PICTORIAL SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 , I 
 
 U 
 
 UNITED STATES; 
 
 TO WHICH ARE ADDED 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 WITH 
 
 QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, A. M., 
 
 ATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 31, NKW YORK Cm. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 5 BARCLAY STREET. 
 1870. 
 

 
 SCHOOL HISTORIES 
 
 JOHN J. ANDERSON, A. M., 
 
 LATE PRINCIPAL OP GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 31, NEW YORK Cm. 
 
 1. Introductory. School History of the Uiiitcci 
 
 States. Illustrated with maps. 194 pp. Kimo. 
 
 This work, though arranged on the catechetical plan, may be read independ 
 ently of the questions as a continuous narrative, the text having been fully writ 
 ten before the questions were prepared. IT is DESIGNED FOR CLASSES OF AD 
 VANCED AS WELL AS LOWER GRADES, IN WHICH ONLY AN OUTLINE OF UNITED 
 
 STATES HISTORY is TAUGHT. 
 
 2. Common School History of the United States. 
 
 Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. 
 
 This work is more catechetical than the preceding, since the answers are move 
 independent of eacli other. IT is DESIGNED FOR LARGE GRADED SCHOOLS. 
 
 3. Grammar School History of the United States. 
 
 With one series of maps showing the places referred to in the work, and another 
 phowing the progress of the country, with its territorial extent, at different pe 
 riods in its History. 252 pp. 16mo. 
 
 The narrative plan has been adopted in this book, with one set of questions 
 at the bottom of the pages, and another for topical review at the end of the 
 sections. THIS WORK WILL MEET ALL THE WANTS OF GRADED SCHOOLS AND 
 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 4. Pictorial School History of the United States. 
 
 Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 402 pp. 12mo. 
 
 This work is also on the narrative plan, but more circumstantial in its state 
 ments than any of the preceding. IT is DESIGNED FOR HIGH SCHOOLS AND 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 *#* All of the above-named works contain the Declaration of Independence 
 und the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanations; 
 and in the Grammar School History will also be found Washington s Farewell 
 Address. 
 
 5. A Ulamial of General History. Copiously illus 
 trated with maps, and accompanied with questions, Chronological Tables, Tables 
 of Contemporaneous History. etc. etc. 420pp. 12mo. 
 
 THIS WORK HAS BEEN PREPARED WITH GREAT CARE ON THE NARRATIVE PLAN. 
 ITS STATEMENTS ARE BRIEF AND CLEAR. DESIGNED FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 6. Anderson s ISIoss s Ancient History. Illustrated 
 
 with colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. DESIGNED FOR HIGH SCHOOLS 
 AND ACADEMIES. 
 
 ONE OF THE LEADING ATMS TN ALL OF ANDERSON S HISTORIES IS TO CON 
 NECT THE GEOGRAPHY WITH THE CHRONOLOGY. /_ -1 7 " 
 
 {& I/ fS l^ 
 
 CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 5 BARCLAY ST., New York. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18G8, 
 
 BY JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
 
 In the Clork u Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
 Southern District of New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE work here offered embraces several features which, it 
 is thought, will not fail to recommend it to such teachers as 
 desire that their pupils should acquire a more comprehensive 
 knowledge of the history of our country than can be obtained 
 from either of the author s previous and more elementary 
 works. 
 
 ( It has been the leading aim, in the present one, to state 
 every important fact in the history in clear and concise lan- 
 guagey so that the pupil may be able readily to comprehend 
 it, and, at the same time, to see its connection with the events 
 preceding it/"~No important event, it is believed, has been 
 omitted, nor any of the particulars necessary to make it fully 
 understood. 
 
 The questions at the bottom of the pages are more numer 
 ous than in any other school history. This has been done as 
 much for the benefit of the teacher as of the pupil ; for, though 
 the former may not actually need them, they will facilitate his 
 labor, and secure better recitations from his pupils, by requir 
 ing greater precision, on their part, in the selection of their 
 answers. In this way, the important habit of giving exact 
 and explicit answers will be greatly encouraged. Discursive 
 ness in recitation may, indeed, sometimes be allowed, but 
 always with great caution, so as to avoid that rambling and 
 immethodical mode of thought which is so tiresome and 
 injurious. 
 
 By the plan of this work, every fact is learned with a due 
 regard to its relative importance, and all are linked together 
 so as to constitute, in the mind of the pupil, a complete and 
 uninterrupted chain. It may be objected, that the plan of re 
 quiring only brief answers is not calculated to encourage this 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 logical connection of events on the part of the young student. 
 This objection has been obviated by the insertion, at the end 
 of every few pages, of a list of review questions of an entirely 
 different character, and much more comprehensive than those 
 at the foot of each page. 
 
 These review questions are, in the author s estimation, one 
 of the chief recommendations of the book. They directly 
 call into active exercise the pupil s power of continuous 
 thought, the answer to a single question very often requiring 
 the substance of several paragraphs of the text. The pupil is 
 thus made to perceive more clearly the connection between 
 the events, and habits of thoughtful study are necessarily 
 induced. 
 
 It will be also observed that the work is copiously illustra 
 ted with maps ; that dates are inserted with great frequency ; 
 and that the chronological tables of battles, the settlement 
 and admission of the States, the inauguration of the Presi 
 dents, and the general events in the history of the country 
 from its discovery, are given with fullness and precision. 
 
 These maps and tables do not serve merely to enhance the 
 attractive appearance of the work, but will contribute, it is be 
 lieved, greatly to its usefulness and value. Not only are they 
 constantly referred to in the text, but a series of questions 
 running through the book, and connecting the geography with 
 the chronology, brings them forcibly before the pupil s atten 
 tion, and thus serves to give additional accuracy as well as 
 permanency to his knowledge of the subject. 
 
 The pronunciation of proper names has also been given 
 more copiously than in either of the author s previous works, 
 the authorities used being the gazetteer of Baldwin and the 
 dictionaries of Webster and Worcester. 
 
 While returning thanks to his fellow-teachers for the favor 
 with which his former works have been received, the author 
 submits this new one, with the hope that it may not prove less 
 acceptable. 
 
CON TENTS. 
 
 SECTION I. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS Page 11 
 
 Columbus (11); Amerigo Vespucci (13); John and Sebastian Cabot (13); 
 Ponce de Leon (14); Balboa (15); L>e Ayllon (15); Cordova (16); Gri- 
 ialva (16); Cortez (16); Narvaez(17), De Soto (17); Verrazani (18); Car- 
 tier (18); Coligny (19); Melendez (20); De Gourges (20); Gilbert (20); 
 Raleigh (21); Amidas and Barlow (21); Grenville (22); Gosnold (22); Pring 
 (23); "Newport (25). 
 
 SECTION II. COLONIAL HISTORY. . . 27 
 
 i (27); Massachusetts (37, 52); New Hampshire (43); Connecticut (45); 
 Island (49); New York (60); New Jersey (66); Maryland (70); 
 Ivaiiia (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina (78); Geor- 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Rhode I 
 
 Pennsylvania (73); Delaware (76); North and South Carolina 
 
 gia (81), 
 
 SECTION III. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 86 
 
 Events of 1753 (86); Events of 1754 (88); Events of 1755 (91); Events of 
 1756 (95); Events of 1757 (96); Events of 1758 (100): Events of 1759 (103); 
 Events of 1760 (106); Table of Principal Battles of the French and Indian 
 War (108). 
 
 SECTION IV. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 110 
 
 Causes of the war (110); Events of 1775 (116); Events of 1776 (127); Events 
 of 1777 (136); Events of 1778 (154); Events of 1779 (159); Events of 1780 
 (163); Events of 1781 (174); Close of the Revolution, and events to the begin 
 ning of Washington s Administration (186) ; Table of the Names of the Ameri 
 can Revolutionary Officers (190) ; Table of Principal Battles of the Revolution 
 (191). 
 
 SECTION V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION TO 
 
 THE CLOSE OF JEFFER8ON 1 S 194 
 
 Washington s Administration (194); John Adams s Administration (200); 
 Jetferson s Administration (203). 
 
 SECTION VI. MADISON S ADMINISTRATION 210 
 
 Causes of the Second War with England (210) ; Events of 1812 (212) ; Events 
 of 1813 (218); Events of 1814 and Close of the War (231); Table of the Prin 
 cipal Land Battles of the Second War with England (243); Table of the Prin 
 cipal Naval Battles (244); War with Algiers (244). 
 
 SECTION VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROE S ADMINISTRATION TO 
 
 THE CLOSE OF TYLER S 248 
 
 Monroe s Administration (248) ; John Quincy Adams s Administration (253); 
 Jackson s Administration (254); Van Buren s Administration (261); Harrison s 
 Administration (263) ; Tyler s Administration (264). 
 
 SECTION VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF FOLK S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
 
 CLOSE OF BUCHANAN S Pa g e 269 
 
 Causes of the War with Mexico (270); Events of 1846 (271); Events of 1847 
 (278); Table of the Principal Battles of the War (2S4); Taylor s Administra 
 tion (286); Fillmore s Administration (2S8); Pierce s Administration (289;; 
 Buchanan s Administration (291). 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 SECTION IX. FROM THE BEGINNING OF LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
 
 CLOSE OF JOHNSON S Page 297 
 
 The Great Rebellion (298); Events of 1862 (a06) ; Events of 1863 (318) ; Events 
 of 1864 (326); Events of 1865 (337); Johnson s Administration (340). 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE of the principal events relating to the History of the 
 
 United States, from 1492 346 
 
 A TABLE of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents 359 
 
 A TABLE of the Settlement and Admission of the States 360 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, with Questions and Explanations. 
 
 1. First Voyage of Columbus to America 
 
 2. Discoveries and Explorations 10 
 
 3. Discoveries of Cartier, in 1535 19 
 
 4. Gosnold s Expedition 23 
 
 5. Vicinity of Chesapeake Bay . . .................... 24 
 
 6. Environs of Jamestown. 29 
 
 7. Vicinity of Massachusetts Bay 37 
 
 8. German Ocean . .............. 39 
 
 9. Portsmouth and Vicinity . . . 44 
 
 10. Vicinity of Long Island Sound 47 
 
 11. The State of New York .,....!............ 62 
 
 12. The Upper part of New Jersey, with Vicinity of Philadelphia. . . 68 
 
 13. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 79 
 
 14. Map showing the location of Events in the French and Indian War v ...... . . . 85 
 
 15. Oswego . 96 
 
 16. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and vicinity. .......................... 103 
 
 17. Boston and Vicinity 120 
 
 IS. Part of the Sorel River ...... ... . .". .."!" 124 
 
 19. Vicinity of Charleston 1 29 
 
 20. New York Bay .......". . . V.V.V.V.V.V. 131 
 
 21. Central Part of New Jersey. . 136 
 
 22. Philadelphia ad Vicinity .".....". .. .. . .. . . .". . . . ] " 142 
 
 23. Vicinity of Fort Schuyler ". . .............. . . 148 
 
 24. Saratoga and Vicinity." . . 149 
 
 25. The Eastern part of the Carolinas 164 
 
 26. Stony Point and Vicinity 169 
 
 27. New London and Vicinity . . . 183 
 
 28. Part of the Western States 192 
 
 29. Detroit and Vicinity . . . . . . . . . . . 214 
 
 30. Niagara Frontier . 215 
 
 31. State of Alabama 223 
 
 32. Part of Virginia and Maryland . . 237 
 
 33. Baltimore and Vicinity 288 
 
 34. Mobile and Vicinity.. . 239 
 
 35. Part of Florida. . . ." !.".". . ."!. . ". !. . .". ."."!. !!!. . !!! ..". 257 
 
 36. Mexico, California, Texas, &c 268 
 
 37. Taylors Campaign in Texas and Mexico 271 
 
 38. Scott s Campaign in Mexico 279 
 
 39. Pensacola and Vicinity .295 
 
 40. Part of the Southern and Western States. . . " 300 
 
 41. Norfolk and Vicinity 312 
 
 42. Vicinity of Richmond 313 
 
 43. Part of the Southern States 326 
 
 44. Region Southwest of Washington 330 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1. THE geographers of ancient times had no knowledge 
 whatever of America ; though it has been asserted that, 
 several years before Christ, navigators had sailed out of 
 the Mediterranean Sea, and, being wafted across the 
 Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had reached the West 
 ern Continent. 
 
 2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of 
 America by Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Nor 
 way and adjoining countries, colonized Iceland and Green 
 land, and made explorations in America as far south as 
 New England. Settlements are also said to have been 
 made in these regions by them, and intercourse kept up for 
 some time with the mother country. These expeditions, 
 however, seem not to have attracted any general atten 
 tion ; nor were their results permanent, or known to the 
 other nations of Europe. 
 
 3. It is almost certain that when Columbus set sail on 
 his eventful voyage in 1492, he had not the least knowl 
 edge of the existence of a second continent ; nor is there 
 any evidence whatever that he even imagined there was 
 such a continent. His great aim was to find a shorter and 
 better route to India than the one then traveled by way 
 of Egypt and the Red Sea. The route around the south 
 ern extremity of Africa was not discovered until five years 
 after. To him, nevertheless, is justly ascribed the honor 
 of being the discoverer of the New World, since it was 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came 
 to be generally known. 
 
 4. At the time of Columbus s discovery the continent 
 of America, from the icy latitudes of the North to the re 
 gions far south of the equator, together with most of its 
 islands, was inhabited by various races who differed in 
 many respects from Europeans. As the country at that 
 time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (p. 
 15), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants 
 were called Indians. In some parts of the country they 
 were found to have attained a considerable decree of 
 
 O 
 
 civilization ; in others they were in the savage state, 
 being divided into tribes, living in rude huts called wig 
 wams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting. They 
 spoke different languages, and their religion consisted in 
 worshiping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they 
 called the " Great Spirit." 
 
 5. Whence did they come? How did they reach 
 America ? How long had they been living there ? These 
 questions have been asked a great many times, but have 
 never yet been satisfactorily answered. Many theories 
 have been advanced to solve the difficulty ; but the origin 
 of these various races, both civilized and uncivilized, re 
 mains as much a mystery as ever. 
 
 6. According to one of these theories, America received 
 its first inhabitants from eastern Asia, by way of Behring s 
 Straits ; while other and more probable statements are, 
 that vessels were at various times wafted by the trade-winds 
 across the Atlantic Ocean from the Old World, and that 
 thus people of different races being accidentally carried to 
 the other continent, settled there, and founded the differ 
 ent nations which inhabited it at the time of its discov 
 ery by Columbus. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 V. Of one thing there can be no doubt. When America 
 was discovered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for 
 centuries ; and the previous occupants of certain portions 
 of it had attained a degree of civilization not possessed by 
 their inhabitants at the time of this discovery. The evi 
 dences of this are still abundant in the ruins of temples and 
 other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver 
 found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of 
 pottery of great antiquity have also been found; and 
 mounds of remarkable extent are seen in certain parts, the 
 origin of which was unknown to the uncivilized Indians. 
 
 8. After Columbus led the way, expeditions were un 
 dertaken by Europeans of different nations, in order to ex 
 plore the Xew World and make settlements in various 
 parts of it. Xone were marked by more heroism and 
 self-sacrifice than those conducted by the French Catho 
 lics in their efforts to explore the country in the region 
 of the great lakes, and along the Mississippi River and its 
 tributary streams. Marquette (mar-ket ), La Safle (sal), 
 and others, penetrated the vast wilderness by way of the 
 St. Lawrence; and they were followed by others, who 
 established stations at various places, and labored to con 
 vert the Indians to their faith (p. 212). 
 
 9. At the close of the Revolutionary War the western 
 boundary of the territorial possessions of the United States 
 extended only to the Mississippi (p. 186). By the "Loui 
 siana Purchase," in 1803, the limits were extended to the 
 Rocky Mountains (pp. 203, 204). The coast strip about 
 fifty miles wide, between Florida and Louisiana, claimed 
 by Spain as a part of Florida, was occupied by the United 
 States at the beginning of the "War of 1812," and, under 
 the claim that it was part of the " Louisiana Purchase," 
 was retained. In 1819, Florida was acquired by cession 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 from Spain (p. 249), all the " rights, claims, and preten 
 sions" of Spain, to territory west of the Mississippi and 
 north of the 42d parallel, being, at the same time, also 
 ceded to the United States. 
 
 10. The region west of the Rocky Mountains, extending 
 from latitude 42 to about 548, with the Pacific for its west 
 ern boundary, was long known as Oregon. It was claim 
 ed by the United States, because, among other reasons, its 
 principal river had been discovered by an American 
 Captain Gray, of the ship Columbia, of Boston in 1792, 
 and because, during the administration of President Jef 
 ferson, it was explored by Captains Lewis and Clark, com 
 manding an overland expedition sent out by the United 
 States government. Gray gave the name of his vessel to 
 the river he discovered. By the treaty made with Spain 
 in 1819, the United States strengthened their claim to the 
 region. 
 
 11. Great Britain also claimed Oregon until 1846, when 
 by treaty, the boundary line between the possessions of 
 the two nations was fixed at the 49th parallel ; and thus 
 was settled a controversy which had been continued for a 
 number of years, and which, at one time, threatened to 
 produce a war between the two countries. In 1845, Texas 
 became a member of the Union, by annexation (pp. 269, 
 270). California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada 
 were acquired from Mexico by conquest ; and their pos 
 session was confirmed by a treaty made at the close of the 
 war with that country (p. 284), and by a subsequent treaty 
 made in 1853. Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 
 (p. 343). 
 
DISCOVER IE S 
 
 ^EXPLORATIONS 
 
 ^=^-: 
 
 NORTH^AMERICA. 
 
 Scale of Miles. 
 
 > ~"-\ /W$^ : 
 
 ffst^nw rtn rf- /^s 
 
 *^#Aiir*., B09 
 
 "* -ZJ. 
 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SECTION" I. 
 
 Discoveries and Explorations. 
 
 EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO 
 THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607. 
 
 I. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS,* 
 the discoverer of America, was 
 born in the city of Genoa 
 (jen -o-a), Italy. At an early 
 age he manifested a predilec 
 tion for the sea, and the most 
 of his life, previous to its great 
 event, was passed on the waters 
 of the Mediterranean, and the 
 west coast of Africa ; and he 
 even made a voyage towards 
 Greenland, passing beyond the island of Iceland. 
 
 II. In those days, when navigation was yet in its infancy, 
 t^e usual route to India the country in the southeast part of 
 Asia with the adjacent islands being so called was by way 
 of Egypt and the Red Sea. Columbus, believing the earth to 
 be round, concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner 
 
 * Columbus was born about the year 1435. He died at Valladolid, Spain, in 1506. 
 
 I. QUESTIONS. 1. By whom was America discovered? 2. "Where was Columbus 
 born ? 3. How is Genoa situated ? (See map of Europe.) 4. How did Columbus 
 spend the most of his time previous to his discovery of America? 
 
 II. 5. By what route did European travelers reach India at that time ? 6. 
 What part of the earth was then known as India? 7. What theory did Columbus 
 have as regards a more direct route to India ? 8. By what religious conviction was 
 he also influenced ? 
 
12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 reach India than by taking this route. He "was also influ 
 enced by the conviction that he was commissioned by Heaven 
 to carry the Gospel to the heathen of unknown lands. 
 
 III. His first application for aid was to the government of 
 Genoa : it was refused. After applying, without success, to 
 the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by 
 
 Isabella (iz-a-bel -lak), Queen of 
 Spain, and he set sail from Palos 
 (pah -los), at the mouth of the river 
 Tinto, in that country, with three 
 vessels, namely : the Pinta (peeri- 
 tah), Santa Maria (so.n -tah ma-re - 
 ah), and Nina (ne -nah). The first 
 land which he saw was one of the 
 Bahama Islands, called by the 
 natives Guanahani (gwah-nah- 
 hah -nc), by him San Salvador, now sometimes known as Cat 
 Island; and thus, in 1492,* was America discovered. 
 
 IV. Columbus made three other voyages to the New 
 "World, in the first of which, as well as in the one just de 
 scribed, his discoveries were confined to the islands between 
 North and South America ; but in his third, voyage, in 1498, 
 he discovered the mainland, at the mouth of the river Ori- 
 
 According to a theory, advanced by a German author, there have been three different discoveries of 
 
 ^S^3^ari2rririitf^^s 
 
 Christ, by the Norwegians; and the third, in 1492, 
 
 ISABELLA. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. To whom did he first appeal to assist him in testing his the 
 ory ? 10, With what success? 11. To whom did he afterwards appeal? 12. What 
 was the result? 13. Who finally did help him? 14. Of how many vessels did his 
 fleet consist? 13. Give their names. 16. From what place did he set sail ? 17. In 
 what part of Spain is Palos situated? (See map, p. 2.) 18. The island which he first 
 discovered belonged to what group? 19. How are the Bahama Islands situated? 
 (See map, p. 10 ) 20. What did the Indians call the island discovered? 21. What 
 name did Columbus give to it? 22. What is the meaning of the name San Salvador? 
 An*. Holy Sar.imtr. 23. By what name is the island now known? 24 In what di 
 rection is it from Cuba? (See map, p. 10.) 25. From St. Augustine? (See same map.) 
 
 IV. 26. How many voyages in all did Columbus make to America? 27. What 
 can you say of the first two ? 28. When did he make his third voyage ? 29. What 
 discovery did he then make? 30. What did he accomplish in his fourth voyage? 
 81. In what conviction, touching the discovery of America, did Columbus die ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 noco, in South America ; and in the fburth and last, he 
 examined the coast of Darien. He still, however, believed 
 that the lands which he had discovered were a portion of 
 Eastern Asia (a -she-a^ instead of a new continent, and in this 
 conviction he died, being, ac intimated, entirely ignorant of the 
 real grandeur of his discovery. 
 
 Y. In 1499, the year after Columbus discovered the conti 
 nent, Amerigo Vespucci* (a-ma-re -go ves-voot -sht), an Italian 
 navigator, visited the eastern coast of South America, and, 
 in 1501, made a second voyage to the same regions. He pre 
 pared accounts of these two voyages, which were published in 
 Europe, in which he claimed to be the first European that 
 had landed on the western continent. In consequence of the 
 claim set up by him, as well as from the fact that his were the 
 first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it 
 was called America. 
 
 VI. In 1497, one year before 
 Columbus discovered the conti 
 nent, and two years previous to 
 Amerigo s visit, John Cabot and 
 his son Sebastian, while sailing 
 under a commission from Henry 
 VII., of England, discovered the 
 coast of Labrador, and thus 
 were the first to discover the 
 continent of America. In a 
 second voyage, made by Sebas 
 tian Cabot in 1498, the coast 
 
 SEBASTIAN CABOT. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, in 1451. He died in Seville, Spain, in 1512. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 32. When did Vespucci visit America ? 33. What part of Amer 
 ica did he visit? 34 How did the country come to be called America ? 
 
 VI. 35. What discovery was made in 1497 ? 36. What large island southeast of 
 Labrador ? (See map, p. 10.) 37. Did the Cabots or Vespucci first discover the con 
 tinent? 38. Was the honor of naming this country rightly bestowed ? 39. Did that 
 honor belong either to the Cabots or Vespucci, rather than to Columbus? 40. When 
 did Sebastian Cabot make a second voyage . 41. Give an accountof it. 42. Of 
 what special importance did the successes of the Cabots prove ? 
 
14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 from Labrador to Chesapeake Bay some say to Florida 
 was explored; landings were made in several places, and 
 natives were seen, clad in the skins of beasts and makino" use 
 
 O 
 
 of copper. These achievements of the Cabots, the discovery 
 and explorations, proved of momentous importance, especially 
 to England, as, by reason of them, that country based hor 
 claim to all the region from Labrador to Florida. 
 
 VII. Twenty years after Columbus s first and great discov 
 ery, Ponce de Leon* (pon -tha da la-on }, an aged Spaniard, 
 sailed from Porto Rico (re -co), in search of a wonderful foun 
 tain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, 
 and would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of 
 its waters. After visiting several islands of the Bahamas, 
 and tasting the waters of every river, lake, and fountain found, 
 he turned to the northwest, and, in 1512, discovered an un 
 known land. This was thought to be an island ; and, from the 
 abundance of flowers with which the forests were adorned, 
 and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which 
 the Spaniards call Pascua Florida (pah -scoo-ah flo-re -dah), it 
 received the name of Florida. He continued htis search along 
 the coast of Florida, and among the Tortugas^ Islands, but, of 
 course, without finding any such fountain. 
 
 VIII. Several years after, he made another voyage to 
 Florida for the purpose of making a settlement, he having been 
 appointed governor of the country upon the condition that 
 he would colonize it. He effected a landing, but was met by 
 the natives with determined hostility; and, in an attack made 
 by them, the Spaniards were killed or driven back to their 
 
 * Juan Ponce de Leon was born in Leon, Spain, He died in 1521. 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 43. In what year did De Leon make a voyage in search of a 
 wonderful fountain? 44. From what place did he sail? 45. Was he an old or a young 
 man at the time? 46. What tradition then existed, in relation to the fountain? 47. 
 What efforts did De Leon make to find the fountain ? 48. When did he discover Flo 
 rida? 49. Why did he call it Florida? 50. Among what islands did he search be 
 sides the Bahamas? 51. In what direction from Florida are the Tortugas Islands? 
 (See map, p. 10.) 
 
 VIII. 52. Why did De Leon go to Florida a second time ? 53. What appoint 
 ment had he received? 54. What further account can you give of him ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 
 
 ships, and De Leon himself recqived a mortal wound of which 
 he died in Cuba. 
 
 IX. In 1513, Balboa,* the Governor of the Spanish colony 
 at the Isthmus of Darien, the first colony established on the 
 American Continent, while crossing the isthmus gained the 
 summit of a mountain from which he discovered the Pacific 
 Ocean. After falling upon his knees and thanking God for 
 the privilege of being the discoverer of this great ocean, he 
 descended to the sea-shore and took possession of the whole 
 coast in the name of the Spanish crown. 
 
 X. About the time of De Leon s defeat in Florida, De 
 Ayllon (da ile-yone \ a Spanish adventurer, was engaged in 
 an enterprise having for its object the procuring of a large 
 number of Indians to work the plantations and mines of St. 
 Domingo (do-mlng -go). At a place in the southern part of 
 South Carolina, a great number of natives were treacherously 
 captured ; but the undertaking proved unsuccessful, for of the 
 two vessels employed, one was lost while on the return to St. 
 Domingo, and many of the captives in the other sickened and 
 died. 
 
 XL It was not many months after this unprofitable specu 
 lation, that De Ayllon obtained the appointment as governor 
 of Chicora (che-kd -rah ), the name given to that part of 
 Carolina which he had visited, and he wasted his fortune in 
 fitting out an expedition to conquer the country The issue 
 of this second enterprise was likewise disastrous: one of his 
 ships, the largest and best, was stranded and lost ; many of 
 his men were killed by the natives, in revenge for the treachery 
 
 * Vaseo Nunez <le Balboa was born in Spain, in 1475. Having been superseded in the governorship of 
 the colony at Darien. and afterwards charged by the new governor with the design of making other dis 
 coveries without authority, he was tried and found guilty. Although he persisted that he was unjustly 
 condemned, he was beheaded in conformity with the sentence, in 1517. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 55. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered ? 56. When waa 
 the discovery made? 57. What civil position did Balboa hold at the time? 58." 
 Where was he when he discovered the Pacific ? 59. What ceremony did he observe ? 
 
 X. GO. Who was De Ayllon ? 61. What enterprise did he engage in ? 62. What 
 was the result? 
 
 XI. 63. What appointment did he afterwards receive? 64. What was the object 
 of his second expedition? 65. What account can you give of it? 
 
16 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 which he had previously been guilty of ; and he himself barely 
 made good his escape. 
 
 XII. In 1517, Cordova, a Spanish navigator, sailed from 
 Cuba and discovered the northern coast of Yucatan. Upon 
 his return he gave such a favorable account of the civilization 
 and riches of the people whom he had seen, as to awaken a 
 keen desire among the Spaniards to undertake ^ their con 
 quest. Accordingly Velasquez (va-lah -skefti), the governor 
 of Cuba, sent an expedition under the direction of Juan de 
 Grijalva (gre-hahl -wik), the result of which was very satisfac 
 tory. Grijalva, after an exploration of the southern coast of 
 Mexico, returned with a large amount of treasure, obtained by 
 trafficking with the natives. 
 
 XIII. Velasquez, then de 
 termining to conquer the Mex 
 icans and get possession of 
 their wealth, sent an expedi 
 tion, consisting of eleven ves 
 sels and more than six hundred 
 armed men, under the com 
 mand of Fernando Cortez. 
 Cortez landed, in 1519, near 
 Vera Cruz (va -rah kroose), 
 and was at once met by 
 
 friendly deputations from Montezuma (mon-ta-thoo -mali), the 
 Mexican emperor. By perseverance and a course of falsehood 
 and duplicity, he succeeded in reaching the city of Mexico, 
 the Indian capital ; and by stratagem and boldness, and with 
 the aid of Indian tribes opposed to the Mexican rule, finally 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 66. "When was Yucatan discovered? 6T. By whom? 68? 
 What can you say of the account which he gave ? 69. What expedition was sent in 
 consequence of this account? 70. What did Grijalva accomplish ? 
 
 XIII. 71. What did Velasquez then determine upon ? 72. Who commanded the 
 expedition against Mexico? 73. Of how many vessels did his fleet consist? 74. 
 When did he land in Mexico ? 75. At what place ? 76. By whom wa3 he met ? 77. 
 What account can you give of Cortez s further movements ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 
 
 completed the^conquest of the people, and Mexico became a 
 province of Spain in 1521. 
 
 XIV. In 1528, Narvaez (nar- 
 vah -eth}, having been appointed 
 governor of Florida by the Spanish 
 sovereign, sailed from Cuba to con 
 quer and possess the country. The 
 attempt proved most disastrous ; for, 
 of the three hundred men who land 
 ed in Florida and penetrated the 
 DE SOTO. wild regions, only four, after years 
 
 of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement 
 in Mexico. These four men asserted that Florida was the 
 richest country in the world, a statement which the people 
 of Spain generally believed ; but to no one was credulity more 
 disastrous than to Ferdinand de Soto* (da so -to), a brave cava 
 lier who had gained riches and military honors with Pizarro, 
 in Peru. 
 
 XV. De Soto having solicited permission to conquer Flori 
 da at his own expense, the Spanish sovereign not only granted 
 his request, but appointed him governor of Cuba, and of the 
 immense territory to which the name of Florida was then 
 vaguely applied. With a fleet of ten vessels and a gay com 
 pany of six hundred armed men, he sailed for the New World 
 in 1538. Leaving his wife to govern Cuba, he proceeded to 
 Florida, landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the sum 
 mer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior, toward 
 the fancied land of gold. 
 
 XVI. After wandering for nearly three years in the wilder- 
 
 * De Soto was born in Spain, in 1500. He died in 1542. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 78. What expedition was undertaken in 1528 ? 79. What was 
 the result? 80. What opinion did De Soto entertain with regard to the wealth of 
 Florida? 81. What successes had he previously met with ? 
 
 XV. 82. What request did he make of the Spanish sovereign ? S3. How was the re 
 quest treated? 84. When did he sail for America? 85. Where did he leav* his wife? 
 86. Where did he land? 87. In what part of Florida is Tampa Bay? (See map, p. 
 10.) 88. When did he commence his march ? 
 
IS DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 ness, encountering the hostility of the natives and suffering 
 disasters and disappointments, De Soto sickened and died. 
 To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with 
 fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the Mississippi, 
 a river which he had discovered in 1541. After vainly trying 
 to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his follow 
 ers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along 
 the coast of Mexico until they arrived at a Spanish settlement. 
 
 XVII. In 1524, Verrazanni (va-rat-tsah -ne), a Florentine 
 
 navigator, while sailing in the service of 
 France, explored the coast of North 
 America from the Carolinas to New 
 foundland (new -fund-land}. To the 
 whole region thus explored he gave 
 the name of New France, a name which 
 was afterwards restricted to the territory 
 o f Canada, and which was so retained 
 while that country remained in the possession of the French. 
 
 XVIII. No other explorations were made by the French 
 until 1534. In that year and the following James Cartier* 
 (car-ts-a } made two successful voyages, discovered the river 
 St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the 
 whole country in the name of his king. Though Cartier 
 and the Lord of Roberval (ro-bare-val ), some years after, un 
 dertook to colonize Canada, the French effected no permanent 
 
 * Cartier was born at St Malo, France, in 1494. The time of his death is not known, though it is sup 
 posed he lived to an advanced age. 
 
 XVL QUESTIONS. 89. What river did he discover? 90. When did he discover the 
 Mississippi ? 91. How long did he wander in the wilderness? 92. What finally be- 
 came of him ? 93. What was done by his followers after his death ? 
 
 XVII. 94. What exploration was made seventeen years before De Soto discov 
 ered the Mississippi? 95. What name did Verrazanni give to the region which he 
 explored? 96. To what territory was that name afterward restricted? 97. How 
 long did Canada retain the name of New France? 
 
 XVIII. 93. When, after the exploration made by Verrazanni, did the French 
 make other explorations? 99. Who commanded the expeditions? 100. How- 
 many voyages did he make in 1534 and 1535? 101. Through what strait did he 
 sail? (See map. p. 19.) 102. In what year did he discover the St. Lawrence? (See 
 map, p. 10.) 103. When was Quebec settled? 104. By whom was it settled? 10&, 
 How is Quebec situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 10 
 
 settlement until one was made on the site of Quebec, in 1608, 
 by Champiain. 
 
 XIX. Quebec is not however, the oldest French settle 
 ment in America, as Port Royal, now Annapolis, in Nova 
 Scotia (sco -she-ah), was settled three years before by De 
 Monts (du-mong), a wealthy Huguenot. Port Royal was 
 then spoken of as being in Acadia, a name which, at the time, 
 was applied to the whole territory now included in Nova 
 Scotia, New Brunswick, and the adjacent islands. 
 
 XX. More than forty years before the settlement of Port 
 Royal, in Nova Scotia, the Huguenots, or French Protestants, 
 undertook to establish a colony first in South Carolina and 
 afterwards in Florida as a place of refuge for their people. 
 Their expeditions were undertaken by direction and aid of 
 Jaspar Coligny* (ko-leeri -ye) , Admiral of France. The first, 
 intrusted to the command of John Ribault (re-bo ), reached the 
 
 * Colijjny, or, as the nan 
 dered at Paris, in 1572. 
 
 is sometimes written, Coligni, was born in France, in 1517. He was mur- 
 
 XIX. QUESTIONS. 106. Which is the oldest French settlement in America 
 107. ID what year was Port Royal settled? 108. How is Port Royal situated ? (See 
 map, p. 10.) 109. By what name is Port Royal now known? 110. What territory 
 was then called Acadia ? 
 
20 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 coast in 1562. The colonists landed at Port Royal entrance, 
 selected their place of refuge, and built a fort, to which they 
 gave the name of Carolina, in honor of King Charles (Caro- 
 lus) of France. It was thus that this country received its 
 name, a century before it was occupied by the English. Ri- 
 bault, leaving twenty-six men to keep possession, returned to 
 France for reinforcements ; but the promised aid not arriving, 
 the colonists in despair embarked for their native land. The 
 second expedition was sent out in 1564, when a settlement was 
 made on the banks of the St. John s River, Florida. 
 
 XXI. Hardly had the news reached Spain of the Huguenot 
 settlement on the St. John s River than Melendez, who had been 
 appointed governor of Florida upon condition that he would 
 conquer the country within three years, departed on his expe 
 dition of conquest. After forming a settlement at St. Augus 
 tine (aw-yus-ttne } in 1565, which is the oldest in the United 
 States, he proceeded against the Huguenots, whom he sur 
 prised ; and massacring men, women, and children, broke up 
 the colony. This did not long go unavenged ; for, in little 
 more than two years after, De Gourges (du-goorg), a brave 
 soldier of France, having fitted out three ships at his own 
 expense, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John s River, 
 and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 
 
 XXII. The first enterprise on the part of the English for the 
 purpose of planting a colony in America was undertaken in 
 1579, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who sailed from England 
 under a patent which had been granted by Queen Elizabeth ; 
 but severe storms and Spanish war vessels compelled him to 
 put back, and the scheme, for a time, was abandoned. In 
 
 XX. QUESTIONS. 111. Where had the Huguenots previously undertaken to es 
 tablish a colony ? 112. What object had they in view ? 113. Who aided and direct 
 ed them? 114. Who commanded their first expedition? 115. Give an account of it. 
 
 116. In what direction from St. Augustine is Port Royal entrance? (Se map, p. 10.) 
 
 117. When was the second expedition sent? 118. Where was a settlement made? 
 119. Describe the St. John s River. (See map, p. 10.) 
 
 XXI. 120. What was the fate of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John s ? 121. 
 When and where did Melendez make a settlement ? 122. What can you say of that 
 settlement? 123. How was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 21 
 
 1583 he sailed a second time for America, and landed at 
 Newfoundland ; but accomplished little more than the erec 
 tion of a pillar bearing the arms of his government. While 
 returning to England, in the same year, his vessel foundered, 
 and he, with all on board, perished. 
 
 XXIII. Sir Walter Raleigh* (raw -le), not disheartened by 
 
 the sad fate of his step-brother^ 
 Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth 
 an ample patent, and sent two 
 vessels, under the command of 
 Amidas, and Barlow. The 
 voyagers arrived on the coast 
 of Carolina, visited the islands 
 * n P Rirmco an( * Albemarle 
 Sounds, took possession of the 
 country in the name of Eliza- 
 beth, and, after trafficking with 
 the natives, returned to England. So glowing an account did 
 they give of the country, that Queen Elizabeth declared the 
 event to be the most glorious in her reign ; and, in memorial 
 of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. Upon 
 Raleigh she conferred the honor of knighthood. 
 
 XXIV. Two attempts were afterwards made by Raleigh to 
 establish a colony in America ; one in 1585, and the other in 
 1587. In the first, more than a hundred persons were sent. 
 
 * Raleigh was born at Haves, in Devonshire, a county of England, in 1552. The death of Queen Eliz 
 abeth, in 1603, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of high treason convicted, 
 and, after a period of fifteen years, thirteen of which he passed in confinement, he was beheaded m Lon 
 don, on the 29th of October, 1618. 
 
 XXII. QUESTIONS. 124. "What account can you give of the first English enter 
 prise to establish a colony in America? 125. Wh.en did Gilbert sail a second time ? 
 126. At what place did he land? 127. What body of water is on the west of that 
 island? (See map, p. 10.) 128. What became of Gilbert ? 
 
 XXIII. \29. How were Gilbert and Raleigh related? 130. What patent did Raleigh 
 obtain? 131. How many vessels did he send to America? 132. Who commanded 
 them? 133. When did Amidas and Barlow reach America? (See map, p. 10.) 134. 
 What exploration did they make? 135. What else did they do? 136. In what direc 
 tion is Roanoke Island from Jamestown ? (See map, p. 29.) 137. What can you say 
 of the account which Amidas and Barlow gave of the country they visited ? 
 
22 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 These, with Ralph Lane as governor, were conveyed by a fleet of 
 seven vessels, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville. 
 They proceeded to Roanoke, an island on the coast of North 
 Carolina, where a settlement was commenced. After a year 
 of distress, they all embarked for England with Sir Francis 
 Drake, who had stopped at Roanoke on his way from the 
 West Indies. 
 
 XXV. The second colony was composed of agriculturists 
 and artisans with their families. Having reached Roanoke, 
 and there, on the site of the former settlement, commenced 
 building " the city of Raleigh," John White, the governor, 
 went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an 
 absence of nearly three years, Roanoke was deserted, and no 
 trace of the colonists could be found. 
 
 XXVI. The next attempt, after Raleigh s, to plant an Eng 
 lish colony in America, was made by Bartholomew Gosnold, 
 in 1602. After discovering the promontory which he called 
 Cape Cod, also Nantucket, Martha s Vineyard, and the 
 group known as the Elizabeth Islands, he landed on one of 
 the last named, where he selected a position for a settlement 
 and built a storehouse and fort. The persons chosen to re 
 main becoming alarmed at the menaces of the Indians and at 
 the want of supplies, the design was abandoned, and the whole 
 party returned to England. 
 
 XXVII. Gosnold made such favorable reports of the coun 
 try, that the merchants of Bristol were induced to fit out two 
 
 XXIV. QUESTIONS. 138. How many attempts did Raleigh make to establish a 
 colony in America? 139. "When were they made ? 140. Give an account of the first. 
 
 XXV. 141. Of whom did the second colony consist ? 142. Who was their gov 
 ernor ? 143. Where did they commence to build a city ? 144. What name did they 
 give to the city? 145. Why did the governor of the colony leave? 146. How long 
 was he gone? 14T. What did he find upon his return to Roanoke? 
 
 XXVI. 148. When was the next attempt made to plant an English colony in 
 America? 149. Who commanded the undertaking ? 150. What discoveries did 609. 
 nold make? 151. In what direction from Martha s Vineyard is Nantucket? (See 
 map, p. 28.) 152. At what place did Gosnold make preparation to make a settle 
 ment? 153. What are the Elizabeth Islands now called ? (See map, p. 23.) 154. 
 Why did not the settlement on Elizabeth Islands prove permanent? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 23 
 
 vessels, under the command of Martin Pring, for exploration and 
 trade. During the first voyage, made in 1603, the shores and 
 several large rivers of Maine, as well as the coast as far south 
 
 as Martha s Vineyard, were examined, and a profitable traffic 
 was carried on with the natives. Three years later, Pring re 
 peated his previous voyage, and made a more accurate survey 
 of Maine. 
 
 XXVIII. The territory which the English claimed, basing 
 
 XXVII. QUESTIONS. 155. "What reports did Gosnold make of the country which 
 he had discovered and visitod? 156. Give an account of Pring s first voyage. 157. 
 Of his second. 
 
24 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 their claim, as has been previously stated, principally upon 
 the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 
 45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. granted 
 the northern portion, from the 41st to the 45th, to an associa 
 tion of "knights, gentlemen, and merchants of the west of 
 England," known as the Plymouth (plim -utk) Company, call 
 ing the region North Virginia. The southern portion, from 
 the 34th to the 38th, called South Virginia, he granted to an 
 association of " noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants, in and 
 about London," known as the London Company. 
 
 XXIX. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth 
 Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement 
 at the mouth of the Kennebec River, in Maine ; but the in 
 tense cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse 
 
 XXVIII. QUESTIONS. 158. "What extent of territory did the English claim in 
 America? 159. Upon what did they base their claim? 160. What two extensive 
 grants were made of this territory ? 
 
DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 25 
 
 by fire, and the death of their president, George Popham, 
 discouraged them, and they returned to England. 
 
 XXX. The London Company were more successful. They 
 sent a fleet of three vessels, commanded by Christopher New 
 port, and carrying more than a hundred colonists. During 
 the long voyage of four months, dissensions arose among the 
 leading men, and John Smith, whose genius had excited their 
 jealousy, was placed in confinement. The design of the colo 
 nists was to form a settlement on Roanoke, but a storm car 
 ried the vessels farther north, into Chesapeake Bay. They 
 sailed about fifty miles up a large stream which they named 
 James River, and, selecting a place for a settlement, called it 
 Jamestown. 
 
 XXIX. QUESTIONS. 161. When did the Plymouth Company attempt to make a 
 settlement? 162. At what place ? 163. Describe the Kennebec River. (See map, p. 
 10.) 164 What else can you say of the settlement on the Kennebec? 
 
 XXX. 1C5. Were the London Company more or less successful? 166. Of how 
 many vessels did the fleet, sent by them, consist? 1GT. Who commanded the 
 fleet? 168. How many colonists were there onboard of the three vessels? 169. 
 How long a voyage did they have? 170. How was John Smith treated during the 
 voyage? 171. At what place did the colonists intend to make their settlement? 
 172. Why did they not do so ? 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 1. Give an account of Columbus previous to the year 1492 11 
 
 2. How was India reached by European travelers at that time?. . . 11 
 
 3. "What theory did Columbus have respecting a different route ? 11, 12 
 
 4. How many and what applications did he make for aid? 12 
 
 5. For what was he indebted to Isabella, Queen of Spain ? 12 
 
 6. "What fleet did he command, and whence did he sail? 12 
 
 t. "What success did he meet with ? 12 
 
 8. Give an account of his three subsequent voyages 12, 13 
 
 9. When and at what place did Amerigo first visit America?.. 13 
 
 10. When and at what place did he make his second visit ? 13 
 
 11. What accounts did Amerigo prepare? .13 
 
 12. What was afterwards done with the accounts? 13 
 
 13. What was the consequence, and of Amerigo s claim? 13 
 
 14. When was the continent of America discovered? 13 
 
 15. Was that before or after Amerigo s first visit to America? 13 
 
 2 
 
26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 16. Give an account of the voyage made by the two Cabots 13 
 
 17. What explorations were made in 1498 ? 13, 14 
 
 18. "What claim was based upon the achievements of the Cabots ? 14 
 
 19. What account can you give of Juan Ponce De Leon ? 14 
 
 20. What of his expedition in search of a fountain? 14 
 
 21. What discovery was made in the year 1512? 14 
 
 22. Give an account of De Leon s second expedition 14, 15 
 
 23. What discovery took place in 1513 ? 15 
 
 24. Which was the first colony established on the continent ? 15 
 
 25. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific 15 
 
 26. When did De Ayllon make his first expedition to Carolina? 15 
 
 27. What was the object of the expedition ?. 15 
 
 28. Give an account of it, stating what you can of De Ayllon himself 15 
 
 29. Give an account, in full, of the second expedition 15, 1C 
 
 30. Who was Cordova, and what discovery did he make ?. 16 
 
 31. What induced Velasquez to send the expedition under Grijalva? 1G 
 
 32. What induced him to send the one under Cortez ? 16 
 
 33. Of how many vessels and men did Cortez s expedition consist?. 16 
 
 34. Give the further account of the expedition 16, 17 
 
 35. When and whence did Narvaez make an expedition to Florida? 17 
 
 36. Give an account of it, including that of the four men 17 
 
 37. Who was Do Soto, and what great preparations did lie make?. . 17 
 
 38. Give an account of his expedition and sad fate 17, 18 
 
 39. Who was Verrazanni, and what explorations did he make ?...... 18 
 
 40. How many voyages did Cartier make to America ? 18 
 
 41. In his third voyage, what did he and another person undertake? 1 8 
 
 42. When and where did De Monts make a settlement in America? 19 
 
 43. Give an account of the Huguenot attempt to settle S. Carolina. 19, 20 
 
 44. Of the destruction of the Huguenot settlement in Florida. ... 20 
 
 45. Of De Gourges s expedition of retaliation 20 
 
 46. Of Sir Humphrey Gilbert s expedition and sad fate 20, 21 
 
 47. Of the expedition made by Amidas and Barlow 21 
 
 48. Of Raleigh s first attempt to colonize America 21 
 
 49. Of his second attempt, with some account of Raleigh himself, 21, 22 
 
 50. Of the attempt at colonization made in 1602 22 
 
 51. Give an account of Pring s first voyage to America 23 
 
 52. Give an account of his second voyage to America. . . 23 
 
 53. What region was afterward known as North Virginia? 24 
 
 54. What region was, at the same time, known as South Virginia ? 24 
 
 55. Give an account of the Plymouth Co. s attempt at settlement. 24, 25 
 
 56. Of the London Company s expedition, with its success 25 
 
27 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Colonial History. 
 
 EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO 
 THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 
 3754. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 I. THE first settlement 
 in Virginia was made in 
 1607, at Jamestown.* 
 The colony was gov 
 erned under a charter 
 granted by James I., the 
 supreme government be 
 ing vested in a council 
 resident in England, and 
 the local government in 
 a colonial council, the 
 members of both deriv 
 ing their appointment 
 from the king. 
 
 II. The first* council 
 consisted of seven per 
 sons, among whom were 
 Bartholomew Gosnold, 
 John Srnith,f and John 
 Ratcliffe, with Edward 
 
 Wingficld, an avaricious and unprincipled man, for governor. 
 
 the alenUown CePti n f the rU nS f tW r three houses > and of a church and fort nothing remains of 
 t John Smith was born in Willonghby, county of Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. His life was a most 
 ti?p n nf th ne> ,1 fT derlnK the aire in which he lived > he wa9 "deed a remarkable man. The narra 
 tive of the part he took m wars against the Turks, of his captivitv by them, and his escape, seems more 
 like a romance than a reality. He died in London, in 1631. 
 
 VIRGINIA. I. QUESTIONS.!. When was Virginia first settled? 2. At what 
 place? 8. How was Jamestown situated? (See map, p. 29.) 4. In what direction 
 from the Bermuda Islands was Jamestown? <;See map, p. 10.) 5. How was the 
 colony at first governed ? * Colonial. 
 
28 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 Smith, at first, was not permitted to take a seat in the council, 
 because of a false charge of sedition made against him by his 
 colleagues ; but they were soon compelled to restore him to 
 his station. 
 
 III. For a time the colony did not prosper. The scarcity 
 of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of indus 
 trial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to 
 the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly 
 fatal to its existence. Bartholomew Gosnold, the projector 
 of the settlement, and a man whose influence had greatly con 
 tributed to promote harmony in the council, was among those 
 who died. 
 
 IV. Wingfield, the president, having embezzled the public 
 stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settle 
 ment, in a vessel belonging to the colony, was expelled from 
 the council. He was succeeded in the presidency by Rat- 
 cliffe ; but, in consequence of the inefficiency of the latter, 
 the management of affairs fell into the hands of Captain John 
 Smith. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 
 Ratcliffe, Smith was formally elected in his place. 
 
 V. To the efforts of the new president, almost unaided as 
 they were, the salvation of the infant colony was owing. He 
 made frequent excursions into the neighboring country, and 
 returned with supplies of corn. He also explored Chesapeake 
 Bay, ascended the James and other rivers as far as he could 
 in boats, and made his knowledge, thus acquired, of great use 
 in the government of the colony. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 6. Of how many persons did the council consist? 7. Name 
 four of the most prominent men belonging to the first council. 8. Who was the 
 first governor ? 9. What was his character ? 10. How was Smith at first treated by 
 the council ? 
 
 III. 11. Did the colony, at the beginning, prosper or not? 12. What were the 
 causes? 13. What is said of Gosnold? 
 
 IV. 14. Of what two crimes was Wingfield guilty? 15. J>y whom was he super 
 seded? 16. What is said of Katcliffe s management? 17. What was the conse 
 quence ? 
 
 V. 18- What is said of the efforts of Smith? 19. What of his excursions for 
 corn? 20. Of his explorations? 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 29 
 
 (Questions to "be answered from the above map.) 
 
 Name five rivers that tlr>w into Chesapeake Bay. What two capes are at the en 
 trance of the bay? To what large body of water is Chesapeake Bay tributary? 
 Ans. The Atlantic Ocean, How was Jamestown situated? Into what body of 
 water does the Chowan Paver flow ? What other river flows into Albemarle Sound ? 
 How is the Island of Eoanoke situated? In what direction is it from Jamestown ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 JOHN SMITH. 
 
 VI. On one of his expedi 
 tions up the Chickahominy, in 
 search of corn, he was sur 
 rounded by about three hun 
 dred Indians, and, after a des 
 perate struggle, captured. In 
 triumph they conducted him 
 through the country, showing 
 him to the various tribes on the 
 Rappahannock and Potomac 
 Rivers, and then took him to a 
 chief, dwelling near the fork of the York River. After being 
 detained for three days he was sent to Powhatan, the prin 
 cipal chief, or " emperor of the country," whose subjects 
 numbered about eight thousand. His residence was on the 
 York River. The Indian warriors met in council, and, after 
 a long and solemn consultation, determined that Smith should 
 be put to death. 
 
 VII. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon 
 a large stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs 
 
 to dash oift his brains, Poca- 
 hontas, the beloved daughter 
 of Powhatan, a child only 
 twelve years old, rushed for 
 ward, clasped the captive s head 
 in her arms, and begged that his 
 life might be spared. Her 
 generous and heroic conduct 
 touched her father s heart, and 
 the sentence was revoked. Smith 
 was not only set at liberty, but 
 an escort of twelve men was 
 
 POCAIIONTAS. 
 
 provided to conduct him to Jamestown.* 
 
 * This story is disput 
 Pooahontas. 
 
 It had its origin in the narrative published by Smith after the death of 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS 21 How was he captured? 22. To whom Oid the Indi.ms con- 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 31 
 
 VIII. On arriving there, after an absence ot seven weeks, 
 he found every thing in disorder. The colony was reduced to 
 forty men, the strongest of whom were preparing to quit the 
 country. The attempt at desertion was prevented by deci 
 sive action ; order was restored ; and a lar^e accession to 
 
 s-WUL. 
 
 TllK ATTEMPT AT DESERTION SUPPEfcSSED. 
 
 their number by the arrival of Newport, who had been to 
 England, revived the drooping spirits of the colonists. Smith, 
 by his captivity and frequent expeditions, gained considerable 
 knowledge of the language and manners of the Indians, and 
 of the country and its resources, which enabled him to estab 
 lish a peaceful intercourse between the settlers and the tribes 
 of Powhatnn. 
 
 duct him? 23. Where did Powtoitan live? 24. Describe the York Kiver. (See 
 map, p. 29.) 25. What sentence was pronounced against Smith? 
 
 VII. 26. How did the Indians undertake to carry out the sentence ? 2T Stata 
 how Smith was saved. 28. What else did Powhatan do for Smith? 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS.-29. What condition of things did Smith find at Jamestowi, 
 upon his arrival there? 30. Of what value did Smith s captivity prove to James 
 town ? 
 
32 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 IX. The administration of the affairs of Jamestown, how 
 ever, gave no satisfaction to the company in England. Be 
 lieving that under a new charter, conferring greater privileges, 
 their dreams of profit would be realized, they sought and ob 
 tained one, in 1609, and appointed Lord Delaware, a noble 
 man distinguished for his virtues as well as his rank, gover 
 nor for life. 
 
 X. Christopher Newport, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir 
 George Somers, who had been appointed commissioners 
 authorized to administer the affairs of the colony till the 
 arrival of Lord Delaware, were dispatched to America with a 
 fleet of nine vessels and more than five hundred emigrants. 
 While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One 
 of the vessels, that bearing the commissioners, was wrecked 
 on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one small one foundered : 
 the other seven reached the James River in safety. 
 
 XI. Although no person had yet arrived authorized to su 
 persede the president, Smith at first made no attempt to 
 maintain his power ; but the disorder and disaster that ensued 
 so alarmed the better portion of the colonists, that, at their 
 request, he resumed his abandoned functions. While return 
 ing from- a visit to one of the settlements near Jamestown 
 which he had established, he was so severely injured by an 
 explosion of gunpowder, that, feeling the need of the best sur 
 gical skill, he returned to England towards the close of 1609. 
 
 XII. No sooner had Smith fairly departed than the colonists 
 gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The Indians be- 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 31. When did the London Company get a second charter? 
 32. Why did they ask for it? 33. What appointment was coi.ferred upon Lord Del 
 aware ? 34. What can you say of Lord Delaware ? 
 
 X. 35. Who had been authorized to precede Lord Delaware in the management 
 of the affairs of the colony? 36. How many vessels and emigrants did they have? 
 37. What accident happened to the fleet ? 
 
 XI. 38. How was the colony governed after the arrival of the seven vessels? 
 39. What accident happened to Smith ? 40. What did he do in consequence? 
 
 XII. 41. How did the colonists behave after his departure? 42. What was the 
 consequence? 43. What was that period of time called? 44. What determination 
 did the colonists finally come to ? 45. Why was not the determination carried out ? 
 
VIRGINIA. 33 
 
 came hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and, in less than 
 six months after, not more than sixty, of the five hundred per 
 sons whom he had left, remained. This period of distress 
 and gloom was long remembered as the " starving-time." In 
 consequence of the destitute condition to which the colonists 
 were reduced, and of the gloomy prospects ahead, it was 
 determined to desert Jamestown entirely, and seek safety 
 among the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four ves 
 sels they embarked ; but just as they were drawing near the 
 mouth of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants 
 and supplies, and persuaded them to return. 
 
 XIII. Under the administration of the wise and good Dela 
 ware, order and contentment prevailed, and the affairs of the 
 colony began to prosper ; but, unfortunately, his health failed, 
 and he was compelled to return to England, leaving the gov 
 ernment to be administered by a deputy. New settlements 
 were made in the vicinity of Jamestown, and notwithstanding 
 the laws were harsh and strict, the colony continued to pros 
 per. The company in England, however, with a view to 
 greater advantages, obtained another charter, their third, in 
 1612. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed the 
 company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus 
 giving to the body a democratic form of government. 
 
