 1 small file, $.09, and 4 gross screws, at 
 $.44. IGth. Sold Horatio N. Taft 10 yds. gingham, at $.31, and 1 yd. 
 cambric, $.10. Sold Justin W. Burnham (daughter) 8 yds. calico, at 
 $.12, G yds. gingham, at $.34, and trimmings, $.19. 17th. Sold Samuel 
 Moore 1 gall, molasses, $.44, 1 gall, lamp oil, $1.13, and 1 bar soap, 
 $.12. Bought of Remsen and Polhamus 2 boxes glass, at $3.00, and 
 work per Bourne, $1.50. Sold George C. Dean (wife) 1 pr. kid gloves, 
 $.63, 1 pr. rubbers, $.88. 18th. Sold Daniel "Watrous 3 yds. black 
 broad cloth, at $5.00, $ yd. padding, at $.38, yd. canvas, at $.25, J yd. 
 silk serge, at $1.12, 5 skeins silk, at $.04, and he paid me cash, $12.00. 
 20th. Sold Moses Austin^ brooms, $.13, and 3| yds. flannel, at $.62. 
 21st. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus 6 yds. alpaca, at $.50, and 1 yd. cam 
 bric, $.10. 22d. Sold Miss Mary Emmonds 2 linen hdkfs, at $.38. 
 Sold Nathan Brittan 9 yds. calico, at $.12. Sold Levi S. Fulton 4 Ibs. 
 butter, at $.13. Sold Daniel Chapman 14 yds. sheeting, at $.13, 30 yds. 
 sheeting, at $.10, and 2 prs. cotton hose, at $.38. 23d. Sold Eeuben 
 H. Foster (wife) 12 yds. blue calico, at $.14. Sold Justin "W. Burnham 
 1 pr. gloves, $.44. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 3 brooms, at $.13, and 1 
 patent pail, $.31. 24th. Sold Horatio N. Taft 33 yds. sheeting, at $.09. 
 Sold Thomas Rook 12 yds. curtain calico, at $.12, and 4 spools thread, 
 at $.05. Sold James C. Smith 1 yd. satin vesting, $3.00, yd. black 
 cambric, at $.10, 1 yd. white cambric, $.13, 1 yd. twist, at $.04, yd. 
 wiggan, at $.12, 2 sheets wadding, at $.04, 4 skeins silk, at $.04, $ doz. 
 buttons, at $.18. 25th. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus (wife) 12 yds. Italian 
 silk, at $1.25. Sold Samuel Moore (daughter) 1 pr. buskins, $1.12. 
 27th. Sold Thomas Nmde 1 set fine blue tea-ware, $3.50. Sold John 
 M. Holley G yds. flannel, at $.50. 28th. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 pr. 
 red buskins, $1.25. Sold Justin W. Burnham 9 Ibs. sugar, at $.10, 4 
 Ibs. rice, at $.05, and 2 Ibs. coffee, at $.15. Sold Daniel Chapman 25 
 Ibs. sugar, at $.08, and 10 Ibs. coffee, at $.15. Sold James Rogers 32 
 yds. brown factory, at $.09. 30th. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 31 yds. 
 brown sheeting, at $.09, and 6 spools thread, at $.05. Sold Joseph M. 
 Demmon 128 Ibs. coffee, at $.09. 31st. Sold Levi S. Fulton 9 yds. 
 
Y4 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 muslin do laine, at $.31, and 4 skeins silk, at $.04. Sold Lucius S. 
 Wood 2 linen hdkfe., at $.44. Sold Horatio N. Taft 2 bed cords, 
 at $.25. 
 
INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK. 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM. 
 
INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK. 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 January. February. March 
 
 tfUfuttcm, JPat/icm 
 
 0ean, 
 
 tfccduc/i, fcna* 
 
 amewn, 
 
INDEX TO THE DAY-BOOK (Continued.) 
 
 NAMES. 
 
 January. February. 
 
 March. 
 
 t ^/anf/eMon &C 
 
 9 f a- 
 
 tvatn, tamed- 
 
 C/amue 
 
 0. 
 
 & . 
 
 o JP. 
 
 The pupil will find the names and months entered in this Index ; the 
 figures are left for him to enter according to directions. 
 
 77 
 
BOOK-KEEPIXG. 
 
 JOURNALIZING. 
 
 As Journalizing is a process not yet familiar to the 
 student, the memoranda given on the preceding pages are 
 arranged in journal form on the following pages. The 
 student must not merely copy these entries from the Text- 
 hook, as that would be a mere exercise in writing. It is 
 expected that he will apply the principles given in the in 
 structions on journalizing in the first part of this form. 
 After he has made the entries as well as he can in his 
 Journal, he may compare it with the form given in the 
 book and correct the error, if any have been made. A 
 good method is to journalize on a slate or paper, and then 
 after correcting, copy the entries into the book. It is of 
 great importance that the teacher should insist upon the 
 pupil s journalizing by the principles, and on no account 
 should he permit him to merely copy from the text-book. 
 
JOURNAL. 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM 
 
tmA, /a 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 230 
 
 3 <2> 
 470 
 
 ZTo 47 
 
 " 20 
 
 7 
 
 " 40 
 
 " 3 
 
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 4$ 
 
 4$ 
 
 / 
 
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 473 oo 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 3$ 
 
 65 
 
 80 
 
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 6 
 
 47 
 
 34 
 
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 Cy* Q 
 
 " 30 
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 75 
 
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 40 
 43 
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 $0 
 
 50 
 90 
 00 
 63 
 50 
 32 
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 50 
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 75: 
 
 75 
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 57 
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 25.. 
 $6, 
 46 
 
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 47 
 
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 93 
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 24 
 
 29 
 
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 20 " 4 
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 40 
 
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 2.00\ 6 
 
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 75 
 
 20 
 
 60\\ 
 
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 25 \ 
 30\ 
 
 95 
 
 82 
 

 
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 42 
 
 42 
 34 
 
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 25 
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 7 
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 32 
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 .06 
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 48 
 
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 63 
 
 59 
 
 83 
 
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 44 
 
 15 
 
 49 
 
 27 
 
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 3 
 
 0. 
 
 9 
 4 
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 9 
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 46 
 40 
 
 ?.0, 
 
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 &inH>a 
 
 84 
 
 .43 
 34 
 
 250 
 
 .63 
 
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 0*: 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 43 
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 64 
 
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 52 
 
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 40 
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 62 
 
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 43 
 
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 62 
 
 66 
 
 30 
 
 85 
 
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 20 /*. ^>ac^eie/ 
 
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 Coffee 
 
 6.00 
 .3$ 
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 .0$ 
 
 24 
 
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 49 
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 56 
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 64 
 
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 43 
 
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 60 
 70 
 43 
 
 45 
 
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 75 
 42 
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 96 
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 86 
 
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 " 34 <fyck. gfir. y&etmp .40 
 
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 49 
 
 
 
 
 
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 49 
 
 
 
 
 
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 20 
 
 
 
 
 
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 75 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 34 
 
 
 
 
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 69 
 
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 63 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
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 42 
 
 
 
 
 
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 46 
 
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 56 
 
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 96 
 
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 40 
 
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 42 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
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 20 
 
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 26 
 
 89 
 

 
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 40 
 
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 4 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
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 4 
 
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 95\ 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
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 40\ 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
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 4 
 
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 30 
 
 
 
 
 
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 40 
 
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 73 
 
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 40 
 
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 24 
 
 47 < <g a < .46 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 
 
 
 
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 4 
 
 20 
 
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 72 
 
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 52 
 
 
 
 
 
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 42 
 
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 79 
 
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 43 
 
 
 
 
 
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 46 
 
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 >7 
 
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 42 
 
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 43 
 
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 75 
 
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 54 
 
 
 
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 96 
 
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 43 
 
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 64 
 
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 56 
 
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 99 
 
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 60\ 
 
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 39 
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 62 
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 72 
 
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 93 
 
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 3 
 
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 2\ 50, 
 
 
 
 
 
 xx o" xx (P / -9$ 
 
 3 
 
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 22 
 
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 4 
 
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 76\ 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
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 2 
 
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 4 
 
 50 
 
 45\ 
 
 63 
 
 42 
 
 
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 4 
 
 ZTo 4 &r. gfaiMeM 
 
 
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 43 
 
 xx i ^/ ^ginon .75 
 
 
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 34 
 
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 44 
 
 9 
 
 
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 4 
 
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 4 
 
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 4 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
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 63 
 
 
 
 
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 4 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
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 3 
 
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 4 
 
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 4 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 
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 09 
 
 
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 46 
 
 
 
 
 
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 09 
 
 7 
 
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 5 
 
 6 
 
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 4 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
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 76 
 
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 94 
 

 46 
 
 6 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 (// ./ 
 
 _/ y 
 
 " 34 
 
 " 6 
 
 JPatlan 
 
 ZTo 4 
 
 " 3 
 
 " 9 
 
 STo 4 
 
 " 4 
 
 A 
 4 
 
 " 4 
 
 " 3 
 
 " 6 
 
 ^eet. 
 
 ^e/ C /fatuHM. 
 
 .09 
 .05\ 
 
 .06 
 .42 
 
 JO 
 
 -50 
 
 .25 
 
 4.42 
 
 .04 
 
 SO 
 
 7 
 
 00 
 
 79 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 45 
 0$ 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 36 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 OQ 
 
 76 
 
 04 
 
 42 
 
 72 
 
 00 
 
 64 
 30 
 
 95 
 
S3 
 
 // 
 
 40 
 
 3 
 
 40 Zfo \ 
 
 " 4 
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 (Zfeev. 
 
 SO 
 
 44 
 
 S5 
 
 44 
 
 S3 
 
 4A 
 
 3 
 
 400 
 
 96 
 
 .75 
 
 05 
 
 3 
 
 2.00 5 
 
 .40\ 
 
 00 
 30 
 
 1 6 
 4 6$ 
 
 S3 
 
 9* 
 
 3\36 
 
 $ 50\ 44 
 
 4 43 
 
24 
 3<f 
 
 S3 
 
 <-/<? 
 
 
 .50 
 
 .09 
 
 .JL 
 .05 
 
 45 
 
 55 
 
 or 
 f< 
 00 
 
 3\ JO 
 
 fO 
 
 97 
 50 
 
 44 
 
 i 7$ 
 
 95 
 
 67 
 
 5 09 
 
 97 
 
30 
 
 0&e,n* JC &G& 
 
 32 
 
 fifJI 
 
 3.00 
 
 . 0. ^atne .34 
 
 .09 
 
 63 
 
 52 
 
 79 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 42 46 
 
 98 
 
INDEX TO THE LEDGER, 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM. 
 
A 
 
 /onn 
 
 B 
 
 P* 
 
 amai 
 
 10771 
 
 JPatfia 
 
 fut& 
 
 c 
 
 D 
 
 ^e 
 
 r> i 
 
 G mmc-ncfo, 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 G 
 
 ona* 
 
 H 
 
 enfant, 
 
 . *-/v 
 
 100 
 
K 
 
 M 
 
 , Jandewon <2f 
 n, Fa 
 
 i 
 
 N 
 
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LEDGER. 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM. 
 
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 106 
 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 107 
 
 The pupil will perceive at once that the principles of 
 posting are the same as in the two preceding forms. The 
 accounts are posted from the Journal, and as in accounts 
 on opposite page : first, the name is written, with Dr. on 
 the left hand, and Cr. on the right; second, the date, year 
 and month is placed in first space ; the article in the second 
 space, the page of the Journal in the third space, and the 
 sum, or amount of the month s dealings, as per Journal, 
 in the fourth and fifth spaces. The students will notice 
 that the account of Pierce & Wilson is balanced, "Mar. 
 To Bal. Ledger B, page 1, $173." This entry is made on 
 the supposition, that the accounts are to be transferred 
 from this Ledger to another; this Ledger, as the first, is 
 Ledger A, and the second would be called Ledger B. The 
 accounts of Pierce & Wilson ; Magic, Sanderson & Co. ; 
 Benedict & Rockwell, Joseph M. Demon, Moses Austin, 
 and George C. Dean are given to guide the pupil. The 
 others if properly posted, will require the following amounts 
 to balance them: Nathan Brittan, $31.48; Rev. Iralngra- 
 ham, $31.26 ; Miss Mary Emmonds, $5.65 ; Hugh Jameson, 
 $19.20; John Adams, $45.59; Horatio N. Taft, $22.68; 
 John M. HolJey, $23.09; Levi S. Fulton, $51.25; Abram 
 L. Beaumont, $42.41 ; Samuel Moore, $16.42 ; Aaron D. 
 Polhamus, $32.16 ; James C. Smith, $9.82 ; James Rogers, 
 $8.94; George C. Youngs, $6.84; Thomas Rook, $12.45; 
 James McElwain, 14.01 ; Lucius S. Wood, $3.02 ; Edward 
 Messenger, $9.12; Daniel Chapman, $43.29; Jonas W. 
 Goodrich, $2.62; Ephrairn B. Price, $13.25; James Bash- 
 ford, $11.82 ; Reuben H. Foster, $11.14 ; Edmund Hopkins, 
 $3.78; Daniel Watrous, $9.84; Philip G. Almy, $42.00; 
 Thomas Ninde, $7.26; Thomas E. Dorsey, $17.91; Rem- 
 sen & Polhamus, $7.81 ; Justin W. Burnham, $5,09. 
 
 The pupil will balance these accounts, by making the en 
 tries as in the examples given " To or By balance, Ledger B," 
 as the amount is to be credited, or debited, in New Ledger. 
 
108 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 MERCHANTS FORM. 
 
 For the purpose of giving a more practical knowledge 
 of the foregoing form of books, we have given on the fol 
 lowing pages a Memorandum of the transactions as they 
 occurred, for the months of April, May, and June, giving 
 the price per yard, pound, ounce, gallon, or piece, leaving 
 the amount to be extended by the learner. 
 
 Before commencing the Day-Book, transfer the balances 
 from the last Ledger to the new one, making the persons 
 that are indebted to you debtor " To Balance from Ledger 
 A," and the persons to whom you are indebted credit " By 
 Balance from Ledger A," placing the number of the page 
 from whence the account was transferred in the column 
 appropriated for that purpose, so that, in case of necessity, 
 the old account may be more readily referred to. 
 
 The transactions on the following pages may now be re 
 corded in the blank Day-Book in the same manner as in 
 the preceding form. After writing one month, Journalize 
 and Post it, according to the directions previously given. 
 
 If the balances of the accounts in Ledger A are properly 
 transferred to Ledger B, and the transactions on the follow 
 ing pages correctly recorded, journalized, and posted, the 
 accounts in Ledger B will, with the exception of the ac 
 count of Levi S. Fulton, all balance. 
 
 The learner may, if he chooses, substitute his own name 
 for that of Levi S. Fulton ; and instead of Lyons, at the 
 top of the page in the Day-Book and Journal, he may 
 insert his own place of residence. 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 APRIL 
 
 1st. Bot. of Remsen & Polhamus 4 Ibs. wrought nails, 
 at 16c. Sold Horatio N". Taft, per wife, 10 yds. gingham, 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 109 
 
 fit 31c. 3d. Sold Ephraim B. Price 2 yds. satinet, at 75c.; 
 Rev. Ira Ingraham, per daughter, 3 linen handkerchiefs, at 
 44c., and 1 yd. linen, at 75c. 4th. Sold George C. Dean, 
 per wife, 8 yds. gingham, at 31c., 1 yd. cambric, at 10c., 
 and 2 spools thread, at 5c. 5th. Sold Moses Austin 1 oz. 
 nutmegs, at 13c., and 3 yds. sheeting, at lOc. ; James Mc- 
 Elwain, 4 yds. satinet, at $1.12, and 2 yds. cassimer, at 
 $1.50. 6th. Sold Daniel Watrous 4 Ibs. butter, at 14c. ; 
 Abram L. Beaumont, 2 pair small shoes, at 56c. ; Thomas 
 E. Dorsey, 14 yds. sheeting, at lie., 30 yds. sheeting, at 
 9c., and 2 yds. Irish linen, at 75c. Bot. of Thomas E. 
 Dorsey 14 Ibs. butter, at 14c. 7th. Sold John Adams 150 
 Ibs. sugar, at 9c. 8th. Sold Samuel Moore 9 yds. flannel, 
 at 50c. ; Miss Mary Emmonds, 3 yds. velvet ribbon, at 13c., 
 and 1 pair silk gloves, at 63c., and she has paid me $6.67 
 to balance her account. 10th. Sold Thomas Rook 1 set 
 buttons, at 75c., 1 hank thread, at 13c., 1 pair buskins, at 
 $1.13, 9 yds. calico, at 12c., and 3 skeins silk, at 4c. llth. 
 Sold Horatio N. Taft 1 looking-glass, at $8.00 ; Thomas 
 E. Dorsey, 2 yds. calico, at 8c., 7 Ibs. coifee, at 10c., 2 Ibs. 
 refined sugar, at 14c., and 1 Ib. Young Hyson tea, at 88c. 
 12th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 9 yds. calico, at 19c., and 3 
 yds. calico, at lOc. ; Jonas W. Goodrich, 3 yds. black cas 
 simer, at $2.00 ; John M. Holley, per wife, 10 yds. calico, 
 at 15c., 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 40c., and 8 window glass, 
 at 5c. 13th. Bot. of Remsen & Polhamus a bill of goods 
 amounting to $13.10. Sold James McElwain, per Newson, 
 12 yds. calico, at 12c. 14th. Sold Nathan Brittan 1 gallon 
 l^mp oil, at $1.25. Bought of Moses Austin 10 Ibs. butter, 
 at 14c., 4 doz. eggs, at lOc. Sold Levi S. Fulton 6 Ibs. 
 butter, at 14c. ; Rev. Ira Ingraham, per wife, 4 yds. ribbon, 
 at 20c., and 4 skeins silk, at 4c. 15th. Sold Justin W. 
 Burnham 3 yds. cambric, at lOc., and 2 yds. green baize, 
 at 50c.; John Adams, 26 yds. muslin de laine, at 25c. 1 7th. 
 Sold George C. Dean 6 yds. cambric, at lOc., and 3 yds. 
 drilling, at 12c. 18th. Sold Daniel Watrous 2 sheets paste 
 board, at lOc., and 5 yds. ribbon, at 15c.; Abram L. Beau 
 mont, per wife, 3 yds. bonnet ribbon, at 55c., and 4 skeins 
 silk, at 4c. 19th. Sold James Rogers 5 Ibs. butter, at 14c. 
 Bot. of James Rogers 1 pair gaiter boots, at $2.00. Sold 
 Horatio N". Taft 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00, and 2 linen 
 handkerchiefs, at 44c. Bot. of John Adams a bill of goods 
 for L. S. Wood, $3.75, 20th. Sold John M. Holley Ib. 
 
