tore, 
 
 40 FOURTH ST. 8,F. 
 
 EDUCATION DEPI. 
 
FIRST LESSONS 
 
 IN" 
 
 OUR COUNTRY S HISTORY: 
 
 BRINGING OUT ITS SALIENT POINTS, 
 
 AND 
 
 AIMING TO COMBINE SIMPLICITY WITH SENSE. 
 
 BY WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M., 
 
 AUTHOR OF " CONDENSED HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," " WORD-ANALTSIS, 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
 SSJttfj Numerous Illustrations. 
 
 NEW YORK AND CHICAGO: 
 IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 
 
 1874. 
 

 EDUCATION DEPT. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, 
 
 BY WILLIAM SWINTON, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 UNIVERSITY PRESS: WELCH, BIGELOW, & Co., 
 CAMBRIDGE. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE recent extension of the study of United States history 
 into the lower grades of our schools has suggested the need 
 of a class-book fitted to their wants. Of histories which the 
 child may read by the mother s knee there is no lack ; but 
 this is not what is required for school study, which must not 
 only convey impressions, but impart a certain amount of avail 
 able knowledge. 
 
 In the present manual, which is of an entirely different 
 type from his " Condensed History of the United States, - 
 the author has sought to supply this want. 
 
 In doing so, he has aimed at two things as desirable : 
 
 The first is, to bring out to prominent view the salient points 
 of our country s history, and such only. In so great a mass of 
 details, selection was absolutely necessary ; for when thousands 
 of facts are put before the child s mind, and everything is made 
 equally important, it simply results that everything becomes 
 equally ////important. Hence the author has endeavored to 
 apply the principles of historical perspective to his treatment, 
 to subordinate minutiae of date and place and number and 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 circumstance, and bring to the foreground prominent and vital 
 facts. 
 
 The second thing the author has aimed at is, to be simple 
 in the mode of presentation without falling into the prevalent 
 sin of children s histories, to wit, silliness in point of matter. 
 They misjudge the nature of the young mind who deem that a 
 child does not prefer good sense to twaddle- What the pupil 
 finds difficult is rarely the thought : it is generally an abstract 
 mode of expression or an elaborate structure of sentence. On 
 this head the author s ideal is on the title-page, to combine 
 simplicity with sense. 
 
 The teacher will notice that the questions are put in the 
 margin. It is believed that this arrangement will be found 
 exceedingly convenient to both teacher and pupil. The ques 
 tions have been made approximate enough to be a guide, not 
 literal enough to be a servile rule. Great care has been taken 
 to avoid the catechetical abomination, a method that inevita 
 bly dwarfs the pupil s power of expression, and, by so doing, 
 deprives him of one of the chief educational benefits of a history 
 lesson. The illustrations which embellish the First Lessons 
 have been drawn by the best artists, and engraved in a superior 
 manner. 
 
 w. S. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 I. FOUR CENTURIES AGO i 
 
 II. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 8 
 
 III. How ENGLAND AND FRANCE CAME TO CLAIM PART OF 
 
 AMERICA 15 
 
 IV. SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS . . . . 19 
 
 Ponce de Leon, 20. De Soto discovers the Mississippi, 21. Conquest of Mexico, 23. 
 
 V. THE AMERICAN INDIANS 26 
 
 VI. A REVIEW LESSON 32 
 
 VII. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. ... 34 
 
 Early History of Virginia, 36. Indian Massacres, 39. About the Government 
 of Virginia, 40. Growth of Virginia, 41. Daughter-Colonies of Virginia, 43. 
 
 VIII. NEW ENGLAND .... .... 46 
 
 Massachusetts P> ay Colony, 48. Connecticut, 49. Rhode Island, 50. New Eng 
 land Life and Growth, 51. 
 
 IX. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES .... 57 
 
 New Jersey, 60. Pennsylvania, 60. 
 
 X. THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE 63 
 
 XL A REVIEW LESSON 72 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 I. WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED 73 
 
 II CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 80 
 
 Operations around Boston, 80. Lexington, 81. Bunker Hill, 82. Washington, 
 83. Attack on Charleston, 85. Washington moves to New York, 86. The 
 Declaration of Independence, 87. The Campaign in New York, 88. Retreat 
 through Jersey, 90. The Victory at Trenton, 90 The Pennsylvania Campaign, 
 91. Burgoyne s Campaign, 93. The French aid America, 95. England asks 
 for Peace, 96. The Scene shifts, 96. Massacre of Wyoming, 97. The War in 
 the South, 98. Treason of Arnold, 100. Siege of Yorktown, 101. Close of the 
 War, 102. The Constitution, 103. 
 
 III. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 105 
 
 George Washington, 105. Benjamin Franklin, 107. Patrick Henry, 109. Lafay 
 ette, in. Thomas Jefferson, 112. General Nathaniel Greene, 113. John Paul 
 Jones, 115. Other distinguished Soldiers, 117. 
 
 IV. A REVIEW LESSON 119 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON 121 
 
 II. OUR PRESIDENTS 125 
 
 III. THE GREAT WEST 127 
 
 Boone and Kentucky, 127. Tennessee, 130. Ohio, 130. 
 
 IV. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. .... 132 
 
 Raids into Canada, 133. Naval Operations, 134. American Victories in Canada, 
 136. Battle of Lake Champlain, 137. The British at Washington and Balti 
 more, 138. Battle of New Orleans, 138. Peace, 139. 
 
 V. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY . 140 
 
 Beyond the Mississippi, 140. Hamilton and Burr, 141. War with the Barbary 
 Pirates, 142. Fulton and the First Steamboat, 143. Battle of Tippecanoe, 144. 
 Florida purchased by the United States, 146. Twenty-five Years after Washing- 
 ton s Death, 146. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, 148. Jackson s 
 Administration, 148. Webster, Clay, and Calhoun, 149. Independence of Texas, 
 151. The First Telegraph, 152. The Mexican War, 153. Conquest of Califor 
 nia, 156. Discovery of Gold, 157. The New Far West, 158. The Slavery 
 Struggle, 160. Election of Lincoln, 161. Secession, 163. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 THE REBELLION, OR WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 I. THE WAR BEGINS. FORT SUMPTER 164 
 
 II. BATTLE OF BULL RUN 165 
 
 III. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 168 
 
 Capture of Fort Donelson, 168. Battle of Shiloh, 169. Bragg s Invasion of 
 Kentucky, 169. Battle of Murfreesboro , 170. McClellan s Campaign on the 
 Peninsula, 170. Battle of Antietam, 171. Battle of Fredericksburg, 172. 
 Capture of New Orleans, 172. The Monitor and Merrimac, 174. 
 
 IV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 175 
 
 The Emancipation Proclamation, 175. Vicksburg, 175. Battles at Chattanooga, 
 176. Operations against Charleston, 177. Chancellorsville, 177. Gettys 
 burg, 178. 
 
 V. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 180 
 
 Grant s Campaign in the East, 180. Sheridan in the Valley, 181. Sherman s 
 March to the Sea, 181. Farragut at Mobile, 182. The Alabama and the 
 Kearsarge, 183. 
 
 VI. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN . 184 
 
 The Situation in the Spring of 1865, 184. Sherman s Operations, 184. Grant s 
 Operations, 185. Assassination of Lincoln, 186. Peace, 187. 
 
 VII. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS 187 
 
 VIII. A REVIEW LESSON 191 
 
 PART V. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 
 I. JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION 193 
 
 Reconstruction, 193. Impeachment of the President, 195. The French in Mexico, 
 195. Purchase of Alaska, 196. The Atlantic Cable, 196. 
 
 II. GRANT S ADMINISTRATION 197 
 
ILLUSTRATI 
 
 COLUMBUS SAILING FROM PA LOS AND LANDING AT GUA- 
 
 ONS. 
 
 Designer. 
 W Wand 
 
 Kngraver. 
 Karct 
 
 Page 
 
 COLUMBUS ON HIS VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 
 MAP OF THE ROUTE OF COLUMBUS, FIRST VOYAGE . . 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
 
 A. R. IV and 
 IVetts . . . . 
 A. K. Waud . 
 4 R. \Vand . 
 
 Orr . . 
 Walker . 
 Orr . . 
 Orr . . 
 
 7 
 9 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 DE SOTO DISCOVERING THE MISSISSIPPI 
 MAP OF THE ROUTE OF DE SOTO 
 INDIAN LIFE AND BARBARITIES 
 
 A. R. Waud . 
 Wells . . . . 
 A. R. Waud . 
 
 Wells . . . 
 
 Karst . 
 Karst . . 
 Karst . . 
 Karst 
 
 19 
 2 3 
 
 26 
 
 INITIAL EMBLEM OF THE CAVALIERS 
 MAP OF JAMESTOWN AND VICINITY 
 
 C. Ey tinge . . 
 Wells . . . 
 (Photograph) 
 
 Karst . 
 Karst . 
 
 34 
 36 
 
 INITIAL EMBLEM OF THE PURITANS 
 INITIAL EMBLEM OF THE DUTCH IN NEW AMSTERDAM 
 
 C. Eytinge . 
 W. Waud . 
 W Waud 
 
 Karst . . 
 Karst . . 
 
 . 46 
 57 
 62 
 
 
 W Waud . 
 
 
 63 
 
 MAP OF OPERATIONS AROUND QUEBEC 
 FIGHT AT THE LIBERTY-POLE, NEW YORK 
 
 Wells . . . . 
 A . R. Wand 
 Gilbert 
 
 Karst 
 Karst . . 
 
 70 
 73 
 76 
 
 
 Wells 
 
 Ki nesl 
 
 82 
 
 
 W Waud 
 
 Karst 
 
 
 
 Wells 
 
 Ka rst 
 
 
 
 ( Photograph) 
 
 Stiiepel 
 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 (Photograph) 
 (Photograph) 
 
 Spiegel . 
 Spiegel 
 
 . 107 
 
 L 
 
 ( Photograph) 
 
 Sfiiesrel 
 
 
 
 (Photograph) 
 
 Spiegel 
 
 I 12 
 
 
 (Photograph) 
 
 Spiegel 
 
 I 14 
 
 JOHN PAUL JONES - . 
 DANIEL BOONE IN KENTUCKY 
 PERRY S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE 
 MAP OF THE BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG 
 
 A. R. Wand . 
 A. R. Wand . 
 A . R. Wand . 
 Wells . . . . 
 A R Waud . 
 
 A ut hotty 
 Karst . . 
 Karst . . 
 Karst . . 
 Karst . 
 
 i 5 
 . 127 
 135 
 137 
 
 
 A R. Waud . 
 
 
 
 
 A R Waud 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
viii ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 
 Designer. Engraver. 
 
 Page 
 
 PROFESSOR SAMUEL F. B. MORSE {Photograph} . Spiegel . 
 
 . 152 
 
 BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI A. R. Wand . Karst . . 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN (Photograph} . Spiegel . 
 THE RETREAT FROM BULL RUN A. R. Wand . Karst . . 
 THE CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS W. Waiid . . Karst . . 
 
 159 
 . 162 
 . 166 
 "73 
 
 MAP OF OPERATIONS IN THE EAST Wells .... Karst . . 
 MAP OF OPERATIONS IN THE WEST Wells . . Karst 
 
 I 79 
 . 189 
 
 ANDREW JOHNSON (Photograph} . Spiegel . 
 
 193 
 
 
 
-33^ 
 Columbus sailing from Palos and landing at Guanahani. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 I. FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 
 i. EVERY boy and girl knows that, 
 in our day, great steamers and stately 
 ships sail over the whole of the vast 
 
c K BREVIARY HISTORY. 
 
 sea which surrounds the globe. But, four 
 what of the hundred years aofo, the ocean, which enables 
 
 ocean now and * 
 
 400 years ago? us to go so swiftly from one continent to 
 
 another, nearly stopped the movements of 
 
 people ; so mariners could only sail timidly 
 
 along the coasts. 
 
 what did 2. The most learned men, four hundred 
 
 learned men 
 
 think about the years ago, did not know that the earth is 
 
 shape of the irri 
 
 earth? round. 11 they had been told that a ship 
 
 might start from a port, and, by sailing on 
 ward for many months in the same direction, 
 come round to its starting-point, they would 
 what of i iave scoffed at the idea. 
 
 America at this 
 
 time ? 3. At that time the prairies and forests of 
 
 the Western World were the home of red 
 
 Indians, who hunted and fished and led a 
 
 savage life in the wild freedom of nature. All 
 
 HOW long this time, the people who lived in Europe 
 
 were Europeans . 
 
 ignorant of the knew nothing about the Western Continent ; 
 
 Western Conti- . . 
 
 nent? and they remained ignorant of it till about 
 
 four hundred years ago, when the New 
 World was discovered by a bold Italian nav 
 igator, named Christopher Columbus, 
 why did the A Jh e reason why the ancients did not 
 
 ancients not J 
 
 know about know the real shape of the earth, or the 
 
 America? . . .. 
 
 existence of America, is because the great 
 
FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 
 
 art of navigation was then in a very rude 
 state. 
 
 5. The first thing that enabled sailors to 
 launch out boldly on the trackless sea was 
 
 that wonderful invention, the mariner s com- What of the 
 
 compass ? 
 
 pass, which came into use early in the fif 
 teenth century. The Portuguese, Spaniards, w ^^ s e 
 and Italians, who were then the most com- tions< 
 mercial and seafaring nations of Europe, be 
 gan to venture out on the Atlantic. The 
 Azore Islands, which lie far out in the At- . Tel1 of their 
 
 . T-^ . discoveries. 
 
 lantic, to the west of hurope, were discovered 
 about this time. The western coast of Africa, 
 also, was explored nearly down to its most 
 southern point. 
 
 6. Columbus was born just at the period who was born 
 
 at this time ? 
 
 when these bold new enterprises were go 
 ing on. His birthplace was the city of 
 Gen o-a, on the Med-i-ter-ra ne-an Sea. It is Teii about him 
 
 when a lad. 
 
 related that when a lacl he took to the water 
 as though it were his native element ; but 
 this was not merely because he had a boy 
 ish love of adventure, for at the same time 
 he was diligently studying all that was then 
 known about geography and navigation. 
 After he grew to be a man he continued 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 to follow the sea : for many years he was 
 Tell about him ca ptain of Genoese caravels, which were 
 
 as a sea-captain. 
 
 queer-looking, high-prowed ships, and he 
 
 made trading voyages, and was in sea-fights, 
 
 Was this the and suffered shipwreck. Thus he erew 
 
 right kind of . 
 
 training? strong and brave for the great work which 
 
 he was born to do. 
 
 7. When Columbus was about forty years 
 
 old he came to the conclusion that he could 
 
 Can you men- make a far bolder voyage than had ever 
 
 voyage Coium- been attempted before. His studies had led 
 
 ? him to believe that our earth, instead of 
 
 why did he beiiio: flat, as was thought, is round. Hence 
 
 irL- l-i rvitilH O O 
 
 think he could 
 sail round tc 
 east of Asia 
 
 sail round to the he was firmly persuaded that by sailing clue 
 
 westward from Europe across the Atlantic 
 he would come round to the eastern coast 
 of Asia. 
 
 8. Why did Columbus wish to reach Asia? 
 Give his rea- The re ason was that his countrymen, the 
 
 son for wishing < J 
 
 to sail to India. Italian merchants living on the Mediterra 
 nean Sea, were carrying on a rich trade with 
 India; but they had to bring the silks and 
 spices and pearl and gold of the East over 
 land by caravans, and it was dangerous and 
 expensive to transport their goods by this 
 route ; hence Columbus thought it would be 
 
FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 
 
 a great thing if he could sail to India all the 
 way by sea. Columbus was also a deeply 
 religious man, and he longed greatly to he 
 bring the unknown barbarous nations of Christian. 
 the far East to a knowledge of the Chris 
 tian faith. 
 
 9. Perhaps you will ask why the Italian Tell why India 
 
 1 . J could not then 
 
 merchants did not sail round the Cape of be reached by 
 Good Hope, and reach India in that way. Good Hope. 
 The answer is, that it was not known at this 
 time that a ship could sail round the south 
 ern point of Africa. The passage round the 
 Cape of Good Hope was not discovered till 
 two or three years after Columbus discovered 
 America. 
 
 10. It generally happens that those whom 
 God means shall make great discoveries for 
 mankind meet a cold reception from the tri a^ a iid b co- r 
 very people that they are to benefit. Colum- iambus have? 
 bus tasted this bitter cup. He burned to 
 
 make a voyage that should determine wheth 
 er he was right in his bold idea of reach 
 ing Asia by sailing due westward ; but the 
 first thing was to secure the patronage of 
 some king or court that would give him 
 the means to fit out a vessel. He applied 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 to various governments, and spent ten years 
 of weary waiting ; but he received no encour 
 agement. 
 Give an ac- 1 1 . Finally, he went to Spain. The sov- 
 
 count of the . . . 
 
 years spent by ereigiis of Spam at that time were Queen 
 
 SpajjL " Isabella and King Ferdinand. Columbus 
 
 was quite well treated ; but he did not ob- 
 
 why he was tain the help he wanted ; for the sovereigns 
 
 not listened to. i i i 
 
 did not care to spend money on a plan which 
 was called a wild dream by all the learned 
 men. 
 Failing in 12. Columbus waited seven years, and 
 
 Spain, where did - . , i i 
 
 he now propose then, heart-sore, but undaunted, turned his 
 
 back on the court of Spain, resolving to go 
 
 and apply to the King of France. While on 
 
 what stopped ^ j s way } ie was overtaken by a royal mes- 
 
 him ? 3 J / 
 
 senger, sent by the Queen to call him back. 
 
 The dream of Columbus suddenly seemed 
 
 to Isabella an inspired prophecy, and she 
 
 Relate the exclaimed : " I undertake the expedition for 
 
 story of what . 1-11 
 
 Isabella said, my own crown- of Castile, and will pledge 
 my jewels to obtain the means ! " This 
 speech showed the noble spirit of the Queen. 
 However, the sacrifice of her jewels was not 
 needed, because other means were found; 
 so, at last, after nearly twenty years of dis- 
 
FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 
 
 appointment, Columbus 
 was gladdened by hearing 
 the order given to fit out 
 a fleet. 
 
 13. At a little seaport of [ 
 Spain named Palos \J>a/i- 
 los}, three small craft, hard 
 ly bigger than the yachts 
 of our day, were got ready. 
 Their names were the San - 
 ta Maria \ma-re aK\^ which 
 Admiral Columbus himself 
 commanded, the Pinta, and 
 the Nina \nenaK\. The 
 whole number of persons 
 
 Columbus on his Voyage of Discovery. 
 
 on board was one hundred 
 
 and twenty. The sun rose (August 3, i49 2 ) o n the little 
 
 fleet sailing forth on the voyage of discovery. 
 
 QUESTIONS. Where was the fleet fitted out? Names of the ships. How 
 many persons were on board the three ships ? Give the date of sailing. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 II. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY, 
 what map and i. THE scholar will find on the opposite 
 
 picture are spo- . . - ~, , , Tr 
 
 ken of? page a map ot the voyage of Columbus. 11 
 
 he turns back to the first page, he will find a 
 very pretty picture of the two principal events 
 of the voyage, the sailing from Palos in 
 Spain (which is at the bottom of the page) 
 and the landing in the New World. 
 
 2. When Columbus left Palos, he steered 
 where did |- o the southwest, and reached one of the 
 
 Columbus first . 
 
 sail ? Canary Isles, named Go-me ra. Beyond this 
 
 was the dark, mysterious, unexplored sea. 
 
 What courage and faith it needed to launch 
 
 out on its untried, trackless waste ! 
 
 what 5s said 7. It was the most wonderful voyage ever 
 
 of the vo\ 7 age ? r ,1 -i 
 
 made. The ignorant fears of the sailors 
 
 peopled the ocean with awful dangers. The 
 
 Tell two things compass pointed wrong, and the men thought 
 
 that alarmed the , , . -, -1,1 i 
 
 sailors. that the trade-winds, which carried the ships 
 
 swiftly westward, would prevent them from 
 ever getting back. Columbus invented plau 
 sible reasons for all these things. Still, as 
 
THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 9 
 
 day by day carried 
 
 
 
 tSP^Ij 3 ^^ :i : 
 
 them farther and far 
 
 
 
 ther away from home, 
 
 ^ o</ % """ \<^ / 
 
 
 their alarm increased. 
 
 \ } 0< \ vJxij, 
 
 
 
 **" tf \ ^ ^^ ^^fe /X - 
 
 
 4. At length they 
 
 \C 5 /S^ ^fm^ 
 
 
 grew mutinous, and 
 
 i 1 ""|l ^wl 
 
 
 wanted to turn back ; 
 
 - ***<, 5 1\ 
 
 
 but Columbus stood 
 
 I: 1 ^ I 
 
 
 very firm. He did not 
 
 < \ ^ A 
 
 
 
 say he would turn 
 
 \ I i 
 
 - - a 
 
 I 
 
 back if they did not 
 
 \ ^ 5 ^ \* 
 
 \ ^ ^ \ 
 t : - ;:i 
 
 1 
 
 find land in three days 
 
 ? ,.... !% 
 ^ " " **. -.\ 
 
 
 
 (as you may have read 
 
 ^;. xqH .== 
 i, \> 
 
 (0 
 
 p 
 
 in some books), no, 
 
 ^ \ / 
 
 ja 
 
 
 
 he declared that he 
 
 ^ \ / 
 
 1 
 
 was bound by the help 
 
 / N 
 
 "o 
 
 u 
 g 
 
 of Heaven to go to 
 
 s \ 
 
 1 
 
 India! 
 
 i| "\ 
 \ 
 
 
 
 PL r~N ^ " 
 
 
 5. Finally, after 
 
 L iv 
 
 
 many days 1 sailing, the 
 
 1 ^ \ ^ 
 
 
 faith of the great cap 
 
 L A 1 ^V* 0/ * 
 
 
 tain was rewarded with 
 
 i llfL */K 1 i?||/\ : 
 
 
 
 P ir-: \\ W^Jh i ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 signs that surely betok 
 
 ^rffli J> ^ ^V^A A^ 
 
 
 ened land. Thus, the 
 
 \ ^ Jr/1 y 
 
 
 sounding-line reached 
 
 . ^^3S^>- f/l | 
 
 
 the bottom, land-birds 
 
 2 ^ 
 
 
 
IO PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 hovered about the ships, and some of the 
 sailors took up the branch of a tree with red 
 berries quite fresh, 
 why did Co- 6. Columbus now felt so sure of being 
 
 lumbusmakethe 111 1 
 
 ships anchor? near land that on the evening of the nth 
 of October he ordered the ships to lie by. 
 
 men that night. 
 
 Teii about die No man closed his eyes that night, and 
 
 all kept on deck intently looking in the 
 direction where they supposed land would 
 appear. 
 
 About the light 7. About tWO llOUl S before midnight, Co- 
 seen by Colum- . , ,. - 
 
 bus. lumbus was standing on the forecastle when 
 
 he observed a light at a distance. A little 
 
 land first s een ? a ^ tei "Anight the joyful sound of Land ! 
 
 Land! was heard from the Pinta. 
 Relate what 8. When the morning dawned, the voy- 
 
 they saw in the . . . . r ., . 
 
 morning. agers saw an island about five miles to the 
 
 north, an island clad in lovely verdure, and 
 which the natives called Guanahani \_gwah- 
 na-Jiane\. All shed tears of joy, and raised 
 a hymn of thanksgiving to God. Then they 
 fell at the feet of Columbus, and implored 
 his pardon for their ignorance and insolence 
 and the pain they had given him. 
 Give an ac- n. Immediately the boats were all manned 
 
 count of the " , 
 
 landing. and armed, and with colors displayed, and 
 
 Describe what 
 the sailors did. 
 
THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. I I 
 
 warlike music, and other martial pomp, the 
 crews rowed toward the shore. Columbus 
 landed in a rich dress, and with his drawn 
 sword in his hand, while his men followed. 
 They set up a cross, and, prostrating them 
 selves before it, returned thanks to Heaven 
 for their prosperous voyage. Columbus then 
 caused the royal standard of Castile and Leon 
 to be set up, and thus took possession of the 
 land for the crown of Spain. 
 
 10. While the Spaniards were thus em 
 ployed, they were surrounded by the natives, Tell about the 
 
 : . . . r 1 / natives, what 
 
 a simple-minded and peaceful race of tawny- they were like, 
 
 , . 1 , ! t 1 ,1 aild What the > 
 
 skinned, naked savages, who gazed with thought. 
 astonishment on the new-comers. They 
 thought them the children of the sun, or 
 visitants from some spirit world. Columbus _ what did 
 
 Columbus name 
 
 named the natives "Indians," because he them, and why ? 
 thought the island he had found really lay 
 off the coast of India, or Eastern Asia; he 
 had no idea that he had discovered a new 
 continent. 
 
 11. Columbus next sailed southward, and 
 discovered the islands of Cu ba and Hayti voyage 
 \_hate\ All the natives they found were 
 naked savages, who kissed the feet of the 
 
12 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Spaniards, and willingly exchanged their 
 gold ornaments for beads and pins given 
 them by the sailors, 
 when did Co- j 2 . After spending some time in explor- 
 
 lumbus start to i i "i 
 
 go back? mg the islands, Columbus early in the new 
 
 year (1493) turned his prows homewards, 
 
 carrying with him the greatest news ever 
 
 borne by any ship over any sea. 
 
 Give an ac- 1 3. It almost seemed as though the an- 
 
 count of the i i n r r 
 
 storm. gry deep wished to swallow up all proof of 
 
 the grand discovery, for a terrible storm 
 
 arose, and the ships nearly foundered. Co- 
 
 what did Co- lumbus, when he expected his vessels to go 
 
 lumbus do ? m p 
 
 down, wrote an account of his discoveries 
 on parchment, enclosed it in a cake of wax, 
 and the cake in a cask which was thrown 
 overboard. 
 
 14. But Heaven watched over the discov 
 erer of the New World. The ships reached 
 
 what of the Spain in safety. Columbus had a grand re- 
 
 vvelcome home . 
 
 of Columbus? ception, and the King and Queen imme 
 diately ordered a large and fine fleet to be 
 fitted out. 
 
 15. There were some conceited people 
 who pretended, after Columbus had made 
 the discovery, that it was not so wonderful a 
 
THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 thine, after all. It is related that at a ban- The courtier 
 
 . -11 v i that could dis- 
 
 quet a foolish courtier said he did not think cover America, 
 
 , , 1,1 T but could not 
 
 it was very hard to make the discovery. ma ke an e gg 
 Columbus asked him to make an egg stand ^ b a n t f t hi ^ n 
 on end, and when he had to own that he 
 could not do it, Columbus broke the end of 
 the egg, when it stood very readily, which 
 was a courteous but severe rebuke to the 
 pretender, was it not? 
 
 1 6. Columbus made a second, third, and 
 fourth voyage. During this time he planted 
 several colonies in the West India Islands, where did he 
 
 found colonies ? 
 
 He also discovered South America, near the what great 
 
 mouth of the Orino co River, in 1498. 
 
 17. It was the lot of Columbus to receive , what did Co- 
 
 lumbus suffer ? 
 
 injustice and neglect in return for the great 
 
 est benefits. His fame stirred up the jeal- His fame , 
 
 J stirred up what ? 
 
 ousy and hatred of powerful persons at the 
 
 Spanish court. He was deprived of the gov- Repeat what 
 
 r . , . . you can of the 
 
 ernment of the colony he had founded in the last sad years of 
 
 New World, and sent home in chains. Af- 
 ter the death of his friend, Queen Isabella, 
 he was treated still worse, and was allowed 
 to die in poverty and neglect, at the age of 
 seventy-two. 
 
 1 8. You would say would you not? 
 
14 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what should that the New World should have been called 
 
 ie Nev 
 
 ive be 
 called ? 
 
 the New World . , . . , _ , -,. 
 
 have been Columbia in honor of the oreat discoverer. 
 
 But even this justice was denied Columbus. 
 It did not receive any particular name for a 
 number of years. Finally, a German writer 
 who called it on geography called it AMERICA, after Amer - 
 
 America, and . - fr . r / 7 i TA v i 
 
 why? icus Vespucius \yes-pu she-us\, an Italian who 
 
 made several voyages to South America soon 
 
 after Columbus s first discovery, and who 
 
 wrote a description of the countries he saw. 
 
 19. But, whatever injustice there was in 
 
 what undying naming the New World, no American can 
 
 glory has Co- , . .. , , ^ , 
 
 lumbus? ever forget that it was discovered by Colum 
 
 bus, the boldest sailor that ever trod a deck, 
 and one of the noblest men that ever lived. 
 
 Christopher Columbus. 
 
CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 15 
 
 III. HOW ENGLAND AND FRANCE- CAME TO 
 CLAIM PART OF AMERICA. 
 
 1. WHEN the news of the discovery of the ,. , wl ? at 
 
 J did the discov- 
 
 land of gold beyond the Atlantic spread over er y of America 
 
 J . L have ? 
 
 Europe, many bold navigators made voyages 
 to the New World. 
 
 2. There were many voyages made bv Name some 
 
 J J . of the nations 
 
 Spanish, and French, and English explorers, thatmdevoy- 
 We shall first learn about the English and 
 French explorations, because the English 
 and French said their discoveries gave them 
 a right to the soil of America. 
 
 3. The reason why the English said they _ why did the 
 
 ^ - / < a English lay 
 
 had a right to settle in America is because claim to Amer- 
 North America was discovered by a navigator 
 named CAB OT, an Italian, settled in Bristol 
 who sailed under the flag of England. 
 
 4. Cabot, as soon as he heard of Col urn- , w ! iat ir ( ! id he 
 
 ^ ask the King 
 
 bus s great discovery, applied to the King of for ? 
 England for leave to make a voyage of dis 
 covery. This was granted by Henry VII., 
 and Cabot sailed with his son, Sebastian. 
 
1 6 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Relate the c The Cabots sailed on a line far north 
 
 Cabots voyage. 
 
 of the route of Columbus. They succeeded 
 
 in reaching the New World, it is sup- 
 
 Was this the posed at Cape Breton, and this was the 
 
 first discovery L 
 
 of North Amer- first discovery of any part of North America. 
 
 ica? J . : 
 
 The date? It was made in 1494 or 1497. 
 
 Repeat what 6. In 1498, Sebastian Cabot made a sec- 
 
 you can of Cab 
 
 ot s second voy- ond voyage. He reached the shore of Amer 
 
 ica far to the north, up about Labrador. 
 
 He then changed his course, and steered to 
 
 the south, sailing down the American coast 
 
 For whom to what we now call Virginia. Cabot claimed 
 
 did he claim the 
 
 land? all the land he discovered lor the crown of 
 
 England ; and hence, when the English said 
 that they owned a large part of North Amer 
 ica, they declared it was theirs " by virtue of 
 the right of first discovery by Cabot." 
 
 N r m hat he ve Y / ^ ow we must learn what was the foun- 
 the French a dation of the French claim to a part of North 
 
 claim. . - . 
 
 America. In the year 1524, the King of 
 
 France sent a navigator named Verrazzani 
 
 \yair-ats-zaK ne\ to America for the purpose 
 
 Relate what o f making discoveries. He sailed along the 
 
 he did. 
 
 coast from Florida to Newfoundland. He 
 set up the standard of the French monarch, 
 and called the country New France. 
 