 XIV. In 1613 occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to a 
 young Englishman named John Rolfe (rolf}. This event 
 proved to be of great importance, as it had the effect of es 
 tablishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan, as well as with 
 the powerful Chickahominy Indians. Three years after 
 her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied her husband to Eng 
 land, where she was an object of great interest to all classes 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 46. What is said of the affairs of the colony under the admin 
 istration of Lord Delaware? 47. What, unfortunately, was he compelled to do? 
 48. When did the London Company procure their third charter? 49. What re 
 markable feature did the new charter contain ? 
 
 XIV. 50. What interesting event took place in 1613? 51. Of what importance 
 did it prove ? 52. What further can you state of Pocahontas ? 
 
 2 
 
34 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 of citizens, and was presented at court. While preparing to 
 return to her native land she suddenly died, leaving a son, 
 from whom are descended many well-known families in Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 XV. During the year 1613 two expeditions were sent 
 from Virginia, under the command of Samuel Argall, an 
 avaricious man, who afterwards became deputy -governor of 
 the colony. Argall s object was the protection of the fisher 
 men off the coast of Maine ; but discovering a French settle 
 ment near the Pcnobscot, he destroyed it, and dispersed 
 the inhabitants. In his second expedition lie reduced and 
 plundered Port Royal, in Nova Scotia. 
 
 XVI. The commencement of negro slavery in the English 
 colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1620, 
 when a Dutch vessel entered the James River with negroes, 
 twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. 
 The culture of cotton was begun the next year. A large 
 number of colonists were sent to Virginia during the year 
 1620, among whom were about a hundred young women of 
 good reputation, who were disposed of to the planters as 
 wives, each purchaser giving one hundred pounds of tobacco, 
 being the cost of the woman s passage to America. 
 
 XVII. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death 
 of her father, peaceful relations existed between the settlers 
 and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan s successor com 
 menced a bloody war, in one day massacring about three 
 hundred and fifty men, women, and children. The settlers 
 retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of the Indians and 
 driving the rest into the wilderness. 
 
 XV. QUESTIONS. 53. Who was Samuel Argall? 54. Give an account of his first 
 expedition from Virginia. 55. -Of his second. 56. Describe the Penobscot River. 
 (Soe map of Maine.) 57. How is Port Royal situated ? (See map, p. 10.) 
 
 XYL 58. How was negro slavery introduced into the English colonies in 
 America ? 59. What can you say of the commencement of cotton culture ? 60. 
 How did the planters get their wives ? 
 
 XVII. 61. How long did peaceful relations continue between the whites and 
 Indians? 62. Give an account of the first massacre. 
 
VIRGINIA. 35 
 
 XVIII. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings 
 of the London Company. These were largely attended by the 
 stockholders, and exciting debates, often of a political charac 
 ter, took place. The freedom of speech manifested on such 
 occasions displeased King James, and he determined to ac 
 complish the dissolution of the company. Under the pre 
 text, therefore, that the disasters to the colony were the re 
 sult of bad government, the dissolution was effected, and, in 
 1624, Virginia became a royal province. 
 
 XIX. The celebrated " Navigation Act," which secured to 
 English ships the monopoly of the carrying trade with Eng 
 land, and seriously abridged the freedom of colonial commerce, 
 was passed by Parliament in 1651. It was not at first en 
 forced against Virginia, but after its re-enactment in 1660, with 
 new provisions, it was rigorously executed, despite the remon 
 strances of the colonists. In 1673, Charles II., of England, 
 granted to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington, " all 
 the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for the term 
 of thirty-one years. 
 
 XX. The complaints of the people grew louder and louder. 
 In addition to this lavish grant, and the oppressiveness of the 
 " Navigation Act," the colonists were restricted in the 
 elective franchise ; were required to conform to the doctrines 
 and rituals of the Church of England ; and the taxes levied 
 were unequal and oppressive. They wanted but an excuse 
 for appearing in arms, and it was soon found in the invasion 
 made by the Susquehanna Indians. The invaders penetrated 
 Virginia from the north, and carried desolation and death to 
 many a lonely plantation. 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 63. Why did the London Company have frequent meetings? 
 64. What can you say of the meetings ? 65. What did King James determine upon ? 
 66. Why ? 67. When did he accomplish his purpose ? 68. What was his pretext 
 for so doing ? 
 
 XIX. 69. When was the celebrated "Navigation Act" passed ? 70. What was its 
 most obnoxious feature ? 71. How did it affect the colonial commerce ? 72. What 
 can you say of its enforcement ? 73. What grant of Virginia was afterward made to 
 two persons? 
 
 XX. 74 Of what did the people complain ? 75. What did they seek ? 76. What 
 excuse was soon found ? 77. What did the Susquehannas do ? 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 XXL The people, knowing Governor Berkeley s measures 
 for defense to be very inefficient, dem-anded permission to 
 arm and protect themselves ; but, being refused, they united 
 ostensibly to repel the Indian invaders; and thus a struggle for 
 popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as Bacon s Rebel 
 lion. Nathaniel Bacon, from whom the movement took its 
 name, was at once pointed out as the leader. His social po 
 sition was good ; he was eloquent and courageous. 
 
 XXII. With a force of five hundred men he marched 
 against the Indians, whom he met and defeated ; and though 
 Berkeley issued a proclamation declaring those in arms rebels, 
 no notice was taken of the fulmination. The success against 
 the Indians inspired the insurgents with confidence. They 
 made demands which Berkeley consented to grant; but it 
 soon becoming evident that he was acting treacherously, a 
 desultory civil war broke out, in the course of which James 
 town was burned to the ground. 
 
 XXIII. Just as the success of the rebellion seemed to be 
 established, and plans in respect to a new government were 
 about to be adopted, Bacon suddenly died. The governor 
 then pursued vigorous measures, and, regaining his former 
 power, caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be hanged. 
 Fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his adminis 
 tration until he was recalled by the king, in 1677. 
 
 XXIV. Berkeley s successor was Lord Culpepper, to whom 
 and the Earl of Arlington the country had been granted in 
 1673, as previously stated. Virginia then became a pro- 
 
 XXI. QUESTIONS. 78. What demand did the people make of the governor? 79. 
 Who was the governor? 80. How did he treat their demand ? 81. What was the 
 consequence ? 82. Who was the leader of the insurgents ? 
 
 XXII. 83. Eelate the incidents of the rebellion. 
 
 XXIII. 84. What misfortune befell the insurgents? 85. What was Berkeley s 
 conduct afterwards towards them ? 
 
 XXIV. 86. Who succeeded Berkeley as governor of Virginia? 87. What 
 change was then made in the character of the government? 88 How long did Vir 
 ginia continue as a proprietary government? 89. What can you eay of the subse 
 quent government ? 
 
M ASS ACHUSETTS. 
 
 37 
 
 prietary government. Culpepper continued to rule until 
 1684, when, in consequence of his mismanagement, the king 
 revoked the grant made to him and Arlington, and deprived 
 him of his office. Virginia thus became a royal province 
 again, and so remained till the REVOLUTION. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW 
 ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. 
 
 I. CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, who had performed so creditable 
 a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
 1614, with two ships, for the purpose of trade and discovery 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. I. QUESTIONS. 1. "When do \ve next hear of Captain Johr. 
 Smith? 2. With how many vessels did he sail from England? 3. Where did he 
 intend to go? 4. What was his object? 5. What did he accomplish? 6. What 
 wrong was perpetrated upon the Indians? 
 
38 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 in the region of Cape Cod. He reached the American coast, 
 examined the shores from the Penobscot Biver to Cape Cod, 
 and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the 
 name of New England. The luster of the expedition, unfor 
 tunately, was very much dimmed by the act of Thomas Hunt, 
 who commanded one of the ships : by him twenty-four of the 
 natives were captured and taken to- Spain, where they were 
 sold into slavery. 
 
 IT. The original Ply 
 mouth Company havhig 
 been superseded by an 
 other, called the Coun 
 cil of Plymouth, King 
 James granted to the 
 latter, in 1620, absolute 
 ly and exclusively, all the 
 territory between the 
 40th" and 48th parallels 
 of north latitude, ex 
 tending from the Atlan 
 tic to the Pacific. It 
 was not, however, under 
 the direction of this 
 council, or with the aid 
 of the King, that the first 
 permanent settlement in 
 New England was made, 
 but by a small band of 
 Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who fled 
 from their own country to find an asylum from religious per- 
 
 IL QUESTIONS. 7. What company superseded the Plymouth Company? 8. 
 What grant was made to the new company ? 9. Through which Atlantic State 
 does the 40th parallel of north latitude run ? (See map of United States.) 
 10. Through what large island does the 4Sth parallel run ? (See map of 
 North America.) 11. By whom was the first permanent settlement made in 
 New England? 12. What direction and aid should they have had? 13. Why 
 did the Pilgrims leave England ? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 39 
 
 secution. The sect to which they belonged were known in 
 England as Puritans. 
 
 III. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence 
 they removed to Leyden (li r -den.) At Leyden they lived in 
 great harmony for about eleven years, under the pastoral care of 
 John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis 
 satisfied with their residence in Holland, and desired to plant a 
 colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli 
 gious rights without disturbance. After much solicitation they 
 obtained a grant of land from the London Company, and, being 
 
 G E RM A N 
 ^m OCEAN 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 14. To what place did they first go after leaving England ? 15. In 
 what direction from London is Amsterdam ? (See map. p. 39.) 16. To what place did 
 they remove? 17. How long were they at Leyden? 18. Who was their pastor at 
 Leyden? 19. "Why did they leave Holland? 20. From whom did they obtain a 
 grant of land ? 21. What arrangement did they make with some merchants ? 
 
40 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 without means, formed a contract with, some London mer 
 chants, who furnished the capital for the undertaking. 
 
 IV. As many as could be accommodated embarked on 
 board a vessel called the Speedwell, but the larger portion re 
 mained at Leyden with Robinson. The ship sailed to South 
 ampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, 
 called the Mayflower, with a body of Puritans from London. 
 The two vessels soon set sail, but had not gone far before 
 the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered the 
 port of Dartmouth, England. They started a second time, 
 but again put back, this time to Plymouth, where the Speed 
 well was abandoned as unseaworthy. 
 
 V. Then, after permitting those who chose to abandon the 
 enterprise, the Mayflower set sail alone, with one hundred and 
 one persons, men, women, and children, the most dis 
 tinguished of whom were John Carver, William Brewster, 
 Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. 
 After a boisterous passage of sixty-three days, they reached 
 the American coast, and in two days after were safely moored 
 in Cape Cod Bay. In the cabin of the Mayflower, before 
 they landed, they agreed to and signed a solemn compact, by 
 the terms of which they were to be ruled, and immediately after 
 they unanimously elected John Carver governor for one year. 
 
 VI. Several days were spent by exploring parties in search 
 ing for a favorable locality to commence the settlement. At 
 length, on the 21st of December, 1620, they all landed at a place 
 which they called Plymouth, in memory of the hospitalities 
 which had been bestowed upon them at the last English port 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 22. Did they all leave Holland ? 23. Who remained ? 24. On 
 board of what vessel did they sail ? 25. To what place did the Speedwell first go ? 
 26. What accession was made to the company at Southampton ? 27. What 
 then took place ? 28. What further can you state of the Speedwell ? 
 
 Y. 29. From what place did the Mayflower set sail alone ? 30. "With how many 
 persons ? 31. Who were the most distinguished of them ? 32. What kind of a 
 passage did they have ? 33. What did they do before leaving the ship ? 
 
 YI. 84. In what way were several days spent ? 35. When did they land ? 
 36. At what place ? 37. Why did they call it Plymouth ? 38. What can you say 
 of their sufferings ? 39. What befell Carver s family ? 40. Who succeeded him as 
 governor ? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 41 
 
 from which they had sailed. The winter was severe, and in less 
 than five months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from 
 the effects of exposure and privations, Governor Carver and 
 his wife being among the number. William Bradford was 
 thereupon elected to fill the vacancy, and during thirty years 
 he continued to be a prominent man in the colony. 
 
 VII. In April, of 1621, a treaty of friendship was made 
 with Massasoit (mas-sa^oit ), chief of the Wampanoags 
 (wom-pa-no -ags), which was sacredly kept for more than thirty 
 years. Canonicus, the great chief of the Narragan setts, who 
 regarded the English as intruders, kept the colonists in fear 
 for awhile; but the decided course of Bradford eventually 
 compelled him to sue for peace. 
 
 YIII. In the mean time other influences were at work to ex 
 tend the range of settlements. A company composed of gen 
 tlemen who Avere interested in the fisheries and trade of New 
 England, having purchased a tract of land, sent out an ex 
 pedition of a hundred persons, under the charge of John En- 
 dicott. These reached Salem in 1628, and made a settle 
 ment, thus laying the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony. The proprietors soon after obtained a charter from 
 the king, under the incorporated title of " The Governor and 
 Company of Massachusetts Bay, in New England." 
 
 IX. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, and 
 settlements at Charlestown and other places were made. An 
 important change took place in 1629, by which the govern 
 ment of the company was transferred from London to New 
 England. This induced men of fortune and intelligence to 
 become interested, among whom was John Winthrop, who 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 41. What important treaty was made ? 42. For bow long a 
 time was the treaty observed ? 43. What can you say of Canonicus ? 
 
 VIII. 44. What settlement was made in 1628? 45. In what direction from Ply 
 mouth is Salem ? (See map p. 31.) 46. What led to the settlement of Salem ? 
 47. When was Salem settled ? 48. W T hat charter was afterward obtained by the 
 proprietors of Salem ? 
 
 IX. 49. What can you say of the growth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony ? 50. 
 What induced Winthrop and others to join <he colonists? 51. When was Eoston 
 settled ? 52. By whom was it settled ? 
 

 . 
 
 42 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 was afterward elected governor, and who set sail for the col 
 ony in the beginning of April, 1630. Winthrop* was accom 
 panied by about three hundred families, mostly Puritans, 
 who settled at Boston and adjacent places, in 1630. 
 
 X. The banishment of Eoger Williams, in 1635, was an 
 event not only important in itself, but also On account of the 
 principle it enunciated. Though a Puritan, Williams de 
 nounced the religious intolerance practiced in New England, 
 for which, as well as certain opinions touching civil matters, 
 he was banished. Nor was this the only banishment. A 
 Mrs. Hutchinson,f who persisted in holding meetings of her 
 own sex, and promulgating peculiar views, was also compelled 
 to leave. 
 
 XI. An act of the " General Court" at Boston, in 1636, by 
 which about two thousand dollars were appropriated for the 
 purpose of founding a public school or college, led to the es 
 tablishment of what is now the oldest literary institution in 
 America. In 1638, the Kev. John Harvard bequeathed up 
 wards of three thousand -dollars to it, which, in honor of the 
 benefactor, was named Harvard College. Its location is at 
 Cambridge (kame -brij^ about three miles from Boston. 
 
 * John Winthrop was born in Groton, county of Suffolk, England, in 1588. He was re-elected governor 
 of Massachusetts eVery year until 1634. With the exception of two or three years, he was afterwards 
 deputy governor or governor until his death, which occurred in 1649. 
 
 t Mrs. Anne Htitchinson, upon being sentenced to banishment, at first went to Rhode Island. After 
 the death of her husband, which occurred in 1 642, five years later, she removed with her children to New 
 Netherlands. The Indians and the Dutch were then at war, and, in an attack made by the former, her 
 house was set on fire, and she and all her family, except one child, either perished in the flames or were 
 massacred by the savages. 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 53. What intolerance was shown towards Eoger Williams? 54. 
 What towards a woman ? 
 
 XI. 55. Give an account of the establishment of Harvard College. 56. How is 
 Cambridge situated? (See map, p. 120.) 
 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 43 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIEE. 
 
 I. The Council of Ply 
 mouth, it will be recol 
 lected, in 1620 obtained 
 a grant of land including 
 the whole of what is now 
 known as New England. 
 In 1622, a portion of this 
 grant that extending 
 from the Merrimac to the 
 Kennebec was ceded by 
 the council to Ferdinand 
 Gorges (gor -jez) and 
 John Mason, two of its 
 most active members. 
 Gorges and Mason called 
 the territory which they 
 thus obtained Laconia, 
 and,in the spring of 1623, 
 sent emigrants who made settlements at Little Harbor, near 
 Portsmouth, and at Dover. These, then, were the first settle 
 ments in New Hampshire. 
 
 II. In 1629, the Rev. John Wheelwright and others, who 
 evidently did not consider the grant to Gorges and Mason as 
 of much value, purchased of the Indians all the territory be- 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 In 1629 John Mason obtaine< 
 
 a grant of the territory between 
 
 the Merrimac and Piscat 
 
 Rivers, calling it New Han ip- 
 
 p- 
 hire in commemoration of the 
 
 fact that he had once been gov 
 ernor of Portsmouth, in Hamp 
 shire counly, England. The Seal 
 of the State is shown above. New 
 Hampshire has no motto. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. I. QUE8TIONS.1. How did the Council of Plymouth dispose 
 of a portion of their lands in 1622? 2. Describe the Merrimac River. (See map 
 p. 37.) 3. Describe the Kennebec. (See map, p. 10.) 4. What name did Gorges 
 and Mason give to their country? 5. What rivers bounded Laconia? 6. How is 
 Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 7. In what direction from Portsmouth is 
 Dover? (See map, p. 44.) 
 
 II. 8. What purchase of territory was made in 1629? 9. How did this purchase 
 conflict with the claims of Gorges and Mason ? 10. Into what body of water does 
 the Piscataqua flow ? (See map, p. 44.) 11. What grant did Mason obtain in 1629 ? 
 12. What name did he give to the country? 
 
44 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 tween the Merrimac and Piscataqua. In the same year 
 Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, 
 of the country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to 
 this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 
 
 III. The different settlements of New Hampshire in time 
 came to be governed by different proprietors ; but the people, 
 believing their interests would be promoted by a change, in 
 1641 formed a union, and placed themselves under the pro 
 tection of Massachusetts. This privilege was enjoyed for 
 a period of nearly forty years, when, in 1680, the two colo 
 nies were separated by order of the king, and New Hampshire 
 became a royal province. 
 
 IV. In the following year a vex 
 atious controversy began, as to the 
 proprietorship of the lands, which 
 continued for a number of years. 
 This dispute grew out of the claims 
 which the heirs of Mason had laid to 
 all the territory between the Merri 
 mac and Piscataqua, and it was not 
 terminated until they relinquished 
 all the unoccupied portions of the 
 province. During the wars known as King Philip s and King 
 William s, the settlers of New Hampshire suffered severely 
 from the incursions of the Indians. In one case, the attack 
 upon Dover in the latter war, twenty-one persons were killed, 
 and others were captured and taken to Canada. 
 
 V. The district of New Hampshire was several times con 
 nected with Massachusetts, the first from 1641 to 1680, as 
 previously stated ; but, in 1741, it became a separate prov 
 ince, and so continued till the Revolution. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 13. What change in the government of the New Hampshire 
 settlements took place in 1641? 14. Give a further account of the political con 
 nection between New Hampshire and Massachusetts. (See, also, paragraph V.) 
 
 IV. 15. "What controversy respecting lands began in 1681? 16. Give some ac 
 count of it. IT. How did the wars of King Philip and King William aftect the set 
 tlements of New Hampshire? 
 
 PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. 
 
CONNECTICUT. 
 
 45 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 I. IN 1630 the Coun 
 cil of Plymouth ceded 
 to the Earl of Warwick 
 the soil of Connecticut ; 
 and this grant, in the 
 following year, was trans 
 ferred to Lord Say-and- 
 Seal, Lord Brooke, and 
 associates. 
 
 II. As the Dutch, at the 
 time, laid claim to all the 
 territory thus ceded, they 
 resolved to prevent any 
 settlements being made 
 within the limits of the 
 new grant. According 
 ly, they proceeded from 
 New York, sailed up the 
 Connecticut River to 
 where Hartford now 
 
 stands, and there erected a fort. The structure was hardly 
 completed when Captain William Holmes and a company from 
 Plymouth sailed up the river, and, though forbidden by the 
 Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them if they attempted to 
 pass the fort, the English kept on unhurt, and commenced 
 the settlement of Connecticut, at Windsor (win -zer), by 
 erecting in that year, 1633, a trading-house there. 
 
 III. In the autumn of 1635, a company of sixty men, 
 
 CONNKCTICUT.-I. QUESTIONS.-!. What grant of land was made in 1630? 2. 
 What, in 1631? 
 
 II. 3. What resolution did the Dutch determine upon? 4. What action did they 
 accordingly take ? 5. When and where was Connecticut first settled ? 6. D 
 <he Connecticut River. (See map of New England.) 
 
46 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 women, and children journeyed from Massachusetts through 
 the wilderness, and settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Weth- 
 ersfield. At about the same time a colony was commenced 
 at the mouth of the Connecticut, which, in honor of Lord 
 Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke, was called Saybrook. But 
 the migration conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 
 1636, was one of the most important to Connecticut. With 
 about a hundred persons he departed from the vicinity of 
 Boston, and, after a toilsome journey through swamps and 
 forests, arrived in the valley of the Connecticut. His people 
 settled mostly at Hartford. 
 
 IV. It was at this time that difficulties with the Indians 
 began to arise. The Pequods, a warlike tribe inhabiting the 
 southeast part of Connecticut, committed many acts of hos 
 tility, and sought an alliance with the Narragansetts in an 
 effort to exterminate the colonists ; but, through the exer 
 tions of Roger Williams, the league was prevented. The 
 Indians, however, continuing their murderous depredations, 
 a court, summoned at Hartford, in 1637, formally declared 
 war against them. 
 
 Y. Soon a force of ninety colonists, with about the same num 
 ber of Mohegan Indians, started against the foe. The expedi 
 tion, commanded by Captain John Mason, sailed down the 
 Connecticut and along Long Island Sound, and landed at a point 
 in the southwestern part of Rhode Island. Here it was join 
 ed by other Indian allies, until the whole force amounted to 
 not less than five hundred men. Mason proceeded by quick 
 marches, and surprised the chief fort of the Pequods, situated 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 7. "What account can you give of *ho settlements made in the 
 autumn of 1635? 8. Of the colony at the mouth of the Connecticut? 9. Of the 
 migration conducted by Hooker? 
 
 IV. 10. "Who were the Pequods? 11. What alliance did they try to bring about? 
 12. How was it prevented ? 13. When and by whom was war declared against the 
 Pequods ? 
 
 V. 14. "What expedition was sent against them ? 15. Give an account of the 
 movements of the expedition. 16 At what place was the chief fort of the Pequods 
 situated ? 17. How is New London situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 18. What was the 
 result of the expedition ? 
 
CONNECTICUT. 
 
 on the Mystic River, eight miles northeast of New London. It 
 and the wigwams were burned, and more than six hundred 
 men, women, and children perished by fire or were slain. 
 
 VI. The Pequods ne\:er recovered from their great loss. 
 The severe blow dealt them was promptly followed by vigor 
 ous measures, until finally the survivors, about two hundred in 
 number, surrendered in despair, and. were sold into captivity 
 
 LONG ISLAND SOUND 
 
 or incorporated with other tribes. So complete was their 
 overthrow that the very name of Pequods was no longer 
 heard. 
 
 VII. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 
 1638, called the New Haven colony. The land was bought 
 of the Indians, and under the guidance of the Rev. John 
 Davenport and Theophilus Eaton, a colony, remarkable for the 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 19. What effect did the blow have upon the Pequods? 20. 
 What further account can you give of the Pequods ? 
 
 VII. 2. When was a third colony established in Connecticut? 22. By whom? 
 28. At what place? 24. How is New Haven situated ? (See map, p. 47.) 
 
48 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 religious /spirit that marked its laws, was plauted and 
 flourished. 
 
 VIII. It will be seen that three colonies were established 
 in Connecticut, namely : the Connecticut colony, embracing 
 Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, the inhabitants of 
 which acknowledged the authority of Massachusetts ; the Say- 
 brook colony ; and the New Haven colony. The one at the 
 mouth of the Connecticut, Saybrook, maintained its separate 
 existence until 1 644, when it was annexed to the Connecticut 
 colony. Then there were only two. These were united in 
 1665, under a royal charter granted by Charles II., king of 
 England. This charter was exceedingly liberal, and confirm 
 ed in every particular the constitution which the people had 
 adopted at Hartford, twenty-six years before. 
 
 IX. For a number of years the colonists of Connecticut en 
 joyed comparative freedom from anxiety and molestation ; 
 but, in 1687, Sir Edmund Andros, who had been appointed 
 royal governor of New England, appeared before the As 
 sembly, then in session at Hartford, and demanded the sur 
 render of their charter. A discussion at once arose which was 
 protracted till evening, when the charter was brought in and 
 laid upon the table ; but just as Andros was stepping forward 
 to take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When the 
 candles were relighted, the document could not be found : it 
 had been carried away by Captain AVadsworth, and hid in the 
 hollow of a tree which was afterward known as the Charter Oak. 
 
 X. Andros, notwithstanding his inability to procure the 
 charter, assumed the government, and administered it in his 
 own name until he was seized at Boston, in 1689, and sent to 
 England, for trial on a charge of maladministration of public 
 affairs. The people then received the charter from its hiding - 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. How many colonies, in all, were established in Connecticut? 
 26. Give their names. 27. What settlements did the Connecticut colony embrace? 
 28. What became of the Saybrook colony ? 29. What union afterward took place? 
 
 IX. 30. What demand was made of the Connecticut people in 1687? 31. Give an 
 account of the proceedings that followed. 
 
 X. 32. What further can you say of Andros ? 33. Of the charter ? 
 
RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 49 
 
 place, and Connecticut again assumed her position as an in 
 dependent colony. 
 
 ~ 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 I. UPON the "banish 
 ment of Roger Williams* 
 from Massachusetts, he 
 remained several months 
 with the Narragansetts, 
 and then fixed his habi 
 tation on the spot where 
 the city of Providence 
 now stands. This was 
 in the year 163G. The 
 place selected by him for 
 settlement was purchased 
 of the Indians, and to it 
 he gave the name which 
 it still bears, to com 
 memorate " (rod s merci 
 ful providence to him in 
 his distress." Williams 
 was prompt to proclaim 
 
 religious toleration in his new home, and the rules governing 
 the colony were made by a majority of the inhabitants ; con 
 sequently immigrants came in great numbers, mostly from the 
 oppressed of the neighboring colonies. 
 
 II. A year after, William Coddington, who had become dis- 
 
 * Roger Williams was born in Wales, in 1606. He died in Rhode Island, in 1683. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. I. QUESTIONS.!. When was Rhode Island settled ? 2. At what 
 place? 3. By whom? 4. How did Williams procure the land? 5. Why 
 was Providence so called? 6. What induced immigrants to flock to Rhode 
 Island ? 
 
 II. 7. What settlement was made by Coddington? 8. Why did he leave Bos 
 ton ? 9. What was Coddington s settlement afterward called ? 10. What was 
 Williams 1 s afterwards called? 
 
 settled there, in 
 resembled the Island of Rhodes 
 in the Mediterranean, thev call 
 ed it Rhode Island: hence the 
 name of the State. The State 
 Coat of Arms is Riven above. Th 
 motto is. In God 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 satisfied with his residence in Boston, in consequence of the 
 church opposition to which he had for a long time been sub 
 jected, accepted an invitation from Williams, and, with 
 eighteen others, purchased from the Indians the island of 
 Rhode Island, and settled there. This settlement was after 
 wards known as the Rhode Island Plantation, and that of 
 Williams as the Providence Plantation. 
 
 III. It was claimed on the part of Plymouth, and the as 
 sumption was supported by Massachusetts, that the lands 
 whereon Williams and Coddington had settled belonged to 
 Plymouth, and that consequently the two settlements were 
 under the jurisdiction of that colony. Rather than acknowl 
 edge this claim, Williams went to England and obtained from 
 Parliament a free charter of incorporation, whereby the two 
 settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, under one 
 government, as the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 
 IV. After Charles II. ascended the 
 throne of England, Rhode Island, in 
 1663, obtained a new charter. When 
 Andros assumed the government of 
 New England, operations, under the 
 charter, were for the time necessarily 
 suspended ; but immediately after 
 his seizure at Boston, as elsewhere 
 stated, the charter again became the 
 fundamental law of the colony, and 
 was the only constitution of the State 
 till 1842. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 11. What claim did the colonies of Plymouth and Massachu 
 setts set up ? 12. What did Williams do in consequence ? 13. When were the two 
 plantations united? 14. Under what name ? 
 
 IV. 15. By whom was a new charter granted to Ehode Island ? 16. When was it 
 granted? 17. What can you say of it? 18. What interruption to its operation was 
 for a time suffered ? 19. When was the administration of affairs under the charter 
 resumed? 20. Till what year did the charter then continue in operation ? 21. How 
 many years passed from the time it was granted till its final supersedure ? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. When, where, and by whom was Virginia settled ? 27 
 
 2. -What misfortunes did the colony for a time encounter? 28 
 
 3. Give an account of Edward Wingfield 27, 28 
 
 4. State how Smith attained to the presidency 28 
 
 5. What excursions and explorations did he make ? 28, 30 
 
 6. What misfortune befell him while up the Chickahominy ? 30 
 
 7. What parade and show did the Indians make of him? 30 
 
 8. What then did they determine to do with him? 30 
 
 9. Who was Pocahontas, and how did she save Smith ? 30 
 
 10. How many men did Smith find at Jamestown upon his return?. 31 
 
 11. What selfishness were some of them contemplating ? 31 
 
 12. How was a change in the condition of the colony effected?. ... 31 
 
 13. How long did the London Company hold their first charter?. . . 32 
 
 14. Whom did the company appoint governor for life ? 32 
 
 1 5. How long did Smith remain in the colony, and why did he leave ? 32 
 
 16. Give an account of the "Starving Time" in Virginia 32, 33 
 
 17. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1012 ?. . . 33 
 
 18. Give an account of Pocahontas after she saved Smith s life. . 33, 34 
 
 19. Give an account of Argall s expeditions from Virginia 34 
 
 20. What additions were made to the Virginia colony in 1G20?. ... 34 
 
 21. What change took place in the affairs of Virginia in 1673? 35 
 
 22. Give an account of Bacon s Rebellion 35, 36 
 
 23. What account can you give of Virginia after the Rebellion?. 30, 37 
 
 24. What of Captain John Smith after he left Virginia ? 37, 38 
 
 25. What grant of land was made to an English company in 1020?. 38 
 
 26. Give an account of the settlement of Massachusetts 38, 39, 40 
 
 27 What can you say of Massasoit and Canonicus ? 41 
 
 28. How was the Massachusetts Bay Colony founded? 41 
 
 29. What took place in 1629 and 1630, in relation to that colony ? . 41, 42 
 
 30. What intolerant spirit was shown by the colony in 1635? 42 
 
 31. What joint grant of land was made to Gorges and Mason ? 43 
 
 32. What two settlements were made in 1623 ? 43 
 
 33. What two grants of the same land were made in 1629? . . .43, 44 
 
 34. What further can you state of the colonial history of New H. ? 44 
 
 35. How did Lord Say-and-Seal and Lord Brooke get Connecticut ? 45 
 
 36. Give an account of the settlement made at Windsor 45. 46 
 
 37. Give an account of the Saybrook colony 46, 48 
 
 38 Give an account of the Pequod War 46, 47 
 
 39. Give an account of the New Haven colony . 47, 48 
 
 40. State how the three colonies of Connecticut were united 48 
 
 41. Give an account of the two settlements made in Rhode Island 49, 50 
 
52 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 
 1643, TO " THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 
 
 I. IN 1643 a union was formed by the four colonies of 
 Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, the 
 object being to secure mutual protection against the encroach 
 ments of the Dutch and French, and for better security against 
 the hostility of the Indians. When, five years after, Rhode 
 Island desired to be admitted to the confederacy, the re 
 quest was not granted, because she refused to be incorporated 
 with Plymouth, as part of that colony, and thus lose her 
 separate existence. The general affairs of the union were 
 managed by a board of commissioners, consisting of two 
 from each colony ; and, in this way, the confederacy ex 
 isted for nearly fifty years. When, at last, it was destroyed, 
 by the loss of their charters, the colonists still cherished a de 
 sire for union. 
 
 IT. In 1656 a lamentable trouble commenced, growing out 
 of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from Eng 
 land. A report, which represented them to be a people of 
 peculiar opinions and conduct, had preceded them, and those 
 who first arrived were consequently sent back at once. Shortly 
 after, a law was passed, intended to prohibit their coining into 
 the united colonies at all ; but this failing of its object the 
 Quakers still continuing to come another law was enacted, 
 decreeing the punishment of death upon all who returned from 
 banishment. 
 
 MASSACHUSKTTS. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What union was formed in 1643 ? 2, What 
 request did Rhode Island make ? 3. Why was it not granted ? 4. How were the 
 general affairs of the union conducted ? 
 
 II. 5. What arrival took place in 1656? 6. What was done with those who first 
 arrived ? 7. Why were they sent back ? 8. Did this course keep the Quakers from 
 coming ? 9. What severe law was thereupon enacted ? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 53 
 
 III. This also failed of its object. Many of the banished re 
 turned, four were executed, some were publicly whipped, and 
 others were cast into prison. The great severity of the law 
 finally caused a general feeling of condemnation ; a wide 
 spread sympathy for the accused began to be felt, and, after 
 five years of trouble, the atrocious act was repealed. 
 
 KING PHILIP S WAR. 
 
 IV. During the life of Massa- 
 soit, the treaty of friendship 
 made between him and the 
 people of Plymouth was faith 
 fully kept. After his death, 
 his two sons, Alexander and 
 Philip, were looked upon as 
 being unfriendly to the whites ; 
 and when, upoti the death of 
 the elder brother, Philip be 
 came chief, trouble began to be KING PHILIP. 
 anticipated. 
 
 Y. It was evident to the Indians that the spreading settle 
 ments were fast reducing their domains and breaking up their 
 hunting-grounds ; and they saw plainly, in the growing power 
 of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. Nothing short 
 of a combination of all the New England tribes for the ex 
 termination of the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the 
 tide against them ; and Philip, so it was alleged, was the lead 
 ing spirit in plotting the combination. A converted Indian, 
 who had been sent as a missionary among his people, was the 
 principal informer against the chief. This man was after 
 ward found murdered. The execution by the whites of 
 
 III." QUESTIONS. 10. What effect did the law have ? 11. How were the Quakers 
 then punished ? 12. What further can you say of the troubles ? 
 
 IV. 13. Who was Alexander ? 14. Philip ? 15. To what position did Philip at, 
 tain? 
 
 V. 16. What became evident to the Indians ? 17. How did the Indians suppose 
 they could be saved from extinction ? 18. Who was supposed to be the leading spirit 
 in plotting an Indian combination ? 19. Who informed against Philip ? 
 
64 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 three Indians, who had been arrested, tried, and convicted of 
 the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause of the 
 war. 
 
 
 INDIAN WARFARE. THE BURPKISE. 
 
 VI. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon 
 the people of Swanzey, a village thirty-five miles southwest 
 from Plymouth. The alarm was given, and he was pursued, 
 by a force consisting of Plymouth troops and volunteers 
 
 QUESTIONS. 20. What became of the informer? 21. What was the immediate 
 canse of Kinp: Philip s war ? 
 
 VI. 22. Give an account of the attack upon Swanzey. 23. To what place was 
 Philip pursued? 21 Where is Mount Hope situated ? (See map, p. 37.) 25. What 
 can vt>u sav of the war that followed ? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 55 
 
 from Boston, as far as his home at Mount Hope, which he 
 was forced to abandon. He sought safety in a swamp. Here 
 he was besieged for a number of days, but at length made his 
 escape, with the most of his warriors. The war that followed 
 was of the most desolating character. The savages, grown 
 desperate, burned village after village, and carried death and 
 destruction throughout the country for miles around. 
 
 VII. Although a treaty of peace had been made with the 
 Narragan setts, they proved unfaithful to their obligations, and 
 became the allies of Philip. This becoming known, a strong 
 force was sent against them, and, in an immense swamp in 
 the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with 
 great loss. Yet they continued their depredations till the 
 death of Philip, which occurred in 1676. The shot of a 
 faithless Indian terminated the life of the wily chief. 
 
 VIII. A controversy, which had been going on for a num 
 ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and the 
 Massachusetts colony, concerning the province of Maine, was, 
 in 1677, decided by judicial authority in favor of the heirs, 
 and Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three 
 years after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachu 
 setts was declared, and the former became a royal province 
 the first in New England ; but the title to Maine was re 
 tained by Massachusetts until the year 1820. 
 
 IX. The English Parliament, with a view to monopolizing 
 the trade with the colonies, passed the " Navigation Act." 
 The opposition to this, as well as to other obnoxious laws, as 
 shown by Massachusetts, displeased the king, James II., and 
 he therefore deprived that colony of her charter. Sir Ed 
 mund Andros, who, by his subsequent career, made himself 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 26. How did the Narragansetts behave? 27. What followed? 
 23. What became of Philip? 
 
 VIII. 2y. What controversy was settled in 167T? 30. How was it settled? 
 31. What took place three years after? 32. Till what time was Maine a part of 
 Massachusetts ? 
 
 IX. 33. Why was the " Navigation Act" passed? 34. How was the law treated 
 by Massachusetts? 35. What did the king then do? 
 
56 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 infamous, on account of his unjust and oppressive government, 
 was sent to govern New England. 
 
 X. These proceedings on the part of the king rendered 
 him exceedingly unpopular, so much so, that when the news 
 of the English Revolution and James s dethronement reached 
 Boston, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and the most ob 
 noxious of his officers were seized and sent to England, and 
 the former mode of government was again established. 
 
 KING WILLIAM S WAR. 
 
 I XI. James fled to France, and William, Prince of Orange, 
 and Mary, his wife, the eldest daughter of James, were called 
 to the English throne, as king and queen of that countrv. 
 The cause of the fugitive king was earnestly espoused by the 
 French monarch, and this, principally, led to a contest between 
 the two powers, known in history as King William s War, in 
 which the respective colonists became involved and suffered 
 terribly. 
 
 XII. During the early part of the contest, which lasted 
 from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick (riz -vrick), in 1697, the 
 French and their Indian allies made expeditions against Do 
 ver, Schenectady (ske-neJc -ta-de}, and other settlements in the 
 northern colonies, and committed barbarities of the most 
 shocking character. To check these incursions, an expedition, 
 under Sir W T illiam Phipps, was dispatched by Massachusetts 
 against Nova Scotia, The capture of Port Royal was easily 
 accomplished, and Phipps returned to Boston with a large 
 amount of booty. 
 
 XIII. A second undertaking, of greater magnitude, wa? 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. B6. What made James II. unpopular in Massachusetts? 3T. 
 What, consequently, caused great rejoicings there ? 33. What treatment was meted 
 out to A 7id n is ? 
 
 XI. 39. To what place did James retreat? 40. Who then was made king of 
 England ? 41. Who, queen ? 42. What was the principal cause of King William s 
 War? 
 
 XIL 43. How long did the war last? 44. What places did the French and In 
 dians attack? 45. How is Dover situated ? (See map, p. 44.) 46. How is Schenec 
 tady situated? (See map, p. 62.) 47. Give an account of Phipps s expedition against 
 *tova Scotia. 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 57 
 
 planned by the New England colonies and New York, hav 
 ing for its object the conquest of Canada, though the pros 
 pect of plunder gave to it all the vitality it possessor!. A 
 large naval force, under Sir William Phipps, left Massachusetts, 
 while a land expedition proceeded from New York ; but the un 
 dertaking proved a signal failure. The land troops reached the 
 head of Lake Champlain, and then, because no means of trans 
 portation were provided, turned back. The expedition by water 
 was pushed with no more energy and dispatch, and it too failed. 
 
 XIV. Phipps, after his return, was sent to England, for the 
 purpose of procuring aid in the further prosecution of the war, 
 and also to obtain for Massachusetts a restoration of the 
 charter which King James had taken away. His mission, as 
 regards the first purpose, was unsuccessful : as regards the 
 second, King William refused to restore the old charter, but, 
 instead, he granted a new one, which united Massachusetts, 
 Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one royal government, 
 and upon Phipps was conferred the office of governor. 
 
 XV. One of the very first acts of the new governor was 
 the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who 
 were accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, 
 prevailed among the people of Salem and neighboring towns. 
 Twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tor 
 tured or frightened into a confession, and many suffered im 
 prisonment. The delusion, which lasted more than six months, 
 was finally dispelled, and the most of those who had partici 
 pated as prosecutors in the unrighteous work confessed their 
 error; still there were some, the most prominent of whom was 
 Cotton Mather, an eccentric but influential minister, who de 
 fended their course to the last. 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 48. What second undertaking was planned? 49. What save 
 to it its vitality ? 50. Give an account of the land expedition. 51. Of the expedition 
 by water. 52. How is Lake Champlain situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 
 
 XIV. 53. Why was Phipps sent to England ? 54. How successful was he ? 
 
 XV. 55. What was one of the first acts of Governor Phipps ? 56. How is Sa 
 lem situated? (See map, p. 37.) 57. How many persons were put to death? 5& 
 How many were tortured or frightened into a confession ? 59. What further ac 
 count can you give of the delusion ? 
 
 3* 
 
58 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 XVI. King William s War continued to afflict the colo 
 nies, extending over a period of about eight years, till it was 
 brought to a close, as before stated, by the treaty of 1697. 
 
 QUEEN ANNE S WAR. 
 
 XVII. Upon the death of James II., which occurred in 
 France, in lYOl, the French monarch acknowledged his son, 
 who was then in exile, to be the lawful heir to the English 
 throne. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in 
 England, where the crown had been settled upon Anne (aw), 
 the second daughter of James. While the English were mak 
 ing preparations for war, King William died, and Anne became 
 sovereign of England. The interference of France in the mat 
 ter of the succession to the English crown, in connection with 
 other causes, led to a war between England on the one side, 
 and France and Spain on the other, which is known in Amer 
 ica as Queen Anne s War, but, in Europe, as the War of the 
 Spanish Succession. 
 
 XVIII. In consequence of a treaty of neutrality which the 
 confederated tribes of Indians, commonly known as the Five 
 Nations, had made with the French in Canada, New York did 
 not suffer from any invasion from the north, the Five Nations 
 occupying lands within that colony. The Aveight of the war, 
 therefore, fell upon the people of New England. Bodies of 
 French and Indians made incursions from Canada, fell upon 
 the defenceless villages, and murdered or carried into captivity 
 the helpless inhabitants. 
 
 XIX. The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, after an unsuc 
 cessful attempt made three years before, was the most impor 
 tant event of the war.* The name of the place was thereupon 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 60. What course did the French monarch pursue, upon the 
 death of James II. ? 61. How did this affect the English people ? 62. While prepa 
 rations were being made for war, what occurred ? 63. What were the causes of 
 Queen Anne s War ? 64. By what other name was the contest known ? 
 
 XVIII. 65. How did New York escape invasion during the war ? 66. Where was 
 the weight of the war fult? 
 
MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 59 
 
 changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and 
 Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. The 
 contest continued about eleven years, hostilities having com 
 menced in 1702, and closed by the treaty of Utrecht (u -trekt), 
 in 1713 
 
 KING GEORGE S WAR. 
 
 XX. A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was 
 broken during the reign of George II., by King George^s War. 
 This contest had its origin in European disputes, relating, prin 
 cipally, to the kingdom of Austria, and, for that reason, is 
 known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succession. 
 
 XXI. War having been declared between England and 
 France in 1744, the colonial possessions were at once involv 
 ed. The most important event was the capture of Louisburg 
 (loo is-burff), by a force, mostly of New England troops, under 
 William Pepperill, aided by an English fleet, commanded by 
 Commodore Warren. The contest between the two nations 
 continued about four years, and was terminated by the treaty 
 of Aix-la-chapelle (akes-la-sha-pel ), in 1748, by which all ac 
 quisitions of territory which had been made by England and 
 France during the war were mutually restored. 
 
 XIX. QUESTIONS. 67. What was the most important event of the war? 6& 
 When was Port Koyal captured? 69. What change took place in the name? 70. 
 Why was the name so changed? 71. What permanent annexation was made to the 
 British realm? 72. How long did the war continue? 
 
 XX. 73. How long did peace continue after King William s War? 74. What 
 war then broke out? 75. What was the cause of King George s War? <6. By 
 what other name is it known ? 
 
 XXI 77. When was war declared? 73. What was the most important event 
 of "the war? 79. How long did the war continue ? 80. By what treaty was it termi 
 nated ? 81. What provision did the treaty make as regards acquisition of territory ? 
 
00 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 I. UNTIL most of the 
 large bays and rivers on 
 the eastern side of North 
 America had been explor 
 ed, it was generally sup 
 posed that there existed 
 a more direct and less 
 dangerous passage by 
 water, from the Atlan 
 tic to the Pacific, than 
 the route around Cape 
 Horn. Among those 
 who entertained this be 
 lief was Henry Hud 
 son,* an English naviga 
 tor, who, actuated by the 
 desire to become the for 
 tunate discoverer of such 
 a passage, if any existed, 
 made four voyages to the 
 coast of America. 
 
 II. In his third voyage, made in 1609, while sailing in the 
 service of " The Dutch East India Company," he discovered 
 the river which now bears his name. Having sailed up the 
 stream to the head of ship navigation, and explored it in a 
 small boat for some miles further, probably as far as Albany, 
 he returned to Europe. 
 
 * Hudson made his fourth voyage in 1610. While in Hudson s Bay, a mutiny occurring among his men 
 he, with tight who remained faithful to him, was put into an open boat and abandoned. Two ships were 
 afterwards sent fro.n England to make search for him, but no tidings of the bold navigator could ever be 
 gained. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 16K4, fituyvesant surren 
 dered New Netherlands, in com 
 pliment to the Duke of York, to 
 whom it had been granted,, New 
 Amsterdam was called New York, 
 a name which was also applied to 
 the whole province. Below the 
 Shield of the State (given above) is 
 the motto, Excthior, meaning more 
 elevated, denoting that the course 
 of the State is onward and higher. 
 
 I. NEW YORK. QUKSTIONS. 1. Who was Henry Hudson ? 2. How many voy 
 ages did he make to the coast of America ? 3. What was his object ? 
 
 II. 4. When did he discover the Hudson? 5. In whose employ was he at the 
 time? 6. How far up the Hudson did he proceed? 7. What was his object? 8. 
 Who first discovered the Hudson liiver? Ans. Verrnz.nni in 1574. 
 
NEW YORK. 61 
 
 III. The Dutch, claiming 
 that Hudson s discovery gave 
 them a title to the country, in 
 1614 built a fort on Manhat 
 tan or New York Island, and, 
 in the following year, built a 
 second fort, at Albany, which 
 they called Fort Orange. Their 
 claim to territory included the 
 whole region from Cape Cod 
 HENRY HUDSON. to the southern shore of Dela 
 
 ware Bay, though that part in their possession was the only 
 portion known as New Netherlands. 
 
 IV. The actual colonization of the country did not com 
 mence until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new 
 organization, called "The Dutch West India Company," two 
 settlements were made ; one at Fort Orange, the site of Al 
 bany, and the other on Manhattan Island, to which the name 
 of New Amsterdam was given. The company offered a large 
 tract of land and certain privileges to every individual who 
 would form a settlement of fifty persons. This led, more than 
 two centuries afterward, to very serious disturbances, known 
 as the " anti-rent difficulties." 
 
 Y. New Netherlands had, in the course of time, four Dutch 
 governors, the first of whom was Peter Minuits : he was suc 
 ceeded by Wouter Van Twiller, during whose administration 
 a controversy was begun, occasioned by the alleged encroach 
 ments of the English on the eastern end of Long Island and 
 on the Connecticut River. Sir William Kieft (keeft), the third 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. What claim to territory did the Dutch make ? 10. When 
 and where did they build two forts? 11. How is Albany situated ? (See map, p. 
 62.) 12. What territory was known as New Netherlands ? 
 
 IV. 13. When was New York first colonized by the Dutch ? 14. What settle 
 ments were then made? 15. What inducements were oft ered to settlers? 16. 
 What difficulties followed, a long time after? 
 
 Y. 17. Give in order the names of the four successive Dutch governors of New 
 Netherlands. 18. What occurred during Van Twiller s administration ? 19. What, 
 during Kieft s ? 20. What was Kieft s fate ? 
 
62 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 governor, involved the colony in a strife with the Swedes of 
 Delaware, whose settlements he considered as encroachments 
 upon New Netherlands. He also, by his unwise and inhu 
 man conduct, brought on a disastrous war with the In 
 dians. After an administration of about nine years, the West 
 India Company deprived him of his office. On his return to 
 Europe, the ship in which he sailed was wrecked,. and the 
 guilty man perished. 
 
 THE STATE OF 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 ***&+*& 
 
 t i> 
 
 > ^ ^/fflfr *la*t***rtr\ 
 
 VI. Peter Stuyvesant, the fourth and last of the Dutch 
 governors, arrived in 1647, when he commenced a vigorous 
 though often arbitrary rule. He conciliated the Indians, 
 made a treaty settling boundary disputes with the English, 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 21. What did Stuyvesant accomplish ? 22. What was the con 
 sequence? 23. What did the people desire? 24. What did they demand? 25. 
 How was their demand treated ? 
 
NEW YORK. 
 
 63 
 
 PETEK 8TUYVESANT. 
 
 gained by conquest the Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 
 
 and by judicious regulations did 
 much to encourage commerce. 
 The consequence was, that many 
 immigrants came from the op 
 pressed, the discontented, and 
 the enterprising of other colo 
 nies and European nations ; and 
 soon a body of people were 
 gathered together who, notwith 
 standing all their privileges, de- 
 I sired other and greater ones. 
 They even demanded a share in 
 
 the government; but Stuyvesant resisted, and his conduct was 
 
 afterwards approved by the home government. 
 
 VII. In 1664 Charles II., in entire disregard of the claims 
 of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the 
 whole region from the Connecticut River to Delaware Bay, 
 and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take possession 
 of the territory. In the mean time, all that portion no\f 
 known as New Jersey was sold by the duke to Lord Berke 
 ley and Sir George Carteret. 
 
 VIII. The appearance of the English fleet before New Am 
 sterdam convinced Stuyvesant, when too late, of the impru 
 dence of his conduct in refusing the demand of the colonists. 
 They, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, de 
 termined to comply with Nicolls s summons to surrender; 
 but Stuyvesant, faithful to his employers, the Dutch West 
 India Company, declined to sign the articles of capitulation 
 
 VIL QUESTIONS. 26. Who was the Duke of York ? 27. From whom did he re- 
 ceive an extensive grant? 28. When did he receive it? 29. What region was 
 granted? 30. What was done to procure possession of the territory? 31. What 
 disposition did the duke make of a portion of his grant? 
 
 VIIL 32. What mistake had Stuyvesant made ? 33. How did it prove to be a 
 mistake? 34. What can you say of Stuyvesantfs subsequent conduct? 35. What 
 Changes In names took- place? 36. Who was the first English governor of New 
 York. 
 
64 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 until the town was actually in the possession of the English, 
 The new occupants changed the name of New Amsterdam to 
 New York, a name which was afterward applied to the whole 
 territory under the control of the duke ; and Fort Orange 
 was called Albany. Nicolls was the first English governor. 
 
 IX. In 16*73, during a war between England and Holland, 
 the Dutch regained possession not only of New York, but of 
 New Jersey and the settlements on the Delaware. Their 
 hold, however, proved of brief duration ; for, by the treaty of 
 peace, made a few months after, the whole territory was re 
 stored to the British crown. To remove all doubts concern 
 ing the Duke of York s title to the lands, a new charter, con 
 firming the former grant, was given by the king, and under 
 it Sir Edmund Andros w^as appointed governor. When 
 Charles II. died, his brother, the Duke of York, ascended the 
 throne as James II. But, in consequence of the arbitrary 
 conduct of James, a revolution took place, the king fled to 
 France, and William and Mary were proclaimed joint mon- 
 archs of England. 
 
 X. The intelligence of these proceedings in England was- 
 received in New York with demonstrations evincing the satis 
 faction of the people. Jacob Leisler (llce -ler\ aided by sev 
 eral hundred armed men, and with the approbation of the 
 citizens generally, took possession of the fort in the name of 
 the new sovereigns. Although never officially recognized as 
 governor, Leisler continued at the head of affairs, managing 
 with prudence and energy, for more than two years, his son-in- 
 law, Milborne, acting as his deputy. Upon the arrival of 
 Governor Sloughter (slaw -ler), bearing a commission direct 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 37. What occurred in 1673? 38. How long did the Dutch keep 
 possession ? 89. What grant was then given a second time ? 40. Who succeeded 
 Charles II. as king of England? 41. What can you say of James s rule? 42. What 
 was the consequence? 
 
 X. 43. How was the news of the English revolution received in New York ? 44 
 What did Leisler do? 45. How long was he the acting governor? 46. Who was his 
 deputy? 47. When did Leisler surrender his authority? 48. Did this satisfy the 
 enemies of Leisler or not ? 49. What was the fate of Leisler and Milborne ? 
 
NEW YORK. 65 
 
 from the English sovereigns, Leisler surrendered all authority 
 into his hands. This woutd not satisfy the enemies of Leis 
 ler: they were bent upon his destruction. So he and Mil- 
 borne were arrested, tried on a charge of treason, and con 
 demned to death. Sloughter, while drunk at a feast, signed 
 the death-warrant, and both were executed. 
 
 XL In 1741 the Dutch church and other buildings in the 
 city of New York were burned, and a house was robbed by 
 slaves. Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to 
 burn the city, murder the inhabitants, and set up a govern 
 ment of their own. An intense excitement among all classes 
 followed, and before it was allayed more than thirty persons, 
 condemned as having been engaged in the plot, were exe 
 cuted, and others were transported to foreign parts. Doubt 
 less a plot of some kind had existed, though the accounts of it 
 were evidently greatly exaggerated, and many innocent per 
 sons were made to suffer. 
 
 XII. The history of New York during the next few years, 
 and till the commencement of the French and Indian War, 
 contains no events of much importance. During King 
 George s War, which commenced in 1744 and continued near 
 ly four years, the Indians, in alliance with the French, made 
 frequent incursions into the territory between Albany and 
 Crown Point, and a number of skirmishes took place ; but in 
 the great final struggle for territory between England and 
 France, which had its beginning in 1754, New York took no 
 inconsiderable part. 
 
 XL QUESTIONS. 50. WTiat took place in 1741 ? 51. What testimony was pro 
 duced ? 52. What followed ? 53. What punishments were inflicted ? 
 
 XIL 54. When did King George s War commence ? 55. By what name is that 
 war known in Europe ? Ans. As the " War of the Austrian Succession. 56. How 
 did New York suffer during King George s War ? 57. How is Albany situated ? 
 (See map, p. 62.) 58. How, Crown Point? (See same map.) 49. What war broue 
 out in 1754 ? Ans. The French and Indian War. 
 
66 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 NEW JEESEY. 
 
 I. THE territory of 
 New Jersey was included 
 in the Dutch province of 
 New Netherlands. The 
 precise date of the first 
 settlement within its lim 
 its is not ascertained : it 
 is known, however, that 
 the Dutch had a trading 
 settlement at Bergeh as 
 early as 1622 ; and, in 
 1623, they built Fort 
 Nassau, on the east side 
 of the Delaware River, a 
 few miles below Philadel 
 phia; but the settlement 
 made at Elizabeth, in 
 1664, by emigrants from 
 Long Island, is considered 
 as the beginning of colo 
 nization in New Jersey. 
 
 II. As stated in the colonial history of New York, the 
 Duke of York, to whom the English king had granted, in 
 1664, the whole province of New Netherlands, in the same 
 year sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Car- 
 teret. Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, was the first 
 governor ; and, by settling at Elizabethtown, now called 
 Elizabeth, made it the first capital. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. I. QUESTIONS. 1. In what province was the territory of New 
 Jersey included? 2. Where, at an early period, did the Dutch have a trading set 
 tlement 3. When did they build Fort Nassau ? 4. How was the fort situated? 
 5. W T hen was New Jersey first colonized ? 6. At what place ? 7. By whom? 
 