110 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 cinnamon, at 38c., 5 Ibs. raisins, at 18c., and 1 oz. nutmegs, 
 at 12c. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 7 yds. carpeting, at 85c. 
 21st. Sold George C. Dean 2f yds. cassimer, at $1.50, and 
 1 yd. sheeting, at lOc. Sold Jonas W. Goodrich 12 yds. 
 calico, at 20c., and 1 hank thread, at 15c. 22d. Sold James 
 McElwain 12 Ibs. sugar, at 9c., 5 Ibs. Old Java coffee, at 
 ]5c., and 2 Ibs. tea, at 75c. Paid Lucius S. Wood, cash, 
 $25.00. 24th. Sold Samuel Moore 1 set knives and forks, 
 at $2.75. Samuel Moore has paid me cash, on account, 
 $12.00. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 2 gals, molasses, at 50c. 
 Bot. of Thomas E. Dorsey 8 Ibs. butter, at 13c. ; and he 
 has paid me cash, on account, $5.00. Sold Aaron D. Pol- 
 hamus 7 Ibs. cotton yarn, at 20c., and 11 yds. calico, at 
 15c. 26th. Sold Daniel Watrous 16 yds. shirting, at 12c., 
 and 1^ yd. Irish linen, at 75 c. ; Abram L. Beaumont, 1 1 
 yds. gingham, at 28c., and 2 yds. drilling, at ilc. 27th. 
 Sold Nathan Brittan 1 patent pail, at 31c., 1 washtub, at 
 $1.25, 6 broams, at 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, on ac 
 count, $8.00. 28th. Sold James C. Smith 3 yds. black 
 cassimer, at $2.25, 1 yd. sheeting, at 12c., and buttons, at 
 6c.; Reuben H. Foster, 1 Ib. Young Hyson tea, at 88c. 
 29th. Sold Thomas Rook 27 yds. sheeting, at lOc. Bot. 
 of Thomas Rook 12 Ibs. butter, at 13c., and 4 doz. eggs, 
 at 9c. Sold Levi S. Fulton 5 Ibs. butter, at 13c., and 2 
 doz. eggs, at 9c. ; Horatio N. Taft, 9 yds. ticking, at 19c., 
 1 hank thread, at 12c. ; and he has paid me cash, on ac 
 count, $10.00. 29th. Sold Justin W. Burnham 6 yds. 
 merino, at $1.25, 8 yds. cambric, at lOc., 4 sheets wadding, 
 at 4c., and 4 skeins silk, at 4c. Sent Pierce & Wilson, 
 New York, draft at sight on H. Dwight, jr., for $173.00 ; 
 Magie, Sanderson, & Co., New York, a draft at 10 days 
 sight, on H. Dwight, jr., for $480.00 ; Benedict & Rock 
 well, New York, a draft at sight on H. Dwight, jr., for 
 $227.00. 
 
 MAY 
 
 1st. Sold Justin W. Burnham 3^ yds. bonnet ribbon, at 
 44c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, 
 $16.55. 2d. Sold Daniel Watrous 1 gross screws, at 44c.; 
 John M. Holley, 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00; Thos. Ninde, 
 3i yds. calico, at 15c., 2 yds. do., at 18c., 1 paper pins, at 
 lOc., 10 Ibs. sugar, at lOc. ; and he has paid me cash, to 
 balance his account, $9.34. 3d. Sold John M. Holley, per 
 
BOOK-KEEPIXG. Ill 
 
 wife, 6 yds. alpaca, at 75c., and 1 pair gloves, at 44c. ; Dan 
 iel Chapman, 2f yds. linen, at 75c., 3 yds. flannel, at 62c., 
 and one pair gloves, at 44c. ; Moses Austin, 30 yds. sheet 
 ing, at lOc. 4th. Sold Remsen & Polhamus 3| yds. satinet, 
 at $1.00; Edward Messenger, 2^ yds. cambric, at 10c., 3 
 Ibs. batting, at lie., and 1^ doz. buttons, at 25c. 5th. 
 Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 8 yds. sheeting, at 10c.,9 yds. do., 
 at 15c., li yds. silk, at $1.00, 3 yds. ribbon, at 25c., 2 oz. 
 indigo, at 13c., and 1 whitewash brush, at 63c. Edward 
 Messenger has paid me cash, to balance his account, $10.08. 
 6th. Sold Edmund Hopkins, per wife, 10 yds. calico, at 
 15c., and 6 yds. do. at lOc. 8th. Sold Reuben H. Foster 
 17 yds. sheeting, at lie. ; Jonas W. Goodrich, 12 yds. cali 
 co, at 8c., and 5^ Ibs. batting, at 12c. 9th. Sold Ephraim 
 B. Price 4 yds. cambric, at lOc., and 2 yds. drilling at 13c. 
 Bot. of Ephraim B. Price 8 Ibs. codfish, at 4c. Sold Levi 
 S. Fulton 8 Ibs. codfish, at 4^c. Paid him cash, for per 
 sonal expenses, $14.75. 10th. Sold John M. Holley, per 
 daughter, 1 dress handkerchief, at $1.25, 1 linen handker 
 chief, at 40c., and 4 yds. cambric, at lOc. llth. Sold Sam 
 uel Moore, per daughter, 1 parasol, at $2.50, and 1 paper 
 pins, at lOc. ; Horatio N. Taft, 1 Ib. Young Hyson tea, at 
 88c. 12th. Sold Abram L. Beaumont, per Ellen, 1 yd. 
 ribbon, at 25c., 5 yds. do., at 8c., and 5 yds. edging, at 15c.; 
 John M. Holley, per wife, 4 yds. black silk edging, at 44c.; 
 Edmund Hopkins, 4 yds. shirting, at 12c. ; and he has paid 
 me cash, to balance his account, $6.36. 13th. Sold Thomas 
 E. Dorsey, per daughter, 1 China hat, at $3.75; and bought 
 of him 8 Ibs. butter, at 13c. 16th. Sold James McElwain 
 14 Ibs. butter, at 13c., and 2 Ibs. Young Hyson tea, at 88c. 
 17th. Sold Reuben H. Foster, per Susan, 1 parasol, at 
 $2.00; Moses Austin, per wife, 4 Ibs. batting, at lie., 1^ 
 doz. buttons, at 25 c., 3 yds. ribbon, at 15c. ; and bought of 
 him 16 Ibs. butter, at 13c. 18th. Sold Jonas W. Good 
 rich, per Melville, 1 vest pattern, at 88c., and trimmings, 
 at 38c. 19th. Sold Samuel Moore 10 Ibs. nails, at 6c. ; 
 James Rogers, per wife, 4 yds. toweling, at lOc., 9 yds. 
 shirting, at 15c., 3 yds. drilling, at 12c., 3 spools thread, at 
 5c., and 3 skeins silk, at 4c. 20th. Sold Abram L. Beau 
 mont 1 roll window paper, at 31c., 1 roll tape, at 6c., 6 yds. 
 French calico, at 25c., arid 2 yds. ribbon, at 5c. ; John 
 Adams, per son, 26 yds. gingham, at 30c. ; George C. 
 Dean, 10 Ibs. cotton yarn, at 2 tic. 22d. Sold Nathan Brit- 
 
112 BOOK-KEEPIXG. 
 
 tan 1 paper black tea, at 44c. ; Levi S. Fulton, 9 yds. tick 
 ing, at 15c. ; Ephraim B. Price, 10 yds. French calico, at 
 25 c. 23d. Sold James McElwain, per wife, 1 parasol, at 
 $2.25, 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 38c., 2 pair cotton hose, at 
 20c., and 2 papers pins, at lOc. 24th. Sold James C. 
 Smith 8 Ibs. rice, at 5c., 2 Ibs. tea, at 88c., 8 Ibs. Old Java 
 coffee, at 15c., and 4 Ibs. refined sugar, at 14c. 25th. Sold 
 Daniel Watrous 1 pair kid gloves, at $1.00; Lucius S. 
 Wood, 1 pair kid gloves, at 88c. ; Levi S. Fulton, 2 linen 
 handkerchiefs, at 44c. 26th. Sold Daniel Chapman 1 cra 
 vat, at $1.13, and 3 linen handkerchiefs, at 88c. 27th. 
 Sold Ephraim B. Price 6 yds. merino, at $1.25, and 7 skeins 
 silk, at 4c. 30th. Sold Nathan Brittan 2f yds. cassimer, 
 at $2.00 ; Joseph M. Demmon, 20 Ibs. cotton batting, at 
 9|c. 31st. Sold James Rogers 8 yds. jean, at 16c.; George 
 C. Dean, 6 yds. flannel, at 44c., and 2 yds. Irish linen, at 
 75c. 
 
 JUNE 
 
 1st. Sold Abram L. Beaumont 7 yds. blue calico, at 12c., 
 121 yds. summer goods, at 23c., 6 yds. factory, at 10c., 10 
 Ibs. cotton yarn, at 20c., 1 doz. buttons, at 4c., and 1 hank 
 linen thread, at 13c. ; Nathan Brittan, 2 pair cotton hose, 
 at 38c. 2d. Sold Moses Austin 2 rolls window paper, at 
 31c., and 2 palm leaf hats, at 20c. ; and he has given me 
 his note at 30 days, to balance his account, for $17.61. Sold 
 John Adams 4 bbls. salt, at $1.00, 32 Ibs. refined sugar, at 
 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, 
 $77.80. 3d, Sold James Rogers 4 yds. gimp, at 25. ; John 
 M. Holley, 11 yds. lawn, at 31c., 1 yd. drilling, at 13c., and 
 2 pair whalebones, at 4c. 5th. Sold Thomas Rook 1 vest 
 pattern, at 75c., 24- yds. cassimer, at $1.00, 5 yds. lawn, at 
 20c., 1 pair walking shoes, at $1.00, 1 bonnet, at $3.00, 2 
 spools thread, at 5c., and 4 Ibs. coffee, at lOc. Bot. of him 
 37 Ibs. butter, at 13c., 8 doz. eggs, at lOc. ; and he has 
 paid me cash, to balance his account, $19.55. 6th. Bot. of 
 George C. Youngs 20 Ibs. ham, at 8|c., 31 Ibs. do., at 8c.; 
 and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, $2.66. 
 Sold Lucius S. Wood 5 yds. brown linen, at 31c., and thread, 
 at 6c. 7th. Sold James Rogers 10 yds. linen gingham, at 
 38c., 6 yds. sheeting, at lie., 2 yds. edging, at 15c., and 2 
 skeins silk, at 4c.; Ephraim B. Price, per wife, 1 parasol, at 
 $2.25. 8th. Sold James McElwain 1 bar soap, at 16c. ; 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 113 
 
 Daniel Watrous, 4 yds. linen goods, at 31c., buttons, at 6c.; 
 and he has paid me cash, to balance his account, $17.14. 
 9th. Sold Thomas E. Dorsey, per Juliet, purse twist, 75c., 
 and steel beads, 75c. ; George C. Dean, 2 yds. gingham, 
 at 31c. 10th. Sold Nathan Brittan 12 yds. barred mull, at 
 31c., 2 pair cotton hose, at 38c. ; and he has given me his 
 note at 3 months, to balance his account, for $38.25. 12th. 
 Sold Abram L. Beaumont 8 Ibs. nails, at 6c. ; John M. 
 Holley, 3 yds. edging, at 8c., 3 spools thread, at 5c., and 2 
 skeins silk, at 4c. James Bashford has paid me cash, to 
 balance his acconnt, $11.82. 13th. Sold Daniel Chapman 
 10 yds. alpaca, at 75c., 10 J yds. calico, at 7c., 1 yd. cam 
 bric, at 10c., and 1 yd. drilling, at 13c. Paid Levi S. Ful 
 ton cash, for personal expenses, $25.00. 14th. Sold James 
 C. Smith 13 yds. shirting, at 13c., 2 yds. Irish linen, at 
 88c., 5 yds. calico, at 7c., 3 spools thread, at 5c., and 4 
 skeins silk, at 4c. George C. Dean has paid me cash, to 
 balance his account, $27.14. 15th. Sold Reuben H. Foster 
 2 gals, molasses, at 44c. and 1 gal. lamp oil, at $1.00. 16th. 
 James McElwain has given me his note at 3 months, to 
 balance his account, for $33.61. Sold Aaron D. Polhamus 
 1 yd. satin vesting, at $3.25, 1 yd. black cambric, at 10c., 
 1 yd. white do., at 13c., and 1 doz. buttons, at 25c. 17th. 
 Sold Thomas E. Dorsey 8 yds. blue calico, at 13c., 4 yds. 
 sheeting, at 8c., 3 Ibs. batting, at 12c. Bot. of him 18 
 Ibs. butter, at 13c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance 
 his account, $27.24. 19th. Reuben H. Foster has given 
 me his note at 3 months, to balance his account, for $17.77. 
 Sold Samuel Moore 2 rolls window paper, at 31c., 3 brooms, 
 at 18c. ; and he has given me his note at 30 days, to bal 
 ance his account, for $16.03. 20th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 
 14 yards, shirting, at 12c., 2 yds. linen, at 75c., 4 yds. calico, 
 at 6c., and 1 doz. spools thread, at 63c. 21st. Sold Abram 
 L. Beaumont 11 yds. Oregon plaid, at 31c., 1 yd. drilling, 
 at 13c., ^ yd. cambric, at 10c., 1 spool thread, at 5c. ; and 
 he has given me his note at 60 days, to balance his account, 
 for $6 2". 6 3. 22 d. Daniel Chapman has paid me cash, to 
 balance his account, $59.62. Sold Jonas TV". Goodrich 9 
 yds. gingham, at 28c., trimmings, at 31c, ; and he has paid 
 me cash, to balance his account, $16.88. 23d. John M. 
 Holley has given me his note at 6 months, to balance his 
 account, for $40.74. Sold Rev. Ira Ingraham 4 pair cotton 
 hose, at 40c. ; and he has paid me cash, to balance his ac- 
 
114 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 count, $41.84. 24th. Sold Hugh Jameson 3 yds. satinet, 
 at 75c. 27th. Credited Aaron 33. Polhamus for the balance 
 of his account, charged to Kemsen & Polhamus, $38.82 ; 
 and charged Remsen & Polhamus for the balance of A. D. 
 Polhamus account, $38.82. Remsen & Polhamus have 
 paid me cash, to balance their account, $20.77, 28th. Sold 
 James C. Smith 30 yds. sheeting, at lOc. ; and he has given 
 me his note at 3 months, to balance his account, $28.26. 
 29th. Hugh Jameson has paid me cash, to balance his ac 
 count, $21.45. Sold Horatio N. Taft 3 yds. black cassimer, 
 at $2.00, 2i yds. sheeting, at 10c., 1 spool thread, at 5c. ; 
 and he has given me his note at 60 days, to balance his 
 account, for $34.67. 30th. Sold Ephraim B. Price 18 yds. 
 brown factory, at lOc. ; and he has given me his note at 
 4 months, to balance his account, for $35.44. Credited 
 Lucius S. Wood for 6 months services as clerk, at $20.00. 
 Paid him, cash, $35.74, and given my note at 4 months, to 
 balance his account, for $50.00. Gave Philip G. Almy my 
 note at 30 days, to balance his account, for $42.00. James 
 Rogers has paid me cash, to balance his account, $17.14. 
 Joseph M. Demmon has paid me cash, to balance his ac 
 count, $80.21. 
 
CASH-BOOK. 
 
116 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 / 
 
 PETTY CASH-BOOK. 
 
 This book is intended for the cash account, so that by 
 referring to it we may at any time ascertain the amount 
 of cash on hand, and, furthermore, by comparing the 
 amount, as represented by the book, with the amount act 
 ually on hand, we may detect any erro in expenditure. 
 
 This book should be ruled like the Journal, as in the 
 form on the following pages. The word Cash should be 
 written in a bold hand at the top of the page, near the 
 centre, with Dr. over the left-hand money columns, and 
 Cr. over the right. 
 
 The receipts of cash should be entered in the debit col 
 umns, and the disbursements in the credit columns, and bal 
 anced every night. For example, see the opposite page. 
 
 This book may be written on the last three or four 
 pages of the Journal. 
 
 In order fully to illustrate this account, I have given a 
 memoranda of cash receipts and expenditures for January. 
 In order to make the method perfectly plain to the pupil, 
 I have given on the opposite page the form of entry, as 
 far as Jan y 7th. The pupil will, after carefully studying 
 the explanation, enter the following memoranda. 
 
 MEMORANDA. 
 
 Jan. 3d. Invested in business, $2,000 ; paid expenses to 
 New York, $37; bought merchandise, $1,805; paid freight 
 on merchandise, $124. Bought wood of Westfall, $8.00; 
 paid postage, .37c. ; received for merchandise sold this 
 day, $5.84. 5th. Paid for sundries, $1.57; paid for saw 
 ing wood, $3.00; paid for cartage, $1.75; received for 
 sales this day, $4.92. 6th. Paid for advertising in West 
 ern Whig, $3 ; paid for advertising in Wayne Co. Herald, 
 $3.50 ; paid for postage, .25c. ; received for sales of mer 
 chandise this day, $10.27. 
 
JP. < 
 
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118 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 7th. Paid for blank book, $2.75 ; paid for merchandise, 
 $5!86 ; paid postage, 30c. Received from sales of merchan 
 dise this day, $12.18. 8th. Paid for merchandise, $4,74; 
 paid express charges, $1.25 ; paid for personal expenses, 
 $2,00 ; paid postage, 20c. Received for merchandise sold 
 this day, $11.74. 
 
 January 10th. Paid for personal expenses, $8.00 ; a blank 
 book, 75c. ; errand boy, 6c. ; postage, 15c. Received for 
 merchandise sales this day, $15.74. llth. Paid for 1 gal. 
 of camphine, 56c. ; parallel rule, 50c. ; merchandise bought 
 of a peddler, $7.50. Received for merchandise sold this 
 day, $9,63. 12th. Paid for postage, 25c.; 1 gross Gil- 
 lott s pens, $1.25 ; merchandise bought at Rochester, 
 $25.00. Received for merchandise sold this day, $14.55. 
 13th. Paid for a bottle of red ink, 13c. ; hand-bills, $2.00. 
 Received for merchandise sales this day, $12.64. 14th. 
 Paid for repairing blinds, $2.50 ; wrapping paper, $3.00 ; 
 postage, lOc. ; envelopes, 12c. ; wafers, lOc. Received for 
 merchandise sold this day, $10.13. 15th. Paid for express 
 charges, $1.50; postage, 15c. Received for merchandise 
 sold this day, $7.96. 17th. Paid for cartage, 25c. ; for 
 hardware bought of J. M. French & Co., $17.50 ; postage, 
 20c. Received of Miss Mary Emmonds, on account, $2.00. 
 Merchandise sold this day, $16.74. 18th. Paid for post 
 age, 5c. ; bill paper, 75c. Received for merchandise sold 
 this day, $8.63. 19th. Paid for the use of a horse and 
 buggy to Canandaigua, $1.50; expenses, 75c. Received 
 for merchandise sold this day, $11.92. 20th. Paid for one 
 cord of wood, $2.25; postage, 20c. ; errand boy, 6c.; cart 
 age, 25c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $17.04. 
 21st. Paid for advertising in the "Whig," $1.00; sawing 
 wood, 75c. ; postage, 5c. ; a lot of bed cords, $5.00. Re 
 ceived for merchandise sold this day, $6.34. 22d. Paid 
 for camphene lamp wicks, 31c. ; postage, 15c. ; ^ ream of 
 letter paper, $2.00. Received for merchandise sold this 
 day, $13,57. 24th. Paid for one gallon of camphene, 56c.; 
 postage, 25c.; ink-stand, 50c. ; cartage, 25c. Received for 
 merchandise sold this day, $15.32. 25th. Paid for 1,000 
 business cards, $3.00; one ream foolscap paper, $3.50; 
 one doz. pass-books, $1.00. Received for merchandise sold 
 this day, $9.44. 26th. Paid for making store shelves, $2.50; 
 postage, 5c. Received for merchandise sold this day, 
 $11.88. 27th. Paid for a camphene lamp, 4.00; express 
 
BOOK-KEKPIXG. 1 1 9 
 
 charges, 50c. ; merchandise, $14.13; cartage, 25c Re 
 ceived for merchandise sold this day, $14.23. 28th Paid 
 ior postage 1 5c ; a tin wash dish, 3 1 c. Received for mer 
 chandise sold this day, $8.49. 29th. Paid for two doz 
 whips, $15.00 ; a new stove for the store, $4.50 ; fixing the 
 pipe, 50c. Received for merchandise sold this day, $15 94 
 31st. Paid for store rent, $25.00; postage, 10c.; four doz 
 brooms $8.00; cartage, 25c. ; errand boy, 6c. Received 
 for merchandise sold this day, $18 63 
 
 tforaIt is often difficult to make pupils understand 
 the propriety of making Cash debit when it is received, 
 and credit when it is paid away. This difficulty may be 
 obviated by explaining to them the original meaning of 
 the word Cash. The word originally signified Chest, or 
 a place where money was kept, instead of money itself. 
 NW, if I placed all the money I received in a certain box, 
 I could at any time tell by my books how much there was 
 
 Cr for ll 1 ^ 6 ^ b X Dr f r a11 SUms P ut int K* and 
 Ci. for all sums taken out. Just so with Cash. When- 
 
 n some 
 
 thiri > an ca g 
 
 this place Cash, make it Dr. for the amount placed there^ 
 
 the same as I would a person, if I placed the money in his 
 nS Saeng - AndS WheneVGr l take an 
 
 monov r T 
 
 money from the place where I keep it, and pay it 
 
 gve Cash credit for it The differince, the n P , Lethe 
 JJr. and Cr. sides of the Cash account thus kept shows 
 how much money I have on hand. On tke next pLe . will 
 
 e - ,- 
 
 Dr anfV P 5t Vlded J f two e( * ual P ar ^ s and the 
 Ur. and Cr. entries separated, and each placed J-i its in 
 
 propnate side of the account , it is balanced ever? h?," 
 and the balance brought down. The leader may p,v lice 
 f t 1 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l! 
 