ENGLAND AND FRANCE CLAIM PART OF AMERICA. I J 
 
 8. But though England and France said IM the trench 
 
 or English plant 
 
 that they owned a great part 01 the wilder- any colonies 
 ness of North America, they did nothing in 
 the way of planting colonies for a long time. 
 It was more than one hundred years after 
 this before lasting French or English colo 
 nies were founded in the New World. 
 
 o. True, both the French and the English Did they make 
 
 . any attempts ? 
 
 made some attempts to found settlements in 
 
 their possessions. James Carrier \_kart-yed~\ ^ Ten about 
 
 tried to plant a colony along the St. Lawrence 
 
 River in New France ; but he failed. In the 
 
 far southern part of our country two colonies About the 
 
 J Southern settle- 
 
 of French Protestants were formed. But the ments and their 
 band that went to South Carolina became 
 discouraged, and returned ; while the settle 
 ment in Florida was attacked by Spaniards 
 and the people were put to the sword. 
 
 10. In the early English attempts at Amer- Name the 
 
 J & \ leader of the 
 
 ican settlement, Sir Walter Raleigh was the English at- 
 leader. Raleigh was a very accomplished e vho was 
 courtier, and a great favorite with Elizabeth, K 
 the " Virgin Queen," in whose reign he lived. 
 
 11. Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a grant what grant 
 
 & . . & & . did he receive ? 
 
 of a great tract of land in America. First, state what he 
 
 . . did first. 
 
 he sent out two ships to explore the country. 
 
1 8 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Tell the story T} ie expedition landed on Roanoke Island 
 
 of the expedi 
 tion. (j\ T . C.). The voyagers were kindly treated 
 
 by the natives, and re 
 turned with glowing 
 accounts of the land 
 what was the they had seen. Out 
 
 country named, 
 
 and why? of compliment to the 
 " Virgin Queen " the 
 country was named 
 VIRGINIA. 
 Ten the story j 2< Raleigh was so Sir Walter Raleigh - 
 
 of the first colo- < m & 
 
 ny- delighted with the reports of the land beyond 
 
 the sea, that he now sent out a band of colo 
 nists, who began a settlement at Roanoke. 
 But the Englishmen got into trouble with 
 the Indians, and came near starving ; so, 
 when a fleet under the bold captain, Sir 
 Francis Drake, happened to arrive off the 
 coast, they were glad to forsake the country, 
 what became And it was well they did, for when Raleigh 
 
 of the other J 
 
 band? sent out another band of emigrants they were 
 
 murdered by the Indians. 
 what was the i <i m Thus we see that all these attempts to 
 
 result of the ** i i A 
 
 English and found French or English colonies in Amer- 
 tempts?* ica during the sixteenth century failed. 
 
De Soto discovering the Mississippi. 
 
 IV. SPANISH ADVENTURES AND 
 CONQUESTS. 
 
 1. THE Spaniards of the time of 
 
 Columbus were a strange compound of religious adven 
 ture, fanatical cruelty, wild superstition, and boundless 
 greed. 
 
 2. No sooner had Columbus planted a colony in the 
 West Indies than crowds of adventurous spirits passed 
 over from Spain to America. They took possession of 
 all the West India Islands, and from there began to 
 push off to the mainland. In this way the Spaniards 
 discovered and took possession of the Isthmus of Pana 
 ma, of the rich gold-land of Peru, of Yucatan, of Florida, 
 and of Mexico. 
 
 QUESTIONS. Repeat what is said of the old Spaniards. When did they 
 come to America ? Name the countries they seized. 
 
2O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 \yhattwoop- <? Thev everywhere set up the cross as 
 
 posite things did J r 
 
 they do? the symbol of the Christian faith; but at the 
 
 same time they treated the poor natives with 
 most unchristian cruelty ; for they enslaved 
 them, and wore out their lives in merciless 
 toil in the mines and on the plantations. 
 
 of ^the at s jan^sh 4 ^ ie mstoi T f trie Spanish conquest of 
 conquests? those countries that are named above and 
 which together form what used to be called 
 Spanish America is full of tales of chiv 
 alrous exploits and of heartless conduct. 
 Of the many adventures of the Spaniards 
 there are three that are important to be re 
 membered in connection with the history of 
 our country. 
 
 PONCE DE LEOX. 
 
 Give the first r The first adventure is the voyage of 
 
 adventure, and w f . . 
 
 tell why it is in- Ponce [ pon the\ de Leon to Florida. This 
 
 teresting. .... . 
 
 is of interest, because it led to the earliest 
 discovery by the Spaniards of any part of 
 what is now the United States. 
 
 did V De t Uon e " d 6 " De LeOn heard an India11 le g end about 
 
 hear and be- a fountain, the waters of which had the power 
 
 heve? r 
 
 to keep one forever young. (Suck things 
 could really be believed in those days ! ) 
 
SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 21 
 
 7. To find this fabled fountain, he sailed Give an ac 
 
 count of his voy- 
 from the West Indies in the year 1512. age. 
 
 After some time he reached a land of flowers, 
 which he called FLORIDA. This was the 
 same place we now call Florida, which, 
 you know, is the southern peninsula of the 
 United States. 
 
 8. De Leon was, of course, disappointed p ive , ; he re - 
 
 sult of his ex- 
 ill his search for the fountain of immortal peciition. 
 
 youth. He left, but afterwards returned with 
 a band of adventurers, and tried to take pos 
 session of the country ; but his people were 
 driven off by the Indians, and he was mor 
 tally wounded. 
 
 o. Although after De Leon a number of ~ Y en T th * e 
 
 o nrst Spanish set- 
 
 Spanish explorers went to the coast of Flor- t enie " t >" the 
 
 r r . United States 
 
 ida and South Carolina, yet no settlement made ? 
 was made there till St. Augustine, in Flor 
 ida, was founded in 1565, the oldest town 
 in the United States. 
 
 DE SOTO DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 10. We must now learn about the mar- who was the 
 
 discoverer of the 
 
 vellous adventures of Ferdinand de Soto, the Mississippi ? 
 discoverer of the Mississippi River. 
 
 11. De Soto was the Spanish governor who was he? 
 
22 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 where did he of one of the West India Islands. He col- 
 get his force ? . . 
 
 lectecl there and in Spain a finely equipped 
 force, and sailed to Florida, 
 where did i2 . From there the mailed and mounted 
 
 they go after 
 
 landing in warriors, under their fiery leader, plunged 
 
 Florida ? 
 
 into the interior of the country. 1 hey trav 
 eled far north into what is now Georgia, 
 but was then the land of the Cherokees. 
 Descending southwestward, the followers of 
 De Soto arrived near where Mobile now is. 
 6 1 3- De Soto had believed that he would 
 would find? fi nc { m t ne interior of the country rich treas- 
 what did he ures of Q;old and silver ; but, instead, he met 
 
 really find? _ " 
 
 only savage Indians, with whom he had to 
 fight many battles, and his men had to hew 
 their way through forests and swamps and 
 endure sickness and suffering, 
 what great 14. However, he made one great discov- 
 
 discovery did he 
 
 make? ery ; he found, not any treasures of gold, or 
 
 jewels, but he found the Father of Waters. 
 
 Give an ac- ^] ie manner o f the discovery was this : he 
 
 count ot tlie ^ * 
 
 march north went northwest from Mobile, and, after a 
 
 from Mobile. 
 
 toilsome march of many weeks, finally came 
 to a great stream, which the natives called 
 Mesa-seba, which is the same mighty river 
 we still call the Mississippi. 
 
SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 
 
 15. De Soto did not give up his search for treasures 
 for many months, in fact, not till most of his grand 
 array of armor-clad Spaniards had dwindled away. 
 
 1 6. Finally, the daring old discoverer became broken 
 hearted and died ; he 
 
 was buried in the 
 mighty river which 
 he was the first Eu 
 ropean to behold. 
 Those of his follow 
 ers who survived built 
 rafts, and, floating 
 down the Mississippi, 
 reached a Spanish 
 settlement in Mexico. 
 Now, after learning 
 these facts, you will Route of DC 
 
 find it very interesting to follow^ De Soto s route as 
 given on the map under your eye. 
 
 CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 
 
 17. The third and most important of the Spanish ex 
 ploits in America is the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 
 
 QUESTIONS. How long did he look for gold? Tell of his death and burial. 
 What became of his men ? What is the last Spanish expedition spoken of? 
 
24 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Ten about the T g. You must know that, at the time Co- 
 
 abongmal race 
 
 of Mexico. lumbus discovered America, there was in 
 Mexico a large and powerful people. These 
 
 civuatio f their were the ^ ztecs - They belonged to a much 
 higher race than the American Indians, for 
 they lived in cities containing great palaces 
 and temples, and had a written language, and 
 books, and tilled the soil, so that they may 
 be said to have been semi-civilized, 
 when the jg. The Spaniards soon heard of this rich 
 
 Spaniards heard 
 
 of Mexico, what country of the Aztecs, and its mines of s^old 
 
 expedition was . . . 
 
 fitted out? and silver. Accordingly, an expedition was 
 
 fitted out for its conquest. A Spaniard 
 
 named Fernando Cortez, a very able and 
 
 daring but cruel man, w r as made the leader. 
 
 Relate the 2 o. In n>iQ the expedition sailed from 
 
 early history of 
 
 the expedition. Cuba, and landed at Vera Cruz. Here the 
 Spanish commander burnt his ships to show 
 his men that they must conquer or die. 
 where did 2i. Soon after, Cortez marched upon the 
 
 Cortez march ? .,/., 
 
 capital of the Aztec emperor, whose name 
 
 what was the wa s Montezuma. After three years of war- 
 result of the T O 1 
 struggle? fare, the Spanish army captured the city of 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 HOW long did 22. The Spaniards took possession of the 
 
 the Spaniards A . 
 
 rule Mexico ? whole country, and it was ruled bv Spanish 
 
SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 25 
 
 governors for three hundred years after this. 
 
 They enslaved the natives to feed their greed Thei t f eat 
 
 J ment or the na- 
 
 for gold. The exhaustless mines of Mexico tives - 
 and Peru became the prize of the Spanish 
 conquest of America. But it was not by 
 men of this kind that Providence was minded , w ? r , e th ese 
 
 the right men 
 
 to found a great nation on the soil of the to found a free 
 
 , , . . , *~ state ? 
 
 New World. 
 
Indian Life and Barbarities. 
 
 V. THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 
 
 i. AMERICA was indeed a new world. 
 v/ Everywhere the European explorers, 
 ^ as they landed on the coast or threaded 
 ^T their perilous way into the wooded in 
 terior, beheld novel scenes and objects. 
 
THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 27 
 
 2. For the first time, the Europeans saw what strange- 
 
 plants were 
 
 Indian corn, and tobacco, and potatoes, found in Amer- 
 
 in ^ 
 
 three plants that are natives of America, and 
 
 which were not introduced into Europe till 
 
 after the discovery of the Western Continent. 
 
 For the first time, also, they saw the buffalo, what animals? 
 
 the llama, and the turkey. 
 
 3. On the other hand, they observed with Name some 
 
 European ani- 
 
 surpnse that many familiar European am- mais they did not 
 mals, such as the horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog, 
 and hen, were not to be found in America. 
 
 4. But the greatest novelty of all was the ^est vei^ 
 new race of men. The people whom the ty ? 
 Europeans found on this continent differed 
 
 in appearance, manners, and customs from 
 all the inhabitants of the Old World. They 
 were a new type of mankind. 
 
 5. Probably every scholar has seen an Have you ever 
 
 . J J . seen an Indian ? 
 
 Indian. Now, the red man of to-day is 
 much the same as his ancestors whom 
 the early explorers of America met three 
 hundred years ago. The Indian is tall, Describe the 
 
 . , , .. . , T T . , . red man. 
 
 straight, and well proportioned. His skin is 
 of a copper brown ; his hair long, black, and 
 coarse. Columbus gave the red man the 
 name of " Indian," because he supposed the 
 
28 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 land he found was a part of India or East 
 ern Asia, ^s 
 why were 5^ The Indians were not a civilized race. 
 
 they not a civil 
 ized race ? This means that they had no written books, 
 
 or well-organized society, or arts, or manufac- 
 
 Their manner tures, or agriculture. They lived mainly by 
 
 hunting and fishing, and cultivating patches 
 
 of Indian corn, beans, potatoes, and melons. 
 
 Their arts. Their arts were of the rudest kind, that is, 
 
 they could make bows and arrows, and stone 
 
 tomahawks, and mortars for pounding corn, 
 
 and birch-bark canoes, and they could dress 
 
 skins ; but that was about all they could do. 
 
 Tell about ~ The Indians had no regular govern- 
 
 their govern- . 
 
 ment and tribes ment. They w r erc simply gathered together 
 into tribes, each under its own chief, though 
 sometimes several tribes united and formed 
 a band or confederacy. 
 
 Describe their 8. War was the" great delight of the red 
 man. The Indians scalped their foes, and 
 cherished the scalps as trophies and used 
 them as decorations for their bridles. If 
 captured by an enemy they never asked life; 
 they would show no fear even at the sight 
 of the fire that was to burn their bodies. 
 They prided themselves on their stoicism, 
 
 \vavs in war. 
 
THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 2Q 
 
 which means a contempt for danger and 
 death. 
 
 Q. Woman, amoiw the Indians, was re- What is saicl 
 
 3 . of their women ? 
 
 garded as a drudge, whose business was to 
 save man from the degradation of labor. 
 The women dressed the food, tilled the little 
 patches of ground, and took charge of the 
 " wigwams," as the Indian habitations were 
 called. 
 
 10. The Indian had not the rudiments of _ state why the 
 
 Indians could 
 
 civilization in his character. He had no sense not be civilized. 
 
 of the obligation of law ; he had no capacity 
 
 for settled industry. To try to civilize him 
 
 was but to destroy his native virtues and to 
 
 give him no others in their stead. " The 
 
 Great Spirit," he said himself, u gave the 
 
 white man a plough and the red man a 
 
 bow and arrow, and sent them into the world 
 
 by different paths, each to get a living in 
 
 his own way." 
 
 1 1. You must not think, from all this, that Was the rec * 
 
 man all bad ? 
 
 the Indian had no good qualities ; for under 
 his tawny skin there beat a human heart, 
 and in every human heart there is something 
 divine. 
 
 12. They were often hospitable and gen- g0 od ei quai 
 
 Mention some 
 ities. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 LTOUS, giving with the thoughtless liberality 
 
 of children. When they were well treated, 
 
 they generally showed friendship and fidelity. 
 
 ,- Dic ! th ^ y A e " They believed in God, whom they called the 
 
 licve in God? J J 
 
 Great Spirit ; idolatry was rare among them. 
 They were brave and high-spirited, and had 
 a sort of noble eloquence. 
 
 1 3. But from the clay that white colonists 
 
 set their foot on the soil of North America, 
 
 the natives of that soil were doomed. The 
 
 show how the omns which they o-ot from the whites only 
 
 arts ot the whites <~ e - 1 
 
 injured the in- made them reckless in their destruction of 
 
 dians. . 
 
 game, and rendered their petty wars more 
 frequent and more bloody. The rum of the 
 white man turned them into brutes. The 
 cottons and calicoes which they learned to 
 use in place of their own furs and deer-skins 
 caused sickness and consumption. 
 Teii about the j* Jt soon appeared that the two races 
 
 bad feeling that 
 
 arose. could not live together. Then they began 
 
 to hate each other. The whites showed 
 themselves grasping and unfeeling in taking 
 the lands of the Indians ; the red man be 
 came crafty, revengeful, and murderous. And 
 StiH ^ s kad s ^te of feeling lasts even down to 
 the present day. 
 
THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 3! 
 
 15. The picture that stands at the head of . "escribe the 
 
 ^ picture in your 
 
 this chapter presents some scenes of old time own language. 
 Indian life. It shows the buffalo hunt, in , Thcbuffal 
 which the red man delighted, and the canoe 
 which he paddled swiftly over the waters. 
 
 ^ i, you will see the mother mourning her The dead 
 dead child. Finally, the picture presents a 
 terribly frequent experience in the life of our 
 forefathers, a white captive bound to the . Thc exccu - 
 
 1 < tion. 
 
 stake and surrounded by the dancing sav 
 ages who are about to put him to death. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 VI. A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 1. What have tve gone over in the pre- 
 t ioits chapters ? 
 
 We have gone over the early pe 
 riod of our country s history, down to 
 the time just before the English began 
 to plant those colonies which after 
 wards grew to be the United States. 
 
 2. What space of time is included? 
 
 From the discovery of Amer 
 ica by Columbus in 1492, down to the 
 founding of the first English colony, 
 in Virginia, in 1607. 
 
 3. What may this period be called / 
 The period of discovery and ex 
 ploration. 
 
 4. What nations of Europe were en 
 gaged in making explorations and settle 
 ments in A r orth America during this 
 period ? 
 
 The Spaniards, the English, and 
 the French. 
 
 5. Can you mention some of the most 
 important of the Spanish explorations and 
 settlements ? 
 
 Very soon after the discovery of 
 America, the Spaniards settled the 
 West India Islands. In 1512, De 
 Leon discovered the southern coast 
 
 of what is now the United States, 
 and called it Florida. In 1513, Bal 
 boa, by crossing the isthmus of Pan 
 ama, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
 In 1519-21, Cortez conquered Mex 
 ico. In 1541, De Soto, after march 
 ing over a great part of what is now 
 the southern section of our country, 
 discovered the Mississippi River. 
 
 6. What name did the Spaniards apply 
 io this country ? 
 
 They called all North America, 
 except Mexico, Florida. 
 
 7. Name the first explorations made by 
 the English in America. 
 
 Those of Cabot, 1494 (or 1497) 
 and 1498, noted as being the first 
 discovery of North America. 
 
 8. Did the English try to make settle 
 ments in North America during the six 
 teenth century ? 
 
 Yes ; but all failed. 
 
 9. Tell about the most important. 
 
 Sir Walter Raleigh, between 1584 
 and 1587, sent out three parties to 
 settle on Roaiioke Island, in the 
 region called by the English Vir 
 ginia. All failed. 
 
A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 33 
 
 10. What caused the French to claim 
 part of North America ? 
 
 The exploration of the coast, in 
 1 524, by Verrazzani, who named it 
 New France ; and of the St. Law 
 rence region, by Cartier, in 1 534. 
 
 1 1 . Wh at were the first successful French 
 and English settlements ? 
 
 The French in Acadia (Nova Sco 
 tia) in 1605, and at Quebec in 1608 ; 
 and the English at Jamestown, in 
 Virginia, in 1607. 
 
 12. What did these discoveries by vari 
 ous nations lead to ? 
 
 Rival claims to American terri 
 tory, as illustrated on this map. 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE 
 
34 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 VII. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 OLONIES of England, 
 such was our country in its 
 infancy. Remember this fact, 
 for it is very important. 
 
 2. We are now to see how 
 those colonies were planted 
 which afterwards became the 
 United States, how the 
 brave pioneers of American 
 settlement, struggling hard 
 with savage nature and more 
 savage man, succeeded at last 
 in gaining a firm foothold on 
 the American coast ; how they 
 felled the forests and cultivated the soil and established 
 society and laws ; how they were gradually trained to 
 the love of liberty, and, finally, how they revolted from 
 Great Britain and made themselves " free and indepen 
 dent," a hundred years ago. 
 
 QUESTIONS. \Vhat was our country in its infancy? Tell what part of our 
 history we are going to learn now. This period lasts till the Revolution, how 
 long is that ? 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 35 
 
 3. The first English colony in America Name the first 
 
 . . . English colony 
 
 was Virginia, founded at J amestown in the in America. 
 year 1607. 
 
 4. The leaders in the colonization of Vir- lc ^J, werethe 
 ginia were a number of English noblemen 
 
 and enterprising merchants, who formed a 
 company called the " London Company." 
 
 5. The Kino- of England, whose name what land 
 
 & m & did the King 
 
 was James the -First, gave these men a great give them? 
 slice of the immense territory which the 
 English claimed in America. It took the 
 name of South Virginia, and it included all Give its name 
 
 and what it m- 
 
 that we now call Virginia and a good deal eluded, 
 more. The King gave them a written agree- What writing 
 
 && did the King 
 
 ment, called a charter. It bore the great give them ? 
 seal of England, as you will see in the ini 
 tial picture on the page before this, and was 
 their title-deed to their possessions. 
 
 6. As soon as the London Company had T Te , n what the 
 
 1 J London Com- 
 
 received their charter they sent a band of panj now did, 
 
 one hundred and five emigrants across the 
 ocean to begin a settlement. 
 
 7. After crossing the Atlantic, the voya- Give an ac- 
 
 . J count of the voy- 
 
 gers found themselves in Chesapeake Bay. age and landing 
 Here they discovered a fine river, which they 
 named the James. They sailed up it for 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 some distance, and began a settlement at a place which 
 they named JAMESTOWN. This was in May, 1607. 
 
 8. This settle 
 ment at Jamestown 
 in Virginia was the 
 first lasting English 
 settlement in the 
 United States. You 
 will find the plan 
 on the map here 
 given. Jamestown 
 was burnt during 
 the old colonial days, 
 and all that is left 
 is the crumbling 
 church tower, of 
 which a little sketch, 
 taken during the late war (1862), is given on the map. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 9. When the Virginia pioneers landed, the whole 
 country was covered with thick forests. The first thing 
 the new-comers had to do was to fell trees and build 
 themselves log-cabins. 
 
 Jamestown and Vicinity. 
 
 QUESTIONS. For what is the Jamestown settlement remarkable ? What of 
 Virginia at this time ? What was the first thing to do ? 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 37 
 
 10 The settlers were not well fitted to HOW did the 
 " rough it " in the woods. Most of them had along ? 
 not been used to work ; so when the provis 
 ions they had brought were used up they 
 came near starving. Many, too, sickened 
 and died on account of the climate. 
 
 1 1 . Besides this, the colony was very badly Wh y was the 
 
 J , J J colony badly 
 
 governed. I he reason of this was because governed ? 
 the councillors appointed by the London 
 Company to rule over the colony turned out 
 to be worthless men. 
 
 1 2. There was one man among them, . Name the one 
 
 wise man. 
 
 however, who was very wise and skilful, and 
 who, by his good management, saved the 
 colony from ruin. This man was named 
 Captain John Smith. 
 
 13. As you have probably read of John Can you relate 
 
 c- i i i i anything you 
 
 bmith in story-books, there is no need to re- may have" read 
 peat his history. You recollect that he had John SmShT 
 passed his early life in wild, romantic adven 
 tures among the Turks and in Africa. In 
 fact, he had had just such an education as was 
 needed to fit him for a leader in the rough 
 work of the wilderness. 
 
 14. Smith had been appointed one of the Teiihowhe 
 
 . . was treated? 
 
 councillors ; but the others became jealous 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What of the 
 
 Indians ? 
 
 How did 
 Smith manage 
 them ? 
 
 of him and stripped him of his office. How 
 ever, when things went from bad to worse, 
 and the settlers were on the brink of star 
 vation, they were glad enough to have him 
 become their captain. 
 
 15. All this part of Virginia was at that 
 time full of Indians. They were suspicious 
 of the whites and unfriendly to them. But 
 Smith had a wonderful knowledge of how to 
 deal with the red men. He made treaties 
 with them, and, what by friendly treatment, 
 and what by stratagem, contrived to get corn 
 and game enough to feed the wretched set 
 tlers through their first winter in Virginia. 
 
 1 6. Smith had many adventures with the 
 Indians. In one of his expeditions he was 
 captured and carried before the chief, whose 
 name was Powhatan. You remember the 
 story (if you don t, your teacher will tell you) 
 of how he was condemned to die, and his 
 head laid on the death-stone, when the chief s 
 daughter, named Pocahontas, begged her 
 father to spare his life, which was done ! 
 
 17. Captain Smith was the leading spirit 
 in the colony for its first two years. Then 
 he was wounded by an accidental discharge 
 
 Tell of his ad 
 ventures. 
 
 When and 
 how did Vir 
 ginia lose 
 Smith ? 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 39 
 
 of gunpowder, and had to return to England. 
 He never visited Virginia again. 
 
 1 8. The first five years of Virginia life , what of the 
 
 * t first five years ? 
 
 were years of severe trial, and several times 
 it seemed as though the colony would have 
 to be given up. But new settlers arrived , . How did , 
 
 * t things grow bet- 
 
 from England every spring, and the people ter? 
 began to get crops of corn, and women were 
 brought over to become the wives of the set 
 tlers, and families grew up ; so at last Vir 
 ginia was firmly planted. 
 
 INDIAN MASSACRES. 
 
 19. There were two terrible Indian -mas 
 sacres in the early part of the history of Vir 
 ginia. The first was in 1622, fifteen years Give the date 
 after the landing at Jamestown. dian massacre 
 
 20. The crafty chief of the Indians ar- Teii about it. 
 ranged that just at twelve o clock of the same 
 
 day the savages should fall upon all the set 
 tlements of the whites. In this way three HOW many 
 
 J . were killed ? 
 
 hundred and fifty men, women, and children 
 fell under the murderous tomahawk; and 
 more would have perished if a friendly Indian 
 had not taken the trouble to go through the 
 woods and \varn some of the settlements. 
 
4O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Ten how the 2 i. This massacre roused the English to 
 
 whites revenged 
 
 themselves. vengeance. They went in bands and burned 
 
 the wigwams of the Indians, and followed the 
 
 savages through the forest, killing all they 
 
 met, and driving the rest to the backwoods. 
 
 Give an ac- 2 2. The Virginians had peace for twelve 
 
 count of the sec- . L 
 
 ond massacre, years after this. Then the Indians again 
 
 and the end of - 
 
 the Indian busi- swooped down on the scattered settlements. 
 But this time the savages were so severely 
 punished that they at last saw it was useless 
 to try to make headway against the whites ; 
 so they did not trouble them any more. 
 
 ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 What great 23. One of the greatest blessings that 
 
 blessing did Vir- ... & 
 
 ginia get in came to Virginia was when the people \vere 
 
 allowed a share in making their own laws. 
 HOW had the 24. At first, the agents of the London 
 
 people been 
 
 ruled? Company had ruled the people, and often 
 
 treated them in a very tyrannical manner. 
 
 cha^nSw* 16 But after twelve years (1619) the company 
 
 made. allowed them to elect certain persons called 
 
 burgesses. These were to meet and make 
 
 laws for the inhabitants, just as our laws 
 
 are made by a State legislature. 
 
 25. The first Colonial Assembly met at 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 41 
 
 Jamestown in 1619. Thus representative The date of 
 
 . the first Assem- 
 
 government, that great privilege, was estab- My. 
 lished in Virginia. 
 
 26. There was another important change when was an- 
 
 . , c w . . . , . , other change 
 
 in the government of Virginia, made in 1624. made? 
 The King of England took away from the Tel1 about if - 
 London Company the control of matters in 
 Virginia, and put it into the hands of a 
 governor appointed by himself. Then the .what did vir- 
 
 3 x / J ginia now be- 
 
 colony of Virginia became a royal province, come? 
 And it so continued down to the Revolution. 
 
 GROWTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 27. If the scholar will count from 1624, . HOW long was 
 
 . . .* tin Indepen- 
 
 when Virginia became a royal province, dence? 
 forward to 1776, he will find that it was just 
 about one hundred and fifty years down to 
 the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 28. During this long period Virginia grew what of the 
 
 3 . & colony all this 
 
 in numbers and m prosperity, and became a while? 
 great and flourishing colony. 
 
 29. Slavery was an important institution when was 
 
 . . slavery mtro- 
 
 m Virginia. It was introduced in 1620, duced? 
 when a Dutch ship brought a few negroes 
 to Jamestown and the planters bought them 
 as slaves. 
 
42 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what plant ^ o . About this time the Virginians began 
 
 was now grown, 
 
 and what effect to cultivate tobacco. I here was soon a great 
 demand for the weed in Europe. This 
 caused the planters to buy large numbers 
 of negroes, so that slavery increased very 
 rapidly. 
 
 thJu el ht V abom aS 3 1 In tnose days many of the people did 
 slavery. not think it was right to hold slaves, but 
 
 there were so many negroes that the Virgin 
 ians did not see what was to be done with 
 them. Slavery lasted for nearly two hun- 
 w h , en was it d r ed and fifty years, till it was abolished 
 
 abolished? . J J 
 
 during the war of the Rebellion. 
 Can you ten ~ 2> Virginia was called the " Old Domin- 
 
 why Virginia J O 
 
 was called the ion," because, during the civil war in Eng- 
 
 "Old Domin- & . 
 
 ion " ? land, between the Puritans and Cavaliers, two 
 
 hundred years ago, when King Charles was 
 beheaded and England was ruled by Crom 
 well, the Virginians continued faithful to the 
 royal cause. 
 whywasVir- ^ <? Virginia was said to be "the best 
 
 gmiaagood f . 
 
 country? poor man s country in the world. 1 he 
 
 woods were full of game and the waters of 
 fish, and the soil yielded abundantly, 
 what did the ->A The people cultivated corn and tobac- 
 
 people raise ? x . 
 
 co and cotton, and exchanged what they raised 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 43 
 
 for goods from England and the West In 
 dies. 
 
 35. The Virginians were a very hospitable V iSnian ut the 
 and noble-hearted people. They were much 
 
 more free in their manners and opinions than .AS compared 
 the Puritans of New England, of whom we tans. 
 shall soon learn. On the other hand, they 
 did not pay as much attention to education Education, 
 as the New-Englanders. 
 
 36. The people had to suffer often from the wl ; a ,J S a . n y u 
 
 r say of British 
 
 oppression of their British rulers. But this oppression? 
 
 only trained them to a spirit of liberty. The 
 
 result was that when the "alarm-bell of the fot was the 
 
 Revolution " sounded, Virginia was one of 
 
 the very first of the colonies to step forward 
 
 and declare for independence from the rule 
 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 DAUGHTER-COLONIES OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 37. Virginia was the mother of most of what was the 
 the Southern colonies, the hive from which tween Virginia 
 
 i . T ,, and the other 
 
 population went out to make new settle- southern coio- 
 ments in the South. 
 
 38. MARYLAND was originally a part of Give an ac- 
 
 . . . J count of the 
 
 Virginia. It became a separate colony in founding of 
 
 c J Maryland. 
 
 1632, when the country around Chesapeake 
 
44 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Bay was granted by the English King to 
 Lord Baltimore. 
 
 its B etttedT was 39* ^ was sett ^ ed principally by Roman 
 
 Catholics. Maryland was the only colony 
 
 in which, from the first, the people were 
 
 For what was allowed to think as they pleased in religious 
 
 it distinguished J * g 
 
 in early times ? matters. The result was that it grew rapidly. 
 Give an ac- 40. CAROLINA was first settled by emi- 
 
 count of the ears ,... . - . 
 
 ly history of grants from Virginia. After a time the King 
 
 North Carolina. - -^ , , . , , . r ^ 
 
 of England gave the whole region of Caro 
 lina, North and South, to a number of Eng 
 lish noblemen. The government then was 
 not good, and the people were very glad 
 when these colonies were taken from the 
 " Proprietaires " and made royal provinces. 
 By whom 41. The Carolinas were rapidly settled by 
 
 Hnas settled ? English, Irish, and Scotch, and by French 
 Protestants called Huguenots. 
 