 II. 8. How did Berkeley and Carteret acquire New Jersey ? 
 
NEW JERSEY. 
 
 67 
 
 III. The liberal constitution published by the proprietors, 
 by which it was provided that no rents for the use of lands 
 would be required for the space of five years, induced many 
 persons to settle. The attempt to collect the rents, after the 
 five years, produced a great deal of ill feeling, especially 
 among those who had purchased lands of the Indians, they 
 asserting that a deed from the aborigines was superior to 
 any other title. After disputing about two years, the settlers 
 revolted and elected James Carteret, a dissolute son of Sir 
 George, governor. 
 
 IV. After the Dutch had resigned possession of New Neth 
 erlands by treaty stipulations, in 1674, New Jersey, a portion 
 of the territory so given up, was again granted to the Duke of 
 York. In disregard of the rights of Berkeley and Carteret, 
 the duke appointed Andros governor over the entire reunited 
 province, but afterward agreed to restore New Jersey to the 
 rightful proprietors. This promise he only partially per 
 formed. 
 
 V. Berkeley having sold his interest in the proprietorship 
 of New Jersey to Edward Byllinge (bil -linge), an English 
 Quaker, the purchaser, in consequence of pecuniary embar 
 rassment, made an assignment to William Penn and two other 
 Quakers. The proprietors then divided the whole territory 
 into two portions, Carteret taking the eastern, which there 
 after was known as East Jersey, and the Quakers taking the 
 western, known as West Jersey. In 1682 New Jersey be 
 came the exclusive property of Quakers, William Penn and 
 eleven of his brethren having, in that year, purchased the 
 eastern division. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. "What induced persons to settle in New Jersey ? 10. What 
 was the consequence when an attempt was made to collect the rents? 11. After 
 disputing two years, what did the people do? 
 
 IV. 12. When did the Duke of York get possession of New Jersey a second 
 time? 13. What wrong did the duke then perpetrate? 14 Did he persist in the 
 wrong ? 
 
 V. 15. What did Berkeley do with his interest in New Jersey? 16. What did 
 Byllinge do with his? 17. What division was then made of the territory? la 
 What was the condition of things, as regards ownership, in 1682? 
 
68 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 UTTER TAUT OF 
 NEW JERSEY 
 "WITH: TOCixwnr OF 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 VI. When the Duke of York, as James II., ascended the 
 throne of England, in seeking to annul the colonial charters,, 
 he placed New Jersey under the jurisdiction of Andros ; but 
 the revolution in England, and the expulsion of the tyrannical 
 governor from America, put an end to the obnoxious rule. 
 The Jerseys were in an unsettled condition until the proprie 
 tors, in 1702, surrendered their powers of government to the 
 crown.. The two provinces were then united, and for thirty- 
 six years New Jersey was a gubernatorial dependency of New 
 York, with a distinct legislative assembly of its own. In 1 738 
 the connection was severed forever, and from that time to the 
 Revolution New Jersey was a separate royal province. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 19. How did the Duke of York, as James II., act towards New 
 Jersey? 20. What proceeding put an end to the obnoxious rule? 21. What can 
 you say of the subsequent condition of New Jersey ? 22. What connection after 
 ward existed between New York and New Jersey? 23. What can you say of the 
 subsequent colonial history of New Jersey? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 69 
 
 QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAQK 
 
 1. When did the New England colonies form a union ? .......... 52 
 
 2. Which of the colonies was not admitted to the union ? ........ 52 
 
 3. Give an account of the troubles that commenced in 1656. . . 52, 53 
 
 4. What were the names of Massasoit s two sons? ....... ..... 53 
 
 5. What led to the conflict known as King Philip s War? ---- . . .53, 54 
 
 6. When and how was the war begun ? ........................ 54 
 
 7. Give an account of Philip s subsequent career, ............. 54, 55 
 
 8. Give the colonial history of Maine. . . ..................... 55 
 
 9. In what did the conduct of Massachusetts displease King James ? 55 
 
 10. What appointment did Andros receive from the King ? ---- 55, 56 
 
 11. What war of European origin broke out in 1689? ----- ...... 56 
 
 12. How did the French carry on the war in America ? ........... 56 
 
 13. How did the English, under Phipps, retaliate ? .............. 56 
 
 14. Give an account of the attempt to conquer Canada ......... 56, 57 
 
 15. On what mission was Phipps afterwards sent?. . ............ 57 
 
 16. What was the result of his efforts in England ? .............. 57 
 
 17. Give an account of the "witchcraft delusion" ................. 57 
 
 18. When and by what treaty was King William s War closed?. 56, 58 
 
 19. In how many years after did the next war break out ? ........ 58 
 
 20. What were the causes of Queen Anne s War ? ............... 58 
 
 21. What important capture did the English make in 1710? ---- 58, 59 
 
 22. What country was then called Acadia? .................. ~. . . . 19 
 
 23. When did Queen Anne s War begin and end ? ............... 59 
 
 24. By what war was the peace of the colonies next disturbed? ---- 59 
 
 25. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg ................ 59 
 
 26. When did King George s War begin and end? .............. 59 
 
 27. What did the English do with Louisburg at the close of the war? 59 
 
 28. When and by whom was the Hudson River discovered ? ...... 60 
 
 29. What was Hudson s object in exploring the river ? ........... 60 
 
 30. By what right did the Dutch claim the region explored? ....... 61 
 
 31. When did the Dutch commence to colonize New Netherlands?. 61 
 
 32. What can you state of Peter Minuits ? .................. 61 
 
 33. By whom was he succeeded in the office of governor?. ...*... 61 
 
 34. What account can you give of Kieft s rule and fate ? ...... 61, 62 
 
 35. By whom was Kieft succeeded in the office of governor ? ..... 62 
 
 36. Give an account of what occurred in 1664 ............... 63, 64 
 
 37. Give an account of the Leisler and Milborne troubles ...... 64, 65 
 
 38. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey ............ 66 
 
 39. What connection did Penn have with the history of New Jersey? 67 
 
 40. During what period were New York and New Jersey united?. 68 
 
 41. When afterward was New Jersey a separate province? ....... 68 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 MAKYLAND. 
 
 I. BY the charter 
 granted to the London 
 Company in 1609, the 
 limits of Virginia were ex 
 tended, and embraced all 
 the territory now forming 
 the States of Maryland, 
 Virginia, and North Caro 
 lina. The dissolution of 
 the company having been 
 effected in 1624, the 
 whole region became the 
 property of the crown. 
 
 II. In 1631, William 
 Clayborne obtained from 
 Charles I. a license to 
 traffic with the Indians. 
 Under this authority, 
 which was afterward con 
 firmed by the Governor of Virginia, he established two trad 
 ing-posts : one on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, and the other 
 at the mouth of the Susquehanna ; but the permanent settle 
 ment of Maryland was accomplished by other agencies. 
 
 III. Influenced by a desire to provide an asylum for Catho 
 lics, then persecuted in England, Sir George Calvert, a Roman 
 
 
 MARYLAND. I. QUESTIONS.!. Was Maryland once a part of Virginia ? 2. What 
 other State was also a part ? 3. When and how did they become such ? 4. Wheii 
 and by whom was the right to make divisions of the whole region afterward ac 
 quired ? 
 
 II. 5. What license did Clayborne obtain ? 6. "What did he do under its authority ? 
 7. How is Kent Island situated? (See map, p. 24.) S. Describe the Susquehanna 
 River. (See map, p. 85.) 9. What large city is situated southwest from the mouth 
 of the Susquehanna? (See same map.) 
 
 III. 10. Who was Sir George Carteret ? 11. For what did he apply to the king? 
 12. What desire influenced him ? 13. Why was the charter issued to his son ? 
 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 The province granted to Cecil C 
 vert, second Lord Baltimore, in I6 .li, 
 was named in the charter Terra AIu- 
 rias, Mary s Land, in honor of Queen 
 Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., 
 the English monarch, and daughter 
 
 f Henry IV., King of France. Th 
 
 motto o f the State, translated, is, In- 
 crease and Multiply, 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 71 
 
 LORD BALTIMORE (SECOND). 
 
 Catholic nobleman, whose title 
 was Lord Baltimore, applied for a 
 charter to establish a colony in 
 America. King Charles readily 
 agreed to make the grant, but be 
 fore the document received the 
 royal seal, Calvert died. It was 
 then issued to Cecil (se -sil) Cal 
 vert, son of Sir George, who, by 
 the death of his father, inherited 
 the title of Lord Baltimore. 
 
 IV. This charter was the most 
 
 liberal one, in every respect, that had thus far been granted 
 by the English crown. It secured to emigrants equality in 
 religious rights and civil freedom, arid made the government 
 of the colony independent of that of England. It also pro 
 vided that no tax should be levied upon the colonists by the 
 crown, and that no law should be established without the 
 sanction of the freemen or their deputies. The province was 
 called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. 
 
 V. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore con 
 sisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman Catholics. 
 Leonard Calvert, brother of the lord proprietary, who con 
 ducted them from England, became the first governor. They 
 arrived in 1634, and at once commenced a settlement, which 
 they anticipated would become a great city, calling it St. 
 Mary s.* 
 
 VI. Clayborne, from the first, claimed Kent Island, and re 
 fused to submit to the authority of the governor. Having 
 determined to defend his claim by force of arms, a severe 
 skirmish took place, in which his party suffered defeat. Clay- 
 
 * Scarce a trace of the settlement now remains. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 14. What is said of the charter ? 15. Name four of its pro 
 visions. 16. What is said of the colony s name ? 
 
 V. 17. When, where, and by whom was Maryland settled? 
 
 VI. 18. What claim did Clayborne insist upon ? 19. Give an account of the skir 
 mish that followed. 2tt What further account can yon give of Clayborne? 
 
72 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 borne himself had fled to Virginia just previous to the battle, 
 but the Maryland Assembly having declared him guilty of 
 treason, the Governor of Virginia sent the fugitive to England 
 for trial. 
 
 VII. His claim was refused ; but, being acquitted of the 
 charge of treason, he returned to Maryland, and, in 1645, in 
 cited a rebellion, in the course of which he made himself 
 complete master of the province, and compelled the governor, 
 in his turn, to fly into Virginia. In the following year, how 
 ever, Calvert appeared at the head of a military force and 
 recovered possession. 
 
 VIII. After the governor s resumption of office, the assem 
 bly enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which 
 secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all persons 
 professing belief in Jesus Christ. Although, by the terms of 
 the charter, religious freedom was guaranteed to every indi 
 vidual, yet, by the passage of this act, the guarantee received 
 the sanction of law. 
 
 IX. During the supremacy of Cromwell and the Puritans 
 in England, Parliament appointed commissioners, of whom 
 Clayborne was one, to administer the government of the 
 colony. An act of the assembly declared that Catholics were 
 not entitled to the protection of the laws of Maryland : this 
 led to a civil war between the Catholics, who adhered to the 
 proprietor, and the Protestants, who sided with Parliament. 
 After Cromwell s death the rights of Lord Baltimore were 
 restored, and, for nearly thirty years, the colony enjoyed re 
 pose. 
 
 X. Upon the death of the second Lord Baltimore, his son, 
 Charles Calvert, inherited his title and became the proprietor 
 of the province. He retained possession until 1691, when 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 21. Give an account of " Clay borne 1 s Rebellion." 
 
 VIII. 22. Of the Toleration Act 
 
 IX. 23. How did Clayborne get to be a commissioner to administer the affairs 
 of Maryland ? 24. Give an account of the civil war. 25. What change took placet 
 after the death of Cromwell ? 
 
 X. 26. What further can you state of the colonial history of Maryland? 
 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 73 
 
 King William constituted Maryland a royal province, in 
 which condition it continued for a space of more than twenty 
 years. Finally, in 1715, the proprietor s rights were restored 
 to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland 
 remained a proprietary government from that time till the 
 Revolution. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 I. IN T the early part 
 of 1681, William Penn,* 
 whom we have already 
 spoken of in the history 
 of New Jersey, actuated 
 by a desire to found a 
 colony where civil and 
 religious liberty would be 
 enjoyed, and where the 
 people might dwell to 
 gether in the bonds of 
 peace, obtained from 
 Charles II., in payment of 
 a debt due to his father, 
 a grant of all the territory 
 within the present limits 
 of Pennsylvania. The 
 permanent settlement of 
 the colony dates from 
 the founding of Philadel 
 phia^ in 1682, by Penn, 
 
 William Penn was born in London, in 16-i4. He died at Ruscorabe, Berks 
 
 t Philadelphia, signifying brotherly love, though the name of a city in Asia Minor, was so called by 
 Peun because of its intrinsic significance. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What grant of land was made in 1681 ? 2. 
 What was Perm s ruling desire ? 3. When was Pennsylvania settled? 4. At what 
 place ? 5. Where and by whom had previous settlements been made ? 
 
 4 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 though small settlements of Swedes had been previously made 
 on the Island of Tinicum and on the western bank of the 
 Delaware. 
 
 II. In addition to the grant from King Charles, Penn be 
 came, by purchase and grant from the Duke of York, the 
 proprietor of all that section now constituting the State of 
 Delaware: this, he called the "Territories" or the "Three 
 Lower Counties on the Delaware." As the natural conse 
 quence of these two grants being made to the same party, all 
 the territory embraced in both was united under one govern 
 ment. 
 
 III. Penn s arrival in America w r as greeted by the settlers 
 of Delaware, and those whom he had sent to Pennsylvania 
 in the previous year, 1681, with great enthusiasm; and, after 
 several meetings for conference with the Indians, he made his 
 famous treaty with the " red men" beneath a wide-spreading 
 elm, at a place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadel 
 phia, and paid them for their lands. This treaty was " never 
 sworn to and never broken." 
 
 IV. His treatment of the 
 Swedes on the Delaware was 
 also marked by a spirit of liber 
 ality. To them he gave assu 
 rances that they should not be 
 molested in their religion or 
 laws. The wisdom of his 
 course toward the Indians, as 
 well as of his government gen 
 erally, was soon apparent, for 
 WILLIAM I ENN. the colony had a more rapid 
 
 and peaceful growth than any other in America. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 6. What territory was added to Penn s jurisdiction? 7. How 
 was it so added? 8. What name did Penn give to the territory acquired from the 
 Duke of York ? 
 
 III. 9. How was Penn received in America? 10. What took place at Kensing 
 ton ? 11. Where is Kensington ? 12. What statement is made respecting the treaty ? 
 
 IV. 13. How did Penn treat the Swedes ? 14. What assurances did he give them ? 
 15. What was soon apparent? 16. How was it made apparent? 
 
PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 V. After devoting himself zealously for two years to his 
 duties, he intrusted his government to a council, and ? termi 
 nating his first visit to America by sailing for England, left 
 a prosperous colony behind of seven thousand persons. After 
 a lapse of fifteen years he made a second visit to Pennsylva 
 nia ; but during his absence the " Three Lower Counties on 
 the Delaware" had become dissatisfied and withdrawn from 
 the union. In England he had been imprisoned on account of 
 his supposed adherence to the cause of James II., the deposed 
 king, and the government of his province had been conferred 
 upon Colonel Fletcher, the Governor of New York, who re 
 united Delaware to Pennsylvania. 
 
 VI. Penn found his colonists discontented and clamorous for 
 greater political privileges. He thereupon offered them a new 
 frame of government, more liberal than the former one, which 
 the people of Pennsylvania gladly accepted ; but the Delaware 
 colonists declined it, declaring that they preferred to exist as 
 an independent colony. Their preference was so far acquiesced 
 in, as to allow them an assembly of their own. 
 
 VII. Penn directed his attention to various reforms, having 
 reference, especially, to the condition of the Indians and ne 
 groes ; but his plans were arrested by tidings from England of 
 a ministerial project for abolishing all the proprietary govern 
 ments in America. Deeming his presence in England neces 
 sary to the defeat of the project, he sailed from the colony in 
 1701, and never visited it again. 
 
 VIII. Upon his death, which occurred in 1718, he left his 
 American possessions to his three sons, who continued to ad 
 minister the government, most of the time by deputies, until 
 the Revolution, when their claims were purchased by the com 
 monwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 17. What was the length of Perm s first visit to America? 18. 
 How many colonists were there then in Pennsylvania? 19. "When did he again 
 visit Pennsylvania? 20. What had occurred during his absence? 
 
 VI. 21. How did Penn find his colonists? 22. What did he offer them? 23. Did 
 they accept his offer ? 24. What was done as regards Delaware ? 
 
 VII. 25. To what did Penn direct his attention ? 26. What arrested his plans ? 
 27. What followed ? VIII. 28. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania. 
 
COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 DEL A WAEE. 
 
 I. THE settlement of 
 Delaware may be said to 
 have its origin in the de 
 sire of Gustavus Adol- 
 phus, the renowned king 
 of Sweden, to found a 
 free colony in the New 
 World for all persecuted 
 Christians. His death 
 occurring before the pro 
 ject was undertaken, a 
 delay of several years fol 
 lowed; but finally a char 
 ter was granted by the 
 government of that conn- 
 try to the Swedish West 
 India Company. 
 
 II. In 1638 a body of 
 about fifty emigrants, 
 sent out by the com 
 pany, arrived at Cape Henlopen. After purchasing of the In 
 dians all the lands from the Cape to the Falls of the Delaware, 
 at Trenton, they erected a fort and commenced a settle 
 ment on Christiana Creek, near Wilmington. The territory 
 thus purchased they called New Sweden, and, under the di 
 rection of Peter Minuits, a former governor of New Nether 
 lands, settlements were multiplied and contentment prevailed. 
 
 III. The Dutch of New Netherlands were far from looking 
 
 DELAWARE. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the origin of the settlement of Dela 
 ware ? 2. What charter was granted ? 
 
 II. 3. When was Delaware settled ? 4 What purchase of lands did the Swedes 
 make ? 5. How is Cape Henlopen situated? (See map, p. 24.) 6. In what part of 
 Delaware is Wilmington situated? (See map, p. 24.) 7. What did the Swedes call 
 their territory ? 8. Who was the first governor of New Sweden ? 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Delaware Bay and River A 
 med in honor of Lord Delaware, who 
 of Virginia in 1611. 
 When" the present State of Delaware 
 :ame into the possession of Wm. Penn,he 
 & territories or three lower 
 
 f the State. The motto of lh 
 tate is, Liberty and Independei 
 
DELAWARE. 
 
 upon these proceedings with favor. They protested against, 
 what they considered, the intrusion upon their territory, and 
 menaced the settlements with destruction ; but the Swedes, 
 anxious to retain their possessions, heeded neither protest nor 
 menace. On Tinicum Island, situated a few miles below Phila 
 delphia, they built a fort, and there established the capital of 
 the province. A fort which the Dutch afterward constructed, 
 near their settlement on Christiana Creek, they destroyed. 
 
 IV. In revenge for these defiant measures, Stuy vesant, then 
 governor of New Netherlands, with a force of more than six 
 hundred men, proceeded, in 1655, against the Swedes, sub 
 jected them to the authority of Holland, and thus put an end 
 to Swedish power in America. 
 
 V. The Dutch retained possession of Delaware till they, in 
 turn, were overpowered by the English, in 1664. From that 
 time till 1682 it was connected with the province of New 
 York. By the grant made to William Perm, in 1682, Dela 
 ware was joined to the government of Pennsylvania, and the 
 connection existed, with more or less closeness, until the Revo 
 lution. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. How did the Dutch look upon the Swedish settlements ? 10. 
 What can you say of their protests and menaces ? 11. What did the Swedes do at 
 Tinicum Island ? 12. How is Tinicum Island situated ? (See map, p. 68.) 
 
 IV. 13. What did Stuyvesant do ? 14. When was the colony of New Sweden 
 broken up ? 
 
 V. 15. How long did the Dutch retain possession of Delaware ? 16. What further 
 account of the colony can you give ? 
 
78 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 T m 
 
 1. IHE earliest at 
 tempts to settle North 
 Carolina, as before de 
 scribed, were made by 
 parties of English emi 
 grants, sent out by Sir 
 Walter Raleigh, in 1585 
 and 1587. The whole 
 region extending from 
 Albemarle Sound to the 
 St. John s River in Flori 
 da, and designated as 
 Carolina, was granted, in 
 1630, to Sir Robert 
 Heath ; but as he made 
 no attempts at coloniza 
 tion, or at least none that 
 were successful, the grant 
 was subsequently declar 
 ed forfeited. 
 
 II. In 1663 this same territory was granted by Charles II. 
 to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. 
 Previous to this, in or about 1650, a number of emigrants 
 from Virginia had made a settlement upon the Chowan River, 
 near the present village of Edenton, which was afterward 
 called " The Albemarle County Colony." After the grant to 
 Clarendon and his associates had been made, it was discover- 
 
 NORTII AND SOUTH CAROLINA. I. QUESTIONS. 1. When and by whom were the 
 first attempts made to settle North Carolina ? 2. What grant was made in 1630 ? 
 3. Why was it afterward declared forfeited ? 
 
 II. 4. What grant was made in 1G63 ? 5. When, where, and by whom was North 
 Carolina settled ? 6. Describe the Chowan River ? (See map, p. 79.) 7. How is 
 Edenton situated? (See same map.) 8. Which colony was called the "Albe. 
 marie County Colony ?" 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 Abody of Huguenots, under command 
 of Ribault, landed at Port Royal en 
 trance, in 156-2, and built a fort to which 
 they grave the name of Carolina, in hon 
 or of King Charles (Carolus) of France. 
 It was thus that Carolina received its 
 name. The Seal of North Carolina is 
 given above. The State has no motto. 
 
NORTH AND 6OUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 ed that the settlement upon the Chowan was outside of the 
 northern boundary of the province : a new grant was therefore 
 given, by which the limits of Carolina were extended from 
 Virginia to the middle of Florida. 
 
 III. A second settlement was made in North Carolina, pre 
 vious to the grant to Clarendon and others, by a band of New 
 England adventurers. This was near Wilmington ; but as it did 
 not prosper it was soon abandoned. In 1665 a company of 
 planters, from Barbadoes, founded a permanent settlement not 
 far from the site of the former one near Wilmington, which 
 was afterwards called " The Clarendon County Colony." 
 
 IV. As it was anticipated by Clarendon and the other 
 proprietors that Carolina would become a powerful empire, 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. What is said of a second settlement in North Carolina ? 
 10. Of the " Clarendon County Colony ?" 
 
 IV. 11. What anticipation did Clarendon and his associates entertain? 12. 
 What, therefore, did they decide upon ? 13. What accordingly was done? 14. How 
 did the constitution work ? 
 
80 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 they decided to have a form of government adequate to the 
 grandeur of their anticipation. Accordingly, a constitution 
 was prepared by the Earl of Shaftesbury, a statesman of 
 ability, and John Locke, the eminent philosopher ; but, as 
 might have been expected, it proved unsatisfactory to the 
 colonists, not being suited to their circumstances ; and, after a 
 strife of more than twenty years, it was repealed. 
 
 V. The earliest at 
 tempt to plant a colony 
 in South Carolina was 
 made by the Huguenots 
 at Port Royal entrance, 
 as before stated, in 1562. 
 In 1670, more than a 
 century after, a colony 
 was founded on the west 
 ern bank of the Ashley 
 River, near its mouth, 
 which, in honor of one of 
 the grantees of Carolina, 
 was called " The Carteret 
 County Colony." In the 
 course of time most of 
 " The Clarendon Coun 
 ty " settlers removed to 
 the southern colony, and 
 thus, as only two colonies 
 
 remained in Carolina, the northern one was designated as 
 North Carolina, while the other was known as South Caro 
 lina. 
 
 VI. The people of the southern colony, in a few years, came 
 to the conclusion that the site of their settlement had not 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 15. What was the first attempt to settle South Carolina? 16 
 When, where, and by whom was South Carolina settled ? IT. What name was o. iven 
 the colony ? 18. What took place in the course of time ? 19. How did North 
 and South Carolina come by their names ? 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 1729 Carolina was sold to 
 the King of England, and then 
 separated into North and South 
 Carolina. The Seal of South 
 irolma is given above. The 
 motto of the Slate \a,Animis opi- 
 busqueparati, Ever ready with 
 our lives and property. 
 
GEORGIA. 81 
 
 been well chosen, and that a location at the junction of the 
 Cooper and Ashley Rivers would give them better facilities 
 for commerce. Acting npon this conviction, they abandoned 
 their first settlements, after an occupancy there of ten years, 
 and, in 1680, laid the foundation of their new town, calling it 
 Charleston, in honor of Charles II., King of England. 
 
 VII. In 1729 Carolina was sold to the King of England, 
 and then separated into North and South Carolina. From 
 that time till the Revolution they were royal provinces. 
 
 GEOKGIA. 
 
 I. THE territory of Georgia, it will be recollected, was in 
 cluded in the grant of Carolina, made in 1663, to Clarendon 
 and others. After a period of sixty-six years it again became 
 the property of the crown, at which time it was still a wilder 
 ness, unoccupied except by savage tribes. 
 
 II. Though claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, the 
 English king, George II., disregarded the claim, and, in 1732, 
 granted to a corporation of twenty-one trustees, for twenty- 
 one years, all that tract between the Savannah and Altamaha 
 (al-ta-ma-haw ] Rivers, which, in honor of the king, was called 
 Georgia. The object of the corporation was to provide an 
 asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant 
 being " in trust for the poor." 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 20. What did the people of the southern colony conclude upon, 
 in the course of time ? 21. How long did they stop at the first place settled ? 22. 
 When was Charleston settled ? 23. How is Charleston situated ? (See map, p. 79.) 
 
 VII. 24. What took place in 1729 ? 25. What is said of the subsequent colonial 
 history of the two Carolinas ? 
 
 GEOKGIA. I. 1. In what grant was the territory of Georgia at first included? 
 2. How long did it remain as a part of that grant? 3. What did it then become ? 
 
 II. 4. What claim was set up by Spain ? 5. Notwithstanding the claim, what was 
 done by the English king? 6. Describe the Savannah Eiver. (See map, p. 79.) 
 7. The Altamaha. (See map of Georgia.) 8. Why was Georgia so called ? 9. What 
 was the object of the corporation ? 
 
 4* 
 
82 
 
 COLONIAL HISTORY. 
 
 III. The first settle 
 ment was made in 1733, 
 
 the year after the grant, 
 by one hundred and 
 twenty persons, under 
 the guidance of James 
 Oglethorpe * (o -gl- 
 thorp), a member of the 
 British Parliament, one 
 of the trustees, and gov 
 ernor of the colony. On 
 a high bluff overlooking 
 a river, the foundation of 
 a town was laid, which 
 received the name of 
 Savannah. 
 
 IV. The colony made 
 rapid increase in num 
 bers, but, owing to the 
 poverty of the settlers, 
 and to thtir being unac- 
 
 O 
 
 customed to habits of industry, as also to the impolitic regu 
 lations established by the trustees, it did not grow much in 
 wealth. Oglethorpe made two visits to England: in the first, 
 returning with about three hundred emigrants ; and in the 
 second, with a regiment of six hundred men for the defense 
 of the southern frontier, which was threatened by the Span 
 iards. 
 
 V. In consequence of the conflicting claims to territory, 
 
 * General James Oglethorpe was born in England, in 1688. He died there in 1785. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 10. When and where was Georgia settled? 11. Who was Ogle- 
 ehorpe? 12. How is Savannah situated? (See map, p. 79.) 
 
 IV. 13. What is said of the colony s growth in population ? 14. Of its growth in 
 wealth? 15. How many visits did Oglethorpe make to England? 16. Whom did 
 he bring with him on his first return to the colony? 17. Whom, on his second? 
 18. Why did he bring the regiment? 
 
GEORGIA. 83 
 
 JAMES OGLETIIORPE. 
 
 and during a war between Eng 
 land and France, the colonists be 
 came involved in hostilities with 
 their Spanish neighbors. An ex 
 pedition, under Oglethorpe, in 
 vaded Florida to go against St. 
 Augustine, but returned unsuc 
 cessful. In 17 42, two years after, 
 this invasion was retaliated, and a 
 Spanish fleet, with a large number 
 of men, appeared at the mfmth of 
 the Altamaha River. The troops 
 landed captured one fort, and were proceeding against another, 
 situated on St. Simon s Island, when, by a stratagem conceived 
 by Oglethorpe, they became alarmed, retreated to their ship 
 ping, and sailed for Florida. 
 
 VI. Peace was soon after restored ; but, though the colonists 
 were free from one source of trouble, they were not satisfied 
 with the rule of the corporation. This state of things, never 
 theless, existed until 1752, when, wearied with their trouble 
 some charge, the trustees surrendered their charter to the 
 crown, and Georgia became a royal province. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 19. What was the cause of the hostility between the people of 
 Georgia and Florida? 20. Give an account of the expedition against St. Augus 
 tine. 21. How is St. Augustine situated? (See map, p. 320.) 22. Give an account of 
 the retaliativeexpedition. 23. How is St. Simon s Island situated? 
 
 VI. 24. How did the colonists feel after the war? 25. How long did the trustees 
 continue to rule ? 26. What took place then ? 
 
 KEYIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Give the history of Maryland previous to 1631 70 
 
 2. What trading ports did Clayborne establish? 70 
 
 3. Give some account of Sir George Calvert 70, 71 
 
 4. What grant was made to Cecil Calvert? 71 
 
 5. What liberal provisions did the charter contain? 71 
 
 6. Give an account of the first settlement 71 
 
84 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 "What trouble did Clayborne give to the colony ? 71 
 
 8. Give an account of Clayborne up to the year 1645 71, 72 
 
 9. What success did he have against Governor Calvert? 72 
 
 10. "What liberal act was passed by the Maryland Assembly? 72 
 
 11. "What intoleration was shown by a subsequent assembly ? 72 
 
 12. Give a history of the ownership of Maryland 70, 71, 72, 73 
 
 13. "What grant of land did Charles II. make to William Penn?. . . 73 
 
 14. Was the grant a gift, or did Penn pay for it ? 73 
 
 15. What settlement was made in the year 1682 ? . 73 
 
 16. What people had previouslf settled in Pennsylvania? 74 
 
 17. How did Penn acquire the territory of Delaware? 74 
 
 18. By what two names did Penn call Delaware ? 74 
 
 19. How did Penn treat the Indians, as regards their land ? 74 
 
 20. What treatment did the Swedes receive at his hands? 74 
 
 21. What was the consequence of his righteous course? 74 
 
 22. What did Penn do after being two years in America? 75 
 
 23. How many years did be remain from his colony ? 75 
 
 24. What had caused him to remain away so long? 75 
 
 25. Why did he leave the colony again in 1701 ? 75 
 
 26. After Penn s death, to whom did he leave his colony?. ...... 75 
 
 27. How were the claims of Penn s heirs afterward disposed of?... 75 
 
 28. Who was Gustavus Adolphus ? 70 
 
 29. What desire, with reference to colonization, did lie have ? 76 
 
 30. When was his desire carried out ? 76 
 
 31. What account can you give of Peter Minuits ? 61, 76 
 
 32. Where did the Swedes settle, and locate their capital ? 76, 77 
 
 33. Give an account of the expedition against the Swedes 77 
 
 34. What can you tell of the subsequent history of Delaware?. ... 77 
 
 35. What were the first attempts to settle North Carolina?. .21, 22, 78 
 
 36. Give an account of "The Albemarle County Colony." 78, 79 
 
 37. Give an account of " The Clarendon County Colony." 79 
 
 38. What was done- to make Carolina a powerful empire ? 79, 80 
 
 39. Give an account of the first attempt to settle South Carolina. . . 20 
 
 40. Give an account of " The Carteret County Colony." 80 
 
 41. What change was made in the South Carolina Colony in 1680?. 81 
 
 42. When was Carolina separated into two provinces? 81 
 
 43. During what period did Georgia belong to Clarendon & Co. ? . . . 81 
 
 44. During what subsequent period did it belong to the king? 81 
 
 45. What can you say of the grant made in 1732 ? 81 
 
 46. In what year was Georgia first settled ? 82 
 
 47. Who was the leading man in the settlement of Georgia? 83 
 
 48. Give an account of Oglethrope s expedition southward 83 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 85 
 
 H OWING THE LOCATION 
 
 OT SOME OF THE 
 OST IMPORTANT EVENTS 
 
 or THE 
 RENCHfir INDIAN WAR 
 
 (Questions to be answered from the above map.) 
 
 How is Williamsburg situated ? Where was Fort Le Boeuf? In what direction 
 did Washington travel, in going from Williamsburg to Fort Le Boenf ? What two 
 rivers, uniting, form the Ohio ? Where did Fort Duquesne stand ? What two forts 
 were on Lake Champlain ? Where was Fort William Henry ? Fort Oswego ? Fort 
 Niagara? Fort Schuyler ? Fort Edward? ForlVenango? Fort Necessity ? 
 
86 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 
 
 L ALTHOUGH the boundaries between the British and French 
 possessions in America had been, for more than a quarter of a 
 century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 made in 1748, left them still undefined. 
 
 II. The English, basing their title upon the discoveries 
 made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from New 
 foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pa 
 cific. The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to 
 the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and their tributaries, 
 upon the ground that they had been the first to explore and 
 occupy it ; and, the better to secure their claim, they erected 
 forts at various places through this region, so as to make a 
 complete chain of defenses from Nova Scotia to the mouth 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 III. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke 
 out between England and her colonies on the one side, and 
 France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the 
 other, which is generally known as " The French and Indian 
 War," or " The Old French War." It was a contest for ter 
 ritory and dominion in America. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1753. 
 
 I. The first hostile act, it was alleged, was perpetrated by 
 the French. They seized three British traders, whom they 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAB. I. QUESTIONS. 1. When was the treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle made? 2. What had been for many years previous a subject of dispute? 
 3. In what condition did the treaty leave the boundaries? 
 
 II. 4. What territory did the English claim? 5. What, the French? 6. Upon 
 what did the English base their claim ? 7. What was the ground of the French 
 claim? 8. What measures did the French adopt in order to secure their claim ? 
 
 III. 9. What was the cause of the French and Indian War? 10. By what other 
 name is the war also known ? 11. What was the war a contest for? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1753. I. 1. By whom was the first hostile act of the war committed ? 
 2. Give an account of it 3. How is Erie situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 87 
 
 regarded as intruders upon their territory, and im 
 prisoned them at Presque Isle (pres keel), now Erie, 
 situated in the northwestern extremity of Pennsylvania. 
 
 II. At the time of this event, there was in existence an 
 organization which had been chartered in 1749, four years 
 before, by the name of " The Ohio Company." This associ 
 ation consisted of gentlemen, principally Virginians, who had 
 obtained from the King of England a grant of six hundred 
 thousand acres of land, on and near the Ohio River, for the 
 purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians and of 
 settling the country. 
 
 III. The French saw, in the formation of the Ohio Com 
 pany, a systematic scheme, the first, perhaps, in a series of 
 similar ones, to deprive them of their possessions, and, as a 
 consequence, of their traffic and influence among the Indians: 
 hence their seizure and imprisonment of the three traders ; 
 hence, too, the vast preparations for hostile contingencies 
 which they began to make, not the least of which was the 
 erection of forts between the Alleghany River and Lake Erie. 
 
 IV. The Ohio Company, on learning of these hostile meas 
 ures, laid their complaints before the lieutenant-governor of 
 Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie. As the grant to the -company 
 was within the original charter limits of Virginia, and as, per 
 haps for no less a reason, the lieutenant-governor was a stock 
 holder in the concern, the complaints were listened to with a 
 willing ear. 
 
 V. It was at once determined to send a letter to the French 
 commander, remonstrating against the aggressive acts of his 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 4. Give an account of the origin, composition, and purposes 
 of the Ohio Company. 
 
 III. 5. How did the French regard the Ohio Company ? 6. How then did the 
 French justify their seizure of the three traders? 7. Where did they erect forts to 
 oppose the Ohio Company ? 8. What three forts were erected between the Alle 
 ghany River and Lake Erie? Any. One at Presque Isle, and (for the other two see 
 map, p 85.) 
 
 IV. 9. To whom did the Ohio Company complain ? 10. Why did the governor 
 listen to their complaints? 
 
88 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 men, and demanding their withdrawal from the territory. This 
 message was intrusted to George Washington, then a young 
 man npt twenty-two years of age, who had, by the manner in 
 which he had discharged the duties of adjutant-general of one 
 of the districts of Virginia, acquired a reputation for prudence 
 and ability. 
 
 VI. Washington set out on his mission on the last day of 
 October, 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Virginia. 
 After a difficult and dangerous journey of four hundred miles, 
 more than half of which was through a wilderness inhabited 
 by hostile Indians, he reached Fort Venango (ve-nang -go) , 
 whence he was conducted to Fort Le Boeuf (buf). Here he 
 found St. Pierre (pe-are f ), the French commander. 
 
 VII. St. Pierre s reply was also by letter. He stated, in 
 substance, that he could not leave the territory, as he was act 
 ing by the orders of his superior officer, the Marquis du Quesne 
 (kane), Governor-general of Canada, whose head-quarters were 
 at Montreal (mont-re-aul ). 
 
 EVENTS OF 1754. 
 
 I. After an absence of eleven weeks, during which he en 
 countered on his journey severe hardships, amid snow, icy 
 floods, and hostile Indians, Washington reached Williams- 
 burg and delivered St. Pierre s letter to Dinwiddie. This 
 document, and the report which Washington made of the ex- 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 11. What did Dinwiddie at once determine upon? 12. To 
 whom was the message intrusted ? 13. How old was Washington at the time ? 14. 
 What military position had he held? 15. How had he discharged its duties? 
 
 VI. 16. When and from what place did Washington set out? 17. Give an account 
 of the journey to Fort Le Boeuf. 18 How was. Fort Venango situated? (Sec map, 
 p. 85.) 19. What village now occupies the site of Fort Venango? Am. franklin. 
 20. How is Fort Le Boeuf situated? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What, village now occu 
 pies the site of Fort Le Bceuf? Ans. Waterford. J2. Where did he find the 
 French commander? 23. What was the commander s name? 
 
 VII. 24. Did St. Pierre return a verbal or written reply ? 25. "What did he state 
 in the letter? 26. How is Montreal situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 EVENTS OF 1754. I. 1. How long was Washington absent on his mission? 2. 
 Give an account of his homeward journey. 3. "What report did he make ? 4. Of 
 what were Dinwiddie and hia council convinced? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 89 
 
 tensive warlike preparations he had discovered on H 
 his journey, convinced the lieutenant-governor and 
 his council that the French were intending to penetrate the 
 territory of Virginia and take military possession. No time 
 was therefore to be lost. 
 
 II. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
 Rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a 
 fort; and an expedition, of which Washington, at first second 
 in command, soon became chief, was sent to protect the work 
 men, assist in the building, and afterwards to garrison the 
 place. 
 
 III. But the French were too quick for the English : before 
 the fort was half completed, a strong force, augmented greatly 
 by Indians, had come from Venango and summoned the men 
 there to surrender. What could the English do ? Less than 
 forty in number, they capitulated and withdrew. The French 
 completed the works, and called the place Fort Duquesne. 
 
 IV. Washington, it will be seen, did not reach the fort. 
 Learning that it had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and 
 that a strong force was marching to intercept him, he fell back 
 and took a position in a place called the Great Meadows. 
 Here word came to him that a detachment of the French had 
 advanced to within a few miles of his position, where they were 
 skulking, evidently with hostile intent. With the determination 
 of forestalling their. design, he sallied forth, came upon the 
 foe by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, killed or 
 captured all but one, their commander, Jumonville (zhoo- 
 mony-veel 1 ), being among the slain. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 5. Where did the Ohio Company commence to build a fort? 6. 
 Describe the Alleghany River. (See map, p. 85.) 7. Describe the Monongahela Eivec, 
 (See same map.) 8. What expedition did Washington Lave the command of? 
 
 III. 9. How much of the "new fort" did the English succeed in building? 10. 
 What then took place ? 11. "What name did the French give it? 
 
 IV. 12. Did Washington reach the fort or not? 13. Why not? 14. Where were 
 the Great Meadows ? (See map, p. 85.) 15. What word came to him at the Great 
 Meadows? 16. Describe the battle that followed. IT. By what name is the battle 
 known? Ana. The battle of the Great Meadows. 
 
90 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 V. This battle, fought on the 28th of May, 1754, 
 was Washington s first, as it was also the first of the 
 war. Though the numbers engaged in it were small, its ef 
 fects in the grand contest, of which it was the precursor, were 
 by no means unimportant. 
 
 VI. Washington s first care was in relation to the prisoners. 
 These he sent, without delay, to Dinwiddie, and at once be 
 gan to make preparations to resist the strong force coming 
 against him. At his position in the Great Meadows, a fort 
 which he had previously commenced was completed: and, 
 owing to the pinching famine that prevailed during its con 
 struction, he named it Fort Necessity. 
 
 VII. Here he was attacked by a force of fifteen hundred 
 French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers (vil-le-are ). 
 After a brave defense of ten hours, continued till near mid 
 night, while a violent rain-storm prevailed, he capitulated 
 on the following morning, July 4th, 1754; and, before noon, 
 marched out of the fort with the honors of war. 
 
 VIII. Although war as yet had not been formally declared 
 between the two nations, England and France, the British 
 ministry, in anticipation of that event, recommended the 
 colonies to unite in some plan for their common defense. In 
 conformity therewith, a congress, held at Albany, made a 
 treaty with the Indians of the Six Nations ; and adopted a 
 plan of union, which had been prepared by Dr. Franklin, a 
 delegate from Philadelphia. 
 
 IX. The plan, however, was never carried into effect : the 
 colonial assemblies rejected it because it gave too much power 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 18. "When was the battle of the Great Meadows fought? 19 
 What further can you say of it ? 
 
 VI. 20. What was Washington s first care ? 21. What did he do with them ? 22. 
 "What preparations did he then begin to make? 23. What fort was built? 24 
 What name was given to it, and why ? 
 
 VII. 25. Give an account of the battle that took place there? 
 
 VIII. 26. What recommendation did the British ministry make? 27. What was 
 accordingly done ? 
 
 IX. 28. What further can you say of the plan ? 29. What was then determined 
 upon? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 91 
 
 to the crown, while, singularly enough, the crown 
 
 also rejected it because it gave too much power to 
 
 the people. It was then determined that the war should be 
 
 carried on with British troops, and such auxiliary forces as 
 
 the colonial assemblies might voluntarily furnish. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1755. 
 
 I. The disaster at Fort Necessity, together with the hostile 
 attitude of the French government, aroused the attention of 
 the British ministry, and preparations, on an extensive scale, 
 were speedily made for aggressive operations in America. 
 
 II. Four expeditions were ac 
 cordingly planned for 1755 : one 
 to expel the French from Nova 
 Scotia ; another against Crown 
 Point, to be led by Sir William 
 Johnson; the third against Nia- 
 agara, to be commanded by Gov 
 ernor Shirley (shur -le), of Massa 
 chusetts ; and the fourth against 
 
 Fort Duquesrie. General Brad- GENKRAL BRADDOCK . 
 
 dock,* an officer of distinction, 
 
 who had been sent to America as commander-in-chief of all 
 the royal forces in the colonies, took the immediate charge of 
 the expedition against Duquesne. 
 
 III. Colonel Monckton (monk -tun), commanding the first 
 expedition, landed at the head of the Bay of Fundy, where 
 he was joined by General Winslow, a New Englander, with 
 
 * General Edward Braddock was born in Perthshire County, Scotland, about the year 1690. Before he 
 came to America he had been forty years in the British army, and had served with credit in the wars 
 against Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1755. I. QUESTION8.1. "What aroused the attention of the British 
 ministry? 2. What preparations followed? 
 
 II. 3. How many expeditions were planned for the year? 4. "What were they? 
 5. What part was assigned to Braddock ? 
 
 III. 6. Who commanded the expedition against Port Eoyal? 7. Give an ac 
 count of it. 
 
92 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 -,*,-*. about three thousand troops from Massachusetts. 
 The two forts of the French situated there were 
 captured in June, 1755 ; the settlements of the Nova Scotians 
 were wantonly destroyed ; a beautiful and fertile country was 
 reduced to a solitude, and the inhabitants, by thousands, were 
 driven on board the English ships, and scattered among the 
 colonists of New England and other places. 
 
 IV. Of the four expeditions planned for the year s cam 
 paign, Washington became enlisted in the one against Fort 
 Duquesne, and, during the memorable and disastrous battle 
 that occurred, distinguished himself by his courage and pres 
 ence of mind. Braddock, who was arrogant and conceited, 
 marched his troops through the wilderness with great formality, 
 as if against a foe of European tactics, in disregard of the 
 suggestions of Washington, who was acting as his aide-de 
 camp, and who was well acquainted with the mode of warfare 
 practiced by the Indians. The result was, that when within 
 ten miles of the fort he fell into an ambush, and was defeated 
 with great loss. 
 
 V. The British troops retreated in great disorder until they 
 reached the Great Meadows, a distance of forty miles, where 
 Braddock, who had been mortally wounded in the engage 
 ment, died. This battle, sometimes called the battle of the 
 Monongahela, occurred on the 9th of July, 1755, a little more 
 than a year after Washington s capitulation at Fort Necessity. 
 
 VI. By the death of Braddock, Shirley became the com- 
 mander-in-chief of the royal forces in America. His expedi 
 tion, though less disastrous than the one against Duquesne, 
 was also a failure. His troops, assembled at Oswego, were de 
 layed for months; the disaster of the Monongahela pars- 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 8. In which expedition did Washington take part ? 9. What 
 is said of his conduct in the battle that occurred? 10. What was Braddock s char 
 acter? 11. What illustration of his character is given ? 12. What was the result? 
 
 V. 13. What was Braddock s fate? 14. When did the battle occur? 15. By 
 what name is it sometimes known ? 
 
 VI. 16. Who succeeded Braddock as commander-in-chief? 17. What account 
 eim you give of his expedition ? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 93 
 
 lyzed his efforts; the Indian allies deserted; and, finally, 
 the expedition was abandoned. 
 
 VII. The expedition under Johnson, though not resulting 
 in the capture or destruction of Crown Point, was a success 
 ful one. The troops employed were mostly from Massa 
 chusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. At the " carrying- 
 place," between the Hudson River and Lake George, a force 
 of about six thousand men assembled under General Lyman, 
 and constructed a fort, which was at first called Fort Lyman, 
 but, owing to the jealousy of Johnson, was subsequently 
 named by him Fort Edward. Upon the arrival of the com 
 mander of the expedition, he moved forward with the main 
 body of his men to the head of Lake George, fifteen miles 
 from Fort Edward. 
 
 YIII. While encamped here, the Indian scouts brought 
 word that the enemy, French and In 
 dians, two thousand strong, were on 
 their march to attack Fort Edward. 
 They were commanded by the Baron 
 Dieskau (de-es-ko ), who had proceeded 
 from Montreal (mont-re-aul r ) to Crown 
 Point, and thence to the head of Lake 
 Champlain. Losing no time, Johnson 
 sent Colonel Williams with a thousand 
 New England -troops, and the renowned 
 chief Hendrick, with two hundred In 
 dian warriors, to intercept the enemy. 
 
 IX. But Dieskau changed his plan. 
 As he approached the fort, his Indian 
 allies, fearful of its cannon, refused to 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 18. From what places did the men of Johnson s army come? 
 19. Where did a large force assemble? 20. Who, at first, commanded them there? 
 21. What building did they construct? 22. Where was Fort Edward situated? 
 (See map, p. 85.) 23. Upon Johnson s arrival what did he do ? 24 In what direc 
 tion from Fort Edward is Lake George ? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 VIII. 25. What word was brought to Johnson? 26. By whom was the invading 
 force commanded ? 2T. What route had Dieskau taken ? 28. What did Johnson at 
 once do ? 
 
94 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 ,H-~ proceed to the attack ; he therefore took another di- 
 
 1 t OO. 
 
 rection to go against the army at the lake, and, in so 
 doing, took the road by which the forces sent out by John 
 son were marching. Through his Indian scouts he soon heard 
 of the approaching enemy. The res alt was, that the Eng 
 lish and their allies were drawn into an ambush, on the 8th 
 of September, and, after being defeated with signal slaughter, 
 losing among their killed both Williams and Hendrick, they 
 fled back to Johnson s camp, pursued by Dieskau. 
 
 X. From behind a hastily formed breastwork of trees 
 Johnson fired upon the assailants, but, being slightly wounded 
 early in the action, retired to his tent. The defense, which 
 was most gallantly kept up by the New England troops, was 
 turned into an attack by General Lyman, the next in command, 
 and the French and their Indian allies were routed with great 
 slaughter. 
 
 XI. Dieskau was found by the pursuers, wounded and 
 alone, leaning against the stump of a tree. As they approached, 
 he felt for his watch, to insure kind treatment by delivering it 
 up : a soldier, thinking he was feeling for his pistol, shot him, 
 inflicting an incurable wound. He was conveyed a prisoner 
 
 to the English camp, and subse 
 quently sent to Europe. After 
 suffering for ten years, he died 
 of the injuries which he had re 
 ceived. 
 
 XII. Johnson, instead of fol 
 lowing up the victory, as he was 
 urged to by his officers, loitered 
 away the autumn, doing nothing 
 except building a useless fort of 
 wood near his encampment, 
 which received the name of Fort 
 
 SIK WILLIAM JOHNSON. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 29. What change took place in Dieskau s movements? 80. 
 Describe what followed. 
 
 X. 31. Give an account of the battle at Johnson s camp. 
 XL 32. Give the subsequent history of Dieskau. 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 95 
 
 William Henry. This he garrisoned, as also Fort H 
 Edward, and then, as winter approached, he retired 
 to Albany. Though General Lyman was the real hero of 
 the campaign, Johnson* received the thanks of Parliament 
 for the victory, was voted 5,000, and created a baronet of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1756. 
 
 I. Shirley s career as commander-in -chief of the royal forces 
 in America drew to a close in the spring of 1756, when he 
 was superseded by General Abercrombie, who was appointed 
 to act until the arrival of Lord London. Dieskau s successor 
 as commander-in-chief in Canada was the Marquis de Mont- 
 calm (mont-kam f ). 
 
 II. Although for a long time hostilities had been carried on 
 in America between England and France, yet no formal dec 
 laration of war was made until May of 1756, when England 
 proclaimed hostilities against France, and, soon after, the 
 latter power issued a declaration against England. 
 
 III. The plan of the campaign for 1756, adopted by a con 
 vention of colonial governors held at Albany, did not differ 
 much from that of the preceding year Crown Point, Niag 
 ara, and Fort Duquesne being the places aimed against. No 
 part of it, however, was carried out, nor, beyond some tardy 
 preparations, even attempted. Abercrombie, deeming the 
 forces under his command inadequate, waited for the arrival 
 of London, and the earl, when he came, effected nothing. 
 
 * Sir William Johnson was born in Ireland, in 1715. He died at his residence near Johnstown, Fulton 
 County, New York, in 1774. 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 33. What should Johnson at once have done? 34. What did 
 he do instead ? 35. How was he rewarded ? 36. State why the reward was not 
 justly bestowed. 37. How is Fort William Henry situated? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 EVENTS OF 1756. I. 1. What changes took place in the commanders of the re 
 spective forces? 
 
 II. 2. What is said of the declaration of war? 
 
 III. 3. What is said of the plan of operations for 1756? 4. Was the plan carried 
 oat or not ? 5. State the cause. 
 
96 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 1756 ^ "^^ S ^ e Drench. I* 1 an expedition against 
 Oswego, which was then defended by two forts, Mont- 
 
 calm laid siege to the place, drove the garrison out of one 
 of the forts into the other, killed 
 the commander, Colonel Mercer, 
 and compelled the English to sur 
 render. Fourteen hundred prisoners 
 and a large amount of stores and 
 money fell into the hands of the vic 
 tors. After demolishing the forts, 
 to allay the jealousy of the Indians, 
 
 Montcalm left Oswego a solitude, and returned . to Canada. 
 
 V. The defeat of Braddock, in 1755, left the western fron 
 tier in a defenseless condition. Incited by French emissaries, 
 the tribes of the Ohio commenced the work of desolation, and 
 killed or carried into captivity about a thousand of the inhab 
 itants. It was therefore evident that the inroads of the sav 
 ages must be checked, or, in a short time, not a single white 
 man, friendly to the English, would remain in that region. 
 
 VI. A party of less than three hundred men, commanded 
 by Colonel Armstrong, undertook to destroy Kittanning, the 
 chief town of the perfidious tribes. The march through the 
 forest was long and perilous, but the stronghold was reached, 
 thirty or forty warriors were killed, and Kittanning was left a 
 smoking ruin. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1757. 
 
 I. Loudon s plan of operations for 1757 was limited to an 
 expedition against Louisburg (loo -is-burg). He sailed from 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 6. Give an account of Montcalm s success against Oswego. 7. 
 What did be do there after the victory ? S. How is Oswego situated ? (See map, 
 p. 96.) 
 
 V. 9. What induced the tribes of the Ohio to become hostile to the English set 
 tlers? 10. What deeds of wrong were they guilty of ? 11. What became evident? 
 
 VI. 12. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning. 13. How is Kit- 
 tanning situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 EVENTS OF 1757. I. 1. Give an account of Loudon s operations during 1757. 
 2. How is Halifax situated ? (See map, p. 103.) 3. How is Louisburg situated ? 
 (See same map.) 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 9*7 
 
 1757. 
 
 New York with about six thousand men, and, at 
 Halifax, was joined by a powerful naval armament 
 and land force from England ; but, learning that the French 
 were prepared for defense, he abandoned the enterprise and 
 returned to New York. 
 
 II. This, like the previous year, through the energy and 
 ability of Montcalm, showed a marked superiority to the 
 French arms. In the beginning of August that commander, 
 with nine thousand men, two thousand of whom were Indians, 
 laid siege to Fort William Henry. For six days, its com 
 mander, Colonel Monroe, kept up a vigorous defense, trusting 
 to receive aid from General Webb, who, at the time, was in 
 command of a large force at Fort Edward. 
 
 III. At length, learning that no assistance would be sent, 
 and being entirely without ammunition, he was compelled to 
 surrender on the 9th, capitulating that his men should havo a 
 safe escort to Webb s quarters. Notwithstanding this stipu 
 lation, the English had hardly 
 
 left the fort before the Indian 
 allies of Montcalm, incited by 
 the hope of plunder, attacked 
 them and massacred a large 
 number. Fort William Henry 
 was demolished by order of 
 Montcalm ; and thus the year 
 1757 passed, like its pre 
 decessor, without a single 
 advantage to the English. 
 
 IV. In consequence of the 
 
 WILLIAM PITT. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 4. How did the operations of 1757 compare with those of the 
 previous year? 5. When and by whom was Fort William Henry besieged? 6. 
 Who commanded the fort? 7. What is said of his defense ? 
 
 III. 8. What unwelcome information reached Colonel Monroe? 9. How was 
 he not in a condition to make a further defense ? 10. Give an account of the mas 
 sacre. 11. What became of the fort? 12. Where did it stand? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 IV. 13. What change took place in the British Government ? 14. What as re 
 gards the command of the royal forces in America? 
 
 6 
 
98 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 disgraces of the American campaigns a new adminis 
 tration of the British government was formed, with 
 William Pitt,* afterward Lord Chatham, as prime minister. 
 London, who by his inactivity had disappointed the anticipa 
 tions of the people, was recalled, and preparations were made 
 to carry on the war with greater vigor. 
 
 * William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, was born at Westminster, England, in 1708. At the beginning 
 of the American Revolution he was opposed to the measures of the British ministry in the American 
 colonies ; but, at the close of a speech, made in 1778 in Parliament, in which he spoke against a motion to 
 acknowledge the independence of America, he fell in an apoplectic fit, and was borne home, where he 
 died in a few weeks afterward. 
 