 $ 
 
 <s 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 fc 
 
 - 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 ^CQ \> 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 V 1 * 
 J** <> 
 
 Grj 
 
 120 
 
 Ci 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 121 
 
 ACCOUNT SALES. 
 
 An Account Sales is a statement of goods sold on com 
 mission, drawn up by the agent to whom they were con 
 signed, to be transmitted to the person who made the 
 consignment. For example, a person in New York hav 
 ing a quantity of goods to dispose of, sends them to a per 
 son in a section of the country where they are likely to 
 find ready sale. The one to whom they are sent is called 
 the agent; the goods, the consignment; and the amount 
 received by the agent for selling, the commission. 
 
 Account 
 
 Fomi OF ACCOUNT SALES. 
 
 o/3 gffovc* 0*iect S&ftdc* aitd 2 g 
 ecetAHXt vu C/ 
 
 acct. 
 
 u 
 
 25 
 
 369 
 595 
 
 _ _ 58 
 
 __ $5 
 
 4,545 
 o& 
 
 $25 
 
 40 
 
 = 4321 
 
 <&4a 
 
 .44 
 
 50c. Jnwr. 50c. 4.00\ 
 ^owmtAHon at 2\ fter cent. 3.3$ 
 
 &jaiance to &z. c/ ijowr 
 /f 
 
 JPw 
 S. 
 
 46tl, 4 $4$. 
 
 a/ee N Gmmonck 
 /ter 
 
 59 
 
 76 
 
 $435 
 
 45 
 
 72 
 
 56 
 
 32 
 
 $449 
 

 Oj 
 
 So 
 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 li i 
 
 ^ 
 
 122 
 
 
 Go 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 123 
 
 BILLS RECEIVABLE. 
 
 All written obligations for the payment of money, 
 which you hold against other individuals, are called Bills 
 Receivable, and should be entered in the Bill-book when 
 taken. By referring to this book the time that notes be 
 come due can be ascertained without referring to, or ex 
 amining your package of notes. Notes received are 
 usually labelled and put away in a safe place, so that con 
 stant reference to them would be inconvenient ; hence 
 the utility of this book. When the business is so large as 
 to involve many notes, they are usually arranged, so that 
 notes falling due in the same month are in one package 
 the notes of each month forming a separate package. The 
 page of the book should be divided into twelve spaces, as 
 on the opposite page. Each space should then be labelled as 
 011 opposite page. The first note received was that of 
 Moses Austin, dated June 2, 1848, for $17.61, for 30 days. 
 It being the first note, we place its number (1) in first 
 space, the name of maker in the second, the one to whom 
 it is payable in third, the amount in fourth and fifth, the 
 date of note in sixth and seventh, the time it has to run in 
 eighth; then, computing 30 days from June 2d, and adding 
 in the usual three days of grace, we find it becomes due 
 on July 5th, and so enter that date in ninth and tenth 
 spaces. If it had been made payable at any particular 
 place, we would have put the name of that place in the 
 eleventh space, and any particulars as to payment, &c., 
 in the twelfth space. The other notes were entered in 
 same way. 
 
SlS 
 
 ? I Jf * 
 
 /~\ i ^ >5^ Vx 
 
 ^ S r 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ <>> 
 
 1 J 
 
 I 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 PnO.S g 
 
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 <u a 53 s 
 
 ^ "-1 OS 
 
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 S ^ 2 ^ 
 
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 ^^^43 
 
 5-( C5 -t f O 
 
 124 
 
^ 
 
 00 rl 
 
 c5 c* Q 
 
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 2 >* 
 
 O C 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^x 
 
 
 is^ 
 
 J _l fH 4-J 
 
 H M C 
 
 fa o (-H nrj 
 
 S 4* ^ 
 
 O fl t "-i 
 
 <} 
 
 CQ" 
 
 o o .,, 
 
 O g o ^ 
 
 A "*" H 
 
 o- 2 of 
 
 r^ M 03 
 C3 O> ft 
 
eneva, 
 
 c/o. 
 
 ^ <3 o zWatancc v tenant aotvn 
 ff 
 
 39 " c/o. 0e/>. t 
 
 $625.00 
 
 wua/U c/own 
 
 420 00 
 
 50\ 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 40 0\ 00 
 
 50 00 
 
 425\ 00 
 
 50\ 00 
 
 $45\ 00 
 50 
 
 BANK-BOOK. 
 
 This is a book usually given by banks to persons depos 
 iting money with them. On the Dr. side is entered all 
 sums deposited, with the date and name of the individual 
 by whom deposited : this is done by the receiving clerk. 
 
 126 
 
in ale 
 
 220 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 At the close of the month, the amount drawn out should 
 be placed on the Cr. side, and the book balanced. 
 
 The sum total of the deposits for the month should be 
 transferred to the Dr., and the amount checked out during 
 the month to the Cr. side of the bank account in the 
 Ledger. 
 
 6* 127 
 
I 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
 128 
 
BOOK-KEEPISTG. 129 
 
 BILL OF PURCHASE 
 
 Is a statement of goods bought at one time, containing 
 the items and prices. If paid at the time, it should be re 
 ceipted and signed, as in the form on the opposite page ; 
 but if charged, in the place of Received Payment, write 
 Charged in Account. 
 
 Bills of Purchase, or more properly Invoices, should be 
 carefully examined, folded of a uniform width, and filed 
 away; and as merchants generally purchase goods peri 
 odically, the date of purchase may be written on the band 
 enclosing them. On the first day of January in each year, 
 or at the time of balancing the books, the Invoices for the 
 past year should be put into one package, and the year in 
 which the purchases were made written on the band en 
 closing them. 
 
 All orders should be filed away in monthly packages, 
 with the month written on the band enclosing them, so 
 that when settling with an individual whom you have 
 charged with goods per order, if he dispute your book 
 you can immediately refer to the order. 
 
 Care should be taken to have all papers, intended to be 
 filed away, folded of a uniform width, for the simple rea 
 son that they thus form neater packages. 
 
O 
 
 o 
 pq 
 
 *>! 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ^ V* 
 
 ^ <SS) N^ 
 
 *? 
 
 4 
 
 * ^i 
 
 130 
 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 J 
 
 
 ^ 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 BILL OF ACCOUNT 
 
 ,m \ Sta emeDt of ^dividual account, copied 
 from the Day-book, containing a list of the items the 
 
 ^ Cha - i. somedm 
 and sent to the customer, and 
 
 
 
 GENERAL QUESTIONS 
 
 book? What is it, use? W hat is the 
 
 " 
 
 " 
 
 the 6 econd, to wt are I ni P" , """^ ? Name 
 
 able." " IS F ^ UeJ Descri ^ the "Bill 
 
 Payable.book" S ^ eJ Descri ^ the "Bills 
 
 a 
 tered? Why is this book used -I. S th amount dra out en- 
 
 is it drawn off ? Wh at f 3 itfor ? ^f; 3 . anACCOmtCurrent? >en 
 is the person called to whom L , " ACC mt Sale8 ? 
 
 Sales, its ruling, ento. , ^ ^ - Account 
 
 what should be done? Y the aooTj! 1 L p -"-ehase? If pa id, 
 What are "Bills of P,rcha se . m g ^ Sh Uldbe done? 
 
 done with these" Thafus ^TFT ** That shouM "e 
 fonn neat packages rf a^ " ^ of the , m? H - -n y ou 
 Beat? Are neatness and precis on ^ 
 
 ^actions? 
 
PART SECOND. 
 DOUBLE ENTRY BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
 THIS term is derived from the fact that every business 
 transaction recorded in the Day-Book is entered twice in the 
 Ledger once on the debtor and once on the creditor side. 
 
 DEBTOR AND CREDITOR. 
 
 These terms are correlative, the one implies and involves 
 the other. Wherever there is a debtor there must neces 
 sarily be a creditor of an equal amount ; and wherever 
 there is a creditor there must be a debtor, &c. 
 
 APPLICATION OP DEBTOR AND CREDITOR. 
 
 In single entry these terms are (with the exception of 
 cash) only applied to persons, but in double entry they are 
 applied alike to persons and property, the persons being 
 made debtor for what you have trusted them, and creditor 
 for what they have paid or trusted you ; and the property 
 accounts being made debtor for the value or cost of the 
 property, and credit for what it produces when disposed of. 
 
 CLASSES OF ACCOUNTS. 
 
 There are three classes of accounts in Book-keeping, 
 styled Personal, Real, and Fictitious. Personal accounts 
 are the accounts of the persons with whom the merchant 
 deals ; Real accounts are the accounts of his property, and 
 Fictitious accounts are titles invented to represent the mer 
 chant and his gains or losses in business. 
 
134 DEFINITION OF BOOKS. 
 
 BOOKS USED. 
 
 The principal books used are the Day-book, Journal, 
 and Ledger. The auxiliary books vary according to the 
 nature of the business, and are the Cash-book, Bill-book, 
 Invoice-book, Sales-book, Account-current book, Book of 
 Shipments, Letter-book, Receipt-book, &c., &c. 
 
 DEFINITION OF BOOKS. 
 
 DAY-BOOK. 
 
 This book should contain a concise and comprehensive 
 history of the merchant s business transactions ; commenc 
 ing with an inventory of his effects, and the debts due him, 
 also of the debts due by him to others. After this, his 
 business transactions should be recorded at the time and 
 in the order in which they occur ; they should contain the 
 date, the name of the person, the condition of the bargain, 
 and price of the goods. In writing this book every thing 
 should be clearly expressed in as uniform a style as pos 
 sible, and the use of ambiguous words and phrases carefully 
 avoided. 
 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 This is a book in which the business transactions recorded 
 in the Day-book are prepared to be entered in the Ledger, 
 by ascertaining the proper debits and credits of each trans 
 action. This process is called journalizing. 
 
 LEDGER. 
 
 This is a book in which a page, or portion of one, is al 
 lowed for every account found in the Journal, with the 
 name of the account written over the space so appropriated, 
 to which the accounts are transferred from the Journal and 
 placed under their respective heads, This process is called 
 posting. 
 
AUXILIARY BOOKS. 135 
 
 ALPHABET OR INDEX. 
 
 In order that the accounts in the Ledger may be more 
 conveniently referred to, an alphabet or index is made by 
 arranging the names of the accounts alphabetically, and 
 placing opposite the name the number of the page on which 
 the account may be found in the Ledger. 
 
 AUXILIARY BOOKS. 
 
 A merchant s account may all be kept in the Day-Book, 
 Journal, and Ledger ; but in most kinds of business, for 
 the sake of abridging these books, it is found convenient to 
 have other books. These vary in number according to the 
 nature of the business, and are termed auxiliary books, and 
 are as follows : 
 
 CASH-BOOK. For definition and manner of keeping this 
 book, see pages 118 and 119. 
 
 BILL-BOOK. For definition, &c., see page 124. 
 
 BANK-BOOK. For definition, &c., see pages 126 and 127. 
 
 ACCOUNT-CURRENT BOOK. For definition of Account- 
 Current, see page 125. The Account- current book con 
 tains simply copies of these accounts. 
 
 ACCOUNT-SALES BOOK. For definition of Account-Sales 
 see page 121. The Account-sales book contains copies of 
 these accounts. 
 
 SALES-BOOK. This is a book in which all sales of goods 
 are entered at the time they are sold. After a purchaser 
 has made his selection of goods they should be entered in 
 this book, from which his bill is copied. His name and the 
 sum total of the sale are transferred to the Day-book. 
 
 ^ INVOICE-BOOK. This is a book in which are copied all 
 bills of goods purchased. It is sometimes made of coarse 
 paper and the original invoices pasted into it 
 
 LETTER-BOOK. This book contains copies of all business- 
 letters. 
 
136 DEFINITION AND OBJECT OF ACCOUNTS. 
 
 DEFINITION AND OBJECT OF ACCOUNTS. 
 
 FICTITIOUS ACCOUNTS. 
 
 STOCK ACCOUNT represents the merchant, and is made 
 Dr. for what he owes when he commences business, and 
 Cr. for what he carries into business. The difference be 
 tween the Dr. and Cr. of this account is his net capital. 
 
 PROFIT AND Loss ACCOUNT is kept to show the gain or 
 loss arising from business, and is made Dr. for all losses 
 and Cr. for all gains. The difference between the Dr. and 
 Cr. is the net gain. 
 
 INTEREST ACCOUNT is kept to show the gain or loss on 
 interest. It is made Dr. for all sums paid for interest, and 
 Cr. for all sums received for interest. The difference be 
 tween the Dr. and Cr. shows the gain or loss on interest. 
 
 EXPENSE ACCOUNT is kept to show how much has been 
 paid for store expenses, such as clerk hire, store rent, freight, 
 cartage, porterage, postage, &c. For all such expenses, 
 this account is made Dr. ; the Cr. side contains nothing 
 until the Books. are balanced. 
 
 REAL ACCOUNTS. 
 
 MERCHANDISE ACCOUNT. This account is kept to show 
 the gain or loss on goods bought and sold. It is made Dr. 
 for the value of Merchandise on hand commencing business, 
 and for the amount of all subsequent purchases ; and Cr. for 
 the amount of all sales. If the Merchandise is all sold, the 
 difference between the Dr. and Cr. will be the gain or loss 
 on Merchandise. If the goods are not all sold, the value 
 of the balance remaining unsold should be placed on the 
 Cr. side, and the difference will then be the gain or loss. 
 
 REAL ESTATE ACCOUNT is kept to show the gain or loss 
 on real estate. It is made Dr. for its cost as purchase- 
 money, repairs, taxes, &c., and Cr. for what it produces, 
 either in rent or sales. If it is not all sold, the value of 
 what remains unsold should be placed on the Cr. side of 
 the account. The difference between the Dr. and Cr. will 
 be the gain or loss on real estate. 
 
DEFINITION AND OBJECT OF ACCOUNTS. 137 
 
 SHIPMENT OR CONSIGNMENT ACCOUNT is kept to show the 
 gain or loss on property consigned by the merchant to some 
 person to sell on his account and risk. It is made Dr. for 
 what the consignment costs him, that is, the value of the 
 goods, freight, insurance, &c., and is made Cr. for the net 
 proceeds of the sales. The difference between the Dr. and 
 Cr. of this account is the gain or loss. 
 
 JAMES HOLMES, CONSIGNMENT ACCOUNT, is kept when 
 
 foods are consigned by him to the merchant to be sold on 
 is account and risk. It is made Dr. for all expenses you 
 incur on account of the consignment, and Cr. for the 
 amount of all sales. The difference between the Dr. and Cr. 
 of this account is the net proceeds, and should be placed to 
 the Cr. of Holmes personal account. 
 
 WHEAT ACCOUNT is kept to show the gain or loss on 
 wheat as a separate branch of business. It is made Dr. for 
 all sums paid for wheat, and Cr. for all sums received for 
 wheat. The Dr. side of this account showing the cost and 
 the Cr. side what it has sold for, the difference between the 
 two sides will of course show the gain or loss on wheat. 
 
 CASH ACCOUNT is kept to show the receipts and disburse 
 ments of cash. It is made Dr. for all receipts of cash, and 
 Cr. for all disbursements. The difference between the Dr. 
 and Cr. of this account is the amount of cash on hand. 
 
 BANK ACCOUNT is kept to show what money is deposited 
 in the bank. It is made Dr. for all sums deposited, and Cr. 
 for all sums drawn out. The difference between the Dr. and 
 Cr. of this account is the sum you have remaining in the 
 bank. 
 
 BILLS RECEIVABLE ACCOUNT is kept to show the amount 
 of written obligations which you hold against other persons 
 for the payment of money. It is made Dr. for all such bills 
 when they are received, and Cr. for all that have been re 
 deemed. The difference between the Dr. and Cr. of this 
 account shows the amount of Bills you hold against other 
 persons. 
 
 BILLS PAYABLE ACCOUNT is kept to show the amount of 
 written obligations given for the payment of money that 
 have not been redeemed. It is made Dr. for the amount of 
 all such bills when they are redeemed, and Cr. when they 
 are given. The difference bet ween the Dr. and Cr. of this 
 account is the amount of your Bills that remain unpaid, 
 
138 DIRECTIONS FOE JO HEIST ALIZING. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR JOURNALIZING. 
 
 JOUEXALIZIXG is ascertaining the proper Drs. and Crs. 
 of every business transaction recorded in the Day-Book, 
 and writing them in the Journal. This requires a little 
 thought. Whenever a transaction occurs, the Book-keeper 
 should reflect for a moment, and see what part of the pro 
 perty is affected by that transaction, and then the accounts 
 that represent that property are the accounts to be made 
 Dr. and Cr. Every Dr. must have a corresponding Cr: of 
 equal amount, and every Cr. must have a corresponding 
 Dr. of equal amount. If the transaction takes from one 
 part of your property, and adds to another, the account 
 from which it is taken is made Cr., and the one to which 
 it is added is made Dr. Whenever you buy property, the 
 account representing that property is made Dr. to what 
 you give in payment for it ; or, if you buy it on trust, it is 
 Dr. to the person that trusted you : and w r hen you sell 
 that property, it is made Cr. by what you receive in pay 
 ment for it, or, if it is sold on credit, it is Cr. by the person 
 trusted. 
 
 For example, if you buy Merchandise of Lee, Judson & 
 Lee, on account, $500, Merchandise would be Dr. to Lee, 
 Judson & Lee, $500, and Lee, Judson & Lee Cr. by Mer 
 chandise, $500. If you pay them Cash for it, Cash would 
 be Cr. ; if your note, Bills Payable would be Cr. Or if 
 you sell Merchandise on account to J. M. Demmon, he 
 would be made Dr. to Merchandise, and Merchandise Cr. 
 by J. M. Demmon. If he paid you Cash, Cash would be 
 Dr. ; or gave you his note, Bills Receivable would be Dr. 
 If you give your note to Lee, Judson & Lee on account, 
 they would be made Dr. to Bills Payable, and Bills Paya 
 ble Cr. by Lee, Judson & Lee. When you redeem that 
 note with cash, Bills Payable would be Dr. to Cash, and 
 Cash Cr. by Bills Payable. If J. M. Demmon gives you 
 his note on account, Bills Receivable would be made Dr. 
 to J., M. Demmon, and J. M. Demmon Cr. by Bills Re 
 ceivable. When he redeems that note with cash, Cash 
 would be Dr. to Bills Receivable, and Bills Receivable Cr, 
 by Cash. 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR POSTING. 139 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR POSTING. 
 