 42. South Carolina was the first place in 
 
 inJoducSof 6 America where rice was grown. It was in- 
 
 rice - troduced by a ship-captain, who brought some 
 
 from Madagascar. The rice-planters needed 
 large numbers of blacks ; hence slavery grew 
 greatly. 
 
 Ten about the A^ The North-Carolinians drew most of 
 
 North-Caro- ^ 
 
 linians. their wealth from their splendid forests of pine, 
 
VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 45 
 
 which produced tar, turpentine, and resin. They were 
 an industrious and moral people. Hence they prospered. 
 
 44. GEORGIA was the last South 
 ern colony that was founded. It 
 was the last founded of the Thir 
 teen Colonies. It was not settled 
 till about forty years before the 
 Declaration of Independence. 
 
 45. The leader in founding 
 Georgia was James Oglethorpe, 
 a benevolent and noble-hearted 
 
 man. His object was to estab- Jame s Oglethorpe 
 
 lish a colony where oppressed debtors in England might 
 find a refuge, and a chance to begin life over again. 
 A grant was obtained from King George II., and the 
 colony was named Georgia after him. 
 
 QUESTIONS. What can you say of the founding of Georgia? Who was the 
 leader ? What was his object ? Why was the colony called Georgia? 
 
4 6 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 VIII. NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 ILGRIM FATHERS is the 
 affectionate name by which 
 the people of New England 
 cherish the memory of the 
 brave pioneers who left their 
 native land and sought, in the 
 wilds of America, 
 
 " Freedom to worship God/ 
 
 2. The Pilgrims belonged 
 to a sect which had arisen 
 in England, called Puritans. 
 These people did not like 
 the forms of the Episcopal 
 Church of England. They wished for a much simpler 
 and more earnest mode of worship. 
 
 3. It was by a Puritan congregation that the first set 
 tlement in New England was made. This was the be 
 ginning of the colony of Massachusetts, founded at Plym 
 outh in 1620. 
 
 QUESTIONS. Who were the Pilgrim Fathers ? To what sect did the Pilgrims 
 belong ? Tell what they thought about religion. Who made the first settlement 
 in New England ? Name the colony. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 47 
 
 4. This congregation had moved from in what coun 
 
 try had they 
 
 England to Holland, where its members been 1 living? 
 
 lived several years ; but they did not like it, 
 
 so they determined to seek free homes in . what did 
 
 J they resolve on ? 
 
 the unpeopled land beyond the Atlantic. 
 
 5. First they sailed back to England, and , Te i lwhs }* 
 
 J J & they first did. 
 
 there took passage in a little craft called the 
 Mayflower. There were one hundred and be ^ heirnum " 
 one persons, men, women, and children. 
 
 6. After a long and stormy passage, the Describe the 
 
 J r voyage. 
 
 frail bark neared the rock-bound coast of 
 
 New England. Before the Pilgrims landed, , what did 
 
 & & they do before 
 
 they drew up laws which all agreed to obey, landing? 
 They had to govern themselves, for they did 
 not come out with any charter from the King, 
 like the Virginians. 
 
 7. The coast was explored for some time, ^^[Jj * 
 and finally it was resolved to land at Plym- Pilgrims land ? 
 outh. The landing was made December 2 1 , 
 
 1620. 
 
 8. It was the depth of a New England 
 
 winter, and the ground was covered with what season 
 
 & . . was it ? 
 
 snow. You may believe that it required 
 stout hearts and not only stout hearts, 
 but a lofty, faith to enable them to keep 
 up amid their terrible sufferings and priva- 
 
48 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Teii of then- tions. During the winter one half of their 
 
 sufferings. 
 
 number sickened and died. 
 HOW about n It was very fortunate that the Indians 
 
 the Indians ? . t , , i 
 
 did not trouble them that season. In the 
 spring the red men came in from the back 
 country ; but they behaved in a very friendly 
 way. 
 Give the story IO . There was only one chief, named Ca- 
 
 ofCanomcus. . " 
 
 nonicus, who was disposed to be unfriendly. 
 He sent to the settlers a rattlesnake-skin 
 wrapped around a bundle of arrows. Gov 
 ernor Bradford returned the skin, filled with 
 powder and ball, and Canonicus took the hint. 
 Did the set- j Is After the first two or three years of 
 
 tiers get along . J 
 
 better by and trial the settlers got along better. I hey 
 
 cleared the woods and raised crops of corn, 
 
 and they found abundance of fish and game. 
 
 what was the I2 The settlement now received the name 
 
 colony called ? 
 
 of PLYMOUTH COLONY. It was small in num- 
 a JJ22fi!? bers; but its success was very important, 
 
 oUCCcoS irnpor- * x 
 
 tant? since it led to the founding of a much larger 
 
 settlement. This was 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 
 
 who were the j , The way Massachusetts Bay Colony 
 
 leaders in the J J J 
 
 Bay colony? was started was very different from the Plym- 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 49 
 
 outh Colony. A number of wealthy Puri 
 tan gentlemen formed a company to make a 
 settlement in New England. 
 
 14. Kinor Charles I. gave them a charter, what did the 
 
 ~ King give them? 
 
 granting them a large tract of land, and se 
 curing them the rights and privileges of Eng 
 lishmen. This was in 1629. charter ? fl 
 i s. The next year as many as fifteen hun- H w many 
 
 . A -T-i Puritans came 
 
 dred Puritans came over to America. 1 hey in 1630? 
 settled around Massachusetts Bay, and t h^slttfe1> d 
 founded Boston, Dorchester, Salem, Lynn, 
 and other places. John Winthrop, a wise The governor. 
 and good man, was their governor. 
 
 1 6. After a number of years Plymouth was what finally 
 united with Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both outh Colony ? 
 came under the same government, and the 
 
 whole was called Massachusetts. 
 
 17. We shall afterwards see something 
 
 about Massachusetts history. But first we ? we are 
 
 J going to see 
 
 must learn how 7 the people began to spread how the P e P le 
 
 T r i formed other 
 
 out from Massachusetts and form other colo- colonies. 
 nies in New England. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 1 8. Connecticut was first settled by emi- when was 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 grants from the Bay colony, in 1636. settled? 
 
5O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who were j n The first band that went into the 
 
 the first band ? r ., ^ 
 
 fertile valley of the Connecticut River was 
 headed by a Puritan pastor named Hooker, 
 a good and true man. 
 Tell how they 2 o. The emigrants made their way on 
 
 journeyed. 
 
 foot through the woods, guided by the com 
 pass, and living chiefly on the milk of the 
 herds which they drove before them. 
 
 the W se e tUe d ? d 2I ^^ y settled at Hartford and Weth- 
 
 ersfield and Springfield. At first they were 
 
 under the protection of their mother-colony, 
 
 what of their Massachusetts ; but they soon made a ^ov- 
 
 government ? ; J 
 
 ernment of their own. 
 what other 2 2. Soon after, another party of pioneers 
 
 settlement was J " 
 
 made? made a separate settlement at New Haven. 
 
 The name of 111 i 
 
 the settlements Subsequently both were united into one col- 
 what? w ony, and the whole^became Connecticut. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Tell what led 23. The reason of the settlement of Rhode 
 
 to the settle- . . . r i 
 
 ment of Rhode Island was the religious strictness 01 the 
 
 Island. -TJ 
 
 runtans. 
 
 ^ who was 24. There was a minister at Salem named 
 
 Hams, and what Roger Williams, who besfan to preach doc- 
 
 ofhim? ^ . , 
 
 tones which the Puritans thought wrong; 
 so they said he should be banished. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 5! 
 
 2 ;. Roger Williams went all alone through Tell of his 
 
 . i i i r wanderings. 
 
 the woods, and received friendly shelter for 
 the winter in the wigwams of the Indians. In 
 the spring of 1636 the Indian chiefs gave 
 him some land at the head of Narragansett 
 
 . /- i i T-I -i What place 
 
 Bay. Here he founded Providence. did he found? 
 
 26. Soon after, a party of Williams s what other 
 
 1 J settlement was 
 
 friends moved to Rhode Island. The two made, and what 
 
 . were the two 
 
 settlements were afterwards united, and thus named? 
 was founded the colony of Rhode Island. 
 
 2 7. Maine and New Hampshire were thinly ^ at c f an 
 settled soon after the landing of the Pilgrims. Maine and New 
 
 , . , . Hampshire? 
 
 During a good part of colonial times they 
 were under the same government with Mas 
 sachusetts, and most of their people came 
 from there. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND GROWTH. 
 
 28. The cause of the settlement of Vir- ^^^^ 
 o-inia was commercial adventure. The cause Virginia and of 
 
 ^ew England. 
 
 of the settlement of New England was the 
 desire for religious freedom. 
 
 20. The Puritans were people of very what can 
 
 . . . . you say of the 
 
 strict principles. They thought their whole Puritans ? 
 life and government should be regulated by 
 the Bible. 
 
52 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What did 30. This fact gave, rise to many regula- 
 
 their belief lead . , . 
 
 to? tions and customs which we should now 
 
 consider ridiculous or repulsive. On the 
 
 what was the other hand, the Puritans had wonderful hero- 
 grand side of . 
 Puritanism? ism and were always governed by a sense of 
 
 duty. 
 Did they y t But this sense of duty sometimes took 
 
 sometimes mis 
 
 understand a wrong direction. Thus an offence against 
 
 their duty? ,. ., 
 
 HOW was an religion was treated as a civil crime. 
 
 32- Several bad results followed from this. 
 
 Give an ex- For example, they persecuted the Quakers. 
 
 ample of this in , . 
 
 their treatment In 1656, they passed a law against these 
 
 people, and afterwards hanged several for no 
 
 offence at all. Later (1692), a strange delu- 
 
 Teii about the s i O n about witchcraft broke out, and a large 
 
 witchcraft delu 
 
 sion. number of persons were executed because 
 
 they were supposed to be possessed with 
 devils. 
 
 33. With the Indians, the people of New 
 
 England had many sa\-age contests. The 
 
 Name the two two greatest of the early Indian fights were 
 
 great Indian ,1 ,, T i ,, 17 -m !* " 
 
 wars. the " Pequot war and " King Philip s war. 
 
 Give an ac- ~. The Pequot war was waged in Con- 
 count of the n c 
 
 Pequot war. necticut the very first year after the settle 
 
 ment (1637). The matter was finally de 
 cided in this way : a band of armed whites 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 53 
 
 surprised the Indians inside of a palisade, 
 and burned their wigwams ; nearly the whole 
 tribe perished in the flames. 
 
 ?v Kin Philip s war broke out about . . 
 
 ^^ ip s war. 
 
 fifty years after the settlement of Massachu 
 setts (1675). It began in Massachusetts; 
 but finally extended to nearly all the set 
 tlements in New England, and lasted over 
 a year. 
 
 16. The principal fight, called the " Swamp Xame the 
 
 ^ r r & r main fight, and 
 
 fight," took place in Rhode Island. The In- give the result. 
 dians were completely defeated, and King 
 Philip, the crafty and intrepid Indian leader, 
 was soon afterwards killed. Six hundred 
 whites perished during the war. 
 
 37. New England suffered from Indian XT wl l? n ?"* 
 
 . New England 
 
 attacks long after this. Especially was this suffer again 
 
 , , . . from Indians ? 
 
 the case during three wars which the English 
 colonists, assisted by British forces, carried 
 on- against the French in Canada. 
 
 38. In these- wars the Indian allies of the what was the 
 
 way the Indians 
 
 French would swoop down on the scattered attacked ? 
 New England settlements, and tomahawk 
 men, women, and children, or carry them off 
 into captivity 
 
 39. Their manner of warfare was very 
 
54 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Give in your 
 own language 
 their mode of 
 warfare. 
 
 Relate the 
 story of Mrs. 
 Dustin. 
 
 When were 
 New England s 
 darkest days ? 
 
 stealthy. " Children, as they gamboled on 
 the beach ; reapers, as they gathered the har 
 vest ; mowers, as they rested from using the 
 scythe ; mothers, as they busied themselves 
 about the household, were victims to an 
 enemy who disappeared the moment the blow 
 was struck, and who were ever present when 
 a garrison or a family ceased its vigilance." 
 
 40. Once a brave woman took terrible ven 
 geance on the savages. Hannah Dustin, of 
 Haverhill, Massachusetts, with her nurse and 
 a boy, were carried off to an island in the 
 Merrimack. The boy said one day to his 
 Indian master, " Where would you strike to 
 kill instantly?" The Indian told him where 
 and how to scalp. Next night Mrs. Dustin, 
 the nurse, and the boy rose secretly \vhile the 
 savages were asleep. There were twelve of 
 them in the wigwam. Arming themselves 
 with the tomahawks of the Indians, they 
 killed ten of the twelve (leaving only a squaw 
 and a boy), and, after long wandering through 
 the woods, reached their home in safety. 
 
 41. The darkest days for New England 
 were when one of the English kings, named 
 James the Second, took away their charters. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 55 
 
 These^charters, you must know, were of great Wh y did the 
 
 > people cherish 
 
 importance ; they had been given to the their charters ? 
 colonies by former kings, and insured the 
 colonists many privileges, and especially the 
 privilege of governing themselves and mak 
 ing their own laws. 
 
 42. Now, in 1686, King Tames, who did T what of King 
 
 o J ^ t James and the 
 
 not wish any free government in his domin- -tyrant he sent 
 
 11 i 1 out? 
 
 ion, determined to take away their charters. 
 
 He sent over a mean tyrant, named Andros, 
 to do this, and gave him power to rule over 
 the people. Andros behaved in a very op 
 pressive way, and made the people exceed 
 ingly unhappy. 
 
 43. There was one time, though, when ^S 
 he was finely checkmated. He had com- render its 
 
 J ter ? 
 
 manded the people of Connecticut to surren 
 der their charter ; but they would not obey. 
 He then went to Hartford to seize the char 
 ter, but while he was in the room the lights 
 were suddenly put out, and the precious doc 
 ument was spirited away by Captain Wads- 
 worth and hid in a tree, known as the famous Ten about 
 
 f^, f^ , the Charter 
 
 Charter Oak. Oak. 
 
 44. Fortunately the rule of Andros lasted Hov y wa f the 
 
 J rule of Andros 
 
 only two or three years ; for his royal master ended ? 
 
56 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Were the nb- 
 
 ernes restored ? 
 
 For what 
 
 were the people 
 
 distinguished? 
 
 better ? 
 
 cation ?* f edu " 
 
 In Connec 
 ticut. 
 
 what does 
 
 our country owe 
 
 toNewEng- 
 
 died, and a better monarch, King William, 
 came to the throne. Then the liberties of 
 New England were, in a good measure, re 
 stored; and the Charter Oak yielded its 
 faded but precious treasure. 
 
 45- The New-Englanders were distin- 
 
 7 . 
 
 guished for their industry, their thrift, and 
 t ^ r & ooc * mora l s - After a time they were 
 much less strict about little things than they 
 were at first The exclusive, persecuting, 
 and unkind spirit of the early Puritans 
 passed away. 
 
 ^ They were great lovers of education. 
 They took care to establish good schools. 
 In Massachusetts, Harvard College was 
 founded in the early days. In Connecticut, 
 Yale College was established soon after. 
 Thus the young people grew up with knowl 
 edge and intelligence, and education bred in 
 them the love of liberty. 
 
 47> Q ur COU ntry owes a great deal to New 
 
 ~* J & 
 
 England. Her hardy sons in after days be 
 gan to spread out and people the Western 
 wilderness, carrying with them steady habits, 
 intelligence, enterprise, and the love of free 
 government. 
 
NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
 
 57 
 
 IX. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
 
 MAILING alone the American 
 
 coast in a little craft called the 
 " Half Moon," a sea-captain 
 named Henry Hudson entered 
 the Narrows, and dropped an- 
 ; chor in the magnificent bay 
 now called the Harbor of New 
 
 York. This was in 1609, two years after the settlement 
 
 of Jamestown. 
 
 2. After a short stay, he sailed up the beautiful river 
 Hudson, which he was the first to discover, and which 
 is named after him. 
 
 3. Hudson was an Englishman ; but at this time he 
 was in the employ of the government of Holland, or, as 
 
 QUESTIONS. Tell of the voyage of Hudson. What river did he discover ? 
 Who was Hudson, and by whom was he employed ? 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What did the 
 Dutch claim ? 
 
 Name of the 
 colony ? 
 
 Where and 
 when was the 
 first settlement 
 made ? 
 
 What did they 
 pay for Manhat 
 tan Island ? 
 
 . Name of the 
 Dutch town ? 
 
 Tell about 
 the growth of 
 the colony. 
 
 What place 
 up the river was 
 founded ? 
 
 it was called, the Dutch Republic. Hence the 
 Dutch claimed a right to the whole country 
 lying midway between New England and Vir 
 ginia. They named the region New Neth 
 erlands. 
 
 4. Some years after this, in 1623, the 
 Dutch " West India Company " sent out a 
 number of agents and settlers to locate on 
 the island of Manhattan, or New York Isl 
 and. They bought the whole island from 
 the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, and 
 here they erected a few rude hovels, which 
 were the beginning of the great city of New 
 York, the commercial metropolis of our coun 
 try. They called their town New Amster 
 dam. 
 
 5. Many Hollanders now began to emi 
 grate to the Dutch colony. New Amster 
 dam became quite a trading-port. Far up 
 the river they founded another trading-port 
 called Fort Orange, and this was the begin 
 ning of Albany. Besides the Dutch there 
 came many New-Englanders, and also 
 French Huguenots and Waldenses from 
 Italy. 
 
 6. The Dutch ruled New Netherlands for 
 
NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 59 
 
 about forty years. After this the English HOW long 
 
 was the Dutch 
 
 tOOK it. rule, and who 
 
 -r>. . , . -I i /- ended it ? 
 
 7. During this period there were four HOW man 
 
 the 
 
 Dutch governors. The last of them was 
 
 named Stuyvesant \_sti ves-ant\. He did a 
 
 great deal for the good of the colony; but las ^ hatofthe 
 
 at the same time he was a stubborn, cross- 
 
 grained old Knickerbocker, and did not be 
 
 lieve in allowing the people any freedom. 
 
 8. This was very bad policy ; for when an " this 
 
 English fleet came along to seize New Am 
 sterdam, the people did not care to make 
 any resistance. 
 
 o. Let us now see how the English came ~ ^hy did 
 
 O English king 
 
 to seize the Dutch colony. The English giye his brother 
 
 this region ? 
 
 king, Charles II., said that the whole country 
 belonged to England ; so he gave his brother, 
 the Duke of York, the entire region possessed 
 by the Dutch, and told him to take it. 
 
 10. In 1664, the Duke of York sent out 
 a fleet to secure his colony. When the ships 
 appeared, the old Dutch governor, Stuyves- flee 
 ant, was furious at the people for not resist 
 ing. He would not sign the articles of sur 
 render till the town was actually in the hands 
 of the English. 
 
60 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 \\hatwasthe n. Thus you see New Netherlands be- 
 
 colony now J 
 
 called? came an English colony. Its name was 
 
 changed to New York. 
 
 t0 
 
 Yorkers have tion, the New-Yorkers had a great many 
 
 disputes ? * 
 
 disputes with the governors sent out by the 
 Did New English kings. But the misrule of the gov- 
 
 \ ork grow in & 
 
 spite of misrule? eniors could not hinder New York from 
 becoming a great, wealthy, and populous 
 colony. The tyranny of the British only 
 educated the people to a spirit of indepen 
 dence. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 what was the z * The soil of New Jersey formed part 
 
 soil of New Jer- f . J J . r 
 
 sey? of the possessions which were given to the 
 
 when did it Duke of York. It became a separate Eng- 
 
 become an Eng- ... , . . . . T 
 
 Hsh colony? lish colony about the same time as New 
 York. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Meaning of ^ The name Pennsylvania means the 
 syivania? Woodland of Penn. This noble man, Wil- 
 
 Penn? Ham Penn, was a member of the society of 
 
 Friends, or Quakers. 
 
 HOW did it jr. N ow the King of England had owed 
 
 happen that he ^ 
 
 got his land ? Penn s father, who was an admiral in the 
 
NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 6 1 
 
 British navy, a large sum of money. The 
 son agreed to take as payment a large tract 
 of land lying between New Jersey and 
 Maryland. This received the name of Penn 
 sylvania. 
 
 1 6. Penn s idea in doino: this was to pro- what was 
 
 , Penn s idea ? 
 
 vide free homes in America for all those of 
 his Quaker brethren who wished to emigrate 
 to a land where they might have their own 
 mode of religious worship. 
 
 17. A large number immediately crossed SG s of the 
 the Atlantic, and, in 1682, Penn himself came when did 
 to the colony with two thousand settlers. 
 
 1 8. The peace-loving founder of Pennsyl- p en n wish 1 ? 
 vania was very anxious that his people should 
 
 be good friends with the Indians. He met The treat y- 
 the native chiefs in a council, and made a 
 treaty with them. The Indians loved and 
 venerated the gentle-hearted Quaker, and the indiaM*iove 
 highest praise they could give a white man fc 
 was to say he resembled " Onas," the name 
 by which the Indians called Penn. The 
 Friends never had any trouble with the red 
 man. 
 
 19. Soon after, Penn laid out the city of 
 Philadelphia, which means brotherly love. 
 
62 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 He then returned to England ; but he continued to 
 take a great interest in his colony. His heirs were the 
 " proprietors " of Pennsylvania clown to the Revolution. 
 
 20. Delaware was originally a part of the grants made 
 to Penn. It subsequently split off from Pennsylvania; 
 but the two provinces were under the same governor 
 down to the end of colonial times. 
 
 QUESTIONS. What of Perm s heirs ? Tell about the founding of Delaware. 
 
 
 Seal of Pennsylvania. 
 
% I 
 
 The Plains of Abraham. 
 
 X. THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 
 
 i. WHILE our country still be 
 longed to England, it had to carry on 
 a severe struggle with the French in 
 America. We must remember that 
 about the same time the English 
 were making settlements in Virginia 
 and New England, the French were 
 settling the Northern country, 
 -that is, along the gulf and 
 river of St. Lawrence. They 
 founded Quebec (1608) and 
 Montreal. Gradually they 
 
64 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Teiuboutthe stretched westward along the great lakes 
 
 French settle- . . . , . r 
 
 ments on the St. with their trading-posts and mission-stations. 
 
 Lawrence and _ T r / r~i 
 
 west. rather Marquette \_mar-et J, in company 
 
 with a fur-trader named Joliet, discovered 
 the Mississippi, near its source, ten years 
 before La Salle [saf] sailed down that great 
 river to the Gulf of Mexico, in 1682. New 
 Orleans was founded soon after, 
 what did 2. Finally the French claimed all the 
 
 they at last 
 
 claim? country watered by the Mississippi and its 
 
 what did tributaries. Then they besran to connect 
 
 they now begin . J "\ 
 
 to do ? the New Orleans region (called Louisiana) 
 
 with Canada by a chain of forts. In this 
 
 Their object ? way they tried to confine the English to the 
 narrow strip of settlement along the Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 or the early ? j n the early times, there were several 
 
 wars with the J 
 
 French. wars between the English and French set 
 
 tlers. The English would invade Canada 
 and Acadia, and the French, aided by their 
 Indian allies, would sweep down on New 
 England and New 7 York, 
 what brought 4> These contests arose out of quarrels 
 
 on these con 
 tests ? in Europe between the kings of France and 
 
 England, and did not really have much to 
 do with America. 
 
THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 65 
 
 5. , But about twenty years before the when did the 
 
 * J grand trial 
 
 American Revolution there came a grand come? 
 trial of strength. It is called the " French 
 and Indian War. It began in 1755, lasted rat f a n te of a t n h d e du " 
 eight years, and ended in 1763. French war. 
 
 6. This contest is of great importance why this war 
 
 1 was important. 
 
 because it decided that our country should be 
 long to the English, and not to the French. 
 
 7. The war began by some Virginians wa ^ w ^ the 
 establishing themselves on the Ohio River, 
 
 where they had bought a large tract of land, 
 and meant to trade with the Indians. 
 
 8. The French pretended that this part Fr .what did the 
 of the country belonged to them. Virginia tend ? 
 
 said it was her soil. 
 
 Q. Suddenly French soldiers marched Tel1 the hos- 
 
 J tile movement 
 
 down from Canada to where the English of the French. 
 had settled on the Ohio, and carried off some 
 of the traders prisoners. This was in 1753. 
 
 10. When this was done, the Governor w^t did 
 
 Dmwiddie re- 
 
 of Virginia determined to send a messenger solve on ? 
 to the French commander, asking him what 
 he meant, and telling him to march his sol 
 diers away. 
 
 1 1 . The messenger chosen by Governor who was _ the 
 
 o ... messenger ? 
 
 Dinwiddie was a young Virginian named 
 
66 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Speak of the 
 character of 
 Washington. 
 
 George Washington, the same great man 
 who was afterwards the leader of our fore 
 fathers in their struggle for independence. 
 
 1 2. Washington was then only twenty-one 
 years old ; but he was even then remarkable 
 for his wisdom, dignity, and courage. He 
 had educated himself as a land-surveyor, and 
 had learned skill and patience and self-reli 
 ance. He had also been an officer in the 
 Virginia militia. Hence he was just the 
 man to go on this difficult and dangerous 
 mission. 
 
 13. Accompanied by two or three attend 
 ants, Washington made his way through the 
 unbroken wilderness, till at last he reached 
 the French head-quarters and delivered to 
 the commander a letter from the Governor 
 of Virginia. The French officer refused to 
 leave the country, and with this answer 
 Washington set out to return. 
 
 14. The horses which the party had 
 brought with them had given out, so there 
 was nothing for it but to return on foot. 
 The day after Christmas, Washington, wrap 
 ping himself up in an Indian dress, with gun 
 in hand and pack on his back, took through 
 
 Tell about 
 his journey. 
 
 What did the 
 French officer 
 say ? 
 
 Give an ac 
 count of the 
 return. 
 
THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 67 
 
 the woods by the nearest way to the forks of 
 the Ohio. He had but one companion. 
 
 15. It was a perilous journey. In passing f 
 
 f the 
 through the forest, an Indian, lying in wait journey. 
 
 for him, shot at him, but missed his aim. 
 When they got to the Alleghany River they 
 spent a whole day making a raft, which they 
 launched. Before they were half over the 
 stream, they were caught in the running ice, 
 and could not reach either shore. Putting 
 out a pole to stop the raft, Washington was 
 jerked into the deep water and saved himself 
 only by grasping at the raft-logs. Finally 
 they managed to reach an island, where they 
 stayed all night, and in the morning the river 
 had frozen over ; so they got across. 
 
 1 6. When Governor Dinwiddie received ^. 
 
 -Uinwiudie now 
 
 the message brought back by Washington, do? 
 he raised four hundred troops, and sent them 
 under Washington against the French on the 
 Ohio. 
 
 1 7. The French had built a fort named , where were 
 
 * * the French for- 
 
 Fort Du Quesne [kane], at the very spotted? 
 where the city of Pittsburg now is. The 
 little army of Washington made a long, 
 wearisome march towards this place. Be- the fight 
 
68 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 fore they got to it, however, they were met 
 
 by a party of French at a place called Great 
 
 Meadows. Washington whipped this party. 
 
 what after- jg. Afterwards the main body of the 
 
 wards took ^ J 
 
 place? French came down on the little force. 
 
 Washington made a very gallant fight, but 
 was forced to surrender. However, he was 
 allowed to retire his force with the " honors 
 of war." 
 The British jn The English government now saw 
 
 now saw what ? 
 
 that it was necessary to come in and help 
 the colonists conquer the French. Accord- 
 
 Name the inorly the next year (176;), General Braddock, 
 
 English gen- p " : . . 
 
 erai. with a force of British regulars, was sent out 
 
 to America. 
 as his 2CX The first tllin Bra< 3dock did was to 
 
 what of march on Fort Du Quesne. Braddock did 
 
 Braddock s , 
 
 ignorance? not know anything about the stratagems of 
 
 the Indians, who made up a large part of the 
 
 Andobsti- French force. He was, also, too obstinate 
 
 nacy ? 
 
 to mind the advice of Washington, who was 
 with him as an aide-de-camp. 
 what hap- 21. The result was that the British force 
 
 pened in conse 
 
 quence ? was suddenly ambushed by the Indians and 
 
 French, who fired, unseen, from behind trees 
 
 The regulars, and rocks. The British regulars, not being 
 
THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 69 
 
 used to this kind of warfare, were routed. 
 Braddock was killed. It was only by Wash- ^-addock ? 
 ington s coolness that the troops were able co ^ n a e s s h s ington>s 
 to retreat and reach Philadelphia. 
 
 22. The British now saw that it would 
 require very hard fighting to beat the French, 
 so they sent over a large army. There was 
 
 a great deal of fighting for the next two or p^the^eS* 
 three years. Sometimes one side was sue- two or three 
 
 J years. 
 
 cessful, and sometimes the other. 
 
 23. But the war was not well carried on ^^^j^ 
 till the great English statesman, William on? 
 
 Pitt, took charge of it. This was in 1759. 
 
 The most decisive event of the war was the N f"? e . th . e 
 
 most decisive 
 
 capture of Quebec, on the St. Lawrence event. 
 River. 
 
 24. The French looked upon Quebec as o 
 one of the strongest places in the world. 
 The citadel was built upon a high rock, so 
 steep that no enemy could climb it. It was 
 defended by a great many large cannon, and 
 by a powerful French garrison, commanded er. 
 by General Montcalm. 
 
 25. The force to take Quebec was put Beginning of 
 
 the expedition. 
 
 under a brave young English general named 
 Wolfe. It consisted of Americans and Reg- 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 ulars, and sailed from Halifax to the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 Were Wolfe s 26. Wolfe began by trying various un- 
 
 first attempts , , . 1^1 
 
 successful? successful plans to take Quebec. 
 
 27. At last he hit upon a plan so bold 
 that the French never dreamed of it. He 
 
 What bold 
 plan did he 
 think of ? 
 
 Tell how it 
 was done. 
 
 Operations around Quebec. 
 
 found that there was a place above Quebec 
 where his troops might climb up the steep 
 to the Plains of Abraham in rear of the city. 
 28. Accordingly he had the ships sail up 
 the St. Lawrence ; then at night the troops 
 dropped silently down stream in boats, to the 
 spot selected and known as Wolfe s Cove 
 
THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 71 
 
 (see- map). In the dark hours the soldiers 
 scaled the precipice, unbeknown to the ene 
 my. The morning light revealed to Mont- Morning 
 
 J . . showed what ? 
 
 calm the whole British force drawn up in 
 battle array on the plain. (Picture, p. 63.) 
 
 29. As quickly as possible, the French lin ^J f e t ^ at- 
 commander went out to meet the English. tle - 
 
 The battle began at ten o clock, September 
 T 3> T 759- It was fought with great bravery 
 on both sides ; but the solid charges of the 
 British grenadiers broke the ranks of the 
 French, who finally gave way. 
 