 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. What treaty was made in the year 1748 ? 86 
 
 2. What war did that treaty close ? 59 
 
 3. How long had France and England disputed about lands in Am. ? 86 
 
 4. What did the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle omit to settle ? 86 
 
 5. What claims to territory were made by France and England?. . 86 
 
 6. By what right or title did they make the claim ? 86 
 
 7. What did these conflicting claims lead to ? 86 
 
 8. Give an account of the first hostile act of the war 86, 87 
 
 9. What was the Ohio Company, and what were its purposes?. . . 87 
 
 10. Why did the French seize the traders and erect certain forts?.. 87 
 
 11. What course was then pursued by the Ohio Company? 87 
 
 12. Why did Dinwiddie respond with so much promptness ? 87 
 
 13. On what mission was Washington sent ? 87, 88 
 
 14. Give an account of his journey 88 
 
 15. What was St. Pierre s reply to Dinwiddie ? 88 
 
 16. What report did Washington make in addition? 88, 89 
 
 17. What effect did the letter and report have ? 88, 89 
 
 18. What measures for protection did the Ohio Company adopt ?. . . 89 
 
 19. On what expedition was Washington sent? 89 
 
 20. In what way did the French interfere with the English? 89 
 
 21. How many men surrendered to the French ? 89 
 
 22. What did the French do with the fort captured by them? 89 
 
 23. Did Washington reach the fort, or not? 89 
 
 24. What did he learn while on his march thither ? 89 
 
 25. What then did lie deem it prudent to do ? 89 
 
 26. What did he learn after reaching the Great Meadows ? 89 
 
 27. How did he forestall the intention of the French ? 89 
 
 28. What battle was fought on the 28th of May, 1754? . . . 90 
 
 29. In how many battles had Washington previously participated? 90 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 99 
 
 PAGE 
 
 30. Was that battle the first, second, or third, of the war? 90 
 
 31. To whom did Washington send his prisoners ? 90 
 
 32. What was then done by him in anticipation of an attack? 90 
 
 33. Who commanded the force that attacked him? 90 
 
 34. How large a force did De Villiers have at the time ? 90 
 
 35. For how long a time did Washington defend himself? 90 
 
 36. When did he capitulate ? 90 
 
 37. At whose instigation was a congress held at Albany ? 90 
 
 38. Why had the ministry made the recommendation ? 90 
 
 39. What man, afterward distinguished, was at the congress ? 90 
 
 40. What measure, prepared by Franklin, was adopted ? 90 
 
 41. Why was the plan rejected by both the colonies and the king ? 90, 91 
 
 42. What then did the British government determine upon ? 91 
 
 43. How many and what expeditions were planned for 1755 ? 91 
 
 44. Who was appointed commander-in-chief of the royal forces ? . . . 91 
 
 45. Give an account of the expedition against Nova Scotia 91, 92 
 
 46. What two forts did Monckton capture? (See map, page 103.) 
 
 47. Who commanded the expedition against Fort Duquesne? 91 
 
 48. What person, afterward eminent, was his aide-de-camp? 92 
 
 49. What suggestions did Washington make to Braddock ? 92 
 
 50. In what disaster did the expedition terminate? 92 
 
 51. When did the battle of the Monongahela take place? 92 
 
 52. To what position did Governor Shirley succeed? 92 
 
 53. Give an account of the expedition against Xiagara 91, 92, 93 
 
 54. What preparations did Lyman make against Crown Point ? 93 
 
 55. What movement was made by Johnson from Fort Edward? ... 93 
 
 56. What movement was made by Dieskau towards Fort Edward?. 93 
 67. Give an account of the battle between Dieskau and Williams . . 93, 94 
 
 58. Give an account of the battle fought at Lake George 94 
 
 59. What further account of Dieskau can you give ? 94 
 
 60. Who succeeded Shirley as commander-in-chief? 95 
 
 61. When was war declared between France and England? 95 
 
 62. Give an account of Montcalm s expedition against Oswego. ... 96 
 
 63. Why did the English attack and destroy Kittanning ? 96 
 
 64. What was done by Loudon during the year 1757 ? 96, 97 
 
 65. When did Montcalm lay siege to Fort William Henry? 97 
 
 66. What command did Monroe hold at the time ?. . . , 97 
 
 67. How long did Monroe hold out against Montcalm? 97 
 
 68. When and why did he at last surrender? 97 
 
 69. Give an account of what took place after the surrender 97 
 
 70. What can you state of the further history of Fort Wm. Henry ? 97 
 
100 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 EYENTS OF 1758. 
 
 I. The campaign of 1758 opened, on the part of the Eng 
 lish, with fifty thousand men in the field. These forces were 
 divided into three distinct bodies : one, under General Am- 
 herst, for the subjugation of Louisburg, and the Island of Cape 
 Breton (brit -on) ; another, under Abercrombie, who had suc 
 ceeded London as commander-in-chief, was to proceed against 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and the third, under General 
 Forbes, was to undertake the reduction of Fort Duquesne. 
 
 II. Amherst made Halifax, in Nova Scotia, his rendezvous, 
 from which place he embarked in the fleet of Admiral Bos- 
 cawcn. A landing was effected near Louisburg, then defend 
 ed by the strongest fortress in America, and a siege, mem 
 orable for its length and desperate resistance, commenced. 
 At length, on the 26th of July, the French surrendered by 
 capitulation, and, with the town, the whole Island of Cape 
 Breton, as well as that of St. John s, fell into the hands of the 
 British. 
 
 III. During the siege two per 
 sons particularly distinguished 
 themselves by their courageous 
 conduct. These were James Wolfe 
 and Richard Montgomery (mont- 
 gum -er-e) ; the first, the real hero 
 of the enterprise, was slain at 
 Quebec in the following year, while 
 fighting for his king ; and the other, 
 Montgomery, was also slain at 
 
 JAMES WOLFE. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1758. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What was the plan of the campaign for 
 1758? 
 
 II. 2. Where did Amherst rendezvous ? 3. On whose fleet did he embark his 
 troops? 4. Where did he land his troops? 5. How is Louisburg situated? (See 
 map, p. 103.) 6. How was Louisburg defended ? 7. What was the result of the ex 
 pedition ? 8. In what direction from Cape Breton Island is the Island of St. John s? 
 (See map. p. 103.) 
 
 III. 9. Give the names of the persons who distinguished themselves during the 
 siege of Louisburg. 10. What is said of the further history of Wolfe and Mont 
 gomery ? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 101 
 
 Quebec, but several years later, while contending 
 for the cause of liberty. 
 
 IV. While success was crowning the arms of the British 
 at the east, Abercrombie was slowly making his way north 
 ward. At the head of about sixteen thousand men, he de 
 scended Lake George, and, debarking at its northern extremity, 
 commenced a march through the dense forests towards Ticon- 
 rleroga,* then commanded by Montcalm. 
 
 V. An advance force suddenly coming upon a detachment 
 of the French, on the 6th of July, a severe conflict ensued, 
 in which, though the enemy were routed, Lord Howe, an 
 officer greatly beloved by the army and the American people, 
 was killed. 
 
 VI. The death of Howe, who was the leading spirit in the 
 expedition, was keenly felt. For awhile it put a complete 
 check upon operations, and the most of the army fell back to 
 the landing-place at the foot of the lake ; but, on the 8th of 
 July, an advance was made in full force, and the fort was 
 assaulted. The British fought gallantly, though fruitlessly. 
 After losing nearly two thousand of their number in killed 
 and wounded, they withdrew once more to the landing-place; 
 whence, fearing an attack from the enemy, on the following 
 morning, they re-embarked for the head of the lake. 
 
 VII. The failure of this expedition was somewhat relieved 
 
 *Fort Ticonderoga was built by the French in 1755. It was then called Carillon (chime of bells), 
 in allusion to the music of the waterfalls in the outlet of Lake George, near it. 
 
 IV. 11. What was Abercroinbie doing while Loudon was operating in Nova Sco 
 tia? 12. In what direction from Albany is Lake George? (See map, p. 85.) 13. On 
 what lake is Ticonderoga situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 V. 14. Describe the action of the 6th of July. 
 
 YI. 15. What effect did the death of Howe have npon the expedition? 16. De 
 scribe the action of the Sth of July. 17. What movement did the British make 
 after their defeat ? 
 
 VII. 18. How was the failure of the expedition against Ticonderoga relieved? 
 19. What was Bradstreet s object in his enterprise ? 20. In what direction from Lake 
 George was Fort Frontenac? (See map, p. 85.) 21. What city is situated where 
 Fort Frontenac then stood? (See page 102.) 22. What route did Bradstreet 
 take ? 23. Why was the blow a severe one to the French ? 24. How did Bradstreet 
 dispose of his captures ? 
 
102 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 H by the success of an enterprise conducted by Colonel 
 Bradstreet, an officer under Abercrombie. While the 
 main army was wasting away the season at the head of Lake 
 George, Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort 
 Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, on the north 
 side of the entrance of Lake Ontario. Proceeding by way of 
 the Mohawk and Oswego, he crossed the lake, and, on the 27th 
 of August, captured the fort, the garrison having either fled or 
 surrendered at discretion. This was a severe blow to the 
 French, as the place, besides being in a commanding position, 
 contained a vast amount of military stores intended for Fort 
 Duquesne, and in the harbor were several armed vessels. 
 Bradstreet, after sending two of the vessels, laden with the 
 spoils, to Oswego, destroying the others, and dismantling the 
 fort, returned to Lake George. 
 
 VIII. In the third expedition planned for the year, that 
 against Fort Duquesne, Washington held an important com 
 mand under Forbes. Instead of advancing by the old road 
 which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the 
 judgment of Washington, that a new one farther east should 
 be opened for the expedition. As was to have been expected, 
 the progress made was exceedingly tedious. Winter was fast 
 approaching, and yet Forbes was many miles from Duquesne. 
 A feeling of discouragement pervaded the troops, which was 
 augmented by a defeat, and loss of three hundred men, sus 
 tained by Major Grant while leading an advance detachment. 
 
 IX. In this strait Forbes called a council of war, the result 
 of which was a determination to abandon the expedition. 
 Before, however, the order to return was given, intelligence 
 of an encouraging character was received. The march was 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 25. In which expedition did Washington hold a command? 
 26. By what road was the advance against Duquesne made ? 27. What was the 
 result ? 28. What check was experienced by Grant ? 
 
 IX. 29. What was determined upon in a council of war? 80. Why was not the 
 determination carried out? 31. What success finally rewarded the efforts of the ex 
 pedition ? 32. Why had the French abandoned the fort ? 83. What did the English 
 do with the fort? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 103 
 
 therefore resumed, and when, towards the latter part ^^ 
 of November, Duquesne was reached, it was found in 
 ruins. The French had set fire to it and retreated down the 
 Ohio. The destruction of Frontenac had cut off all hope 
 of reinforcements and supplies ; their savage allies, when des 
 titution and danger threatened, had deserted hence the ruin 
 and abandonment of the fort. The English at once repaired 
 and garrisoned the place, and, in honor of their illustrious 
 statesman, changed the name to Fort Pitt 
 
 EVENTS OF 1759. 
 I. The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the re 
 
 duction of Canada; and General Amherst, who had gained 
 great favor by Ms success at Louisburg, was appointed com- 
 
 EVENTS OF 1759. QUESTIONS. -I. 1. What was the object of the campaign of 
 1759 ? 2. What change took place in the commanders ? 3. What was the plan of 
 operations ? 
 
104 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 1759 n:ian der-in-chief, to succeed Abercrombie. By the 
 plan of operations, General Wolfe was to lay siege to 
 Quebec ; Amherst was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown 
 Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; while a third divi 
 sion, under General Prideaux (prid -o), after capturing Niag 
 ara, was to proceed against Montreal. 
 
 II. Early in July, Prideaux reached Niagara, and at once 
 commenced a siege, during which he was unfortunately killed 
 by the bursting of a shell. Sir William Johnson, having suc 
 ceeded to the command, defeated a force of twelve hundred 
 French and Indians who were advancing to the relief of the 
 place, and compelled the besieged to capitulate. Instead, 
 however, of proceeding against Montreal, according to the 
 plan of operations, he garrisoned the fort which he had taken, 
 and then made his way to Albany. 
 
 III. In the mean time Amherst had reached the vicinity of 
 Ticonderoga. As he advanced, the French fled from both 
 Ticonderoga and Crown Point without striking a blow, and 
 retired to an island in the Sorel Eiver. Neglecting to follow 
 up his successes as he should have done, he allowed the sum 
 mer to pass before he made any attempt at pursuit. Then a 
 succession of storms damaged his fleet ; and the cold weather 
 approaching, he went into winter quarters at Crown Point, 
 and thus failed to co-operate against Quebec. 
 
 IV. Of the three expeditions, that under Wolfe can be said 
 to have been the only one completely successful. With an 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 1 What is said of Prideaux s operations and fete ? 5. Who suc 
 ceeded him? 6. What success did Johnson meet with? 7. In what respect did 
 ho deviate from the original plan of operations ? 8. How is Niagara situated ? (See 
 map, p. 85.) 
 
 III. 9. How far had Amherst proceeded, in the mean time ? 10. How are Ticon 
 deroga and Crown Point situated ? (See map, p. 85.) 1 1. Of what lake is the Sorel 
 Eiver the outlet? (See same map.) 12. By what other name is the Sorel some 
 times known? (See map, p. 124.) 
 
 IV. 13. With how many men did Wolfe advance against Quebec ? 14. What 
 route did he take? 15. On what email island did he land his men? 16. In what 
 direction from Quebec is that island ? (See map, p. 103.) IT. Where is Point Levi? 
 la What did Wolfe do at Point Levi? 19. With what success? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 105 
 
 1759. 
 
 army of eight thousand men, he ascended the St. 
 Lawrence River as far as the Isle of Orleans, where, in 
 the latter part of June, he landed his whole force in safety. 
 Taking possession of Point Levi, opposite Quebec, he estab 
 lished a battery there, which, though it destroyed the build 
 ings near the river s edge, did but little damage to that part 
 of the city situated on the promontory. 
 
 THE ST. LAWRENCE, IN 1759. 
 
 V. Becoming convinced that the battery was not near 
 enough to accomplish the reduction of the place, he deter 
 mined upon a bold attack. Accordingly, on the 31st of July, 
 an attempt was made upon the enemy s intrenchments, but it 
 resulted in defeat and the loss of nearly five hundred men. 
 This contest is known as the battle of the Montmorenci. 
 
 V. QUESTION. 20. Give an account of the battle of the Montinoreuci. 
 5* 
 
106 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 _ VI. Not discouraged by the disaster, Wolfe resolved 
 
 upon another plan. During the night of the 12th of 
 September his troops effected a landing, at a place about two 
 miles above the city, and, climbing by a narrow path the 
 steep bank of the St. Lawrence, at daylight, on the following 
 morning, they stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. 
 VII. Montcalm, who was in command of the French, re 
 fused at first to believe that the force on the Plains was any 
 thing more than a small foraging or marauding party, such 
 confidence did he feel in the unapproachableness of the place 
 in that direction. But, becoming convinced of his error, he 
 abandoned his intrenchments, and led his troops against the 
 onemy. A fierce and bloody battle followed, which resulted 
 in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the moment of 
 victory, and Montcalm,* mortally wounded in the action, ex 
 pired soon after. The French, fearing a famine, and dreading 
 the horrors of an assault, surrendered the city five days after 
 the battle. 
 
 EVENTS OP 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 I. Although the British had captured Quebec, the reduc 
 tion of Canada, which was the object of the campaign of 
 1759, was not yet accomplished. This failure undoubtedly 
 was owing to the want of activity on the part of Amherst. 
 His long stay, too, at Crown Point, gave De Levi, Montcalm s 
 successor, an opportunity to make preparation for the recov 
 ery of Quebec. 
 
 * Montcalm was born in France, in 1712. At the close of the battle in which he was mortally wound 
 ed, on beinfr told that he could not live long;, " So much the better," he said ; " I shall not live to see the 
 surrender of Quebec." He died on the morning of the 14th of September. 
 
 YI. QUESTIONS. 21. What plan did Wolfe then determine upon? 
 
 VII. 22. How was Montcalm surprised? 23. Give an account of the battle that 
 followed. 24. By what name is that battle known ? An*. The battle of the Plains 
 of Abraham. 25. On what day did it occur? 26. When did Quebec surrender ? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1760. I. 1. Why had not the British completed the reduction of 
 Canada before the close of 1759 ? 2. What, beside, was the result of Amherst s inac 
 tivity ? 3. Who succeeded Montcalin in the command of the French ? 
 
FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 107 
 
 II. As soon as the St. Lawrence was free of ice, De Levi 
 proceeded to besiege the city. The British, instead of await 
 ing the approach of the enemy, and defending themselves 
 from the strong position which they occupied, inarched about 
 three miles above the city, and there, on the 28th of April, 
 1760, was fought one of the most desperate battles of the 
 war. After losing a thousand men or more, the British were 
 compelled to fall back to the defenses which they had unwisely 
 abandoned. The opportune arrival of a British fleet, some 
 days after, changed the scene completely ; and the French 
 lost no time in raising the siege and retreating to Montreal. 
 
 III. It was not till September that Amherst, taking the 
 indirect route by way of Oswesjo, made his way into Canada 
 and invested Montreal. The French governor, unable to re 
 sist, signed a capitulation, by which not only Montreal, but 
 the whole of Canada, was surrendered into the hands of the 
 English. 
 
 IV. On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace be 
 tween Great Britain and France was signed at Paris. France, 
 by the terms of the treaty, ceded to Great Britain all her 
 American possessions east of the Mississippi, north of the Iber- 
 ville River, in Louisiana (lou-e -z n -ah -na\ At the same time 
 a treaty was made by which Spain ceded her possessions of 
 East and West Florida to Great Britain. Thus, it will be 
 seen, the French and Indian War lasted more than eight 
 years. The first gun was fired in Washington s engagement 
 with Jumonville, in 1754, and the contest was brought to a 
 close by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. 
 
 V. Among the dependencies which were surrendered to 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 4. Give an account of De Levfs operations. 5. How was Que 
 bec saved to the English? 
 
 III. 6. By what route did Amherst proceed against Montreal? 7. How is Quebec 
 situated? (See map, p. 103.) 8. How, Montreal? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 IV. 9. By what treaty was the war brought to a close ? 10. What territory did 
 Great Britain acquire ? 11. What other treaty was made at the same time ? 
 
 V. 12. What stations or posts were included in the surrender of territory to the 
 English? 13. What is said of this transfer? 14. Of what did the Indians soon 
 
 make themselves masters ? 
 
108 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 Great Britain by the treaty, were several stations or posts 
 between the lakes and the Ohio, and in the valley of that river. 
 The transfer of these places from the French, with whom the 
 Indians had been on friendly terms, to the English, whom they 
 disliked, greatly exasperated the savages in that region, and 
 they, in a short time, made themselves masters of all the posts, 
 except those of Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit ; and hundreds 
 of families were butchered or driven from their homes. 
 
 VI. Detroit was besieged for six months, bnt was finally re 
 lieved. The Indians at last were compelled to sue for peace, 
 though Pontiac (pon -te-ak), their principal chief, from whom 
 the war takes its name, refused to submit. He wandered 
 towards the Mississippi, endeavoring to stir up the western 
 tribes against the English, till his career was terminated by 
 the hand of one of his own people. 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OP THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 VICTORS. 
 
 English. | French. 
 
 1754. 
 
 May 28, 
 July 4, 
 1755. 
 June 16, 
 June 17, 
 July 9, 
 
 Sept. 8 j 
 
 1756. 
 Aug. 14, 
 1757. 
 
 Aug. 9, 
 1758. 
 July 6, 
 July 8, 
 July 26, 
 Sept. 21, 
 1759. 
 July 25, 
 July 31, 
 Sept. 13, 
 1760. 
 Apr. 28. 
 
 Great Meadows 
 Port Necessity . . . 
 
 Washington 
 Washington 
 
 Jumonville . 
 De Villiers. 
 
 English. 
 French 
 
 
 Port Beausejour 
 Fort Gasperau 
 
 Monckton. . 
 Monckton. . 
 Braddock . . 
 Williams . . 
 Johnson. . . 
 
 De Yergor. 
 DeVillerai. 
 Beaujeu. . . . 
 Dieskan 
 Dieskau. . . . 
 
 English. 
 English. 
 French. 
 French. 
 
 English. 
 
 Monongahela 
 
 Near Lake George. . . 
 Head of Lake George.. 
 
 Oswego 
 
 Mercer .... 
 
 Montcalm. . 
 
 French. 
 
 
 Port William Henry. . 
 
 Monroe. . . . 
 
 Montcalm. . 
 
 French. 
 
 Near Ticonderoga. . . . 
 Ticonderoga 
 
 Howe 
 Ab rcrombie 
 Amherst.. . 
 Grant 
 
 De Trepesee 
 Montcalm. . 
 Drucourt. . . 
 Aubry. .... 
 
 English. 
 French. 
 English. 
 French. 
 
 Louisburg 
 
 Near Port Duquesne.. 
 
 Port Niagara .... 
 
 Johnson . . . 
 Wolfe 
 Wolfe 
 
 Aubry .... 
 Montcalm . . 
 Montcalm. . 
 
 English. 
 French. 
 English. 
 
 Montmorenci 
 
 Plains of Abraham . . 
 
 3 miles above Quebec. 
 
 Murray. . . . 
 
 De Levi. . . . 
 
 French. 
 
 YL 15. What is said of the siege of Detroit? ,16. By what name is the war 
 known? 17. What is said of the closing career of Pontiac? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 109 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. How many troops did the English have in the field in 1758 ?. . 100 
 
 2. What was the object of the division under Amherst ? 100 
 
 3. Give an account of Amherst s operations and success 100 
 
 4. What was the object of the division under Abercrombie ? 100 
 
 5. Give an account of Abercrombie s operations 101 
 
 6. What was the object of the division under Forbes ? . . . 1 00 
 
 7. Give an account of Forbes s operations 102, 103 
 
 8. Give an account of the expedition against Frontenac 102 
 
 9. Why did the French abandon Fort Duquesne, in 1758 ? 103 
 
 10. What further can you give of the history of that fort? 103, 108 
 
 11. In what year did the English determine to take Canada? 103 
 
 12. Who succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in-chief? 103, 104 
 
 13. What part against Canada was assigned to Wolfe ? . . 104 
 
 14. Give an account of Wolfe s operations until July 104, 105 
 
 15. What part against Canada was assigned to Prideaux? 104 
 
 16. Give an account of his operations and fate 104 
 
 17. What was done and also omitted by his successor ? 104 
 
 18. What part against Canada was assigned to Amherst? 104 
 
 19. Give an account of his march and tardy operations 104 
 
 20. What was done against Quebec by Wolfe, in July, 1759? .... 105 
 
 21. What was done by Wolfe on the night of the 12th Sept., 1759? 106 
 
 22. When did the battle of the Plains of Abraham occur? 106 
 
 23. What were the memorable words of the dying Montcalm? 106 
 
 24. When did the French surrender Quebec to the English ? . . . 106 
 
 25. Why did they not hold out longer before surrendering? 106 
 
 26. What was the great object of the English campaign of 1759?. 103 
 
 27. Did the English accomplish the object during that year ? 106 
 
 28. By whom was Montcalm succeeded in command of the French? 106 
 
 29. What was the consequence of Amherst s inactivity? 106 
 
 30. When did De Levi commence operations against Quebec? 107 
 
 31. What mistake did the British make ? 107 
 
 32. Give an account of the battle fought near Quebec 107 
 
 33. What prevented the French from recovering the city ? 107 
 
 34. How did the English get Montreal anffthe rest of Canada?. . 107 
 
 35. What took place on the 10th of February, 1763 ? 107 
 
 36. What territory did the French surrender to the English ? 107 
 
 37. What stations or posts were included in the surrender ? 107, 108 
 
 38. What was the consequence of surrendering them ?. . 108 
 
 39. Who was then the principal Indian chief in that section ? . . . . 108 
 
 40. How was the " Pontiac War" brought to a close ? 108 
 
110 
 
 SECTION" 
 
 THE AMERICAN REYOLUTIOK CAUSES 
 OF THE WAR. 
 
 I. THE expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the 
 French and Indian War had increased her national debt more 
 than three hundred millions of dollars. The English minis 
 try, asserting that this had been done in defending the 
 colonies, declared that the Americans ought of right to share 
 in the burden ; and, accordingly, it was proposed by the min 
 istry, George Grenville being at its head, that a direct revenue 
 should be drawn from the colonies by a system of taxation. 
 It was also affirmed that, regardless of the manner in which 
 the national debt had been contracted or augmented, or even 
 in the absence of any debt whatever, Parliament possessed the 
 inherent right to tax America. ^\ 
 
 II. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colonies 
 had been founded at their own expense ; and that they had 
 already contributed more than their fair proportion in defend 
 ing themselves, while the advantages accruing from their 
 preservation were shared by England in common with them 
 selves. The colonists also maintained that they could only 
 be justly taxed by a legislature in which they were repre 
 sented. Inasmuch, therefore, as they were not allowed to send 
 representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no 
 right to impose upon them any taxes whatever. 
 
 III. Beside, the policy of Great Britain towards her Ameri 
 can colonies, from the very beginning of their existence, as 
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. ^ QUESTIONS.! How much did the French and 
 Indian War add to Great Britain s debt? 2. What assertion did the British ministry 
 make ? 3. What declaration did they deduce therefrom ? 4. What proposition was 
 accordingly made ? 5. What strong affirmation was made? 
 
 II, 6. What was maintained by the Americans, as regards the founding of their 
 colonies? 7. What, as regards their contribution for defense in connection with the 
 advantages? 8. What, as regards the principle of taxation ? 
 
 III. 9. What is said of the policy of Great Britain? 10. What were the " Writs 
 of Assistance ?" 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Ill 
 
 shown in the " Navigation Act," with the oppressive measures 
 that preceded and those that succeeded, even down to the au 
 thorization of the "Writs of Assistance," in 1761, had been 
 unjust and illiberal, and calculated to incite a rebellious spirit. 
 These " Writs of Assistance" were general search-warrants, 
 which empowered custom-house officers to break open ships, 
 stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise which, 
 it was suspected, had paid no duty; and the writs also empow 
 ered the officers to compel sheriffs and others to assist in the 
 odious task. 
 
 IV. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed 
 by Parliament in 1765, reached America, intense indignation 
 was produced throughout the country. By the provisions of 
 the act, all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and 
 notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, almanacs, etc., 
 were to be executed on stamp 
 
 ed paper, to be purchased from 
 the agents of the British gov 
 ernment. 
 
 V. The first burst of opposi 
 tion appeared in the legislature 
 of Virginia, where Patrick Hen 
 ry* distinguished himself by his 
 bold and manly eloquence. In 
 Massachusetts too the opposition 
 was fearless, and, upon the re 
 commendation of her Assembly, 
 
 a Colonial Congress, composed PATRICK HENRY. 
 
 * Patrick Henry was born in Virginia, in 1736. He died in 1799, the year 
 
 f Washington s death. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 11. When was the Stamp Act passed ? 12. How was the news of 
 its passage received in America ? 13. What was exacted by the provisions of the Act ? 
 
 V. 14. What is^said of Patrick Henry ? . 15. Of the opposition in Massachusetts? 
 16. What recommendation did the Massachusetts Assembly make? 17. How many 
 colonies were represented in the Congress ? 13. Who was the presiding officer of 
 the Congress ? 19. Where was the Congress held ? 20. What was the result of their 
 deliberations? 
 
112 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 of delegates from nine colonies, with Timothy Ruggles,* of Mas 
 sachusetts, for president, was held in New York, to consult 
 with reference to the general safety. The result of their de 
 liberations was the adoption of a Declaration of Rights, a 
 Petition to the King, and a Memorial to both Houses of Par 
 liament. 
 
 VI. So intense was the popular indignation against the 
 Stamp Act, as also against the officers appointed to distribute 
 the stamps, that when the day came on which the obnoxious 
 law was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous 
 enough to carry it into execution. All the stamped paper was 
 either destroyed or concealed ; and, for a time, all transactions 
 requiring stamps were entirely suspended. 
 
 VII. At length business resumed its previous course, being 
 conducted without stamps. In addition to this general oppo 
 sition, the merchants of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and 
 other places, agreed to import no more British goods while the 
 Stamp Act remained a law. A change in the British ministry 
 occurring, William Pitt and others exerted themselves in 
 opposition to the obnoxious measure, and it was repealed in 
 1766, the year after its enactment. 
 
 VIII. The news of the repeal caused great rejoicing through 
 out America, but, as the sequel proved, without adequate 
 cause ; for, notwithstanding the repeal of the Stamp Act, Par 
 liament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed, at 
 the same time, another law, called the Declaratory Act, which 
 affirmed the right claimed, in all its length and breadth. It 
 
 * Notwithstanding the patriotic stand taken by Ruggles before the hostilities of the Revolution actu 
 ally commenced, he soon headed a body of loyalists and fought against the Americans. At the close of the 
 war he went to Nova Scotia, and there resided till his death. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 21. What was the effect of the fueling against the Stamp Act? 
 22. What was done with the stamped paper? 23. What was the con sequence, for a 
 time, as regards transactions? 
 
 VII. 24. How did business afterward shape itself ? 25. In what way did the mer 
 chants show their opposition to the Stamp Act? 26. Give the closing history of 
 the act. 
 
 VIII. 27. How was the news of the repeal received in America? 28. How did it 
 appear that the cause for rejoicing was illusory? 29. How was the asserted right to 
 tax the colonies shown in 1767 ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 113 
 
 was attempted to exercise the right so claimed by the passage 
 of a bill, in the following year, 1767, for levying duties on 
 glass, paper, painters colors, and tea, imported into the colo 
 nies. Two other obnoxious acts were also passed during the 
 same year. 
 
 IX. The intelligence of these enactments produced a revival 
 of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the 
 
 KABBDI& HALL, IN 1776.* 
 
 Stamp Act. Non-importation associations were formed, the 
 members of which were pledged not to import or use any ar 
 ticles of British production, subject to duty. The Massachu 
 setts Assembly Loied a circular to the other Colonial Assem 
 blies, asking their co-operation in efforts to obtain redress : 
 in response, the most of them rdopted resolutions protesting 
 against the odious enactments. 
 
 * Faneuil Hall, in Boston, was used by the patriots during the Revolution, and, for that reason, is often 
 alled the Cradle of American Liberty." Tbe original building. comprising a market-place on the 
 
 . 
 ground floor, a town-hall, and other rooms, was erected by Pet 
 
 euil, permission having been previ 
 
 , 
 
 ously granted by the authorities of Boston. In 1761 it was destroyed by fire, but in 1763 it was rebxiilt at 
 the expense of the town, and when the British occupied Boston, in 1775, they used the hall for a theatre. 
 In 1805 the building underwent considerable alteration, when it was also enlarged. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 30. How did the news of these enactments affect the colonists? 
 81. What organizations were formed? 32. What was done by the Massachusetts 
 Assembly? 83.8. How did the other colonies ret/ 
 
114 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 X. The people of Boston were particularly decided in their 
 opposition to one of the enactments known as the " New Rev 
 enue Law;" and, in consequence, repeated collisions took 
 place between them and the custom-house officers. For the 
 purpose of overawing the Bostonians, the Governor of Massa 
 chusetts requested General Gage, the commander-m-chief of 
 the British forces in America, to station troops in the city. 
 In compliance therewith, two regiments arrived from Halifax, 
 in September, 1768; but their presence still more exasperated 
 the people, and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the 
 " Boston Massacre," the soldiers fired upon the populace, kill 
 ing three men and wounding others. 
 
 XL Before the news of the " massacre" reached England, an 
 act was passed by Parliament, revoking all the duties laid in 
 1767, excepting that of threepence per pound on tea. As, 
 however, the people of America were contending, not against 
 the amount of taxes imposed, but against the principle of tax 
 ation without representation, the concession was by no means 
 satisfactory. The Non-importation associations continued, 
 but, of course, only as against the importation and use of the 
 article upon which a duty was still laid. The tea for New 
 York and Philadelphia was sent back to London, without being 
 landed ; in Charleston it was stored in cellars, where it perished. 
 
 XII. At Boston, on a cold moonlight night in December, 
 1773, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the 
 ships, broke open the chests of tea, emptied their contents 
 into the water, and then quietly retired. In retaliation for 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 84. Wherein did the people of Boston evince particular opposi. 
 tion? 35. What was the consequence? 36. What request did the governor of Mas 
 sachusetts make? 3T. Why did he make the request? 38. How was the request 
 complied with? 39. Give an account of the Boston massacre. 
 
 XI. 40. What concessions were made by Parliament in 1770? 41. Why was not 
 this concession satisfactory to the colonists? 42. To what extent did the agreement 
 of the Non-irnportation associations continue ? 43. How was the tea which arrived 
 disposed of? 
 
 XII. 44. Give an account of the doings of the "Boston Tea Party/ 1 45. How 
 was the act retaliated ? 46. How did the Salem people behave upon the occasion ? 
 47. How, the people of Marblehead ? 48. What other obnoxious act was also passed ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 this defiant destruction, the British government determined to 
 punish Boston ; and the Boston Port Bill, intended to close 
 that port to all commerce, and transfer the seat of the colonial 
 government to Salem, was accordingly passed. But the peo 
 ple of Salem refused to thrive at the expense of their neigh 
 bors, and Marblehead, fifteen miles distant from the despoiled 
 town, offered her port, free of charge, to the Boston merchants. 
 Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the char 
 ters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also passed. 
 Among these was one for quartering the king s troops on the 
 colonies, at the people s expense. 
 
 XIII. Meanwhile, delegates were chosen to represent the 
 colonies at Philadelphia. Here, in September, 1774, a general 
 congress, known as " The First Continental Congress," or the 
 " Old Continental Congress," convened, to deliberate on such 
 measures as the united interests of the colonies might require. 
 Fifty-one delegates, representing all the colonies except Geor 
 gia, were present, and Peyton Randolph,* of Virginia, was 
 chosen President. 
 
 XIV. Their first act was the passage of a resolution com 
 mending the conduct of the people of Boston in their oppo 
 sition to the obnoxious laws of Parliament. They also agreed 
 upon a declaration of rights, recommended the suspension 
 of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain, and voted an 
 address to the king, another to the people of Great Britain, 
 and a memorial to the Canadians. 
 
 XV. General Gage, who, in addition to his position as 
 commander-in-chief of the king s forces, had been recently ap- 
 
 * Peyton Randolph was born in Virginia, in 1723. As atated above, he was the President of " The First 
 Continental Congress." He was also elected President of the second Congress, held at Philadelphia in th 
 following year, but political duties calling him to Virginia before the close of its session, he was succeeded 
 in the position by John Hancock, of Massachusetts. His death was sudden, occurring at Philadelphia, to 
 wards the close of October, 1775. 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 49. What convention took place in 17T4? 50. How many 
 delegates were present? 51. Name the twelve colonies that were represented. 52. 
 Who was chosen president of the Congress ? 
 
 XIV. 53. What measures did they pass ? 
 
 XV. 54. What appointment had Gage received? 55. What did he determine 
 upon ? 56. What did he do in conformity with the determination ? 
 
116 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 pointed governor of Massachusetts, determined, in this crisis, 
 upon more active measures. lie fortified Boston Neck, and 
 seizing the military stores which the Americans had collected 
 at Cambridge and Charlestown, conveyed them to his head 
 quarters. 
 
 XVI. The people everywhere were excited, but their feel 
 ings were controlled by a prudence befitting the solemnity of 
 the occasion. A conflict with the " mother country" seemed to 
 be inevitable. The Massachusetts Assembly, though dissolved 
 by the governor, had again convened as a Provincial Congress, 
 and adopted a plan for organizing the militia. The men in 
 Massachusetts capable of bearing arms were daily trained in 
 military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute s 
 notice ; hence their name of " minute men." Military meas 
 ures were also adopted in other colonies, and a general deter 
 mination was manifested to resist, even with arms, the new 
 oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 
 
 EVENTS OP 1775. 
 
 I. The British government was not idle. Gage s forces at 
 Boston had been so augmented by arrivals from England that 
 in the beginning of April, 1775, he found himself in com 
 mand of three thousand troops. 
 
 II. For the purpose of destroying the stores which the 
 Americans had collected at Concord, a town about sixteen 
 miles from Boston, he dispatched, at night, a detachment of 
 eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn ; 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 57. What is said of the excitement of the people? 58. In what 
 respect did the Massachusetts Assembly undergo a change? 59. What is said of 
 the "minute men?" 
 
 EVENTS OF 1775. I. 1. "What activity had Gage shown? 
 
 II. 2. What expedition was sent out under Smith and Pitcairn? 3. In what 
 manner was it intended the expedition should be conducted ? 4. How was the in 
 tention foiled? 5. In what direction from Boston is Concord? (See map, p. 87.) 
 6. In what direction from Boston is Lexington ? (See same map.) 7. When did the 
 British reach Lexington ? 8. What did they find there ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 117 
 
 but notwithstanding the intended secrecy of the expedition, 
 the alarm was given, and the " minute men" were aroused in 
 every direction by messages and signals from Boston. When 
 the British reached Lexington, half the distance to Concord, 
 before sunrise, on the morning of the 19th of April, between 
 sixty and seventy of the citizens were drawn up under arms. 
 
 CONCORD, MASS., IN 1774. 
 
 III. Pitedirn rode forward and shouted, " Disperse, you reb 
 els ; throw down your arms and disperse ;" but, not being 
 obeyed, he ordered his men to fire. Then was shed the first 
 blood of the Revolution. Eight of the men of Lexington were 
 killed, nine were wounded a quarter of that heroic band had 
 thus fallen and the others dispersed. The British proceeded 
 to Concord, and destroyed all the stores they could find. In 
 the mean time the " minute men " from all directions had be 
 gun to assemble, and a skirmish ensued, in which several per- 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. Describe what took place at Lexington. 10. At Concord- 
 
118 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 sons were killed on both sides. Towards noon the 
 invaders began their retrograde march for Boston. 
 IV. The Americans pursued the retreating troops, keep 
 ing up a constant fire upon them from behind trees and 
 stone fences. Colonel Smith was severely wounded, and his 
 men, fainting and exhausted, were in danger of being en 
 tirely cut off, when they were joined at Lexington* by a re-en 
 forcement of nine hundred men, under Lord Percy. A short 
 interval for rest and refreshment was allowed, and then the 
 united detachments of the British continued the retreat, taking 
 the road to Charlestown. The minute men followed as be 
 fore, keeping up the pursuit until after sunset. The loss of 
 the British during the memorable affair of this day was about 
 two hundred and eight, in killed, wounded, and missing ; that 
 of the Americans was about ninety. 
 
 Y. The tidings of the day s contest spread with wonderful 
 rapidity, and the militia from New Hampshire, Connecticut, 
 and other parts of New England, hastened to join their breth 
 ren of Massachusetts in forming a camp in the neighborhood 
 of Boston. Here General Artemas Ward, of Massachusetts, 
 was exercising a limited command, by virtue of an appointment 
 from the Provincial Congress of that colony ; but the men 
 from the different colonies appeared mostly as independent 
 corps, under leaders of their own choosing. This was not all. 
 The effect of the day s strife took a direction which nobody 
 could have anticipated, people began to talk of a separation 
 from England, and of an independent government of their own. 
 VI. It being deemed important to secure Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point, in May, 1775, a number of volunteers from Ver- 
 
 * Lexington, the scene of the first encounter between the British and Americans in the Revolutionary 
 contest, is situated about ten miles northwest from Boston, and seven miles east from Concord. At the 
 time of the encounter the town contained about seven hundred inhabitants. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 11. Give an account of the retreat arid pursuit as far as Lexing- 
 f,on. 12. How were the British aided at Lexington? 13. Give an account of what 
 aftprwards took place. 
 
 V. 14. What effect did the battle of Lexington have ? 15. Under what organi 
 zation were the American forces which were collected near Boston? 16. What other 
 effect did the day s strife have ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 119 
 
 mont and Connecticut, under Ethan Allen and Bene 
 dict Arnold, captured both places without loss ; and, by 
 this fortunate achievement, a large supply of military and naval 
 stores fell into the hands of the Americans. 
 
 VII. So closely were the British troops at Boston hemmed 
 in by the provincials, that the place began to experience the 
 privations of a besieged city. The timely arrival of re-enforce 
 ments from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir 
 Henry Clinton, enabled Gage to act with more decision ; and 
 that commander issued a proclamation, in which he declared 
 all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, but offered 
 pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. To 
 this offer two exceptions were 
 
 made John Hancock* and 
 Samuel Adams f their offences 
 being pronounced too great to 
 admit of pardon. 
 
 VIII. The Americans, antici 
 pating that the British had de 
 signs against the country be 
 yond Charlestown, determined 
 to seize and fortify the heights 
 
 commanding the neck of the JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 peninsula. Accordingly, on the evening of the 16th of June, 
 Colonel Prescott was sent with a detachment of one thou 
 sand men to execute this perilous enterprise. 
 
 * John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1737. In 1775 he was elected President of the 
 Continental Congress, and in 1776 he signed the Declaration of Independence. He died in Quincy, in 1793. 
 
 t Samuel Adams was born in Boston, in 17B2. He and John Adams were related, having the same 
 great-grandfather, making them second cousins. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence. His death occurred in Boston, in 1803. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. IT. Give an account of the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown 
 Point. IS. How are these two places situated? (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 VII. 19. What is said of the condition of the British troops in Boston ? 20. By 
 whom was Gage joined from England? 21. What is said of a proclamation ? 22. 
 Who were excluded from the offer in the proclamation ? 23. Why were they ex 
 cluded? 
 
 VIII. 24. On what business was Prescott sent? 25. Why did the Americana 
 wish to occupy the heights ? 
 
120 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 BOSTO 
 
 IX. On attaining the ascent of Bunker Hill* he con 
 cluded, after consulting his officers, to deviate from the 
 letter of his orders and fortify Breed s Hill, because the latter 
 was nearer to Boston, and had a better command of the town 
 and shipping. The consultation and change delayed matters 
 until midnight. Then the work commenced.* Every man of 
 the thousand seized, in his turn, the pick-axe and spade ; and 
 by the dawn of day a strong redoubt was completed. 
 
 X. The British, on 
 discovering the works 
 on Breed s Hill, began 
 a cannonade from ves 
 sels in the harbor, and 
 also from a battery on 
 Copp s Hill, in Boston ; 
 but with little or no 
 effect. They then made 
 preparations for an as 
 sault. About three 
 thousand troops, under 
 Generals Howe and 
 Pigot, crossed over to 
 Charlestown, while, 
 mainly through the ex 
 ertions of General Putnam, about five hundred men were added 
 to Prescott s force in the course of the day. 
 
 XL Meanwhile the British had set fire to the village of 
 Charlestown, by means of shells thrown from Copp s Hill ; and, 
 
 * Bunker Hill monument, an obelisk two hundred and twenty-one feet high, erected in commemoration 
 of the battle, now stands on the spot where the redoubt was built on Breed s Hill. Its corner-stone was laid 
 by General Lafayette, on the 17th of June, 1825, the fiftieth anniversary of the battle. An immense con 
 course of persons was present on the occasion, including nearly two hundred revolutionary soldiers and 
 forty surviving patriots of the battle, and President John Quint-y Adams, with his eutire cabinet. Daniel 
 Webster delivered the oration. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 26. What conclusion did Prescott afterward coine to? 27. Why 
 did he so conclude ? 28. How was the work then carried on ? 
 
 X. 29. What did the British do on discovering tiie works ? 30. How next did they 
 proceed ? 
 
 XI. 31. When was the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 32. Give an account of it. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 121 
 
 1775. 
 
 amid the glare of its flame, Howe and Pigot advanced 
 to the attack. Twice did they get to within a few 
 rods of the redoubt, when the Americans, each time, opened 
 upon them so deadly, a fire that they were repulsed with heavy 
 loss. General Clinton arriving, the third charge was more 
 successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being en 
 tirely exhausted, were forced to retreat. 
 
 XII. The loss to the British, 
 in killed and wounded, accord 
 ing to their own account, was 
 more than a thousand men : the 
 Americans lost less than half 
 that number, though among their 
 slain was Joseph Warren,* one 
 of the ablest and most popular 
 of the patriot leaders, and an 
 estimable man. His loss was 
 deplored as a severe calamity 
 to the cause of freedom. 
 
 XIII. Though the British had 
 
 gained the hill the ground contended for the victory to 
 them was more disastrous and humiliating than an ordinary 
 defeat; while, to the Americans, the defeat had the effect of 
 a triumph : it gave them confidence in themselves, and conse 
 quence in the eyes of their enemies. The day s doings, too, 
 convinced the people that the military training and experience 
 which the Putnams, the Starks, and the Washingtons had 
 acquired, in the " school" of the French and Indian War, had 
 been gained to some purpose. 
 
 * Joseph Warren was born in Roxbury, Mass., in 1741. After having been graduated at Harvard Col 
 lege, he studied medicine, and became a physician of extensive practice in the city of Boston. He was 
 one of the leading men in resisting the unjust and oppressive measures sought to be fastened upon the 
 colonies by Great Britain, holding as he did, at the time of his death, two of the most responsible civil 
 positions under the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and a commission as major-general. 
 
 JOSEPH WAKKEN. 
 
 XII. QTTESTION-S. 33. What loss did the British sustain in the battle? 34. What, 
 the Americans? 35. What is said of Warren? 
 
 XIII. 36. How did the victory affect the British? 37. How, the Americans? 
 38. Of what did the people become convinced ? 
 
 6 
 
122 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ^ XIV. On the very day of the capture of Ticondero- 
 
 ga, May 10, the second Continental Congress convened 
 at Philadelphia. That body voted to raise an army of twenty 
 thousand men, and, on the 15th of June, by a unanimous vote, 
 elected George Washington commander-in-chicf. Washing 
 ton, who, at the time, was a delegate in the Congress from 
 Virginia, rose in his place, and, with dignity and modesty, 
 accepted the appointment, but declined all compensation for 
 his services: he only asked for the payment of his expenses. 
 He. thereupon resigned his position in the Congress, and re 
 paired to Cambridge, three miles from Boston, where, on the 
 3d of July, he took command of the army, then numbering 
 about fourteen thousand men. 
 
 XV. While the revolution was gaining strength at the east, 
 in the south it was also making progress. Lord Dunmore, 
 the governor of Virginia, having seized some powder and re 
 moved it to a vessel in the York River, Patrick Henry, at the 
 head of a corps of volunteers, demanded and received com 
 pensation therefor. Some months later, in December, a force, 
 consisting of British regulars, tory volunteers, and negroes, 
 which had been collected by Dunmore, attacked a body of 
 Virginia patriots near Norfolk; but the assailants were re 
 pulsed with great loss. In revenge, Dunmore, at a later 
 period, reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. 
 
 XVI. It having been ascertained that the British intended 
 to invade the colonies from Canada, Congress determined to 
 anticipate the movement, by carrying the war into that pro- 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 39. When did Allen and Arnold capture Ticonderoga? 40. 
 What also occurred on that day? 41. What two acts of Congress are mentioned? 
 42. How did Washington receive the appointment? 43. What did Washington there 
 upon do ? 
 
 XV. 44. Describe the York River. (See map, p. 85.) 45. What event is men 
 tioned in connection with the York River? 46. What was done by Patrick Henry? 
 47. Give an account of the battle near Norfolk. 48. How did Dunmore gratify his 
 revenge? 49. How is Norfolk situated? (See map, p. 24.) 
 
 XVI. 50. What scheme of invasion did the British intend? 51. How was it 
 determined to anticipate the movement? 52. What advantage did the possession ol 
 Canada promise? 53. What forces were sent? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 123 
 
 GKNEBAL SCIITJYLER. 
 
 vince. Beside, if Canada were gained, its use to the British as 
 a place of rendezvous and supply would be prevented. Two 
 forces were accordingly sent ; 
 one by the way of Lake Cham- 
 plain, under General Schuyler* 
 (ski -ler\ and the other by the 
 Kennebec River, commanded 
 by Arnold. 
 
 XVII. Schuyler proceeded 
 down Lake Champlain, and 
 encamped on an island at the 
 head of the Sorel (so-rcll ) 
 River, but sickness compelling 
 his return to Albany, the com 
 mand devolved upon Montgomery. Ethan Allen,f who, at the 
 setting out of the expedition, had been engaged in reconnoiter- 
 ing the country between the Sorel and the St. Lawrence, was 
 again dispatched in the same direction, this time for recruits. 
 Instead, however, of prosecuting the business on which he 
 was sent, he crossed the St. Lawrence to make an attack upon 
 Montreal. The result of this reckless enterprise was defeat ; 
 and he was sent a prisoner to England, in irons. This mis 
 hap did not in the least interfere with the operations of the 
 main force ; and before the middle of November, Montgom 
 ery, by a series of well-directed movements, had acquired 
 
 * Philip Schuyler was born at Albany, New York, in 1733. He was engaged in the French and Indian 
 war and accompanied Sir V, illiam Johnson in 1755. His death occurred ,t Albany, in 1804. 
 
 t Ethan Allen was born m Connecticut, in 1742, or thereabouts. His parents, soon after his birth, took 
 him toj ermont and there, when he grew to manhood, he was one of the most determined of the settlers 
 in resisting the claims of New York to the Vermont territory. As colonel of an armed force he protected 
 those who had received grants of land from the Governor of New Hampshire, and drive out of the dis 
 trict the New York settlers The troubles continued about ten years, when the more important events 
 ,, 5 ev " hltlon P ut an end to the n stile acts, though the controversy was afterward renewed. Alien 
 as stated above, was sent to England in irons. After suffering a captivity of more than two years in Kng- 
 ,, "- "= ---- -* New York, he was exchanged. He never afterward activefy 
 rlington, Vt,in 1789. 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 54. Near what boundary-line is the head of the Sorel River? 
 (See map, p. 124) 55. In what direction from the head of the Sorel is Montreal? 
 (See same map.) 56. How long did Schuyler s connection with the expedition con 
 tinue ? 57. Give an account of Allen s doings. 58. Give an account of Montgomery s 
 
124 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1775. 
 
 PAUT OF TIIK SOIJKL 
 
 possession of Fort Chambly (sham -ble), St. John s, 
 and Montreal, and was thereby master of a large 
 part of Canada. lie then proceeded against Quebec. 
 ^^__^^ = ^^ fr _^^ XVIII. In the mean time Arnold, hav 
 ing performed a tedious march through 
 the wilderness, enduring almost incredi 
 ble toils and hardships, appeared before 
 Quebec ; but not being sufficiently strong 
 to attack the city alone, he retired twen 
 ty miles up the St. Lawrence, and there 
 awaited the arrival of Montgomery. 
 A junction of the two forces was effect 
 ed in the beginning of December, and, 
 with Montgomery in the chief command, 
 the entire army, numbering but nine hundred effective men, 
 proceeded to take a position before Quebec. 
 
 XIX. After a siege of three weeks without gaining any ad 
 vantage, it was resolved to attempt the capture of the place 
 by an assault. Accordingly, at dawn on the last day of the 
 year, and while a violent snow-storm was prevailing, the Ameri 
 can army, in four columns, advanced to the attack. Mont 
 gomery,* who led one of the columns, had gained some ad 
 vantage, when a discharge of grape-shot, from a single cannon 
 of the enemy, made deadly havoc, killing him and one of his 
 aides instant! v, and mortally wounding others. His column at 
 once retreated. Arnold, who led another of the columns, was 
 severely wounded and borne from the field, and Captain 
 Morgan assumed the command. Morgan took refuge in a 
 stone house, from which he defended himself awhile, but, 
 
 * Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland, in 1736. In 1775 he was a representative from New York 
 in the Continental Congress. 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 53. What had Arnold been doins; in the mean time? 60. 
 When did Montgomery s and Arnold s forces unite? 61. What movement did 
 they then make ? 
 
 XIX. 62. Give an account of the battle of Quebec. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 125 
 
 seeing no prospect of relief, he 
 and his few followers were com 
 pelled to surrender. 
 
 XX. Arnold, though wounded 
 and disabled, took command of 
 the troops that had effected a re 
 treat, and, in an encampment a 
 short distance from Quebec, pass 
 ed a rigorous winter. In the 
 spring, General Wooster arrived 
 from Montreal and took the com 
 mand ; and he, in turn, was suc 
 ceeded by General Thomas. The 
 British, having received large re-enforcements from England, 
 assumed the offensive, and before June, 1.776, the Americans 
 had abandoned one place after another, and entirely evacuated 
 Canada. 
 
 GBNBEAL MONTGOMEBY. 
 
 XX. QUE8TION8.-63. What did Arnold do after the battle? 64. By whom was 
 he succeeded in the command ? 65. What further is stated of military operations in 
 Canada? 
 
 KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. How did the expenses of the French and Indian War affect the 
 
 national debt of Great Britian ? HO 
 
 2. What assertion, having reference to the increased debt, did the 
 
 British ministry make ? 110 
 
 3. What principle, in relation to taxing the colonies, was also main 
 
 tained by the ministry ? IIQ 
 
 4. What two assertions were made by the colonists, in reply^ 
 
 respecting the expenses which had been incurred in found 
 ing the colonies, and in aiding the " mother country" to 
 prosecute the war?. ., no 
 
 5. What principle of taxation did the colonists maintain ? HO 
 
 6. Inasmuch as the principle was not respected by the British 
 
 government, what deduction was drawn therefrom?.. . . 110 
 
126 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 7. What had been the policy of Great Britain toward her Ameri 
 
 can colonies from their first establishment ? 110, 11 1 
 
 8. In what year were the "writs of assistance" authorized? 111 
 
 9. What obnoxious act was passed by Parliament, in 1765? 111 
 
 10. What effect did the news of its passage have in America? 111 
 
 11. "What were the obnoxious provisions of the act ? Ill 
 
 12. Who, in Virginia, was the first to oppose the act in public? 111 
 
 13. How did Massachusetts show her opposition to the act?. . Ill, 112 
 
 14. Give an account of the Colonial Congress Ill, 112 
 
 15. Give the further history of the Stamp Act 112 
 
 16. What law was passed at the time of the repeal of the Stamp Act ? 112 
 
 17. By what act was the " right to tax America" again asserted?. 113 
 
 18. State the circumstances which led to the Boston Massacre 114 
 
 19. What concession had been made by Parliament before the news 
 
 of the " massacre" reached England ? 114 
 
 20. Why was not the concession satisfactory to the colonists ?. . . . 114 
 
 21. What became of the tea sent to America? 114 
 
 22. When and where did " The First Continental Congress" meet? 115 
 
 23. What acts, recommendations, &c., were passed by the Congress? 115 
 
 24. What active measures did General Gage adopt? 115, 116 
 
 25. What preparations were then made by Massachusetts ? 116 
 
 26. Who commanded the expedition sent by Gage in April, 1775 ? 116 
 21. What was the object of that expedition ? 116 
 
 28. State what took place at Lexington and Concord 117, 118 
 
 29. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 118 
 
 30. At what place, and how, did the Americans form a camp ?. . . 118 
 
 31. What was achieved by Allen and Arnold in May, 1775? 119 
 
 32. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Bunker Hill 119, 120 
 
 33. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill 120, 121 
 
 34. What was done by Congress and Washington in June and July ? 122 
 
 35. What took place in Virginia in the year 1775? 122 
 
 36. Where, at the North, did the Americans resolve to carry the war? 122 
 
 37. Why did they determine to go against Canada ? 122, 123 
 
 38. How were operations against Canada commenced? 123 
 
 39. How far did Schuyler proceed, and why did he return? 123 
 
 40. Give an account of Arnold s doings and misfortune 123 
 
 41. What progress did Montgomery make before December?. . 123, 124 
 
 42. What can you state of Arnold s operations meanwhile? 124 
 
 43. What was done by Montgomery and Arnold, acting together ? . 124 
 . 44. What was afterward done in Canada by Arnold alone? 125 
 
 45. How did the operations against Canada end? ........ 125 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 127 
 
 EYENTS OP m6. 
 
 I. Owing to various causes, Washington s army in the 
 vicinity of Boston had dwindled to less than ten thousand 
 men, but by great exertions it was augmented to fourteen 
 thousand before the close of February, 1776. Congress, be 
 lieving that this force would be required in other directions, 
 urged Washington to attack the British, and, if possible, 
 drive them from the city. This accorded with his own desire, 
 which had been previously made known ; yet, in a council of 
 his officers, the recommendation was rejected as involving too 
 much risk. A plan of action was, however, adopted, by which a 
 line of fortifications was in one night erected on Dorchester 
 Heights, which completely commanded the city and harbor 
 of Boston. 
 
 II. Howe, who had succeeded Gage* in the command, see 
 ing that he must either dislodge the Americans at once or 
 evacuate the city, resolved on an attack; but a violent storm 
 preventing it till the Americans were strongly fortified, his only 
 alternative was evacuation. An understanding was thereupon 
 informally entered into, by which the British should be allowed 
 to embark without molestation from the batteries, upon con 
 dition that they would not set fire to the city. In accordance 
 therewith, on the 17th of March, 1776, they evacuated Bos 
 ton, accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, and 
 sailed for Halifax. 
 