 POSTING is transferring the business transactions from the 
 Journal and placing them under their respective heads in 
 the Ledger. Commence with the first transaction recorded 
 in the Journal : suppose, for example, it is Joseph M. Dem- 
 mon Dr. to Merchandise. You will first turn to Joseph M. 
 Demmon s account in the Ledger, and enter on the Dr. side 
 of his account, To Merchandise (entering the date, journal 
 page, and amount, as directed on page 62), then make a 
 check-mark opposite the name in the Journal, to signify that 
 it has been posted ; then turn to the Merchandise Account, 
 and enter on the Cr. side, By Joseph M. Demmon, entering 
 the date, journal page, and amount, and making the check 
 mark as in the preceding entry. It will be observed, in 
 making an entry in the Ledger, that the account to be deb 
 ited is made Dr. to the account that is to be credited for the 
 same amount, and the account to be credited is made Cr. by 
 the account debited. 
 
 Where there is more than one Dr. or Cr. in the same 
 transaction, the expression used in posting is To or By Sun 
 dries. 
 
 TO THE PUPIL. 
 
 After becoming familiar with the instructions given on the preceding 
 pages, and tracing through the examples on the five following pages, 
 you may copy the Day-Book, commencing on page 148, in your blank 
 Day -Book ; then lay aside the printed book, and on a sheet of waste 
 paper journalize the Day-Book entries according to the directions pre 
 viously given, then compare with the printed Journal to see if you have 
 journalized correctly ; then post to the Ledger as above directed, inde 
 pendent of the printed book, and make out your Trial Balance and Bal 
 ance Sheet as directed on pages 195 and 201. 
 
140 
 
 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 GENERAL RULE FOR JOURNALIZING. 
 
 THE thing received, or person trusted is made Dr. " To" 
 the thing parted with, or person who trusts you ; and the 
 thing parted with, or person who trusts you, is made Cr. 
 " By" the thing received, or person trusted. 
 
 Profit and Loss is made Dr. for all losses, and Cr. for all 
 gains. Every Dr. must have a Cr. of equal amount, and 
 every Cr. must have a Dr. of equal amount., 
 
 EXERCISES IN JOURNALIZING. 
 
 Transactions. 
 
 Sold D. W. Clark, on acct., mdse., $200. 
 Bot. of D. W. Clark, on acct., mdse., $200. 
 
 D. W. Clark has paid me cash, on acct., 
 $200. 
 
 Paid D. W. Clark cash, on acct., $200. 
 
 Sold W. W. Hart, on his note, 30 days, 
 mdse., $175. 
 
 Bot. of W. W. Hart, on my note, 60 days, 
 mdse., $250. 
 
 "W. "W. Hart has paid his note, in cash, 
 
 $175. 
 Paid my note to W. W. Hart, in cash, $250. 
 
 Sold J. H. Holmes mdse., $450. Eeceived 
 in payment his note for $250, and cash 
 for the balance, $200. 
 
 Bot. t>f J. H. Holmes mdse., $500. Gave 
 in payment my note for $250, and cash 
 for the balance, $250. 
 
 Exchanged the above notes with Holmes, 
 $250. 
 
 Bot of J. Dunning his house and lot on 
 Spring-street, $2,000. Gave in payment 
 cash, $1,000, mdse., $500, and my note 
 for the balance, $500. 
 
 Sold my house and lot on Spring-street 
 for $2,500. Eeceived in payment S. S. 
 Clark s note, 3 months, $1,000, cash 
 $1,000, and mdse. for the balance, $500. 
 
 The Commercial Bank has discounted S. 
 8. Clark s note for $1,000. Discount, 
 I1T.50; cash received, $982.50. 
 
 Journalized. 
 
 D. W. Clark, Dr., $200. Mdse., Cr., $200. 
 Mdse., Dr., $200. D. W. Clark, Cr. $200. 
 Cash, Dr., $200. D. W. Clark, Cr., $200. 
 
 D. W. Clark, Dr., $200. Cash, Cr., $200. 
 
 Bills Receivable, Dr., $175. Mdse., Cr., 
 $175. 
 
 Mdse., Dr., $250. Bills Payable, Cr., $250. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $175. Bills Receivable, Cr., 
 
 $175. 
 
 Bills Payable, Dr., $250. Cash, Cr., $250. 
 
 Bills Receivable. Dr., $250. Cash, Dr., 
 $200. Mdse., Cr., $450. 
 
 Mdse., Dr., $500. Bills Payable, Cr., $250. 
 Cash, Cr., $250. 
 
 Bills Pavable, Dr., $250. Bills Receivable, 
 
 Cr., $250. 
 
 Real Estate, Dr., $2,000. Cash, Cr., $1,000. 
 Mdse., Cr., $500. Bills payable, Cr., 
 
 $500. 
 
 Bills Receivable, Dr., $1,000. Cash, Dr., 
 $1,000. Mdse., Dr., $500. Real Estate, 
 Cr., $2,500. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $982.50. Interest, Dr., $17.50, 
 Bills Receivable, Cr., $1,000. 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 141 
 
 Transactions. 
 
 Holmes & Co., New York, consigned an 
 invoice of goods to ine, to be sold on 
 their account, $575. I have paid for 
 freight and charges, in cash, $34 
 
 I have consigned goods to Holmes & Co., 
 New York, to be sold on my account 
 invoiced $645. Paid freight and cartage 
 on do. in cash, $36.50, and gave my note 
 for insurance on do., $19.35. 
 
 Sold Holmes & Co. s goods for $650. Re 
 ceived in payment P. Almy s note for 
 $300, and cash for balance, $350. 
 
 Received an account sales of goods con 
 signed to Holmes & Co., New York. 
 Net proceeds amount to $716. 
 
 P. Almy has paid his note, with interest 
 Note, $300; interest, $5.25 $305.25. 
 
 Holmea & Co., New York, have remitted 
 me a Bill of Exchange on James Ander 
 son, for $716. 
 
 Bot. of J. Jones & Co., for cash, a draft on 
 New York for $533.50, at a premium of 
 i of 1 per cent, $2.92, which I have re 
 mitted to Holmes & Co., New York. 
 
 Dean Tisdale has made a draft on me at 
 80 days sight, which I have accepted, 
 for $125. 
 
 Paid D. Tisdale s draft on me as follows : 
 in merchandise, $75, and gave him an 
 order on W. W. Hart for $50. 
 
 John Doe has failed, and I have sold the 
 note I held against him, of $250, for $100. 
 Eeceived in payment cash. 
 
 Bot. a quantity of broadcloth, in companv 
 with B. Hartford, $250. Paid cash for 
 my half, $125. 
 
 Bot. of W. W. Ely, for cash, 100 bbL. of 
 flour for $650, which I immediately sold 
 for $750. 
 
 Bot. of F. Cate, for cash, 2,000 Ibs. of tal 
 low, for $160, which I immediately sold 
 for $140. 
 
 Commenced business with cash, $2,000. 
 
 Commenced business with cash, $1,000. 
 mdse., $1,000, and notes against sundry 
 persons, $500. 
 
 Commenced business with cash, $500, 
 mdse., $500, notes against sundry per 
 sons, $500, real estate, valued at $1,000; 
 and owe D. Hood, on acct., $250, sundry 
 persons on notes, $500. 
 
 Commenced business with cash, $SOO, 
 mdse., which I bought as follows; of 
 Stewart & Co., on account, $1,700, of 
 Bowen fc McNamee, on my note at 60 
 days, $1,500. I 
 
 Journalized. 
 
 Holmes & Oo. s consignment, Dr., $34. 
 Cash, Cr., $34. 
 
 Consignment to New York, Dr., $700.S5. 
 Mdse., Cr., $645. Cash, Cr., $36.50. Bilia 
 Keceivable, Cr., $19.35. 
 
 Bills^ Receivable, Dr., $300. Cash, Dr., 
 $3oO. Holmes & Co. s consignment, 
 Cr., $650. 
 
 Holmes & Co., Dr., $716. Consignment 
 to New York, Cr., $716. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $305.25. Bills Receivable Cr 
 $300. Interest, Cr., $5.25. 
 
 Bills Receivable, Dr., $716. Holmea & Co. 
 Cr., $716. 
 
 Hoi mes& Co,, Dr., $583.50. Interest Dr 
 $2.92. Cash, Cr., $580.42. 
 
 Dean Tisdale, Dr., $125. Bills Payable, 
 
 Bills Payable, Dr., $125. Mdse., Cr., $75, 
 W. W. Hart, Cr., $50. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $100. Profit and Loss Dr $150 
 Bills Receivable, Cr,, $250. 
 
 Mdse. Co. A, Dr., $125. Cash, Cr., $125. 
 Cash, Dr., $100. Profit and Loss, Cr., $100. 
 Profit and Loss, Dr., $20. Cash, Cr., $20. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $2,000. Stock, Cr.. $2,000. 
 Cash, Dr.. $1,000. Mdse., Dr., $1,000. Bills 
 Dr., $500. Stock, Cr., 
 
 Cash, Dr. $500. Mdse., Dr., $500. Bills 
 Receivable, Dr., $500. Real Estate Dr 
 $1,000. Stock, Cr., $2,500, Stock, Dr 
 $750. D. Hood, Cr., $250. Bills Paya 
 ble, Cr., $500. 
 
 Cash, Dr., $800. Mdse., Dr., $3,200. Stock 
 Cr., $4,000. Stock, Dr., $3,200. Stewart 
 & Co., Cr., $1,700. Bills Payable, Cr., 
 $1,500. 
 
EXAMPLES. 
 
 DAY-BOOK ENTRY. 
 
 C/? // p sy/? rr 
 
 tx OM <_y daac c7& . j am-ewn, en 
 
 far 
 
 ^a 
 
 500 00 
 300, 00 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 $00\ 00 
 
 (JOURNALISED.) 
 
 
 *-/6 
 
 . %^ 
 
 The last entry is commonly expressed in the Jour 
 
 nal us follows : 
 
 . to 
 
 500 
 
 $00 
 
 ^aj-nr 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 500 00 
 
 500 
 300 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 300\ 00 
 
 The expression "Sundries," as here used, seems to be superfluous, 
 and often confuses the learner, who gets the impression that there 
 should be such an account as "Sundries" in the Ledger. We have, 
 therefore, in the following set of Books, adopted the first method of 
 expressing the Journal entries. 
 
 142 
 
|| -sinoo 
 
 
 aStadpnunop 
 
 | 
 
 vfca 
 
 
 
 
 8109^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 & 
 
 v -^a 
 
 | ^ -^ 
 
 
 143 
 
si 
 
 144 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 145 
 
 GENERAL QUESTIONS. 
 
 Of what does Part 2d treat? From what is the term Double Entry 
 3nved? What kind of terms are "Debtor and Creditor?" What is 
 meant by correlative terms ? To what are these terms applied in Single 
 Entry? To what are they applied in Double Entry? What are per 
 sons made debtor to ? For what are they made creditor ? For what are 
 property acounts made debtor? For what, creditor? How many 
 classes of accounts? Name them. What are Personal accounts? 
 
 hat are Fictitious accounts? What are Real accounts ? What Books 
 are used? How many principal ones ? Name them. Name the aux 
 iliary books. 
 
 What should the Day-Book contain ? What should it commence with ? 
 What should be entered next? In what order? What four things 
 should each entry contain ? Name them. What style of writin- should 
 used in this book? What should be avoided? What is the Jour- 
 TV hat accounts are entered in it ? What is the use of this book ? 
 
 low are accounts prepared for the Ledger? What is the process of 
 ferring accounts from Day-Book to Journal called ? What is the 
 Ledger? How much space is allowed for each account? What is 
 written at the head of the page ? How do we transfer accounts from 
 the Journal to this book ? What is the process called ? What book is 
 used with the Ledger, to enable the book-keeper to find the accounts 
 more rapidly? Describe it. 
 
 Could a merchant s account be kept in these three books? Why 
 use auxiliary books? What is the Cash-Book ? What is the Bill Book ? 
 ^ hat is the Bank-Book ? What is the Account-Current Book ? What 
 
 ithe "Account-Sales Book?" What is the "Sales-Book?" Describe 
 method of using this book? What is the Invoice-Book? What is the 
 Letter-Book? What does the Stock account represent? What is en 
 tered on the Debit side of this account ? What is entered on the credit 
 side ? What does the difference between the Dr. and Cr. of this account 
 show? For what is Profit and Loss account kept? For what is it 
 made Dr. ? For what is it made Cr. ? What doesthe difference between 
 the Dr. and Cr. of this account show ? For what is the Interest account 
 kept? For what is it made Dr.? For what is it made Cr ? What 
 does the difference between the Dr. and Cr. of this account show? 
 
143 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 For what is the Expense account kept? What does the Dr. side of this 
 account contain? What does the Cr. side of this account contain? 
 When is the entry made on the Cr. side ? 
 
 What is the Merchandise account? Explain it. What is the Real 
 Estate account? What is the Consignment account? Explain the 
 Consignment account of James Holmes. What is the Wheat account? 
 What is the Cash account? What is the Bank account? What is 
 the Bills Receivable account ? What is the Bills Payable account ? 
 What is Journalizing? Explain the process. What is Posting ? Ex 
 plain the process. 
 
DAY-BOOK, OR BLOTTER, 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
iS commence vtMtnet* wii 
 
 effect*: 
 
 amin &one owed- me 
 
 *~&e 
 
 on 9}iu Jyofe at 4 mo. 
 
 5,244 
 2,500 
 2,300 
 
 Jr&te at 6 mont 
 ficr J^. &. 
 
 on ^/yotc at 6 mo. 
 
 her tf. &j . Stage / 
 f 
 
 $50 00 
 
 148 
 
Csout 
 4 
 
 . 0. <ga, 
 
 far 7. 0). faiqe / 
 / 
 
 _x . cT& 
 
 &rcct. 
 
 -Stfatf 23d- 
 
 . far t. 
 
 
 ot. o 
 400 
 
 5.00 
 
 &vann> of t> eneva, far 
 
 u Jrote of 30 daut fir &$a 
 
 ved fier gffoat &. 0etn?wm, 
 FonM- master, fio?n tf&ttca, an 
 ijrm i cice of rradckna &?on<Haned 
 to me vu &. &. ymit/i, to $e 
 
 fur J^ 
 
 on 
 
 nvoue 
 
 4,000\ 00 
 4 f OOO\ 00 
 
 243 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 54 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 149 
 
<f. 
 
 Qfi 
 
 master, a 
 
 to 
 
 -, 400 \ 
 5.00 
 
 . ^ . ^amfibett on 
 
 ofano 450 tya*. J5 
 600 
 
 , F 
 
 & 
 
 n 
 
 at 40 da-u* 4tant /o 
 f * 
 
 on me n vor 
 r 
 
 mont r Gaen** 
 
 2,000 00 
 205 25 
 
 67 
 375 
 
 2,205 
 
 442 
 
 75 
 
 475 
 
 464 
 
 $96 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 5$ 
 
 424 00 
 500 00 
 
 150 
 

 . So 49* 
 
 J 
 
 S^cct. 
 
 -^/f &au 3a.- 
 
 a 
 
 . in 
 5,000/L. 
 
 G> /> . 
 
 & acri (o 
 
 or &&0 
 
 $4,250.00 
 
 f if f& 
 
 in Che & avn 
 
 CFcr conawcfona &, 
 ox ant to zecewe a <&00 
 
 gfeott. 
 
 <Mion Of 5 far cent, on ait dotcl, : 
 
 *aid &a4n for my naff 625 
 
 {Sofa J 
 
 J 
 
 amcton, 
 
 ., 4,200 
 
 <^bau $tfi. 
 
 y 
 
 far f. &J. faaae 5 
 
 cro/d Fa*, tx^. ^ 
 
 einmcn on c 
 
 56 
 
 4.00 
 2.00 
 
 400 
 442 
 
 496 
 
 4,250 
 
 221 
 
 352 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 242 
 
 00 
 

 
 
 & > ata / in cat^n, <5ee, fuckon 
 
 (^Dbafe on me at 40 dau 4ia 
 30t& S 
 
 C/ota 6. ^teamitton on ni4 ^/yote of 
 
 6 
 
 -t^vbau 
 
 4f 
 
 5,000 
 
 & o 
 
 .34 
 
 Sfoti. ^cJam* gSfonfor <&a<4. 
 7. @$. aqe / 
 
 an S^cct. 
 
 STota/ tfa/c* 4,550.00 
 C oa, tg&vet, c. 4,332.15 
 
 247.25 
 
 at- o ivnion id- 
 
 200 
 & ave in 
 
 (7 
 
 &%jent. &one fir 
 ^ajn fir the &Jatanct 
 
 950.00 
 a 0)iaft on 
 
 / 
 
 77 
 
 40$ 
 40$ 
 
 400 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 A75 50 
 
 4,550 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 950 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 152 
 

 fo 
 
 Taa 
 
 CP 
 m Cs. 
 
 rvf ,. 
 on tercet. 
 
 5.50 
 
 -^&ap $At&.- 
 
 on me at j-iqit for 
 
 0&eceived fain ^tattee <%" ^to (de 
 
 to 
 
 JPct fiwctcd* $2,775.00 
 
 nu/n tneu nave temttted a 
 
 eneva or 
 
 7 
 
 >J$HVU 34*t.- 
 
 teat/i, grated- tni* mont amount 
 
 tn 
 
 /("X? /> /> (77? - 
 
 ata 7& 04ft, for ^ amit 
 
 
 a<d mu JPole fanuect to J?. 
 
 eneva. 
 
 0* 
 
 ., <%c. 
 
 S2 
 
 too 
 
 55 
 
 696 
 
 2,775 
 
 403 
 
 25 : 
 4,000 
 
 65 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 5Q 
 
 62 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4,000\ 00 
 

 dau, T 
 
 une 
 
 . j .00 
 
 .75 
 
 Set.- 
 
 C^ 7 / / s Of / 
 4 totals, icr tooMt, 
 
 490 &&. y. &. &/our 5.S5 
 
 S4J.OO 
 
 at 5 r cent. 
 
 40 
 
 79 
 
 96 
 .75 59 
 
 (,n &a 
 
 at 6 
 
 n T& 
 154 
 
 9* 
 
 475 
 
 997 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 49$ 35 
 
 455 S5 
 
 250 
 
 00 
 
onb, rreane&ciau, tune 
 
 ex & 
 
 Of t/ . 
 
 and <5>ot on (^Jwad^t. fir 4 ,600.00 
 t>(2^(? in foawment & 
 
 gftot. 
 
 5.00 4,250.00 
 
 // , G(?/ /> 
 (a to TetatK 
 
 ^c/man, JP.^.at 5.50 4,375^.00 
 
 on tx. &cte a>t 40 
 
 .J? 
 