 30. General Wolfe was mortally wounded. w ^ th of 
 While he lay on the ground he heard some 
 
 one say, " They fly." " Who fly ? " asked the 
 
 dying hero. " The French," was the answer. 
 
 " Then," said he, " I die in peace." Mont- or Montcaim. 
 
 calm also was fatally wounded. 
 
 31. The capture of Quebec showed the ^^ capture 
 French they could not stand against the Eng- showed what? 
 lish. The war was closed by the Treaty of th *^ d ? 
 Paris, which was signed in 1763, and France Ten what 
 
 France gave up. 
 
 surrendered to the English all her American 
 possessions. The long struggle decided 
 that English men and English laws should 
 rule America. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 XL A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 1. We have just finished what period of 
 our country s history ? 
 
 The period of the colonies. 
 
 2. What time does this period cover ? 
 
 From the founding of the first col 
 ony at Jamestown, in 1607, and at 
 Plymouth, in 1620, down to the 
 breaking out of the Revolutionary 
 War and the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence, 1775-76. 
 
 3. What were the two mother-colonies ? 
 Virginia and Massachusetts. 
 
 4. Why do we call these mother-colo 
 nies ? 
 
 Because most of the other colonies 
 were daughters, or offshoots, from 
 these. It was from Virginia that 
 most of the South was colonized. It 
 was from Massachusetts that people 
 spread out all over New England. 
 
 5. What other colonies were there be 
 sides the Southern and New England col 
 onies ? 
 
 The middle colonies, including 
 New York, Pennsylvania, and Dela 
 ware. 
 
 6. What can you say of New York and 
 New Jersey ? 
 
 They originally belonged to the 
 Dutch, and were called New Neth 
 erlands. 
 
 7. When did that region fall into the 
 hands of the English ? 
 
 In 1664, when the Duke of York 
 sent out a fleet and compelled the 
 Dutch authorities to surrender. Then 
 began the two colonies of New York 
 and New Jersey. 
 
 8. How did Pennsylvania come to be 
 founded ? 
 
 The territory of Pennsylvania was 
 granted to William Penn, who in 
 1682 founded a settlement of English 
 Quakers. 
 
 9. Under whose rule were all these colo 
 nies ? 
 
 Under the rule of Great Britain, 
 and governed by British governors. 
 
 10. What was the French and Indian 
 
 War? 
 
 A struggle to determine whether 
 the French or the English should 
 govern America. It ended in favor 
 of the English, and was closed by a 
 treaty of peace signed at Paris in 
 1763. 
 
Fight at the Liberty-pole, New York 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 I. WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 
 
 1. IT is now one hundred years since our forefathers 
 rose up against British oppression, and after a struggle of 
 seven long years won the independence of our country. 
 
 2. A century has gone by, and those who fought that 
 good fight have passed away 
 
74 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 " Their bones are dust, 
 Their good swords rust, 
 Their souls are with the saints, we trust " ; 
 
 our hearts must ever beat with pa- 
 dear to us ? triotic emotion at the words " American 
 Revolution," because it was through the 
 sufferings and sacrifices of that struggle that 
 our country became the UNITED STATES. 
 
 what was -? j n th e countries of Europe from which 
 
 said about gov- "- t L 
 
 emment in the the settlers of America came, it was said that 
 
 old country ? 
 
 the people could not govern themselves, and 
 that kings had a " divine right " to rule over 
 them. But when our forefathers came to 
 America they had to govern themselves. 
 
 forefathere^d? Well Vei T SOOn the y f Ulld that ^^ COuld 
 
 make better laws than the King could make 
 for them. Thus there was independence in 
 the very air of America. 
 
 cauIeo fTlS r^ 4" This was the de6 P CaUSe f the reVOlt 
 
 volt? of the colonies: Providence designed that 
 
 on this continent should be seen an example 
 of democratic government, which means gov 
 ernment " of the people, for. the people, by 
 the people." 
 What other ^ g ut besides this deep cause, there was 
 
 reason was <J f 
 
 there? another reason why the Americans revolted. 
 
 They said they would not submit to cer- 
 
WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 75 
 
 tain unjust laws made by the English. The 
 British government claimed that the struggle 
 with France had cost a great deal of money, emment 
 
 & . J claimed ? 
 
 and that the colonists should pay this back. 
 
 6. The British rulers, so as to get money 
 out of the people of the colonies, passed a 
 law that no writing, such as a note or bond 
 or deed, should be considered good in the 
 courts unless it was written on paper that 
 was stamped. The stamped paper had to 
 be bought at a good deal of cost, and this 
 
 law was called the " Stamp Act." la * ? ame of this 
 
 7. In our own times, the notes and bills What is . the 
 
 reason we do 
 
 and deeds we draw up have to be stamped not b J ect to 
 
 11-1 / this sort of tax ? 
 
 also, but we made this law ourselves, 
 
 that is, the law was made for the public 
 good, by members of Congress, or represen 
 tatives, whom we elected. 
 
 8. The people of the colonies did not ob- 
 
 ject to pay taxes, but they claimed do you object to? 
 not think very rightly ? that they should 
 not be taxed without their consent. As the 
 British government would not allow the 
 American colonists to have any voice in 
 
 r> T ^ i , i ,1 . What did they 
 
 r arhament, the colonists said that taxation say taxation 
 was against all the principles of liberty. 
 
7 6 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 9. The Stamp Act was passed in 1 765. The colonists 
 thought it was a mean trick, intended to make them pay 
 taxes whether they would or not. Hence they deter 
 mined that they w r ould not use the stamps at all. Pub 
 lic meetings w-ere held all over the country ; the King s 
 officers who were to sell the stamps were hung in effigy, 
 and public processions such as that pictured on this 
 were got up to show the indignation of the people. 
 
 QUESTIONS. When was the Stamp Act passed ? What did the colonists 
 think of it ? How did the people behave ? 
 
WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 77 
 
 10. The result was that when the British what was the 
 government saw the terrible storm which the 
 
 Stamp Act had raised in America, they had 
 sense enough to do away with it. 
 
 11. But the British government did not Didthegov- 
 
 . ernment give up 
 
 give up the right to tax the Americans ; so, the right to tax ? 
 two years after this, a law was passed obli 
 ging the colonists to pay a duty on imported 
 fflass, tea, paper, and certain other articles, what was the 
 
 . . next tax ? 
 
 1 he Americans retaliated by not buying any 
 of the taxed goods. 
 
 12. Then the King of England said the what did the 
 Americans were rebels, and he sent out large do? 
 numbers of troops to overawe the people. 
 
 These soldiers were stationed in New York, w hat f the 
 
 soldiers r 
 
 Boston, and other cities, and the people were 
 forced to furnish them with quarters, fuel, etc. 
 
 i 3. You may imagine they hated the red- Did they like 
 
 . & J the red-coats ? 
 
 coats, and it was not long before collisions 
 
 besfan. In New York there was a riot, in Give an ac- 
 
 1-1 i -11 J u j.1 U- count of the 
 
 which one man was killed by the soldiers New York riot, 
 and several were wounded. The quarrel 
 bqgan by the soldiers cutting down a liberty 
 pole which the patriots had set up. 
 
 14. In Boston, also, there was a street en- Tell about the 
 
 . . , -^ . Boston Mas- 
 
 counter between the citizens and some Brit- sacre. 
 
78 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 ish troops, and several patriots were killed 
 
 or wounded. Both these riots took place in 
 
 when were 1 770 ; the New York one in January, and the 
 
 these riots ? t J J? 
 
 Boston Massacre in March. They caused 
 tremendous excitement all over the country. 
 The tax taken J 5 When the British rulers saw that the 
 
 off. J 
 
 Americans were in earnest, they grew 
 
 alarmed, and took off the taxes, all, except 
 
 On what was the tax on tea. They left the tax on tea 
 
 the tax left ? 111-1 
 
 why? just to show that they had a right to tax the 
 
 people. 
 Give the pro- j 6. Now what do you suppose the people 
 
 gress of the tea- . / V 
 
 controversy. did ? Why, they did not import any tea. 
 Then the great India Tea Company of Lon 
 don sent out ship-loads of tea on its own 
 account, thinking the people would want the 
 tea so much that they would be glad to pay 
 the small duty, only threepence a pound. 
 HOW about 1 7. But the patriots were not to be gulled 
 
 the people ? . . . 
 
 in this way. It was the principle of the tax 
 they would not give in to. Hence they 
 would not let the tea-ships land, but Ant 
 them back to England, or, if the cargoes \\%e 
 got ashore, they destroyed the tea. 
 Tell the story 1 8. At Boston three ships full of tea ar- 
 
 of the Boston . .. . ^ . . , . 
 
 tea-party. rived. 1 he British authorities were too 
 
WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 79 
 
 strong. for the people to force the ships to 
 leave ; so after dark, one night, a party of 
 men, disguised as Indians, went on board and 
 pitched the tea overboard into the harbor. 
 
 19. As soon as the British government 
 heard of this, it determined to punish Boston 
 by forbidding any kind of goods to be landed 
 there. Like other unjust laws, this did more 
 hurt than good. It showed the whole coun- 
 
 try how mean the British rulers were, and the P rt of Bos - 
 
 m ton ? 
 
 united the people against them. 
 
 20. It was such experiences that made coJJ^^now^ 
 the colonists first think of armed resistance. think of ? 
 But first they resolved to consult together. 
 
 In September, 1774, delegates from the colo 
 nies met at Philadelphia. This was what is 
 called the first Continental Congress. The Co ^! n en?aT the 
 Congress made a declaration of rights, and Congress, 
 sent a petition to the King and to Parliament. 
 
 21. Even then, if England had been wise, 
 the trouble might all have been settled. But 
 it seemed as though Providence made the 
 British rulers blind. It was resolved to force 
 the colonies into submission. Then, at last, 
 the patriots saw that there was nothing for 
 it but to fight. 
 
8o 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 II. CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE REVO 
 LUTIONARY WAR. 
 
 Where did 
 the war begin, 
 and when ? 
 
 Who held 
 Boston ? 
 
 OPERATIONS AROUND BOSTON. 
 
 1. THE war of the Revolution began in 
 Massachusetts. The first outbreak was in 
 1775, just ten years after the passage of the 
 Stamp Act. 
 
 2. In the spring of that year Boston was 
 occupied by two or three thousand British 
 soldiers, who had been sent there to over 
 awe the patriots. General Gage, whom the 
 King had made Governor of Massachusetts, 
 was at their head. 
 
 whatprepa- , j n {he mean time the people had not 
 
 rations for war 
 
 were the people been idle. When they saw that the King 
 
 making? 
 
 was bent on forcing them to obey his un 
 just laws, they began to make serious prep 
 arations for war. They provided them 
 selves with guns and powder and ball ; they 
 formed military companies, to be ready at 
 a minute s warning, and hence were called 
 " minute men." A committee of safety, 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 
 
 consisting of the wisest and best men of 
 
 the patriots, took the lead in all these prepa- who took the 
 
 . lead ? 
 
 rations. 
 
 LEXINGTON. 
 
 4. The first fight of the war is called the Teiihowthe 
 
 & . first battle hap- 
 
 battle of Lexington. It happened in this pened. 
 way : General Gage sent some troops to de 
 stroy a lot of military stores which he found 
 out were at Concord. The patriots heard of 
 this, and the minute-men were called out. 
 
 5. On the morning of the iQth of April, 
 
 1775, the British troops reached Lexington Give the story 
 
 1 JJ o of the march on 
 
 on their way to Concord. Here they met a Concord, 
 small party of Americans and killed several 
 of them. They then went on towards Con 
 cord and destroyed the military stores at that 
 place. 
 
 6. While the British were about this busi- Give an ac - 
 
 ... count of the bat- 
 
 neSS the militia began to collect from the sur- tie, and retreat 
 
 , . t , 111 of the British. 
 
 rounding country, and they attacked the ene 
 my at Concord Bridge. The red-coats were 
 handled so badly that they retreated towards 
 Boston. Then the Americans followed them Teiiofthe 
 and shot at them from behind rocks and trees 
 and barns. It was a long running fight, and 
 
 6 
 
State the 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 before the British troops could get back to 
 British 6 loss. Lexington over two hundred of their num 
 
 ber had been killed or wounded. 
 
 BUNKER HILL. 
 
 what was 7. The news of the fight at Lexington set 
 
 the effect of the . ,, 
 
 news of Lex- the whole country m a blaze, boon twenty 
 
 inorrnn ? . 
 
 thousand patriots surrounded boston, where 
 the British army was. 
 
 ington ? 
 
 Point out 
 Boston on the 
 map. 
 
 Point out 
 Charlestown. 
 
 What river 
 between. 
 
 Where is 
 Breed s Hill ? 
 
 Where is 
 Bunker Hill ? 
 
 Remember 
 that the battle 
 was really 
 fought, not on 
 Bunker Hill, 
 but on Breed s 
 Hill. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 83 
 
 8. The first important action was the Name the 
 
 T T MI T -r " rst im P r tant 
 
 battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bun- action. 
 
 ker Hill, or more properly Breed s Hill, is on 
 
 a neck of land opposite Boston. A part of Teiihowthe 
 
 . . 111 fight happened. 
 
 the American army occupied that place, and 
 erected a fort of earth and logs. The Brit 
 ish officer sent over a force in boats from 
 Boston to take this fort. The result was the 
 battle of Bunker Hill, of which you will find 
 a map on the opposite page. 
 
 o. It was a very hard fio-ht. The Brit- what can you 
 
 ^ ill say of the bat- 
 
 ish won the day because they were stronger tie? 
 
 in number, and the Americans lacked am- why was the 
 
 . result as good 
 
 munition. But the result was just as good as as a victory ? 
 a victory for the patriots, because it thorough 
 ly aroused the whole country. The people 
 now saw that they must conquer or die. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 10. A little while before the battle of what i m P r - 
 Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress, had taken place? 
 which consisted of representatives from all 
 
 the colonies, had met again. The congress What of the 
 
 TT i Congress? 
 
 was really the government of the " United 
 Colonies," as they were called. 
 
 1 1 . Congress voted to raise an army of 
 
84 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 twenty thousand men, and it chose George 
 Washington as commander-in-chief of the 
 American army. Washington went to Cam- 
 d bridge, near Boston, and there took command 
 Washington ^ o f the forces, just two weeks after the battle 
 of Bunker Hill. The great elm under which 
 he took command is still standing, 
 what is said j 2 . The American army was made up of 
 
 of the American t J * 
 
 army? brave, patriotic men, who were determined 
 
 to fight for their country. But they were 
 
 very green in war, and the army was very 
 
 poorly supplied with many things needed, 
 
 what was especially powder. Hence, Washington 
 
 Washington s L J . 
 
 plan? thought it was best to begin by teaching 
 
 them the art of war. Some people, wise in 
 their own conceit, said he ought to have 
 rushed right on the British in Boston ; but 
 he knew better, 
 what did 1 3. The wisdom of what Washington did 
 
 Washington do? 
 
 was fully shown by the result. He hemmed 
 in the British so closely in Boston during 
 the winter, that they came near starving. 
 Finally, the British commander, whose name 
 was General Howe, was forced to ask Wash- 
 Teii about ington to let him evacuate Boston. To this 
 
 rlowe s leaving 
 
 Boston. Washington consented. Then the British 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 85 
 
 force sailed away to Halifax, and the Ameri 
 cans marched into Boston, to the great joy 
 of the people. 
 
 ATTACK ON CHARLESTON. 
 
 14. While the British were still occupying TO what point 
 
 1 J did Howe now 
 
 Boston, Howe sent a force in ships to attack send troops? 
 Charleston, in South Carolina. But Wash 
 ington found out his plan, and sent General 
 Lee to meet him. 
 
 15. When the British fleet arrived off w , h ^ h ^v 
 
 J dered the Bnt- 
 
 Charleston, it was found that the ships could ish ships from 
 
 getting in ? 
 
 not get into the harbor on account of a 
 strong fort which the patriots had built of 
 earth and palmjej&bbgs. Then a tremen- 
 dous bombardment of the fort was begun. 
 The balls were buried in the soft palmetto- 
 wood, and did little harm. On the other 
 hand, the shot from the fort swept the decks 
 of the British ships and played fearful havoc. 
 
 1 6. A brave young sergeant named Jasper Repeat the 
 distinguished himself very much during this 
 
 fight. One of the balls cut down the flag 
 staff from which the colors of the patriots 
 floated proudly. Jasper leaped over the 
 breastwork, amid a hailstorm of bullets, 
 
86 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 i 
 
 suit 
 
 K, 
 
 tight. 
 
 seized the flag, and, fastening it to a ramrod, 
 placed it once more on the fort. 
 
 J 7- The British continued the fight the 
 
 -* 
 
 whole day. A large number of their men 
 were wounded, and many of their ships were 
 shattered ; but they could not take the fort. 
 Hence they gave it up and sailed away. The 
 fort was afterwards named Fort Moultrie, in 
 honor of its brave defender. 
 
 Where did 
 Washington 
 now resolve to 
 
 go ? 
 
 Give an ac 
 count of his 
 going. 
 
 What is 
 meant by de 
 fences ? 
 
 For which 
 side was the 
 first campaign a 
 success ? 
 
 WASHINGTON MOVES TO NEW YORK. 
 
 1 8. Soon after the British evacuated Bos 
 ton, Washington, who did not know they 
 were going to Halifax, but feared that they 
 might attack New York City, determined to 
 move his own army to that place. 
 
 19. Washington left men enough to see 
 that the British should not take Boston again, 
 and then he sailed with most of his army 
 to New York. He began to arrange the de 
 fences of that city, that is, to build forts near 
 the city and on Long Island and up the 
 Hudson. 
 
 20. The opening campaign of the war 
 which we may call the campaign in Mas 
 sachusetts had been successful for the 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 87 
 
 Americans. Now see if you can remember 
 its principal events: 
 
 1. Battle of Lexington in April, 1775. rind e ai sf ur 
 
 2. Battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775. events - 
 
 3. Washington takes command of the army 
 in July and besieges the British all winter. 
 
 4. Evacuation of Boston by the British, in 
 March, 1776. 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 21. Very soon after Washington reached what great 
 
 J . event now took 
 
 New York an event took place that was far P lace ? 
 more important than any battle. This was 
 the adoption of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. 
 
 22. Why do we every year celebrate the , why do we 
 
 J J > keep up the 4th 
 
 4th of July? It is because on that day f J ul y? 
 this country became a NATION : it threw off 
 the shackles of colonial dependence, and said 
 that henceforth it would govern itself, in 
 place of being governed by the King of 
 England. 
 
 23. The Declaration of Independence was for ^ h t h 
 put forth by the Continental Congress, which, ration ? 
 as you have already learned, was the real 
 government of our country at that time. It 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who wrote it? was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was 
 a member of Congress, and who was after 
 wards President .of the United States. The 
 ^When adopt- Declaration was adopted on the 4th of July, 
 
 1776. 
 
 took e pir c e a when 2 4- The Continental Congress was at this 
 the Declaration time assembled at Philadelphia. When it 
 
 was announced. 
 
 was announced that the Declaration had 
 really been adopted, the old bell-man, in the 
 tower of Independence Hall, grasped the 
 tongue of the great bell and hurled it forward 
 and backward a hundred times, its voice pro 
 claiming " liberty throughout all the land, unto 
 HOW did the all the inhabitants thereof." The patriots an- 
 
 people answer? 
 
 swered with bonfires and cannon-peals, and 
 every year their descendants have celebrated 
 the great day in much the same manner. 
 
 THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. 
 
 . T^ ha , t . point 25. You remember that Washington 
 
 had Washing- J 
 
 ton moved his moved his army to New York after the Brit- 
 
 army ? 
 
 ish left Boston. The British now deter 
 mined to attack New York. In the month 
 where and o f August, 1 776, they landed on Long Island. 
 
 when did the & J . . & 
 
 British land? There was a large army of British regulars 
 Their force? anc j o f troops called Hessians, whom the 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 
 
 English King had hired to fight against 
 America. 
 
 26. The Americans had thrown up in- 
 trenchments on Long Island, where Brook- 
 
 lyn now stands. The British advanced and b j uboutlhe 
 
 attacked the Americans, who were beaten in 
 
 the battle. Some say the Americans did not de ^ ? was the 
 
 manage very well ; but at any rate the enemy 
 
 was far stronger in numbers. 
 
 27. Washington, who had crossed from w ^^ f on ? 
 New York during the battle, saw with grief 
 
 that the field was lost. The Americans got where did the 
 
 7 Americans re- 
 
 back to their fort on Brooklyn Heights, and tire? 
 defended themselves there till the third night. 
 Then Washington very wisely withdrew the co ^Jt of^h^re- 
 army in boats over to New York. There treat from Long 
 
 J Island. 
 
 was a thick fog and the boats were rowed 
 with muffled oars, so the British did not dis 
 cover the retreat till the Americans had 
 escaped. 
 
 28. In New York City Washington did i 
 
 not feel strong enough to risk a battle. He New York? 
 therefore retreated up the island, and the 
 British succeeded in capturing Fort Wash 
 ington, which was so heavy a loss that 
 Washington wept at it. There was noth- 
 
90 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what had he ing left for him but to retreat through New 
 
 now to do ? c . 
 
 Jersey, and get behind the Delaware. 
 
 RETREAT THROUGH JERSEY. 
 
 What of the 20. The patriot army was now terribly 
 
 American army J J 
 
 now? thinned in numbers, and greatly discouraged. 
 
 Many believed the cause was lost. 
 Did the Brit- ^ o . The British immediately followed in 
 
 ish pursue ? J 
 
 pursuit, so the Americans had to retreat 
 speak of the through New Jersey. They were razored 
 
 sufferings of the J J J O& 
 
 patriots. and barefooted, and many a soldier, as he 
 
 trudged along, left the bloody prints of his 
 feet on the frozen ground. 
 
 repeat ab ut the 3 1 Washington conducted the retreat 
 with wonderful skill. The enemy were not 
 
 Beh j. n j d ] what able to catch up with him. In this way he 
 
 river did he re- L > 
 
 tire? got down to the Delaware River, which he 
 
 crossed into Pennsylvania. As he took care 
 to secure all the boats, the British could not 
 
 no^he British CI " OSS whei1 the y Ot there * S L rd Cori1 " 
 
 cross? wallis, the English general, resolved to wait 
 
 till the Delaware should be frozen over. 
 
 THE VICTORY AT TRENTON. 
 
 32. Very soon after this, Washington 
 gave the British a blow that made them 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 9! 
 
 think of something else besides crossing the what effect 
 
 had the blow 
 
 Delaware. Washington 
 
 ^ , i . T , r ^i , X- now g av e the 
 
 33. On the night of Christmas, 1776, British? 
 Washington with a picked force crossed that Washington 
 river and suddenly fell upon a large body of cross the river ? 
 Hessians at Trenton. They had been carous- w wl }y were the 
 
 * Hessians sur- 
 
 ing during Christinas night, and were com- prised ? 
 pletely surprised when they found they were 
 prisoners. This was what Washington called Washington 
 11 clipping the wings " of the British. say about this? 
 
 34. A few days after this, Washington b 
 
 defeated another body of the British at have an ther 
 
 J victory ? 
 
 Princeton. Now the tables were completely 
 
 turned. The enemy had to fall back and what were 
 
 J the British 
 
 give up nearly the whole of New Jersey, forced to do? 
 
 THE PENNSYLVANIA CAMPAIGN. 
 
 35. The object of the campaign of 1777 o ^^J 116 
 was the capture of Philadelphia by the British. 1777- 
 
 36. The British general put his troops on TO what place 
 
 , . . . .? , -, ~ * if, did the British 
 
 board ships, and sailed to Chesapeake nay. move ? 
 vi. Washington marched his army down where did 
 
 . 0/ r Washington go? 
 
 into Pennsylvania, and the two forces met The two forces 
 on the river Brandywine. Here the Ameri- m stTte*thc re- 
 cans were defeated (September n), and the S1 
 British took Philadelphia. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 
 Valley Forge. 
 
 38. In fact, all the operations in 
 Pennsylvania turned out badly for 
 the Americans. At the end of that 
 year, 1777, they took up their win 
 ter, quarters at Valley Forge. 
 
 39. Those were dark days for the 
 patriots at Valley Forge, the darkest of the war. The 
 soldiers were miserably fed, and not half clothed. Many 
 
 QUESTIONS. Did any of the operations in Pennsylvania turn out well ? 
 Where did they go into winter quarters ? What is said of times at Valley Forge ? 
 Tell of the sufferings of the soldiers. 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 93 
 
 of them had no blankets or shoes, and the 
 men left their bloody footprints in the snow. 
 They had to keep themselves as warm as 
 they could in their little huts or around 
 the scanty camp-fires ; but if the fire of pa- what was it 
 
 1 that helped 
 
 triotism had not burned warm within them, them to keep up 
 
 . 111 i ii-> under suffering? 
 
 do you think they could have stood it at allr 
 
 40. The picture on the opposite page will 
 give you an idea of the kind of scenes amid 
 which the patriot soldiers passed the dreary 
 winter at Valley Forge. 
 
 BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN. 
 
 41. While Washington was engaged with where were 
 the British in Pennsylvania, events of great happening S 
 importance were happening in the northern n 
 
 part of New York. 
 
 42. In the spring of 1777, General Bur- B ^ he 
 goyne, a famous English officer, set out from from Canada? 
 Canada with" a splendid army. He was to go he ^ h |oV vas 
 to Albany by way of Lake Champlaih. At 
 
 Albany he was to be joined by another British he ^ b e h e v d as > 
 
 force, which was to march up from New York 
 
 City. This was a grand plan of the British what was the 
 
 British plan ? 
 
 to cut the rebellion in two, separating New 
 England from the rest of the country. 
 
94 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 43. The British army, after much trouble, 
 what fort in pr Ot to p ort Edward, which was high up 
 
 New York did & or 
 
 the British the Hudson River. The advance of the 
 
 enemy had been skilfully resisted by the 
 
 who resisted brave American general Schuyler. Soon 
 
 the advance ? . J 
 
 who was afterwards the American army was put un- 
 " der General Gates. 
 
 Ten about the 44. While Burgoyne was at Fort Edward, 
 
 expedition of . i i A 111 
 
 the British to he heard the Americans had a large amount 
 of stores at Bennington. He sent a force 
 to seize them. While on the way this 
 force was met by Major Stark, with a small 
 body of militia. 
 
 re w^at was the ^ Th e British got a terrible drubbing, 
 
 and several hundred of them were taken. 
 
 Ten the story It is told that in the fight Major Stark 
 
 of Stark. . . . 
 
 animated his soldiers by exclaiming, " See 
 there, men ! there are the red-coats ! before 
 night they are ours, or Molly Stark s a 
 widow ! " 
 
 the\ h me e ri V can 4 6< The mam body of the Americans was 
 
 arm > ? at this time near the town of Stillwater, 
 
 on the Hudson. Burgoyne advanced and 
 
 Where and showed fight. Two severe battles took 
 
 when were two _~ . . 
 
 hard battles place at Bemis Heights, the first on the 
 i gth of September, the second on the 7th 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 95 
 
 of October, 1777. The British lost very 
 heavily. 
 
 47. After these battles Burgoyne retreated 
 
 to Saratoga. He would have been very glad treat ? 
 
 to escape to Canada. But the American 
 
 army hemmed the British in. The result render - 
 
 was that Burgoyne, with his army of six 
 
 thousand men, surrendered to General Gates, 
 
 October 17, 1777. This was the greatest why was this 
 
 i A 1111 a S reat victory ? 
 
 victory the Americans had yet had. 
 
 48. The news of the victory in the North What effect 
 
 / did it have on 
 
 cheered the hearts of Washington and nis Washington s 
 suffering men at Valley Forge. When the de 
 spatch came with the tidings, he fell upon his 
 knees, clasped his hands, and poured out his 
 
 thanksgiving to the Almighty. This touch- di d when he 
 
 r . , heard the good 
 
 ing incident shows that not a shadow of jeal- news. 
 ousy of the victorious General Gates crossed 
 the mind of our country s leader. He thought 
 not of himself, but only of the cause. 
 
 THE FRENCH AID AMERICA. 
 
 49. The next spring ( 1 778) a very cheering . what cheer- 
 thing happened for America. The King of penedin 1778? 
 France agreed to help the Americans with 
 ships and soldiers and money. This was ar- 
 
96 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who ar- ranged by Benjamin Franklin, who had been 
 
 ranged this ? , . .. . ,_, 
 
 sent over to ask the aid of the r rench. 
 
 ENGLAND ASKS FOR PEACE. 
 
 what did the 50. When the British rulers heard of the 
 
 British now do ? 
 
 surrender of Burgoyne and what the French 
 
 were going to do, they grew very anxious 
 
 for peace. They sent over persons called 
 
 Teii what the commissioners, to say to the Americans that 
 
 commissioners . J 
 
 said. they would give up all claim to tax them, 
 
 and allow them to send representatives to 
 Parliament, 
 why did not CL Congress refused to listen to the pro- 
 
 Congress heed , T & . 
 
 the offer? posal. It was too late; nothing but inde 
 pendence would now suit the people. 
 
 THE SCENE SHIFTS. 
 
 Didthe 52. The French were as good as their 
 
 French keep & 
 
 their promise ? word. They immediately fitted out a large 
 
 fleet with several thousand troops, and sent 
 
 them out to help the Americans in the sum- 
 
 whatdidthe mer of 1778. The English were now afraid 
 
 English fear ? 
 
 that the French ships would come up the 
 
 Delaware River, and shut them up in Phila- 
 
 what did the delphia. Hence the British commander be- 
 
 Bntish com 
 mander do ? gan to march his army to New York. 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 97 
 
 53. Washington, with his troops, forsook who pursued 
 
 them ? 
 
 his log-huts at Valley Forge, and pursued. 
 
 There was a fight at Monmouth, in which where did a 
 
 fight take place, 
 
 the British got the worst of it. But they and the result ? 
 succeeded in reaching New York. The 
 American army now encamped at White where did the 
 
 * armies now set- 
 
 Plains, near New York City. tle down ? 
 
 54. Soon afterwards the French fleet ar- T , wh , at ftl l e 
 
 J ^ t t French fleet ? 
 
 rived ; but it did nothing that season, and at the 
 end of the year it sailed for the West Indies. 
 
 MASSACRE OF WYOMING. 
 
 SS- Nothing else that you need to remem- What massa- 
 
 ^ ^ J ere is now spo- 
 
 ber happened during the year 1778, except ken of? 
 what is called the Massacre of Wyoming 
 \wi-dming}. This was a beautiful valley in what of the 
 
 r J , valley of Wyo- 
 
 Pennsylvama. It was a scene of peace and ming? 
 plenty, of bright meadows and green hills 
 and sparkling streams. 
 
 S6. A large partv of Tories were angry Teii about 
 
 _ ___ , & \ the massacre. 
 
 because many of the men of Wyoming had 
 gone to help Washington. They joined with 
 them a number of Indians, and attacked the 
 peaceful inhabitants. All but sixty out of 
 four hundred men were massacred. The 
 women and children were scalped, and the 
 
 7 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 houses and barns and crops were burned, 
 leaving the beautiful vale a scene of utter 
 desolation. 
 HOW did 57. Washington punished the Indians se- 
 
 Washington re- *" . r 
 
 venge this deed? verely. A short time afterwards he sent a 
 force that attacked and defeated the savages 
 in Pennsylvania and Western New York, 
 and burned forty of their villages. 
 
 THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 
 
 where was eg. From the year 1779 the war was car- 
 
 the war carried . . 
 
 on after 1779? ried on almost entirely in the South. 
 
 Ten two sue- 59 . At first the British were the most suc 
 cesses of the J 
 British. cessful. They took the city of Savannah, 
 
 and overran the whole of Georgia. Charles- 
 whatwere ton surrendered next, May, 1 780. Then they 
 
 the British able J 
 
 to do now? overran the whole of South Carolina, which 
 
 had very few troops to defend it. 
 ./eii about 60. Yet the British did not have every- 
 
 Manon and t m * 
 
 Sumpter. thing their own way. There arose a number 
 of dashing leaders, like Marion and Sumpter 
 and Lee, who, by their rapid and brilliant 
 movements, annoyed the British terribly. 
 With small bands of daring spirits, they would 
 dash suddenly on detachments of the enemy, 
 and cut them off. . There are many stories 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 99 
 
 told of the adventures and exploits of these 
 brave and self-denying men. 
 
 61. During the summer of 1 780, Congress when was an 
 
 army sent 
 
 sent an army to South Carolina, under Gen- South ? 
 eral Gates. A great battle took place at where was 
 
 . the first great 
 
 Camden, August 16. Here the Americans battle? 
 
 were very badly defeated, losing about two suit. 
 
 thousand men. Gates retreated rapidly into 
 
 North Carolina. Soon afterwards, General 
 
 Greene was given the command of the South- G ^ i n f0 com- ed 
 
 ern army. mand ? 
 
 62. In 1781 the Americans began to have . when didthe 
 
 & Americans be- 
 
 some success at the South. s in to have 
 
 some success ? 
 
 63. The first success was at Cowpens, where was 
 
 . ... , . i T\ /r the first success? 
 
 where an American detachment under Mor 
 gan defeated a British force led by the ter 
 rible Tarleton. The next action was at 
 Guilford Court House, North Carolina. The 
 losses in this fight were about equal. what of it? 
 
 64. The greatest battle in the South was 
 at Eutaw Springs. The British lost eleven 
 hundred men. In the mean time the enter 
 prising troopers, Marion, Sumpter, and Lee, 
 captured various posts held by the enemy. 
 
 65. The British now began to see that they 
 could not conquer the South. They there- 
 
IOO 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Where did 
 they go ? 
 
 fore retired to their stronghold at Charleston, 
 and there they remained till the close of the 
 war. 
 
 What are we 
 now to read of? 
 
 Give an ac 
 count of Ar 
 nold. 
 
 What plan 
 did he form ? 
 
 What did he 
 say to the Brit 
 ish ? 
 
 Who was sent 
 to arrange mat 
 ters ? 
 
 What was 
 agreed ? 
 
 TREASON OF ARNOLD. 
 
 66. We are now to read a dark page in 
 the history of our country, the treason of 
 Benedict Arnold. 
 
 67. Arnold was an American general, and 
 had distinguished himself for his bravery in 
 many of the early battles of the Revolution. 
 But afterwards he fell into bad ways, and 
 finally he resolved to betray his country. 
 
 68. Arnold knew that West Point, a strong 
 fortress on the Hudson, was so important a 
 point that the British would give almost any 
 thing for it. He therefore asked Washing 
 ton for the command of that post, and 
 Washington, not suspecting his treasonable 
 design, gave it to him. 
 
 69. He now signified to the British his 
 willingness to give up the fort, and Major 
 Andre, a young British officer, was sent up 
 from New York by General Clinton to make 
 a bargain with him. It was agreed that Ar 
 nold should put the British in possession of 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 101 
 
 the fort, and that they should give him fifty 
 thousand dollars and a general s command. 
 
 70. Now we must learn how this danger 
 ous plot was spoiled. Andre set out to re- pl ^ s . the 
 turn to New York City. On the way he covered, 
 was stopped by three militia soldiers. Think 
 ing that they sided with the English, he told 
 
 them he was a British officer. They then 
 seized him and carried him off a prisoner. 
 
 71. Andre was soon after hung as a spy. of Ynd r V? came 
 But the great traitor, Arnold, escaped to the what of Ar- 
 
 f nold ? 
 
 English at New York City, and was soon 
 afterwards fighting against his countrymen. 
 
 SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 
 
 72. We now come to the last battle of the J^ a of 
 war. It was fought at Yorktown, in Virginia, the war fought ? 
 
 73. In the summer of 1781, Lord Corn- 
 
 wallis was stationed at Yorktown with eight the ^ e r ^ e n re 
 thousand troops. Washington was near New armies in the 
 
 summer of 1781? 
 
 York City, preparing to attack that place, 
 still held by General Clinton. But he sud 
 denly changed his plan and marched quickly of ^ n at di C d ange 
 against Cornwallis at Yorktown, reaching Washington 
 
 3 make? 
 
 there at the end of September. He was 
 
 .... - _ , By whom was 
 
 joined by a large number of rrench troops, he joined? 
 
IO2 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 which had just arrived in the Chesapeake, in a fleet 
 commanded by Count De Grasse. . 
 
 74. The allied French 
 and American armies 
 now laid siege to York- 
 town. You will see on 
 the map the British 
 works, and the parallels 
 of the Americans ; you 
 will see where the head 
 quarters of Washington 
 were and the head-quar 
 ters of Rochambeau, the 
 chief commander of the 
 French troops ; you will 
 observe, also, the French 
 men-of-war in the York River, preventing the British 
 from getting away by water. Cornwallis saw finally that 
 his situation was hopeless, so he surrendered on the igth 
 of October, 1781. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 75. This splendid victory really closed the war. The 
 British government saw that the Americans could not 
 
 QUESTIONS. Tell about the siege. Date of Cornwallis s surrender. What 
 was the effect of this victory ? 
 
CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 1 03 
 
 be conquered. Then they began to speak 
 about stopping the fighting. 
 
 76. More than a year was spent in arrang- do ^ h t het 
 ing a treaty of peace, between commissioners y ear ? 
 
 of the two countries. Finally, the treaty was 
 
 signed at Paris, September 3, 1783, and when was the 
 
 & m J treaty signed ? 
 
 Great Britain acknowledged the United 
 States as an independent nation. 
 
 77. Before the end of the year the last ha p[* e \^ h b a e ^ 
 red-coat had left our shores ; the patriot sol- f e the end of 
 diers of the Revolution returned to their 
 
 homes, and Washington retired to his farm 
 at Mount Vernon, Virginia. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 78. The war of the Revolution left our what was the 
 
 - state of the 
 
 country terribly exhausted. The people had country at the 
 
 C j r r 11 T-i J i J 1 close of the war? 
 
 suffered fearfully. Ihousands had been Teiiofthe 
 killed, and the land was filled with widows lossoflife - 
 and orphans. Towns had been burned and ofthede- 
 
 * . struction of 
 
 fields lay uncultivated. All the arts of peace property. 
 had had to stop during the war. Our coun 
 try was deeply in debt, and there seemed to The debt - 
 be no way of paying it. 
 
 79. But the worst tiling of all was that our what was the 
 
 & worst evil of all? 
 
 country had no regular government. Con- * 
 
104 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what body 
 
 had managed 
 
 during the war ? 
 
 federadonVm// 
 
 union? 
 
 What did 
 
 Washington 
 
 Say about it ? 
 
 ,. s . te P 
 
 did the wise 
 
 men take ? 
 
 meet? 
 
 What was 
 
 their plan of 
 
 Ten about its 
 
 adoption. 
 
 effjct ? 
 
 what of the 
 
 President ? 
 
 gress had managed matters during the war, 
 and the States had bound themselves by an 
 agreement called " Articles of Confederation." 
 it was not a real union of the States, 
 are," said Washington, " one nation to 
 day, and thirteen to-morrow, who will treat 
 with us on these terms ? " 
 
 80. The wise and good men of the coun 
 try, seeing these evils, called a convention of 
 delegates from each of the States to make 
 " a more perfect union." The delegates as 
 sembled at Philadelphia in 1787. They 
 debated long over the matter, and finally 
 agreed upon a plan of government. This 
 plan was named " THE CONSTITUTION." 
 
 8 1. The Constitution had to be adopted 
 by two thirds of the States before it could be 
 come the law of the land. During the next 
 year eleven out of the thirteen States ratified 
 it. The 4th of March, 1 789, was appointed 
 as the day when it was to go into effect. 
 
 82. The Constitution provided that a chief 
 magistrate called president should be elected 
 by the people. All hearts turned towards 
 Washington, who was accordingly chosen 
 first President of the United States. 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 IDS 
 
 III. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 // 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 i. THE greatest char- 
 
 what does 
 
 this mean ? 
 
 George Washington. 
 
 Who was the 
 greatest charac- 
 
 acter of the war of Inde- ter f the war ? 
 pendence was Washing- ^ 
 ton. This means that 
 he was great in every 
 way, not only as a sol 
 dier, but as a statesman 
 and a man. 
 
 2. Washington was 
 not 
 
 His birth- 
 pjace. 
 
 born in Virginia, 
 
 far from the city now bearing his 
 You have already learned something of his 
 early history, and how he took part in the ence ? 
 disastrous campaign of Braddock. Even 
 then, as a young man, he was marked for his 
 self-reliance, courage, and love of the right. 
 AVhen the Revolution broke out, and Con- 
 
 \^LJligl tOO 
 
 gress was looking for a man to lead its ar- choose him as 
 
 . *f . ill* commander ? 
 
 mies, it was upon W ashington that the choice 
 fell. He was then forty-two years old. he? v 
 
io6 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What is said 
 of Washington 
 compared with 
 other officers ? 
 
 Examples of 
 defeats. 
 
 Of retreats. 
 
 Had the ene 
 my to pay dear 
 ly? 
 
 Example of 
 his turning on 
 them. 
 
 What is said 
 of his march on 
 Yorktown ? 
 
 Give some ex 
 amples of trying 
 scenes where 
 Washington 
 kept his firm 
 ness and faith. 
 
 Why was he 
 perfectly un 
 selfish ? 
 
 Give exam 
 ples of this. 
 
 3. There were, perhaps, in the American 
 army, officers who were more dashing than 
 Washington ; but there was none that so 
 united all the qualities which make a great 
 captain. He was sometimes defeated, as at 
 Long Island and on the Brandywine. He 
 had often to retreat before the enemy, as in 
 New Jersey and in Pennsylvania. But he 
 made the enemy pay dearly for any success. 
 
 4. Sometimes he would turn upon them 
 (as at Trenton, after his retreat behind the 
 Delaware), and deliver a stunning blow when 
 the enemy least expected it. His march on 
 Yorktown, after outwitting Clinton at New 
 York, was a great stroke of generalship. 
 
 5. That which more than any one thing 
 in the character of Washington made the 
 success of the Revolution was his firmness 
 in the worst times and places. Amid the 
 ice of the Delaware and in the terrible, try 
 ing scenes of Valley Forge, he never for a 
 moment lost faith in the cause. 
 
 6. Washington was perfectly unselfish be 
 cause he was perfectly patriotic. He refused 
 to take anypay. He refused to listen when 
 his troops proposed to make him king. 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 107 
 
 7. .The person at whose house he was . ll Tellt . hestor y 
 
 1 illustrating 
 
 quartered at Valley Forge said that one day, Washington s 
 
 - 111 i religious char- 
 
 while walking in the woods, he heard a voice acter. 
 
 as in supplication. He drew near, and found 
 Washington in prayer ! Such was the char 
 acter of the man who was called " First in 
 war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
 his countrymen." 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 8. Seventy years be 
 fore the Declaration of 
 Independence, Ben 
 jamin Franklin, the 
 greatest statesman of who was the 
 
 greatest states- 
 
 the Revolution, was { of the Rev- 
 born. His father was 
 a soap and candle 
 maker in Boston. Af 
 ter going to school 
 
 for a little while, Benjamin was made to help 
 his father ; but he did not like the business, 
 and chose to learn printing with an elder 
 brother. 
 
 9. When about nineteen years old, he His arrival in 
 
 J Philadelphia. 
 
 olution? 
 
 Benjamin Franklin. 
 
 went to Philadelphia, reaching it on foot, 
 
io8 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 How did be 
 get to be a 
 leading man ? 
 
 with his pockets stuffed with shirts and stock 
 ings, and a loaf of bread under his arm. A 
 young lady who saw him in this plight walk 
 ing along the street laughed at him. The 
 same young lady was afterward his wife. 
 
 10. By hard work as a printer, and by 
 studying late and early, Franklin soon got to 
 be one of the leading men, not only of Penn 
 sylvania, but of America. He was learned 
 in science. By flying a kite during a thun 
 der-storm he brought the lightning down 
 from the clouds. A key was fastened to the 
 string of the kite, and when he saw the spark 
 come from the key, he made the discovery 
 that lightning and electricity are the same 
 thing. 
 
 11. Franklin was one of the greatest pa 
 triots of the Revolution. His most valuable 
 service to his country was getting the French 
 to aid the colonists. The plain Pennsylva- 
 nian was a wonderful favorite at the brilliant 
 capital of France. Court and people were 
 alike charmed with his simple manners. The 
 French King finally agreed to send out ships 
 and troops to America, and these helped 
 in the struggle very much indeed. 
 
 What did he 
 find out about 
 lightning ? 
 
 What was 
 Franklin s 
 greatest service? 
 
 Tell about 
 him in Paris. 
 
 Was he suc 
 cessful ? 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 12. Franklin was a leader in making the Did he help 
 Constitution. Though then eighty years old, stitution ? 
 his wisdom did much in laying deep the foun 
 dations of our government. Franklin wrote 
 his life in a book called his " Autobiography," ra s y . Autobiog - 
 and every boy would do well to read it. 
 
 PATRICK HENRY. 
 
 13. The leading ora 
 tor, who excited the 
 people to rise against 
 the tyranny of Great 
 Britain, was Patrick 
 Henry. Henry was 
 a Virginian. In his 
 youth he led a rath 
 er wayward life, and 
 it was thought that he 
 would not amount to much. After a while, 
 however, it was found that God had gifted 
 him with wonderful eloquence. 
 
 14. This was fully discovered in 1765, 
 when he became a member of the Virginia 
 Legislature. He was the first to offer a reso 
 lution against the Stamp Act, and he made 
 a splendid speech on the subject. 
 
 Name the 
 
 ading<?; (7/^ 
 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 What of his 
 youth ? 
 
 What was 
 afterwards 
 found ? 
 
 When was 
 this clearly 
 shown ? 
 
 He was the 
 first to offer a 
 resolution 
 against what ? 
 
I I O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 15. In the midst of the debate he ex- 
 df claime d> " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the 
 bate. First his Cromwell, and George the Third " 
 
 " Treason ! " cried the Speaker, " Trea 
 son, treason ! " echoed from every part of the 
 house. Henry faltered not a moment, but, 
 fixing on the Speaker an eye of fire, he 
 finished his sentence, " may profit by their 
 example. If this be treason, make the most 
 of it" 
 HOW did the ^ From this time, Patrick Henry be- 
 
 people now look -...-.. 
 
 on him? came the idol of the people of Virginia. 
 
 His influence was felt, also, throughout the 
 what did he whole country. He headed the first military 
 movement in Virginia (which was imme 
 diately after the battle of Lexington), and 
 drove out the royal governor, Dunmore. 
 wS he h e!ectfd C ? Shortly afterwards, Henry was elected the 
 first governor of the Commonwealth of Vir 
 ginia. In this position he did a great deal 
 to help on the war. 
 Describe his j ^ Patrick Henry was nearly six feet 
 
 appearance. * J < J 
 
 high, spare and raw-boned, with a sunburnt 
 sallow complexion, and a face deeply fur- 
 as an orator? rowed. He was a natural orator of the high 
 est order. As a statesman he was distin- 
 
 man t 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 I I I 
 
 squished for his boldness. With these quali- Were not 
 
 . . i t i r these qualities 
 
 ties he did a great work, at the early stage of of great use to 
 the Revolution, in rousing the people to the 
 defence of their liberties. 
 
 Marquis de Lafayette. 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
 1 8. The Marquis 
 de Lafayette was the 
 brightest example of 
 those noble volun 
 teers who came from 
 Europe to fight in the 
 cause of liberty. 
 
 19. Born to high 
 rank and a vast for 
 tune in France, La 
 fayette crossed the ocean to give his sword 
 to America when he was but nineteen years 
 old. He had applied to the American agents 
 in Paris for passage; but they were unable to 
 furnish him with a vessel. " Then," said he, 
 " I will fit out a vessel myself" ; and he did so. 
 20. Lafayette arrived in America in 1777, 
 and was immediately made a major-general. 
 He lived in the military family of Washing 
 ton, who loved him as a son. His generosity 
 
 What is said 
 of Lafayette ? 
 
 What is said 
 of him when he 
 came over ? 
 
 Relate the 
 anecdote about 
 the vessel. 
 
 When did he 
 reach America ? 
 
 Washington s 
 opinion of him. 
 
I I 2 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Hisgeneros- wa s boundless, and when his troops lacked 
 
 ity. . 
 
 clothing or equipment he furnished them at 
 his own expense, 
 what was his 2 1 . Lafayette s most brilliant military oper- 
 
 most brilliant . J n- 
 
 performance in ation was when he opposed Lord Lornwallis 
 in Virginia. Afterwards he was present at 
 the siege of that place, and led the storming 
 of the redoubt in the most gallant manner. 
 
 22. After the fall of Yorktown, Lafayette 
 
 returned to his native land. The last time 
 
 Ten about his j ie v i s it e d America was in 1824, when he was 
 
 last visit. ^ 
 
 sixty-seven years old. He was called the guest 
 of the nation, and passed through twenty-four 
 States in a triumphal procession. 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 what is 23. Jefferson was 
 
 meant by saying u J 
 
 that Jefferson the great fioliticalphi- 
 
 was the greatest f * 
 
 political phiios- losopker of the Rev- 
 
 opher ? . . ~. . 
 
 olution. This means 
 that he was the ablest 
 writer about the prin 
 ciples of our govern 
 ment. 
 
 Give,.anac- 2 , J^ e wag a yj r . Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 count of him. 
 
 ginian, and studied to be a lawyer. He was 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 the best scholar of all the great men of the , T eii a , b ? ut hi ? 
 
 1 . scholarship and 
 
 Revolution. He was a very accomplished accomplish- 
 in an, being a bold horseman, a skilful hunt 
 er, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, and 
 well versed in many languages. 
 
 25. The greatest service which Jefferson State thc 
 
 .. , , . . . greatest thing 
 
 did his country was writing the Declaration he did for the 
 of Independence. He was a member of the 
 famous Continental Congress, and that body 
 appointed him to compose it. It was signed 
 by all the members of the Congress, and 
 adopted July 4, 1776. 
 
 26. The Declaration says that "all men Giveapas- 
 
 1 1 -T-1 ^ r T S3 S e fr m the 
 
 are created equal. I his is the foundation Declaration. 
 
 of democracy, which means government by 
 
 the people. % All through the Revolution Jef- T J vhat w f 
 
 f Jr & J Jefferson after- 
 
 ferson was one of the leading patriots, and wards? 
 he became president of the United States. 
 
 27. It will interest the scholar to know 
 that Jefferson was the author of our conven 
 ient denominations of United States money, 
 the mill, cent, dime, dollar, etc. 
 
 GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. 
 
 Who was the 
 
 28. After Washington, the greatest soldier greatest soldier 
 
 *? after Washing- 
 
 oi the Revolution was General Greene. ton? 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who was he? 29. Nathaniel Greene was the son of a 
 
 Quaker preacher in Rhode Island. He first 
 
 When did he distinguished himself 
 
 first distinguish 
 
 himself? i n the battle of Lex 
 
 ington. Washington 
 soon saw that he was 
 Did washing- a very ne officer, and 
 
 ton think well J 
 
 of him? promoted him to a 
 
 high command. He 
 fought under Wash 
 ington in most of the 
 battles in the North. 
 Ten the inci- . Q> j n t } ie battle of Germantown an amus- 
 
 dent at German- J 
 
 ing thing happened. Greene s aide-de-camp, 
 Major Burner, wore his hair in a cue. In 
 the heat of the battle this cue was cut off 
 by a musket-ball. Greene, seeing this, said, 
 " Don t be in haste, Major; just dismount 
 and get that long cue." The Major did so. 
 A few minutes afterward another shot came 
 whizzing so close to General Greene as to 
 take from his head a large powdered curl. 
 The British were hotly pursuing. " Don t 
 be in haste, General," said Major Burnet; 
 " dismount and get your curl." The General, 
 however, did not follow the advice. 
 
 town. 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 , General Greene what was 
 
 c . Greene s great- 
 
 hlS Campaign in the est campaign ? 
 
 Tell about his 
 generalship. 
 
 31.. The greatest 
 
 did in the war was his campaign in 
 Carolinas. He was several times forced to 
 retreat, but did so with wonderful skill. 
 Then he would swoop back on the British 
 and punish them severely. Thus by his fine 
 generalship the enemy were at last forced to 
 give up the whole South. 
 
 JOHN PAUL JONES. 
 
 32. The greatest na 
 val warrior >i\\\e Rev 
 olution was John Paul 
 Jones, the most dar 
 ing captain that ever 
 trod a deck. 
 
 33. Jones was a 
 Scotchman, and went 
 to sea when a mere lad. 
 
 John Paul Jones. ]-[ e Came tO thlS COUn- 
 
 try about the time of the breaking out of the 
 war. Congress gave him a commission in 
 1775, and the mast of the ship he was on, 
 the Alfred, floated the first stars and stripes 
 ever hoisted on any war vessel. 
 
 34. During the next three or four years, 
 
 Who was the 
 greatest naval 
 warrior ? 
 
 Tell some of 
 Jones s history. 
 
 He comes to 
 this country. 
 
 Tell an inter 
 esting fact about 
 the stars and 
 stripes. 
 
Il6 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what of him i n various vessels, he scoured the hi^h seas, 
 
 during the next . . 
 
 few years? capturing or destroying scores of British 
 ships, and making descents upon the British 
 coasts, where his name became a terror. 
 Mention his -jc The most wonderful exploit of John 
 
 most wonderful OJ i r i i i r 
 
 exploit. Paul Jones was his fight with the British 
 
 ship Serapis. The battle took place near 
 
 where did the the coast of Scotland. Jones s ship was 
 
 fight take place? J m . L 
 
 called the Bon Homme Richard. The Se 
 
 rapis carried heavier metal than Jones s ship. 
 
 Jones, however, boldly lashed his vessel to 
 
 Ten about the the enemy s side. Then, beneath the pale 
 
 beginning of the ^ 
 
 battle. light of the moon, began a fearful struggle. 
 
 36. The muzzles of the guns touched, and 
 the crews fought hand to hand, with musket 
 and cutlass. Thrice both vessels were in 
 flames. After two hours of carnage the Brit 
 ish captain asked Jones if he had surrendered. 
 The little commander replied, " I have only 
 begun my part of the fighting." 
 Ten about the >,- At length, after the Serapis had lost 
 
 surrender of the r 
 
 British captain, over two hundred men (Jones s loss being 
 even greater), her captain struck his col 
 ors. As the American ship was leaking 
 badly, Jones got his crew on board the cap 
 tured vessel, and the next morning the Bon 
 
GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. I I 7 
 
 Homme Richard went down. And thus what became 
 
 of the Bon 
 
 ended the most daring and desperate com- Homme Rich- 
 bat in naval annals. 
 
 OTHER DISTINGUISHED SOLDIERS. 
 
 38. General Gates is famous for his cam- For what is 
 
 . . . Gates famous? 
 
 paign against Burgoyne in New York, in 
 1777. He forced Burgoyne to surrender 
 with his whole army. 
 
 30. General Israel Putnam was one of the whatofPut- 
 
 ^ 9 nam ? 
 
 dashing officers of the Revolution. He was what of him 
 
 it- at the beginning 
 
 a farmer in Connecticut, and was ploughing of the war? 
 
 the field when the news of Lexington came 
 
 to him. He did not stay even to unyoke his 
 
 oxen, but, mounting his horse, rode rapidly 
 
 to Boston. Putnam was one of the leading 
 
 officers at Bunker Hill. As the British ad- H t ? Bunker 
 
 vanced, he told his men not to fire until they 
 
 could see the w r hites of the enemies eyes. 
 
 He was not a great general, but he was very Was he a 
 
 brave, and his soldiers called him " Old Put." 
 
 40. Another officer of great valor was Name another 
 
 valorous officer 
 
 General Anthony Wayne. The most nota- Relate the 
 
 .... i-i i i i i r most notable 
 
 ble thing which he did was the capture of thing he did. 
 Stony Point, an important British stronghold 
 on the Hudson. It was taken by a, night 
 
i8 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Relate the 
 bold feat per 
 formed by 
 Ethan Allen. 
 
 attack at the point of the bayonet. Con 
 gress awarded Wayne a medal. 
 
 41. One of the boldest feats of the early 
 part of the war was accomplished by Ethan 
 Allen. With a small party he took by strata 
 gem the British fort of Ticonderoga. When 
 he ordered the commander to surrender, that 
 officer asked by whose authority. " In the 
 name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti 
 nental Congress ! " shouted Allen. The fort, 
 with all its cannon, was given up. 
 
 42. Of the gallant officers who were killed 
 during the war, remember two names in par 
 ticular, Joseph Warren, the noble patriot, 
 killed at Bunker Hill; and General Mont 
 gomery, who fell in an assault on Quebec. 
 
 43. There is one other name which should 
 be cherished by every American. It is that 
 of Robert Morris. He was not a soldier, 
 but he did a great deal to supply what is 
 called the " sinew r s of war," that is, money. 
 Morris managed the finances of the country. 
 It was he that enabled Washington to march 
 and fight by furnishing him with funds and 
 supplies. Do you not say, therefore, that he, 
 too, was a noble patriot ? 
 
 What two gal 
 lant officers 
 killed during 
 the war are 
 named ? 
 
 What other 
 name is men 
 tioned ? 
 
 What was he ? 
 
 Tell about 
 Morris. 
 
A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 IV. A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 1. We have now gone over what period ? 
 The period of the American Rev 
 olution. 
 
 2. What was the catise of the Revolu 
 tion ? 
 
 The injustice of Great Britain in 
 taxing the American colonies. 
 
 3. Where did the war break out ? 
 In Massachusetts. 
 
 4. Name the early battles and tell the 
 result. 
 
 Battle of Lexington, April 19, 
 1775, American success ; Bunker 
 Hill, June 17, 1775, the British held 
 the field, but the battle was as good 
 as a victory to the Americans. 
 Washington took command in July, 
 besieged the British, and forced them 
 to evacuate Boston in March, 1776. 
 
 5. What is the date of the Declaration 
 of Independence ? 
 
 July 4, 1776. 
 
 6. Give an account of the campaign in 
 New York. 
 
 It began in August, 1776, with" the 
 battle of Long Island. The British 
 were victorious. Washington had 
 then to give up New York City ; he 
 
 retreated up the Hudson, and the 
 British took Fort Washington. 
 The whole campaign in New York 
 was a failure for the Americans. 
 
 7. Give an account of the campaign in 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Washington retreated through 
 New Jersey, and retired behind the 
 Delaware into Pennsylvania. But 
 on Christmas night of 1776 he re- 
 crossed the Delaware, captured a 
 large body of the enemy at Trenton, 
 and forced the British to go back to 
 the northern part of the State. This 
 campaign was, on the whole, a fine 
 success. 
 
 8. Give an account of the campaign in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 In the summer of 1777 the British 
 moved from New York by water to 
 Pennsylvania. Washington s army 
 marched overland, and the two met 
 on the Brandywine. The Ameri 
 cans were defeated. This enabled 
 the British to take Philadelphia. 
 The campaign was unsuccessful for 
 the Americans. The army wintered 
 at Valley Forge. 
 
I2O 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 9. Give an account of Burgoyne s cam 
 paign. 
 
 Burgoyne invaded New York, but 
 was met by the Americans under 
 General Schuyler, and afterwards 
 under Gates. Two severe actions 
 were fought near Saratoga, and 
 Burgoyne surrendered his whole 
 army at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 
 
 10. When did the French help the 
 
 Americans ? 
 
 In 1778, by sending out war ves 
 sels and troops. 
 
 1 1 . What was the effect of this ? 
 
 The British gave up Philadelphia 
 and retreated to New York. Wash 
 ington followed them, fighting one 
 indecisive action at Monmouth, and 
 then took position at "White Plains, 
 N. Y. Nothing important took 
 place between the two armies in 
 New York after this. 
 
 12. To what place was the "war now 
 shifted? 
 
 To the South. 
 
 13. Give an account of the campaign in 
 the South ? 
 
 The British sent a large force to 
 the South at the end of 1779. They 
 captured Savannah and Charles 
 ton, and overran all Georgia and 
 South Carolina. An army was 
 sent down there under General 
 
 Gates, in 1780, but the British were 
 most successful. General Greene 
 then took command. He had often 
 to retreat, but he managed very well, 
 and finally cooped the British up in 
 Charleston, where they stayed till 
 the end of the war. 
 
 14. What was the best battle of the war ? 
 The siege of Yorktown, Virginia. 
 
 15. TeH about it. 
 
 Lord Cornwallis was with an 
 army at Yorktown. Washington 
 moved rapidly from New York to 
 that place. He was joined by a 
 French force under Rochambeau 
 and a French fleet under Count de 
 Grasse. They besieged the British, 
 and Cornwallis surrendered his 
 whole army, October 19, 1781. 
 
 1 6. What took place the next year ? 
 Negotiations for peace. 
 
 1 7. When was the treaty of peace signed ? 
 September 3, 1783. 
 
 1 8. What was our government called at 
 this time ? 
 
 The Confederation, 
 
 19. When did the United States tinder 
 the Constitution begin ? 
 
 March 4, 1789. 
 
 20. Who was the first president of the 
 United States ? 
 
 George Washington. 
 
THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 121 
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 1. WITH the founding of the government 
 
 under the Constitution begins the history our country as 
 
 r T TT o the United 
 
 of our country as the UNITED STATES. states begin? 
 
 2. You will remember that our country Mention the 
 
 J first period of 
 
 was, first of all, under the rule of England, our country s 
 and consisted of British colonies. Then, The second. 
 that the colonies rebelled (1775), and de 
 clared their independence (1776). Finally, The third. 
 that the Constitution was made, and the 
 Union under which we are now living was 
 established, 1789. 
 
 3. Washington was the first president of when and 
 
 . where was 
 
 the Union. He was inaugurated, that is, Washington 
 
 11 7 i A -1 r> inaugurated? 
 
 he began to be president, April 30, 1789. 
 The capital of the Union was at this time 
 New York, and it was on the balcony of 
 the old Federal Hall that Washington swore 
 to support the Constitution. 
 