 * Thomas Gaffe was the last royal governor of Massachusetts. He was an active officer during the 
 French and Indian war, and, during Hradd<;k s campaign, he and Washington met. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1776. QUESTIONS. I. 1. What fluctuations took place in the number 
 of Washington s army? 2. What was Washington urged to do? 3. To whom did 
 he submit the recommendation ? 4. What was its fate ? 5. What works were erect 
 ed instead? 
 
 II. 6. By whom was Gage succeeded in command of the royal forces? 7. What 
 two alternatives were presented to Howe? 8. Upon what did he resolve? 9. Why 
 did he not carry it out? 10. What is said of a certain understanding? 11. When 
 did the British leave Boston? 12. By whom were they accompanied? 13. In what 
 direction from Boston is Halifax? 
 
128 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 HI- A little more than two months before their de 
 parture, a secret expedition, conducted by Clinton, had 
 been dispatched by water in a southerly direction. Surmising its 
 destination to be New York, Washington gave General Charles 
 Lee authority to raise volunteers in Connecticut and march to 
 the protection of that city. It happened that on the very day 
 of Lee s arrival in New York, Clinton appeared off Sandy 
 Hook, just outside the harbor. 
 
 IV. Foiled in his design against the city, Clinton sailed 
 southward ; and Lee, who had been appointed to the command 
 of the southern forces, pushed rapidly on, watching, as best he 
 could, his movements. At Cape Fear Clinton was joined 
 by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis (corn-wol -lis), with 
 a fleet and troops from England, and the whole force pro 
 ceeded against Charleston, in South Carolina. 
 
 V. The people of Carolina had received intelligence of the 
 intended attack, and were making great exertions in the erec 
 tion of defenses at various places in the harbor. A fort of 
 palmetto wood, on Sullivan s Island, garrisoned by about five 
 hundred men under Colonel Moultrie (jnole -tre), commanded 
 the channel leading to the town, and was considered, in con 
 nection with Fort Johnson, on James Island, the key to the 
 harbor. A combined attack by land and water upon Sulli 
 van s Island was commenced on the morning of the 28th of 
 June, 1776. After a conflict of nine hours, during which 
 Clinton was foiled in his attempt to reach the island, and the 
 fleet was much shattered, the vessels drew oflf, and the British 
 abandoned the enterprise. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 14 What expedition was sent under Clinton? 15. In what 
 way did Washington undertake to anticipate Clinton s designs? 16. What coinci 
 dence occurred ? 
 
 IV. 17. In what direction did Clinton then sail? 18. What took place at Cape 
 Fear? 19. Where is Cape Fear? (See map, p. 79.) 20. Against what place did the 
 British then proceed? 
 
 V. 21. How were the people of Charleston prepared ? 22. What fort is between 
 Forts Monltrie and Johnson? (See map, p. 129.) 23. Give an account of the battle 
 of Fort Moultrie. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 129 
 
 VLClNTi l OF 
 
 CHARLESTON 
 
 VI. While success 
 was thus attending 
 the American arras 
 at the South, Con 
 gress was preparing 
 to declare a separa 
 tion of the political 
 relations existing be 
 tween Great Britain 
 and the colonies. On 
 the 7th of June, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 of Virginia, offered 
 the following resolu 
 tion : "Resolved, 
 That these united 
 
 colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit 
 ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
 the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis 
 solved." 
 
 VII. Thereupon a discussion took place which continued 
 for three days, when the further consideration of the subject 
 was postponed to the 1st of July. In the mean time, Thomas 
 Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin,* Roger Sherman, 
 and Robert R. Livingston, were appointed a committee to 
 draft a Declaration of Independence. Lee s resolution was 
 passed by a large majority on the 2d of July ; and the DE 
 CLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, which had been prepared by 
 
 Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, in 1706. fie died in Philadelphia, in 1790. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 24 "What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 25. Recite 
 the resolution which was offered by Lee. 26. When did he offer it? 
 
 VII. 27. "What is said of the discussion that followed? 28. What committee was 
 appointed? 29. "What became of Lee s resolution? 30. Give the further history of 
 the Declaration. 
 
 fi* 
 
130 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 KB. FEASKION. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, the chairman of 
 the committee, was unanimously 
 adopted on the 4th of July, 1776.* 
 Everywhere the action of Con 
 gress was heartily approved by 
 the people, and the Declaration 
 was received in assemblies, cities, 
 and among the troops, with de 
 monstrations of joy. 
 
 VIII. In the beginning of July, 
 General Howe arrived from Hali 
 fax, and took possession of Staten 
 
 (stat -iji) Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. This 
 he made the rendezvous for a powerful army intended to act 
 against New York. He was soon joined by his brother, 
 Admiral Lord Howe, from England, and by Clinton from the 
 South : these, with other arrivals, including a body of Ger 
 mans, or Hessians (hesh -ans), as they were generally called, 
 gave him an army of thirty-five thousand men. 
 
 IX. The design of the British was to seize the city of New 
 York and the country along the Hudson River, establish a 
 communication with Canada, separate the New England from 
 the other States, and overrun the populous portions of the re 
 volted districts. Washington s army, in the vicinity of 
 New York city, amounted to twenty-seven thousand men ; 
 but, as many of these were sick, and many others were with- 
 
 * The old State House, in Philadelphia, where Congress met, is still standing. It is generally known 
 by the name of Independence Hall, though the room in which the Declaration of Independence was 
 adopted and signed, received at first that appellation. The building was erected in 1735, but its bell- 
 tower was not put up until 1750. A bell which was imported from England, expressly for the tower, was 
 found cracked upon its arrival, and thereupon it was recast in the city of Philadelphia, and raised to its 
 placem 1768. Upon fillets around its crown are the words: Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto 
 all the inhabitants thereof. It has a world-wide reputation as the " Liberty BelL" 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 31. Of what island did Howe take possession? 32. In what 
 direction from New York city is Btaten Island ? (See map, p. 131.) 33. By what 
 additions did he acquire an army ? 
 
 IX. 34. What was the design of the British ? 35. What is said of Washington s 
 army? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 out arms, his effective force did not exceed seventeen thousand 
 men. \J/ 
 
 X. Lord Howe and his brother, having been commissioned 
 to grant pardons to all who would lay down their arms and 
 return to their allegiance, undertook to make known their pow 
 ers by a proclamation addressed to the people, and by letters , 
 to Washington. The letters were not received, because they 
 were addressed to George Washington, Esquire, instead of 
 being addressed to him as commander-in-chief of the Ameri 
 can army. This rejection of the letters was owing, not to 
 any official pride on the part of Washington, but to a con 
 viction that to receive them would compromise American 
 rights and dignities. 
 
 XI. Baffled in the attempt, Howe determined to strike an 
 effective blow without further delay. His troops were accord 
 ingly landed on the western end of Long Island, and, in three 
 divisions, by three different roads, they advanced towards the 
 American camp at Brooklyn, which was then in command of 
 General Putnam.* 
 
 XII. While two of the divisions 
 were engaging the Americans, the 
 third, under Clinton, having taken 
 a circuitous route, fell upon their 
 rear. Some of the patriots, by a 
 desperate effort, cut their way 
 through the host of foes, but a 
 great many were either killed or 
 taken prisoners. The loss of the 
 
 NEW YOKK BAY. 
 
 * Israel Putnam was born in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 1718. He took an active part in the French 
 and Indian war. His death occurred in 1790, at Brooklyn, Connecticut. 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 36. What special commission had Lord Howe and his brother 
 received? 3T. How did they undertake to make known their powers? 38. How 
 were the letters addressed ? 39. "What was their fate ? 40. Why were they rejected ? 
 
 XI. 41. What did Howe then determine upon? 42. Where were his troops land 
 ed? 43. What passage of water did he cross in going from Staten Island to Long 
 Island ? (See map, p. 131.) 44. What plan of advance did the British adopt ? 
 
 XII. 45. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. 
 
132 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 
 nearly two thousand ; that of the British was less than 
 four hundred. This conflict, generally known as the battle 
 of Long Island, was fought on the 27th of August, 1776. 
 
 XIII. On the night of the 29th, while a heavy fog was 
 hanging over Brooklyn, and concealing the movements of the 
 Americans, the troops were embarked, under Washington s 
 supervision, and in safety they all crossed to New York city. 
 This retreat was undoubtedly one of the most signal achieve 
 ments of the war, and redounded greatly to the military repu 
 tation of Washington. 
 
 XIV. As the evident design of the British was to encom 
 pass the American army on the Island of New York, Wash 
 ington called a council of his officers, and, influenced by their 
 opinion, abandoned the city and retreated to the northern 
 part of the island. A part of the British army, thereupon, 
 crossed the East River and took possession of the city. 
 
 XV. Desiring to gain a knowledge of the condition and 
 plans of the enemy remaining on Long Island, Washing 
 ton applied for a discreet officer to enter their lines and pro 
 cure this intelligence. Captain Nathan Hale,* of Connecticut, 
 volunteered for the service. Hale reached the British camp, 
 and obtained the information desired, but on his return was 
 arrested. He was taken before Howe, by whom, without 
 even the form of a regular trial, he was ordered for execution 
 the next morning. He died a patriot and a hero, saying with 
 his last breath : " I only regret that I have but one life to 
 lose for my country." 
 
 * Nathan Hale was born in Connecticut, in 1755. After being graduated at Yale College, he became a 
 teacher. Immediately after the battle of Lexington, he entered the army as lieutenant, and before the 
 close of the year was promoted to be a captain. His death occurred on the morning of the 2 2d of Sept., 
 1776. The tree on which he was hung, was one cf an orchard owned by Colonel Rutgers, and stood 
 "near the present intersection of East Broadway and Market street," New York city. 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 46. Give an account of Washington s masterly retreat to New 
 York. 
 
 XIV. 47. Why did Washington abandon the city of New York ? 48. To what 
 place did he retreat ? 
 
 XV. 49. Eelate the circumstances connected with the death of Nathan Hale. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 XVI. About the middle of Sep 
 tember, a large detachment of 
 the British crossed the East Riv 
 er, at a point toward the upper 
 part of New York Island, and 
 formed a line almost across the 
 island. On the morning of the 
 16th, they advanced, in strong 
 force, towards the American 
 
 lines, two miles off, when a GENERAL PUTNAM. 
 
 spirited skirmish took place, resulting in the defeat and pur 
 suit of the British. Though the Americans lost Colonel 
 Knowlton and Major Leitch (leech], their principal officers en 
 gaged, the affair was of advantage, inasmuch as it was the 
 first gleam of success in the campaign, and consequently tended 
 to revive the spirits of the army. 
 
 XVII. It was evident, from Howe s movements, that he in 
 tended to get above Washington s army and destroy his com 
 munications with the Eastern States. While three English 
 frigates were sent up the Hudson to cut off the communication 
 with New Jersey, Howe passed through the strait at the east 
 of New York Island, and landed the greater part of his army 
 in Westchester county, beyond the Harlem River. To render 
 these movements fruitless, Washington withdrew his troops 
 further north, to White Plains, and here, the British following, 
 a partial though severe engagement took place, on the 28th of 
 October, in which the Americans suffered defeat, losing be 
 tween three and four hundred men, a loss about equal to that 
 of the enemy. 
 
 XVIII. During the following night the Americans had so 
 improved and strengthened their position, that Howe con- 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 50. Give an account of the battle that took place on the 16th 
 of September. 
 
 XVII. 51. What did Howe s movements indicate? 52. Describe the movements. 
 53. Give an account of the battle of White Plains. 54. In what direction from Tar- 
 rytown is White Plains? (See map, p. 47.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1776. Cj " ded not to rencw the cont est until the arrival of re- 
 enforcements ; but before these came Washington with 
 drew his troops still further north, to the hills of North Castle. 
 Instead of following, the British general turned his attention 
 to the American posts on the Hudson, with the apparent de 
 sign of invading New Jersey, and marching against Philadel 
 phia. 
 
 IX. Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, 
 and another, under Colonel Magaw, at Fort Washington, the 
 American commander crossed the Hudson with the main 
 body of his army, and entered New Jersey. On the 16th of 
 November, 1776, the British made an attack upon Fort Wash 
 ington, situated on New York Island, about eleven miles above 
 the city, and, although they were successful, the victory cost 
 them a thousand men. 
 
 XX. They then, in large force, commanded by Cornwallis, 
 crossed the Hudson and took possession of Fort Lee, nearly 
 opposite Fort Washington, which had been abandoned on 
 their approach. Closely pursued by Cornwallis, Washington 
 retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed 
 the Delaware with his diminished and disheartened army. 
 Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon after adjourn 
 ed to Baltimore. 
 
 XXI. Lee,* who had been urged by his commander-in- 
 chief to hurry to the support of the main army, instead of 
 obeying, at first delayed, and then advanced leisurely. Hav- 
 
 XVIII. QUK8TIONS.-55. Why did not Howe afterward renew the contest? 56 
 By what movement was Howe foiled f 57. In what direction from Verplanck s Point 
 is North Castle ? (See map, p. 47.) 58. What was Howe s next movement ? 
 
 XIX. 59. On what stream of water was Fort Washington situated ? (See man p 
 47.) 60. Give an account of the battle there. 
 
 XX. 61. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit. 62. What movement did 
 Congress make? 63. On what river is Philadelphia situated? (See map p 142) 
 
 L Baltimore ? (See map, p. 237.) 
 
 XXL 65. How did Lee obey Washington s order to hurry to his support? 66 
 What misfortune befell him ? 67. What was then done with Lee a detachment ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 135 
 
 GENERAL LEE. 
 
 ing incautiously taken quarters 
 at a distance from his detach 
 ment, he was surprised and 
 taken prisoner by a scouting 
 party of the enemy. Sullivan, 
 who had been made a prisoner 
 at the battle of Long Island, 
 and recently exchanged, then 
 took command- of the detach 
 ment, and promptly conducted 
 it to Washington s camp across 
 the Delaware. 
 
 XXII. Owing to the reverses which the army had sus 
 tained, a feeling of gloom and despondency prevailed among 
 the patriots. This was soon dispelled by a bold enterprise 
 accomplished by Washington. On the night of the 25th of 
 December, 1*776, a division of the army crossed the Delaware 
 under his command two other divisions, in consequence of 
 the ice, not having succeeded in getting over and at eight 
 o clock on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hes 
 sians stationed at Trenton. Rahl,* their commander, was 
 mortally wounded, between thirty and forty of his men were 
 slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. Washington s 
 loss was only four men, two of whom fell in the battle, and 
 two were frozen to death. 
 
 XXIII. Conscious that he could not hold Trenton against 
 the superior force which the British could concentrate there 
 in a few hours, he recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners 
 and spoils. The victory restored confidence to the Americans, 
 
 * The name of this officer was also spelled Rail, and in other ways. After the battle he was conveyet 
 to the house of a Quaker family, where Washington and Greene visited the dying man. 
 
 XXII. QUESTIONS. 68. In what direction from Philadelphia is Trenton ? (See map, 
 p. 68.) 69. When did a battle take place there ? 70. Give an account of the battle. 
 
 XXIII. 71. Why did Washington abandon Trenton ? 72. What effect did the 
 result of the battle have? 73. What induced Washington to again proceed to Tren 
 ton? 
 
136 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1776. 
 
 while it startled and mortified the British. Encour 
 aged by his success, and finding his army strengthened 
 very much by recent recruits, Washington resolved to act on 
 the offensive. With that view he again crossed the Delaware 
 and took post at Trenton, though the enemy were assembled 
 in great force at Princeton, only ten miles distant. 
 
 EVENTS OF IT 7 7. 
 
 I. After being joined by 
 troops under Generals Mifflin 
 and Cadwallader, Washing 
 ton s whole force at Tren 
 ton, on the 1st of January, 
 1777, did not exceed five 
 thousand men. Fortunately, 
 Congress had invested him 
 with almost dictatorial powers 
 in all things relative to the 
 operations of war, and, thus 
 empowered, he was making 
 efforts to augment his army by the addition of artillery bat 
 talions. 
 
 II. Towards the evening of the 2d of January, Cornwallis, 
 at the head of a large body of troops, reached Trenton, and 
 after making several attempts to cross the stream which runs 
 through the town, and being as often repulsed with loss, he 
 concluded to give his wearied troops a night s repose, and de 
 fer hostilities until morning, feeling sure of then capturing 
 Washington and his entire army. 
 
 III. AVashington s situation was indeed critical. To retreat 
 
 EVENTS OF 1777. I. QUESTIONS. 1. How large was Washington s army at Trenton 
 in the beginning of 1777 ? 2. With what extraordinary power had Congress invested 
 Washington ? 
 
 II. 3. Give an account of what took place on the 2d of January. 
 
 III. 4. Describe the situation in which Washington was placed. 5. What bold 
 expedient suggested itself to his mind in this critical position ? 6. In what direction 
 from Trenton is Princeton ? (See map, p. 136.) 7. When did the battle of Princeton 
 take place ? 8. Describe it. 9. What officer did the Americans lose? 
 
 CENTRAL PART OF NEW JEKSEY. 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 137 
 
 across the Delaware, which was then very much obstructed by 
 floating ice, or to remain and risk a battle with a superior 
 force, appeared full of danger. In this hour of darkness, a 
 bold expedient suggested itself, and he adopted it. Leaving 
 his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route to 
 ward Princeton, intending to surprise and attack the British 
 troops left there. At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his 
 forces encountered, near Princeton, a part of the British troops, 
 already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the 
 American militia gave way, but Washington coming up with 
 a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. 
 The loss of the British, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
 was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not 
 exceed thirty, but among them was General Mercer, who was 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 IV. Washington s army was encamped at Morristown 
 during the first months of 1777. The place had not been se 
 lected for winter quarters, but, being well protected by forests 
 and rugged hills, no change was made until the latter part of 
 May, when the encampment was removed to Middlebrook. 
 
 V. Early in 1776, Congress sent 
 Silas Deane to France, to solicit aid 
 for the United States. He was af 
 terward joined by Dr. Franklin and 
 Arthur Lee. France hesitated to 
 extend any open assistance, but 
 secretly aided the Americans by 
 loans and gifts of money, and by 
 supplies of arms, provisions, and 
 
 clothing. And what aid France FLAG OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ,. , , . ADOPTED IN JULY, 1777. 
 
 did not extend as a nation, was, to 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 10. Where did "Washington s army spend the first months of 
 1777? 11. Why did the army remain there so long? 12. When and to what place 
 did the army remove? 13. In what direction from Morristown is Middlebrook? 
 (See map, p. 68.) 
 
 V. 14 What persons were sent to France for aid ? 15. In what way did France 
 respond ? 16. What is said of Lafayette ? 
 
138 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 some extent, at least, accorded by her citizens. The 
 Marquis de Lafayette was a notable example. At his 
 own expense he fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 
 1777, arrived in America. He at once joined the army of 
 Washington as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after 
 appointed by Congress a major-general. 
 
 VI. Toward the close of April, 1777, General Tryon, late 
 royal governor of New York, made an expedition eastward. 
 With a force of two thousand men he marched against Dan- 
 bury, Connecticut, and, after destroying the stores which had 
 been collected there by the Americans, burned the town. 
 Fearing an attack from the militia, who were assembling in 
 great force, he retreated to his shipping in Long Island Sound, 
 being repeatedly harassed on his retrograde march by de 
 tachments of the Americans, commanded by Generals 
 Wooster, Arnold, and Silliman. Tryon s loss, during the 
 expedition, amounted to nearly three hundred men : that of 
 the Americans was not so large, but Wooster was among the 
 slain. 
 
 VII. The destructive expedition against Danbury was fully 
 retaliated in less than a month after. Colonel Meigs (>negz), 
 with a party of Connecticut militia, crossed Long Island 
 Sound, destroyed the British stores and shipping at Sag 
 Harbor, and, carrying off ninety prisoners, returned to Con 
 necticut without the loss of a man. 
 
 VIII. This gallant exploit was followed, in July, by another 
 of equal, if not greater daring. Colonel Barton, with a 
 small party of resolute men, at night crossed Narragansett 
 Bay to the Island of Rhode Island, surprised and captured 
 General Prescott, the British commander there, and returned 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. IT. When and by whom was the town of Danbury burned? 18 
 In what direction from New Haven is Danbury ? 19. Give an account of Tryon a 
 expedition. 20. What officer did the Americans lose ? 
 
 VII. 21. How is Sag Harbor situated? (See map, p. 47.) 22. Give an account 
 of the expedition conducted by Colonel Meigs. 
 
 VIII. 23. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Colonel Barton. 24. 
 What was afterward done with Trescott ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 139 
 
 safe to the mainland with his prisoner. This achievement 
 put it into the power of the Americans to recover Lee, an 
 officer of equal rank with Prescott, and the exchange was ac 
 cordingly effected in May, 1778. 
 
 THE JERSEY PRISON-SHIP.* 
 
 IX. As spring approached, it became evident that Howe s 
 scheme in New Jersey was to draw the Americans from their 
 camp at Middlebrook, and bring on a general engagement. 
 Tn furtherance of the plan, he concentrated the main body of 
 his army at New Brunswick, within ten miles of the camp ; 
 and, in one attempt, a skirmish took place between a corps 
 under Cornwallis and Stirling s brigade, in which the British 
 had the advantage. The scheme, however, failed : Washing 
 ton continued to pursue his " Fabian policy," and, at length, 
 the whole force of the enemy in New Jersey was withdrawn 
 to Staten Island, leaving the American commander in complete 
 possession of the State. 
 
 During the Revolution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of 
 Americans captured by them. One of these, the Jersey Prison Ship, is proverbial in our revolutionary 
 history on account of the great numbers who were confined there, and of the cruel and inhuman treat 
 ment they received. She was anchored in the Wallabout, a small bay on the Long Island shore, opposite 
 New York, and used as a prison -ship until the close of the war. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 25. What became evident as spring approached ? 26. Did th 
 British succeed? 27. To what place did the British withdraw? 
 
140 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 X. The troops thus withdrawn, amounting to eigh 
 teen thousand men, were embarked on board the fleet 
 commanded by Admiral Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, 
 leaving a large force under Clinton still at New York, to retain 
 possession there, and make the city a base of other operations 
 then in progress. The destination of the fleet being unknown 
 to Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncer 
 tainty about it. 
 
 XL At last the mystery was explained. The object of the 
 British was to get possession of Philadelphia, but, on reach 
 ing Delaware Bay, they were deterred from entering by re 
 ports that measures had been taken to obstruct the navigation 
 of the Delaware River. The Admiral, it afterward appeared, 
 then determined to make for Chesapeake Bay, and, in that 
 way, approach as near as possible to the city. Accordingly 
 a landing was effected at a point on the Elk River, a stream 
 flowing into the bay from the north. 
 
 XII. Washington hastened to dispute the march of the 
 British, and, with the main part of his army, took a position 
 at Chad s Ford, on Brandywine Creek. On the llth of 
 September, the enemy advanced in two divisions, and while 
 one, under Knyphausen (nip-how -zen), made a direct attack 
 upon the left wing of the Americans, the other, under Howe 
 and Cornwallis, crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly 
 fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with 
 great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss 
 of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was full 
 twelve hundred men; that of the British was about five 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 28. What disposition did Howe make of his troops ? 29. On what 
 subject did Washington feel a painful uncertainty? 
 
 XI. 30. How was the mystery of Howe s movements explained? 81. By what 
 route did the British finally proceed ? 32. What town is situated at the mouth of the 
 Elk Eiver? (See map, p. 142.) 
 
 XII. 33. Where did Washington take a position to dispute the march of the 
 British ? 34. Is Chad s Ford nearer the mouth of Brandywine Creek than Wilming 
 ton ? (See map. p. 142.) 35. Give an account of the battle of Brandywine. 86. 
 What distinguished officer, on the American side, was wounded ? 87. What otheV 
 distinguished officer was in the battle ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 141 
 
 hundred. Lafayette, who was wounded, and Pulaski (pu-las - 
 ke), a Polish nobleman, were both in the battle, doing brave 
 service for the cause of libertv. 
 
 WASHINGTON S HEAD-QUARTERS AT BRANDYWINE. 
 
 XIII. During the following night, the Americans retreated 
 to Chester, where they rendezvoused, and next day marched 
 toward Philadelphia. Washington, desiring to save the city 
 
 XIII. QHESTIONS. 38. To what place did the American army retreat during the 
 night? 39. State how Washington s determination to meet the enemy again was 
 frustrated. 40. Give an account of the battle of Paoli. 41. Into what body of 
 water does the Schuylkill flow? (See map, p. 142.) 42. In what direction from 
 Philadelphia is Paoli ? (See same map.) 
 
142 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 H possible, recrossed the Schuylkill (skool -kil), with 
 the determination of seeking the enemy and giving 
 battle. The two armies met, and were on the point of engag 
 ing, when a violent rain-storm prevented. To add to the dis 
 aster of Brandywine, General Wayne, who had been detached 
 with about fifteen hundred men to get in the rear of Howe s 
 advancing army, and cut off his baggage train, when near 
 Paoli (pa-o -le), on the 20th of September, was surprised by 
 A midnight attack, and defeated with great loss. 
 
 XIV. A movement on the part of the British, which threat 
 ened the magazine and military stores at Reading (red -ding), 
 induced Washington to make a counter-movement and take a 
 position at Pottsgrove. Philadelphia, thus abandoned, was 
 entered by the British on the 26th of September, 1777. 
 Howe prepared to make the city his winter-quarters, while 
 the main body of his army was encamped at Germantown, 
 four miles distant. 
 
 XV. Some days after, Washington, on learning that a 
 strong detachment of the British had left for the reduction of 
 Forts Mifflin and Mercer, determined to attack the force re 
 maining at Germantown. Ac 
 cordingly, early on the morn 
 ing of the 4th of October, the 
 Americans advanced upon the 
 encampment of the enemy, 
 and, for a time, had the ad 
 vantage ; but a fog which pre 
 vailed, and a stone house into 
 which several companies of 
 British troops had thrown 
 themselves, favored the party 
 attacked, and, after one of the 
 
 PIIILADKLPHIA AND VICINITY. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 43. How is Heading situated ? (See map, p. 142.) 44. How is 
 Pottsgrove situated? (See same map.) 45. Why did Washington occupy Potts- 
 grove ? 46. What was the consequence ? 47, Where did the main body f the 
 British encamp for the winter? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 143 
 
 bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots 
 were repulsed. The loss, on the part of the Americans, in 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about a thousand men ; 
 on the part of the British, about half that number. 
 
 XVI. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Ameri 
 cans had erected two forts on opposite sides of the Delaware 
 River. One of these, called Fort Mifflin, was at Mud Island, 
 near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other, Fort Mercer, was 
 at Red Bank, on the New Jersey side. It was evident that 
 while these two forts were in the hands of the Americans, and 
 the obstructions remained which had been placed in the river, 
 the British shipping could not ascend to Philadelphia, and 
 consequently the army there would not readily obtain supplies. 
 
 XVII. Howe was aware of this, and, in concert with his 
 brother, a plan of operations was agreed upon for the reduc 
 tion of the forts and the removal of the obstructions. Ac 
 cordingly, on the 22d of October, both forts were attacked : 
 Mercer, by a land force of two thousand Hessians, under 
 Count Donop ; and Mifflin, by a powerful naval force of 
 frigates and other vessels. But, in both cases, the British 
 were most signally repulsed, with heavy loss. Donop was 
 mortally wounded ; about five hundred of the Hessians and 
 marines were either killed or wounded, and two of the largest 
 ships were destroyed. Colonel Green, who commanded at 
 Fort Mercer, Colonel Smith, who commanded at Fort Mif 
 flin, and Commodore Hazelwood, who did good service in 
 command of a small fleet of galleys, were thanked by Con 
 gress for their courageous conduct, and to each was afterwards 
 voted a sword. 
 
 XV. QUESTIONS. 48. In what direction from Pottsgrove is German town ? (See 
 map, p. 142.) 49. While at Pottsgrove, what information did Washington receive? 
 50. When did the battle of Germantown occur ? 51. Give an account of it. 
 
 XVI. 52. How are Forts Miffliu and Mercer situated? 53. What was evident 
 in connection with the two forts ? 
 
 XVII. 54. What plan of operations was agreed upon ? 55. When were th-; two 
 forts attacked? 56. Give an account of the two battles? 57. How was the gallant 
 conduct of the American commanders afterwards noticed ? 
 
144 
 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 COLONEL MOULTKIB. 
 
 XVIII. On the tenth of November a second attempt 
 to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic 
 defense of five days/ during which the British kept up a de 
 structive fire from a battery which they had erected, and also 
 
 from their ships-of-war, the gar 
 rison set fire to and evacuated 
 the fort, and crossed over to Red 
 Bank at night by the light of the 
 flames. Washington endeavored 
 to keep possession of Fort Mer 
 cer, but before he could send a 
 sufficient force, Lord Cornwallis, 
 with two thousand men, appear 
 ed before it. As a defense against 
 such odds was hopeless, the place 
 was abandoned. 
 
 XIX. During the winter of 1777 78, Washington s troops 
 were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, on the west side of 
 the Schtiylkill River, about twenty miles from Howe s head 
 quarters at Philadelphia. Here they suffered greatly for want 
 of food, clothing, and comfortable quarters, and many of the 
 officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. 
 In a letter which Washington addressed to the President of 
 Congress, on the 23d of December, he says: "We have no 
 less than two thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight men 
 now in camp unfit for duty, because they are barefoot and 
 otherwise naked." 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 58. When did the British a second time undertake to reduce 
 Fort Mifflin? 59. Give an account of what followed. CO. What is said of Fort 
 Mercer? 
 
 XIX. 61. Where did Washington s army make their head-quarters during the 
 winters of 1778-79? 62. In what direction from Fort Mifflin is Valley Forge? (See 
 map. p. 142.) 63. What is said of the sufferings of the Americans at Valley Forge ? 
 04. What statement did Washington make in a letter? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 145 
 
 BURGOYNE S INVASION. 
 
 I. The failure of the campaign of 1776 against Canada, left 
 the British at liberty to make hostile demonstrations from 
 that quarter, and they were not slow in availing themselves of 
 it. An army of ten thousand men, consisting of British and 
 German troops, and a large body of Canadians and Indians, 
 was concentrated at St. John s, on the Sorel River. 
 
 II. The immediate design of General Burgoyne, who com 
 manded this large army, was to invade the United States by 
 the way of Lake Cham plain, and force his way to Albany. 
 He further designed to effect a junction of his own army with 
 that of one from New York city, and thus cut off Washing 
 ton s communications with the Eastern States. Before making 
 any advance, however, he sent a 
 
 detachment, under St. Leger, to 
 proceed by way of Oswego, cap 
 ture Fort Schuyler (ski -ler), situ 
 ated on the Mohawk River, and 
 then rejoin him at Albany. 
 
 III. Burgoyne, at the head 
 of his invading host, moved slow 
 ly up the lake, and, after taking 
 possession of Crown Point, pro- 
 
 , , . ,. GENERAL 8T. CLAIB. 
 
 ceeded to invest liconderoga, 
 
 which was then garrisoned by a force of three thousand men, 
 
 under General St. Clair.* This commander had determined 
 
 * Arthur St. Clair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1735. He wa with Wolfe in the battle of th 9 
 Plains of Abraham, and with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton. He died near Greens. 
 burg, Pennsylvania, in 1818. 
 
 BITRGOYNE S INVASION. I. QUESTIONS. I. What was the consequence of the 
 failure of the Canada campaign in 1776? 2. Where did the British army of invasion 
 concentrate? 3. How is St. John s situated? 4. Is St. John s north or south ol 
 House s Point? (See map, p. 124.) 
 
 II. 5. Who commanded the army at St. John s ? 6. What was Burgoyne s im. 
 mediate design? T. What further design did he have ? 8. What detachment did he 
 send out? 
 
146 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 to hold out to the last extremity, but, to his dismay 
 discovering that the enemy had erected batteries on 
 
 Mount Defiance, a rocky height commanding the fort, he 
 
 determined upon a speedy retreat. 
 
 IV. On the night of the 5th of July, while dispatching his 
 ammunition and stores for Skenesborough (skeenz -bur-rd), 
 now Whitehall, the army crossed over to Mount Independence, 
 and took a road through the woods, on the east side of the 
 lake, towards Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General 
 Schuyler, who then commanded the American forces at the 
 north. Early on the morning of the 7th, the rear division of 
 the retreating army was overtaken at Hubbardton, Vermont, 
 and, after a severe battle, routed with considerable loss. The 
 ammunition and stores were also overtaken at Skenes 
 borough, and destroyed. 
 
 V. Schuyler, deeming his force, which then numbered only 
 about four thousand men, inadequate to make a successful 
 stand against that of the invaders, gradually fell back to the 
 islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Burgoyne reached 
 Skenesborough, and thence his march was slow and difficult, 
 owing to the impediments which Schuyler had placed in his 
 way, by destroying the bridges and felling immense trees 
 across the roads. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. In what part of the State of New York is Lake Champlain 
 situated? (See map, p. 62.) 10. What State is on the east of the lake? (See map, 
 p. 62.) 11. How is Crown Point situated? (See map, p. 149.) 12. Ticonderoga? 
 (Ditto.) 13. Mount Defiance ? (Ditto.) 14. Up what lake did Burgoyne sail ? 15. 
 What place did he take possession of? 16. What place did he then proceed to in 
 vest? IT. By whom was Ticonderoga defended? 18. What had St. Clair deter 
 mined upon ? 19. Why did he not carry out his determination ? 
 
 IV. 20. What did St. Clair do with his ammunition and supplies? 21. In what 
 direction from Fort Edward is Whitehall? (See map, p. 149.) 22. To what place 
 did the American army cross? 23. Where is Mount Independence? (See map, 
 p. 149.) 24. What road did the army then take? 25. When was the battle of Hub 
 bardton fought? 26. How is Hubbardton situated? (See p. 149.) 2T. Give an 
 account of the battle fought there. 28. What became of the ammunition and stores ? 
 
 V. 29. To what place did Schuyler retire ? 30. Into what river does the Mohawk 
 flow? (See map, p. 149.) 81. Why did Schuyler retire to the islands at the mouth 
 of the Mohawk? 32. What is said of Burgoyne s march after leaving Skenes- 
 horough ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 147 
 
 VI. While approaching Fort Edward, an act of barbarity 
 was perpetrated which excited wide-spread abhorrence. This 
 was the murder of Miss McCrea. The lady, it appears, was 
 on a visit to a friend residing near the fort. Several Indians, 
 part of one of Burgoyne s marauding parties, burst into the 
 house where Miss McCrea was, and carried her off. On the 
 way, a quarrel arose among the savages as to whose prize the 
 captive was. The dispute becoming furious, one of the In 
 dians, in a paroxysm of rage, killed her, and bore off her scalp 
 as a trophy. According to some authorities Miss McCrea was 
 killed by a shot, intended for one of her captors, which was fired 
 from an American gun at the fort. 
 
 VII. St. Leger, who, it will 
 be recollected, had been sent 
 against Fort Schuyler, on reach 
 ing the place, and finding it reso 
 lutely defended by Colonel Gan- 
 sevoort, determined upon a siege. 
 The besiegers were a motley 
 force, composed mostly of Brit 
 ish and Indians, the latter led by 
 the famous Brant, with some 
 
 Royalists, Hessians, and Cana- .KOSCIUSKO.* 
 
 dians. On the 6th of August, 
 
 two days after the commencement of St. Leger s operations, 
 General Hcrkimer, with a body of militia, while advancing 
 to the relief of Gansevoort, fell into an ambuscade at 
 Oriskany, (o-ris -kan-e), within a few miles of the fort, and was 
 mortally wounded. 
 
 * Thaddena Koeciusko, a Polish patriot, was born about 1755. He was with Gates in the two battles of 
 Stillwater,and subsequently distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washington. His death, which oc 
 curred in Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 33. Give an account of the murder of Miss McCr-ea. 34. How 
 j Fort Edward situated? (See map, p. 149.) 
 
 VII. 35. Against what place had St. Leger been sent? 36. Where was Fort 
 Schuyler? (See map, p. 148.) 37. By whom was Fort Schuyler defended? 38. 
 Upon what did St. Leger determine? 39. Why did he not make an attack at once? 
 40. Of whom did the besiegers consist ? 41. Give an account of the battle of Oris 
 kany. 
 
148 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1777. VIII. At the same time, and for 
 
 the purpose of making a diversion 
 in favor of Herkimer, of whose ap 
 proach Gansevoort had been in 
 formed, a spirited sortie from the 
 fort was made upon the camp of 
 the besiegers, who were driven 
 awav or fled, and a large quantity 
 of baggage and stores was seized. 
 
 OO & 
 
 The Americans retreated in good 
 
 VICINITY OF FORT 8CHUYLER. . T 
 
 order to the fort just as St. Leger 
 came up with re-enforcements. 
 
 IX. Schuyler, upon hearing that Gansevoort was so closely 
 pressed, sent a detachment of eight hundred men to his relief. 
 Arnold, who commanded it, by contriving to send a report 
 ahead, exaggerating the number of his force, so worked upon 
 the fears of St. Leger s Indian allies that they fled, and the 
 siege was abandoned. 
 
 X. While these events were taking place on the Mohawk, 
 others, of no less importance, were being enacted nearer to 
 Burgoyne. That commander, in consequence of the delays 
 to which he had been subjected, found himself in want of 
 supplies for his army. Learning that large quantities were 
 stored at Bennington, he sent a detachment of five hundred 
 men, mostly Hessians, commanded by Colonel Baum, to seize 
 them. The detachment was met a short distance from the 
 town, on the 16th of August, 1777, by a body of New Hamp 
 shire militia, under General Stark, and entirely defeated, 
 Baum being killed. The victors then dispersed in various 
 directions about the field. 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 42. Give an account of the sortie from the fort. 
 
 IX. 43. Give an account of Arnold s stratagem. 
 
 X 44 What did Burgoyne find himself in need of? 45. How came >t that his 
 supplies were gone? 46. By what method did he undertake to procure supplies? 
 47 How is Bennlngton situated? (See map, p. 149.) 48. When did the battle of 
 Bennington take place? 49. Give an account of it. 50. What error did the Amen- 
 cans commit after the battle ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 -149 
 
 XL At this juncture, five 
 hundred Hessians, whom Bur- 
 goyne had sent to the aid of 
 Baum, came up. These were 
 joined by many of their coun 
 trymen who had fled. Stark 
 was endeavoring to gather to 
 gether his scattered men, when, 
 fortunately, Colonel Warner,* 
 with a fresh body of militia, 
 arrived from Bennington, and 
 the enemy were again defeated. 
 
 XII. The reverses experi 
 enced by the British at Fort 
 Schuyler and Bennington, se 
 riously embarrassed the move 
 ments of Burgoyne, and weak 
 ened and dispirited his whole 
 army. Just then, when the 
 Americans were in good force 
 to confront the British, a 
 change was made in the com 
 mand of the patriot army of the 
 north General Gates, by act 
 of Congress, was appointed to 
 succeed Schuyler. 
 
 XIII. Gates advanced to Bemis Heights, a little above 
 
 * Seth Warner was born in Connecticut, about 1744. He took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and 
 Crown Point, in 1775 ; was at the battles of Bunker Hill, Bennington, and Bemis Heights, and was with 
 Montgomery in Canada. He died in Connecticut, in 1785. 
 
 /MASS. 
 
 SARATOGA AND VICINITY. 
 
 XL QUESTIONS. 51. What occurred at this juncture? 52. How did fortune 
 favor the Americans ? 
 
 XII. 53. How did the defeat of the British at Bennington affect them? 54. Who 
 was appointed to succeed Schuyler? 55. What injustice was done to Schuyler by 
 the change? 
 
 XIII. 56. To what place did Gates advance ? 5T. In what direction is that from 
 Bennington? (See map, p. 149.) 58. What movement did Burgoyne make? 59. 
 When was the first battle of Stillwater fought? 60. Give an account of it. 61. By 
 what other name is that battle also known ? 
 
150 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, arriving 
 within two miles of the American camp. On the 
 following day, September the 19th, was fought the first battle 
 of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Bern is Heights, in 
 which Arnold was the leading spirit, and the bravest among 
 the brave. Both parties claimed the victory ; but, though 
 the British remained on the field of battle, their progress 
 toward Albany was effectually checked. 
 
 XIV. The two armies remained in sight of each other 
 for more than two weeks, Burgoyne, in the mean time, 
 strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clin 
 ton from New York. Despairing of aid from that quarter, 
 the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his 
 way through the American lines. Then, October the 7th, 
 occurred the second battle of Stillwater, or, as it is often 
 called, the battle of Saratoga. 
 
 XV. After a fierce conflict of sev 
 eral hours, in which the British lost 
 General Eraser and other valuable 
 officers, beside over four hundred 
 men, they were compelled to give 
 way. Though having no command 
 assigned him, Arnold was the most 
 active in the battle, and was severely 
 wounded just as victory was decid 
 ing for the Americans. 
 
 XVI. Burgoyne* retired to Sara 
 toga shortly after, where, finding 
 
 GENERAL BUBGOYNE. 
 
 * John Burgoyne was born in England, about 1730. After his surrender to Gates he returned to Eng 
 land, being tlien a prisoner on parole, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was 
 a member. He died in London, in 1792. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 62. How long did the two armies remain in sight of each 
 other? 63. What did Burgoyne do in the mean time ? 64. What did he at last de 
 termine to do? 65. When did the second battle of Stillwater occur? 66. By what 
 other name is that battle also known ? 
 
 XV. 6T. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. 
 
 XVI. 68. To what place did Burgoyne then retire ? 69. What was his condition 
 at Saratoga? 70. When did he surrender? 71. What did the Americans acquire by 
 the surrender? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 151 
 
 himself so surrounded that all chance of retreat was cut off, 
 and being without provisions, on the 17th of October he 
 surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five 
 thousand men, prisoners of war. By the surrender, the Ameri 
 cans acquired a fine train of artillery, five thousand muskets, 
 and a large quantity of clothing, tents, and military stores. 
 
 XVII. In the mean time Sir Henry Clinton had ascended 
 the Hudson as far as Forts Clinton and Montgomery, and 
 captured the two forts ; but, in 
 stead of hastening to the co-oper 
 ation of Burgoyne, he sent an ex 
 pedition to devastate the country, 
 
 intending thereby to make a diver 
 sion in favor of the northern Brit 
 ish army. The troops garrisoning 
 Ticonderoga and other forts on 
 the northern frontier, upon hear 
 ing of Burgoyne s surrender, aban- 
 
 O O J GENERAL GATES. 
 
 doned their posts and fled to Can 
 ada, and Clinton s expedition returned to New York. 
 
 XVIII. The all- important successes of Gates* at Bemis 
 Heights and Saratoga formed an unsatisfactory contrast with 
 Brandywine and Germantown, and served the purpose of a 
 faction, subsequently known as " Conway s Cabal," who were 
 laboring in secret to undermine the popularity of Washington. 
 The leading conspirator, the one from whom the cabal de 
 rived its name, was Thomas Conway, who had come from 
 Europe with a military reputation, and been appointed a 
 major-general in the American army. 
 
 * Horatio Gates was born in England, in 1728. He was an officer in Braddock s expedition, in 1755, 
 and was severely wounded in the battle of the Monongahela. After the Revolutionary \\ ar, he resided on 
 an estate which he owned in Virginia, until 1790. He then removed to New York, where he died in 
 1806. 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 72. What had Sir Henry Clinton done in the mean time? 
 
 73. How were the two forts, Clinton and Montgomery, situated? (See map, p. 47.) 
 
 74. What expedition did he send ? 75. What effect did Burgoyne s surrender have 
 upon the expedition, and the British troops on Lake Champlain ? 
 
 XVIII. 76. What invidious contrast was made ? 77. What is said of the cabal 
 and the leading conspirators ? 
 
152 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 j^ XIX. A knowledge of this intrigue coming to 
 
 Washington, his despondency, occasioned by the dis 
 tresses at Valley Forge, was very much augmented, but during 
 the trying season he comported himself with dignity ; and 
 time fully vindicated the wisdom of Congress in electing him 
 to be the commander-in-chief of the army. 
 
 XX. In November, 1777, ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 
 for the government of the United States were adopted by 
 Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being rati 
 fied by all the States previous to 1781, did not go into effect 
 before that year. 
 
 EUIN8 OF FORT TICONDEEOGA. 
 
 XIX. QUESTIONS. 78. Did Washington hear of the intrigue against hjm ? 79. 
 How did the knowledge affect him ? SO. What was his conduct under the circum 
 stances? 81. What is said of the -wisdom of Congress in connection with the sub 
 ject? 
 
 XX. 82. When did Congress adopt the Articles of Confederation ? 83. When did 
 the Articles go into effect? 84. Why did they not go into effect sooner? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 153 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. What measures were taken to drive the British from Boston ?. 127 
 
 2. When and under what circumstances did they leave the city? 127 
 
 3. What authority did Washington give to General Charles Lee? 128 
 
 4. When, where, and by whom was Clinton s force increased?. . . 128 
 
 5. How was Charleston prepared for defense ? 128 
 
 6. Give an account of the battle of the 28th of June, 1776 128 
 
 7. What was done in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776 ? 129 
 
 8. What on the 2d of July and the 4th of July ? 129, 1 30 
 
 9. What extensive preparations were made by the British? 130 
 
 10. What was their design in making the preparations ? 130 
 
 11. Give an account of the battle of Long Island 131, 132 
 
 12. Of Washington s retreat to New York and evacuation of the city 132 
 
 13. Of Howe s subsequent movements to intercept Washington. 133, 134 
 
 14. How did the British get Fort Washington and Fort Lee? 134 
 
 15. How did Gen. Lee behave when ordered to join the main army ? 134 
 
 16. How did the British succeed in making him a prisoner ? 135 
 
 17. Give an account of the battle of Trenton 135 
 
 18. Give an account of the battle of Princeton 136, 137 
 
 19. Why were Dr. Franklin and others sent to France? 13t 
 
 20. What can you state of the generous conduct of Lafayette ?. . . 138 
 
 21. What expeditions were made in April, May, and July ? 138 
 
 22. In what way did Howe proceed from New Jersey to the Elk R. ? 140 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle of Brandy wine 140, 141 
 
 24. Give an account of Wayne s disaster at Paoli 142 
 
 25. When did the British army enter Philadelphia ? 142 
 
 26. Give an account of the battle of Germantown 142, 143 
 
 27. Give an account of the two battles fought October 22d 143 
 
 28. How were Forts Mifflin and Mercer afterwards lost? 144 
 
 29. What can you state of Washington s army at Valley Forge? . . 144 
 
 30. What army did the British concentrate at St. John s, Canada?. 145 
 
 31. Give an account of St. Leger s operations 145, 147, 148 
 
 32. Of Burgoyne s movements against Ticonderoga 145, 146 
 
 33. Of the battle of Hubbardtou 146 
 
 34. Of the two battles fought near Bennington 148, 149 
 
 35. By whom was Schuyler superseded in the Northern command ? 149 
 
 36. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights 149, 150 
 
 37. Give an account of the battle of Saratoga 150 
 
 38. What was Burgoyne finally compelled to do? 150, 151 
 
 39. What account can you give of Con way s Cabal? 151, 152 
 
 40. What can you say of the Articles of Confederation? 152 
 
154 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1778. 
 
 I. The success of the Americans at Saratoga decided the 
 negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France 
 acknowledged the independence of the United States, and a 
 treaty of alliance and commerce was concluded between the 
 two countries. The commissioners by whom the treaty was 
 made met at Paris, those on the part of the United States 
 being Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and 
 on the 6th of February, 1778, signed the important docu 
 ment. 
 
 II. In England the tidings of Burgoyne s surrender pro 
 duced alarm, which was aggravated by apprehensions that 
 France was about to espouse the cause of the Americans ; 
 and instead of the determination formerly manifested by the 
 British ministry, to conquer the rebellious colonies at any cost, 
 a more conciliatory spirit began to prevail, and two bills, in 
 keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. 
 
 III. Commissioners were sent to America, with all dispatch, 
 to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress refused to 
 treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets 
 and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United 
 States. 
 
 IV. One of the commissioners, in his eagerness to forward 
 the end of his mission, attempted to bribe General Joseph 
 Reed and Robert Morris, members of Congress. Said Reed, 
 in reply, " I am not worth purchasing ; but, such as I am, the 
 king of Great Britain is not rich enough to do it." 
 
 m 
 
 EVENTS OP 1778. I. QUESTIONS. 1. How did the American success at Saratoga 
 affect matters in France? 2. Who were the American commissioners by whom the 
 treaty was negotiated ? 3. When was it signed ? 
 
 II. 4. How did the success at Saratoga affect the cause in England ? 5. What 
 was done by Parliament ? 
 
 III. 6. Who were sent to America? 7. How did Congress act toward them? 
 
 IV. 8. What is said of the attempt at bribery ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 15$ 
 
 V. France, immediately upon 
 the conclusion of the treaty with 
 the United States, fitted out a 
 squadron, commanded by D Es- 
 taing* (des-taing }, the first object 
 of which was to blockade the 
 British fleet, then in the Dela 
 ware. 
 
 VI. In the mean time, Gen 
 eral Howe had resigned his com 
 mand, and General Clinton been 
 appointed his successor. The 
 
 British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the 
 Delaware, and apprehending a result to their main army similar 
 to that of Burgoyne s, ordered the ships to leave the river, 
 and the troops to abandon Philadelphia, and both forces to 
 proceed to New York. Consequently, D Estaing, in his first 
 intention, was foiled, for, before his arrival, Admiral Howe 
 had sailed. 
 
 VII. On the 18th of June, Clinton completed the evacua 
 tion of Philadelphia, crossed the Delaware, and commenced 
 his march through New Jersey toward New York. Wash 
 ington gave pursuit, and at Monmouth, on the 28th of June, 
 a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of 
 it, Lee s division fell back, and was in full retreat just as 
 Washington came up. Lee was sharply rebuked by the com- 
 mander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations ; 
 
 * Charl 
 
 Assembly of Notables 
 guillotined in 1794. 
 
 Hector Count d Estaing was a native of France, born in 1729. He was a member of the 
 French Revolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was 
 
 Y. QUESTIONS. 9. How did France commence to assist the Americans? 
 
 VI. 10. What change took place in the British command? 11. In what intention 
 was D Estaing foiled? 12. What was the cause ? 13. Why did Clinton leave Phila 
 delphia? 
 
 VII. 14. When did he leave ? 15. In what direction did he go ? 16. What move 
 ment did Washington make? IT. When did the battle of Monmouth take place? 
 18. In what direction is Monmouth from Philadelphia ? (See map, p. 68.) 19. What 
 is Monmouth now called ? Ans. Freehold. 20. Give an account of the battle. 
 
156 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ^ e com P^ e d> an d during the remainder of the battle 
 displayed both faithfulness and courage. 
 
 VIII. Though, at the close of the -day, the result of the 
 engagement was indecisive, the advantage was clearly with 
 the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to re 
 new the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton 
 silently departed before dawn, and proceeded on his march. 
 The loss of the British in the battle reached five hundred, and 
 this was increased by more than a thousand desertions, prin 
 cipally among the Hessians, before the march was ended. 
 The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom 
 fell from the excessive heat and fatigue of the day. 
 
 IX. Lee s pride having been wounded by the rebuke he had 
 received on the battle-field, he addressed two disrespectful let 
 ters to Washington on the subject, and, at his own request, was 
 tried by a court-martial. Three charges were made out against 
 him, namely : disobedience of orders, misbehavior before the 
 enemy, and disrespect to the commander-in-chief. A tedious 
 investigation of more than a month was had, when he was found 
 guilty and sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. 
 
 X. Lee never rejoined the army, but, just before the close 
 of the war, died in Philadelphia. It is certain that his con 
 duct, on more than one occasion during the war, gave rise to 
 painful suspicions ; and the evidence is now strong that, once 
 at least, he was ready to act a treacherous part. 
 
 XI. During the summer of 1778, an enterprise was decided 
 upon by Washington and D Estaing, having for its object the 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 21. What is said of the result? 22. What prevented a re 
 newal of the contest? 23. What losses were sustained by each party ? 
 
 IX. 24. To whom did Lee address two disrespectful letters ? 25. Why did he do 
 so? 26. What action was taken at his request? 27. What charges were brought 
 against him ? 28. "What was the resnlt of the trial ? 
 
 X. 29. When and where did Lee die? 30. What is said of his conduct during 
 the war? 
 
 XI. 31. What enterprise did Washington and D Estaing decide upon ? 32. What 
 force did the enemy have there at the time ? 33. How did the French and Ameri 
 cans commence operations ? 34. In what direction from Providence is Newport ? 
 (See map, p. 37.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 157 
 
 expulsion of the British from the Island of Rhode Island, which 
 place had been made a military depot and stronghold by them. 
 The enemy s force there, at the time, consisted of about six 
 thousand men, commanded by General Pigot, whose head 
 quarters were at Newport. In accordance with the plan of 
 attack, the French fleet entered the harbor of Newport and 
 anchored near the town, while Sullivan,* commanding the 
 American troops, crossed from Tiverton and landed on the 
 northern part of the island. 
 
 XII. Just as arrangements 
 were matured for a com 
 bined attack, Lord Howe, 
 who had heard of Pigot s 
 danger, and hastened to his 
 relief, made his appearance 
 with his large fleet. The 
 new-comer entirely diverted 
 the French commander from 
 his object, who, tempted by 
 
 .-, -I /. 1 j. GENERAL BTTLLIVAN. 
 
 the hope of a naval victory, 
 
 sailed out to meet Howe. The two fleets were about to 
 engage when a furious storm came on, which parted and 
 disabled them. 
 
 XIII. D Estaing returned to Newport, but, instead of co 
 operating with the Americans, as agreed, he announced his 
 intention of sailing for Boston, to refit his ships. Against this 
 contemplated desertion, not only Sullivan, but Lafayette and 
 Greene, who were then with the army at Rhode Island, re 
 monstrated, but without effect. In the mean time, Sullivan 
 had advanced almost to Newport, but, finding himself deserted 
 
 * John Sullivan was born in Berwick, Maine, in 1740. In consequence_of ill health, he resigned hi 
 jsitic 
 
 7 . 5. 
 
 position in the army before the close of the war. His death occurred at Durham, New Hampshire, i 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 35. Describe what took place in connection with D Estaing s 
 fleet 
 
 XIII. 36. Upon D Estaing s return to Newport, what announcement did he 
 make? 37. How was the announcement received by the Americans? 38. What 
 had Sullivan done in the mean time? 
 
158 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 by the French, he withdrew to the northern part of 
 
 the island, followed up by the British. 
 XIY. Here, on the 29th of August, occurred an engage 
 ment known as the battle of Quaker Hill, or, taking its name 
 from another eminence, on which the Americans had thrown up 
 a redoubt, the battle of Batt s Hill. After a loss, in killed, of 
 over two hundred on each side, the British retired. Learning 
 that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sulli 
 van gained the mainland, by a night movement, just in time 
 to avoid being intercepted by Sir Henry Clinton. 
 
 XV. A little later in the season, a marauding expedition, 
 commanded by General Grey, committed great devastation, 
 burning vessels in Buzzard s Bay, sacking New Bedford and 
 Fair Haven, and, at Martha s Vineyard, levying an immense 
 contribution in sheep and cattle. But no acts of the enemy 
 during the entire war were considered of greater atrocity than 
 those committed by the Tories and Indians at Wyoming, in 
 Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley, in New York. 
 
 XVI. Early in July, 1778, a large force of Tories and In 
 dians, under Colonel John Butler, entered the Valley of Wy 
 oming, spread desolation in every direction, and defeated, with 
 great slaughter, a body of the inhabitants, who had march 
 ed out to check their ravages. In November, of the same 
 year, a force of the same mixed character fell upon the settle 
 ment of Cherry Valley, and killed, or carried into captivity, 
 many of the settlers. 
 
 XVII. Towards the close of the year, Sir Henry Clinton 
 sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 39. When did the battle of Quaker Hill take place ? 40. Give 
 an account of it. 41. What is said of Sullivan s escape? 
 
 XV. 42. Give an account of Grey s expedition. 43. Where is Buzzard s Bay? 
 (See map, p. 37.) 44. In what direction from Newport is New Bedford? (See same 
 map.) 45. Where is Fair Haven ? Am. On the Acushnet Eiver, opposite New 
 Bedford, with which it is connected by a bridge. 46. Where is Martha s Vineyard ? 
 (See map, p. 37.) 47. What acts of the enemy were looked upon as of peculiar atrocity ? 
 48. Where is Cherry Valley ? (See map, p. 62.) 49. Where, Wyoming ? (See map, p. 62.) 
 