 & /y/? 
 
 t^ am&d cx<& . 
 Jrofe at 4 vnont/L) 
 
 far /*. &ft. fiage 4 
 t f f 
 
 <-/une 4 2tn. 
 
 u 4 At/i fi 
 
 /* S& /* 
 
 of & enewz jo** 
 on Rrccct-tnt 
 
 r 
 
 /* 
 
 on cscJanK o 
 
 -^/une 45tn. 
 
 r / aT? / / (0 
 ved of <y f ^an&tvn, J. 
 
 to zfoatance cwcccunt 
 
 /y/? 
 7&e 
 
 ia/t on JLm at 40 d. tig/it /or 
 i / 
 
 ^ Geneva 
 cottntea tite Jyote i& 
 
 4,000 
 375 
 
 500 
 473 
 
 Toajn 
 
 469 
 40 
 
 4,375 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4,600 
 
 55 
 
 250 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 vo 
 
 155 
 
:^^kh 
 
 on @6\ 
 
 and 
 $2,000.00 
 
 foaiwnent wadri 
 / # 
 
 e. for i/". $. aae 3 
 / 
 
 fae fir $250.00 
 
 and immediate/ 4c/d it fir 300.00 
 
 tfamue/ ^/amfidon na4 /laid 
 
 t/Tws utitri, infotedt, qtven 
 f 
 
 ] , at 3 montfa fir 
 
 3 m&ntn4 and 4 dait<4 
 
 master, avzd &ondiqned to <jft. /. 
 gfiopue, SfiMany, 400 
 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 
 4,000 
 
 at 30 
 
 5.50 
 
 / Of x G? 
 
 ana <bazt. tn &a 
 
 tSwne 
 
 <_/0 
 
 ficua nM 
 
 \ at 3 t 
 
 and 3 
 
 Su 
 
 -/t on nvm,, acce/ifed ^/ une 45tn 
 at 40 daud eugnt fir 
 
 156 
 
 550 
 
 52 
 
 300 
 5 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 2,000 
 
 50 
 
 4,04$ 
 
 602 
 
 305 
 
 250 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 

 fter J?. $. fiaae / 
 
 nfamm 75 one aa fiaic &6 J^Pote 
 
 witetc^t, at/ven 
 ^ at 3 mc fytnd fir 
 
 v;>a<}n C/CU&4 tnM mcntn, amount to 
 
 ^saia C/tove 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 monwt o twce 
 
 50.00 \ 
 
 (/ 
 , amount*) to 
 
 157 
 
 0$ 
 
 4^60\ 00 
 
 50 
 
 275 
 
 50 
 
 9^ 00 
 
 45 
 
 00 
 
JOURNAL. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
(7 
 
 (77^ C/? & / 
 
 c/ o -&ee f Jr addon 
 
 . Qfie 
 
 *J o 
 
 S/Q 
 
 5,2 
 
 2,500 
 
 2,300 
 
 $50 
 
 763 
 
 Oft*. 
 
 0^. 
 
 634 
 
 239 
 
 00 
 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 43 
 
 224 
 
 44,06$ 
 
 93 
 
 40,$64\ 36 
 
 475 
 
 544 
 
 634 
 
 239 
 
 204 
 
 224 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 96 
 
 43 
 
 93 
 
 160 
 
*y o 
 
 _/ o 
 
 enei>& 
 
 o 
 
 &* 
 
 $5 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 $5 
 
 54 
 
 ** " 
 
 243 
 
 44 
 
 243 
 
 44 
 
 es* 
 
 454 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 / 
 ? 
 
 
 
 454 
 
 46 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 0*. 
 
 467 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 467 
 
 50 
 
 0*\ 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 Sp 
 \y @%& / it(Z 
 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 uam^nent 0$?,. 
 
 <* 
 
 75 
 
 4$ 
 
 75 
 
 0,. 
 
 24 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 75 
 
 1* 0, 
 
 2,205 
 
 25 
 
 2,000 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 205 
 
 25 
 
 
 6,869 
 
 39 
 
 6,869 
 
 39 
 
 161 
 
0. 
 
 ZTo 
 
 /^ 
 
 ZTo 
 
 0?,. 
 
 500 
 
 50 
 
 50 \ 
 
 50 
 
 5$ 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 A4S 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 500 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 162 
 

 
 f, S#M. * 
 
 Saweton, WMnul # 9*. 0*. 
 
 C7" Gf? /, ^5 
 ex e? aideton, C/ 
 
 
 0. <Kn 
 
 &b. <?&. C/mitn, 6 TeovMtQ 
 
 V ^/, 
 
 iJ o 
 
 -<^batt 45t.- 
 
 <7 
 
 ite i&o. 
 
 163 
 
 4,250 
 
 227 
 
 352 
 
 {,550 
 
 5,032 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 625 
 625 
 
 42 
 
 352 
 
 242 
 
 475 
 
 427 
 
 4,550 
 5,032 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 ~25 
 
(/ 
 
 <<* 
 
 0. 
 
 ./ o &/&6toaMwn &o 
 
 2frt. 
 
 o^&au 22d* 
 
 ^0^.^.0 
 
 0% 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 950 
 
 
 
 
 
 too 
 
 55 
 
 2,477 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 65 
 
 5 25 
 77 50 
 
 500 
 
 250 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 $50, 00 
 400 00 
 
 65 
 
 400 00 
 
 55 
 
 2J77 
 
 00 
 ~65 
 
 164 
 
<y 
 
 </ 
 
 ^aa/eton, Sfwt/ii 
 
 0t. 
 
 t. JP. 
 
 ^iau 34tt.- 
 
 t^ o 
 
 c/ G 
 
 c eneva 
 
 WFccMtnt 
 ex* 
 
 ZTo 
 
 0*. 
 
 A96 
 
 2,775 
 
 403 
 
 2,000 
 
 250 
 
 4,000 
 
 7,7^9 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 496 
 
 2 f 775 
 
 403 
 
 250 
 
 4,000 
 
 424 
 
 4,000 
 7,749 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 62 
 
 75 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 165 
 

 , T 
 
 une 
 
 <J o 
 
 <g*. 0* 
 
 -SwntSd- 
 
 ZTo 
 
 c7&. c7& . C/mtdn, 
 
 ZTo <<, 
 
 .S* 
 
 J?u 
 
 9* 
 
 991 
 
 250 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 636 
 
 2,5*7 
 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 9* 
 
 /75 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 997 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 to 
 
 s$r\ ^o 
 
 25 
 
 250 00 
 
 646 
 
 25 
 2,547 
 
 53 
 
 00 
 ~5~0 
 
 166 
 
Tt 
 
 tme 
 
 -J^ 
 
 <^une St&.- 
 
 o/ Ge 
 
 J? 
 
 or 
 o/ o 
 
 J? 
 
 Jf 
 
 4,000 00 
 315 00 
 
 4,600 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 55 
 
 250 
 
 469 
 40 
 
 4,000 
 4,000 
 
 6,240 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 7* 
 
 ,250\ 00 
 425 00 
 
 00 
 
 200 00 
 427 \ 00 
 500 00 
 
 473 ^ oo 
 
 55 00 
 
 250, 00 
 
 4$0\ 00 
 
 2,000 00 
 6,240\ 00 
 
 167 
 
9 ~jr 
 
 ^ 
 
 d, S & 49- 
 
 aliment to rwanv Qfii,. 
 
 JF 
 
 .<fwne 2$t&.- 
 
 Su 
 
 50 
 
 305 
 
 250 
 
 4,260 
 
 4,617 
 
 00. 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4,000\ 00 
 
 550\ 00 
 52 00 
 
 300 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 250 
 
 473 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 4,260 
 4 f 677 
 
 00 
 
 168 
 

 
 30 1, 
 
 ^/ o <&#t*/a 
 
 zr* 
 
 9$ 
 
 S5 
 
 5 S3 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 50 
 
 275 
 
 450 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 523 50 
 
INDEX TO THE LEDGER. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
B 
 
 c 
 
 *sr. 
 
 ^ondt-anment to S^wa 
 
 I) 
 
 A 
 
 <F <x? 
 iJr&zac i& . 
 
 E 
 
 47 
 
 F 
 
 H 
 
 dC 
 
M 
 
 9 
 
 lancfo* ^o. 
 
 itri, &&, &&. d- <>on<uqnt. 
 
 6 
 
 f$ 
 46 
 
 so 
 
 173 
 
 U 
 
 w 
 
 X 
 
LEDGER. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
i 
 
 $ 
 
 
 <&) N^ 
 
 SO ^ 
 
So 
 
 <a\ \> 
 
 ^ "vb 
 
 <s^ <s^ 
 
 ^ ^ ^ <&) ^ 
 
 ^Ci ^C5 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 V V ^ V 
 
 ^\) ^ ^C) 
 ^ V ^ 
 
 GV^ ^j ^s 
 
 ^2 
 
 S 
 
 ^s 
 
 "^ "^ V V V V \ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 Grj 
 
 ^ "^ ^> 
 ^ V ^> 
 
 V V 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
 1 
 
 <s 
 
 \> Co 
 
 
 
 
 178 
 
-I 
 
 V \N 
 
 1 1 1 
 
 > ; s v 
 
 *4" 
 
 
 -SO 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 ^ J %l & 
 
 1 
 
 ^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 I 
 
 179 
 
So 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 $ 
 
 
 180 
 
] 
 
 SI 
 
 
 
 >i 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ s 
 
 ^ 
 
 v^ 
 
 ^ 1 I 
 
 * 
 
 V 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 If 
 
 11 
 
 t 
 
 
 1 
 
 v 
 
 1? 
 
 $ 
 
 
 1 
 
 ISl 
 
"So 
 
 g 
 
 
 s 
 
 182 
 
SH 
 
 \ <^ 
 
 ^ * 
 
 ^ 
 
 t 
 
 K. s^ 
 
 $ 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 183 
 

 
 
 184 
 

 
 $x 
 
 
 
 5? 
 
 185 
 
li 
 ^ 
 
 s> 
 
 ^ * xN 
 
 18Q 
 

 
 8 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 4Jh 
 $iHv 
 
 <N 
 
 S^i 
 
 137 
 
188 
 

 s 
 
 189 
 
-So 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 
 "So 
 
 rs; 
 
 s< 
 
 v 
 
 190 
 
191 
 

 ^ 
 
 *\ 
 
* J 
 
 <% 
 
 s 
 
 SO 
 
 Orj 
 
 >w 
 
 sstf 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 1 95 
 
 TRIAL BALANCE. 
 
 The Trial Balance is taken to ascertain whether the 
 Journal entries have been correctly transferred to the 
 Ledger, and may be made as follows: 1st, Rule a sheet 
 of paper with double money columns, and head it " Trial 
 Balance," with Dr. over the left, and Cr. over the right- 
 hand money columns. 2d. Write the names of the Ledger 
 accounts in the open space at the left, and also on the 
 same line in the open space on the right, and, after adding 
 the two sides of each account, place the amount of the 
 Dr. side in the Dr. column, and the Cr. side in the Cr. 
 column opposite the name thus written. 3d. Add the 
 Dr. and Cr. columns of the Trial Balance, and if they foot 
 alike, the books are supposed to be correctly posted. This 
 proof should be taken as often as once a month. 
 
 NOTE. The student must examine carefully the Trial Balance that 
 is found on the two following pages. By noticing how the above rules 
 have been applied he will be able to understand the purpose of this 
 sheet. It is customary, after drawing off or making the "Trial Bal 
 ance," to label them, and folding them neatly, to place them in a pack 
 age together, so that they may be readily referred to. In order to 
 familiarize himself with the "Trial Balance," let the pupil draw up a 
 "Trial Balance" of the preceding accounts, and then compare it with 
 the one found on the next page. On the following pages three meth 
 ods are given all, however, involving the same principle, and obtaining 
 the same result. 
 
^ 
 
 } 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -o 
 
 i U 
 
 i ^ S 
 
 196 
 
r\-<> 
 
 $ 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 _ 
 
 IE 
 
 V Ns. 
 
 SS 
 
 I 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 1 ^ 1 
 
 ^ , I i 
 
 8 S ^ .1 
 
 197 
 
1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ,* 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 % 
 
 ^o 
 
 ^ v ^ ^ ^ ^\ 
 
 ^o ess ^ ^ Si> Vs 
 
 * ^ *<> s. v QS 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 !*r 
 
 
 -QO <5> V 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 sSi 
 
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BOOK-KEEPING. 201 
 
 BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 Merchants as often as once, and sometimes twice, a year 
 balance their Ledgers, and make out what is termed a 
 Balance Sheet. This sheet exhibits, in a condensed form, 
 a statement of their mercantile affairs, and forms the mate 
 rials for opening a new set of books, containing on the 
 Dr. side the debts due them, cash on hand, and the value 
 of merchandise or other property remaining unsold; and 
 on the Or. side, the amount of their indebtedness to others. 
 The difference between the two sides is of course their net 
 capital. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING A BALANCE SHEET. 
 
 1st. Write "Balance Sheet" at the top of a page in the 
 Ledger. 
 
 2d. Take an inventory of all property unsold, and make 
 the accounts representing the property Cr. " By Balance" 
 for the value of what remains unsold ; then place the name 
 of the account, and the same amount, on the Dr. side of 
 the Balance Sheet. 
 
 3d. Ascertain what accounts show a gain or loss on the 
 business, and balance these accounts " To" or " By Profit 
 and Loss" for the difference ; then turn to the "Profit and 
 Loss" account, and enter the title of the account, and the 
 amount, if a gain, on the Cr. side, or, if a loss, on the Dr. 
 side of said account. 
 
 4th. Balance Private account and Profit and Loss " To" 
 or " By Stock." If the Profit and Loss account shows a 
 gain, carry it to the Cr. side ; if a loss, to the Dr. side of 
 the Stock account. 
 
 5th. Balance all other accounts, except Stock, " To" or 
 " By Balance." If the Dr. side is the largest, make the 
 account Cr. " By Balance" for the difference, and enter 
 the name of the account, and the amount, on the Dr. side 
 of the Balance Sheet ; or if the Cr. side is the largest, 
 make it Dr. "To Balance" for the difference, and enter 
 the name of the account, and the amount, on the Cr. side 
 of the Balance Sheet. 
 
 6th. Balance Stock account "To" or "By Balance" for 
 the difference, and, if the operation of balancing is cor 
 rectly performed, the balance of this account will exactly 
 balance the Balance Sheet. 
 
Ni 
 
 
 202 
 
INVENTORY-BOOK 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
tale 
 
 / 2d, 
 
 f 
 
 ^ tf^, 960 ^,/, ^ 
 
 .40 
 
 96 
 
 00 
 
 2 
 
 do. 4,926 " " 
 
 .45 
 
 2$$ 
 
 90 
 
 2 
 
 do. 4,$42 " " 
 
 .42 
 
 224 
 
 04 
 
 / 
 
 &unte 4,000 " " 
 
 .0$ 
 
 $0 
 
 00 
 
 a 
 
 do. 2,425 
 
 .40 
 
 242\ 50 
 
 2 
 
 do. 2,446 " " 
 
 .44\ 
 
 244 
 
 42 
 
 A 
 
 @8a&4 ^otttw *i6ee& 2,400 
 
 .40 
 
 240 00 
 
 $ 
 
 " & u>4ina6 3,600 " " 
 
 .43 
 
 46$ 00 
 
 5 
 
 (Stuffing 2,250 " " 
 
 .09 
 
 202 50 
 
 3 
 
 C ga*c* tfafaicU 4, $00 
 
 .55 
 
 990 00 
 
 2 
 
 // (-/^ * $flfl // // 
 
 4.25 
 
 4,000 00 
 
 4 
 
 &*. xtta &. 08 &. do. 462 
 
 2.00, 
 
 324^ 00 
 
 4 
 
 " y-ufa $& $ *i&t& 400 " " 
 
 4.50, 
 
 450 00 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 l 
 
 2 
 
 " gft/ue (%). &. ^/otft, 50 " " 
 
 2.50, 
 
 425 00 
 
 
 
 // <h xti^t ^r . &AJfc. d/J. & lot/i 50 
 
 5.50 
 
 2J5 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 5,244 
 
 36 
 
 
 tx itventoiflf Of i/r ofcd-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 at 3 month f due <_Fune 26t/i and 29tft, 
 
 ft 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 / 
 
 wen fy yamttef ^am/Men, *Jt>a*. 22d, 
 
 1$49\ 
 
 
 
 
 at 3 vnont/M, due Jfune 22d, and 5n, 
 
 / 
 
 4,000 
 
 00 
 
 / 
 
 tfwen A J^. <Ji. 0emmon <Jbai. 23td, i 
 
 f$49, 
 
 
 
 
 at 3 month, da* Jfune 23d and 6t, fir 
 
 300 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 2,300 
 
 00 
 
 
 iSnventovy> o^ Qrccoivntt}-. 
 
 
 
 
 A 
 
 leniamtn (oone 
 
 
 $50 
 
 00 
 
 204 
 
INVOICE-BOOK. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
/<) 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 JP. 
 %> 
 
 J?c 
 
 2 ,09$ MA. at .6 
 
 5f2aat. " .34 
 & 
 
 -9 
 
 6J5 
 
 732 
 $24 
 336 
 
 JPe 
 
 <6>. 
 
 do. 202 
 
 . vu Jrote at 6 mo*. 
 . gfiett* 
 
 .60 
 
 J?o. 625 $00 
 
 653 
 655 
 
 3,279 
 
 at 
 
 This is thought sufficient to illustrate the use and method of 
 keeping this Book. 
 
 206 
 
SALES-BOOK. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
208 
 
(7 
 
 , Q/b/ui 
 
 JP. 0. 
 
 . at 
 
 aawauta, (/o 
 
 (7 
 
 25 
 
 4.50 
 2.00 
 
 ^a 
 
 600 
 
 The foregoing is thought sufficient to illustrate clearly the 
 use and method of keeping the Sales-Book. The letter E in the 
 margin denotes that the transaction has been entered in the 
 Day-Book, and by an examination it will be found that the trans 
 actions correspond with the entries made in that Book. 
 
 45\ 60 
 
 77\ 9$ 
 $\56 
 
 50 
 00 
 
 467 50 
 
 55 
 
 67 
 375 
 
 50 
 00 
 
 Yo 
 
 209 
 
210 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES. 
 
 THE following is a Memorandum of the business trans 
 actions for the month of June, which the learner may re 
 cord in the Day-Book, journalize, post, take a Trial Bal 
 ance, balance the Ledger accounts, and make out a Balance 
 Sheet, as in the preceding form. 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 JUXE 
 
 3d. I have this day commenced business with effects and 
 debts, as shown by the " Balance Sheet" in the preceding 
 form. 5th. Received per boat " Emerald," Collins, master, 
 an invoice of goods shipped by Stewart & Co., pursuant 
 to my order, amounting to $956.00. Paid freight and 
 charges in cash, $46.75. 6th. Sold Henry B. Holbrook 
 merchandise, per S. B., amounting to $56.00. Sold Henry 
 Holmes, for cash, merchandise, amounting, per S. B., to 
 $97.63. 9th. Bot. of Daniel Jones, for cash, merchandise, 
 amounting, per S. B., to $48.96. 12th. Sold Joseph M. 
 Demmon, on account, merchandise, per S. B., $73.19. Re 
 ceived from F. S. Bogue, Albany, an account sales of flour 
 consigned to him, June 25th ; net proceeds, $698.00, for 
 which he has remitted me a check on the Bank of Geneva. 
 14th. Sold David Coleman, for cash, merchandise, per S. B., 
 $139.64; Jameson, Willard & Co., on account, merchan 
 dise, per S. B., $158.50. Deposited in the Bank of Geneva, 
 $700.00. 16th. Accepted Stewart & Co. s draft on me, at 
 30 days sight, for $956.00. 19th. Received from Henry 
 B. Holbrook cash, to balance account. Bot., for cash, of 
 J. & H. Mirick, 100 bbls. of flour, at $5.50, which I imme 
 diately sold for $6.00 per bbl. 20th. Received per boat 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 211 
 
 " Swan," H. Denman, master, from K Y., an invoice of 
 broadcloth, amounting, per invoice, to $316.00, consigned 
 to me by Cromwell, Haight & Co., to be sold on their ac 
 count ; paid freight and charges in cash, $10.00. 21st. Sold 
 Charles D. Campbell merchandise, per S. B., $46.00. De 
 posited cash in the Geneva Bank, $1,000. 24th. Sold 
 Thomas Collins 32 yds. Cromwell, Haight & Co. s broad 
 cloth, at $4.50. Received, in payment, his note at 60 days 
 for one-half, and cash for the balance. 2 8th. Bot. of John H. 
 Holmes his house and lot on Broad street, for $2,000. Gave 
 in payment, cash, $1,000, and my note for the balance. 
 Sold Lewis & Herrick the remainder of Cromwell, Haight 
 & Co. s broadcloth, for $300.00. Charles D. Campbell 
 has paid me cash to balance his account. 30th. Made up 
 an account sales of Cromwell, Haight & Co. s consignment ; 
 my commission on sales, 5 per cent. Joseph M. Demmon 
 has paid me cash to balance his account. Sold William 
 W. Hart, on his note at 90 days, merchandise, amounting 
 per S. B., to $216. Paid Isaac C. Dixon his salary for one 
 month, $50.00. Store expenses, per Expense-Book, amount 
 to $47.00. Cash sales of merchandise this month, $163.00. 
 Merchandise unsold, per inventory taken this day, amounts 
 to $893.20. 
 