 4. As you advance in your studies, you 
 
122 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 will be able to understand better about the 
 
 government of our country. For the present, 
 
 HOW many try to remember that the Constitution has 
 
 branches of the J 
 
 government are arranged that the United States government 
 
 there? in- 
 
 shall consist of three branches : 
 what is the Jhe executive branch, that is, the Presi- 
 
 executive 
 
 branch? dent, who executes the laws. 
 
 Theiegisia- The legislative branch, which is Con- 
 
 tive ? 
 
 gress, consisting of the Senate and House of 
 Representatives: this is the \xw-making power. 
 
 The judicial ? The judicial branch, which consists of 
 the Supreme Court, whose duty it is to inter 
 pret the law. 
 
 Ten how the 5. Now, under President Washington, our 
 
 government was . . 
 
 put in motion government was put into operation very 
 
 under Wash- , . . , ^ . ^ 
 
 ington. much as it is now, that is, Congress, com 
 
 posed of representatives, elected by the peo 
 ple, met to make laws ; and Washington, 
 with his assistants (called his Cabinet), be 
 gan to administer the government. 
 
 diiSiesT 6 6 * You would know without being told that 
 
 there must have been many difficulties in 
 
 what was the starting the government. One great trouble 
 
 great trouble ? 
 
 was that the country was very deeply in debt, 
 what is said ^ One of the great men of Washington s 
 
 of Alexander & 
 
 Hamilton? Cabinet was Alexander Hamilton. He was 
 
THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 123 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. He proposed a 
 plan which Congress adopted, and by which 
 the heavy debts of the Revolutionary war 
 were paid, and means were obtained for car 
 rying on the government. 
 
 8. There were several other difficulties 
 which had to be met, difficulties at home 
 about taxes, and on the western frontier with 
 the Indians, and disputes with England and 
 
 France. But during Washington s adminis- set ^ e e d re ? they a11 
 tration these things were all settled. 
 
 9. The time for which a president is 
 elected is four years ; but after this he may \ 
 
 be chosen for a second term. Washington was president ? 
 was re-elected ; hence he was president for 
 eight years, that is, from 1789 to 1797. 
 
 10. The people would have been very glad j 
 
 to elect Washington for a third term ; but he elected ? 
 would not consent. He retired to his home 
 at Mount Vernon, where he died December wh ^ h |[J 
 14, 1799. Remember this date by thinking die? 
 that it was in the last month of last century. 
 
 11. In reading about the United States in 
 the times of Washington, you must try and 
 picture to yourself something very different now? 
 from our country at present. 
 
I 24 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Teli about the 
 
 number of States 
 
 then. 
 
 the Th fiikd rit ry 
 
 pie then and 
 
 now. 
 
 what two 
 
 great means of 
 
 travel were 
 
 lacking then ? 
 
 what other 
 
 matters were in 
 
 their infancy ? 
 
 what of our 
 
 country as a 
 
 young nation? 
 
 z 2 . There were then but fifteen States, 
 the old Thirteen, together with Vermont, ad 
 mitted into the Union in 1789, and Ken- 
 tuck y in Z 79 2 - These filled hardly more 
 than the narrow strip along the Atlantic sea- 
 coast, east of the Alleghanies ; whereas our 
 country now stretches across the entire 
 American continent from the Atlantic to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 * 3 The PP ulation of the United States 
 i n Washington s time was only about four 
 
 .... 
 
 millions, which is not more than one tenth of 
 the people inhabiting our broad Union. 
 14. In Washington s time, there was not a 
 
 T 
 
 steamboat on any American waters. There 
 
 J . 
 
 was not a mile of railroad or telegraph on 
 any part of the American continent. The 
 commerce of the United States was very 
 
 .. ., . i i TVT 
 
 small. 1 he mines were not worked. No 
 cotton or sugar two of our country s 
 greatest products now was raised. 
 
 l r In fact, the United States was a youn^ 
 
 m 
 
 nation setting up for itself in the world, 
 not with a very large capital, but rich in 
 pluck, energy, faith, and virtue, and with a 
 broad continent on which to write its future. 
 
OUR PRESIDENTS. 125 
 
 II. OUR PRESIDENTS. 
 
 i. HERE is a list of the presidents of our what list is 
 
 nere 
 
 . -11 
 
 country. It is not to be memorized ; but 
 read it over carefully, so that you may be 
 able to turn to it again. 
 
 2. First president, George Washington, Administra- 
 
 . . ~ tionofWash- 
 
 of Virginia, iwo terms, 1789 to 1797. ington. 
 
 3. Second president, John Adams, 
 Massachusetts. One term, 1797 to 1801. 
 
 4. Third president, -- Thomas Jefferson, or Jefferson. 
 of Virginia. Two terms, 1801 to 1809. 
 
 5. Fourth president, James Madison, of or Madison. 
 Virginia. Two terms, 1809 to 1817. 
 
 6. Fifth president, James Monroe, of QfMonroe. 
 Virginia. Two terms, 1817 to 1825. 
 
 7. Sixth president, John Ouincy Adams, _ 9 f J hn 
 
 J J > Qumcy Adams. 
 
 of Massachusetts. One term, 1825 to 1829. 
 
 8. Seventh president, Andrew Jackson, of Jackson. 
 of Tennessee. Two terms, 1829 to 1837. 
 
 9. Eighth president, Martin Van Bu- OfVan 
 ren, of N. Y. One term, 1837 to 1841. 
 
 10. Ninth president, William H. Har- or Harrison. 
 
126 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Of Tvler. 
 
 Of Polk. 
 Of Taylor. 
 Of Fillmore. 
 
 Of Pierce. 
 
 Of Buchanan. 
 Of Lincoln. 
 
 Of Johnson. 
 Of Grant. 
 
 rison, of Ohio. Was inaugurated March 4, 
 1841, and died within a month. 
 
 11. Tenth president, -- John Tyler, of 
 Virginia. Had been vice-president under 
 Harrison, on whose death he became presi 
 dent ; served out the term, that is, till 1845. 
 
 12. Eleventh president, James K. Polk, 
 of Tennessee. One term, 1845 to 1849. 
 
 1 3. Twelfth president, Zachary Taylor, 
 of Louisiana. Died in office, 1850. 
 
 14. Thirteenth president, Millard Fill- 
 more, of N. Y. ; vice-president under Taylor, 
 and served till the end of the term, 1853. 
 
 15. Fourteenth president, Franklin 
 Pierce, of New Hampshire. One term, 
 1853 to 1857. 
 
 1 6. Fifteenth president, James Buchan 
 an, of Penn. One term, 1857 to 1861. 
 
 1 7. Sixteenth president, Abraham Lin 
 coln, of Illinois. Served from 1861 to 1865. 
 Re-elected, but assassinated in April, 1865. 
 
 1 8. Seventeenth president, Andrew 
 Johnson, of Tennessee; vice-president under 
 Lincoln, and served till 1869. 
 
 19. Eighteenth president, Ulysses S. 
 Grant, of Illinois. Became president, 1869. 
 
 
 y y 
 
 * 
 
Daniel Boone in Kentucky. 
 
 III. THE GREAT WEST. 
 
 BOONE AND KENTUCKY. 
 
 i . THE story of the pioneers who 
 settled the great West is one of the 
 most interesting and romantic chap 
 ters in the history of our country. 
 The first three settlements beyond 
 the Alleghany Mountains were made 
 in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. It was from these 
 places that population gradually spread, and settled the 
 whole West. 
 
128 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who was the 2 . The first pioneer who began a settle- 
 
 earhest pio 
 neer ? ment in the vast wilderness was Daniel 
 
 Boone. He was born in North Carolina. 
 
 teiubout an y U Bein g ver y f nd f a wild, free life, Boone 
 
 Boone? left his home about six years before the 
 
 American Revolution began, and with a few 
 
 companions threaded his way to the country 
 
 south of the Ohio River. 
 
 Give a de- , Standing on the banks of that stream, 
 
 scnption of the u 
 
 country he saw. he looked abroad over a limitless landscape 
 
 of stream, wood, and hill. Over its face 
 
 roamed vast herds of buffalo. It was the 
 
 home of many tribes of savage Indians ; but 
 
 why did f or these Boone was well prepared, being 
 
 Boone not fear f 
 
 the Indians ? himself a sort of Indian and a mighty hunter. 
 Describe his He wore a cap of fur and the buckskin dress 
 
 dress and arms. 
 
 of the red man, and was armed with hunt 
 ing-knife and rifle, as you see him pictured 
 on the previous page. 
 
 adventures* Ws 4* Boone na d many daring adventures 
 
 and hair-breadth escapes among the savages. 
 
 He was several times captured, but always 
 
 what of his got away. His companions were not so for- 
 
 companions ? 
 
 tunate, for three of them were killed by the 
 Indians and one was eaten by wolves ; so 
 finally Boone and his brother were left alone. 
 
THE GREAT WEST. I2Q 
 
 However, they built themselves a cabin of What did h e 
 
 and his brother 
 
 poles and bark, and stayed there hunting and now do ? 
 fishing and surveying the broad country. 
 
 5. After remaining two or three years, 
 they returned home to bring out their wives 
 and children, and were joined by several 
 
 other families. In I77S (which you will , whe " ar V? 
 
 J where did they 
 
 remember was in the same year as the battle settle down ? 
 of Lexington), they settled in Kentucky at a 
 place which they called Boonesborough. 
 
 6. Two or three years after this, Boone Re]ate , 
 
 J . Boone s adven- 
 
 was captured by the Indians. . They took a ture with the in- 
 great fancy to him and treated him kindly, 
 but he made his escape, and after traveling 
 i6o^miles in four days rejoined his family. 
 
 7. The settlements at first suffered greatly T what of the 
 
 Indians ? 
 
 from the Indians, who were very hostile. 
 Many dreadful deeds were done in early 
 times. The name Kentucky means, in In- . Mea n g of 
 
 J the word Ken- 
 
 dian, " the dark and bloody ground," and so tu cky- 
 indeed it was in the times of Boone. 
 
 8. You must not think that Kentucky was Was Ken- 
 
 J tucky a State at 
 
 a State at this time, for it was then under the this time ? 
 government of Virginia. After the war of 
 the Revolution, large numbers of people 
 from Virginia and North Carolina went to 
 
I3O 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Kentucky, and in 1792 (which was in Wash 
 ington s administration) it came into the 
 Union as a State. 
 
 what state ? 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 9 Tennessee at first belonged to North 
 Carolina. It was settled by a colony of peo- 
 who settled pi e wno fled from the ill treatment of the 
 British in the Carolinas, in the war of the Rev- 
 l ut i n - They found a home on the Cumber 
 land River, near where Nashville now is. 
 
 Ia Tennessee became a State in 1796, 
 anc j was ^ e mother of many other States in 
 
 / 
 
 tied from there ? the great valley of the Mississippi. 
 
 what other 
 
 States were set- 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio 1 ? settled 1 1 - Ohio w r as settled by a company from 
 New England. There were about fifty of 
 the band, who were led by Rufus Putnam 
 (a son of "Old Put"). In the year 1787 
 
 ^ Tell how they they reached Pittsburg, where they built a 
 
 boat which they named the " Mayflower." 
 
 Launching her on the Ohio, these new Pil 
 
 grims sailed down stream for five days, and 
 
 where did finally made a settlement at a place which 
 
 they make their * 
 
 first settlement ? they named Marietta \May-re-e? ta~\ 
 
THE GREAT WEST. 
 
 12,. Other emigrants from New England what sort of 
 
 . . r people joined 
 
 soon joined them. Ihey were intelligent, them? 
 hardy, and moral people, and Washington , 1T H ?V rdid 
 
 / . & Washington 
 
 took great interest in this first settlement of feel about it ? 
 the Northwest. 
 
 13. At this time the woods and prairies Tel] about the 
 
 , . x Indians in Ohio. 
 
 of Ohio swarmed with Indians. They were 
 very hostile to the whites, who now began 
 to overrun their hunting-grounds. War fi w^ of the 
 soon broke out. Several battles took place, 
 in which the Indians were successful. After 
 ward General Anthony Wayne (whom you . who was put 
 
 J J in command ? 
 
 remember as the bold officer that captured 
 Stony Point) was put in command. 
 
 14. Little Turtle, who was the chief of the Li J 1 e 
 Indians, said that the whites had now a lead- said - 
 er who never slept, and advised the tribes 
 
 to make peace. But they would not. In a 
 great battle the savages were defeated by , wh , en 
 
 & they defeated ? 
 
 Wayne, who, in 1795, forced them to make the treaty. 
 a treaty, giving up the whole of Ohio. In oS^alT 
 the year 1802, Ohio came into the Union. State? 
 
 15. Tens of thousands of settlers now 
 
 moved to the West, and the great States of c what other 
 
 States were 
 
 Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and Wis- founded ? 
 consin were one by one added to the Union. 
 
132 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 IV. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 HOW long i m THE United States were not twenty 
 
 was it ere our 
 
 government had years old before they had to go to war with 
 
 to go to war . . ^. . 
 
 with England ? England a second time. I his war was 
 HOW long did called the war of 1812, because it began in 
 
 it last ? - Tiii i 
 
 that year. It lasted about two years, and 
 ended early in 1815. 
 
 2. Now you must try to understand the 
 what two na- cause of this contest. For several years be- 
 
 tions of Europe . 
 
 were at war ? fore it began, France, headed by the great 
 
 Napoleon, was at war with England. The 
 
 g ovlr h nm^t ur United States said that they would not side 
 
 sa y ? with either nation, that is, that they would be 
 
 neutral. But Napoleon would not have 
 
 American ships trade with the British. 
 
 England also was not willing to have Ameri- 
 
 did W E h n a giand ers can shi P s trade with the French. Napoleon 
 and France made an order closing British ports to 
 
 make in regard > 
 
 to American American vessels, and England did the 
 
 ships? . & 
 
 same with regard to the French ports. 
 
 3. England pretended that American ves 
 sels were not obeying this order, and so Brit- 
 
THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 133 
 
 ish men-of-war began capturing them. Hun- why did the 
 
 . & . J . British begin 
 
 areas of American ships were thus taken. capturing our 
 4. Besides this, England said that she had s 
 
 a right to search American vessels to see if w^J 181 ^ 
 
 o t Rightof Search? 
 
 they had on board of them any sailors be 
 
 longing to Great Britain. On this pretence Ten what was 
 
 u i j j done - 
 
 our ships were searched, and many seamen 
 
 were taken from them and forced to serve in 
 
 the British navy. In some cases the sailors who vvere 
 
 some of the 
 
 taken had been naturalized in this country, sailors taken ? 
 others were American-born citizens. The 
 English naval officers behaved in a very in 
 solent way. 
 
 5. At last the American government would go ^ r h n e ^f r e ur 
 not put up with this high-handed conduct ^-g ? tostand 
 any longer, and in 1812 declared war against 
 England. James Madison, the fourth in the 
 
 list, was then president. 
 
 RAIDS INTO CANADA. 
 
 6. The Americans began the war by ^j^^^ ^. 
 making raids into Canada, but these did not ada ? 
 
 What place 
 
 amount to much. On the other hand, the did the British 
 British captured Detroit. 
 
 7. In the second year of the war, General 
 Dearborn, the American commander-in-chief, 
 
134 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Tell what S ent a force which took York, now Toronto. 
 
 places the . 
 
 Americans took Another force moved against tort George, 
 at the mouth of the Niagara River, and cap 
 tured it. After a while most of the troops 
 were taken elsewhere. Then the British 
 turned the tables on the Americans. They 
 recaptured Fort George, and made several 
 what of these ra id s into Northern New York, plundering 
 
 places after 
 wards ? and burning settlements. 
 
 Were the sea- g 4 While most of the land operations of 
 
 fights better 
 
 than the land the years 1812 and 1813 did not turn out 
 well for the Americans, our navy performed 
 a number of brilliant exploits. Those gal- 
 
 O f thereat" 6 lant sailors Porter and Decatur and Bain- 
 saiiors. bridge, captured many a British war-ship. 
 
 Tell the story Q Captain Lawrence, in the frigate Chesa- 
 
 of Lawrence. <^> 
 
 peake, attacked the British frigate Shannon 
 near Boston Harbor. Lawrence was mor 
 tally wounded, but his dying order, " Don t 
 give up the ship," became the watchword of 
 American sailors. 
 
 NAVAL OPERATIONS. 
 
 the^lnde^t 8 io. The grandest naval victory of the war 
 victory? was gained September io, 1813, by Commo 
 
 dore Perry on Lake Erie. The American 
 
THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 Perry s Victory on Lake Erie. 
 
 fleet consisted of nine vessels, 
 the British of six, but these 
 carried more cannon than our 
 ships. 
 
 1 1. Perry s flag-ship was the 
 Lawrence, named in honor of the brave commander of 
 the Chesapeake. (See page 134, Tf 9.) A flag bearing 
 that hero s dying words, " Don t give up the ship," was 
 
 QUESTIONS. What of the two fleets ? Name the flag-ship. 
 
136 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what was displayed as the signal for action, and the 
 
 the signal? > 
 
 fight began. 
 Describe the T 2 . The British vessels leveled most of 
 
 British fire on 
 
 the flag-ship, their guns at the Lawrence. For two hours 
 they poured in their broadsides, till her can 
 non were dismounted, and she lay upon the 
 water almost a wreck. Only fourteen, out of 
 her crew of one hundred men, were unhurt. 
 what had z o j|- was now c l ear that he must make his 
 
 now to be done ? 
 
 way to another vessel, a very dangerous 
 
 dar?n" C de b ed his thin to do> Takin g his battle-flag with him, 
 
 he descended into an open boat and made his 
 
 way to the Niagara, under fire of the whole 
 
 fleet of the enemy. (See illustration, p. 135.) 
 
 Give an ac- Iz i The hearty cheers with which the 
 
 count of Perry s . J 
 
 attack and the American sailors greeted Perry s deed were 
 
 British surren- _ i i i 1-1 r 
 
 der. followed by the thick broadsides of their ves 
 
 sels. In fifteen minutes the entire British 
 
 squadron surrendered, and Perry was able 
 
 His pithy de- to write his pithy despatch, " We have met 
 
 spatch. , i 
 
 the enemy, and they are ours. 
 
 
 AMERICAN VICTORIES IN CANADA. 
 
 r 5-* In tne summer of 1814, the Ameri- 
 
 ries in Canada cans won several victories -pn the Canadian 
 in 1814. 
 
 Chippew 7 a and Lundy s Lane were 
 
THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 137 
 
 the most important. In the latter battle what officer 
 
 . A was at Lundy s 
 
 General Winfield Scott, who afterwards led Lane? 
 the Americans in the Mexican war, greatly 
 distinguished himself. 
 
 1 6. These successes drove the British from Their effect - 
 the Niagara frontier. 
 
 BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 . take place ? 
 
 The com 
 manders ? 
 
 17. In September, 1814, the beautiful wl ^ n h ^J h n e d 
 Lake Champlain was the scene of another n ^ ^ v r a j ? fi s ht 
 great naval combat. 
 
 1 8. The American fleet was under Com 
 modore McDonough, the British under Com 
 modore Downie. 
 For more than two 
 hours the hostile 
 squadrons poured 
 their fire into each 
 
 other. Nearly all co c 
 the British ships fi s ht - 
 were sunk or taken, 
 
 and when the action closed there was not a 
 
 mast standing in either fleet. 
 
 19. The victory of the Americans was 
 hailed with shouts of joy by thousands of 
 spectators gathered on the shore. 
 
138 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 speak of the 
 
 fight at Platts- 
 
 burg. 
 
 2 o. During this battle the British land 
 forces attacked the Americans at Plattsburg, 
 which was near by. They were repulsed, 
 and when the fleet surrendered, the British 
 army beat a hasty retreat. 
 
 THE BRITISH AT WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE. 
 
 Give an ac- 2 i. In August, 1 8 1 4, a British force 
 
 count of the at- . . 
 
 tack on Wash- marched against the city of Washington, 
 
 1.1,11 i r i 
 
 which then had no troops to defend it. 
 They burned the Capitol and other public 
 buildings, and went back to their ships. 
 
 22. The British then sailed to the neigh 
 borhood of Baltimore, and bombarded Fort 
 Me Henry without success. There was also 
 a skirmish near Baltimore, but as the British 
 general, Ross, was killed, the enemy retreated 
 to their ships an^l sailed away. 
 
 23. It was during the bombardment of 
 Fort Me Henry that our beautiful national 
 son g^ "The Star-Spangled Banner," was 
 composed by Francis S. Key. 
 
 ngton. 
 
 theYnex e t 
 
 Banner 
 
 which was 
 
 the last battle ? 
 
 BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 24. The last action of the war was the 
 
 _ T ... . 
 
 famous battle of New Orleans. A force of 
 
THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 139 
 
 twelve thousand of the best English troops Tel1 about 
 
 1 L the British force. 
 
 under Sir Edward rackenham approached 
 that city, January 8, 1 8 1 5. It was defended by 
 General Andrew Jackson, with six thousand The Am en- 
 
 can. 
 
 militia. 
 
 25. Jackson had intrenched his men be- ^^0^" 
 hind a long embankment. As the British battle - 
 lines advanced, they were met by a deadly 
 
 fire from the rifles of American marksmen, 
 and mowed down in great numbers. 
 
 26. It was an overwhelming defeat to the who beat? 
 British. Their commander fell, and over Ten the losses 
 
 on each side. 
 
 two thousand were killed or wounded. The 
 American loss was only thirteen ! 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 27. Perhaps you will be surprised to learn Had a treaty 
 that the battle of New Orleans was fought already made ? 
 after a treaty of peace had been made. The 
 
 treaty had been signed at Ghent, in Belgium, t 
 
 a fortnight before, but the news had not then fought ? 
 
 reached this country. 
 
I4O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 V. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 
 
 BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 when was It I N 1 803 the United States bought from 
 
 the Louisiana 
 
 Purchase made, France the vast territory between the Missis- 
 
 and what was . . ._ . . 
 
 it ? sippi River and the Pacific Ocean. I his is 
 
 called the " Louisiana Purchase." 
 
 what power 2 . The whole country west of the Missis- 
 had claimed it ? J 
 
 sippi had been claimed by Spain. But in 
 TO what na- the year 1802, Spain eave up her ri^ht to 
 
 tion did she J . . 
 
 give it up ? France. At this time, Napoleon the Great 
 what did Na- was ruler of France. He offered to sell 
 
 poleon offer to .. . T T i <^ r* /- 
 
 do? Louisiana to the United States for fifteen 
 
 who bought million dollars. Jefferson, who was presi- 
 
 it, and when ? . . . . . . . 
 
 dent at the time, bought it in 1803. 
 Name the first 3. The first State carved out of this pur- 
 
 State carved out , T . . ,., . . 
 
 of it? chase was Louisiana, which came into the 
 
 When admit- TT . . -r>,i- HAT- 
 
 ted? Union in 1812. But this was not all. You 
 
 will see what a great thing this purchase was 
 
 for the United States, when you learn that 
 
 Name the it covered what afterwards became the ereat 
 
 other States ri\/r / i *~ 
 
 afterwards States of Missouri (admitted 1821), Arkansas 
 . (admitted 1836), Iowa (admitted 1846), Min- 
 
GROWTtt OF OUR COUNTRY. 141 
 
 nescxta (admitted 1858), Kansas (admitted 
 1861), and Nebraska (admitted 1867). 
 
 4. Besides this, the purchase of Louisiana 
 
 gave the United States control of both sides this give us? 
 of the Mississippi and all its tributaries. Na 
 poleon said about it: " This accession of ter- what did Na- 
 
 poleon say ? 
 
 ritory strengthens forever the power of the 
 United States, and I have just given to Eng 
 land a maritime rival that will sooner or 
 later humble her pride." This prophecy came when did 
 
 * this come true ? 
 
 true in the war of 1812, as you have seen. 
 
 HAMILTON AND BURR. 
 
 5. In 1804 a great sensation was made in whose death 
 
 caused great 
 
 the country by the death of Alexander Ham- feeling? 
 ilton, who, yoii remember, was Secretary of 
 the Treasury under Washington. 
 
 6. Aaron Burr, then Vice-President of the Aa ^ a ^ r ? 
 United States, a very talented but bad man, . 
 
 was a rival of Hamilton s. He challenged th e f out 
 him to fight a duel, which took place at Wee- 
 hawken, and Hamilton was killed. 
 
 7. Burr now disappeared from public view, what now be- 
 
 r came of Burr ? 
 
 but he afterwards turned up out West, where 
 he is said to have made a conspiracy to sep 
 arate the Western States from the Eastern. 
 
142 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 why was he He was arrested and tried for treason, but 
 
 let off ? 
 
 as our government could not prove that he 
 had been doing this, he was set free. 
 
 Where are the 
 Barbary States ? 
 
 What of their 
 pirates ? 
 
 What did our 
 government do 
 about it ? 
 
 What made 
 the President 
 punish them ? 
 
 Tell about the 
 capture of the 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Give an ac 
 count of the 
 deed of Deca- 
 tur. 
 
 WAR WITH THE BARBARY PIRATES. 
 
 8. In the northern part of Africa, on the 
 shore of the Mediterranean Sea, are the Bar 
 bary States, as they are called. For a long 
 time these were the home of pirates, who 
 used to capture vessels on the Mediterranean, 
 and sell their crews into slavery. 
 
 9. For a number of years the United 
 States paid these people a certain sum of 
 money every year not to trouble their ships. 
 But at last the pirates of Tripoli (one of these 
 States) became so insolent that President 
 Jefferson in 1803 sent a naval force under 
 Commodore Preble to punish them. 
 
 10. One of the American fleet, the frigate 
 Philadelphia, while chasing a small craft of 
 the enemy, ran upon a rock, and was captured 
 by the Tripolitans. 
 
 1 1 . This was a great prize for the pirates, 
 but in February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur 
 entered the harbor of Tripoli in a small 
 schooner at night, boarded the Philadelphia, 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 
 
 143 
 
 and burned her. After this, Commodore what ended 
 
 . . . the war ? 
 
 Preble several times bombarded Tripoli, and 
 finally in 1805 the governor, or "bashaw," as 
 he was called, was glad to make peace. 
 
 FULTON AND THE FIRST STEAMBOAT. 
 
 1 2. The first steamboat in the world began 
 to run on the Hudson River in the year 1807. 
 
 1 3. The steamboat was invented by Robert 
 Fulton, a Pennsylvanian, who was born ten 
 years before the breaking out of the Revolu- 
 
144 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What can you 
 say of him ? 
 
 His steamer 
 on the Seine led 
 to what ? 
 
 Name of the 
 boat. 
 
 Tell about its 
 trial-trip. 
 
 Was the 
 
 Clermont like 
 our steamers ? 
 
 tion. He was originally a painter ; but went 
 to Europe, and got interested in the steam- 
 engine. He made a little steamer on the 
 river Seine in France : this was a success as 
 an experiment ; so he came to New York 
 and built what was thought to be quite a 
 large steamboat. 
 
 14. The name of this boat was the Cler 
 mont. It made its trial-trip to Albany in 
 thirty-six hours, a great improvement on 
 the river-sloops, which took a week or more. 
 As she sailed up the river, the people hailed 
 her with surprise and delight. 
 
 15. Of course she was very different from 
 those you now see floating on our rivers and 
 lakes, or steaming out of our great seaports ; 
 but when you behold these, remember that, 
 giants though they are, they have all come 
 from the little Clermont of Robert Fulton. 
 
 Had the 
 Western In 
 dians forgotten 
 the lesson 
 Wayne taught 
 them ? 
 
 BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 
 
 1 6. You saw that General Wayne taught 
 the Indians of the Northwest a severe lesson. 
 But after a while they forgot it. Just before 
 we got into the war of 1812 with England, 
 British agents went to the Indians and stirred 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 145 
 
 them up to break the treaty they had made wh stirred 
 
 them up to hos- 
 
 with the Americans. tnity? 
 
 17. At the head of the Western Indian Describe 
 tribes was the famous chief Tecumseh, a gi 
 ant in strength, and noted for his craft and 
 eloquence. He had a brother named " The 
 Prophet." 
 
 1 8. Tecumseh went off to rally the tribes, what did the 
 
 J two do ? 
 
 and the Prophet collected his followers at the 
 mouth of the Tippecanoe River, in what was .what was in- 
 then called Indiana Territory. William H. who was 
 Harrison, afterwards president of the United s vernor? 
 States, was governor. 
 
 19. Harrison wisely concluded not to wait Hanfeondo? 
 till Tecumseh had marshaled his tribes ; so 
 
 he went to the Indian army on the Tippe 
 canoe. He was met by ambassadors of the T what did the 
 
 J Indian ambas- 
 
 red men, who said they wanted peace, and sadors say ? 
 would make a treaty the next day. 
 
 20. That very night the savages, with real Giv e an ac- 
 
 / & . count of the In- 
 
 Indian bad faith, attacked the American dian attack. 
 
 camp. Concealed in the long prairie grass, 
 they shot their deadly rifles into the Ameri 
 can camp. But Harrison was prepared for 
 them, and as soon as it was dawn, he 
 charged upon them, and routed the Indians 
 
146 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Date of the 
 battle. 
 
 with great slaughter. And this was the battle 
 of Tippecanoe, fought November 7, 1811. 
 
 FLORIDA PURCHASED BY THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 i ^i fi - r f , et ~ 21. Florida, as you remember, was taken 
 
 tied Florida ? J 
 
 possession of by the Spaniards soon after the 
 discovery of America. It did not become a 
 
 When did it J 
 
 become part of part of the United States till 1821, when our 
 states ? government bought it of Spain. Florida was 
 
 mittedT ad * admitted into the Union as a State in 1845. 
 
 We take a 
 view of the 
 growth of our 
 country how 
 long after 
 Washington ? 
 
 Who was now 
 president ? 
 
 How many 
 stars were there 
 in our flasr ? 
 
 Population. 
 
 What of the 
 prosperity ? 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER WASHINGTON S 
 DEATH. 
 
 22. Let us pause here, and see what had 
 been the growth of our country during the 
 quarter of a century after the death of Wash 
 ington. This would be the year 1825. John 
 Quincy Adams had just become president. 
 
 23. There were now twenty-four stars in 
 our flag, showing that the old Thirteen States 
 had grown to twenty-four. 
 
 24. The four millions of population had 
 increased to over twelve millions. 
 
 25. The prosperity of our country was at 
 this time very great. Agriculture and com 
 merce were both very flourishing. The ex- 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 147 
 
 tensive cultivation of cotton (made profitable what made 
 
 . , T . r the South rich ? 
 
 since the invention, by Eh Whitney, of a 
 machine called the cotton-gin) had enriched 
 the South. 
 
 26. The North was now beginning to N( ^V of the 
 engage largely in manufactures. To encour 
 age these President Adams was in favor of A^msTavored 
 what is called a tariff, which means duties at , a ; i 5 > . 
 
 , M What is a 
 
 or taxes laid on articles manufactured abroad tariff? 
 
 and brought into this country. Such a tariff, when passed 
 
 J by Congress ? 
 
 was made by Congress in 1828. This ena 
 bled the Eastern people to make great profits Its effect - 
 out of their cotton goods, iron, etc. But the How did the 
 
 South look on 
 
 people of the South were much opposed to it? 
 the tariff, because, not being a manufactur 
 ing people, they naturally wished to buy as 
 cheaply as possible. 
 