 XVI. 50. Give an account of the " Massacre at Wyoming." 51. Of the "Massacre 
 at Cherry Valley." 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 159 
 
 Colonel Campbell (kam -el), who commanded it, proceeded 
 against Savannah, then defended by a force of only six hun 
 dred regulars and two or three hundred militia, under General 
 Robert Howe, and, on the 29th of December, made an attack. 
 The Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse 
 quence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was 
 retained by them until July, 1783. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1779. 
 
 I. Savannah having fallen into the hands of the British, no 
 other post in Georgia remained to the Americans except Sun- 
 bury (sun 1 -ber-e). On the 9th of January, 1779, General Pre- 
 vost, who had arrived from. Florida with a body of troops, 
 captured this post, and, assuming the command of the British 
 forces in the South, ordered Campbell to occupy Augusta, for 
 tire purpose of giving encouragement and support to the loy 
 alists in that region. 
 
 II. The Tories along the western frontiers of Carolina, having 
 organized themselves into a body, and placed Colonel Boyd in 
 command, marched to join the royal army under Prevost. 
 Throughout their entire route, they committed depredations 
 and cruelties upon the property and persons of the patriots ; 
 but at Kettle Creek, Georgia, they were attacked, on the 14th 
 of February, by a force of Carolina militia, under Colonel 
 Pickens, and utterly defeated, Boyd being among the killed. 
 
 III. Encouraged by this success, General Lincoln (link -on), 
 who had arrived to take command of the American troops at 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 52. What expedition was sent against Georgia? 53. How is 
 Savannah situated? (See map, p. 164.) 54. When did a battle occur? 55. Give an 
 account of it. 56. What was the consequence ? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1779. I. 1. What post in Georgia remained to the Americans after 
 the fall of Savannah? 2. State how and when this, too, was lost 8. What command 
 did Prevost assume ? 4. What order did he give ? 5. In what direction from Sa- 
 rannah is Sunbury? (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 II. 6. What organization of Tories was effected? 7. What is said of their acts ? 
 depredations, etc. ? 8. When did the battle of Kettle Creek take place? 9. Where 
 did it take place ? Ans. At Kettle Creek, Georgia, near its junction with the Sa 
 vannah Eiver. 10. Give an account of the battle. 
 
160 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 the South, sent General Ashe to drive the British from 
 Augusta, and confine them to the country near the sea. 
 Campbell fled at his approach ; but at Brier Creek, G-eorgia, 
 Ashe was surprised by Prevost, on the 3d of March, and de 
 feated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and 
 dispersion. Elated with victory, Prevost advanced against 
 Charleston, but the timely arrival of Lincoln forced him to 
 retire. 
 
 IV. Learning that a body of British troops was stationed 
 at Stono Ferry, ten miles southwest from Charleston, Lincoln 
 determined, if possible, to drive the enemy from a position so 
 menacing to the city. Accordingly, on the 20th of June, the 
 attempt was made, but, after a severe engagement, the Ameri 
 cans were repulsed. 
 
 V. While these operations were being carried on at the 
 South, General Tryon made two more expeditions against Con 
 necticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Verplanck s Points, 
 on the Hudson. In Tryon s second expedition, he destroyed 
 some salt-works at Horseneck, and dispersed a body of troops 
 under Putnam ; in his third, he plundered New Haven, and 
 laid East Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk, in ashes. 
 
 VI. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, plan 
 ned a midnight attack under General Wayne.* On the 15th 
 of July, Wayne set out, and, dividing his force into two col- 
 
 * Anthony Wayne was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, in 1745. He died at 
 Presque Isle, now Erie, in 1796, while on his way from the West, where he had been en public business. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 11. Who succeeded General Kobert Howe in the command of 
 the American troops at the South? 12. On what expedition did Lincoln send Ashe? 
 13. How is Augusta situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 14. When did the battle of Brier 
 Creek take place ? 15. Into what body of water does Brier Creek flow ? (See map, 
 p. 164.) 16. Give an account of the battle. 
 
 IV. 17. When did the battle of Stono Ferry take place ? 18. Where was the 
 battle fought ? 19. Give an account of it. 
 
 V. 20. In the mean time, what had the British done at the East and North ? 
 21. How is Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 22. Which is the near-- 
 er to Peckskill, Stony Point or Yerplanck s Point? (See map, p. 169.) 23. How 
 are New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk situated? (See map, p. 47.) 24 Where is 
 East Haven? Am. Four miles east from New Haven. 25. What did Tryon ac 
 complish in his second expedition? 26. In his third? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 161 
 
 umns, for simultaneous attacks 
 on opposite sides of the fort 
 reached the outworks before 
 the alarm was given : the two 
 columns then forced their way 
 with the bayonet, in the face 
 of a tremendous fire of grape- 
 shot and musketry, and, meet 
 ing in the centre of the 
 works, the garrison surren 
 dered at discretion. The entire GENERAL WAYNE. 
 
 loss of the Americans was fifteen killed, and eighty-three 
 wounded : the British lost upward of six hundred, in killed 
 and prisoners. This achievement, considered one of the most 
 brilliant of the war, was effected without the firing of a single 
 gun on the part of the victors. 
 
 VII. Only four days after, July 19, another gallant exploit 
 crowned the efforts of the Americans. The British post at 
 Paulus ( paw -lus) Hook,* in New Jersey, opposite the city of 
 New York, was surprised at night by Major Henry Lee, and 
 one hundred and fifty men of the garrison were made prison 
 ers. 
 
 VIII. These two successes were counterbalanced by a com 
 plete reverse, experienced about a month later, in Maine. A 
 squadron of armed vessels, fitted out by Massachusetts, pro 
 ceeded against a military post which the British had estab 
 lished on the Penobscot River. Just as the Americans were 
 about to make an assault, after an ill-judged siege of fifteen 
 days, a British fleet arrived and defeated them with great loss. 
 
 * Paulus Hook was so called for a number of years. Its name was afterwards changed to " the city of 
 Jersey," and in 1838, by act of incorporation, it was called Jersey City. 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 2T. What place did "Washington desire to recapture ? 28. How is 
 Stony Point situated? (See map, p. 169.) 29. When was the battle of Stony Point 
 fought? 30. Give an account of it 31. How is Wayne s achievement considered ? 
 
 VII. 32. Give an account of the exploit at Paulus Hook. 
 
 VIII. 33. Describe the Penobscot River. (See map, p. 103.) 34. Give an account 
 of the reverse on the Penobscot. 
 
162 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 IX. As many of the Indian tribes, especially those 
 in the western part of New York, were constantly war 
 ring upon the border settlements, General Sullivan was sent to 
 check their depredations, as also to avenge the " Massacre of 
 Wyoming." On his march, he was joined by General James 
 Clinton, from the vicinity of Albany, when the united forces 
 amounted to about five thousand men. After defeating a 
 
 O 
 
 body of Indians and Tories at Newtown, now Elmira, in a 
 conflict known as the " Battle of Chemung" (she-mung f ),lie 
 penetrated as far as the Genesee (jen-e-see ) River, destroying 
 forty Indian villages and a vast amount of corn. This chastise 
 ment greatly intimidated the Indians, and their murderous 
 excursions became less frequent. 
 
 X. The winter of 1779- 80 set in early, and was very se 
 vere. Washington made his winter quarters at Morristown ; 
 and, though he made great exertions for the comfort of his 
 troops, they still were at times on half allowance, and suffered 
 greatly for want of sufficient clothing and shelter. 
 
 XI. D Estaing, it will be remembered, sailed from Rhode 
 Island for Boston, to refit his ships, after they had been dis 
 abled in a storm. From Boston he went to the West Indies. 
 In September, 1779, he returned, and prepared to co-operate 
 with Lincoln in an attempt to recover Savannah. On the 9th 
 of October, after a siege of about three weeks, the two com 
 manders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with 
 the loss of nearly a thousand men, in killed and wounded. 
 Among those who fell was the gallant Count Pulaski, a Po 
 lish patriot, who had distinguished himself at the battle of 
 Brandywine, and had otherwise rendered good service to the 
 American cause. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 35. Upon what expedition was Sullivan sent? 36. By whom was 
 he joined? 37. "Where is Elmira? (See map, p. 62.) 3S. What took place there? 
 39. What did Sullivan accomplish? 40. Describe the Genesee Eiver. (See map, p. 
 62.) 
 
 X. 41. What is said of the condition of Washington s army during the winter 
 of 1T79- 1 80? 
 
 XL 42. What is said of D Estaing s movements? 43. Give an account of the 
 attempt to recover Savannah. 44. What officer of note did the Americans lose? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 163 
 
 XII. In September of this year, one of the most obsti 
 nate naval engagements aver fought took place off Flam- 
 borough Head, England. It 
 
 was between a small squad 
 ron of French and American 
 vessels, commanded by Paul 
 Jones,* and two British frig 
 ates that were convoying a mer 
 chant fleet. At about seven, on 
 the evening of the 23d, the 
 battle commenced. The Bon- 
 Homme Richard, Jones s flag 
 ship, coming in contact with 
 
 the Serapis, one of the frigates, commanded by Captain Pear 
 son, Jones lashed the two vessels together. The contest con 
 tinued with great fury till ten at night, when the Serapis 
 struck. The other frigate in the mean time had surrendered 
 to the Pallas, one of the vessels of the squadron. Jones, find 
 ing that his own ship was sinking, was compelled to transfer 
 his crew to the Serapis. 
 
 XIII. Great Britain found an additional antagonist this 
 year, in Spain ; that power with a view to regaining Gibraltar 
 Jamaica, and Florida, joined France and declared war against 
 
 her. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1780. 
 
 I. The principal military operations of 1*780 were carried 
 on in South Carolina. Sir Henry Clinton, with a fleet com 
 manded by Arbuthnot, having sailed from New York to pro- 
 
 * John Paul Jones was born in Scotland, in 1747. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to a ship 
 master who was engaged in the American trade. When the American Revolution broke out, he was in 
 Virginia. His name was John Paul, to which, for some unknown reason, he added Jones. After the 
 Revolution, he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty and neglect, in 1792. 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 45. Where did a naval battle take place on the 23d of September, 
 1779? 46. What was the character of the battle ? 47. Give an account of it 
 
 XIII. 48. What additional antagonist appeared against Great Britain ? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1780. I. 1. Where were the principal military operations of 1780 
 carried on? 2. When did Sir Henry Clinton appear before Charleston? 3. How 
 is Charleston situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 4. What took place at Monk s Cor 
 ner? 5. Where is Monk s Corner? (See map, p. 164.) 6. Give an account of the 
 surrender of Charleston. 
 
164 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1780 a & a * nst Charleston, appeared before that city in 
 
 February, and, on the 1st of April, commenced a regu 
 lar siege. While it was in progress, an American force, sta 
 
 tioned at Monk s Corner, to keep open a communication 
 between the city and the interior, was surprised by Colonel 
 Tarleton, and put to flight. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, 
 the American commander, unable to hold out any longer, 
 surrendered, and every man in Charleston became a prisoner 
 of war. 
 
 II. To complete the subjugation of South Carolina, as Clin 
 ton contemplated, three expeditions were sent into the inte 
 rior. The first was to scour the country along the Savannah ; 
 the second, to go against the post of Ninety-Six ; while the 
 third was to pursue a body of troops which had been sent 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 7. Why did Clinton send three expeditions ? 8. What special 
 objects had each ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 165 
 
 to the relief of Charleston, but, on learning of the surrender 
 of that city to the British, had turned back, and were march 
 ing towards North Carolina. 
 
 III. The first and second expeditions met with no opposi 
 tion. As Buford, the commander of the retrograding Ameri 
 cans, was moving very rapidly, and had a long start of the 
 third expedition, Cornwallis, its commander, detached Tarleton 
 with a force of dragoons and mounted infantry, to lead the 
 pursuers. At Waxhaw Creek, on the 29th of May, Tarleton 
 overtook the retreating Americans, and, impetuously falling 
 upon them, gave no quarters, but massacred or maimed nearly 
 every man. 
 
 IV. Sir Henry Clinton, believing South Carolina to be 
 completely subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis 
 to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia. In this 
 opinion, however, Clinton was mistaken : for Generals Sumter 
 and Marion, by their partisan warfare, kept alive the spirit of 
 freedom. Although the former was repulsed at Rocky Mount, 
 yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he attacked a large 
 body of British and Tories and gained a decided victory. 
 
 V. Previous to the surrender of Charleston, Washington 
 had sent the Baron De Kalb with re-enforcements, for the pur 
 pose of aiding Lincoln ; but, owing to various difficulties, 
 De Kalb advanced no further than Deep River, in North 
 Carolina, where, hearing of the fate of Charleston, he deter 
 mined to await further orders. While thus waiting, Gates, 
 who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. How did the first and second expeditions succeed? 10. 
 When did the battle of Waxhaw Creek take place? 11. Give an account of it. 12. 
 Into what river does Waxhaw Creek flow? (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 IV. 13. Why did Clinton return to New York? 14. Whom did he leave in com 
 mand? 15. What is said of Sumter and Marion ? 16. What is said of the battles at 
 Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock ? 17. Where are these two places situated ? (See 
 map, p. 164.) 
 
 V. 18. How did Washington endeavor to prevent the loss of Charleston ? 19. Give 
 an account of De Kalb s movements. 20. Into what body of water does the Deep 
 River flow? (See map, p. 164..) 21. Who was Lincoln s successor in command at 
 the South? 22. To what place did Gates march his army ? 
 
166 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1780. 
 
 the command at the South, arrived and took charge. 
 The army then marched to Clermont, in South Carolina. 
 
 VI. At this time there were two large forces of the British 
 in South Carolina : one at Charleston, under Cornwallis, and 
 the other on the Santee River, under Lord Rawdon. On hear 
 ing of the approach of Gates, Rawdon concentrated his troops 
 at Camden, twelve miles from Clermont, at which place Corn 
 wallis soon arrived with a small number of troops and took 
 the command. On the 15th of August, Gates sent re-enforce 
 ments to aid Sumter in capturing a train of supplies intended 
 for the enemy; and, on the night of the loth, he advanced 
 towards Camden, for the purpose of attacking the British 
 should they march out in force to repel Sumter. 
 
 VII. On the same night, by a singular coincidence, Corn 
 wallis sallied from Camden to attack the camp at Clermont. 
 Just after midnight the two vanguards met at Sanders Creek, 
 and a slight skirmish took place, and early in the morning a 
 
 general battle commenced. After a 
 desperate contest, the American reg 
 ulars, being deserted by the militia, 
 and overwhelmed by superior num 
 bers, were forced to retreat, with a 
 loss in killed, wounded, and prison 
 ers, of about a thousand men. De 
 Kalb* was among the mortally 
 wounded, and died three days after. 
 The loss of the British was between 
 three and four hundred. This con 
 test, fought on the 16th of August, 
 
 GENERAL DE KALB. 
 
 * The Baron De Kalb was a native of Alsace, a German province in possessl 
 America with Lafayette, in 1777. 
 
 i of France. He came to 
 
 VL QUESTIONS. 23. Where, at the time, were the British in force in South Caro 
 lina? 24. Describe the Santee Kiver. (See map, p. 104.) 25. How is Camden situ 
 ated? (See same map.) 26. What movements did Kawdon and Cornwallis make 
 before the 16th of August ? 27. What did Gates do on the 15th and 16th ? 
 
 VII. 23. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek. 29. When did it take 
 place? 30. By what other names is it also known? 31. What officer of note did th 
 Americans lose ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 167 
 
 1780, is known as the battle of Sanders Creek. It is also 
 known as the first battle of Camden, or, it is quite as often 
 simply designated as the battle of Camden. 
 
 VIII. Sumter was successful in capturing the train of sup 
 plies ; but the defeat of Gates not only left him without any 
 co-operation from that quarter, but let loose the enemy 
 against him. He was pursued by Tarleton, and at Fishing 
 Creek, a tributary of the Wateree, was surprised and routed 
 with great slaughter. 
 
 IX. Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Corn- 
 wallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina. His first 
 measure was to detach Major Ferguson to overawe the in 
 habitants favoring the patriot cause, and embody the loyalists 
 under the royal banner. A large number of Tories and dis 
 reputable persons flocked to Ferguson s standard, and, as a 
 consequence, his progress was attended by many disgraceful 
 excesses. 
 
 X. These acts of violence so exasperated the inhabitants, 
 that, on the 7th of October, a hastily-formed force, consisting of 
 bodies of mountaineers and backwoodsmen, under the general 
 command of Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia, attacked 
 the enemy at King s Mountain,* in South Carolina. Fer 
 guson and one hundred and fifty of his men were killed, and 
 the remainder, to the number of more than eight hundred, 
 
 * King s Mountain is the name of a village in North Carolina. Near it, but in South Carolina, is the 
 eminence of the same name, which was the scene of the battle. The conflict took place about a mile and 
 a half south of the boundary-line between the two States. 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 32. What is said of Sumter s success and subsequent defeat ? 
 33. By what name is the Wateree Eiver known in North Carolina? Ans. The 
 Catawba. 34. At what place was Sumter surprised and routed by Tarleton ? 35. 
 Into what stream does Fishing Creek flow ? 36. Into what stream does the Wateree 
 flow ? (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 IX. 37. Under what delusion did Cornwallis proceed to overrun North Carolina ? 
 38. What was his first measure ? 39. What is said of the persons who flocked to 
 Ferguson s standard ? 40. What was the consequence ? 
 
 X. 41. When was the battle of King s Mountain fought? 42. Was the battle 
 fought in North or South Carolina ? 43. In what direction is King s Mountain from 
 the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 44. Of whom did the American force at King s 
 Mountain consist? 45. Give an account of the battle. 46. What officer did the 
 Americans lose ? 47. How did the result of the battle affect Cornwallis ? 
 
168 
 
 MERICAN REVOLUTION". 
 
 1780. 
 
 surrendered. Though the Americans had only twenty 
 men killed, the loss of Colonel Williams, a bravi 
 and efficient officer, who was among the slain, was very much 
 felt. The blow was a severe one to Cornwallis, and compelled 
 hirn to make a retrograde march into South Carolina. 
 
 XL Marion* (ma -re-un), by his 
 stratagems and expedients, con 
 tinued to frustrate the purposes of 
 British detachments, and Sumter, 
 appearing again in the field after 
 his rout at Fishing Creek, was 
 victorious in two engagements 
 one at Fishdam Ford, with Major 
 Wemyss (wtmz), and the other 
 at Blackstocks, with Tarleton. 
 
 XII. At the north, in the mean 
 time, events of great importance 
 were taking place. Sir Henry Clinton, having heard that 
 a mutinous spirit was breaking out in Washington s army, 
 deemed the occasion propitious for an expedition. Accord 
 ingly, a force of five thousand men, under Knyphausen, 
 advanced into New Jersey, took possession of Elizabeth, and 
 burned " Connecticut Farms," a village now called Union. 
 In a second advance, also led by Knyphausen, the British were 
 met at Springfield, on the 23d of June, and repulsed. 
 
 GENERAL MARION. 
 
 ny to 
 His death occurred in 1795. 
 
 XL QUESTIONS. 48. What is said of Marion s successes? 49. OfSumter s? 50. 
 Where is Fishdam Ford? (See map, p. 164.) 51. Where is Blackstocks? (See 
 map, p. 164.) 
 
 XII. 52. What prompted Clinton to send an expedition into New Jersey? 53. 
 What expedition did he send ? 54. What did Knyphausen accomplish in his first 
 advance? 55. How is the village of Union situated? (See map, p. 68.) 56. How 
 is the city of Elizabeth situated? (See map, p. 136.) 57. What was the city of 
 Elizabeth formerly called ? Ans. Elizabethtown. 58. When did a battle take place 
 at Springfield? 59. What was the result? 60. How is Springfield situated ? (See 
 map, p. 136.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 160 
 
 TREASON OF ARNOLD. 
 
 XIII. The year 1780 is particu 
 larly memorable for the treason of 
 Arnold. In 1778, directly after 
 the British had evacuated Phila 
 delphia, Washington appointed 
 Arnold to the command of that 
 city, as the state of his wound, re 
 ceived at Still water, would not per 
 mit him to resume active duty. 
 At Philadelphia he lived at an ex 
 pense far beyond his income, and, 
 to meet the demands of his credi 
 tors, appropriated public funds to 
 his own use. Charges were pre 
 ferred against him, and, though 
 
 acquitted by a court-martial of actual criminal intent, he was 
 adjudged to be reprimanded by Washington. 
 
 XIV. The decision of the court was received by Arnold 
 with an ill grace, and with evident emotions of resentment ; 
 and though Washington administered the sentence with great 
 delicacy and consideration, Arnold felt the disgrace, and de 
 termined to effect a plan by which he might wreak his ven 
 geance, and, at the same time, repair his fortune. 
 
 XV. He had already made secret advances to the enemy, 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 61. For what is the year 1780 particularly memorable ? 62. 
 When was Arnold appointed to a command at Philadelphia? 63. Why was he not 
 given a command requiring greater activity? 64. What is said of Arnold s style of 
 living at Philadelphia? 65. What misappropriation of funds did he make? 66. 
 What followed ? 
 
 XIV. 67. How did Arnold receive tht decision of the court ? 68. How did Wash 
 ington perform his unpleasant task? 69. Upon what did Arnold determine? 
 
 XV. 70. Of what had Arnold already been guilty? 71. What command did he 
 solicit? 72. What correspondence was he at that time engaged in? 73. What is 
 said of the importance of West Point ? 74. Where is it situated ? .(See map, p. 169.) 
 75. How did Arnold s request strike Washington? 76. Why then did he grant tho 
 request ? 
 
 8 
 
170 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1780. 
 
 under a feigned name; and while actually engaged in 
 a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, 
 he solicited the command of West Point, then the strongest 
 and most important fortress in the United States. Washing 
 ton expressed surprise that an officer so remarkable for energy 
 and activity should seek a post where there was compara 
 tively so little to be done ; but, having confidence in Arnold s 
 patriotism, he granted the request. 
 
 IIEAD-QUABTERS, OPPOSITE WEST POINT. 
 
 XVI. The treasonable correspondence had now been car 
 ried on eighteen months. The plot was ripe. Arnold was m 
 the command of an important fortress which he proposed to 
 betray into the hands of the British ; and Major Andre, aide- 
 de-camp to Clinton, was sent to complete the plan of treason 
 and adjust the traitor s recompense. Andre left New York, 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 77. How long had Arnold carried on his correspondence with 
 Clinton before the treasonable plot was ripe ? 7S. On what mission was Andre sent? 
 79. Who was Andre ? 80. How did Andre reach Arruold ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 171 
 
 proceeded up the Hudson, and, at a place about six miles 
 below West Point, met Arnold and completed the bargain. 
 
 XVII. Instead of returning by water, as had been previ 
 ously arranged, circumstances compelled Andre to cross to 
 the east side of the Hudson, and proceed towards New York 
 by land. When near Tarry town, he was stopped by three 
 militiamen John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van 
 Wart and searched. In his boots were found a number of 
 papers in Arnold s own hand-writing ; and he was therefore 
 pronounced a spy. In vain he remonstrated, and attempted 
 to bribe his captors ; they conducted him to North Castle, 
 the nearest military station of the Americans. 
 
 XVIII. Colonel Jameson, the 
 commander at North Castle, in 
 stead of initiating measures for the 
 capture of Arnold, stupidly dis 
 patched a letter to that officer, in 
 forming him of the circumstances 
 of the arrest. The traitor, startled 
 and alarmed upon reading the let 
 ter, immediately escaped on board 
 
 the British sloop-of-war Vulture, BENEDICT ARNQLD 
 
 the vessel which had been intend 
 ed for Andre s return, and took refuge in New York. 
 
 XIX. Andre was conveyed to Tappan, a village on the 
 west side of the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown, and there tried 
 by a court-martial, found guilty, and, agreeably to the law 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 81. What change was made in Andre s traveling arrange 
 ments? 82. What was the consequence? 83. Where is Tarrytown? (See map, p. 
 169.) 84. Give the names of the three persons who arrested him. 85. What was 
 the result of the search ? 86. Did Andre endeavor to effect his release, or not ? 87. 
 By what means ? 88. What did his captors do with him ? 89. Where is North Cas 
 tle? (See map, p. 4T.) 
 
 XVIII. 90. Who commanded the Americans at North Castle? 91. What folly 
 did he perpetrate ? 92. What was the consequence ? 
 
 XIX. 93. Whither was Andre taken ? 94. How is Tappan situated ? 95. Where 
 was he executed ? (See map, p. 169.) 96. How was Arnold rewarded for his 
 treachery ? 
 
172 AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 and usages of nations, executed as a spy Arnold* 
 was made a brigadier-general in the British service, 
 
 and received six thousand three hundred pounds sterling as 
 
 an additional reward for his treachery. 
 
 * Benedict Arnold was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. After the Revolution he was engaged 
 in business for a time at St. John s, New Brunswick. He went to England, and at London, where he 
 died in 1801, he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. What foreign negotiations were commenced in 1776? 154 
 
 2. What acknowledgment did France make in 1778 ? 154 
 
 3. What treaty was also made at the same time ? 154 
 
 4. Who, on the part of the United States, signed the treaty?. . . . 154 
 
 5. What effect did Burgoyne s surrender have in England? 154 
 
 6. Upon what mission were commissioners sent to America?. ... 154 
 
 7. How did Congress act with reference to the commissioners?. . 154 
 
 8. What error did one of the commissioners fall into? 154 
 
 9. How did General Reed reply to him ? 154 
 
 10. What foreign squadron was fitted out to aid the Americans?. 155 
 
 11. By whom was Howe succeeded in the command of the British? 155 
 
 12. Why did not D Estaing capture the British fleet? 155 
 
 13. When did Clinton evacuate the city of Philadelphia ? 155 
 
 14. By whom was he pursued towards New York? 155 
 
 15. When did the battle of Monmouth occur ? 155 
 
 1G. Give an account of the battle 155, 156 
 
 17. What was the loss of the British during the battle and retreat? 156 
 
 18. How did Lee take the rebuke from Washington ? 156 
 
 19. Upon how many and what charges was he tried? 156 
 
 -20. What is said of the investigation and its result ? 156 
 
 21 Give the subsequent account of Lee 156 
 
 22. Where was Pigot in command during the summer of 1778?.. . 157 
 
 23. What rendered the place important at the time ? 157 
 
 24. What enterprise was decided upon against it? 156, 157 
 
 25. Into what harbor did D Estaing s fleet enter? 157 
 
 26 What was done by Sullivan at the same time ? 157 
 
 27 How was D Estaing diverted from the attack upon Newport?. 157 
 
 28. Upon his return to Newport, what announcement did he make? 157 
 
 29. How was the announcement received by the Americans?. . . . 157 
 
 30. Give an account of the battle that took place on the island. .158,159 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 173 
 
 PAGE 
 
 31. What fortunate retreat did Sullivan afterward make? 158 
 
 32. Give an account of Grey s marauding expedition 158 
 
 33. When did the " Massacre of Wyoming" take place? 158 
 
 34. When did the " Massacre of Cherry Valley" take place ? 158 
 
 35. Upon what southenf expeditioii was Campbell sent? 158. 159 
 
 36. Give an account of the battle between him and Gen. R. Howe 159 
 
 37. What did the Americans hold in Georgia at the opening of 17 79? 159 
 
 38. When and by whom was Sunbury captured? 159 
 
 39. How did the force under Colonel Boyd originate 159 
 
 40. Give an account of the battle between him and Pickens 159 
 
 41. Who, in 1779, commanded the American troops at the South? 159 
 
 42. On what expedition did Lincoln send General Ashe? 160 
 
 43. Give an account of the battle between Ashe and Prevost 160 
 
 44. Give an account of the battle of Stono Ferry 160 
 
 45. What was done by Tryon in his second and third expeditions?. 160 
 
 46. By whom was the recapture of Stony Point planned? 160 
 
 47. Give an account of Wayne s brilliant achievement. , 160, 161 
 
 48. What brilliant success crowned the efforts of Major Lee? 161 
 
 49. Where, in Maine, had the British established a military post?. 161 
 
 50. Give an account of the expedition against it 161 
 
 51. On what westward expedition was Sullivan sent? 162 
 
 52. What did he accomplish during tho expedition ? 162 
 
 53. What preparations were made, in 1779, to recover Savannah?. 162 
 
 54. Give an account of the battle of Savannah 162 
 
 55. What account can you give of Pulaski? 141, 162 
 
 56. Where did Paul Jones have his famous naval battle ? 163 
 
 57. Give an account of it 163 
 
 58. Give an account of the operations against Charleston 163, 164 
 
 59. What expeditions did Clinton send into the interior? 164, 165 
 
 60. What success did they meet with ? 165 
 
 61. After Lincoln s capture, who succeeded to his command? .... 165 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of Sanders Creek 166 
 
 63. Give an account of the battle of King s Mountain.. * 167, 168 
 
 64. Of the events which led to Arnold s treason 169 170 
 
 65. What place did Arnold propose to surrender to tho British?.. . 170 
 
 66. Whom did Clinton send to negotiate with Arnold ? 170 
 
 67. At what place did Andre and Arnold meet ? 171 
 
 68. State the circumstances of Andre s arrest 171 
 
 69. What further account can you give of Andre? 171, 172 
 
 70. How did Arnold succeed in making his escape ? 171 
 
 71. How did the British afterward reward liim ? 172 
 
174 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1781. 
 
 I. The Pennsylvania line of troops, to the number of thir 
 teen hundred, having experienced much suffering through 
 want of pay, clothing, and provisions, left their camp at Morris- 
 town, with the intention of marching to Philadelphia and de 
 manding redress from Congress. At Princeton they were over 
 taken by two emissaries whom Clinton had sent, for the pur 
 pose of inducing them by bribes to enter the service of the king. 
 
 II. Though smarting under the neglect to which they had 
 been subjected, the troops were not to be bribed. Regarding 
 Clinton s attempt as a reflection upon their fidelity to the 
 cause of freedom, they seized the emissaries and conducted 
 them to General Wayne, to be treated as spies. While at 
 Princeton a committee of Congress met the disaffected sol 
 diers, and, after making concessions and granting relief, settled 
 the difficulty. The two emissaries were tried by court martial, 
 found guilty, and executed as spies. 
 
 III. The plan of concession by which the troubles with the 
 Pennsylvania troops were settled, had a pernicious effect ; for 
 the example of the Pennsylvanians was soon followed by a 
 part of the Jersey troops, who claimed like treatment ; but 
 Washington, by vigorous measures, not only quelled this 
 second mutiny, but repressed all similar manifestations among 
 other portions of the army. 
 
 IV. However much these two demonstrations were regretted 
 at the time, they produced a quickening and salutary effect 
 upon Congress. Direct taxes were resorted to, an agent was 
 sent to Europe for aid, the Bank of North America was char 
 tered, and other efficient measures were adopted for the support 
 
 EVENTS OF 1781. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What is said of the mutiny Of the Pennsyl 
 vania troops ? 2. Where and by whom were they overtaken ? 
 
 II. 3. What did the troops do with the emissaries ? 4. What was finally done 
 with them ? 5. How was the difficulty with the troops settled ? 
 
 III. 6. What is said of the method by which the difficulty with the Pennsylvania 
 troops was settled? 7. How was that soon shown? 8. How were the Jersey 
 troops dealt with ? 9. What was the effect ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 175 
 
 EGBERT MORRIS. 
 
 of the army and the maintenance 
 of the government. Through the 
 exertions of Robert Morris,* as su 
 perintendent of the national treas 
 ury, and by the help of the bank, 
 was Congress mainly enabled to 
 prosecute the war. 
 
 V. Early in 1781, two months 
 after he had joined the British, 
 Arnold was appointed to the 
 command of an expedition 
 
 against Virginia. With about twelve hundred men, he sailed 
 up the James River to Richmond, plundered and destroyed 
 public and private property there, and all his movements, in 
 every direction, were marked by ravages and distress. 
 
 VI. Descending the river, he took post at Portsmouth. An 
 opportunity for his defeat and capture seeming full of promise, 
 Washington arranged a plan by which troops under Lafay 
 ette,! co-operating with a French fleet from Rhode Island, 
 were to make the attempt. But the effort failed in conse 
 quence of the British fleet, under Arbuthnot, overtaking, that 
 of the French off the capes of Virginia, and, after an engage 
 ment of about 0&i hour, compelling it to return. 
 
 VII. Gates s defeat at Sanders Creek craised his removal 
 from the command of the Southern troops, and the appoint 
 ment of Greene in his place. Establishing a camp on the 
 
 * Robert Morris was born in Lancashire, England, in 1734. He came to America when thirteen yeara 
 old, and was educated at Philadelphia. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. 
 After the Revolution, he lost, by laud speculations, an immense fortune which he had gained in the China 
 trade, and he died at Philadelphia, in 1S06, in comparative poverty. 
 
 t The Marquis de Lafayette was born in France, of an ancient and distinguished family, in 1757. He 
 was iu the battles of Brandywine, Monmouth, and Yorktown, and was a member of the court that tried 
 Aiidr6 as a spy. He died in Paris, in 1834. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 10. "What is said of the effect which the two uprisings of the 
 troops had upon the Congress? 11. What measures did Congress adopt ? 12. What 
 is said of Robert Morris s exertions? 
 
 V. 13. When did Arnold commence operations in behalf of those to whom he had 
 deserted? 14. What is said of his expedition? 15. Describe the James Kiver. 
 (See map, p. 85.) 
 
 VI. 16. How is Portsmouth situated? (See map, p. 44.) 17. What plan of cap 
 ture did Washington arrange ? 18. Why did it fail ? 
 
176 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1781. 
 
 LAFAYETTE. 
 
 Great Pedec, the first care of the new commander was 
 to reorganize the army, after vvhich, separating it into 
 two divisions, he sent one, under 
 Morgan, to check the devastations 
 of the British in the western part 
 of South Carolina; the other, he 
 retained under his own immediate 
 command. 
 
 VIII. Cornwallis no sooner 
 heard of the movement of Mor 
 gan, than he dispatched Tarle- 
 ton to disperse his force or drive 
 it out of the State. Morgan, on receiving intelligence of the 
 approach of the British, was at first inclined to make a stand 
 where he was encamped, but, being informed of the superior 
 ity of their numbers, he retreated and took a position near 
 the Cowpens. Here Tarleton found him, on the morning of 
 the 17th of January. 
 
 IX. Upon the signal being given, the British rushed for 
 ward with a shout, and a conflict ensued, in which, though 
 Tarleton was confident of success, up to almost the very close 
 of the battle, the Americans were completely victorious, inflict 
 ing a loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, of more than 
 eight hundred men, while their own did not exceed seventy. 
 The battle of the Cowpens was one of the most decisive of the 
 Revolution. The patriots fought, actuated by a desire to re 
 venge the wrongs and outrages which the Tories and English 
 had committed upon them, their neighbors, and their homes, 
 
 VIL QUESTIONS. 19. What change in commanders did Gates s defeat at the South 
 cause? 20. Where did Greene establish a camp? 21. Into what river does that 
 flow ? (See map, p. 164.) 22. How did he divide his army, ana what did he do with 
 one of the divisions? 
 
 VIII. 23. What expedition was dispatched by Cornwallis ? 24 What movement 
 did Morgan make? 25. Where is the Cowpens? (See map, p. 164.) 26. When did 
 the battle of the Cowpens take place ? 
 
 IX. 2T. Give an account of the battle. 28. What is said of the decisiveness of the 
 battle ? 29. What is said of the desire which actuated the patriots? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 177 
 
 and the result was a blow which perceptibly paralyzed the 
 power of the royalists in the South. 
 
 X. Morgan* did not linger on 
 the battle-field. Believing that 
 Cornwallis would advance upon 
 him with an overwhelming force as 
 soon as he should hear of Tarle- 
 ton s defeat, the victor set out in 
 a northeasterly direction, his ob 
 ject being to get across the Cataw 
 ba before the enemy, then only 
 
 .twenty-five miles distant, could 
 
 intercept him. Nor was he mis- GENERAL MORGAN. 
 
 taken with regard to the movement of Cornwallis. That com 
 mander soon received the inglorious tidings from the Cowpens, 
 and, starting off in pursuit of Morgan, reached the Catawba at 
 evening, on the 29th, just two hours after the Americans had 
 forded the river. He halted, intending to cross in the morning, 
 but during the night a heavy rain set in, and by daybreak 
 the stream was so swollen as to be impassable. 
 
 XI. Greene, who had received intelligence of the victory 
 and pursuit, hurried forward with only a guard of dragoons, 
 and, reaching the east side of the Catawba, took command of 
 Morgan s division, and continued the retreat. After some de 
 lay and opposition, Cornwallis effected a crossing, and reached 
 the Yadkin only in time to capture a few wagons which had 
 lingered in the rear of the retreating army. Another fall of 
 rain, which had occurred during the day, overflowed the ford 
 
 * Daniel Morgan was born in New Jersey, in 1736. He was with Braddock in the expedition of 1758, 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^&^^^-&Sf^ 
 BSaS3tta5RS^ ft^" 1 " " """ "*" " "" ^SJES <" 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 30. Why did Morgan hurry away after his victory? 31. What 
 movement did Cornwallis make? 32. How were the Americans aided as if provi 
 dentially? 
 
 XI. 33. Who now assumed command of the American army ? 34 Give an ac 
 count of the pursuit as far as the Yadkin. 35. Describe the Yadkin. (See map, p. 
 164) 36. How were the Americans aided the second time ? 
 
 8* 
 
GENERAL GREENE. 
 
 178 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 Cornwallis had expected to use, and lie was therefore 
 compelled to find a crossing higher up. 
 
 XII. By stratagems and manoeuvers, Greene succeeded in 
 reaching tbe Dan River, and effected a crossing just as the 
 astonished enemy appeared on the opposite bank. Grieved 
 and vexed, Cornwallis abandoned the pursuit, and marched 
 southward to Hillsboro (hilz -bur-reh). 
 
 XIII. Greene* recrossed the 
 Dan, and, with his force increased 
 to over four thousand men, felt 
 himself to be in sufficient 
 strength to confront Cornwallis 
 with boldness. But at Guil- 
 ford (ghil -furd) Court House, 
 in North Carolina, he was attack 
 ed on the 15th of March, and, 
 after one of the severest actions 
 of the war, was forced to retreat. 
 
 His loss, in killed and wounded, amounted to four hundred 
 men, in addition to which, many of the militia deserted. 
 
 The result, though a victory to the British, cost them, in 
 killed, wounded, and missing, more than five hundred men, 
 and so disabled Cornwallis as to compel him to retreat from 
 the field of victory. 
 
 XIY. Undismayed by his reverse, Greene determined to 
 follow the victor, and again give battle. The pursuit was 
 
 Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, at Warwick, Rhode Island, in 1742. He aided, at the 
 hMtallag of the Revolution, in driving the British from Boston, and he took a distinfruished part in the 
 b ?" le ?" f Trenton IVinceton Brandy "ine,Germantown, and Quaker Hill; and commanded in the battle* 
 v.f Guilford Court House. Hobkirk s Hill, and Eutaw Springs. He died of " sun-stroke," in Georgia, near 
 
 XIL QUESTIONS. 37. Give an account of the retreat and pursuit after leaving the 
 Tadkin. 38. Describe the Dan Kivcr. (See map, p. 164.) 39. To what place did 
 Cornwallis then march ? 40. Where is Hillsboro ? (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 XIII. 41. What bold movement did Greene malw ? 42. At what place did Corn 
 wallis attack Greene? 43. When was the attack made? 44. How is Guilford Court 
 House situated ? (See map, p. 164.) 45. Give an account of the battle. 
 
 XIV. 46. What singular pursuit followed? 47. At what place did Greene almost 
 succeed in overtaking Cornwallis? 48. Describe the Deep Elver, flee map, p. 164.) 
 49. Where is Wilmington? (See map, p. 164) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 179 
 
 eagerly kept up for several days, and the retreating enemy was 
 almost overtaken at the Deep River ; but there, in conse 
 quence of the bridge being broken down, and also because of 
 the fatigue of his men, Greene had to give up the chase. 
 Cornwallis did not halt until he reached Wilmington. 
 
 XV. Discharging a large number of the militia whose term 
 of service had expired, Greene, with his reduced army, formed 
 the bold resolve of entering South Carolina, and attacking the 
 enemy at Camden. Lord Rawdon, who commanded the post 
 at that place, wrote to Cornwallis, informing him of the threat 
 ening danger ; but, believing that he would not be able to 
 reach Camden in time to aid in its defense, Cornwallis took 
 advantage of Greene s absence from North Carolina, and 
 marched through that State into Virginia, where his army was 
 strengthened by large additions. 
 
 XVI. Greene appeared before Camden, but, finding the 
 enemy there stronger, in position and numbers, than he had 
 anticipated, withdrew to Hobkirk s Hill, about two miles 
 distant. Here he was partly surprised by Rawdon, on the 
 25th of April, but succeeded in forming his troops and repel 
 ling the first advance against him. Victory, for a time, hung 
 in the balance : more than once, the British drove the Ameri 
 cans before them, but were compelled to recede before the 
 impetuous charges of the patriots. At length, a regiment of 
 the Americans was charged so furiously that it broke and fell 
 into disorder. The enemy followed up this success vigorously, 
 until the disheartened Americans retreated in one mass. 
 
 XVII. Each party lost about two hundred and fifty men, 
 
 XV. QUESTIONS. 50. What movement into South .Carolina did Greene then 
 make? 51. Why was his resolve a bold one? 52. Of what did Eawdon inform 
 Cornwallis ? 53. Why did not Cornwallis go to the rescue of Eawdon ? 54. What 
 did Cornwallis do instead ? 
 
 XVI. 55. Why did not Greene attack Eawdon at Camden ? 56. To what place 
 did Greene withdraw? 51. What occurred there? 58. When did it occur? 59. 
 Give an account of the battle. 
 
 XVII. 60. What loss did each party sustain in the battle? 61. Why did not the 
 British follow up their advantage ? 62. Whither did Eawdon go, directly after the 
 battle? 63. In what situation did he find himself there ? 64. What was ho then 
 compelled to do? 
 
180 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 but, as at the battle of Guilford Court House, the 
 British, though victorious, were too much cut up to 
 allow them to pursue the advantage which they had gained. 
 They re-entered Camden, but finding their supplies cut off 
 by the Americans, and realizing that by the northward 
 march of Cornwallis no aid could be expected, they adopted 
 the only alternative, that of evacuation, and Camden was left 
 in flames. 
 
 XVIII. A number of successes, in rapid succession, now at 
 tended the American arms at the South. In pursuance of 
 Greene s plan of operations, Colonel Henry Lee was detached 
 with a small body of troops, known as " Lee s Legion," and, 
 in consort with Marion, Sumter,* Pickens, and other partisan 
 chiefs, carried on a harassing warfare against the enemy s scat 
 tered posts. Forts Watson, Motte, and Granby, fell into the 
 hands of the Americans, and Augusta, Georgia, also surren 
 dered after a siege of about two weeks. 
 
 XIX. Only three posts in South Carolina Ninety-Six, 
 Eutaw Springs, and Charleston remained in the hands of 
 the British. Greene proceeded against Ninety-Six,f but after 
 besieging it for almost a month, and making an unsuccessful 
 assault, the approach of Rawdon compelled him to raise the 
 siege, and he retreated before the arrival of the enemy. A 
 foray which he subsequently planned, against the British troops 
 in the vicinity of Charleston, was partially successful. 
 
 XX. As the fortunes of the British were beginning to de- 
 
 * Thomas Sumter was born in South Carolina, about 1734. Durinsr the Revolution he took an active 
 arid able part as one of the partisan leaders at the South. The qualitiea of bravery, determination, and 
 cheerfulness, which he exhibited, endeared him to his followers, who bestowed upon him the sobriquet of the 
 "Carolina Game-Cock. " Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was so named in honor of him. His death 
 occurred in South Carolina, in 1832. 
 
 t The post of Ninety-Six was so called, because it was ninety-six miles from Prince George, a frontier 
 fott in the northwestern part of South Carolina. 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 65. How did the American arms then fare? 66. What is 
 said of Colonel Lee and others ? 67. Name four of the places that fell into the hands 
 of the Americans. 63. Give the situation of the four places. (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 XIX. 69. How many posts were then left to the British? 70. Give the situation 
 of the three places. (See map, p. 164.) 71. Give an account of Greene s attempt 
 against Ninety-Six. 72. What is said of a foray ? 
 
 XX. 73. What call did Kawdon make upon the people? 74. How came he to 
 make such a call ? 75. Who was Colonel Isaac Hayne ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 181 
 
 cline, even Charleston itself being threatened, Rawdon called 
 upon all persons who had given in their adhesion to the royal 
 cause, to repair at once to his standard. Among the persons so 
 called was Colonel Isaac Hayne, a distinguished patriot of South 
 Carolina, who had been assured, when he took the oath of 
 adherence, that he would never be required to take np arms 
 against his countrymen. 
 
 XXI. Believing this call to be in violation of the agree 
 ment, and being thus compelled to assume the sword either 
 for or against the patriots, he did not hesitate to choose the 
 former. At the head of a troop of horse he gained some 
 advantages, but, being surprised and captured, was taken to 
 Charleston. After a brief examination, without any trial what 
 ever, he was sentenced to be hung ; and, although the citizens 
 united in petitioning for his pardon, the sentence was duly 
 executed on the 4th- of August. 
 
 XXII. Towards the latter part of August, Greene, who had 
 been for several weeks on the " high hills of Santee," broke 
 up his encampment to march against Stuart, who was then 
 not twenty miles off. As he advanced, Stuart retreated to 
 Eutaw Springs. Here, on the 8th of September, Greene, 
 with a force not exceeding two thousand men, attacked 
 the enemy, twenty-three hundred strong. 
 
 XXIII. The contest was desperate, and, at one time, vic 
 tory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the British rally 
 ing, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about five 
 hundred prisoners. The enemy decamped during the night. 
 In this battle, which may be said to have ended the contest in 
 South Carolina, both parties claimed the victory. Washing- 
 
 XXI. QUESTIONS. 76. What belief did Hayne hold respecting Eawdon s call f 
 77. What course did he consequently adopt? 78. What further account can you 
 give of him ? 
 
 XXII. 79. What movement did Greene make in August? 80. Where was a bat 
 tle fought in the next month ? 81. Near what river did the battle take place ? (See 
 map, p. 164.) 82. How did the battle commence? 
 
 XXIII. 83. Give a further account of the battle. 84. What may be said of the 
 battle as regards the contest South? 85. How did Washington consider the result? 
 
182 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 1781 t0n cons idered it a victory for the Americans, as the 
 advantage certainly was with them. 
 
 XXIV. Cornwallis s operations in Virginia, during the .sum 
 mer of 1781, were very distressing to the patriots, property 
 to the value of several millions having been destroyed thereby. 
 Lafayette had endeavored to check these operations, but 
 owing to the inferiority of his force, was not able to make, a 
 stand against Cornwallis. 
 
 XXV. Clinton, believing New York to be menaced by a 
 combined force of French and Americans, directed Cornwallis 
 to take a position near the sea, from which he might readily 
 send re-enforcements to the city, when called upon. The order 
 was obeyed. Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, on the south 
 side of York River, Virginia, opposite a promontory called 
 Gloucester (glos -ter). 
 
 XXVI. The expected arrival of a French fleet, under Count 
 de Grasse (du grass), in Chesapeake Bay, induced Washing 
 ton to abandon the design which he had meditated against 
 New York and proceed against Cornwallis, but, while doing 
 so, to continue preparations as if against New York. The 
 consequence was, that before Clinton became aware of the 
 real intentions of the American commander, a body of French 
 troops from Rhode Island and Washington s army were well 
 on their way to Virginia. 
 
 XXVII. Clinton, finding it too late to adopt any direct 
 measures against the great southward movement wherein the 
 
 XXIV. QUESTIONS. 86. What is said of Cornwallis s operations during the sum 
 mer of 1781 ? 87. What had Lafayette endeavored to do? 
 
 XXV. 88. What direction was sent to Cornwallis ? 89. "Why was he so directed? 
 90. How did Cornwallis obey? 91. How is Yorktown situated? 92. In what direc 
 tion is Yorktown from Hampton? (See map, p. 237.) 
 
 XXVI. 93. Why did Washington abandon his design against New York ? 94. 
 What new project did he then determine upon ? 95. In what way did he undertake 
 to deceive the enemy ? 96. Before Clinton became aware of his intentions, how far 
 had his project progressed? 
 
 XXVII. 97. What expedition did Clinton hurry off? 98. What was his object in 
 sending the expedition ? 99. When did Arnold reach the harbor of New London ? 
 100. How is New London situated? 101. How was it defended? 102. Into what 
 body of water does the Thames flow ? (See map, p. 183.) 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 183 
 
 French and Americans were combined, undertook to recall 
 Washington by hurrying off an expedition of devastation to 
 the eastward, under the command of Arnold. At daybreak, 
 on the morning of the 6th of September, 
 Arnold appeared off the harbor of New 
 London, with a large fleet, carrying a 
 strong land and marine force. New Lon 
 don is situated on the west bank of the 
 Thames River, three miles from its mouth ; 
 and the approach to it was defended by 
 Fort Trumbull, on the west side of the ***%. AN 
 river, and Fort Griswold on the east. 
 
 XXVIII. The invaders were landed in two divisions ; one, 
 under Colonel Eyre (ire), on the east side, and the other, com 
 manded by Arnold himself, on the west or New London side. 
 Arnold advanced, meeting with but little resistance in taking 
 Fort Trumbull, or in making himself master of the town. 
 The militia which manned the fort, finding it untenable, aban 
 doned their post and went to the aid of Fort Griswold, on the 
 opposite side of the river 
 
 XXIX. Meanwhile, Eyre proceeded against Fort Griswold, 
 which had been hastily garrisoned by about a hundred and 
 fifty militia, under the brave Colonel Ledyard. After a des 
 perate contest, in which the assailants were repeatedly re 
 pulsed, losing their commander and many men, the fort was 
 at last carried. Irritated by the opposition which they 
 had met, the victors set upon the garrison without mercy, 
 killing and maiming more in the massacre that followed than 
 in the previous contest. Colonel Ledyard was among the 
 first slaughtered. Major Bromfield, a malevolent Tory, who 
 
 XXVIII. QUESTIONS. 103. In what way did the invaders proceed ? 104. What 
 success did Arnold meet with ? 105. Whither did the garrison of Fort Trumbull 
 go? 
 
 XXIX. 106. By whom was Fort Griswold garrisoned? 107. By whom con> 
 manded ? 108. What is said of the contest and loss of men before the fort was car 
 ried? 109. What is said of the massacre that took place afterward? 110. Relate 
 the case of Colonel Ledyard. 
 
184 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 ^ had succeeded to the command, seized the sword which 
 
 Ledyard was in the act of yielding up, and plunged it 
 through the body of the brave man, killing him upon the spot. 
 XXX. Arnold, in the mean time, had not been idle. He 
 burnt a number of vessels all that had not effected their es 
 cape up the river applied the torch to New London, and, 
 while the town was in flames, retreated to his boats. 
 
 VIEW OF NEW LONDON. 
 
 XXXI. Arnold s expedition against Connecticut, though 
 successful in itself, failed of its main object the recall of 
 Washington from the South ; and consequently Cornwallis s 
 position there was becoming every day more critical. York- 
 town was besieged. The troops investing it were from the 
 fleet of De Grasse, in addition to other French troops from 
 Rhode Island, under Count de Rochambeau (ro-sham-bo ), and 
 "Washington was there as commander-in-chief of the combined 
 
 XXX. QUESTIONS. 111. What had Arnold accomplished in the mean time ? 112. 
 In what dircctionfrom New Haven is New London? (See map, p. 47.) 
 
 XXXI. 113. What is said of the success of Arnold s expedition ? 114. What was 
 the consequence to Cornwallis? 115. Of what troops were the besiegers composed? 
 116. What service did De Grasse render ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 185 
 
 army, with a large American force. De Grasse blockaded 
 the York and James Rivers and guarded the entrance to 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 XXXII. A British fleet, under 
 Admiral Graves, which had been 
 sent from New York for the re 
 lief of the besieged, appeared off 
 the capes of Virginia, when De 
 Grasse sallied forth, and a partial 
 action took place. After remain 
 ing in sight of the French fleet 
 during five days, Graves, despair 
 ing of success, bore away for New 
 York. 
 
 XXXTII. On the 9th of Octo 
 ber, the allied armies besieging 
 Yorktown commenced a cannon 
 ade so heavy that, in a day or two, most of the British works 
 were demolished, and several vessels in the harbor were burned. 
 In this desperate extremity Cornwallis determined to escape, 
 if possible, by crossing to Gloucester, cutting his way through 
 a French detachment stationed there, and, by rapid marches, 
 to reach New York. But his plan was frustrated. A violent 
 storm dispersed his boats after one division of his army had 
 crossed the river, and the attempt was necessarily abandoned. 
 
 XXXIV. His position becoming untenable, and seeing no 
 prospect of relief from Clinton, on the 19th of October, 1781, 
 Cornwallis* surrendered Yorktown and Gloucester, with more 
 than seven thousand British soldiers, to Washington : his 
 shipping and seamen he surrendered to De Grasse. 
 
 * Lord Cornwallis was born in 1738. After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command 
 in India, where he inaugurated a series of victories by which the British authority there was finally estab 
 lished. He died in India, in 1805. 
 
 LORD COENWALLIS. 
 
 XXXII. QUESTIONS. 117. What naval movement took place? 118. "What did 
 Graves afterwards do? 
 
 XXXIII. 119. What is said of the besiegers cannonade ? 120. What attempt at 
 escape did Cornwallis make ? 121. What prevented the success of the attempt ? 
 
 XXXIV. 122. State the circumstances of Cornwallis s surrender. 
 
1 86 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION, AND EVENTS TO THE BE 
 GINNING OP WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. The surrender of Cornwallis caused great rejoicings 
 throughout the United States, being considered a death-blow 
 to the war. The effect in England was as might have been 
 anticipated. Public opinion became so decidedly opposed to 
 the further prosecution of hostilities, that, upon the formation 
 of a new ministry, negotiations were entered into for the es 
 tablishment of peace. 
 
 II. A convention of commissioners from the two countries 
 met at Paris, four of whom, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Jay, and Henry Laurens, represented the United States, 
 and, on the 30th of November, 1782, they signed a prelimi 
 nary treaty. A cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
 American army on the 19th of April, 1783, the eighth anni 
 versary of the battle of Lexington ; and, on the 3d of Septem 
 ber following, a definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paris. 
 
 III. By the terms of the treaty, Great Britain acknowledged 
 the independence of the United States, allowed boundaries 
 extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi 
 on the west, and conceded an unlimited right to fish on the 
 banks of Newfoundland. Florida was, at the same time, re 
 turned to Spain. 
 
 IV. The close of the war found the national treasury empty : 
 the States were unable to respond to the call of Congress for 
 money, and the resource of foreign loans was about exhausted. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE BEVOLUTION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What effect did Cornwallis s sur 
 render have in America and England ? 
 
 II. 2. Where did peace commissioners from the two countries meet? 3. Who 
 were the American commissioners? 4. When was a preliminary treaty signed? 5 
 What took place on the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington ? 6. When was 
 a definitive treaty signed ? 
 
 III. 7. What did the United States secure by the terms of the treaty ? 
 
 IV. 8. What was the condition of things at the close of the war? 9. What was 
 the consequence? 10. Where was the influence of Washington felt? 11. What ar 
 rangements were soon made ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 187 
 
 The government was unable to meet the just claims made 
 upon it, and the consequence was general discontent, particu 
 larly among the officers and privates of the army. Through 
 the influence of Washington the discontents in the army were 
 soothed, and arrangements were soon after made by which 
 Congress granted five years whole pay to the officers, instead 
 of, as by resolution passed in 1780, half-pay for life. Four 
 months whole pay was granted to the soldiers, in part pay 
 ment of their claims. 
 
 V. In conformity with general orders of Congress, the 
 army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1783; and on 
 the 25th of the same month, Sir Guy Carleton, who had suc 
 ceeded Sir Henry Clinton, evacuated New York. After the 
 retirement of the British from the city, Washington met his 
 officers there, and, * with a heart full of love and gratitude," 
 took leave of them. 
 