212 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 FORM FOR RETAILERS. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
 THE books necessary for this form are the Day-Book, 
 Journal, Ledger, Petty Cash-Book, Monthly Cash-Book, 
 Merchandise-Book, Bank-Book, Bill-Book, and Expense- 
 Book. 
 
 The Day-Book, Journal, Ledger, and Petty CasJi-J3ook 
 are the same as those in the " Merchants Form," Single 
 Entry ; also the manner of Journalizing and posting. 
 
 Monthly Cask-JBook is a book in which the sum total of 
 the receipts and disbursements of cash are entered daily 
 from the Petty Cash-Book ; and at posting, the sum total 
 for the month of the debits is transferred to the Dr. side, 
 and the sum total of the credits to the Cr. side of the cash 
 account, in the Ledger. 
 
 Merchandise- JBook. This book is kept to show the 
 amount paid and received for Merchandise. Both the Dr. 
 and Cr. sides of this book are ruled with double money 
 columns for cash purchases and credit purchases; and for 
 cash sales, and credit sales. The amount of merchandise 
 on hand commencing business, also the amount of merchan 
 dise purchased, should be entered, with the date, on the 
 Dr. side of this book, "To Cash," "To Bills Payable," or 
 " To Sundries," as the case may be ; or if purchased on 
 credit, make it Dr. to the individual of whom it was pur 
 chased. 
 
 If there should be several purchases on the same day, 
 make it Dr. to " Sundries" for the sum total. 
 
 Every night, at the close of business, the amount of the 
 cash sales-for the day should be entered in the cash columns, 
 on the Cr. side of this book. At the close of the month, 
 the credit sales for each day should be added in the Day- 
 Book, and entered in the left-hand margin of said book, 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 213 
 
 opposite the date (being careful not to add any that are 
 marked " Returned" in the margin); from thence trans 
 ferred to the credit columns of the Cr. side of this book. 
 At posting, the sum total of the debits should be trans 
 ferred to the Dr. side, and the sum total of the credits to 
 the Cr. side of the Merchandise account in the Ledger. 
 
 At the time of balancing the books, by taking an inven 
 tory of the merchandise unsold, and placing its value to 
 the Cr. side of the Merchandise account in the Ledger, the 
 difference between the two sides of this account will show 
 the g.ain or loss on merchandise. 
 
 BANK-BOOK. 
 
 This is a book usually given by banks to persons deposit 
 ing money with them. On the Dr. side is entered all sums 
 deposited, with the date and name of the individual by 
 whom deposited. This is done by the receiving clerk. 
 At the close of the month, the amount drawn out should 
 be placed on the Cr. side, and the book balanced. 
 
 The sum total of the deposits for the month should be 
 transferred to the Dr., and the amount checked out during 
 the month to the Cr. side of the bank account in the Ledger. 
 
 BILLS RECEIVABLE. 
 
 All written obligations for the payment of money, which 
 you hold against other individuals, are called Bills Re 
 ceivable, and should be entered in this book when taken. 
 At the time of posting the month s transactions, the amount 
 of Bills received during the month should be transferred 
 to the Dr. side of the Bills Receivable account in the Led 
 ger ; and the amount of all such bills which have been re 
 deemed should be transferred to the Cr. side of the same 
 account. 
 
214 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 BILLS PAYABLE. 
 
 All written obligations for the payment of money, which 
 you give to other persons, are called Bills Payable, and 
 should be entered in this book when given. At the time 
 of posting the month s transactions, the amount of such 
 bills given should be transferred to the Cr. side of Bills 
 Payable account in the Ledger ; and the amount of all such 
 bills which have been redeemed should be transferred to 
 the Dr. side of the same account. 
 
 Expense-Book. This is a book in which a memorandum 
 is kept of all sums paid or incurred by the merchant in 
 conducting his business ; such as store rent, clerk hire, 
 freight, cartage, porterage, postage, advertising, fuel, &c., 
 &Q. At the close of the month, the sum total of the ex 
 penses should be transferred to the Dr. side of the Expense 
 account in the Ledger. 
 
 A memorandum of the transactions is given for the 
 months of February and March, which the learner may re 
 cord in the same manner as the month of January. 
 
 As this set of books is to be journalized the same as the 
 " Merchant s Form," Single Entry, we have omitted the 
 Journal entirely, leaving it for the learner to journalize for 
 himself; and if he journalizes and posts correctly, his 
 Ledger will agree with the Ledger in the book. 
 
 Note. The sums to be posted from either the Cash-Book, 
 Merchandise-Book, Bank-Book, Bill-Book, or Expense- 
 Book, may, at the option of the book-keeper, be posted 
 directly to the Ledger, or entered in the Journal, after the 
 Day-Book has been journalized and posted from there to 
 the Ledger. 
 
DAY-BOOK RETAILER S FORM. 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 

 C/. t^u 
 
 uwdau, *sa 
 
 J, 
 
 3% 
 
 ZTo 3 
 
 $4555 
 
 $450 
 
 i.40 
 
 ZTo 3 
 
 STo 45 
 
 216 
 
 0*. 
 3.00 
 4.50 
 
 .25 
 
 4,59$ 
 
 40 
 
 4.50 
 .05 
 
 0*. 
 .40 
 
 .0$ 
 
, rreane&dau, J/an. <?/^ 
 
 $3.90 
 
 $30.35 
 
 
 -_/ nuMcmu, isam. 
 
 W&am, <W. Gtfait, 
 
 ZTo 4 
 " 5 
 
 Jatutdau, J?an. 44t- 
 
 <-/ o 40 tu<i. & tttdfiea c/uaar 
 
 " 5 " 
 
 ^dkondau, ^an. 43t&.- 
 
 -./ u&tdau, S(, 
 
 10 
 
 217 
 
 .0$ 
 
 .50 
 
 .05 
 
 .40 
 
 5.00 
 
 0*. 
 .44 
 
 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 
if, ^fan. 
 
 .00 
 
 Zfo 3 
 
 / & 
 
 au, <Sa 
 
 -Sfriicla u, tj/an. 
 
 MfCM 
 
 ZFo 6 
 
 " 5 
 
 " 4 
 
 ZTo 2 
 
 ., J?an. 23d.- 
 ata, fr ife 
 
 7 L &? 
 
 uuam E> at 
 218 
 
 2.50 
 .40 
 
 0* 
 
 V 32 <^d*. !f&xbnp .0$ 
 
 , a; 
 
 
 
 0^. 
 
 4.00 
 .40 
 .04 
 .40 
 
 0*. 
 
 .45 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 30 
 06 
 
 00 
 
 56 
 
 00 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 00 
 
 75 
 
J^an. 
 
 ZTo fO fa. 
 " 3 " 
 
 $7.55 
 
 
 219 
 
 3.00 
 
 .06 
 
 32 tfak. 08&M/U &06fy* 
 
 0*. 
 
 ./J>1 
 
 .05 
 
 JO 
 
 u 
 
 50 
 
 90 
 
 56 
 
 A\ 00 
 3, 00 
 30 
 25 
 
 00 
 
 / 00 
 50 
 
-jftidaciu, *san. J /rf/.- 
 
 ^ 3 W. tfatona 
 
 3 
 
 0*. 
 
 .75 
 
 75 
 
 25 
 3$ 
 
 MEMORANDUM. 
 
 FEBRUARY 
 
 3d. Sold John R. Smith, per wife, 9 yds. calico, at 12c., 
 
 2 yds. Bishop lawn, at 44c., and 2 linen handkerchiefs, at 
 31c. ; James H. Hooker, 3 yds. gray cloth, at 75c. ; and 
 bought of him 28 Ibs. butter, at 15c. 4th. Sold Berkley 
 Giliett 50 Ibs. sugar, at 7c., and -5 gals, molasses, at 40c. 
 5th. Sold William F. Campbell, per wife, 10 yds. calico, at 
 12c. ; Henry L. Fulton, 1 pair kid buskins, at $1.25, and 1 
 pair kid gloves, at 75c. 6th. Sold Lemuel Potter 28 yds. 
 carpeting, at YSc. 8th. Sold William W. Hart 1 satin 
 vest pattern, at $3.25, 1 yd. cambric, at 10c., 1 yd. white 
 do., at 13c., and \ doz. buttons, at 6c. 10th. Sold Wm. 
 F. Campbell 2i yds. linen, at $1.00, 10 yds. gingham, at 
 25c.; and he has paid me cash, $10.00. llth. Sold Eli B. 
 Johnson, per wife, 10 yds. French merino, at $1.25, \\ yd. 
 cambric, at 10c., and 6 skeins silk, at 4c. ; John R. Smith, 
 
 3 yds. black cassimer, at $1.75, and 2 yds. factory, at lOc. 
 12th. Sold Henry L. Fulton 2 galsf lamp oil, at $1.00. 
 14th. Sold Berkley Giliett, per daughter, 6 yds. parametta, 
 at 75c., H yd. cambric, at 10c., and 2 skeins silk, at 4c. ; 
 Lucius Clark 15 Ibs. nails, at 5c., and 1 gal. lamp oil, at 
 $1.00. 17th. Sold Eli B. Johnson 3^- yds. flannel, at 40c., 
 2 brooms, at 16c. ; and he has paid me cash, $8.00. 18th, 
 Sold John R. Smith 50 Ibs. sugar, at 8c., and 2 Ibs. Young 
 Hyson tea, at 75 c. ; Lysander Woodward, 9 yds. gingham, 
 at 25c., 4 Ibs. coffee, at 15c., \ Ib. cinnamon, at 44c., and 
 5 Ibs. raisins, at 15c. 19th. Credited Townsend, Hamil- 
 
 220 
 
BOOK-KEEPING. 221 
 
 ton & Co. for merchandise, per inventory, $274,00. Sold 
 James H. Hooker 1 pair rubbers, at $1.13. 21st. Sold 
 William F. Campbell 1 silk pocket handkerchief, at 75c., 
 and 1 cravat, at $1.50. 22d. Sold Lucius Clark 8 yds. 
 gingham, at 31c., and 1| yd. of cambric, at lOc. ; Henry 
 L. Fulton, 5 Ibs. pulverized sugar, at lie. 24th. Sold 
 Lemuel Potter, per wife, 24 yds. calico, at 10c., 5 Ibs. bat 
 ting, at 12c., thread, at 6c. ; and bought of him 54- Ibs. 
 butter, at 16c. 26th. Sold William W. Hart 5 yds. para- 
 metta, at 75c., 4 skeins silk, at 4c. ; and he has paid me cash, 
 $7.50. 28th. Sold Levi S. Fulton 4 Ibs. candles, at 124-c., 
 5i Ibs. butter, at 16c., and 1 Ib. saleratus, at 8c. ; William 
 F. Campbell, per wife, 1 set fine blue tea ware, at $3.50 ; 
 and bought of him 56 Ibs. dried apples, at 5c. Received 
 from McKnight & Pardee merchandise, per invoice, at 
 $74.75 ; and paid them cash, $50.00. Sold John R. Smith 
 2 bed cords, at 31c., and 2 yds. table linen, at 75 c. Ex 
 amined. 
 
 MARCH 
 
 1st. Deposited in Commercial Bank, this day, $500.00. 
 Sold Henry L. Fulton 1 cravat, at $1.50, and 1 pair kid 
 gloves, at $1.00. William F. Campbell has paid me 
 James Cone s note, due June 1st, for $9.50. Samuel 
 Curnmings paid me for 3 yds. gray cloth, at 75c. 3d. 
 Sold James H. Hookeivper wife, 6 yds. alpaca, at 75c., 1 
 yd. cambric, at 10c., and 2 skeins silk, at 4c. ; John R. 
 Smith, per wife, 1 yd. black silk, at $1.25, and 1 cord and 
 tassel, at $1.00. 4th. Sold Berkley Gillett 1 pair kid 
 gloves, at $1.00. 6th. Sold Eli B. Johnson 36 yds. shirt 
 ing, at 12ic., 2i yds. linen, at $1.00, and 6 spools thread, 
 at 5c. 7th. Sold William F. Campbell 1 whitewash 
 brush, at 75c., and 2 brooms, at 20c. ; Lemuel Potter, 15 
 Ibs. sugar, at 8c., 4 Ibs coffee, at 15c., 1 Ib Young Hyson 
 tea, at 75c., 1 Ib. saleratus, at 8c. ; and bought of him 10 
 Ibs. butter, at 15c. 8th. Sold Lucius Clark 16 yds. car 
 peting, at 75 c., and 1 piece binding, at 31c. ; Henry L. 
 Fulton, 9 yds. gingham, at 25c., and 1 yd. cambric, at lOc. 
 10th. Sold John R. Smith 1 satin vest pattern, at $3.00, 1 
 yd. cainbric, at lOc., and 1 yd. white do., at 13c. 13th. 
 Sold William F. Campbell 9 yds. carpeting, at 50c., and 1 
 piece binding, at 31c. ; James II. Hooker, 3 linen handker 
 chiefs, at 44c., and 1 silk do., at 75c. 14th. Sold Lysan- 
 
222 BOOK-KEEPING. 
 
 der Woodward 9 yds. ticking, at 12c., thread, at 12c. ; 
 and he has given me his note at 30 days, to balance his 
 account, for $11.37. 15th. Sold Berkley Gillett 30 yds. 
 bleached factory, at 12|c., 2 yds. linen, at 75c., and 6 
 spools thread, at 5c. 18th. Sold Lemuel Potter 1 yd. linen, 
 at $1.00, and 1 pair gloves, at 44c. 20th. Lucius Clark 
 has paid me cash, $10.00. Sold William F. Campbell 1 
 vest pattern, at 1.75, 1 yd. cambric, at 10c., and f yd. 
 wiggan, at 12c. 21st. Sold Berkley Gillett 9 Ibs. sugar, 
 at 10c., 4 Ibs. rice, at 6c., and 4 Ibs. coffee, at 12ic. ; Eli 
 B. Johnson, 1 looking-glass, at $6.00. 24th. Sold James 
 II. Hooker 3 Ibs. soap,*~at 6c., and 10 Ibs. candles, at 
 12c. 26th. Sold Henry L. Fulton 24 yds. calico, at 10c., 
 3 Ibs. batting, at 12c., and thread, at lOc. ; William W. 
 Hart, 3 yds. ribbon, at 25c., and f yd. silk, at $1.00. 27th. 
 Sold John R. Smith 10 Ibs. nails, at 5c., 8 Ibs. cod-fish, at 
 4c. ; and he has paid me cash, $15.00. 29th. Sold Lemuel 
 Potter 10 yds. French calico, at 18c. ; Berkley Gillett, 10 
 Ibs. crushed sugar, at lie., and 1 Ib. Young Hyson tea, at 
 75c. ; Eli B. Johnson, 1 pair morocco buskins, at $1.13. 
 31st. Henry L. Fulton has paid me cash, $15.00. Sold 
 William W. Hart 10 yds. curtain calico, at 15c. ;. Berkley 
 Gillett, 2 yds. broadcloth, at $4.50, yd. padding, at 38c., \ 
 yd. silk serge, at $1.13, 2 yds. twist, at 4c. ; and he has 
 paid me cash, $20.00. Sold Levi S. Fulton 10 Ibs. sugar, 
 at 10c., 9 yds. gingham, at 25c., 5 Ibs. raisins, at 15c, 1 
 oz. nutmegs, at 13c., and 1 oz. cloves, at 12c. Examined. 
 
INDEX AND LEDGER, 
 
 DOUBLE ENTRY. 
 
B 
 
 c 
 
 , w. &. 
 
 E 
 
 F 
 
 C/? ; CJ? 
 
 , *=23&in, t.x . 
 
 G 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 R 
 
 w 
 
10* 
 
 1 1 
 
 v? S 
 
 
 v 
 
 II 
 
 
 nj 
 
 ^ l II 
 
 * ^ 
 
 
 V o ^ V 
 
 H 
 
 
 1^4* 
 
 V 
 
 N 
 
 
"So ** 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 8> 
 
 ^ 
 
 () 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 226 
 
\s 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 
 <a\ 
 
 V 
 
 S 
 

 N; 
 
 I*? II 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 228 
 
 fc^ 
 
 -so )^ 
 
 5? 
 
 So 
 
 
 i 
 
5? 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
-06 
 
 V 
 
 ?! 
 
 
 
 230 
 
 . 
 
*x 
 
 r\-^> 
 
 .5 
 
 1 
 ^a 
 
 -x, 
 
 5 
 
"5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 - 
 
 232 
 
*" 
 
 iL 
 
 1 
 
 >> 
 
 Sr, 
 
 233 
 
 V ^ 
 
 m 
 
I 
 
 \r 
 
 -v 
 
 
 
 <$> 
 
 
 GO 
 
 234 
 
^ 
 
 $ 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 So 
 
 "SO 
 
 
 
 
 5_g 
 
 -so 
 
 $ 
 
 -Ni 
 
 ^ 
 \^ 
 
 >, 
 
 $ 
 
 ^ 
 
 235 
 
-so 
 
 
 *> 
 
 I 
 
 *^N 
 
 00 
 
 
 236 
 

 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 Or;, 
 
 So 
 
 ^ 
 
 I S 
 
 231 
 
MONTHLY CASH-BOOK. 
 
 The transactions for one month being sufficient to illus 
 trate the manner of keeping the Monthly Cash-Book, we 
 will therefore simply give the sum total of the receipts 
 and disbursements for the remaining months, as follows: 
 Receipts February, $912.50; March, $1,359.13; dis 
 bursements February, $351.80; March, $2,070.13, which 
 should be posted to the Cash account in the Ledger. For 
 form see next page. 
 
 r 
 on Stfccownt 5 - 50 
 
 autee, on Account 50.00 
 
 . 445.26 
 
 r ^(/&& i>c>ti<zn(u<!)e _7#<fe# 
 
 on Sficcownt-- ----> 6S.S5 
 
 r euuvntu $442.50 
 
 in *%>om*ne*da/ $an. 4 $00.00 
 
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 240 
 
MERCHANDISE-BOOK. 
 
 The transactions for one month being sufficient to illus 
 trate clearly the manner of keeping the Merchandise-Book, 
 we will therefore merely give the sum total of the pur 
 chases and sales the remaining months, as follows : Pur 
 chasesFebruary, $614.91 ; March, $254.33 : sales Feb 
 ruary, $989.05 ; March, $1,389.73, which should be posted 
 to the Merchandise account in the Ledger. For form, see 
 next page. 
 