 27. It was about this same time that great to Km ft 
 works like canals and railroads began to be this time ? 
 built. The Erie Canal, which unites Lake 
 
 Erie with the Hudson River, was opened 
 during Adams s administration. 
 
 28. Then, too, the first railroad was con- 
 structed (at President Adams s own town 
 of Quincy), the beginning of the vast net 
 work of iron roads now covering our country. 
 
148 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 The first railroad for carrying passengers 
 was the Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1829. 
 
 DEATH OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
 What notable 2 Q. The fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
 event happened -\ J 
 
 in 1826? laration of Independence, July 4, 1826, was 
 
 rendered remarkable on account of the death 
 of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the 
 second and third presidents. Jefferson was 
 
 Ten about these t ] ie au th O r of the Declaration ; Adams, its 
 
 two great men. 
 
 great advocate in Congress. The last words 
 of Adams were, " Thomas Jefferson still sur 
 vives " ; but Jefferson was already lying dead 
 in his home at Monticello. 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 when did 30t On the 4th of March, 1829, General 
 
 Jackson become u 
 
 president? Andrew Jackson became president. 
 
 what have 31. You have already learnt something 
 
 Jackson? about General Jackson, and know that he 
 
 was the hero of the battle of New Orleans. 
 
 Teii what He was a man of tremendous will, of im- 
 
 manner of man 
 
 he was. mense energy and determination, and of very 
 
 fiery temper ; but the people liked him. 
 
 What was the ~, . T , 
 
 most important 32. 1 he most important matter in Jack- 
 * son s time was what is called " nullification." 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 
 
 149 
 
 33- To understand this, remember what Ten what you 
 
 remember of the 
 
 was said about the Southern people s oppos- meaning of nui- 
 ing the tariff. Well, in 1832, Congress in 
 creased the duties. South Carolina said they 
 should not be collected in her harbors. This 
 was called nullifying, or making null and 
 void the laws of the United States. 
 
 34. Jackson said he should enforce the , 
 law, and sent General Scott down to Charles- do ? 
 ton to see about it. But in the mean time the 
 matter was settled to the satisfaction of the 
 South. Henry Clay had got Congress to 
 pass a law arranging for the gradual lessen 
 ing of the duties. 
 
 WEBSTER, CLAY, AND CALHOUN. 
 
 35. Our three great- Name the 
 
 * three great ora- 
 
 est orators and states- tors and states 
 men during the first 
 half of the present cen 
 tury were Webster, 
 Clay, and Calhoun. 
 
 36. Daniel Webster 
 
 was born in New Glve ??J";~ 
 
 count of Web- 
 Hampshire, in 1782. ster s early life. 
 
 Daniel Webster. His father was a hum- 
 
I5O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 ble farmer; but he managed to send Daniel 
 to college. He afterwards studied law, and 
 in l812 lie was elected to Congress from 
 what of him Massachusetts. He was one of the grandest 
 
 as an orator ? 
 
 His greatest orators that ever lived. His greatest speeches 
 what? es were made in favor of the Union and in op 
 
 position to the " State rights " doctrine of the 
 1J South. He had a large frame, and a head 
 f hls as massive as his mind. He died in 1852. 
 Give an ac- 27. Henry Clay was born in Virginia, 
 
 count of Clay s . i 
 
 early life. but removed early to Kentucky. The little 
 schooling he got was in 
 a log-cabin ; but soon 
 his genius showed it 
 self. He was elected 
 TO what office to {he Senate, and rose 
 
 was he elected ? 
 
 to have a commanding 
 
 anfcdotofhin, voice ti ^- When he 
 proposed the " compro 
 mise bill," his friends 
 said it would lessen his Henry Clay - 
 
 chances for the presidency. " I would rather 
 be right than be president was Clay s noble 
 
 what is said reply. His manners were peculiarly win- 
 
 of his manners ? r J J 
 
 ning, and no statesman was ever more loved. 
 He died the same year as Webster. 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 
 
 38. John C. Calhoun was born in South 
 Carolina, in 1782. He was the greatest 
 
 statesman of the South. 
 For forty years he was 
 in public life, and had 
 much influence, espe 
 cially in the South. He 
 was noted for the keen 
 ness of his intellect and 
 the force of his logic. 
 Calhoun was a power- 
 John c. caihoun. f u i advocate of the doc 
 trine of the right of a State to secede from the 
 Union. This has made his name disliked 
 in the North ; but Webster said of him : " He 
 had unspotted integrity and honor unim- 
 peached ; nothing groveling, low, or meanly 
 selfish came near his head or heart." He 
 died in 1850. 
 
 39. These three great men were all can 
 didates for the presidency and were all un 
 successful. 
 
 When and 
 where was Cal 
 houn born ? 
 
 What is said 
 of him ? 
 
 For what was 
 he noted ? 
 
 What doctrine 
 did he advocate? 
 
 What effect 
 had this ? 
 
 What did 
 Webster say of 
 him? 
 
 Date of his 
 death. 
 
 What remark 
 able fact is 
 stated ? 
 
 INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS. 
 
 40. From the earliest period, what we now ^ what had 
 
 " Texas been ? 
 
 call the State of Texas had been claimed as a 
 
152 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 What is said 
 of the American 
 settlers ? 
 
 Who forced 
 the Mexicans to 
 give up ? 
 
 What did our 
 government 
 then do ? 
 
 When did 
 Texas come 
 into the Union ? 
 
 part of Mexico. However, many Americans 
 had settled in that region. They did not 
 like the way the Mexican government treated 
 them, so, in 1835, they rose up and declared 
 Texas an independent State. 
 
 41. War now broke out. General Sam 
 Houston \heustun\ led the Americans. He 
 fought so skilfully that Santa Anna, the 
 Mexican commander, had to give up in 
 1836. Then our government acknowledged 
 the independence of Texas. In 1845, Texas 
 was admitted into the Union. 
 
 THE FIRST TELEGRAPH. 
 
 Where was 
 the first tele 
 graph ? 
 
 W T ho invent 
 ed it? 
 
 Repeat what 
 is said. 
 
 42. The first tele 
 graph - ever built was 
 stretched between 
 Washington and Bal 
 timore, in the year 
 1844. 
 
 43. The telegraph 
 was invented by Pro 
 fessor Samuel Morse, 
 a native of Massachu 
 setts. Congress gave 
 
 Professor Samuel F. B. Morse. 
 
 him thirty thousand 
 
 dollars to try if his invention would work. 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 153 
 
 It was a perfect success, and now we have what of the 
 
 1 , 1-1 r, i i tele ra P h now ? 
 
 over one hundred thousand miles of telegraph. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 44. When Texas was annexed to the tr what ^ id 
 
 Henry Clay say 
 
 United States, Henry Clay said that the an- about annexa- 
 nexation would be a cause of war with Mexico. 
 A war with that country broke out in 1 846, 
 which lasted two years, and resulted in the 
 complete success of the United States. 
 
 45. We must now learn the causes of the 
 
 war. There were three principal reasons. war were there ? 
 First, the Mexicans, being very angry because Tel1 the first - 
 Texas had joined the Union, committed many 
 outrages on the Texans ; this stirred up a 
 very hostile spirit. Secondly, the Southern The second. 
 States were jealous of Mexico, because slave- 
 holding had been abolished by its government, 
 in obedience to the Pope of Rome; and Mexi 
 co was likely to afford an easy place of refuge 
 for fugitive slaves. The third reason was that what was the 
 
 o f third reason ? 
 
 ever since Texas had separated from Mexico 
 the Mexican government had been disputing 
 about what was the right boundary between 
 its territory and Texas. The Mexican gov 
 ernment said the Nueces \nway sees~\ River 
 
154 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 was the right boundary ; the United States 
 said it was the Rio Grande \reo grand y\ 
 ar Then the United States government pro- 
 propose? posed that a line should be fixed by commis 
 sioners appointed from each country. This 
 proposal the Mexicans rejected. Then they 
 what then? b e g an to injure and insult the Texans. 
 our government 4^* Under these circumstances, our gov- 
 now did ernment, in the spring of 1846, ordered Gen 
 
 eral Taylor to advance with a force to the 
 Did this lead Ri o Grande. This immediately led to a 
 
 to war ? 
 
 conflict. Two actions took place, and Gen 
 eral Taylor was victorious in both. 
 
 di^he news* 47* When t ne news of these battles reached 
 have ? the United States, it set the whole country 
 
 in a blaze. Congress 
 declared war, raised a 
 large army, and put it 
 under General Scott. 
 
 whatofTay- 48 j n ^e mean 
 
 lor meanwhile ? 
 
 time, General Taylor ^g 
 
 continued successful, ^ 
 
 and beat the Mexican 
 
 general Santa Anna in General scott. 
 
 two more battles, at Monterey (September, 
 
 1846) and Buena Vista \_bwaynah veestaJi\. 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 155 
 
 40. General Scott began his campaign HowdidScott 
 
 Jj P 5 begin his cam- 
 
 ( March, 1847) by capturing the seaport of paign? 
 Vera Cruz. He then commenced his march what then? 
 toward the Mexican capital. 
 
 50. The first opposition met with was at where was 
 
 the nrst opposi- 
 
 the rocky pass of Cerro Gordo, where Santa tion met ? 
 Anna was intrenched. This position was 
 carried by storm, and the army continued its sul ^ tate the re " 
 march up the high table-land of Mexico. 
 
 51. From Puebla the advance was up From here the 
 the Cordilleras \cor-deel-y edras\. Reaching where ? 
 their crest, the army saw before it a mag- 
 
 nificent panorama of snow-capped mountain- crest 
 
 peaks, while in the beautiful valley below lay 
 
 the ancient capital of the Montezumas. It 
 
 was the very scene on which Cortez and his w j 10 h * d . 
 
 J gazed on it m 
 
 armored array of Spaniards had gazed more olden times ? 
 than three hundred years before. 
 
 52. For the defence of the city, the Mexi- Me Sn S h for th 
 cans had a number of fortresses and castles, ^ C g il ? y s de ~ 
 beginning about fifteen miles beyond its lim 
 its. The first of these strongholds was fir J ? hat of the 
 Churubusco, which was taken by assault. 
 
 After this there remained the massive citadel 
 
 of Chapultepec, built upon a rock, which rose this ? 
 
 one hundred and fifty feet from the plain. 
 
156 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Describe the 
 attack. 
 
 What was the 
 effect of the fall 
 ofChapultepec ? 
 
 When did the 
 army enter the 
 capital ? 
 
 What was the 
 result of the cap 
 ture of the city ? 
 
 Date of the 
 treaty. 
 
 State what 
 the Mexicans 
 gave up. 
 
 53. After a heavy bombardment, the 
 storming column was thrown forward. With 
 a shout and rush the Americans made their 
 way up the steep rock, and leaped the in- 
 trenchments, sweeping away the Mexicans. 
 
 54. Chapultepec had been their main re 
 liance, and when it was taken they lost all 
 hope. Next day, September 14, 1847, the 
 American army entered the city of Mexico. 
 
 55. The capture of the Mexican capital 
 ended the war. In February of the next year 
 a treaty of peace was made. By this treaty 
 the Mexicans gave up to our government the 
 whole of California and New Mexico. 
 
 What did 
 Fremont hear 
 and do ? 
 
 Were the 
 Americans vic 
 torious ? 
 
 What was the 
 result ? 
 
 CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 56. Just before the breaking out of the 
 Mexican war, Captain John C. Fremont, who 
 was in Oregon, heard that the Mexicans in 
 California were giving trouble to some Ameri 
 cans who had settled there ; so he went into 
 California and headed the Americans. They 
 beat the Mexicans in several little engage 
 ments, and Captains Sloat and Stockton took 
 some of the California seaports. 
 
 57. The result was, that when the war 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 157 
 
 clos-ed, in 1848, California was part of the 
 territory which the Mexican government 
 gave up to the United States. 
 
 DISCOVERY OF GOLD. 
 
 58. Very soon after California was given what great 
 
 3 J > discovery took 
 
 up to the United States, a great discovery place in Caiifor- 
 
 8 J nia, and when ? 
 
 took place there. This was the finding of 
 gold in large quantities. 
 
 59. The gold was found accidentally on 
 the American River (a branch of the Sacra 
 mento) in a mill-race that was building for a 
 Colonel Sutter. 
 
 60. When the men began to look farther, 
 they found the precious metal in great abun 
 dance. Soon the news spread. From the 
 
 East, and in Tact from almost the whole news spread ? 
 world, thousands of people flocked to the El 
 Dorado, as it was called, or land of gold. 
 
 6 1. The growth of California was perfect- what of the 
 
 growth or Cah- 
 
 ly wonderful. Soon San Francisco became forma ? 
 
 a great city, and is now the centre of all the what of San 
 
 i -T t i ^-i ^ vr Francisco? 
 
 commerce with India and China. California 
 
 now produces not only gold in great abun- what does 
 
 J ^ California now 
 
 dance, but large quantities of wheat and produce ? 
 wool and wine. 
 
158 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 when admit- 62. California was admitted into the Union 
 
 ted into the 
 
 Union? as a State in 1850. 
 
 What was 
 thought to be 
 the West, for 
 merly ? 
 
 Where is it 
 now ? 
 
 When were 
 Kansas and Ne 
 braska settled ? 
 
 When admit 
 ted? 
 
 When did the 
 Mormons go 
 West ? 
 
 Where did 
 they settle ? 
 
 What led to 
 the settlement 
 of Nevada ? 
 
 What settled 
 Oregon ? 
 
 THE NEW FAR WEST. 
 
 63. When your parents were your age, 
 the West used to be Ohio and Illinois ; but 
 every year people moved farther and farther 
 towards the setting sun, and now we have a 
 new " Far West " beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 64. It was about twenty years ago that 
 Kansas and Nebraska began to be settled. 
 Kansas was admitted into the Union in 
 1 86 1, and Nebraska in 1867. 
 
 65. In 1846 the sect of people called the 
 Mormons removed from Illinois into the 
 very heart of the Rocky Mountains. They 
 settled in Utah under Brigham Young, and 
 founded the city of Great Salt Lake. They 
 believe in having many wives. 
 
 66. The discovery of silver in Nevada led 
 to the settlement of that country, and in 
 1864 it came into the Union as a State. 
 Gold in Colorado has attracted large numbers 
 there. The great rush of people to the Pa 
 cific coast soon settled Oregon, and in 1859 
 it came into the Union as a State. 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 
 
 159 
 
 67. Now the vast plains be- 
 \\; yond the Mississippi, which 
 used to be crossed with such toil 
 by the emigrants, with their slow-moving ox-trains, are 
 traversed by the great Pacific Railroad, and you go from 
 New York to San Francisco in seven days ! 
 
 QUESTION. What can you say of the great plains now ? 
 
i6o 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Tell what you 
 see in the pic 
 ture ? 
 
 What subject 
 has always given 
 great trouble ? 
 
 When were 
 there slaves 
 North as well 
 as South ? 
 
 Were there 
 many in the 
 North ? 
 
 Why did 
 slavery flourish 
 in the South ? 
 
 How many 
 negro slaves in 
 1860 ? 
 
 When did 
 
 there begin to 
 be a feeling 
 against slavery ? 
 
 When did 
 this show itself? 
 
 68. You will notice in the last picture a 
 scene beyond the Mississippi. You will ob 
 serve the astonished Indians, who may stand 
 as the emblem of the past, gazing on the fly 
 ing locomotive, the type of fat present* 
 
 THE SLAVERY STRUGGLE, 
 
 69. Almost since the beginning of our 
 government, the subject of slavery has given 
 great trouble in our country. 
 
 70. In the old colonial times, there were 
 negro slaves in the North as well as in the 
 South. But in the North they were few in 
 numbers, and gradually they became fewer. 
 
 71. In the South slavery flourished greatly. 
 This was owing to the great demand for ne 
 groes to work on the plantations, cultivating 
 tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice. By the year 
 1860, the blacks of the South had increased 
 to about four millions. 
 
 72. About fifty years ago, there began to 
 be quite a strong feeling against slavery on 
 the part of many people at the North. This 
 showed itself very strongly in the year 1820, 
 when it was proposed to admit Missouri as 
 a State. The South wanted it to be a slave 
 
GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. l6l 
 
 State ; the antislavery people desired that it 
 should come in as a free State. 
 
 7 v The matter was finally arranged by what How was the 
 
 1 . , matter at last 
 
 is called the " Missouri Compromise." In this arranged? 
 it was agreed that slavery should be allowed 
 in Missouri, but excluded in the new territo 
 ries north of the southern line of Arkansas. 
 
 74. Thirty-four years after (in 1854), when , when was . 
 
 J J n this compromise 
 
 it was proposed to make Kansas a territory, done away with? 
 those who favored slavery succeeded in hav 
 ing this compromise done away with. Con- 
 gress passed a law that in Kansas the people 
 were to be left to say whether they would 
 have slaves or not. 
 
 75. Now there began a great rush into 
 Kansas of those who opposed and those who 
 favored slavery. There was quite a long JJ e h ? attook 
 " border warfare " there, and this kept up the 
 excitement all over the country. 
 
 76. After this there were several things, such thi n V s a h a ther 
 as the " Fugitive Slave Law " and the " John P ened to mak e 
 
 bad feeling ? 
 
 Brown raid," which stirred up a great deal of 
 bad feeling. 
 
 ELECTION OF LINCOLN. 
 
 77. Such was the state of the country in st * f the 
 the year 1860, when the time came to name 
 
162 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 country at what 
 time ? 
 
 Were there 
 several candi 
 dates named ? 
 
 Who was 
 nominated by 
 the Republi 
 cans ? 
 
 When was 
 the vote ? 
 
 Who was 
 elected ? 
 
 Give what is 
 said about Lin 
 coln. 
 
 He took the 
 side of what 
 party ? 
 
 When was he 
 assassinated ? 
 
 a candidate for the presidency to succeed Mr. 
 Buchanan. 
 
 78. There were several persons named 
 by the different political parties. The man 
 nominated by the Republican party (which 
 was opposed to slavery being spread any 
 farther) was Abraham Lincoln. The people 
 voted on the 6th of November, 1860, and 
 when the votes were counted, it was found 
 that Lincoln was elected president. 
 
 79. Abraham Lin 
 coln was born in 
 Kentucky, but when 
 he was a young man 
 he moved with his 
 parents to Illinois. 
 He had very little 
 schooling. However, 
 he studied law and 
 was elected to Con 
 gress. When the 
 
 Republican party arose, he took that side 
 very strongly. Lincoln was tall and gaunt 
 in person, with a sad, careworn face. We 
 shall afterwards see that he was assassinated 
 in the year 1865. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
secessionists 
 
 GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 163 
 
 SECESSION. 
 
 80. At the time of Lincoln s election, there , Did most of 
 
 the people love 
 
 is no doubt that most of the people, North the Union at 
 
 i o 11 i t T T T> i this time ? 
 
 and South, loved the Union. But there were who stirred 
 violent men on both sides. In the South 
 there were the Secessionists, who said that say 
 when the people of the North voted for Mr. 
 Lincoln it showed that they were bent on 
 abolishing slavery. 
 
 8 1 . The secession leaders soon set the What d . id the 
 
 Secessionists 
 
 whole South in a blaze. South Carolina soon do ? 
 
 r. . Which State 
 
 took the lead, and in December, 1860, seceded, seceded first ? 
 that is, left the Union. Mississippi, Alabama, f w hat , States 
 
 followed ? 
 
 Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas fol 
 lowed within a month. 
 
 82. In February, 1 86 1 , these States formed c w , hat was the 
 
 Southern gov- 
 
 a government of their own, which they called emment called ? 
 the Confederate States. They elected Jeffer- ^ ho w * s 
 son Davis president. 
 
 83. It was now plain that the government whft.was it 
 
 now plain must 
 
 must either allow the seceded States to go be done ? 
 out, or fight to bring them back. You will 
 now see how out of these troubles there grew 
 a tremendous war. 
 
164 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 PART IV. 
 
 THE REBELLION, OR WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 I. THE WAR BEGINS. FORT SUMPTER. 
 when Lin- i. ABRAHAM LINCOLN became president 
 
 coin became 
 
 president, how on the 4th of March, 1 86 1. At this time 
 seceded ? 65 seven Southern States had seceded from the 
 c wh ? th . adthe Union. The Secessionists had seized the 
 
 Secessionists 
 
 done ? f or ts and arsenals and navy-yards of the gov 
 
 ernment in the South. 
 what was ai- 2> At the time of President Lincoln s 
 
 most the only 
 
 fort the United inauguration, Fort Sumpter, in Charleston 
 
 States held ? 
 
 Harbor, was almost the only fort in the South 
 
 where the United States forces had a foot- 
 
 who defend- hold. It was defended by a small garrison 
 
 edit? ^ T . 
 
 under Major Anderson, 
 what had the ? A larsfe Southern force under General 
 
 Southern force " f 
 
 done ? Beauregard \bo-regard \ had built batteries 
 
 to fire on the fort. 
 
 bombardmen? 6 4 ^he bombardment began on the morn- 
 and the result. m g of April 12, 1 86 1. At the end of thirty- 
 six hours, Anderson surrendered the fort. 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 165 
 
 .=;. The news of the bombardment of Fort what effect 
 
 did the news of 
 
 Sumpter caused the greatest excitement thefaiiofSump- 
 
 throughout the North. It was plain that 
 
 there was now to be WAR, and Sumpter was 
 
 the first scene in this dreadful drama of 
 
 blood. 
 
 6. The President immediately called for co )ncai] d forV n 
 seventy-five thousand volunteers. This call wasjtan- 
 
 J swered ? 
 
 was answered with the greatest zeal. From 
 all quarters armed men hastened forward to 
 Washington City. 
 
 7. In the mean time eight other slave 
 
 States, including Virginia, had seceded. The ^ w ? hile se " 
 Confederate government made Richmond its what city was 
 
 * made the capi- 
 
 capital, and soon there was a large Southern tai? 
 force in Virginia. 
 
 8. The Commander-in-Chief of the Union Un ^ c s . the 
 army was the veteran General Scott. He ma ^Y d h e ^ t ? did 
 sent troops across the Potomac into Virginia. General Scott 
 Several skirmishes took place at this early Leaving out 
 
 skirmishes, 
 
 period of the war ; but there was no impor- what was the 
 tant battle until Bull Run, in July, 1861. battie"? pc 
 
 IT. BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 
 
 9. When the people of the North saw a 
 
 large force collected at Washington, they be- s in to cr y ? 
 
1 66 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 gan to cry, " On to Richmond ! 
 The Southern force was at Bull 
 Run, twenty-five miles south of 
 Washington. Beau regard was in command. 
 
 10. The Union army moved out under General Mc 
 Dowell (General Scott being too old to take the field), to 
 
 QUESTIONS. Where was the Southern army posted ? Who commanded ? 
 The Union army went forth under whom? 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 167 
 
 attack the Confederates at Bull Run. There where was 
 
 the battle ? 
 
 was a fierce fight there on Sunday, July 21, 
 
 1 86 1. Both sides fought with great valor, Tell about it. 
 
 and up to three o clock in the afternoon the 
 
 Union army had rather the better of it. 
 
 11. Then fresh troops came to help the 
 Confederates, and they broke the ranks of came 
 the Union soldiers, who began to retreat. 
 The officers could not stop them. They 
 fled across the stone bridge (see illustration 
 
 on the previous page), and soon the rout be- re t aboutthc 
 came a panic. The troops could not be 
 stopped till they reached the fortifications 
 around Washington. 
 
 1 2. The principal effect of the battle of Bull JSg^ ef . 
 Run was to show the whole country that a ^of Bull 
 terrible war was upon it, not a holiday affair, 
 
 as many had supposed. Both sides now set ea( ^ side^o ? 
 to work forming great armies. President 
 Lincoln called for half a million of troops. 
 The whole South, also, rushed to arms. 
 
 13. General George B. McClellan, who JJ^ 
 had been successful against the Confederates commander ? 
 in West Virginia a short time before Bull 
 
 Run, was now made General-in-Chief. He 
 passed the winter in training the army. 
 
1 68 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 III. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862. 
 Were there a I A During the long war of four years 
 
 great many bat- " 
 
 ties during the which now followed, there were so many bat- 
 war ? 
 
 ties that you would not be able to remember 
 
 the names of half of them. You may here 
 after read the history of the war in larger 
 ieam\boutthe books but for the present it is only need- 
 most important, f u ] for you to know the principal battles and 
 
 are we not ? . J 
 
 their result* 
 where did 15. In 1 862 the war opened at the West. 
 
 the war open in ^ 
 
 1862 ? The first important event was the 
 
 CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON. 
 
 Where was : 6. Fort Donelson was a stronghold of 
 
 Donelson ? 
 
 the Confederates on the Cumberland River, 
 why impor- in Tennessee. It was the key-point in a line 
 of defences to guard the Southwestern States 
 against invasion from the North. 
 
 and^tm oved z ? ^ Union force, under Brigadier-Gen- 
 against it? e ral U. S. Grant, with a fleet of gunboats com 
 manded by Commodore Foote, moved against 
 Fort Donelson. It was besieged by land and 
 what was the bombarded from the river till the Confeder- 
 
 end of the siege ? 
 
 ates surrendered (February 16, 1862). 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 169 
 
 18. The effect of the capture of Donelson state the ef- 
 
 r feet of the cap- 
 
 was very important. It encouraged the tureofDonef- 
 North, and obliged the Southern army to 
 leave the city of Nashville. 
 
 BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 19. The next great battle in the West Name the 
 
 next great 
 
 was fought at Shiloh, on the Tennessee Riv- western battle ? 
 
 er. Generals Grant and Buell commanded Who com 
 manded ? 
 
 on the Northern side, and Generals Albert 
 Sidney Johnson and Beauregard on the 
 Southern. 
 
 20. It was the Confederate side which ^^^ 
 made the attack (April 6). At first they were tack ? 
 
 very successful, and drove the Union force Ten about it. 
 down to the river s brink. But General 
 Johnson was killed, night came on, fresh 
 troops for the Union side arrived, and next 
 
 . r . How did the 
 
 morning, after a brisk fight, the Southerners battle end ? 
 retreated. 
 
 BRAGG S INVASION OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 21. In the summer of 1862, a large South- . in what dire* 
 
 * tion did Bragg s 
 
 ern army, under General Bragg, moved north- army move ? 
 ward from Chattanooga into Kentucky. The 
 Union army had to fall back to the Ohio 
 
I7O PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 River. After the Southern troops had gath- 
 n- ered a reat q uan % of supplies, they re- 
 tucky ? treated. There was no battle with this army 
 
 till December, 1862. 
 
 BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO . 
 
 Name the 2 2. This action was fought between an- 
 
 next battle with . TTT /-. 
 
 army, other Union army of the West under General 
 the Rosecrans and the Confederates under Bragg. 
 
 it a hard Jt was a Vei 7 liarcl ^S^t, and lasted three 
 
 fi s ht? days. The Union army held the battle-field, 
 
 ^state the re- anc j h ence ^ was a sort of victory ; but both 
 
 sides lost terribly. 
 Repeat what 2 ^ You see, then, that the principal bat- 
 
 were the three 
 
 Western battles ties of the West, in 1 862, were Fort Donel- 
 son, Shiloh, and Murfreesboro . 
 
 McCLELLAN S CAMPAIGN ON THE PENINSULA. 
 
 state the first 2 ^ j n t h e g ast ^g rst important event 
 
 important event 
 
 of 1862 in the of 1 862 was the campaign on the Yorktown 
 
 peninsula, in Virginia. General McClellan 
 
 McClelland moved his army from Washington there by 
 
 idea in going to water, in the spring. The object was to take 
 
 the peninsula ? 
 
 Richmond. 
 *u W e here u were 25. The Confederates were met behind 
 
 the Southern J 
 
 troops met? earth works at Yorktown, where Cornwallis 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 had surrendered to Washington. Here there 
 was a siege of a month, and then the South 
 ern army fell back toward Richmond. 
 
 26. Several battles took place in the vicin- what took 
 
 place here ? 
 
 ity of Richmond. But the Union army was 
 not successful. General Lee was in com- State the re - 
 mand of the Southern army. He forced what did 
 General McClellan to retreat to Harrison s cieiian to do? 
 Landing, on the lames River. The North- where was 
 
 the Northern 
 
 ern army was now ordered to be shipped army now 
 
 111 IT r i shipped ? 
 
 back by water to Washington. 
 
 27. While this was ^oins; on, General what did Lee 
 
 . & . , . TT do while this 
 
 Lee marched northward with his army. He was going on ? 
 beat a Union force under General Pope at 
 Manassas, and then crossed the Potomac 
 into Maryland. 
 
 BATTLE OF ANTIETAM. 
 
 28. In Maryland, one great battle took 
 place between General Lee and General 
 McClellan. This was the battle of Antie- 
 
 tam, fought September 17, 1862. It was Tell about it. 
 
 very hard fought on both sides, and resulted 
 
 in great loss of life. In consequence of this 
 
 battle, Lee was forced to recross the Potomac The result ? 
 
 into Virginia. 
 
172 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG. 
 
 Name the 2 Q. The next QTeat battle in Virginia was 
 
 next great battle t 
 
 in Virginia. at Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock 
 River. It was fought in December. 1862. 
 
 o 
 
 The Confederate commander was General 
 who were Lee; the Union commander was General 
 
 the command 
 
 ers? Burriside, who had been put in the place 
 
 of General McClellan, as leader of the army 
 
 Tell the re- o f the Potomac. The result was a terrible 
 
 suit. 
 
 defeat to the Union army. 
 
 1862 in the battles of the East in 1862 were the cam- 
 
 Tf ocf 
 
 paign on the Peninsula, the battle of Antie- 
 tam, and the battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 what is said -> It One of the greatest events of the war 
 
 of the capture rt 
 
 of New Or- was the capture of New Orleans. The Con- 
 
 leans ? 
 
 what defend- federates had forts below New Orleans to 
 prevent the Union ships from going up and 
 attacking the city. Thus, by holding New 
 Orleans, the Confederates controlled the 
 navigation of the Mississippi River. 
 
 When did the . r 
 
 fleet go there, 32. In the spring of 1 862, a large fleet of 
 whom"? ei war-vessels, under Admiral Farragut, sailed 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 The Capture of New Orleans. 
 
 to the Mississippi to attack New 
 
 Orleans. The fleet sailed up 
 
 stream till it came to the southern 
 
 forts, St. Philip and Jackson. These 
 
 Farragut bombarded for six days ; 
 
 but he could not do them much 
 
 harm. What do you suppose he then determined to do ? 
 
 To run past the batteries. 
 
 33. The Confederates had stretched a stout chain 
 
 QUESTIONS. What forts did it come to ? Tell what Farragut did. What did 
 he now determine to do ? 
 
Ji< 
 
 174 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Tell what de- across the river to prevent the passage of 
 
 fences of the . L r & 
 
 river the Con- the ships. They had also fire-rafts to let 
 
 federates had. , ITT- i n 
 
 loose among the Union vessels, and float- 
 
 m g batteries and gunboats. Farragut man 
 aged to destroy the chain, and on the 24th 
 Give an ac- o f April his fleet steamed past the forts, 
 
 count of run 
 
 ning the batter- ran the fiery gantlet of the rafts, and met 
 
 ies and the fight. J & 
 
 and destroyed the Confederate squadron. 
 what was Then the fleet steamed up to New Orleans, 
 
 the result ? L 
 
 which was forced to surrender. 
 
 THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. 
 
 what re- * One of the most remarkable naval 
 
 markable naval 
 
 battle is spoken actions on record was the combat between 
 
 of? 
 
 the Monitor and Merrimac, in March, 1862. 
 what was the or The Merrimac was a Confederate 
 
 Merrimac? . OJ 
 
 iron-clad war-vessel, which had been built 
 
 at Norfolk. Suddenly, one day, she steamed 
 
 Ten about her ou t an d attacked a fleet of Union war-vessels, 
 
 raid on the 
 
 Union ships, near the mouth of James River. She ran 
 against and sank the Cumberland, and com 
 pelled the frigate Congress to surrender. 
 Next day she was to finish the rest of the 
 fleet. 
 
 What came . . . . 
 
 on the scene 36. But during the night there arrived 
 
 from New York a strange new iron craft, 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 175 
 
 which had just been built, and was called the 
 Monitor. 
 -37. It was nicknamed the " Yankee cheese- A/r Te . n about the 
 
 f Monitor. 
 
 box," on account of its being a revolving 
 iron tower placed on an iron-plated hull, which 
 only rose a few inches above the water. 
 
 38. In the morning, the Monitor attacked Give an ac- 
 
 count of the 
 
 the Merrimac, and, after a fierce fight, com- fi ght. 
 pelled the terrible Confederate ram to steam, 
 disabled, into Norfolk. A little while later 
 she was blown up by the Confederates for 
 fear of being captured by the Union force. 
 This fight between two iron ships excited 
 great interest all over the world. 
 
 IV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863. 
 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION. 
 
 39. On New Year s day of 1863, Presi- 
 
 dent Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proc- Proclamation, 
 
 and when is- 
 
 lamation. This declared all the slaves within sued? 
 the borders of the Confederacy to be free. 
 
 VICKSBURG. 
 
 40. The capture of New Orleans opened 
 the lower part of the Mississippi ; but the 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 thel h o e nfedei d - 
 atesstiiia 
 
 stronghold . f 
 
 who was the 
 
 U nion com- 
 
 mander? 
 Ten what he 
 
 what did he 
 
 at last think of 
 
 doing? 
 
 carried o^t 
 
 the surrender. 
 
 Was the Mis- 
 
 sissippi now 
 
 open ? 
 
 Confederates had a stronghold at Vicksburg. 
 Here their batteries prevented the Union 
 
 . . x 
 
 fleet from passing either up or down. 
 ^ lm Th e task of taking Vicksburg was 
 
 o 
 
 given to General Grant. During the early 
 part of 1863, he tried several ways of captur 
 ing the place ; but all failed. Finally, he 
 thought of running past the batteries with 
 
 & . . . 
 
 the ships, and marching his army down be 
 low and in the rear of Vicksburg. 
 
 4 2 This P lan W3>S Carried OUt Grant 
 
 succeeded in shutting up the Confederates 
 in Vicksburg. The place withstood a siege 
 
 Q f twQ mQn ths ; but Oil the 4th of July, 1863, 
 
 li liad to surrender - Port Hudson, the last 
 Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, 
 followed. Then the great river ran free to 
 the sea. 
 
 BATTLES AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 A i n the summer of 1863, General Rose- 
 
 u 
 
 crans marched south from Murfreesboro , 
 where you remember a great battle had been 
 fou ht in December, 1862. The Confed- 
 Southemarmy? erates fell back to Chattanooga, Tennessee, 
 and Rosecrans followed. Near Chattanooga 
 
 when did 
 
 Rosecrans ad- 
 
 vancefrom 
 
 Murfreesboro 
 
 hefoiiow a tht id 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 177 
 
 the battle of Chickamausra was fought in Sep- what battle 
 
 & & . took place ? 
 
 temper. It was a defeat for the Union army. The result? 
 
 44. Soon after this, General Grant took r , Tell ^ at 1 
 
 Grant did when 
 
 command of the army at Chattanooga. In he took com- 
 November, he attacked the Southern army 
 at Missionary Ridge, and forced it to retreat. 
 
 OPERATIONS AGAINST CHARLESTON. 
 
 45. One of the principal strongholds of what is said 
 
 r ^ r of Charleston ? 
 
 the Confederates was Charleston. In the 
 
 spring of 1863, a fleet of iron-clads, called th jfl" et a that 
 
 monitors, under Admiral Dupont, went to at- went against it. 
 
 tack Fort Sumpter. The fleet was repulsed, , 
 
 and the attack failed. The result - 
 
 46. After this General Gillmore built bat- cjj^ 11 ^ 
 teries, with great guns, on the islands near 
 Charleston Harbor, and bombarded Fort 
 Sumpter for months. It was at last knocked 
 
 all to pieces ; but the Union army was not Was the 
 
 Union army 
 
 able to take the fort or Charleston. They able to take 
 
 T i MI i Sumpter or 
 
 did not surrender till near the end of the war. Charleston ? 
 
 CHANCELLORSVILLE. 
 
 47. You remember that the last battle 
 fought in Virginia was Fredericksburg. 
 After that General Burnside was followed 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 who followed by General Hooker in command of the army 
 
 Burnside in J J 
 
 command of the OI the Potomac. 
 
 Virginia army ? r> T n T r> TTI 
 
 Give an ac- 48. In May, 1863, Hooker crossed the 
 
 count of the bat- TV i , -,i i TM / r i 
 
 tie of chancel- Kappahannock with his army. I he Confed 
 erates, under Lee, met him at Chancellors- 
 ville, about ten miles from Fredericksburg. 
 Here a desperate battle took place. The 
 Teii the re- result was that the Union army was defeated 
 
 suit. m J 
 
 with great slaughter, and had to recross the 
 Rappahannock in very bad spirits. 
 
 GETTYSBURG. 
 
 what was the ^ jh e ^ rea test battle of the whole war 
 
 greatest battle 
 
 of the war ? W as fought at Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania. 
 bea\en L t e he had 5- General Lee had beaten the Union 
 u , ni V, r , my army in Virginia several times ; so he thought 
 
 what did he now J . 
 
 propose? he would carry the war into the North. He 
 Te i lv y herehe marched his army to the Potomac, which he 
 
 marched. t J 
 
 crossed into Maryland. He then advanced 
 northward into Pennsylvania, and it is sup 
 posed that he meant to go to Philadelphia. 
 GeYerdMeade 5 1 General Meade, who had lately been 
 do? made commander of the army of the Poto 
 
 mac, hurried forward to meet Lee. The two 
 where did armies met at Gettysburg, in Western Penn- 
 
 the two armies . 
 
 meet ? sylvama. 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 
 
 179 
 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 52. The battle began on the ist 
 of July with a partial Southern suc 
 cess. On the second day, the Con 
 federates again attacked, but could 
 not move the Union army. 
 
 53. The third day General Lee again made a fierce 
 onset. There were nine hours of desperate fight 
 ing, and then the Southern army was driven from the 
 
 QUESTIONS. Tell what took place the first day. The second day. Give an 
 account of the third day s battle. 
 
l8o PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 field. The Confederate loss in killed and 
 
 >s 
 of the South. 
 
 Tell the loss WO unded and prisoners was over thirty thou- 
 
 sand ! 
 
 where did 54> After the battle of Gettysburg, Gen- 
 Lee now re- J 
 
 treat? eral Lee retreated into Virginia, and took 
 
 position south of the Rapidan River. The 
 
 The Union Union army followed up to the north side ; 
 
 army did what ? J 
 
 but nothing of importance took place there 
 during the rest of the year. 
 
 V. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864. 
 GRANT S CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST. 
 
 what were ct The spring of 1864 saw two great 
 
 the two Union J i /? 
 
 armies in 1864? Union armies in the field. General Grant 
 
 mandedthem? had been put in command of all the United 
 
 States forces. He left the Western army 
 
 under the care of General Sherman, while 
 
 he himself took command of the Army of 
 
 the Potomac, in Virginia. 
 
 when did c6. In the month of May, General Grant 
 
 Grant begin his . J 
 
 movement ? crossed the Rapidan, and attacked the Con- 
 did. 6 federates under General Lee in the Wilder 
 ness. The battle was not decisive for either 
 side. However, Grant advanced and en 
 gaged Lee again, and so kept fighting all 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. l8l 
 
 the way down to the Tames River. The loss He fought tin 
 
 j J J .he reached what 
 
 to the Army of the Potomac in this battle- river? 
 
 i rri Tel1 the 
 
 march of a month was over fifty thousand men. union loss. 
 
 57. When General Grant got down to the 
 
 James River, he proceeded to lay siege to Ia y sie s e to ? 
 Petersburg and Richmond. This lasted 
 during the whole winter of 1864-65. Sev 
 eral important actions took place ; but there 
 was nothing decisive till the spring of 1865. 
 
 SHERIDAN IN THE VALLEY. 
 
 58. In the summer of 1864, General Lee 
 
 sent a force under General Early to attack General Early 
 
 . . , to attack Wash- 
 
 Washington. They assaulted the works ington city. 
 
 around the national capital, but were re 
 
 pulsed. Early then retired to the Shenan- Ea ^ y h ^ ir d e id to ? 
 
 doah Valley. 
 
 59. General Grant now sent an army un- Grlmit^nd"* 
 der General Sheridan against Early. Sheri- against him? 
 dan won a brilliant victory at Winchester, in 
 September, and the next month gained an- 
 
 other battle at Cedar Creek. 
 
 SHERMAN S MARCH TO THE SEA. 
 
 60. We must now turn to the West. At 
 the same time that Grant advanced against 
 
1 82 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what gen- Lee (May, 1864), Sherman attacked the Con- 
 
 eral in the West J r/ 
 
 moved the same federates under General I.E. Johnston, in 
 
 time that Grant _ 
 
 did? Georgia. 
 
 6 1. As Sherman advanced, he fought the 
 PP ose d to him, and compelled it to 
 to what city? fall back. In this way he won his way to 
 Atlanta, a very important point. 
 
 62. The Confederate government now 
 put General Hood in place of Johnston. 
 Hood resolve to Hood determined to invade Tennessee, thank- 
 see*? ing this would force Sherman to retreat. 
 
 shemaVdo? 6 3 But in P lace of tllis Sherman gave 
 Thomas one half the army, to look after 
 Tennessee, while with the rest he pushed 
 through Georgia, burning and destroying, till 
 he reached the sea-coast, and captured Sa- 
 what had vannah. In the mean time Thomas had met 
 
 Thomas done 
 
 meantime? Hood s army at Nashville, and destroyed it. 
 
 FARRAGUT AT MOBILE. 
 
 what place 64. i n T u l y 1864, a powerful fleet, under 
 
 was attacked by ^ . J J m 
 
 a fleet under Admiral Farragut, was sent against Mobile, 
 the harbor of which was defended by two 
 v v strong forts. 
 
 65. Farragut lashed his vessels together 
 in pairs, stationed himself in the main-top 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 183 
 
 of his flag-ship, and thus ran the fire of the Giv e an ao 
 
 111 r TT count of what 
 
 forts, with the loss of but one ship. He was done. 
 engaged and captured the Confederate iron 
 clad Tennessee, and afterwards, with the as 
 sistance of a land force, took the forts. 
 
 THE ALABAMA AND THE KEARSARGE. 
 
 66. During: this year immense loss was From what 
 
 .did Northern 
 
 caused to Northern commerce by certain commerce suf 
 
 fer ? 
 Confederate cruisers built in England. From 
 
 the beginning of the war, Southern privateers 
 had been so active that now hardly a North 
 ern merchant-ship could sail the seas. 
 
 67. The most destructive of these vessels which was 
 
 i iii/- .the most de- 
 
 was the Alabama, commanded by Captain structive ship ? 
 Semmes. She had captured or burned over 
 sixty ships; but in June, 1864, her career of 
 destruction was brought to a close. The 
 United States war-vessel Kearsarge \_keer- 
 
 sarj~\, commanded by Captain Winslow, at- fight with the 
 tacked the Alabama off the coast of France, 
 and after a brilliant fight of an hour sent her 
 to the bottom. 
 
 68. Now you must try to understand what y0 u ^atouf 
 is meant by the " Alabama Claims," of which the "Alabama 
 
 * Claims. 
 
 you will read a great deal. You must remem- 
 
184 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 ber that the Alabama was built in England. 
 The United States government knew that 
 she was really being built for the Confeder 
 ates, and asked the British authorities to pre 
 vent her from going to sea. But, notwith 
 standing this, the Alabama was allowed to 
 sail out and destroy Northern ships. Hence 
 the United States said England was to blame, 
 and should pay damages. 
 
 VI. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 
 THE SITUATION IN THE SPRING OF 1865. 
 
 what was 69. In the spring of 1865, it was clear that 
 
 plain in the i 
 
 spring of 1865 ? the end of the Confederacy was nigh. Sher- 
 
 Why was it t , . i ,1 r- ,1 , TI 
 
 clear that the man had gone through the Southwest like a 
 
 war was near ; n wh j rlw j nd Q f destruction. The United States 
 
 war-vessels stood sentinel at every Southern 
 seaport to prevent supplies from going in, and 
 the resources of the South were nearly ex 
 hausted. 
 
 SHERMAN S OPERATIONS. 
 
 70. The final campaign was begun by 
 Ten about Sherman. From Savannah his army began 
 
 Sherman s 
 
 march north- its advance northward (February i, i86s) to 
 
 ward from Sa- . __. v . . 
 
 vannah. join Grants army in Virginia. 
 
 71. The Confederates had nothing to 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 185 
 
 oppose to the advance of Sherman except a 
 feeble remnant of an army under General 
 Joseph E. Johnston. They made several g^JJi^*)-^ 
 stands, but could not keep .back the Union keep back sher- 
 army, which marched northward through 
 South Carolina and into North Carolina. 
 Sherman advanced to Goldsboro , and John- Sh ^jJ^? d 
 ston retired with his force to Raleigh. Just vance? 
 
 ~ . .,,... In what other 
 
 at this time Grant was beginning in Virginia place were great 
 
 r , . , . , , , , , events happen- 
 
 the series of operations which ended the war. ing ? 
 
 GRANT S OPERATIONS. 
 
 72. In the spring of 1865, General Lee Le ^ s ^ e? 
 was still holding Richmond and Petersburg, 
 
 with an army much reduced in strength. 
 
 General Grant began his operations by send- Gr ^ n t w b ^ n his 
 
 ing a force to attack a part of the Confeder- operations? 
 
 ate defences of Petersburg, at Five Forks. 
 
 Here a battle was fought, April i, in which 
 
 the Confederates were defeated. 
 
 73. Next day, a successful assault was what took 
 
 > place next day ? 
 
 made along the whole line of works in front 
 of Petersburg. The result was that Lee, see- gul s t tate the re - 
 ing that he could hold Petersburg and Rich 
 mond no longer, abandoned those places, and 
 began a retreat westward. 
 
1 86 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 Ten about the 74. Immediately a hot pursuit was corn- 
 pursuit. J 
 
 menced. For a week the fearful race lasted. 
 
 Several partial fights were made, and at last 
 the Union van junder Sheridan succeeded in 
 planting itself squarely in front of the south 
 ern army. General Lee could now do noth- 
 wh^-e^as the m & so ^ e surren dered his army to Grant at 
 
 surrender? AppOlTiattOX Court HoUSC, April 9, 1865. 
 
 Teii what took yc In the mean time, Sherman had en- 
 
 place between ** ; 
 
 Sherman and gaged Johnston at Raleigh, which city he 
 
 Johnston. J * , . 
 
 entered April 13. At this time General 
 Johnston heard of Lee s surrender. As he 
 knew that resistance was now hopeless, he 
 surrendered to General Sherman, April 26. 
 when was the By the end of May, all the Southern forces 
 
 civil war at an J > 
 
 end ? had laid down their arms, and the CIVIL WAR 
 
 was at an end. 
 
 ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN. 
 
 76. The tidings of Lee s surrender caused 
 
 great joy throughout the North. But in the 
 
 what terrible midst of the rejoicinofs a terrible event hap- 
 
 event happened ... . 
 
 at this time ? peiied. President Lincoln was assassinated 
 in the theatre at Washington. The man 
 
 count: of the^as w ^ ^^ ^ e ^ eec ^ was a desperate and proba- 
 sassination. bly insane person, named John Wilkes Booth. 
 
THE WAR OF SECESSION. 187 
 
 Mr. Lincoln died the next morning. Booth 
 fled, but was overtaken and shot by one of 
 
 his pursuers. 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 77. At the end of May, a two days re- 
 view of the armies of Sherman and Grant 
 took place at Washington. The disbanding 
 of the troops now began, and a million of 
 soldiers retired from the camp and bivouac 
 to the pursuits of peaceful life. 
 
 VII. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
 78. You have now learned the principal why was this 
 
 - . ., 1 TT 1 WEr a la 
 
 facts of the great civil war in the United bie war? 
 States. It was one of the most lamentable 
 contests in the history of the world, because 
 it arrayed in strife the two sections of a peo 
 ple which had previously been the most hap 
 py and prosperous on earth. 
 
 79. When the scholar grows up, and 
 comes to study the history of our country 
 more fully, he will learn that the seeds of this 
 war were sown long before the men who 
 waged the war were born. This should make 
 
 us charitable in judging the conduct of the in judging about 
 
 the war ? 
 
 Southern people. 
 
I 88 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 what is said 
 
 of slavery ? 
 
 what other 
 
 good effect has 
 
 the war had? 
 
 HOW much 
 
 did the war cost 
 
 the North ? 
 
 what of the 
 
 South ? 
 
 Ten about the 
 
 loss of life. 
 
 HOW many 
 
 were killed or 
 
 wounded on 
 
 both sides ? 
 
 worth what h 
 cost? 
 
 g o . The principal cause of the war was 
 
 x 
 
 slavery. The greatest result of the \var was 
 the abolition of slavery. This has proved a 
 benefit to the people of the South. 
 
 81. Another o-ood effect of the war is, that 
 it has brought the people of the North and 
 the South to understand each other better 
 and respect each other more than they ever 
 did. 
 
 82. The war was very costly, both in 
 treasure and in blood. At its close the 
 North had a debt of nearly three billions of 
 dollars. The finances of the South were 
 utterly ruined. 
 
 83. On the Union side, it is estimated that 
 
 ,,,11 
 
 three hundred thousand men were either 
 killed in battle or died from disease. Four 
 hundred thousand more w r ere crippled or 
 disabled for life. It would be a low estimate 
 to say that on both sides over ONE MILLION 
 OF MEN were either killed or received wounds 
 during the war ! 
 
 ^4 ^ u ^ we mus ^ remember, that, above 
 all, the war saved the UNION, which is far 
 beyond the price of money or of lives ! 
 
V *oA fc ?r#fo* 
 
 ^^4^ 
 
 <? ,v^/.*oSrf 
 
ml > Zf-Sr V f / ; 
 
 I Wf-4JLlJt 
 
A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 VIII. A REVIEW LESSON. 
 
 1. Tell when the War of Secession be 
 gan, how long it lasted, and when it closed. 
 
 It began with the firing on Fort 
 Sumpter, in April, 1861, lasted four 
 years, and ended\t\\h. the surrender of 
 Lee at Appomattox Court House, 
 April, 1865. 
 
 2. What was the first important battle ? 
 
 The battle of Bull Run in Vir 
 ginia. It was a defeat to the Union 
 army. 
 
 3. What were the most important opera 
 tions in the West in 1862? 
 
 General Grant captured Fort Don- 
 elson, a Union success ; fought the 
 battle of Shiloh, which was not deci 
 sive. General Rosecrans fought the 
 battle of Murfreesboro , a Union 
 success. 
 
 4. Name the most important na val oper 
 ation of 1862. 
 
 The opening of the lower Missis- | 
 sippi and the capture of New Or 
 leans by Admiral Farragut. 
 
 5. What were the most important opera 
 tions in the East in 1862 ? 
 
 McClellan s campaign on the Pen 
 insula, against Richmond, which was 
 
 not successful ; Lee s victories over 
 Pope and invasion of Maryland, ter 
 minated by the battle of Antietam, 
 which forced Lee to retreat into Vir 
 ginia. The battle of Fredericks- 
 burg was fought in the last month 
 of 1862, and was a Confederate vic 
 tory. 
 
 6. What was the greatest military suc 
 cess in the West in 1863 ? 
 
 The surrender of Vicksburg to 
 General Grant on the 4th of July. 
 This, with the capture of Port Hudson 
 (which followed), resulted in opening 
 the whole of the Mississippi River, 
 and cutting the Confederacy in two. 
 
 7. What was the greatest Union triumph 
 in the East in 1863 ? 
 
 The battle of Gettysburg, fought 
 July i, 2, and 3. 
 
 8. Why was this battle so important? 
 
 Because the Confederates had in 
 vaded the North in strong force, hav 
 ing previouslybeaten the Union army 
 at Chancellorsville, and, if Lee had 
 been successful at Gettysburg, he 
 could have captured Philadelphia and 
 Washington. 
 
- 
 
 192 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 9. Give an accotmt of the operations in 
 Virginia in 1864. 
 
 In May, General Grant crossed the 
 Rapidan River and attacked the Con 
 federates under Lee, The result was 
 the battle of the Wilderness, which 
 was not decisive. Grant then, by 
 a series of " flanking " movements, 
 forced his way down to the James 
 River. In the course of this march 
 several great battles were fought, as 
 Spottsylvania, North Anna, and 
 Cold Harbor. These were attended 
 with great loss of life to the Union 
 army. Grant then crossed the James 
 River and laid siege to Petersburg 
 and Richmond. 
 
 10. Give an account of Sheridan s cam 
 paign in the Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 In September, 1864, Sheridan 
 fought the Confederates under Early 
 at Winchester, a Union victory. 
 A month later, Early attacked the 
 Union army at Cedar Creek; at first 
 he was successful ; but in the after 
 noon Sheridan routed Early, and af 
 terwards destroyed that force. 
 
 1 1. Give an tfraw;// of the operations in 
 the West in 1864. 
 
 General Sherman advanced from 
 
 Chattanooga, and fought General 
 Johnston in several great battles. 
 He forced the Confederates to re 
 treat, and captured Atlanta. The 
 Confederate army under Hood then 
 moved north into Tennessee ; but 
 General Thomas won a great victory 
 over him at Nashville. In the mean 
 | time Sherman had marched through 
 I Georgia to the sea, at Savannah. 
 
 12. Give an accoiint of the campaign 
 that ended the war. 
 
 In February, 1865, General Sher 
 man began to march northward from 
 Savannah. Charleston and Colum 
 bia fell. Sherman advanced through 
 South Carolina and North Carolina, 
 and defeated the small Confederate 
 army in several actions. He reached 
 Raleigh at the end of March. In the 
 mean time, Grant, in April, made an 
 attack on the lines of Petersburg and 
 Richmond. Lee evacuated these 
 places, and retreated westward. The 
 Union army pursued the Confeder 
 ates, and Lee surrendered at Appo- 
 mattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 
 Johnston surrendered to Sherman, 
 April 26. 
 
 <=r 
 
JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 193 
 
 PART V. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 
 
 I. JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 RECONSTRUCTION. 
 
 i. THE Constitution 
 says that when a pres 
 ident dies in office, 
 the vice-president shall 
 take his place. At the 
 time of Lincoln s as 
 sassination, Andrew 
 Johnson was Vice- 
 President, and a few 
 hours after the Presi 
 dent s death, April 15, 1865, Johnson took 
 the oath of office. 
 
 2. President Lincoln lived to see the war 
 ended, but not the Union restored. The 
 great task before our government was now 
 to arrange for bringing back the Southern 
 States to their place in the Union. This 
 was called Reconstruction. 
 
 What does 
 the Constitution 
 say about a 
 president dying 
 in office ? 
 
 Andrew Johnson. 
 
 Who now be 
 came president ? 
 
 What was the 
 great task the 
 government 
 now had to do ? 
 
194 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 3. President Johnson immediately set 
 
 State what the about doing this WOrk. He told the South- 
 President told > 
 
 the South. ern States that they must, i, blot out their 
 decrees of secession ; 2, declare void the 
 Confederate debt ; and, 3, adopt an amend 
 ment to the Constitution (called the Thir 
 teenth Amendment), doing away with slavery 
 forever. 
 
 4- In the course of the year 1865, the 
 Southern States did all these things. Slavery 
 was blotted out. And now the South was 
 ready to send representatives to Congress, 
 and become once more a part of the United 
 States, 
 what difficui- r But here a difficulty arose. President 
 
 ty arose ? J . * . 
 
 Johnson had acted without consulting Con 
 gress, which was not in session at the time ; 
 and when Congress did meet in December, 
 1865, there was great dissatisfaction with 
 what he had done. 
 what was 6. Congress was not willing that the South 
 
 Congress op- . <J 
 
 posed to ? should come back on the President s terms, 
 what did They wanted a Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 
 Congress want r J 
 
 Constitution, which should give to the freed 
 negroes certain rights and privileges. John 
 son was opposed to this, and the Southern 
 
JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 195 
 
 States would not adopt the Fourteenth Amend- what f 
 
 Johnson and 
 
 ment ; so they were kept out, and Congress the South ? 
 appointed military governors to rule them. 
 
 7. Between President and Congress there J^w 6611 
 
 whom was there 
 
 was now a bitter struggle, which lasted two now a g reat 
 
 ,. r ^ struggle? 
 
 or three years. The policy of Congress at 
 
 last was carried out. The South did what whicl ? r> olic y 
 
 was carried out ? 
 
 was required, and in 1868 and 1869 came 
 back into the Union. 
 
 IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 8. The quarrel between Congress and the u ^ r h e f , 
 President led to Johnson s impeachment in 
 1868. The impeachment of a president 
 means accusing him of breaking the law, and 
 trying him before the Senate. If he is found 
 guilty, he is turned out of office. 
 
 9. Congress said that Johnson had broken 
 
 the law by attempting to remove Secretary be impeached 
 Stanton from office. After a long trial, the 
 President was acquitted, only one vote more su jj tate the re 
 being needed to find him guilty. 
 
 THE FRENCH IN MEXICO. 
 
 10. The relations of the United States 
 with France, with regard to Mexico, was 
 
196 
 
 PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 whatques- 
 
 tion about 
 
 France arose? 
 
 TellwhatNa- 
 
 poieonhad 
 
 coSt V of a wh a a C t" 
 states n dfd d 
 
 Alaska. 
 
 mentioned? 
 
 another important question in Johnson s ad- 
 
 . . . . * J 
 
 ministration. During our war. Napoleon III. 
 
 i i i r i 1 TV /r - 
 
 sent an army, which defeated the Mexican 
 Republicans, in 1863, and the Archduke 
 Maximilian was made Emperor of Mexico. 
 
 IT - The United States had to allow this 
 during our war, but at its close they de 
 manded of Napoleon that the French troops 
 should leave Mexico. Napoleon found it 
 best to do this. The Mexicans then rose 
 against Maximilian and his soldiers and con 
 quered them. The end was that Maximil 
 ian was shot in June, 1867. 
 
 PURCHASE OF ALASKA. 
 
 n March > l86 7> 
 
 w ith the Russian government, the United 
 States bought the Territory of Alaska. It 
 is valuable for its fur and fish ; the price 
 paid for it was $ 7,200,000, in gold. 
 
 THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 
 
 T 3- In the y ear l866 scien ce had one of 
 its grandest triumphs in the completion of 
 the Atlantic Cable. It was laid by the steam 
 er Great Eastern, and stretches under the 
 
GRANTS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 197 
 
 sea from Valencia Bay, in Ireland, to Heart s Tell about the 
 
 . 1 i T cable and where 
 
 Content, in Newfoundland, a distance of eigh- it runs, 
 teen hundred miles. By means of this sub 
 marine telegraph, the Old and the New World 
 are brought into instant communication. 
 
 II. GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. When the time 
 came to choose a pres 
 ident to take the place 
 of Johnson, the Re 
 publicans named as 
 their candidate, Gen 
 eral U. S. Grant, and 
 the Democrats put 
 up Horatio Seymour. 
 Grant was elected, and 
 on March 4, 1869, became president. 
 
 2. As General Grant agreed with the Re 
 publican party, the dispute between Congress 
 and the President was at an end. Hence 
 both North and , South looked forward to a 
 better state of things. 
 
 3. One of the most important things dur 
 ing Grant s administration was the adoption 
 of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Consti- 
 
 Name the 
 candidates for 
 President in 
 1869. 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant. 
 
 Who was 
 elected ? 
 
 Was there 
 any more quar 
 reling between 
 Congress and 
 the President ? 
 
 What was one 
 important thing 
 in Grant s ad 
 ministration ? 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY. 
 
 tution (March 10, 1870). By this the ne- 
 
 . . 
 
 sToes were made citizens and voters. 
 
 4. Our country now entered upon a period 
 
 
 
 at the South? 
 
 and West? 
 
 what did 
 
 the Fifteenth 
 
 Amendment 
 
 do ? 
 
 what is said 
 
 of the better c ., -, * , 
 
 state of things ol prosperity, which continues to the present 
 t - ma jj ie 5 out j 1 nas k een recovering from 
 
 the wounds of the war. The great Southern 
 products, tobacco, cotton, and sugar, increase 
 with each succeeding year. At the North 
 commerce and manufactures flourish greatly, 
 while in the West vast new fields are opened 
 up to American enterprise. 
 
 \\henvyiiithe 
 
 Republic be a 
 
 century old? 
 
 Repeat what 
 is said of the 
 growth in 
 States. 
 
 In popula 
 tion. 
 
 In area. 
 
 - c. . The time is near at hand when we 
 
 J 
 
 shall celebrate the one-hundredth anniver 
 sary of the birthday of the United States. 
 On the 4th of July, 1876, the Republic will 
 have seen a CENTURY of growth. 
 
 6 - And what a growth it has been ! The 
 thirteen stars in our flag have increased to 
 
 e 
 
 thirty-seven. The three millions of popula- 
 tion have swelled to forty millions. The area 
 of settlement, widening beyond the narrow 
 limits of the Atlantic sea-board, has stretched 
 out until it covers the continent from ocean 
 to ocean. 
 
GRANT S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I 99 
 
 7. To the future progress of our country 
 there seems to be no limit. Our vast re 
 sources give to every one a fair chance of 
 success in life. Under the Constitution we 
 have the best government in the world. Our 
 free public schools afford to every child a 
 good education, which is in itself a fortune. 
 Though we must not think that we have no 
 faults as a nation, it may fairly be claimed 
 that no people are more upright, prosperous, 
 and happy than the Americans. 
 
 8. The grand lesson taught by the his 
 tory of the United States is patriotism, 
 that is, the love of our country. 
 
 What is said 
 of the future ? 
 
 Of our re 
 sources ? 
 
 Our govern 
 ment ? 
 
 Education ? 
 
 W T hat may 
 we fairly say 
 about the Amer 
 icans ? 
 
 What is the 
 grand lesson of 
 our history ? 
 
 Read the ex 
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