 VI. Washington then re 
 paired to Annapolis, where 
 Congress was in session at the 
 time, and, on the 23d of De 
 cember, 1783, resigned to that 
 body his commission as com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Ameri 
 can army. His simple and 
 impressive address upon the 
 occasion, and the touching re 
 sponse of General Mifflin,* 
 the president of Congress, 
 
 GENEUAL MIFFLIN. 
 
 * Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, in 1744. By birth and education he waa a Quaker, but, not 
 withstanding the peace principles of that sect, he was one of the first to enlist in the military service at 
 the breaking out of the Revolution. He was with Washington at Cambridge : in the battle of Long 
 Island he fought with credit, and he was also in the battle of Trenton. His death occurred at Lancaster, 
 Penu., in 1800. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 12. When was the American army disbanded ? 13. When was 
 New York evacuated by the British ? 14. After the British left, what affecting scene 
 occurred ? 
 
 VI. 15. To what place did "Washington then repair ? 16. Where is Annapolis ? 
 (See map, p. 24.) 17. State what took place at Annapolis. 18. To what place did 
 Washington then hasten ? 19. How is Mount Vernon situated ? (See map, p. 24.) 
 
188 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 affected the assemblage to tears. He then hastened to his 
 home at Mount Vernon, where, in the retirement of private 
 life, he hoped to spend the remainderof his days. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON.* 
 
 VII. Peace was no sooner established than it was foun<? 
 that, by the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, Congress had no 
 power to discharge the debts incurred by the war ; and this 
 
 Mount Vernon, the home of Washington and the place of his burial, is situated on the western bank 
 
 of the Potomac, fifteen miles from Washington city. The place, comprising the mansion, the tomb, and 
 
 two hundred acres of the original estate, was sold. in 1858, by John A. Washington, a nephew of George 
 
 Washington, to the " Ladies Mount Vernon Association," for $20Ci,000. " It is the design of the association 
 
 hold it in perpetuity as a place of public resort and pilgrimage." 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 20. What difficulty was found in regard to the debts of tho 
 Kevolution? 21. What was the consequence? 22. How did Congress undertake 
 to raise funds ? 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 189 
 
 condition of things was productive of embarrassments which 
 for a while threatened to deprive the people of the fruits 
 of their seven years contest for independence. As there 
 was no other alternative, the individual States were called 
 upon for funds, and they, in response, resorted to direct tax 
 ation. 
 
 VIII. The efforts thus made by the States were productive 
 of great excitement, especially in Massachusetts, where the 
 opposition grew to an open insurrection, known as SHAYS S 
 REBELLION. Daniel Shays, its leader, made some bold moves 
 against the courts of the State, as well as against the military 
 power; but the outbreak was suppressed, in 1787, with but 
 little bloodshed, by a strong force sent against the insurgents. 
 
 IX. This daring attempt to destroy the government, though 
 unsuccessful, filled its friends with gloomy apprehensions. 
 Other causes increased the distrust, until at last it began to 
 be generally felt thai the Articles of Confederation were not 
 at all adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and that 
 measures should be taken either to revise them, or substi 
 tute others in their place. 
 
 X. Accordingly, a convention of delegates from all the 
 States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, and their 
 first act, by a unanimous vote, was to make George Washing 
 ton their presiding officer. Instead of revising the Articles 
 of Confederation, as was at first intended, they formed a con 
 stitution, after months of deliberation, and adopted it on the 
 17th of September, 1787. This, with some amendments 
 tnade in after years, still exists as the Constitution of the 
 
 United States. 
 
 XI. The Constitution was then submitted to the people for 
 ratification, and after a thorough discussion, lasting in some 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 23. Give an account of Shays s rebellion. 
 
 IX. 24. How did Shays s attempt affect the public mind? 25. What, at last, be 
 gan to be generally felt? 
 
 X. 26. What, accordingly, took place ? 21. What was the first act of the conven 
 tion ? 28. What did the convention accomplish ? 
 
190 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 of the States for two or more years, it was accepted by every 
 one of the thirteen States. When it had been adopted by 
 eleven (the requisite number was nine), it became valid, and 
 went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 29. To whom was the Constitution then submitted ? 30. For 
 what purpose? 81. Was the Constitution thoroughly discussed or not? 32. How 
 long did the discussion last in some of the States ? 33. How many States finally ac 
 cepted it? 34. When did it go into operation ? 35. How many States had adopted 
 it up to that time ? 36. Which of the States had not adopted it when it went into 
 effect ? Ans. North Carolina and Ehode Island. 
 
 NAMES OF OFFICERS, MENTIONED IN THIS WOKK, WHO PARTICI 
 PATED, ON THE SIDE OF THE AMERICANS, IN THE REVOLUTION; 
 ARY WAR. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 DIED. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 DIED. 
 
 Gen. William Alexander (Lord 
 
 
 Major Leitch 
 
 1776 
 
 Stirling) 
 
 1783 
 
 
 
 Col. Ethan Allen 
 
 1789 
 
 Gen. Benjamin Lincoln 
 
 1810 
 
 Gen. Benedict Arnold 
 
 1801 
 
 Gen. Alex McDougall 
 
 1786 
 
 Gen. John Ashe 
 
 1781 
 
 Gen. Francis Marion 
 
 1795 
 
 Col. William Barton 
 
 1831 
 
 Gen. Hugh Mercer 
 
 1777 
 
 Col. Zebulon Butler 
 
 1795 
 
 Gen Thomas Mifflin 
 
 1799 
 
 Gen. John Cadwallader . 
 Col. William Campbell 
 
 1786 
 1781 
 
 Gen. Richard Montgomery 
 Gen Daniel Morgan 
 
 1775 
 
 1802 
 
 Gen. George Clinton 
 
 1S12 
 
 Col William Moultrie 
 
 1805 
 
 Gen. James Clinton 
 
 1812 
 
 Capt. Jonas Parker 
 
 1775 
 
 Gen. Thomas Coiiway 
 
 
 Col. Andrew Pickens. 
 
 1817 
 
 Baron De Kalb 
 
 1780 
 
 CoL William Prescott 
 
 1795 
 
 Count D Estaing 
 
 1794 
 
 Gen. Casimir Pnlaski 
 
 1779 
 
 Gen. Peter Gansevoort 
 
 1812 
 
 
 1790 
 
 Gen Horatio Gates 
 
 1806 
 
 
 1785 
 
 Count de Grasse 
 Col. Christopher Greene 
 Gen. Nathaniel Greene 
 
 1788 
 1781 
 1786 
 
 Count de Rochambeau 
 Gen. Arthur St. Clair 
 
 1807 
 1818 
 1804 
 
 Capt. Nathan Hale 
 
 1776 
 
 Gen. G G. Silliman ... . !".!.".!! 
 
 
 Col. Alexander Hamilton 
 
 1804 
 
 Col Samuel Smith 
 
 1839 
 
 Col. Isaac Havne 
 
 1781 
 
 Gen. John Stark 
 
 1822 
 
 Gen. William" Herkimer 
 
 1777 
 
 Gen. John Sullivan 
 
 1785 
 
 Gen. Robert Howe 
 
 1785 
 
 Gen Thomas Sumter 
 
 1832 
 
 Gen. Isaac linger 
 
 1S55 
 
 Gen. John Thomas 
 
 1776 
 
 Capt. John Paul Jones 
 
 1792 
 
 Col. Seth Warner 
 
 1785 
 
 Col. Thomas Knowlton 
 
 1776 
 
 Gen. Artemas Ward . . . 
 
 1800 
 
 Gen. Henry Knox 
 
 1806 
 
 Gen. Joseph Warren 
 
 1775 
 
 Col. Thaddeus Kosciusko 
 Gen. Lafayette 
 
 1817 
 1834 
 
 Gen. George Washington 
 Gen. Anthony Wavne 
 
 1799 
 1796 
 
 Col. William Ledvard 
 
 1781 
 
 Col. Marinus Willett 
 
 1830 
 
 Gen. Charles Lee 
 
 1782 
 
 Col. Jarnes Williams 
 
 1780 
 
 Col Henry Lee 
 
 1818 
 
 Gen David Wooster 
 
 1777 
 
 
 
 
 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 
 
 19] 
 
 PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party, t Doubtful 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDEK8. 
 
 MEN ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Am ricn 
 
 British. 
 
 1775. 
 
 April 19, 
 June 17, 
 Dec. 81, 
 177(5. 
 June 28, 
 AUK. 27, 
 Oct 28, 
 Nov. 16. 
 Dec. 26, 
 1777. 
 Jan. 3, 
 July 7, 
 
 Aug. 6, -j 
 
 Aug.16, ] 
 
 Sept 11, 
 Sep. 19. 
 Sept. 20, 
 Oct. 4, 
 
 Oct. 6, | 
 Oct. 7, 
 Oct. 22 J 
 
 Nov. 16, 
 1778. 
 June 28, 
 July 3, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Dec. 29, 
 1779. 
 Jan. 9, 
 Feb. 14, 
 March 3, 
 June 20, 
 July 15, 
 Aug. 13, 
 July 19, 
 Aug. 29, 
 Sept. 23, 
 Oct. 9, 
 1780. 
 April 14, 
 May 12, 
 May 29, 
 June 23, 
 July 30, 
 Aug. 6, 
 Aug. 16, 
 Aug. 18, 
 Oct 7, 
 Nov. 12, 
 Nov. 20, 
 1781. 
 Jan. 17, 
 March 15 
 April 25, 
 June 18, 
 Sept. 6, 
 Sept 8, 
 Oct 19; 
 
 Lexington 
 Bunker Hill 
 Quebec 
 
 Parker 
 
 Smith* 
 
 unknwn 
 1,500 
 900 
 
 1,100 
 3,000 
 1,200 
 
 Prescott 
 Montgomery . 
 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Carleton* 
 
 Fort Moultric 
 Long Island 
 White Plains 
 Fort Washington . ., 
 Trenton 
 
 Moultrie* .... 
 Putnam 
 McDougall . . . 
 t Magaw 
 "[Washington* 
 
 Parker 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 Leslie* 
 Gen. Howe* . 
 Rahl 
 
 400 
 10,000 
 1,600 
 3,000 
 2,400 
 
 4.000 
 20,000 
 2,000 
 5,000 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 Princeton 
 
 ^Washington*. . 
 Warner 
 Herkimer 
 Willett* 
 Stark* 
 
 Mawhood .. 
 Fraser* 
 St. Leger... } 
 J. Johnson., j 
 Baum ... 1 
 Breyman \ " 
 Gen. Howe* . . 
 Burgoyne 
 Grey* 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 
 Sir H.Clinton* 
 
 Burgoyne. . . . 
 Doiiop 
 Gen. Howe . . . 
 Gen. Howe*.. 
 
 3,000 
 700 
 
 1,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 11,000 
 2,500 
 1.500 
 11,000 
 
 600 
 
 8,000 
 450 
 400 
 400 
 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,200 
 
 18,000 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 15,000 
 
 3,000 
 
 4,500 
 2,000 
 Mixed. 
 Mixed. 
 
 Hubbardton. 
 Oriskanyt 
 
 F. Schuyler, sortie . 
 Bennington (1st). . . 
 (Second battle) , 
 Brandy wine 
 Bemis Heights 
 
 Warner* 
 ^Washington. . . 
 Gates* 
 
 Paoli 
 German town 
 
 Wayne 
 Washington . . 
 Jas. Clinton I 
 Gov. Clinton [ 
 Gates* 
 Col. Greene*.. 
 Col. Smith*. . . 
 Major Thayer. 
 
 Fort Clinton . . 
 Fort Montgomery. . 
 
 Fort Mercer 
 Fort Milnin 
 Fort Mifflin 
 
 Monmouth ~: 
 Wyoming 
 Rhode Island 
 Savannah 
 
 "Washington* . 
 
 Col. Z. Butler. 
 Sullivan* 
 Robert Howe. 
 
 Clinton 
 John Butler* 
 Pigot 
 Campbell*.... 
 
 12,000 
 400 
 5,000 
 900 
 
 11,000 
 1,100 
 5,000 
 2,000 
 
 Sunbury 
 
 Lane 
 
 Prevost* 
 Boyd - 
 
 200 
 300 
 1,200 
 800 
 1,200 
 900 
 350 
 4,000 
 squad n 
 4,500 
 
 2,000 
 700 
 1,800 
 1,200 
 600 
 3,000 
 250 
 1,500 
 2 vessels 
 2,900 
 
 Kettle Creek *" 
 
 -Pickens* 
 Ashe 
 
 Brier Creek 
 
 Prevost* 
 Maitlaml* .... 
 Johnson 
 McLean* 
 Sutherland . . . 
 Brant 
 
 Lincoln 
 Wayne* 
 Lovell 
 Major Lee*. . . 
 Sullivan* 
 Paul Jones* . . 
 -.Ljncoln 
 
 Stony Point 
 Penobscot 
 Paulus Hook 
 
 Chemung 
 Flamboro Head . .. 
 Savannah , 
 
 Pearson 
 
 Prevost* 
 
 Monk s Corner 
 
 linger 
 Lincoln 
 
 Tarleton* 
 Clinton* 
 Tarleton* 
 Knyphausen . . 
 Turnbull* ... 
 Brown 
 Cornwallis* ,. 
 Tarleton* 
 Ferguson 
 Wemyss 
 Tarleton 
 
 300 
 8,700 
 400 
 3,000 
 600 
 600 
 3,000 
 700 
 900 
 500 
 500 
 
 600 
 9,000 
 700 
 5,000 
 500 
 500 
 2,200 
 350 
 1,100 
 450 
 400 
 
 W r axhaw 
 
 Buford 
 
 
 Greene* . . 
 
 Rocky Mount 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Hanging Rock 
 Sanders Creek 
 Fishing Creek 
 King s Mountain. . . 
 Fishdam Ford 
 Blackstocks 
 
 Sumter* 
 Gates 
 Sumter 
 
 Campbell*.... 
 Sumter* 
 Sumter*. 
 
 Cowpens 
 
 Morgan* 
 ; Greene 
 Greene 
 Greene 
 Ledyard 
 Greene 
 - Washington* . 
 
 Tarleton . . 
 Cornwallis* ?> 
 Eawdon* 
 Cruder* 
 Eyre* 
 Stuart 
 Cornwallis 
 
 900 
 4,400 
 1,200 
 1.000 
 150 
 2.000 
 16,000 
 
 1,100 
 2,400 
 900 
 550 
 800 
 2.800 
 7,500 
 
 GuillordC. H 
 Hobkirk allill.... 
 Ninety-Six 
 Fort Griswold 
 Eutaw Springst. 
 Yorktown .-r- 
 
192 
 
 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 
 
 f ^. a 3L ^ a 5 re ^P^i^^^pr aAwta 
 
 1.0^, ^^^s^-^:----^..^^,^::^^-/^ 
 
 (Questions to be answered from the above map.) 
 Where did the battle of Tippecanoe occur? Harmar s defeat ? St. Clair s defeat? 
 Wayne s victory ? How is Fort Mackinaw situated ? In what direction is it from 
 Detroit? From Fort Wayne? From Greenville? How is Sandusky situated? 
 In what direction is it from Cairo ? From Nashville? 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 193 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. Give an account of the two mutinies among the troops in 1781 . . 174 
 
 2. Give an account of Arnold s expedition against Virginia 175 
 
 3. What plan was arranged for his capture ? 175 
 
 4. Why did it not succeed ? 175 
 
 5. "Who succeeded Gates in the Southern command? 175 
 
 6. Relate the events which led to the battle of the Co wpens. .175, 176 
 
 7. Give an account of the battle, with its results.*. 176, 177 
 
 8. Of Cornwallis s pursuit of Morgan and Greene 177, 178 
 
 9. Of the battle of Guilford Court House, with ifs result 178 
 
 10. What course did Greene pursue after the battle? 178, 179 
 
 11. What events led to the battle of Hobkirk s Hill? 179 
 
 12. Give an account of the battle, with its result 179, 180 
 
 13. What advantages rapidly attended the American arms ? 180 
 
 14. What were Greene s operations against the post of Ninety-six ? 180 
 
 15. Relate the case of Colonel Isaac Hayne 180, 181 
 
 16. What battle took place on the 8th of September, 1781 ? 181 
 
 17. Give an account of it, with its results 181, 182 
 
 18. Where, in Virginia, did Cornwallis take post?. ... . ..... 182 
 
 19. What deception was practiced upon Clinton ? 182 
 
 20. What method did he adopt to recall Washington?. . . 182, 183 
 
 21. What plan of action against New London did Arnold adopt?. . 183 
 
 22. How did Arnold carry out his part of the plan? 183, 184 
 
 23. Give an account of the attack upon Port Griswold . . .183 184 
 
 24. How and by whom were the British at Yorktown invested ?. 1 84, 185 
 
 25. What naval action took place off the capes of Virginia ? .... 185 
 
 26. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown, with its results. . . 185 
 
 27. What was the consequence of Cornwallis s surrender ? 186 
 
 28. When and where was a definitive treaty of peace signed?. . 186 
 
 29. What was secured to the United States by the treaty ? 186 
 
 30. In what condition was the national treasury at that time ? 186 
 
 31. What sources for supplying the treasury were cut off?. . 186, 187 
 
 32. What discontents followed, and how were they checked? 187 
 
 33. When and where did Washington resign his commission? . . . 187 
 
 34. What can you say of the ceremony on the occasion ? 187, 188 
 
 35. What led to the insurrection known as Shays s Rebellion? 188, 189 
 
 36. Give an account of that insurrection , 189 
 
 37. What opinion existed about the Articles of Confederation?. . . 189 
 
 38. What convention was accordingly held, and with what result ?. 189 
 
 39. What further history of the Constitution can you give ?. . .189, 190 
 
 9 
 
.A 
 
 SECTION 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION^ IN 
 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFERSON^, IN 1809. 
 
 WASHINGTON S ADMIKLSTKATION. 
 
 I. THE first election 
 for President of the 
 United States resulted 
 in the choice of George 
 Washington, he receiv 
 ing the whole number of 
 electoral votes. At the 
 same time John Adams 
 of Massachusetts was 
 elected Vice-president. 
 New York was then 
 the capital of the Uni 
 ted States, and in that 
 city Washington ap 
 peared before the first 
 constitutional Con 
 gress, and was inaugu 
 rated on the 30th of 
 April, 1789. 
 
 II. Congress having 
 created three executive 
 
 departments, of state, treasury, and war, the heads of which 
 
 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. "Who was the first President 
 of the United States ? 2. Who was the first Vice-president ? 3. When was Wash 
 ington inaugurated? 4. Where did his inauguration take place? 5. What po 
 litical relation did New York hold to the Union at that time ? 
 
WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 195 
 
 were to constitute the Presid ent s cabinet, Washington ap 
 pointed Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Secretary of State, 
 Alexander Hamilton, of New York, Secretary of the Treasury, 
 
 and Henry Knox,* of Massa 
 chusetts, Secretary of War. The 
 condition of the treasury was 
 the first thing to be considered, 
 and Hamilton, the secretary of 
 that department, was directed 
 to report a system of revenue. 
 The task imposed upon him 
 was difficult, but it was per 
 formed with ability ; and, upon 
 his recommendation, the pub 
 lic debts incurred during the 
 war were assumed by the general government. 
 
 III. In 1790, a law was passed, establishing the seat of gov 
 ernment at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating 
 it somewhere on the Potomac ; and, in the following year, the 
 Bank of the United States was incorporated. For many 
 years, both New York and New Hampshiref had laid 
 claim to the territory of Vermont, called, originally, the New 
 Hampshire Grants. New York having finally yielded her 
 
 GENERAL KNOX. 
 
 IT. QUESTIONS. 6. What departments did Congress create ? 7. Whom did Wash 
 ington appoint at the head of the respective departments? 8. What was the first 
 thing for the consideration of Congress? 9. What was Hamilton directed to 
 do? 10. How was the task performed? 11. What was done upon his recommen 
 dation ? 
 
 III. 12. What was done by Congress in relation to the seat of government? 13 
 What in relation to a national bank? 14. When was Vermont admitted into the 
 Union? 15. Why had not the admission taken place at an earlier day? 16 By 
 what name was Vermont originally called? 17. When was Kentucky admitted? 
 18. What is said of the previous history of Kentucky? 19. When was Tennessee 
 admitted? 20. What is said of the previous history of Tennessee ? 
 
196 
 
 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 claim for $30,000, Ver 
 mont became the four 
 teenth State of the Uni 
 on, in 1791. Kentucky, 
 which had been previ 
 ously claimed by Virgin 
 ia, was admitted in the 
 following year ; and Ten 
 nessee, originally a part 
 of North Carolina, was 
 admitted in 1796. 
 
 IV. For a number of 
 years after the Revolu 
 tion, the British continu 
 ed to hold certain forts 
 on the northwestern 
 frontier, contrary to the 
 requirements of the trea 
 ty of 1783, by which 
 they were called upon 
 
 to relinquish them to the Americans. This fact, as well as the 
 imprudent language used by the officers of the forts, and by 
 British traders in that region, led the Indians to believe that 
 the people of America would be deprived of their national 
 existence, and be again subjected to Great Britain. 
 
 V. This belief made them overbearing and hostile ; and, in 
 1790, they commenced war upon the settlements. Washing 
 ton at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, an expedition, 
 under General Harrnar, was sent against the hostile tribes. 
 Harmar destroyed several of their villages, and large crops of 
 corn ; and then dividing his army into two bodies, the better, as 
 he thought, for pursuit, reckoned upon a speedy conquest. In 
 this he was doomed to sad disappointment. He encountered 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 21. What treaty violations were the British guilty of? 22. 
 What belief did the Indians contract regarding the American Government ? 23. How 
 was this belief caused? 24. When had a treaty been made by the English? 
 
WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 107 
 
 the savages at two dif 
 ferent times, once, on 
 the 17th of October, 
 and again, on the 22d, 
 in the northeastern part 
 of Indiana, and was 
 both times defeated, 
 with severe Joss. 
 
 VI. A second expedi 
 tion was then sent, com 
 manded by General St. 
 Clair; but he was not 
 more successful than 
 Harmar. While en 
 camped in the western 
 part of Ohio, in 1791, 
 he was completely sur 
 prised, and defeated 
 with the loss of about 
 six hundred men. 
 
 VII. A third expedi 
 tion was then planned, and the command given to Gen 
 eral Wayne, the " Mad Anthony" of the Revolution. 
 Wayne marched against the Indians, defeated them at the 
 battle of the Maumee, in 1704, and laid waste their coun- 
 
 V. QirE8TioNS. 25. What did the belief of the Indians lead to ? 26. How did 
 Washington at flrst act towards the Indians? 27. What expedition did he then 
 send? 28. What did Harmar accomplish? 29. Give the further account of the ex 
 pedition. 30. What town is situated near where Harmar s two battles were fought? 
 Aits. Fort Wayne. 81. How is Fort Wayne situated ? Ans.At tho confluence of 
 the St. Joseph s and St. Mary s Rivers. 32. What river do the St. Joseph s and St. 
 Mary s form? (See map, p. 192.) 
 
 VI. 33. Give an account of the second expedition sent against the Indians. 34. 
 Where did St. Glair s defeat take place ? 35. What town is situated near the place ? 
 (See map, p. 192.) 
 
 VII. 36. What was then planned against, the Indians ? 37. Give an account of the 
 expedition. 38. Into what body of water does the Maumee flow? (See map, p. 193.) 
 89. What was the consequence of Wayne s victory and vigorous measures? 40. 
 What elections took place at the expiration of the first presidential term ? 
 
198 
 
 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 try. His success, and 
 subsequent vigorous 
 measures, so humbled 
 the savages that, in 
 1-795, they consented 
 to a treaty, by which a 
 large tract of country 
 was ceded to the United 
 States. This treaty was 
 made at Fort Greenville, 
 in the western part of 
 Ohio, where the town 
 of Greenville now 
 stands. Washington, 
 whose first term of 
 office expired on the 
 4th of March, 1793, 
 was unanimously re- 
 elected : Adams 
 also rechosen to 
 vice-presidency. 
 
 VIII. The great revolution in France, which broke 
 during Washington s administration, was powerfully felt, in its 
 principles and effects, in this country. When France declared 
 war against England (the revolution there still being in pro 
 gress), and looked to us for aid, a large part of the people 
 here, remembering the assistance which she had given us in 
 our struggle for independence, would gladly have seen the 
 United States engaged in the trans-atlantic struggle, siding 
 tfith their former ally. 
 
 IX. M. Genet (zJie-na ), minister to the United States from 
 Jie French republic, presuming upon the favor with which his 
 country was regarded here, began to fit out privateers in 
 our ports, to cruise against the vessels of nations at war 
 
 was 
 the 
 
 out 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. -41. What is said of the effect of the French Revolution in this 
 country ? 42. How (lid a large part of the people here feel towards France ? 
 
WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 199 
 
 with France. Persisting in this course, in opposition to the 
 remonstrance of the President, he was recalled by request 
 of Washington. M. Fouchet (foo-sha )^]\\s successor, was 
 instructed to assure the President that France disapproved the 
 conduct of his predecessor. 
 
 X. The first measure adopted by the United States govern 
 ment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 
 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. This law, from 
 the first, was very unpopular in certain sections of the country, 
 especially in the western part of Pennsylvania, where the op 
 position to it grew to an open rebellion in 1794, known as the 
 Whisky Insurrection. The approach of a large body of mili 
 tia, sent by Washington to enforce obedience, had the desired 
 effect, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. 
 
 XI. Although the treaty of 
 1783 established peaceful rela 
 tions between the American and 
 British governments, yet it was 
 not long before each party accus 
 ed the other of having violated 
 its stipulations ; and so bitter did 
 the spirit of the complaints and 
 recriminations become, that a war 
 seemed inevitable. 
 
 XII. To avoid this calamity, 
 the President sent John Jay* as a 
 special envoy to England, where, 
 
 JOHN JAY. 
 
 * John Jay was bom m the city of New York, in 1745. In 1789, when Washington became President 
 of the United States, so exalted was his opinion of Jay s honesty and fitness, that he tendered him a 
 choice of the offices in his jrift. Jay preferred the bench, and, consequently, was the first Chief-Justice of 
 the United States. His death occurred in 1829, at Bedford, Westchester Co., New York. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 48. What did Genet, the French minister, undertake to do? 44. 
 Why did he presume upon such an undertaking ? 45. "What was the consequence to 
 Genet? 46. Who was his successor? 47. What instructions did Fouchet receive 
 from his government? 
 
 X. 48. What was the first government measure for raising a revenue by internal 
 taxation ? 49. How was the law regarded by the people ? 50. Give an account 
 of the Whisky Insurrection. 
 
 XI. 51. What accusations were made by the governments of the United States 
 and Great Britain, each against the other ? 
 
200 
 
 in 1*794, a treaty was concluded. This was published in the 
 United States, and its provisions at once caused a prodigious 
 storm of excitement and opposition, because they were regard 
 ed as being too favorable to the English. In the following 
 year, however, the treaty was ratified, and the threatened con 
 flict happily avoided. At the close of the second term, 
 Washington, having declined a re-election, retired to the qui 
 etude of his home at Mount Vernon. 
 
 "JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTEATIOK 
 
 I. The second President of the United States was John 
 Adams. His inauguration took place at Philadelphia, on the 
 4th of March, 1797.* 
 
 II. The neutral position taken by the United States in the 
 war between France and England, gave offence to the former 
 government ; and " Jay s Treaty," which had been ratified in 
 1795, by the American Senate, considerably augmented the 
 unfriendly feeling. This was boldly made manifest by the act 
 of the French government, in authorizing depredations to be 
 committed upon the commerce of the United States, and in 
 ordering our minister, Mr. Pinckney, to leave France. 
 
 III. One of the first acts of President Adams was to con 
 vene Congress in extra session, to consider these outrages. 
 
 The cabinet selected by Adams consisted of Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State ; Oliver Wolcott, 
 Secretary of the Treasury; James Mcllenry, Secretary of War ; and Charles Lee, Attorney General. 
 The navy department was not created until 1798, when lienjaiuiii Stodtlard was appointed its head. 
 
 XIL QUESTIONS. 52. What did Washington do to avoid a war ? 53. What was 
 the result of Jay s mission ? 54. By what name is the treaty known. ? Ans. " Jay s 
 Treaty." 55. How was the treaty received in the United States? 56. Why was it 
 BO received? 57. What course did Washington pursue at the end of his second 
 presidential term? 58. How is Mount Vernon situated ? (See map, p. 24. ) 
 
 JOHN ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. I. 1. Who was the second President of the Uni 
 ted States? 2. When and where was he inaugurated? 
 
 IL 3. What offended the French government? 4. How was the offense aug 
 mented? 5. How was the feeling of the French government manifested ? 
 
 III. 6. What was one of the first acts of President Adams? 7. How did the Amer 
 ican government undertake to adjust the difficulties? 8. With what result? 
 
ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 201 
 
 Three envoys were sent to France, with authority to adjust all 
 difficulties, but the French government refused to receive 
 them, and even order 
 ed two of them, whom 
 they looked upon as less 
 friendly than the third, 
 to quit the country. 
 
 IV. The insult to 
 the envoys excited 
 great indignation in 
 the United States ; and 
 Congress at once a- 
 dopted measures for 
 putting the country in 
 a state of defense, 
 authorized a standing 
 army and naval arma 
 ment, and appointed 
 Washington command- 
 er-in-chief of the entire 
 land forces. 
 
 V. Hostilities at sea 
 soon commenced. In 
 
 one case, an American schooner was taken, and, ii> another, a 
 French frigate was captured by the United States frigate Con 
 stellation. The decided stand taken by the Americans had its 
 effect upon the French government; and overtures of peace 
 were made, which resulted in a treaty, concluded in 1800, 
 with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had become First Consul of 
 France. 
 
 VI. But Washington did not live to see the troubles termi- 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 9. What was the consequence of the insult to the envoys ? 
 
 V. 10. What hostile acts actually took place? 11. What was the effect ? 
 
 VI. 12. What mournful event took place before the troubles with France were 
 terminated ? 13. When and where did Washington die ? 14. How was his death 
 regarded ? 
 
 9* 
 
202 
 
 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 nated : he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 
 1*799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. 
 Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people 
 mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individu 
 ally sustained. 
 
 VII. In conformity with the provisions of the law passed 
 in 1Y90, in relation to the future seat of government, the 
 capital of the United States was removed from Philadelphia 
 to Washington, during the summer of 1800. 
 
 THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 
 
 VIII. Adams was President for only one term, or four years. 
 Towards the close of it a fierce strife took place between the 
 two great political parties of the day, the Federalists and the 
 Republicans, in relation to the presidential succession. Thomas 
 Jefferson was the successful candidate, defeating Adams, his 
 opponent ; and, at the same time, Aaron Burr, of New York, 
 was elected Vice-President. 
 
 _^_____ CL 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 15. When was the capital of the United States removed 
 to Washington? 16. How is Washington situated? (See map, p. 24.) 
 
 VIII. IT. For how long was Adams president? 18. What took place towards the 
 close of it? 19. Who were the successful candidates ? 
 
JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 203 
 
 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. The third Pres 
 ident of the United 
 States was Thomas 
 Jefferson. His inau 
 guration took place in 
 the new capitol, at 
 Washington, on the 
 4th of March, 1801.* 
 During his adminis 
 tration, the Ohio Ter- 
 ritory,f which had 
 previously formed the 
 eastern part of the 
 Northwest Territory, 
 adopted a State gov 
 ernment, and, in 1802, 
 was admitted into the 
 Union as the State of 
 Ohio. 
 
 II. In 1803, a most 
 important addition 
 was made to the ter 
 ritory of the United States, by the purchase of an immense 
 tract of land, for which fifteen millions of dollars were paid to 
 France. The territory thus acquired included not only the 
 
 * Jefferson s cabinet consisted of . I amea Madison, Secretary of State ; Henry Dearborn. Secretary of 
 War; Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury ; Robert Smith, Secretary of the Navy ; and Levi Lin 
 coln, Attorney-General. 
 
 t After the Revolutionary War, a dispute arose between several of the States respecting the ownership 
 of the Ohio Territory, which was put au end to by the whole being ceded to the United States. 
 
 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the third President 
 of the United States? 2. When and where did his inauguration take place? 3. 
 When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 4. What is said of Ohio s previous his 
 tory? 
 
204 
 
 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 present State of Louisi 
 ana, but a vast region 
 extending to the Rocky 
 Mountains. One of the 
 first advantages secured 
 by this purchase was 
 the free navigation of 
 the Mississippi River 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 III. In the same 
 year, 1803, Commodore 
 Preble (preb -el) was 
 sent to humble the pi 
 rates of the Barbary 
 States, who, notwith 
 standing the tribute 
 which the United States 
 had paid, in imitation 
 of European nations, to 
 secure their commerce 
 in the Mediterranean 
 from molestation, were becoming more insolent and exacting. 
 IV. Preble first appeared against Morocco, and, after exact 
 ing terras of the emperor, proceeded eastward. Before he 
 had time to reach Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia, one of the 
 vessels of his fleet, which had preceded him, while reconnoit- 
 ering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and was cap 
 tured by the Tripolitans, who consigned her crew to slavery. 
 
 . V. As the captured frigate added to the defenses of the 
 place, and would undoubtedly be sent out to cruise, it was 
 deemed important to recapture or destroy her. The latter 
 
 IL QUESTIONS. 5. How was the State of Louisiana acquired by the United States f 
 6. What advantage accrued from the purchase ? 
 
 IIL 7. What expedition was sent across the Atlantic in that year? 8. What had 
 the Barbary pirates done ? * 
 
 IV. 9. What was the first thing accomplished by Preble? 10. Give an account 
 of the loss of the Philadelphia. 
 
 river 
 "The 1 
 \viere, 
 :atioii , 
 
 ror.-KpoTHK, s BJIH, o a o e In- j _ 
 dian appellation, Ohio." The State Seal J 
 is given above. Ohio has no motto. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 j This State was named from the ri 
 I forming its southern bomuiarv. 
 1 Kn-n.-h c;.ll,.,l th.-riverZa Belle Riviere, 
 the beautiful rivtr, which signilicatiou , 
 , it is said, to that of the In- j 
 
JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 205 
 
 COMMODOBE DECATUR. 
 
 being considered the more prac 
 ticable, Lieutenant Decatur,* with 
 a few brave companions, entered 
 the harbor on the night of the 
 15th of February, 1804, boarded 
 the Philadelphia, killed or drove 
 into the sea every one of the Tri- 
 politan crew, and, after setting the 
 vessel on fire, escaped without 
 losing a man. 
 
 VL About a year later, Mr. 
 Eaton, an agent of the United 
 
 States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though 
 rightful heir to the throne of Tripoli, against the reigning 
 sovereign. He left Egypt, accompanied by Hamet, with a 
 force of about five hundred men, four-fifths of whom were 
 Arabs : the other fifth was composed of adventurers, prin 
 cipally Greeks, and only nine Americans. 
 
 VII. He accomplished a remarkable march of several hun 
 dred miles across a desert country, and captured Derne, a Tri- 
 politan city, after a fierce struggle. He held the place for 
 several weeks, despite the exertions of an opposing army, and 
 finally routed the enemy in a general engagement, in which 
 more than three thousand men took part. In the midst of 
 his successes, a treaty of peace was concluded between the 
 reigning bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Consul-General 
 at Algiers. 
 
 Stephen Decatur, Jr., was born in Maryland, in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and Leop 
 ard, in 1807, in the opinion of Decatur was disgraceful to the Americans, and he did not hesitate to animad 
 vert freely upon the conduct of Commodore Barrop, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. 
 The consequence was a duel with Barren, at Bladensburg, Md., as late as 1820, in which Decntur was killed, 
 and Barren was so severely wounded that he was not expected to live, and he only recovered after months 
 of great suffering. 
 
 Y. QUESTION S.T 11. What was deemed important with regard to the captured 
 frigate? 12. Why? 13. What, consequently, was determined upon? 14. Give an 
 account of the exploit. 
 
 VI. 15. What expedition was concerted against the reigning sovereign of Tripoli ? 
 16. From what place did the expedition start? 17. Of whom was it composed? 
 
 VII. 18. What is said of the march? 19. What city did Eaton capture? 2<X 
 Give an account of his subsequent successes. 
 
206 
 
 JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON, 
 
 VIII. In July, 1804, the un 
 fortunate duel between Alexander 
 Hamilton* and Aaron Burrf oc 
 curred : the latter, at the time, 
 was Vice-President of the United 
 States. This sad affair, which re 
 sulted in the death of Hamilton, 
 grew out of a political quarrel 
 between the two men. By it 
 Burr s political influence was com 
 pletely destroyed ; and when Jef 
 ferson was re-elected President for 
 a second term, George Clinton, 
 of New York, was chosen Burr s 
 successor as Vice-President. 
 
 IX. After his retirement from the vice-presidency, Burr 
 made a journey to the Southwest, and there his conduct sub 
 jected him to strange suspicion. He made considerable pro 
 gress in the organization of an expedition which, it was alleged, 
 was designed for the invasion of Mexico. His ultimate pur 
 pose, it was further alleged, was to establish an empire which 
 should embrace one or more of the Southwestern States of 
 the Union. 
 
 X. By order of the President of the United States he was 
 arrested, taken to Richmond, Virginia, and there tried on a 
 
 * Hamilton was born in the Island of Nevis. West Indies, in 1757. At the age of thirteen he was sent 
 to New York to be educated. He was one of the first to take up arms at the beginning of the Revolution, 
 and as captain of an artillery company, performed a creditable part in the battle of Long Island. By his 
 activity and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and. after the battles of Trenton and 
 Princeton, in which he took part, he accepted an invitation from the commander-in-chief to take a place 
 in his staff as aide-de-camp. He afterwards participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and 
 Monmouth. 
 
 "f Burr was born at Newark, New Jersey, in 1756. In 1775 he was engaged in the expedition against 
 Canada, and accompanied Arnold upon his toilsome march through the wilderness. He was in the battles 
 of Quebec and Monmouth. His death occurred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 21. What sad affair, in which two public men were the princi 
 pal actors, took place daring Jefferson s administration ? 22. "When did it take 
 place ? 23. At what place ? Ans. At Hoboken, New Jersey, opposite the city of New 
 York. 24. What position was Burr holding at the time ? 25. What was the cause of 
 the duel? 26. What was the result of it? 27. What was the consequence to Burr? 
 
 IX. 28. In what project was Burr subsequently engaged? 
 
 X. 29. What order did President Jefferson issue with regard to Burr f 30. What 
 is said of the trial and its result? 
 
JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 207 
 
 AAEON BTTRB. 
 
 charge of treason. The trial was 
 a protracted one; but, under a 
 ruling of the court, which did not 
 involve the merits of the charge, 
 he was acquitted. 
 
 XL The wars in Europe, grow 
 ing out of the French revolution, 
 continued during Jefferson s ad 
 ministration. That between Eng 
 land and France, though it at first 
 proved profitable to the Ameri 
 can shipping interests engaged in 
 the carrying trade between the 
 ports of the two hostile nations, re 
 sulted in the adoption of measures injurious to our commerce. 
 
 XTI. To annoy and cripple her adversary, England declared 
 the whole northern coast of France in a state of blockade. 
 Napoleon retaliated by the " Berlin Decree," in which he pro 
 nounced the British islands in a state of blockade. But the 
 crowning grievance was the " right of search," asserted by 
 Great Britain, under which claim American vessels were 
 boarded, and all sailors of English birth found on board, were 
 impressed as subjects of the king. 
 
 XIII. An event occurred in June, 1807, which brought 
 things towards an issue. The American frigate Chesapeake, 
 when off the capes of Virginia, was attacked by the British 
 frigate Leopard. The Chesapeake, being unprepared for ac 
 tion, struck her colors, after having three men killed and 
 eighteen wounded. Four of her crew, who were claimed by 
 the commander of the Leopard as British deserters, were then 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 31. How did the war between England and France affect Amer 
 ican interests? 
 
 XII. 32. What did England do to annoy and cripple her adversary ? 33. How 
 did Napoleon retaliate ? 34. What was the crowning grievance of which Americans 
 complained ? 
 
 XIII. 35. What event brought the relations of growing hostility between Eng 
 land and America towards an issue? 86. When did it occur? 87. What did the 
 outrage provoke President Jefferson to do? 
 
JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 transferred to the Leopard. This outrage provoked the Pres 
 ident to issue a proclamation interdicting the entrance of 
 British armed vessels into the ports or waters of the United 
 States. 
 
 XIV. Although the act of the Leopard was disavowed by 
 the English government, no reparation was made ; and towards 
 the close of the year the British " Orders in Council," forbid 
 ding all trade with France and her allies, were issued. Bona 
 parte again retaliated by issuing the " Milan Decree, inter 
 dicting all trade with England and her colonies. 
 
 XV. In consequence of this policy of the two European 
 nations, so destructive to our commerce, Congress laid an 
 embargo upon all American vessels, forbidding them to leave 
 the ports of the United States. As the act of Congress not 
 only failed to obtain an acknowledgment of American rights, 
 but, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipping in 
 terests, was very unpopular among the commercial classes, it 
 was repealed, and the non-intercourse law, prohibiting all com 
 merce with France and Great Britain, was substituted. 
 
 XVI. At this point in the history of the country, Jefferson, 
 following the example of Washington, declined a second re 
 election to the presidency, and terminated his political career. 
 He was succeeded by James Madison, of Virginia. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 38. How was the outrage committed by the Leopard treated 
 by the British government? 39. What is said of reparation ? 40. When were the 
 British " Orders in Council" issued ? 41. What were the u Orders in Council ?" 42. 
 How did Bonaparte again retaliate ? 
 
 XV. 43. What action did Congress take in consequence of the trade-interdicting 
 policy of France and England ? 44 Why was the embargo act afterward repealed ? 
 45. What law was substituted for it? 
 
 XVI. 46. Why was not Jefferson continued in the presidency for more than eight 
 years? 47. By whom was he succeeded? 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 1. What event took place on the 30th of April, 1789 194 
 
 2. How was Washington s cabinet constituted? 195 
 
 3. How were the State debts of the war disposed of ? 195 
 
 4. What controversy had existed between N. T. and N. H.?.. . 195 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 209 
 
 PACK 
 
 5. How was the controversy finally settled ? 195, ] 96 
 
 6. When were Kentucky and Tennessee admitted to the Union ? . 196 
 
 7. In what respect did the British violate the treaty of 1783 ?.. . 196 
 
 8. To what war did this treaty violation conduce ? 196 
 
 9. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Harmar. .196, 197 
 
 10. Give an account of the expedition conducted by St. Glair 197 
 
 11. Give an account of the expedition conducted by Wayne. . .197, 198 
 
 1 2. How did the French Revolution influence the people of the U. S. ? 1 98 
 
 13. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection 199 
 
 14. Why was John Jay sent as a special envoy to England? 199 
 
 15. What was the result of Jay s mission? 199, 200 
 
 16. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1797 ? 200 
 
 17. How did the difficulty with France originate ? 198, 199, 200 
 
 18. What were the events of the difficulty? 200, 201 
 
 19. What sad event took place towards the close of 1799? 201, 202 
 
 20. When did Philadelphia cease to be the capital of the U. S. ?. . . 202 
 
 21. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1801 ? 203 
 
 22. Which State was added to the Union in 1802 ? 203 
 
 23. How was Louisiana acquired by the United States ? 203, 204 
 
 24. On what expedition was Com. Preble sent in 1803 ? 204 
 
 25. What can you state of the loss of the frigate Philadelphia?. . . 204 
 
 26. Give an account of her recapture and destruction 204, 203 
 
 27 Give an account of Hamet s expedition and successes 205 
 
 28. When did the duel between Hamilton and Burr take place ?. . . 206 
 
 29. What was the result of it? 206 
 
 30. How did the result affect Burr s political influence ? 206 
 
 31. In what expedition was Burr afterward engaged ? 206 
 
 32. How was the expedition brought to an end? 206, 207 
 
 33. How did the European wars affect American commerce? . . , . . 207 
 
 34. What decrees were issued by England and France ? 207 
 
 35. Of what grievance did the United States especially complain ? 207 
 36- Relate the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 207, 208 
 
 37. Did the English government approve the Leopard s attack ?. . 208 
 
 38. Was any reparation made for the injury done by the Leopard ? 208 
 
 39. What " orders" and " decrees" were afterwards issued ? 208 
 
 40. What can you say of the embargo laid upon U. S. vessels ?. . . 208 
 
 41. Why was the act repealed, and wnat substitute was passed ?. 208 
 
 42. What did Jefferson decide upon towards the close of his sec 
 
 ond presidential term ? < 208 
 
 43. Whose example did he follow in this respect ? 208 
 
 44. Did he afterward participate in political matters? 208 
 
 14 
 
SECTION 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION; FROM MARCH 4TH, 1809, TO 
 
 MARCH 4TH, 1817. - THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. THE fourth Pres 
 ident of the United 
 States was James 
 Madison. His inau 
 guration took place 
 at Washington, on 
 the 4th of March, 
 
 1809, at a crisis in 
 the affairs of the na 
 tion which required 
 of his administration 
 the utmost caution, 
 prudence, and reso 
 lution.* The United 
 States were on the 
 verge of war with 
 Great Britain. Na 
 poleon revoked his 
 hostile "Decrees" in 
 
 1810, but the British 
 "Orders in Council" 
 continued in active 
 force. 
 
 * Madison s cabinet consisted of Robert Smith, Secretary of State; William Eustis, Secretary of War ; 
 Paul Hamilton, Secretary of the Navy Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury ; and Cajsar A. Rod 
 ney, Attorney-General. 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. Who was the fourth President 
 of the United States? 2. When did his inauguration take place? 3. What was 
 peculiarly required of Madison s administration? 4. Why? 5. What concession 
 did Napoleon make? 6. What is said of the British " Orders in Council?" 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 211 
 
 II. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to widen 
 the breach which already existed between Great Britain arid 
 the United States, though, in this case, the British were the 
 greater sufferers. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, Cap 
 tain Bingham, when off the coast of Virginia, fired into the 
 American frigate President, Commodore Rodgers, but found 
 her fire returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few 
 minutes, thirty-two of her crew were killed-or wounded 
 
 III. About the year 1804, the Indians on the western fron 
 tiers, incited by British emissaries and influenced by the ap 
 peals of Tecumseh,* one of their boldest and most active 
 warriors, began to form a confederacy against the people of 
 the United States. A brother of Tecumseh, known as the 
 "Prophet," who by his predictions and promises had ac 
 quired great influence over the tribes along the \V abash, was 
 a leading agent in the business of bringing about an alliance. 
 
 IV. General Harrison, then governor of the Indian terri 
 tory, marched towards the western frontier and approached 
 Tippecanoe, the town of the Prophet, situated at the junction 
 of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, in the present State 
 of Indiana. The Prophet, in the absence of Tecumseh, at 
 once proposed a conference, to take place the next day, and 
 requested the Americans to encamp for the night at a place 
 which he designated. Harrison, suspecting treachery, or 
 dered his troops to sleep on their arms. This proved a fortu 
 nate precaution, for, early on the following morning, Novem 
 ber 7th, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon the 
 American camp ; but, after a desperate and bloody contest of 
 
 * Tecumseh, or, as the name is sometimes written, Tecumtha, was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. He 
 was born on the banks of the Scioto River, in Ohio, about 1770. " The Prophet s" name was Elkswatawa. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 7. Give an account of the naval affair which took place in May, 
 1811. 8. What did the affair tend to ? 
 
 III. 9. What took place among the Indians about the year 1804? 10. Who was 
 Tecumseh s principal co-operator in bringing about the alliance ? 
 
 IV. 11. Where was the battle of Tippecanoe fought ? 1 2. What town is situated 
 not far from the battle-ground? (See map, p. 192.) n. When was the battle 
 fought? 14. Give an account of it. 
 
213 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 two hours, they were repulsed. This battle ruined the plans 
 which Tecumseh had formed, and his next attempt against 
 the Americans was in the alliance which he formed with the 
 English, in 1812. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1812. 
 
 
 V. The United States 
 government had endeav 
 ored to induce the British 
 government to abrogate its 
 " Orders in Council," and 
 negotiate terms for sus 
 pending the impressment of 
 American seamen, but in 
 vain. That government 
 absolutely refused, and 
 nothing remained but war. 
 
 VI. Accordingly, in 
 June, 1812, the President 
 of the United States, in 
 conformity with an act of 
 Congress, issued a procla 
 mation declaring war 
 against Great Britain ; and 
 preparations were at once 
 
 made for raising a large army. General Dearborn, of Massa 
 chusetts, an officer who had served with credit in the Revolu- 
 
 LOTTT8IANA. 
 "In 16S2, La Salle* descended 
 the Mississippi to the sea, and, for 
 mally taking possession for France 
 i of the whole new country watered 
 1 by the Mississippi from its mouth j 
 ij to its source, he named it Louisian 
 I m honor of Louis XIV., King 
 ^ France." The Seal of the State is 
 ,, given above. The motto of Louis 
 _ iana \s,Unionand Confident 
 
 * La Salle, a celebrated French navigator, was born in Rouen, about 1635. His death occurred in 1687. 
 lie made four visits to America, In his first, while endeavoring to find a passage by water to China he 
 explored Lake Ontario. In his third, he descended the Mississippi. The fourth was made for the pur- 
 pose of settling Louisiana. A fleet, containing more than two hundred colonists, sailed from France but 
 instead of landing near the mouth of the Mississippi, by mistake they proceeded to Texas. After La 
 Salle had passed two years in Texas, some portion of the time in the vain attempt to reach the Mississip 
 pi, his nephew was murdered by one of his few remaining followers, and he was shot by another. 
 
 Y. QUESTIONS. 15. How had the United States endeavored to avert the war? 
 
 VI. 16. "When was war declared? IT. Who was placed at the head of the array ? 
 18. Before the commencement of hostilities, what revocation on the part of England 
 took place ? 19. But what was still insisted upon ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 213 
 
 tion, being appointed commander-in-chief. Before hostilities 
 actually commenced, the British government had revoked its 
 " Orders in Council," but the " right of impressment" was still 
 insisted upon. 
 
 VII. At the time of the declaration of war, General Hull, 
 the governor of Michigan (mish -e-gun) Territory, was march 
 ing with two thousand men from Ohio to Detroit, his pur 
 pose being to accomplish the reduction of the hostile Indians 
 of the Northwest. In anticipation of the war with England, 
 he had been invested with discretionary power to invade 
 Canada. 
 
 VIII. Learning, while on the march, that war had been 
 declared, he crossed the Detroit River, with the avowed in 
 tention of going against Fort Maiden (maul -den) ; but, instead 
 of at once marching upon the place, he encamped at Sand 
 wich, eighteen miles distant, and thus gave the enemy an 
 opportunity to prepare for defense. 
 
 IX. In the mean time Fort Mackinaw, an American post 
 situated on an island at the outlet of Lake Michigan, was sur 
 prised by a force of British and Indians, and captured before 
 the garrison had even heard of the declaration of war. This 
 loss was a severe one, as the fort was the key to that section 
 of the country, and the grand depot of the fur companies 
 there. 
 
 X. Hull, while at Sandwich, sent a detachment to convoy a 
 party who were approaching his camp with supplies. Van 
 Horn, the commander, neglecting to exercise sufficient caution, 
 was led into an ambush near Brownstown, August 5, by six 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 20. On what expedition was General Hull engaged? 21. 
 With what discretionary power was he invested? 
 
 VIII. 22. What information did Hull receive while on this march ? 23. What 
 river did he cross? 24. What was his avowed intention ? 25. Where is Fort Mai 
 den? (See map, p. 214.) 26. Is Sandwich north or south of Fort Maiden? (See 
 same map.) 27. What advantage did Hull s halt at Sandwich give to the British? 
 
 IX. 28. Give an account of the loss of Fort Mackinaw. 29. Where is Fort Mack 
 inaw situated? 30. In what direction from Detroit is Fort Mackinaw? (See map, 
 p. 192.) 
 
 X. 31. Give an account of the defeat of Yan Horn. 
 
214 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 DETROIT 
 
 hundred British and 
 Indians, and utterly 
 defeated. 
 
 XI. After waiting 
 nearly a month at 
 Sandwich, Hull re- 
 crossed the river and 
 took post at Detroit, 
 to the great vexation 
 and disappointment of 
 his troops. Three days 
 after the defeat of Van 
 Horn, a second detach 
 ment, under Colonel 
 Miller, was sent to 
 convoy the supply 
 party. As Miller approached Brownstown, on the evening of 
 the 9th, he came upon the British and Indians, who were 
 protected by a breastwork of logs and branches of trees, and, 
 after a sharp contest, completely routed them. 
 
 XII. The withdrawal of Hull across the Detroit embold 
 ened General Brock, the British commander, who began to 
 erect a battery opposite the American post. Not being mo 
 lested, he became still bolder, and, on the 16th of August, 
 crossed the river with seven hundred regulars and six hundred 
 Indians, and demanded an immediate surrender of Detroit. 
 
 XIII. The Americans were strongly posted, and confident 
 of victory in the conflict which seemed to be before them ; and 
 yet, to the great indignation of his troops, Hull ordered them 
 to withdraw to the fort, and a white flag, in token of sub 
 mission, to be lifted above the works. By this act of sur- 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 32. What retrograde movement did Hull make ? 33. Give an 
 account of the victory gained by Miller. 
 
 XII. 34. Give an account of Brock s operations against Detroit. 
 
 XIII. 35. What is said of the ability and disposition of the Americans to defend 
 themselves at Detroit ? 36. What made them indignant f 37. What did the Brit 
 ish acquire by the surrender ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 215 
 
 render, not only Detroit, but the whole Territory of Michigan, 
 passed into the hands of the enemy. 
 
 XIV. Hull s conduct, two years after, underwent ex 
 amination by a court-martial, and though he was acquitted of 
 treason, the court pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and 
 he was sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age 
 and revolutionary services, the sentence was remitted by 
 President Madison. Hull s* conduct was severely criticised 
 at the time, as well as in after years ; but a series of letters 
 which he published in 1824, and a volume which appeared at 
 a still later period, together form a complete vindication of 
 his surrender, as regards either the charge of treason or cow 
 ardice. 
 
 XV. During the year 
 1812 a second invasion 
 of Canada was made in 
 another quarter. On 
 the morning of the 13th 
 of October, Colonel Sol 
 omon Van Ilensselaer 
 (yan-ren -se-ler}, with a 
 detachment of only two 
 hundred and twenty- 
 five men, crossed the 
 Niagara Elver to storm 
 the heights of Queens- 
 town. The command 
 er having been severely 
 wounded at the landing, 
 
 * William Hull was born in Connecticut, in 1753. He was in the battles of White Plain*. Trenton. 
 Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Momnouth, and Stony Point ; and in all of them fought with courage. 
 His death occurred in Massachusetts, in 1825. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 38. To what was Hull s conduct afterward subjected? 39. 
 What sentence was pronounced upon him ? 40. Why was not the sentence exe 
 cuted ? 41. How was Hull s conduct subsequently regarded 1 
 
 XV. 42. At what place did the second invasion of Canada occur? 43. Describe 
 the events that took place on the morning of the 13th of October. 44. What town, 
 in New York, is opposite Queenstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 
 
216 
 
 1812 tis tro P s led ky Captains Ogilvie and Wool, gal 
 lantly moved forward, carried a British battery, and 
 gained the heights. 
 
 XVI. The enemy, re-enforced by several hundred men under 
 Brock, attempted to regain the battery, but were repulsed, 
 and Brock was killed. While this struggle was going on at 
 the west side of the Niagara, a large body of militia was col 
 lected at Lewiston, on the east side. General Stephen Van 
 Rensselaer, a cousin of Solomon, and the superior in com 
 mand of the troops in that quarter, endeavored to send re- 
 enforcements across the river, but only about a thousand men 
 could be induced to go : the rest professed to consider it wrong 
 to invade the enemy s country. 
 
 XVII. On the afternoon of the same day, 13th, the Amer 
 icans on the heights were attacked by fresh troops, under 
 General Sheaffe (shefe), from Fort George, and nearly all were 
 killed or taken prisoners. General Van Rensselaer, disgusted 
 with the conduct of the militia, soon retired from the service, 
 when the command on the Niagara frontier devolved on Gen 
 eral Smyth. Smyth accomplished nothing : after projecting 
 two invasions of Canada, neither of which was carried out, he 
 also resigned. 
 