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 The transactions for one month will sufficiently illus 
 trate the object and manner of keeping this book. The 
 store expenses for February were $115.26, and for 
 March $127.63, which should be posted to the Expense 
 Account in the Ledger. 
 
 245 
 
 404 
 
246 BOOK-KEEPING* 
 
 RULES. 
 
 We give some rules that will be found very useful ; let 
 the pupil commit them to memory, and make himself pro 
 ficient in them by solving the example that follows the 
 rules : 
 
 RULE 1. To find the gain or loss during business find 
 the capital at commencing, and the capital at clos 
 ing business, the difference if the capital at closing 
 be the larger will be the Net Gain ; the difference 
 if the capital at commencing be the larger will be 
 the Net Loss, 
 
 RULE 2. To find the net capital of the Firm, or of any 
 member of the Firm add the Net Gain, if there 
 is a gain, to his Net Investment; or if there is a loss, 
 subtract that from the Net Investment. 
 
 RULE 3. The difference between the liabilities and re 
 sources is the " Present Worth." 
 
 EXAMPLE I. 
 
 A merchant invests $2,000 in business. At the close 
 of a month he draws the following information from his 
 books. Cash received, $500 ; Paid out, $150 ; A. owes him 
 $40 ; C. owes him $60; B. has a debit of $200, and a credit 
 of $700; Merchandise on hand, per Inventory, $2,100; 
 Notes Receivable, $600 ; Notes Payable, $200. Required 
 present worth and Net Gain or Loss. 
 
 Let the teacher give to the pupil several examples 
 involving the above principles. 
 
247 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 BOOKS OF ACCOUNT. 
 
 IT is a well-established and salutary rule, that a person shall not 
 be permitted to testify for himself, or in other words, manufacture his 
 own testimony. Yet there is an exception to this rule. From the 
 necessity of some cases, the law allows a person to furnish testimony 
 for himself, by admitting his books of account, under certain restric 
 tions, as evidence in his favor. 
 
 Such testimony, however, is liable to the strictest scrutiny, and is 
 considered by courts as the most suspicious kind, and as little better 
 than the declarations of the party in his own favor. 
 
 To entitle a person s books to be received in evidence, he would 
 have to prove the following facts. 
 
 1st. That he had no clerk. 
 
 2d. That the books produced are his account-books. 
 
 3d. That some of the articles charged have been delivered. 
 
 4th. That he keeps fair and honest accounts; and this he must 
 show by those who have dealt and settled with him. 
 
 Account-books are not received as evidence of money lent, or 
 money received or expended for the use of another; nor are they 
 evidence of a single charge. 
 
 If the entries in a book were made by a clerk, and he be dead, on 
 showing that fact, and proving his handwriting, and that he was a 
 clerk of the party, such entries would be received as evidence. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 A Bill of Exchange is an open letter of request, addressed by one 
 person to a second, desiring him to pay a sum of money to a third, or 
 to any other to whom that third person shall order it to be paid ; or it 
 may be made payable to bearer. 
 
 Bills of Exchange are very useful to business men, who wish to 
 send large sums of money to individuals living at a distance from 
 11* 
 
248 BILLS OP EXCHANGE. 
 
 them. "If A. living in New York, wishes to receive $1,000 which 
 B. in London, owes him, he applies to C., who is going from New 
 York to London, to pay him $1,000, and take his order or draft on B. t 
 for that sum, payable at sight. A. receives his debt by transferring it 
 to 0., who carries his money across the Atlantic, in the shape of a Bill 
 of Exchange, without any danger or risk in the transportation ; and 
 on his arrival at London, he presents the Bill to B. and is paid." 
 
 The person who makes the bill is called the drawer ; he to whom 
 it is addressed, the drawee; and when he undertakes to pay the 
 amount, he is then called the acceptor. The person to whom it is 
 ordered to be paid is called the payee ; and if he appoint another to 
 receive the money, that other is called the endorsee, as the payee is, 
 with respect to him, the endorser; any one who happens for the time 
 to have the legal possession of the bill, is called the holder of it. 
 
 A bill is either foreign or inland. It is called foreign when drawn by 
 a person in one state or country, upon one in another state or country ; 
 and inland, when both drawer and drawee reside in the same state. 
 These are generally termed drafts. 
 
 Foreign bills are usually drawn in sets ; that is copies of the bill are 
 made on separate pieces of paper, each part containing a condition that 
 it shah 1 continue payable only so long as the others remain unpaid. 
 "Whenever any one of a set is paid, the others are void ; for the whole 
 set constitute but one bill. The reason for drawing them in sets is, 
 that in case one part is lost or accidentally destroyed, the other may 
 be received by the drawee. 
 
 OP THE REQUISITES OF A BILL. 
 
 A Bill of Exchange must always be in writing. It is not necessary 
 that it should be written in ink ; it may be in pencil mark. No precise 
 form of words is necessary. It will be sufficient if it contain an order 
 or direction by one person to another, to pay money to a third. It 
 must be for the payment of money, and money only ; and the sum to 
 be paid must be payable absolutely and at all events, and must not 
 depend upon any circumstance that may, or may not happen ; the 
 exact sum also must be inserted. The place where, and on which 
 it is drawn, should, in general, appear upon the face of the bill ; there 
 should also be a date, though its omission would not render the bill 
 invalid. The time when bills are payable should be fixed ; usually 
 they are drawn payable at a certain time after date or after sight ; that 
 iL. after acceptance. 
 
 It is not essential to the validity of a bill that it be negotiable, or 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 249 
 
 that it contain the words "value received," although in many cases 
 it is highly important that these words be inserted. 
 
 OF THE OBLIGATIONS OP PARTIES. 
 
 The drawer s undertaking in a Bill of Exchange is, that the drawee, 
 upon due presentment to him, shall accept such bill, and pay the same 
 when due ; and that if the drawee do not accept it, or pay it when due, 
 he will pay the amount of the bill to the holder, together with certain 
 damages which the law allows ; provided he is duly notified of such 
 non-payment. 
 
 It is the payee s duty, if the bill remain in his possession, to present 
 it to the drawee for acceptance and for payment at the proper time and 
 place, and in case the drawee refuse to accept or pay, to give notice 
 without delay to the drawer of such refusal. If the payee endorse the 
 bill, his undertaking, in regard to all subsequent holders, is exactly the 
 same as the drawer s. 
 
 The obligations of the endorsee or holder, are the same as those of 
 the payee previous to his endorsing the bill. 
 
 The acceptor undertakes, and is bound to pay the bill, according to 
 the tenor of the acceptance, when it becomes due, and upon due pre 
 sentment thereof. In short, all those who have signed, accepted, or 
 endorsed a bill of exchange, are jointly and severally liable upon it to 
 the holder. 
 
 OF TRANSFER. 
 
 A bill which does not contain a direction or request to pay to the 
 order of the payee or to the bearer, is not negotiable or transferable, so 
 as to render the drawer or acceptor liable to the person to whom it is 
 transferred, though the payee would be liable on his endorsing such a 
 bill, and the endorsee could recover against him. 
 
 A bill which is made payable to order, is transferable only by en 
 dorsement ; but if payable to bearer, it is transferable by mere delivery. 
 Endorsements are of two kinds blank, and/wZZ or special endorsements. 
 A blank endorsement is made by the mere signature of the endorser 
 on the back of the bill ; and if it be the signature of the payee, its 
 effect is to make the bill thereafter payable to bearer. 
 
 An endorsement in full expresses in whose favor the endorsement is 
 made. Thus an endorsement hi full by A. B. is usually in this form : 
 "Pay C. D. or order," and signed "A. B." Its effect is to make the 
 bill payable to C. D., or his order only. 
 
 An endorsee has a right to convert a blank endorsement into a 
 special one, by writing over the signature the necessary words; and 
 
250 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 on the other hand he may convert a special into a blank endorsement 
 by striking out the words that made it an endorsement in full 
 
 OF PRESENTMENT FOR ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 If a bill be drawn payable at sight, or at a certain period after sight, 
 or after demand, it is absolutely necessary that the holder present it 
 to the drawee for acceptance. For until such presentment there ia 
 no right of action against any party; and generally, unless it be made 
 within a reasonable time, the holder loses his remedy against the ante 
 cedent parties. 
 
 OF ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 An Acceptance is an engagement by the drawee to pay the bill 
 when due. It may be general or conditional, and either before or 
 after the bill is drawn. It must be in writing, though no precise form 
 is necessary ; any written words clearly denoting an intention to ac 
 cept the bill are sufficient. 
 
 The holder is entitled to require from the drawee an absolute en 
 gagement to pay according to the tenor of the bill, unencumbered 
 with any condition or qualification. If the drawee refuse to give the 
 holder a general and unqualified acceptance, he may treat the bill as 
 dishonored. 
 
 A bill is said to be honored when it is duly accepted ; and when ac 
 ceptance or payment is refused, it is said to be dishonored. 
 
 OF PROCEEDINGS ON NON-ACCEPTANCE. 
 
 Immediately upon the dishonor of a bill, by the refusal of the 
 drawee to accept it, it is in general the indispensable duty of the 
 holder to have the bill duly protested, and notice of such dishonor and 
 protest given to the antecedent parties to whom he intends to look for 
 indemnity. 
 
 The protest is generally drawn up by a notary public; it is a solemn 
 declaration against any loss to be sustained on the part of the holder 
 by the non-acceptance or non-payment of the bill. In respect to in 
 land bills, a protest is not absolutely necessary, although it is usual ; 
 notice of their dishonor, however, must be given by the holder to tho 
 antecedent parties, in order to make them responsible. 
 
 Upon non-acceptance of a bill, if due notice thereof has been given 
 to the antecedent parties, the holder can insist upon immediate pay- 
 meat of the bill from them, 
 
BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 251 
 
 OF PRESENTMENT FOB PAYMENT. 
 
 If the bill has been duly accepted, it is the duty of the holder to 
 present it to the acceptor for payment on the very day on which it 
 becomes due ; and if the bill was accepted payable at a particular 
 place, the holder is bound to make a demand of payment at that place. 
 For, if the holder neglect to present the bill at such time and place, 
 he cannot recover against the drawer or endorser in case the acceptor 
 refuses payment. 
 
 In determining when a bill becomes due, days of grace, as they are 
 called, must be allowed. In this country three days grace are given 
 on all biUs except those payable on demand. Demand of payment 
 must not be made, therefore, until the third day of grace, unless such 
 day be Sunday, Fourth of July, or some other holiday, in which, case 
 demand must be made on the second day of grace. 
 
 OF PROCEEDINGS ON NON-PAYMENT. 
 
 The duties of the holder, upon dishonor of a bill by non-payment, 
 are the same as upon dishonor by non-acceptance. He must make 
 due protest for non-payment, and give due notice of the dishonor to 
 the other parties to the bill ; in which case the holder is entitled to a 
 full satisfaction of all damages sustained by him by reason of the dis 
 honor, against such other parties to the bill ; but if he neglect to do 
 this, the antecedent parties are discharged from all liability to the 
 holder 
 
 OF PAYMENT AND OTHER DISCHARGES. 
 
 The acceptor being primarily liable on a bill of exchange, it is evident 
 that a payment by him to the holder discharges all the other parties 
 from liability on the bill, provided the payment is made without knowl 
 edge of any infirmity in the title of the holder, and the names of the 
 parties to the bill are not forgeries. Payment by the acceptor should 
 be made at maturity, and not before. 
 
 The drawer and endorsers will be discharged from liability by a 
 valid and binding agreement (in which they do not concur) between 
 the holder and acceptor, whereby time is given to the acceptor for the 
 payment of the bill after it is due. 
 
 A discharge to the acceptor, we have seen, is a discharge to all the 
 parties to the bill ; but a discharge to an indorser is no discharge to 
 the prior endorsers, though it is to the subsequent endorsers. 
 
252 PEOMISSOEY NOTES. 
 
 FOEM OF A SET OF BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 Exch. $1,000. 
 
 NEW YORK, Jan. 1, 1848. 
 
 Thirty days after sight of this, my first of exchange (second and 
 third unpaid), pay to the order of II. B. Williams & Co., one thousand 
 dollars, and place the same to my account. 
 
 L. S. F. 
 
 To Messrs. Jones & Clark, 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Exch. $1,000. 
 
 NEW YORK, Jan. 1, 1848. 
 
 Thirty days after sight of this, my second of exchange (first and 
 third unpaid), pay to the order of H. B. Williams & Co. one thousand 
 dollars, and place the same to my account. 
 
 L. S. F. 
 
 To Messrs. Jones & Clark, 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Exch. $1,000. 
 
 NEW YORK, Jan. 1, 1848. 
 
 Thirty days after sight of this, my third of exchange (first and 
 second unpaid), pay to the order of H. B. Williams & Co. one thousand 
 dollars, and place the same to my account. 
 
 L. S. F. 
 
 To Messrs. Jones & Clark, 
 New Orleans. 
 
 FORM OF A DRAFT OR INLAND BILL. 
 $500. 
 
 LYONS, Jan. 1, 1848. 
 Ten days from sight pay to the order of Nathan Brittan five hundred 
 
 dollars, value received, and place the same to my account. 
 
 L. S. F. 
 To H. M. Kichardson, 
 
 Bochester. 
 
 PROMISSORY NOTES. 
 
 A promissory note is an engagement in writing to pay a certain 
 sum of money mentioned in it to a person named, or to his order, or 
 to such person or bearer. 
 
 A note, in its original form of a promise from one person to pay a 
 sum of money to another, bears no particular resemblance to a bill of 
 
PKOMISSORY NOTES. 253 
 
 exchange ; but when it is endorsed there is a very great resemblance, 
 for then it is an order by the endorser to the maker of the note, to pay 
 the money to the endorsee. The endorser of the note corresponds to 
 the drawer of the bill ; the maker to the drawee or acceptor ; and the 
 endorsee to the payee. The rights and obligations of these correspond 
 ing parties are nearly or quite the same. It will not be necessary, 
 therefore, to repeat all the rules that are applicable to, and govern the 
 parties to a promissory note ; we wiU, however, state the principal ones. 
 And first, of the requisites of promissory notes. 
 
 No precise form of words is necessary to constitute a valid promissory 
 note. A promise to account for a certain sum, or an acknowledgment 
 of indebtedness for value received, is sufficient. 
 
 Like blUs of exchange, they must be for the payment of money only, 
 and not for the performance of some other act ; and the amount to be 
 paid must be fixed and not variable, and must not depend upon any 
 contingency, but must be payable absolutely and at all events. 
 
 There should be no uncertainty as to the person by whom or to 
 whom it is payable. Therefore a note payable to A. B., or to C. D., is 
 not a valid promissory note. 
 
 A note payable to bearer generally, or to the payee or bearer, is 
 transferable by mere delivery ; and possession of such a note is prima 
 facie proof of title. But if a note be drawn payable to the order of 
 the payee, the title will pass only by the endorsement of the payee ; 
 and if the endorsement be in full, the title passes to the person named 
 therein; but if it be in blank, it passes to the holder by delivery 
 merely. 
 
 To make a note payable at a particular place, it is not sufficient that 
 there be a memorandum of the place at the bottom or margin thereof, 
 but it must be expressed in the body of the note itself, and form a part 
 thereof. 
 
 The words "value received" are not essential to the validity of a 
 promissory note, although they should be inserted. 
 
 A note may be made by two or more persons ; and in that case 
 may be joint, or joint and several, according to its form. The makers 
 of a joint and several note may be sued upon it either jointly or sep 
 arately ; and if sued separately, a recovery of judgment (without satis 
 faction) against one will not be a bar to a recovery against another 
 maker. But the makers of a joint note should be sued jointly ; for if 
 they are sued separately the action can be defeated by a plea in 
 abatement of the non-joinder of the other maker or makers. 
 
 A note signed by two or more persons written thus, " We promise 
 
254 PROMISSORY NOTES. 
 
 to pay," &c., is a joint note only; otherwise, if the words "jointly and 
 severally" be added. A note written, " I promise to pay," &c., signed 
 by two or more persons, is a joint and several note. 
 
 If a person at the time a negotiable note is made, write on the back 
 of it, "I guarantee the payment of the within note." he will be treated 
 as a joint and several promisor with the maker thereof, and not as a 
 mere guarantor. But if the endorsement be made at a subsequent time, 
 or be a guarantee of collection instead of payment, the endorser would 
 be considered as a guarantor ; a consideration, however, in these last 
 cases, must be expressed; that is, the words "for value received" 
 should be inserted in the endorsement. 
 
 If a note be endorsed thus, "For value received," or "For a valu 
 able consideration I guarantee the collection of the within note," the 
 guarantor would not be liable upon it, unless the holder showed a 
 diligent attempt to collect it. 
 
 An agreement for a valid consideration, extending to a principal the 
 time of payment of a debt, discharges the sureties. But an agreement 
 for delajr, made witliout consideration, between the principal debtor and 
 the creditor, will not discharge the surety ; nor will negligence of the 
 creditor in calling upon the principal for payment discharge the surety, 
 unless he be damnified by such negligence. 
 
 All who have signed or endorsed a note, are jointly and severally 
 liable to the holder. 
 
 CONSIDERATION. 
 
 A valuable consideration is necessary to support a promissory note. 
 A consideration founded on mere love or affection is not sufficient. 
 Thus, a note drawn as a gift to a son or other relative, or to a friend, 
 cannot be enforced as between .the original parties. 
 
 A mere moral obligation, though coupled with an express promise, 
 is not sufficient consideration to support a note. A consideration which 
 tho law esteems valuable must exist, in order to furnish a just founda 
 tion for an action. 
 
 A note will be void, as between the original parties, if founded upon 
 fraud or duress, or where undue advantage was taken to obtain it of 
 the maker ; as, for instance, getting the maker intoxicated for the pur 
 pose of obtaining his note. 
 
 Illegal consideration also will render a note void ; as, when a note 
 is given for the perpetration or concealment of a crime, or for a wager, 
 or whenever the consideration is founded upon a transaction against 
 sound morals, public policy, public rights, or public interests. There 
 
PKOMISSOEY NOTES. 255 
 
 are, however, but two cases in which a note is void in the hands of an 
 innocent endorser for a valuable consideration ; and these cases are, when 
 the consideration in the note is money won at a play, or where the 
 note is given for a usurious debt. 
 
 ON PRESENTMENT FOR PAYMENT. 
 
 The contract of the maker being to pay the note upon due pre 
 sentment at maturity, in order to charge the endorsers, it is the duty 
 of the holder to demand payment of the maker on the very day on 
 which bylaw the note becomes due; and unless the demand be so 
 made the holder loses his remedy against the endorsers, although the 
 maker would still be liable. The rules that were given to determine 
 when bills of exchange become due apply as well to notes. Three 
 days grace are allowed on all notes except those payable on demand, 
 and those in which no time of payment is expressed ; on such no days 
 of grace are allowed. 
 
 "When a note is made payable at any particular place, as, for instance, 
 at a certain bank, due presentment must be made at that place in 
 order to render the endorsers liable hi case of non-payment. Notes 
 payable at a particular bank, are generally left with that bank for 
 payment. 
 
 If the note is payable generally, without any specification of place, 
 the holder may present it for payment to the maker wherever he may 
 be found ; but it is not absolutely necessary that a personal demand 
 be made ; a demand at the maker s place of abode or business, is a 
 good demand in some cases. The holder must use reasonable dili 
 gence hi finding the maker, or his place of abode, or place of business, 
 in order to charge the endorsers. But the maker is liable without 
 such demand. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS ON NON-PAYMENT. 
 
 No protest is required to be made upon the dishonor of a note; 
 although it is common to protest them for non-payment, especially in 
 commercial towns. But in every case of the dishonor of a note, it is 
 the duty of the holder to give due notice thereof to all the prior parties 
 on the note to whom he means to look for payment ; for the holder 
 cannot recover against a party to whom he has failed to give due 
 notice of the dishonor. 
 
 OF PAYMENT. 
 
 If the maker makes due payment of a note to a bona fide holder, 
 it will amount to a complete discharge of all other parties thereon. 
 
256 PEOMISSOKY NOTES. 
 
 But when payment is duly made by an endorser to the holder, such 
 endorser, as a general rule, will retain his right to recover over against 
 all the antecedent parties to the note, until he has received a full 
 indemnity ; such payment, however, will discharge all the endorsers 
 subsequent to himself. 
 
 INTEREST. 
 
 Interest is recoverable on a promissory note in which there is no 
 special agreement to pay interest, from the time when the principal 
 becomes due, or ought to have been paid. A note payable on demand 
 carries no interest till a demand is made, either by suit or otherwise, 
 unless there is an agreement to pay interest. A note not on demand, in 
 which no time of payment is mentioned, draws interest from date. 
 
 Whenever there is a special agreement to pay interest, that is, 
 when the words "with use," or "with interest," &c., are contained in 
 the note, it draws interest, of course, according to such agreement or 
 contract. 
 
 A note is said to be outlawed in six years from the time it becomes 
 due. The statute requires that all actions founded upon any iaetrument 
 or contract not under seal, must be commenced within six years next 
 after the cause of action accrued, and not after. 
 
 FORMS OF PROMISSORY NOTES. 
 (I-) 
 
 Nine months from date, for value received, I promise to pay H. M. 
 Richardson, or bearer, one hundred dollars with interest. 
 
 L. S. FAINSTOCK. 
 Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 On the first day of January, 1849, for value received, I promise to 
 pay L. S. Fulton, or order, one hundred dollars. 
 
 SAMUEL TOOK. 
 
 (3.) 
 
 On demand, for value received, I promise to pay H. M. Richardson, 
 or bearer, one hundred and ninety-two dollars and sixty cents. 
 
 ALEX. HAMILTON. 
 Lyons, Jan. 1, 1849. 
 
CHATTEL NOTES. 257 
 
 (4-) 
 
 For value received, I promise to pay L. S. Fulton, or order, one hun 
 dred and fifty dollars. 
 
 JOHN JONES. 
 Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. 
 
 (5.) 
 
 Ninety days after date, for value received, I promise to pay H. M. 
 Kichardson, at the Baok of Geneva, one hundred and twenty-five 
 dollars. 
 
 S. S. SAMPSON. 
 Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. 
 
 (6.) 
 
 JOINT NOTE. 
 
 Three months after date, for value received, we jointly and severally 
 promise to pay to the order of L. S. Fulton, one hundred dollars with 
 interest. 
 
 SAMUEL SAMPSON. 
 
 Lyons, Aug. 1, 1848. JAMES JAMESON. 
 
 DUE-BILL. 
 
 Due, Lyons, Jan. 1. 1848, Levi S. Fulton one hundred and forty-seven 
 dollars. 
 
 SAMUEL SAMMERS. 
 
 Notes Nos. 1, 4, 6, and 7 draw interest from their date ; Nos. 2 and 
 5 from the time of payment mentioned in them ; and No. 3 from the 
 time a demand is made. 
 
 CHATTEL NOTES. 
 
 "We have seen that hi order to constitute a promissory note it must 
 be for the payment of money only ; if then a note be payable otherwise 
 than in money, it is called a chattel note. Chattel notes are not nego 
 tiable, and cannot be sued except in the name of the payee. No days 
 of grace are allowed upon them. 
 
 It is the duty of the maker of a chattel note payable in specific arti 
 cles, at a place mentioned in the note, to tender the articles at that 
 place, and at the time the note becomes due. If the maker neglect to 
 make such tender, he will be liable to the payee to pay him the amount 
 
258 
 
X 
 
 
 259 
 
260 CHECKS ON BANKS AND BANKEKS. 
 
 of the note in money. But if} on the other hand, the maker tender the 
 articles mentioned in the note, at the proper time and place, according 
 to the contract, and the creditor neglects or refuses to receive them, 
 the debt is thereby discharged ; but the right of property in the arti 
 cles tendered passes to the creditor. The debtor may abandon the 
 goods tendered ; but if he elects to retain possession of them, he will 
 be considered as bailee of the creditor at his (the creditor s) risk and 
 expense. The relation of debtor and creditor would in such case be 
 changed to that of bailor and bailee. 
 
 There is a difference as to tender between portable and cumbrous arti 
 cles. With respect to the former, a tender as above must be made; as 
 to the latter, it will be sufficient if the debtor offer to deliver as the 
 creditor shall direct. 
 
 FORMS OF CHATTEL NOTES. 
 
 Three months after date, I promise to pay to C. D., or order, one 
 hundred bushels of good merchantable wheat, to be delivered at the 
 residence of said C. D. 
 
 A.B. 
 
 Rochester, Aug. 1, 1848. 
 
 $75. 
 
 Four months from date, I promise to pay to G. D., or bearer, at my 
 place of residence in this city, seventy-five dollars worth of sound and 
 merchantable winter apples. 
 
 A.B. 
 
 Rochester, August 1, 1848. 
 
 CHECKS ON BANKS AND BANKERS. 
 
 A Check is a written order addressed to a bank, or to persons carry 
 ing on the business of bankers, by a person having money in their 
 hands, requesting them to pay to another person, or to his order, a 
 certain sum of money mentioned in the check. 
 
 Checks differ from Bills of Exchange in the following respects : 
 
 1st. They are always drawn on a bank, or on bankers, and are pay 
 able immediately on presentment, without any days of grace. 
 
 2d. They require no acceptance as distinct from payment. 
 
 3d. They are always supposed to be drawn upon a previous deposit 
 of funds. 
 
 In order to make the drawer liable, in case the check is dishonored, 
 
EECEIPTS. 261 
 
 the holder must present it for payment within a reasonable time, and 
 if dishonored, must give the drawer notice thereof within a reasonable 
 time also. 
 
 CHECK. 
 
 August 1, 1848. 
 
 Cashier Rochester City Bank, pay H. M. Richardson, or bearer, two 
 thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 R. L. BRAYTON. 
 $2,500. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 A receipt in full, though strong evidence, is not conclusive ; and a 
 party signing such receipt will be permitted to show a mistake or er 
 ror therein, if any exist. 
 
 Receipts for the payment of money are open to examination, and 
 may be varied, explained, or contradicted, by parol testimony. 
 
 GENERAL FORM OF A RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT. 
 $50. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 Received of C. D. fifty dollars, to apply on his account. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 RECEIPT IN FULL. 
 $110 10. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 
 Received of C. D., one hundred ten dollars and ten cents, in full of 
 all demands against him. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 RECEIPT FOR MONET PAID BY THIRD PERSONS. 
 $100. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 
 Received of C. D., by the hand of E. F., one hundred dollars, to ap 
 ply on account of said C. D. 
 
 A. B. 
 
262 BONDS. 
 
 EECEIPT FOR MONEY ON BOND. 
 $200. 
 
 ROCHESTER, AugUSt 1, 1848. 
 
 Eeceived of C. D. two hundred dollars, to apply on Ms bond, dated 
 
 the day of , 18 , being the same sum this day endorsed 
 
 on said bond. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 RECEIPT FOR INTEREST MONEY. 
 $140. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 Received of C. D. one hundred and forty dollars, being the annual 
 
 interest due on his bond, dated the day of , 18 , given to 
 
 me (or to E. F.), and conditioned for the payment of the sum of 
 
 dollars in years from date, with annual interest. 
 
 A.B. 
 
 RECEIPT TO BE ENDORSED ON BOND. 
 $140. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 
 Received of C. D. one hundred and forty dollars, being the annual 
 interest due on the within bond, and the same sum this day receipted 
 by me to the said C. D. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 RECEIPT FOR A NOTE OF THIRD PERSON. 
 
 ROCHESTER, August 1, 1848. 
 
 Received of C. D. a promissory note against E. F. (dated April 4th, 
 1847, and on which there is due one hundred dollars), which, when 
 paid, shall be in full of all demands against the said C. D. 
 
 A. B. 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 A bond is an acknowledgment, under seal, of a debt, duty, or 
 obligation ; and it is immaterial what mode of expression is used, 
 provided the language be sufficient to establish an acknowledgment of 
 a debt. 
 
 Every bond, in itself, imports a consideration ; and a failure of the 
 consideration is not a good defence to an action brought on the bond. 
 Fraud, however, or an illegal consideration, will invalidate a bond. 
 
CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 263 
 
 "Wax, or some other tenacious substance, is necessary in order to 
 make a legal seal, except it be the seal of a court or public officer. 
 
 COMMON FORM OF A BOND. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that I, A. B., of the town of , 
 
 in the county of , and State of New York, am held and firmly 
 
 bound unto C. D., of, &c., in the sura of one thousand dollars, lawful 
 money of the United States of America, to be paid to the said C. D., 
 his executors, administrators or assigns ; for which payment, well and 
 truly to be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators 
 firmly by these presents. 
 
 Sealed with my seal. Dated this day of , on thousand 
 
 eight hundred and . 
 
 The condition of the above obligation is such, that if the above 
 bounden, A. B., his heirs, executors or administrators, shall well and 
 truly pay, or cause to be paid unto the above-named C. D., his execu 
 tors, administrators or assigns, the just and full sum of five hundred 
 dollars, in five equal annual pajonents from the date hereof, with an 
 nual interest, then the above obligation to be void ; otherwise to re 
 main in full force and virtue. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in } 
 
 the presence of >- A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 G. H. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGES. 
 
 Every mortgage, or conveyance intended to operate as a mortgage, 
 of goods and chattels, which shall not be accompanied by an immedi 
 ate delivery and continued change of possession of the things mort 
 gaged, is absolutely void, as against the creditors of the mortgagor, 
 subsequent purchasers, and mortgagees in good faith, unless the mort 
 gage, or a true copy thereof, be filed in the office of the clerk of the 
 town where the mortgagor resides at the time of the execution 
 thereof. 
 
 TVithin thirty days next preceding the expiration of a year from the 
 filing a chattel mortgage as aforesaid, a true copy of such mortgage, 
 with a statement exhibiting the interest of the mortgagee in the proper 
 ty mortgaged, should again be filed with such clerk. 
 
 After default in the payment of a chattel mortgage, the mortgagee s 
 
264 BILL OF SALE. 
 
 title to the property mortgaged becomes absolute at law, and lie is 
 entitled to the immediate possession thereof. 
 
 CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 
 
 This indenture, made the day of , between A. B., of 
 
 ; of the first part, and C. IX, of , of the second part, 
 
 witnesseth : That the said party of the first part, in consideration of 
 
 the sum of dollars, to him duly paid, hath sold, and by thesa 
 
 presents doth grant and convey to the said party of the second part, 
 the following described goods, chattels, and property (describe them 
 particularly, or refer to them in the schedule), now in my possession, 
 
 a t the of aforesaid; together with the appurtenances, 
 
 and all the estate, title, and interest of the said party of tho first part 
 therein. 
 
 This grant is intended as a security for the payment of one hun 
 dred and ten dollars, with interest, on or before the expiration of one 
 year from the date hereof; and the additional sum of one hundred 
 
 and forty dollars, with interest, on the day of- , 18 ; 
 
 which payments, if duly made, will render this conveyance void. 
 
 In witness whereof the said party of the first part hath hereunto set 
 his hand and seal, the day and year first above written. 
 Sealed, signed, and delivered } 
 
 in presence of A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 G. II. \ 
 
 BILL OF SALE. 
 
 A Bill of Sale is a written contract, or agreement, transferring and 
 assigning the ownership of personal property, or any interest in the 
 same. If fraudulent, as against third persons, it is void. 
 
 COMMON BILL OF SALE. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that I, A. B., of the town of , 
 
 in the county of . and Stale of New York, of the first part, 
 
 for and in consideration of the sum of dollars, lawful money of 
 
 the United States, to me in hand paid, at or before the ensealing and 
 delivery of these presents, by C D., of &c., of the second part, the 
 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have bargained and sold, and 
 by these presents do grant and convey, unto the said party of the 
 
POWXB OF ATTORNEY. 265 
 
 second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns (here state the 
 property sold), to have and to hold the same unto the said party of tho 
 second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns forever. And 
 I do, for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, covenant and 
 agree, to and with the said party of the second part, his executors, 
 administrators, and assigns, to warrant and defend the sale of the said 
 property, goods, and chattels, hereby made unto the said party of the 
 second >art, against all and every person and persons whomsoever. 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this 
 
 day of , one thousand eight hundred and . 
 
 Signed, sealed, and delivered ) 
 
 in presence of A< B . ^ s j 
 
 G. II. 
 
 POWER OF ATTORNEY. 
 
 A Letter or Power of Attorney, is a written delegation of authority 
 by which one person enables another to do an act for him. 
 
 When a power is special, and the authority limited, the attorney 
 cannot bind his principal by any act in which he exceeds that au 
 thority ; but the authority of the attorney will be so construed as to 
 include all necessary means of executing it with effect. 
 
 When the power is in writing, and subject to the inspection of the 
 party, no good reason exists for binding the principal beyond the scope 
 of it ; - though in general he who employs an agent or attorney shall 
 lose by his fraudulent or illegal acts, in preference to an innocent third 
 person. 
 
 GENERAL FORM CF POWER OF ATTORNEY, 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that I, A. B., of , in the 
 
 county of , and State of New York, have made, constituted, 
 
 and appointed, and by these presents do make, constitute, and appoint 
 C. D., of &c., my true and lawful attorney, for me, and in my name, 
 place, and stead, to (set forth the subject matter of the power ;) giving 
 and granting unto my said attorney, full power and authority to do 
 and perform all and every act and thing whatsoever requisite and 
 necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully, to all intents 
 and purposes, as I might or could do if personally present, with full 
 power of substitution and revocation, hereby ratifying and confirming 
 12 
 
266, DEEDS. 
 
 all that my said attorney or his substitute shall lawfully do or cause 
 to be done by virtue thereof 
 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this 
 
 day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and . 
 
 Sealed and delivered in } 
 
 the presence of V A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 G. H. ) 
 
 REVOCATION OF A POWER OP ATTORNEY. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that whereas I. A. B., of &c., in 
 
 and by my letter of attorney bearing date the day of , in the 
 
 year one thousand eight hundred and . did make, constitute, 
 
 and appoint C. D., of &c., my true and lawful attorney, for me and 
 in my name, to &c. (here copy the language of the Letter of Attorney}, as 
 by the said letter will more fully appear : now know ye that I, the 
 said A. B., have revoked, countermanded, annulled, and made void, 
 and by these presents do revoke, countermand, annul, and make void, 
 the said letter of attorney, and all power and authority thereby given, 
 or intended to be given, to the said C. D. 
 
 In witness &c. (as in Letter of Attorney). 
 
 DEEDS. 
 
 All instruments under seal are deeds; but the term " deed" is gene. 
 rally understood as applying to conveyances of land. 
 
 The consideration of a deed may either be good or valuable. A good 
 consideration is founded upon natural love and affection between near 
 relations by blood ; a valuable consideration is founded on something 
 deemed valuable, as money, goods, service, or marriage. 
 
 Every deed or contract is void when made for any fraudulent pur 
 pose, or in violation of law. 
 
 A SIMPLE DEED. 
 
 This indenture, made the day of , in the year of our Lord 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and , between A. B., of &c., of the 
 
 first part, and C. D., of &c., of the second part, witnesseth: That the 
 
 said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 
 
 dollars, to him in hand paid by the said party of the second part, the 
 receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hath bargained and sold, 
 and by these presents doth bargain and sell, unto the said party of the 
 
DEEDS. 267 
 
 second part, and to his heirs and assigns forever, all (here describe the 
 premises ;) together with all and singular the hereditaments and ap 
 purtenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining; and 
 the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, issues, 
 and profits thereof; and also all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, 
 or demand whatsoever, of him, the said party of the first part, either 
 in law or equity, of, in, and to the above bargained premises, and to 
 every part and parcel thereof: to have and to hold to the said party of 
 the second part, his heirs and assigns, to the sole and only proper use, 
 benefit, and behoof of the said party of the second part, his heirs and 
 assigns forever. 
 
 In witness whereof the said party of the first part has hereunto set 
 
 his hand and seal, the day and year first above written. 
 Sealed and delivered in } 
 
 presence of A. 33. [L. s.] 
 
 G. H. ) 
 
 QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that we, A. B., of, &c., and E., 
 
 the wife of the said A. B., in consideration of the sum of , to 
 
 us in hand paid by C. D., of, &c., the receipt whereof we do hereby 
 acknowledge, have bargained, sold, and quit-claimed, and by these 
 presents do bargain, sell, and quit-claim unto the said C. D., and to his 
 heirs and assigns forever, all our, and each of our right, title, interest, 
 estate, claim, and demand, both at law and in equity, and as well in 
 possession as in expectancy, of, in, and to all that certain piece or par 
 cel of land situate (here give description), with all and singular the here 
 ditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging. 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the 
 
 day and year first above written. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in ) 
 
 f A. B. [L. s.] 
 
 ^ G.HJ KB - W 
 
 WARRANTY DEED. 
 
 To all people to whom these presents shall come, greeting : Know 
 ye that I, A. B., of &c., for the consideration of dollars, re 
 ceived to my full satisfaction of C. D., of &c., do grant, bargain, sell, 
 a.nd confirm unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, all (here give 
 description;) to have and to hold the above granted and bargained 
 
268 MORTGAGE. 
 
 premises, with the appurtenances thereof, unto the said 0. D., his 
 heirs and assigns, to his and their own proper use and behoof forever. 
 And I do for myself, and my heirs, executors, and administrators, cove 
 nant with the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, that at and until the 
 ensealing of these presents, I am well seized of these premises, as a 
 good and indefeasible estate in fee simple, and have good right to bar 
 gain and sell the same, hi manner and form aforesaid ; and that the 
 same is free from all encumbrance whatsoever. 
 
 And further, I do by these presents bind myself, and my heirs, to 
 warrant and forever defend the above granted and bargained premises, 
 unto the said C. D., his heirs and assigns, against all claims and de 
 mands whatsoever. 
 In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, the 
 
 day of , in the year one thousand eight hundred and . 
 
 Sealed and delivered in 
 
 pi esence of A, B. [L. s.] 
 
 G. H. 
 
 MORTGAGE. 
 
 This Indenture, made the day of , in the year of our Lord 
 
 one thousand eight hundred and , between A. B., of &c., of the 
 
 first part, and C. D. of , of the second part, witnesseth : That 
 
 the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of 
 
 dollars, doth grant, bargain, sell, and confirm unto the said 
 
 party of the second part, and to his heirs and assigns, all (descrip 
 tion;) together with all and singular the hereditaments and appur 
 tenances thereunto belonging, or in anywise appertaining. This 
 conveyance is intended as a mortgage, to secure the payment of the 
 
 sum of dollars in years from the date of these presents, 
 
 with annual interest, according to the conditions of a certain bond, 
 dated this day, executed by the said A. B. to the said party of the 
 second part ; and these presents shall be void if such payment be 
 made. But in case default shall be made in the payment of the prin 
 cipal, or interest, as above provided, then the party of the second 
 part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, are hereby empowered 
 to sell the premises above described, with all and every of the appur 
 tenances, or any part thereof, in the manner prescribed by law ; and 
 out of the money arising from such sale, to retain the said principal and 
 interest, together with the costs and charges. 
 
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