 XVIII. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean, du 
 ring 1812, were as decided as their reverses on the land. The 
 first of importance was the capture of the sloop Alert by the 
 frigate Essex, Captain Porter. The second, of greater im 
 portance, was achieved by Captain Isaac Hull,* nephew of 
 General Hull, on the 19th of August, off the coast of Massa- 
 
 * Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was born in Derby, Conn., in 1775. During the war with 
 the Barbary States, from 1303 to 1805, he served with distinction in the squadrons of Commodores Preble 
 and Barren, and co-operated with Eaton in the capture of Derne. He died m Philadelphia, in 1843. 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 45. Give an account of the repulse and loss sustained by the 
 British. 4G. Where was the main body of the American militia at the time sta 
 tioned? 47. Why did they not cross over to Queenstown? 
 
 XVII. 48. Give a further account of the battle of Queenstown. 49. Who suc 
 ceeded General Van Rensselaer in the command of the forces on the Niagara fron 
 tier ? 50. Why had Van Eensselaer resigned? 51. What can you state of Smyth 
 and his operations ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 217 
 
 chusetts. Hull commanded the American frigate Constitu 
 tion, and Dacres the British frigate Guerriere (gare-e-are }. 
 The action between the two frigates lasted about forty min 
 utes, and resulted in the capture of the Guerriere. The cap 
 tured vessel had been so much injured it was found impossible 
 to bring her into port, and she was consequently burned by 
 the victors. 
 
 XIX. In October, the American sloop-of- war Wasp, Captain 
 Jones, while cruising off the coast of North Carolina, fell in with 
 the British brig Frolic, Captain Whinyates, and after a conflict 
 of three-quarters of an hour, boarded her. A melancholy 
 scene of destruction was presented. The decks were covered 
 with the dead and the wounded. Not twenty of the Frolic s 
 crew escaped unhurt. Scarcely had the enemy s vessel been 
 taken possession of, when an English ship of seventy-four 
 guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. 
 
 XX. A second naval victory by the Americans occurred in 
 this same month, October. The frigate United States, Com 
 modore Decatur, encountered the British frigate Macedonia 
 (mas-se-do -ne-a) west of the Ca 
 nary (ka-na -re) Islands, and, after 
 
 an action of nearly two hours, 
 compelled her to surrender. She 
 was taken to New York. 
 
 XXL A little more than two 
 months later, the Constitution, 
 then commanded by Commodore 
 Bainbridge, gained her second 
 victory, in the capture of the 
 frigate Java (jah -va). The ac- COMMODORE 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 52. What comparison is made between the land reverses 
 and the ocean triumphs ? 53. Which was the first important naval victory ? 54. The 
 second? 55. When did the action between the Constitution and the Guerriere take 
 place ? 56. Give an account of it. 
 
 XIX. 57. Give an account of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. 58. 
 What event deprived Captain Jones of the fruits of his victory ? 
 
 XX. 59. Give an account of the action between the United States and Macedonian. 
 
 10 
 
218 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 tion took place off the coast of Brazil, on the 29th 
 of December, and lasted nearly two hours. Bain- 
 bridge,* finding the captured frigate so much riddled that it 
 was impossible to get her into an American port, destroyed 
 her by fire, and the Constitution then put into San Salvador, 
 where the prisoners were landed on parole. 
 
 XXII. In the belief that the navy of the United States 
 would be entirely destroyed or captured by that of England, 
 it had been decided, at the beginning of the war, to lay up 
 our ships to save them. But, happily, that policy was soon 
 departed from. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, 
 and British commerce suffered in every direction. During 
 the year 1812, more than three hundred vessels, with not less 
 than three thousand prisoners, beside valuable cargoes, were 
 taken by the Americans. 
 
 EYENTS OF 1813. 
 
 I. For the campaign of 1813 three armies were raised. 
 That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded 
 by General Harrison ; that of the Centre, between Lakes Erie 
 and Ontario, by General Dearborn ; and that of the North, 
 near Lake Champlain, by General Hampton. 
 
 II. The leading object of the army of the West was to re 
 cover Michigan and avenge the disgrace of Hull. A division 
 of the army, composed mostly of Kentuckians, commanded by 
 
 * William Bainbridge was born in Princeton, N. J.,in 1774. In 1803 he was in command of the frigate 
 Philadelphia when that vessel struck on a rock and was captured in the harbor of Tripoli. He and his 
 crew, of more than three hundred persons, were taken prisoners by the Tripolitans and neld in captivity 
 nineteen months. He died in Philadelphia, in 1833. 
 
 XXI. QUESTIONS. 60. Give an account of the action between the Constitution 
 and the Java. 61. What did Bainbridge do with his prize and prisoners ? 
 
 XXII. 62. What policy had been decided upon at the beginning of the w ar, with 
 reference to American ships? 63. Why was that decision made? 64. What is 
 stated of the successes of the Americans on the ocean, during the year 1812? 
 
 EVENTS or 1813. I. 1. What armies were raised for the campaign of 1813? 
 
 II. 2. What was the object of the army of the West? 3. What command did 
 "Winchester have ? 4 What place did he roach in January? 5. How did his men at 
 first employ themselves there ? 6. What did he learn while there ? 7. What request 
 did he receive ? 
 
219 
 
 General Winchester, reached the rapids of the Maumce on the 
 10th of January. Here, while constructing huts for the re 
 ception of supplies, Winchester learned that Frcnchtown, then 
 a small settlement, nearly forty miles distant, was threatened 
 with an attack from a body of British and Indians. He, at 
 the same time, received an urgent request from the inhabi 
 tants to come to their assistance. 
 
 III. Accordingly, he sent a detachment of five hnndred men, 
 under Colonel Lewis, in advance, while he prepared to follow. 
 Lewis, ascertaining that the British and Indians were already 
 in possession of the town, hurried forward, and, on the 18th 
 of January, made a charge upon the enemy, driving them into 
 the woods. On the following day, Winchester arrived. The 
 Americans were, on the 22d, attacked by a force of fifteen 
 hundred British and Indians, commanded by General Proctor. 
 They made a brave defense, but Winchester, who had been 
 made prisoner during the engagement, agreed upon a capitu 
 lation, and the Americans surrendered on condition that 
 they should be protected. But Proctor failed to observe 
 the condition : his Indian allies murdered the wounded 
 prisoners who were unable to travel, and then set fire to the 
 houses. 
 
 IV. Upon hearing of AVinchester s defeat, Harrison took a 
 position on the Maumee River, where he constructed a forti 
 fied camp, which, in honor of the governor of Ohio, he called 
 Fort Meigs (megz). On the 1st of May, Proctor advanced 
 against this fort, and, with a force of not less than a thousand 
 British and Indians, commenced a siege. Four days after, 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 8. How did he act in response to the request? 9. "What did 
 Lewis accomplish? 10. What battle took place on the following day ? Ans. The 
 battle ofYrenchtown. 11. Give an account of it. 12. Give an account of the massa 
 cre that followed. 13. How is French town situated? (See map, p. 214.) 
 
 IV. 14. Where did Harrison make a stand, upon hearing of Winchester s misfor 
 tune? 15. Describe the Maumee. (See map, p. 192.) 16. Is Fort Meigs above or 
 below Toledo? (See map, p. 214) 17. How was Fort Meigs threatened? 18. Give 
 an account of the event that took place on the 5th of May. 19. When and why did 
 Proctor abandon the siege ? 
 
220 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 General Clay* arrived, with twelve hundred Kentuck- 
 
 1 Q "I O 
 
 ians, and successfully attacked the besiegers, compel 
 ling them to disperse ; but, unfortunately, a large body of his 
 troops, while pursuing the enemy, was surrounded and cap 
 tured. On the ninth day of the month, Proctor, deserted 
 by his allies, and despairing of success, withdrew, and returned 
 to Fort Maiden. 
 
 V. In a little more than two months after, Proctor and 
 Tecumseh again threatened Fort Meigs ; but, finding it well 
 garrisoned, terminated a brief siege by a sullen withdrawal. 
 Proctor s next movement was against Fort Stephenson, at 
 Lower Sandusky, now Fremont, situated on the Sandusky 
 River. The place was garrisoned by only one hundred and 
 fifty men, under the command of Major Croghan,f a young 
 man not yet twenty-two years old, and they had but one gun, 
 a six-pounder. Proctor s force consisted of more than twelve 
 hundred men, half regulars and half Indians. 
 
 VI. A cannonade was directed against the fort until a 
 breach was effected, when the enemy, on the 2d of August, 
 attempted to carry the place by assault ; but they were met 
 by a volley of musketry and a discharge from the six-pounder 
 with such terrible effect, that, panic-struck, they fled in confu 
 sion, leaving one hundred and fifty of their number killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 VII. The naval supremacy on Lake Erie (e -re) and Lake 
 Ontario (on-ta -re-o), became an object of much importance to 
 the belligerent governments, and, as early as the beginning of 
 October, 1812, preparations were in progress, on both sides, to 
 
 * Green Clay was born in Virginia, in 1757. After his success in driving the British and Indians from 
 Ihe siege of Fort Meigs, he was left in command there, and defended the fort when it was a second time 
 
 t George CroHian was born in Kentucky, in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort 
 igs (May 5), and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at New Orleans, in 1849. 
 
 Meigs (M 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 20. What can you state of the second demonstration against 
 Fort Meigs ? 21. To what object did Proctor next direct his attention ? 22. In 
 what direction from Fort Meigs was Fort Stephenson? (See map, p. 214.) 23. How 
 was Fort Stephenson prepared to resist Proctor ? 
 
 VI. 24. Give an account of Proctor s efforts against the fort. 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 221 
 
 secure it. To Commodore Chauncey* was given the general 
 command of the American naval forces on the two lakes, while 
 to Commodore Perry f was assigned the immediate command 
 on Lake Erie. On the part of the enemy, Sir James Yeo 
 held the general command, and Commodore Barclay the spe 
 cial one on Lake Erie. 
 
 VIII. By the first of August, 1813, two squadrons had 
 been fitted out on Lake Erie. One of these, the American, 
 consisted of nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns ; and the 
 other, the British, consisted of six vessels, carrying sixty- 
 three guns. They met, on the 10th of September, near the 
 western extremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of 
 four hours duration took place, resulting in a complete and 
 brilliant victory to the Americans, every vessel of the enemy 
 having surrendered. In dis 
 patching information of his 
 
 victory to General Harrison, 
 Perry wrote: "We have met 
 the enemy, and they are ours." 
 
 IX. The consequences of 
 the victory were highly impor 
 tant. The Americans complete 
 ly established their naval su 
 premacy on the lake, Detroit 
 was evacuated by the British, 
 the Indians of Michigan were 
 
 * Isaac Chauncey was born in Connecticut, in 1772. When a young man, he was engaged in the mer 
 chant service, and during a voyage, a mortal sickness prevailed, leaving him on board as the only survivor. 
 He navigated the vessel into port, for which he was rewarded by being appointed to the command of her. 
 He served in the war against Tripoli, and during the war of 1812, he rendered important service on Lake 
 Ontario, by his active co-operation with the land forces. His death occurred at Washington, in 1840. 
 
 t Oliver Hazard Perry was born at Newport, H. I., in 1785. He died at Port Spain, Island of Trinidad, 
 of yellow fever, contracted while he was engaged on government service, up the Orinoco River, in South 
 America. 
 
 OOMMODOBB 1 KHIIY 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 25. What is said of the naval supremacy on Lakes Erie and On 
 tario? 26. What command was given to Chauncey? 2T. To Perry? 28. To Yeo? 
 29. To Barclay? 
 
 VIII. 30. How large a fleet did Perry command ? 31. Barclay ? 32. When did 
 the battle of Lake Erie take place? 33. What produced enthusiasm among the 
 Americans? Am. A flag floating from the mainmast of Perry s ship, upon which 
 were the dying words of Lawrence: "Don t give up the ship." 34. Give an account 
 of the battle. 35. How did Perry inform Harrison of his victory ? 
 
222 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 intimidated, and the way to success for the army at Fort 
 Meigs was clearly opened. Harrison saw his opportu 
 nity, and was not slow to profit by it. 
 
 X. Having been re-enforced by a large body of Kentucldans, 
 under Governor Shelby, Harrison resolved to seek Proctor and 
 give him battle. While, in conformity with his orders, a regi 
 ment of horse, one thousand strong, proceeded by land, cross 
 ing the river at Detroit, the rest of the army crossed Lake 
 Erie in Perry s fleet, and landed near Fort Maiden. But 
 Proctor, on hearing of Barclay s defeat and Harrison s ap 
 proach, was seized with alarm ; and when the fort was reached, 
 it was found deserted, and Proctor and Tecumseh were in full 
 retreat towards the Thames (temz) River. The Americans 
 followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook 
 them near the Moravian village on the Thames, about eighty 
 miles from Detroit. 
 
 XI. The enemy, seeing that a battle could not be avoided, 
 took a favorable position on a narrow strip of land between 
 the river and an extensive swamp. The Americans charged, 
 breaking the line of the British, and soon compelling them to 
 surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obsti 
 nate. At length, Tecumseh fell, mortally wounded, and the 
 savage warriors dispersed in all directions. Proctor was gone: 
 he had fled at the first onset, leaving his carriage, private pa 
 pers, and even his sword, behind him. 
 
 XII. Besides six hundred prisoners taken by Harrison, sev 
 eral cannon and a large quantity of stores and ammunition 
 fell into his hands. By the victory thus achieved, the terri 
 tory which Hull had surrendered was entirely recovered, the 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 36. What were the important consequences of the battle ? 
 
 X. 37. What accession arrived for Harrison s army? 38. What did Harrison re- 
 eolve upon ? 39. How did the two parts of his army proceed ? 40. Why did not 
 Proctor remain at Fort Maiden ? 41. How is Fort Maiden situated ? (See map, p. 
 214.) 42. What is said of the flight of Proctor and the pursuit ? 43. When was the 
 battle of the Thames fought ? 
 
 XI. 44. Give an account of it. 45. Where was the battle fought? (See map, p. 
 214.) 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 223 
 
 destruction of Tecumseh s Indian Confederacy was completed, 
 and the war on the western frontier was terminated. 
 
 XIII. In the spring of 1813, several months before the suc 
 cesses of Perry and Harrison had been achieved, the Southern 
 Indians were visited by Tecumseh and urged to take up arms 
 against the whites. . The Creeks yielded, and began to com 
 mit depredations upon the settlements of the Americans. In 
 the latter part of August, fifteen hundred of their warriors 
 surprised Fort Minis,* on the Alabama River, and massacred 
 nearly three hundred men, women, and children. 
 
 XIV. This sanguinary and unprovoked attack aroused the 
 whole South, and a large force, under Generals Jackson and 
 Coffee, marched into 
 
 the country of the 
 Creeks to avenge the 
 deed of horror. Sev 
 eral battles were fought 
 in quick succession, at 
 Talladega, Autossee, 
 Emucfa, and other 
 places, in every one of 
 which the Indians were 
 defeated. 
 
 XV At length a 
 thousand warr io rs, 
 with their women and 
 children, made a final 
 stand at Tohopeka, or, 
 
 * The name of this place was also written Fort Mimms. The fort was situated on the east side of the 
 Alabama, about ten miles above its junction with the Tombigbee. 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 46. "What were the fruits of Harrison s victory? 
 
 XIII. 47. What had Tecumseh been about in the spring of 1813? 48. What fol 
 lowed? 49. What is said of the massacre at Fort Mims? 50. In what direction 
 from Mobile was Fort Mims? (See map, p. 223.) 
 
 XIV. 51. What effect did the massacre nave upon the people of the South ? 52. 
 What can you say of the battles that were fought? 53. Give the location of the 
 three places named. (See rnap, p. 223.) 54. What two rivers uniting form the Ala 
 bama Eiver? Ans. The Coosa and the Tallapoosa. 
 
224 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 as the whites called it, the Horse-Shoe Bend of the 
 Tallapoosa River, where they had established a camp, 
 skillfully fortified. Here, on the 27th of March, 1814, they 
 were attacked by a force of three thousand men, under Jack 
 son. The doomed Creeks, being hemmed in on all sides by 
 their assailants, fought with the energy of despair, and not till 
 almost six hundred of their number were slain did the battle 
 cease : their defeat was complete. 
 
 XVI. While these events were transpiring at the South, 
 others of equal moment were taking place at the North. To 
 wards the latter part of April, 1813, General Dearborn, with 
 seventeen hundred men, embarked on board Chauncey s fleet, 
 at Sackett s Harbor, with the design of going against York, 
 the capital of Upper Canada. 
 
 XVII. On the 27th, the fleet anchored off that town, and 
 on the same day the troops effected a landing in the face of a 
 severe fire from British and Indians, commanded by General 
 Sheaffe. Still they pressed forward, led by General Pike,* 
 
 and were carrying every thing 
 before them, when the enemy s 
 magazine exploded, mortally 
 wounding Pike, and making sad 
 havoc among his men. After 
 a moment s pause, the Ameri 
 cans continued to advance, and 
 were soon in possession of the 
 town. 
 
 XVIII. The capture of York 
 GENERAL PIKE. having been attained, Dearborn 
 
 * Zebulon Montgomery Pike was born in New Jersey, in 1779. He made two important expeditions; 
 one in 1805 and 6, to explore the sources of the Mississippi, and the other about a year after to examine 
 vhe region west of the Red River. 
 
 XV. QUESTIONS. 55. Where did the battle of Tohopeka take place? (See map, 
 p. 223.) 56. Give an account of the battle. 
 
 XVI. 57. What movement was made on Lake Ontario towards the latter part of 
 April ? 
 
 XVII. 58. When did the battle of York take place ? 59. Give an account of it 
 60. Bj what name is York now known? Am. Toronto. 61. How is Toronto sit 
 uated ? (See map, p. 215.) 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 225 
 
 after several days delay, during which he received re-enforce 
 ments, proceeded to attack Fort George, situated on the Ni 
 agara River, near its mouth. The British made but a short 
 defense, and then retreated to Burlington Heights, at the 
 western extremity of Lake Ontario, pursued by a large force, 
 under Generals Chandler and Winder. On the night of the 
 6th of June, nine days after the capture of the fort, the Brit 
 ish suddenly fell upon the camp of the pursuing Americans, 
 and, though they were repulsed, in the darkness and confusion 
 both Chandler and Winder were made prisoners. 
 
 XIX. The British in Canada, on being informed that Chaun- 
 cey s fleet, carrying a large body of troops, had sailed from 
 Sackett s Harbor, sent a thousand men across the lake in Yeo s 
 fleet, to attack the place. Sir George Prevost, the British 
 commander, effected a landing on 
 
 the 29th of May. The militia 
 fired a couple of volleys upon the 
 
 invaders, and then, panic-struck, / life \ 
 
 broke and fled. A small body of 
 regulars acted with more firmness. 
 While the advance of the British 
 was held in check by a galling fire 
 from the regulars, General Brown,* 
 the American commander, rallied 
 the militia, and led them by a cir 
 cuitous route, as if he designed to 
 seize the enemy s boats and cut off their retreat. The strata 
 gem succeeded completely, and the British made a rush for 
 their boats, leaving their dead and wounded behind. 
 
 XX. Dearborn remained at Ft George more than a fortnight 
 
 * Jacob Brown was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1775. He died in Washington, in 1828. 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 62. Against what place did Dearborn next proceed? 63. 
 Was Fort George above or below Queenstown ? (See map, p. 215.) 64. What sue, 
 cess did Dearborn meet with against Fort George ? 65. What took place afterward? 
 
 XIX. 66. How is Sacketfs Harbor situated? (See map, p. 62.) 6T. What in 
 duced the British to attack the place? 68. When did they attack it? 69. Give au 
 account of the battle. 
 
 10* 
 
 GENERAL BROWN. 
 
226 
 
 after the misfortune to Chandler and Winder, without 
 doing any thing. Not so the British. They busied 
 themselves in taking possession of the mountain passes there, 
 thus narrowing the limits of Dearborn s position, and cutting 
 off his communications with the country. At length, a detach 
 ment of six hundred men was sent to break up a post which the 
 British had established seventeen miles from the fort. After pro 
 ceeding fifteen miles, the Americans were suddenly surround 
 ed by a body of British and Indians, and compelled to surrender 
 themselves prisoners of war. Dearborn,* not long after, resign 
 ed his command, and was succeeded by General Wilkinson. 
 
 XXI. General Armstrong, upon whom President Madison 
 had recently conferred. the appointment of Secretary of War, 
 devised a plan for the invasion of Canada, by which the two 
 armies that of the Centre, under Wilkinson, and that of the 
 North, under Hampton were to form a junction on the St. 
 Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 
 
 XXII. In passing down the St. Lawrence, the fleet of boats 
 employed in conveying Wilkinson s army, was harassed by the 
 British whenever an opportunity occurred. Near Williams- 
 burg, a strong detachment was landed to make an advance, 
 disperse a body of the enemy, and cover the descent of the 
 fleet. At Chrysler s (kris -lers) Field, a severe battle ensued 
 on the llth of November, in which the Americans, though 
 losing about one-fifth of their entire force engaged, maintained 
 their position. 
 
 * Henry Dearborn was born in New Hampshire, in 1751. He was in the battle of Bunker Hill, was 
 with Arnold in the expedition through the wilderness of Maine, and participated in the battle of Quebec, 
 where he was taken prisoner. Being exchanged, he served under Gates in the Northern campaign, and 
 did good service at the battle of Monmouth, in Sullivan s expedition against the Indians, and in the suc 
 cessful operations before Yorktown. He died in Massachusetts, in 1829. 
 
 XX. QUESTIONS. TO. What is said of Dearborn s inactivity at Fort Erie? 71. 
 What, of the activity of the British ? 72. Give an account of the mishap to the 
 American detachment. 73. Who succeeded Dearborn in the command ? 
 
 XXI. 74. What office did Armstrong hold? 75. What plan of action did he 
 devise? 
 
 XXII. 76. What annoyance did Wilkinson experience while sailing down the St. 
 Lawrence? 77. What did he do when near Williamsburg ? 78. How is Williams- 
 burg situated ? (See map, p. 62.) 79. When did a battle take place near Williams- 
 burg ? 80. By what name is that battle known t 81. Give an account of it. 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 227 
 
 XXIII. Hampton,* in the mean time, had entered Canada, 
 encountered the British near St. John s, and been defeated. 
 In consequence of a hostile feeling which existed between him 
 and Wilkinson, he declined to co-operate with that com 
 mander, but made his way back to Lake Champlain, and left 
 his army in winter quarters at Plattsburg, under the com 
 mand of General Izard. Wilkinson went into winter quarters 
 at French Mills, about nine miles east of St. Regis. 
 
 XXIV. During 1813, there were many severe battles on 
 the ocean ; and though the American seamen were not so uni 
 formly successful as in the preceding year, their gallantry 
 continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of 
 February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, when 
 off the mouth of the Demerara River, fell in with a British 
 brig, which, after an action of only fifteen minutes, struck her 
 colors and raised a signal of distress. She proved to be the 
 brig Peacock, Captain Peake, and was so riddled that she sunk 
 in a few minutes after the surrender, carrying down with her 
 nine of her own crew and three of the Hornet s. 
 
 XXV. On his return to the United States, Lawrence was 
 promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then 
 lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st, the 
 British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off the 
 harbor for the express purpose of meeting the Chesapeake. 
 Though the American frigate had imperfect equipments and an 
 ill-assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew and 
 
 * Wade Hampton was born in South Carolina, in 1755. He took an active part in the Revolutionary 
 War serving under Marion and Sumter. After he retired from the army, in 1814, he engaged in agricul 
 tural pursuits, and was considered the wealthiest farmer in the United States, owning extensive planta 
 tions, and about three thousand slaves. He died in South Carolina, in 1835. 
 
 XXIII. QUESTIONS. 82. What misfortune had befallen Hampton in the mean 
 time? 83. How is St. John s situated ? (See map, p. 231.) 84. What did he neglect 
 to do? 85. Why? 86. Where and in whose charge did he leave his command? 8T. 
 How is Plattsburg situated? (See map, p. 149.) 88. Where did Wilkinson go into 
 winter quarters? 89. Where is St. Eegis? Ans. On the south side of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 XXIV. 90. What is said of the naval successes of the Americans during the year 
 1813 ? 91. Give an account of the action between the Hornet and Pelican. 
 
 XXV. 92. How was Lawrence rewarded for his victory over the Peacock ? 9a 
 What movement was made by the Shannon ? 94. In what condition were the two 
 ships for action? 
 
228 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled 
 
 to go out and engage her. 
 
 XXVI. At about six o clock in 
 the afternoon the two vessels met, 
 and a terrific contest of fifteen 
 minutes ensued. Lawrence* was 
 mortally wounded in the early part 
 of the action, and his last injunc 
 tion as he was borne below was, 
 "Don t give up the ship." The 
 Chesapeake, after having all her 
 superior officers either killed or 
 wounded, was boarded by the en 
 emy and her flag hauled down. 
 
 XXVII. The second disaster to the American navy that oc 
 curred during the year was the loss of the brig Argus, Captain 
 W. H. Allen, f on the 14th of August. After Allen had con 
 veyed the American minister, Mr. Crawford, to France, he 
 proceeded to cruise in the waters about England, and was suc 
 cessful in taking a large number of prizes and capturing prop 
 erty to the amount of two millions of dollars. While in the 
 English Channel he fell in with the sloop-of-war Pelican, and 
 in the action which ensued, and which resulted in the capture 
 of the Argus, he was mortally wounded. He was taken to 
 Plymouth, England, where he died on the day after the action. 
 
 XXVIII. Fortune next favored the Americans. On the 
 5th of September, Lieutenant Burrows, while in command of 
 
 * James Lawrence was torn in Burlington, N. J., in 1781. He was one of Decatar s party that board 
 ed and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, in 1804. 
 
 t William henry Allen was born in Rhode Island, in 1784. He was the first lieutenant of the frigate 
 United States when that vessel captured the Macedonian. 
 
 XXVI. QUESTIONS. 95. Give an account of the action. 
 
 XXVII. 96. What vessel did Lieutenant Allen command in the snmmer of 1813 ? 
 97. What duty did he perform before making a cruise ? 98. "What were his suc 
 cesses? 99. When did the Argus and Pelican meet? 100. Give an account of the 
 action between them. 
 
 XXVIII. 101. Where did a naval action take place on the 5th of September? 
 102. Give an account of it 103. What honors were paid to the dead commanders? 
 104. Where is Portland ? (See map of Maine.O 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 229 
 
 the brig Enterprise, fell in with the British brig Boxer, Cap? 
 tain Bl ythe, off the coast of Maine. An action of forty min 
 utes ensued, resulting in the capture of the Boxer. Both 
 commanders were killed in the engagement, and their bodies 
 were buried side by side at Portland, with the honors of war. 
 
 XXIX. In 1812, Captain Por 
 ter,* commanding the American 
 frigate Essex, in a short cruise 
 captured a number of British 
 merchantmen, and, after an action 
 of only eight minutes, took the 
 sloop-of-war Alert. In 1812 and 
 13, Porter, in command of the 
 same vessel, made a long and re 
 markable cruise of more than a 
 year, in the Atlantic and Pacific 
 Oceans. Besides capturing a great 
 many ships, and making prisoners 
 of more than four hundred men, 
 
 he did immense service to the American shipping by the pro 
 tection which he afforded. 
 
 XXX. At length, on the 28th of March, 1814, lie was at 
 tacked in the harbor of Valparaiso (yal-pa-rl -so), by two 
 British war vessels that had been expressly dispatched in 
 quest of him, and, after one of the most desperate conflicts of 
 the war, was forced to surrender. <^/^/- 
 
 * David Porter was born in Boston, Mass., in 1780. When the frigate Philadelphia was captured by 
 the Tripolitans, in 1803, Porter WHS made captive and held nineteen months. In 1824 he commanded an 
 expedition atrainst the pirates of the West Indies. He subsequently entered the service of Mexico, as com 
 mander -in-chief of her naval forces ; but, in 1829, returned to the United States. At the time of his death, 
 which occurred at Constantinople, in 1843, he was resident minister of the United States there. 
 
 COMMODORE PORTEB. 
 
 XXIX. QUESTIONS. 105. What were Porter s successes in 1812 ? 106. What, in 
 1813? 
 
 XXX. 107. Where was he attacked by two British war vessels ? 108. Where ia 
 Valparaiso ? (See map of South America.) 100. Give an account of the action. 
 
230 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. "What event took place on the 4th of March, 1809 ? 210 
 
 2. Give an account of the naval action which occurred in 1811 ?. 211 
 
 3. "What hostile movement among the Indians was begun in 1804 ? 211 
 
 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe 211, 212 
 
 5. What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? 212 
 
 6. When did President Madison issue his war proclamation?. ... 212 
 
 7. On what expedition was Gen. Hull engaged at the time ? 213 
 
 8. What movement against the British did he first make ? 213 
 
 9. What can you say of the loss of a fort further north? 213 
 
 10. Give an account of the first battle of Brownstown 213, 214 
 
 11. Give an account of the second battle of Brownstown 214 
 
 12. Give an account of Brock s operations and Hull s surrender. . . 214 
 
 13. What further account can you give of Hull himself? 215 
 
 14. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown 215, 216 
 
 15. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere 216, 217 
 
 16. Of the action between the Wasp and the Frolic. . 217 
 
 17. Of the action between the United States and Macedonia 217 
 
 18. Of the action between the Constitution and the Java 217, 218 
 
 19. State the events preliminary to the battle of Frenchtown. 218, 219 
 
 20. Give an account of that battle, with the massacre 219 
 
 21. Under what circumstances was Fort Meigs constructed ? 219 
 
 22. What can you say of Clay s operations and success? 219, 220 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle of Fort Stephenson 220 
 
 24. What hostile preparations were made on the northern lakes ? 220, 221 
 
 25. Give an account of the battle of Lake Erie 221 
 
 26. What effects did the result of the battle have ? 221, 222 
 
 27. State the events preliminary to the battle of the Thames 222 
 
 28. Give an account of it, with the effects of the victory 222, 223 
 
 29. State the events preliminary to the battle of Tohopeka 223 
 
 30.. Give an account of the battle of Tohopeka 223, 224 
 
 31. Of the expedition from Sackett s Harbor against York 224 
 
 32. Of the expedition from the same place against Fort George. . . . 225 
 
 33. Of the British expedition against Sackett s Harbor 225 
 
 34. Of the operations of Wilkinson and Hampton 226, 227 
 
 35. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock 227 
 
 36. Of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon 227, 228 
 
 37. Of Lieutenant Allen s operations and sad fate 228 
 
 38. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 228, 229 
 
 39. Of Porter s operations and final defeat 229 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 231 
 
 EVENTS OP 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 I. IN the early part of 1813, a proposition from the Rus 
 sian Emperor was received, in which he offered to mediate be 
 tween the belligerent powers, England and the United States. 
 It was accepted on the part of the American government, and 
 President Madison appointed three commissioners to proceed 
 to St. Petersburg to negotiate a treaty. It was not, however, 
 accepted on the part of the other belligerents ; but towards the 
 close of the year the American government was informed that 
 Great Britain was ready to make a treaty of peace. Accord 
 ingly, two persons were added to the commission previously 
 appointed, and, in January, 1814, they sailed for Europe, 
 where they joined their three associates. The belligerent 
 governments however continued to prosecute war measures, 
 and even with more vigor than before. 
 
 II. Towards the close of February, 
 1814, Wilkinson broke up his winter 
 quarters at French Mills and removed 
 to Plattsburg, and Brown marched to 
 Sackett s Harbor, taking two thousand 
 men, mainly for the protection of the 
 fleet there. 
 
 III. Late in the following month, 
 Wilkinson* advanced as far as Rouse s 
 Point, where he determined to erect a 
 battery, but the British penetrating his 
 
 PAKT OF THE SOREL EIVER. 
 
 * James Wilkinson was born in Maryland, in 1757. He served in Canada under Arnold, in 1776, and on 
 the staff of Gates, in 1777. During Washington s administration he was engaged on the Northwestern 
 frontier against the Indians, and commanded one of the divisions of Wayne s army in the battle of the 
 Maumee. He subsequently was governor of the Louisiana territory, and an active agent in exposing the 
 plans of Burr, in 1806. He died in Mexico, in 1825. 
 
 EVENTS OP 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. QUESTIONS. I. 1. When did a pro 
 position come from the Emperor of Russia ? 2. What was it? 3. What action was 
 taken in relation thereto by the American government? 4. What by the British 
 government ? 5. Of what was the American government afterward informed ? & 
 In accordance therewith, what action was taken by the American government ? 
 
 II. 7. What movement did Wilkinson make toward the close of the winter ? 8 
 To what place did General Brown march? 
 
232 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 design, concentrated a force of two thousand men at 
 La Colle Mill, three miles below the point. An at 
 tack which he made upon the British, on the last day of the 
 month, was unsuccessful, and he returned to Plattsburg. In 
 consequence of this defeat, he threw up his command and 
 asked to be tried by a court-martial. Gen. Izard was appointed 
 to succeed him. 
 
 IV. Brown did not remain long at Sackett s Harbor ; but, 
 having been appointed to the command of the army destined 
 to act on the Niagara frontier against Canada, he made haste 
 to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another 
 invasion of the enemy s territory. Preparations being com 
 pleted, on the 3d of July a large force, the advance of Brown s 
 command, crossed the Niagara River, and took Fort Erie 
 without a struggle. Pushing forward next day along the 
 bank of the river, the American army reached a plain on the 
 south side of the Chippewa River, in view of the enemy s 
 camp on the other side of that stream. 
 
 V. General Brown determined to attack the British in 
 their position ; and, apparently, the British commander in 
 tended a similar operation against the Americans, for the 
 morning of the 5th beheld both armies deploying into the 
 plain. The battle that ensued was severe, resulting in the 
 defeat of the British, who made good their retreat across the 
 Chippewa. This brilliant victory was owing to the admirable 
 discipline of the American army, no less than to the skill and 
 bravery of General Scott. 
 
 VI. The British commander, General Riall, made no at- 
 
 IIL QUESTIONS. 9. What movement did Wilkinson make from Plattsburg ? 10. 
 How did the British anticipate him? 11. How are Rouse s Point and La Colle situ 
 ated ? (See map, p. 124.) 12. When did the battle of La Colle Mill take place ? 
 13. Give an account of it. 14. What was the consequence to Wilkinson ? 
 
 IV. 15. To what command had Brown been assigned while at Sacketfs Harbor? 
 16. Give an account of the taking of Fort Erie. 17. How was Fort Erie situated? 
 (See map, p. 233.) 18. What movement was made on the 4th of July ? 
 
 V. 19. What is said of the intention of the two commanders ? 20. Give an ac 
 count of the battle of Chippewa. 21. How is Chippewa situated ? (See map, p. 233.) 
 22. To what was the success of the Americana at Chippewa owing ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 233 
 
 tempt to dispute the passage of the Chippewa, but, hurriedly 
 burning the bridge after he had effected a crossing, continued 
 his retreat to Burlington Heights, near the head of Lake On 
 tario. The American 
 army rested but two 
 days after the battle, 
 then advanced across 
 the Chippewa and took 
 post at Queenstown, in 
 tending to make a fur 
 ther advance towards 
 Fort George, which the 
 British then held. Not 
 having the necessary 
 cannon with which to 
 attack the fort, they fell 
 back, after a few days, 
 to the Chippewa. 
 
 VII. Here, on the 
 
 25th of July, Brown was informed that General Drummond, 
 who had reached Fort George with re-enforcements, had 
 crossed the Niagara to attack Fort Schlosser (shlos -ser), 
 where supplies for the American army were deposited. Be 
 lieving that a demonstration against the forts at the mouth 
 of the river would induce the British to return, Brown ordered 
 Scott to advance with twelve hundred men. 
 
 VIII. A march of but two miles had been accomplished when, 
 about sunset, Scott unexpectedly came upon a British force of 
 two thousand men advantageously posted at Lundy s Lane, in the 
 immediate vicinity of Niagara Falls. The most obstinate bat- 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 23. What was Biall s movement after the battle? 24. What 
 Brown s ? 
 
 VII. 25. Where was Brown on the 25th of July? 26. What information did he 
 get there ? 27. Where is Fort Schlosser situated ? 28. What order did Brown give 
 to Scott ? 29. What was his object? 
 
 VIII. 30. Where is Lundy s Lane? (See map, p. 233.) 31. Give an account of 
 the battle fought there while Scott was in command. 
 
234 
 
 tie of the war ensued. Scott took the offensive; and 
 though the enemy outnumbered him, he sustained the 
 unequal contest for an hour, when General Brown, with the 
 main body of the army, arrived upon the field. In the 
 mean time, the British force had been largely augmented by 
 re-enforcements under Drummond, who took the command. 
 
 IX. It became evident to Brown that a battery, which the 
 British had placed on a commanding hight, and which swept 
 all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be 
 defeated. Upon asking Colonel Miller* if he could take it, 
 the fearless soldier replied, " I ll try, sir." At the head of his 
 regiment, Miller steadily advanced up the hight, while, at 
 every step, his ranks were thinned by the enemy s fire ; but 
 his troops pressed forward, and, in one determined charge, 
 gained possession of the battery, and drove the enemy in con 
 fusion down the hill. 
 
 X. Three times did the British rally and attempt to regain 
 their lost battery, but without success : they were repulsed 
 with fearful loss at every assault. Finally, at midnight, they 
 withdrew, leaving the Americans in quiet possession of the 
 field, each party losing about eight hundred men in killed and 
 wounded. Brown and Scott having both been severely 
 wounded, the command devolved upon General Ripley, who 
 retired with his forces to Fort Erie, where General Gaines 
 arrived soon afterward, and, being a senior officer, assumed 
 the command. 
 
 XL In a few days, General Drummond advanced against 
 Fort Erie, and with a force of five thousand men, commenced 
 a .siege. On the 1 oth of August, eleven days after, the enemy 
 
 * James Miller was born in New Hampshire, in 1776. He took part in the capture of Fort Erie and in 
 the battle of Chippewa. He died in New Hampshire, in 1851. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 32. What, during the battle, became evident to Brown ? 33. 
 What question was asked and reply given? 84. Give an account of Miller s heroic 
 achievement. 
 
 X. 35. Give a further account of the battle. 36. What officers were wounded in 
 the battle? 37. Who, after the battle, took the command? 38. Whither did Eipley 
 retire ? 39. By whom was he succeeded ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 235 
 
 undertook to carry the fort by assault, bat were repulsed with 
 the loss of more than a thousand men. Though the wounds 
 which Brown had received at Lundy s Lane were yet un- 
 healed, he repaired to the fort and took the command. 
 
 XII. Having ascertained that formidable preparations were 
 being made for pressing the siege, he resolved not to await 
 their completion. Accordingly, at noon, on the 17th of Sep 
 tember, a sortie was made with nearly the whole of his dis 
 posable force. In the space of an hour, the advanced works 
 of the besiegers, which had cost nearly fifty days labor to 
 erect, were destroyed, and about seven hundred of their num 
 ber either fell or were taken prisoners. Drummond, upon 
 being informed soon afterward that Izard was approaching 
 with re-enforcements, retired to Fort George. The Ameri 
 cans, in November, abandoned and destroyed Fort Erie, and, 
 crossing the Niagara, went into winter quarters. 
 
 XIII. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg on his march 
 for the relief of Brown, left General Macomb* (ma-Jcoom ) in 
 command of only fifteen hundred men ; but, as the enemy 
 began to threaten Plattsburg, this force was augmented by 
 volunteers from Vermont. Sir George Prevost, at the head 
 of fourteen thousand men, a large number of whom were vet 
 erans who had served under Wellington, in Europe, marched 
 against Macomb ; and the British fleet on Lake Champlain, 
 commanded by Commodore Downie (dowri-e), sailed to 
 attack the American fleet, under Commodore MacDonough 
 (mac-don -o). 
 
 * Alexander Macomb was born in Michigan, in 1782. He died at Washington, in 1841. 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 40. How was Fort Erie threatened by Drummond ? 41. Wliat 
 took place on the 15th of August? 42. Who afterward took command at Fort 
 Erie? 
 
 XII. 43. When did Brown make a sortie from the fort? 44. What induced him 
 to make it? 45. What was his success? 46. Why did Drummond afterward retire 
 to Fort George ? 47. What did the Americans do in November ? 
 
 XIII. 48. In what state for defense did Izard leave Plattsburg? 49. How was 
 Macomb s force augmented ? 50. What southward movement did Prevost make? 
 51. What movement was made by Downie ? 
 
236 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1814. 
 
 XIV. Macomb withdrew his forces to the south 
 side of the Saranac River, and prepared to dispute any 
 attempt which the enemy might make to cross, while Prevost 
 took a position on the north side, where he erected batteries. 
 For four days the two armies were on the opposite banks of 
 the Saranac, and all attempts of the British to force a passage 
 were successfully resisted. 
 
 XV. On the llth of Septem 
 ber, the battle of Plattsburg 
 and of Lake Champlain took 
 place. The British commenced 
 the one on the land by opening 
 a heavy cannonade upon the 
 American works, while at the 
 same time their fleet bore down 
 and engaged MacDonough s* 
 vessels, which were at anchor 
 in the bay of Plattsburg. Af 
 ter an action of two hours and 
 a quarter between the two fleets, flag after flag of the British 
 struck, and the victory of MacDonough was complete. 
 
 XVI. The contest on the land continued throughout the 
 day. The British undertook to cross the Saranac, making the 
 attempt in three columns, but without success. After the de 
 feat of Downie, the fire from their batteries slackened, and at 
 nightfall ceased entirely. They then commenced a hasty retreat, 
 leaving behind their sick and wounded, and a large quantity of 
 military stores. Of the army of fourteen thousand men which 
 Prevost led against Macomb, two hundred and fifty were 
 
 * Thomas MacDonough was born in New Castle Co., Delaware, in 1783. He was one of Deoatur s 
 P^ l -v w^hich boarded and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, iu 1804. He died at 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 52. How did Macomb prepare to meet Prevost ? 53. Where 
 did Prevost take a position ? 54. What is said of his attempts to cross the Saranac ? 
 55. Into what body of water does the Saranac flow? (See map, p. 149.) 
 
 XV. 56. Give an account of the battle of Lake Champlain. 
 
 XVI. 57. Give an account of the battle of Plattsburg. 58. What losses were sus 
 tained by each party ? 
 
 COMMODORE MACDONOUGH. 
 
MADISON 8 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 237 
 
 killed or wounded, and more than two thousand deserted. 
 The loss of the Americans was one hundred and twenty. 
 
 XVII. During the greater part of 1814 the whole Atlantic 
 seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which de 
 scents were often made upon small towns. About the middle 
 of August, a squadron of the enemy arrived in Chesapeake 
 Bay, bringing a large body of troops, commanded by General 
 Ross. This force, it was evident, was intended to strike a 
 heavy blow at some of the important cities. 
 
 XVIII. Ross, with five 
 thousand men, landed at 
 Benedict, situated on the 
 Patuxent River, twenty-five 
 miles from its mouth. His 
 first object was the destruc 
 tion of an American flotilla, 
 commanded by Commodore 
 Barney, which had harassed 
 and injured the lighter vessels 
 of the enemy s fleet, but which 
 was then lying in the Patux 
 ent. As the British approach 
 ed, Barney, rather than have 
 his boats fall into their hands, 
 burnt them. 
 
 XIX. Ross s next object 
 was the capture of Washing 
 ton; but, instead of making a 
 direct march, he proceeded 
 by the way of Bladensburg, 
 where he met with some op 
 
 position from the militia under General Winder, but the only 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 59. What is said of the operations of British cruisers during 
 the most of 1814 ? 60. What arrival took place in August? 61. What was the evi 
 dent intention of the force ? 
 
 XVIII. 62. Where did Ross land? 63. On which side of the Patuxent is Bene 
 dict? (See map, p. 287.) 64 What was Ross s first object ? 65. Did he succeed ? 
 
 MAKYLANI) . 
 
238 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 - . check that he received was from a body of seamen 
 and marines, commanded by Barney.* He, reached 
 "Washington on the 24th of August, burned the capitol, presi 
 dent s house, and other buildings, and, after effecting this 
 wanton destruction, made a hasty retreat to the shipping, a 
 division of which was still in the Patuxent. 
 
 XX. In the mean 
 time, a division of 
 the fleet had ascend 
 ed the Potomac as 
 far as Alexandria, the 
 people of which, to 
 save their city from 
 bombardment, sur 
 rendered their mer 
 chandise and ship 
 ping to the enemy. 
 The two divisions of 
 the fleet then uni 
 ting, it was determin 
 ed to make an attack 
 on Baltimore. 
 
 XXI. On the 12th 
 of September, Ross landed his troops at North Point, fourteen 
 
 * Joshua Barney was born in Baltimore, in 1759. Though he was but a youth at the beginning of the 
 Revolution, he was appointed master s mate in sloop-of-war, in which vessel he aided in capturing the 
 town of New Providence, on one of the Bahama Islands. He was engaged in several naval enterprises, 
 and was three times made prisoner. His death occurred at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1818. 
 
 "VTCUTITY" 
 
 -XIX. QUESTIONS. 66. What was his second object ? 67. What route did ho take 
 to Washington ? 6S. On which side of the Potomac is Washington? (See map, p. 
 237.) 69. In which direction from Bladensburg is Washington ? (See same map.) 
 70. What opposition and check did Eoss meet with on his march ? 71. When did he 
 reach Washington ? 72. What did he effect there T 73. What did he then do ? 
 
 XX. 74. What had another division of the fleet been doing in the mean time? 
 75. What did the British then determine upon. 
 
 XXI. 76. When did Eoss land at North Point , 77. What is the name of the 
 other point at the mouth of the Patapsco ? (See map, p. 238.) 78. How far is North 
 Point from Baltimore? 79. What was done by the enemy s vessels on the 12th? 
 80. How far is Fort McHenry from Baltimore ? 81. What befell Eoss himseJf ? 
 
239 
 
 miles from Baltimore, while sixteen of the enemy s ships moved 
 up the Patapsco River, to bombard Fort McHenry, com 
 manding the channel, at the distance of about two miles below 
 the city. On his march Ross was met by an advance corps 
 of Americans, and, in a slight skirmish, killed. 
 
 XXII. General Brooke, Ross s successor, gave the order to 
 continue the advance, but the progress of the British at one 
 point was disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia, 
 commanded by General Strieker. The Americans then fell 
 back in good order, and took a position near the defenses of 
 the city. Brooke resumed the march, but the resolute front 
 which the Americans presented, deterred him from making an 
 attack until he could hear from the fleet. 
 
 XXIII. In the mean time, Fort McHenry had been sub 
 jected to a heavy bombardment. The firing commenced on 
 the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the follow 
 ing morning, but without making any serious impression. 
 Brooke, therefore, seeing no prospect of success against the 
 city, embarked his troops, and the 
 
 whole force of the enemy withdrew. 
 
 XXIV. During the summer, the 
 authorities of Pensacola, then a Span 
 ish port, allowed the British to take 
 possession of their forts, and fit out an 
 expedition against Fort Bowyer (bo ~ 
 yer\ now Fort Morgan, situated at the 
 entrance to Mobile (mo-bcel ) Bay. 
 On the 15th of September, the fort was assailed by a British 
 
 XXII. QUESTIONS. 82. Who succeeded Eoss? 83. Give an account of the battle 
 that took place. 84. Why did not Strieker attack the Americans at their position 
 near the defenses of Baltimore? 
 
 XXIII. 85. Give an account of the attack upon Fort McHenry. 86. What did 
 Brooke then do ? 
 
 XXIV. 87. How is Pensacola situated ? (See map, p. 223.) 88. Did Pensacola 
 belong to Spain or the United States in 1814? 89. Which of the belligerent powers 
 did the authorities of Pensacola favor during the war? 90. How did that appear? 
 91. In what direction from Mobile is Fort Morgan? (See map, p. 2 23.) 92. Give an 
 account of the attack upon Fort Morgan. 
 
 MOBILE AND VICINITY. 
 
240 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 fleet, aided by a combined force of Indians and ma 
 rines; but the enemy were repulsed, losing one of 
 
 their ships and many men. The other ships effected their 
 
 escape, returning to Pensacola. 
 
 XXV. Florida was then a Spanish province, but it was 
 used by the English, who made Pensacola the rendezvous of 
 their forces, and from that port fitted out expeditions against 
 the United States. The Spaniards made not the least attempt 
 to prevent this abuse of neutral territory ; indeed, it is certain 
 they had no disposition to interfere with the operations of the 
 English. Jackson, who, -in 1814, was in command at Mobile, 
 placed himself at the head of three thousand men, and marched 
 upon Pensacola. Negotiations failing, he seized the town by 
 force, and compelled the British to leave. 
 
 XXVI. Returning to Mobile, he made preparations to meet 
 an anticipated attack upon that place ; but learning that the Brit 
 ish were about to invade Louisiana for the special purpose of se 
 curing possession of New Orleans, he sent the mass of his troops 
 to that city, and reached it himself at the beginning of Decem 
 ber. He found the city in no condition for defense, and at once 
 adopted the most energetic measures to oppose the enemy. 
 
 XXVII. Towards the middle of December, a British squad 
 ron entered Lake Borgne (born), the shortest avenue of ap 
 proach from the Gulf of Mexico to New Orleans, carrying a 
 land force of over twelve thousand men, many of whom were 
 veterans who had served under Wellington. This army was 
 commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham, one of their most dis 
 tinguished military leaders. On the 14th, Lieutenant Jones, 
 commanding a flotilla of American gunboats, was attacked by 
 
 XXV. QUESTIONS. 93. What is said of the use made by the English of Pensa 
 cola, and of the disposition of the authorities there towards the United States? 94. 
 State what was done by Jackson. 
 
 XXVI. 95. "Where did Jackson go after leaving Pensacola? 96. "What did he do 
 there ? 97. "What information did he receive while there ? 98. What course did he 
 then pursue? 
 
 XXVII. 99. With what force did the British advance against New Orleans? 100- 
 What avenue of approach did fliey take to that city? 101. Give an account of the 
 action of the 14th of December. 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 241 
 
 a portion of the British squadron, and, after a sanguinary en 
 gagement, was compelled to surrender, thus giving the enemy 
 the control of the route to New Orleans. 
 
 XXVIII. The vanguard of the British army landed on the 
 16th, and marched to a place on the Mississippi, about nine miles 
 from New Orleans, where an encampment was formed on the 
 morning of the 23d. Here the British were attacked by Jack 
 son on the following night. The contest was spirited, and the 
 result advantageous to the Americans, as the enemy s advance 
 was thereby checked, giving Jackson more time to prepare his 
 line of defenses, four miles from the city. On the 28th of De 
 cember, and again on the first day of the new year, the British 
 attacked the American works, but without success. 
 
 XXIX. Pakenham at length determined to make a general 
 assault. Accordingly, on the 8th of January, 1815, the battle 
 of New Orleans, which was the final contest of the war, was 
 fought. The British advanced in the face of a destructive 
 fire from the American batteries : when they were within reach 
 of the muskets and rifles from behind the intrenchments, vol 
 ley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect, 
 that they were thrown into confusion. Pakenham was slain, 
 and his troops fled in dismay, leaving two thousand of their 
 number killed, wounded, and prisoners. The Americans lost 
 only thirteen, seven killed and six wounded. 
 
 XXX. A large number of citizens of the United States, be 
 longing to the Federal party,* had been opposed to the war 
 from its very commencement, and they continued to oppose 
 its prosecution till the close. These persons were mostly resi- 
 
 * The people of the United States were, at that time, divided into two great political parties, calling 
 themselves Democrats and Federalists. The former were iu favor of prosecuting the war, while the latter 
 were opposed. 
 
 XXVIII. QUESTIONS. 102. Of the landing of the British, their march and en 
 campment 103. Of the battle on the 23d of December, 104. Of the two following 
 attacks. 
 
 XXIX. 105. "When did the battle of New Orleans take place ? 106. Give an ac 
 count of it 10T. What losses were sustained by both parties ? 108. In what direc 
 tion from Mobile is New Orleans ? (See map, p. 223.) 
 
 11 
 
242 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1814. 
 
 dents of New England. They regarded the war as un 
 necessary and impolitic ; the losses, too, which they 
 were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not with 
 out influence upon thorn. 
 
 XXXI. For the purpose of considering their grievances, 
 and devising means of redress, a convention was held at Hart 
 ford, Connecticut, in December, 1814. The friends of Presi 
 dent Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage of 
 delegates, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as 
 a treasonable body ; but their doings were, to say the least, 
 harmless, their principal act being the adoption of a document 
 which presented a statement of grievances, and recommended 
 several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks 
 of secret session, the convention adjourned. 
 
 XXXII. The joyful tidings of 
 peace at length reached the 
 United States. In February, 
 1815, an English sloop-of-war 
 arrived from Europe, bearing a 
 treaty of peace which had been 
 agreed upon by British and 
 American commissioners who 
 had assembled at Ghent, a city 
 of Belgium. The document was 
 signed on the 24th of December, 
 fifteen days before the battle of 
 HENRY CLAY.* J^Qw Orleans. The commissioners 
 
 on the part of the United States, who had negotiated it, were 
 
 * Henrv Clay was born in Hanover Co., Virginia, in 1777. He died at Washington in 1852, and it was 
 lid of bfm, in a eulogy pronounced by John C. Breckinridge, a political adversary, that . As a leader in 
 delibsrative body, Mr. Clay had no equal in America." 
 
 XXX. QUESTIONS. 109. "What is said of the course pursued by certain persons 
 who were opposed to the war? 110. State what is said of their residence, opinions. 
 &c. 
 
 XXXI. 111. Give an account of the "Hartford Convention," and its doings. 
 
 XXXII. 112. What news reached the United States in February, 1815? 113. 
 At what place did the commissioners meet who negotiated the treaty ? 114. "Who 
 were the American commissioners ? 1 15. When was the treaty signed at Ghent ? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 243 
 
 Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Jonathan Russell, James 
 A. Bayard, and Albert Gallatin.* 
 
 XXXIII. The two great points of dispute the encroach 
 ments upon American commerce, and the impressment of 
 American seamen which were the main causes of the war, 
 were left untouched by the treaty. The omission, however, 
 was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the 
 European war, all encroachments upon American commerce 
 ceased, and, by the great success of the American navy and 
 privateers, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. 
 
 * Albert Gallatin was born in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1761. In 1780, he arrived in the United States 
 and at once aided the Americans, with his hands and money, in their military operations in Maine. He 
 was, at one time, a teacher of French in Harvard College was several times elected to the House of 
 Kepresentatives from Pennsylvania, and he was Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson and Madison. 
 His death occurred at Astoria, Long Island, N. Y., in 1849. 
 
 XXXIII. QUESTIONS. 116. In what respects was the treaty incomplete and un 
 satisfactory ? 117. By what events were these omissions rendered unimportant? 
 
 PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 MEN ENGAGED. 
 
 American. 
 
 British. 
 
 Amer. British. 
 
 1812. 
 
 Aug. 5, 
 Aug. 9, | 
 
 Oct. 13, 
 1813. 
 Jan. 22, 
 April 27, 
 May 5, 
 May 29, 
 Aug. 2, 
 Oct. 5, 
 Nov. 11, 
 1814. 
 March 30, 
 July 5, 
 July 25, 
 Aug. 15, 
 Aug. 24, 
 Sept. 11, 
 Sept. 12, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Sep. 15, 
 Sept 17, 
 Dec. 23, 
 1815. 
 Jan. 8, 
 
 Brown stown 
 
 Maguaga, or 2d of 
 Brownstown . . . 
 Queenstown 
 
 Van Horn 
 [Miller* 
 Van Eensselaer 
 
 Tecumseh* . . . 
 Tecumseh 
 Brock* 
 
 200 
 600 
 1,200 
 
 600 
 900 
 2,500 
 
 Frenchtown . 
 York 
 
 Winchester... 
 Pike* 
 Clay* 
 Brown* .... 
 Croghan* 
 Harrison* 
 Boyd 
 
 Proctor* 
 Sheaffe 
 
 800 
 1,700 
 1,200 
 1,000 
 100 
 2,500 
 1,200 
 
 1,500 
 1,500 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 1,300 
 2,000 
 2,000 
 
 Fort Meigs 
 Sackett s Harbor... 
 Fort Stcphenson. . . 
 Thames 
 
 Proctor 
 Prevost 
 Proctor 
 Proctor 
 Morrison 
 
 Chrysler s Field . . . 
 
 La Colle Mill 
 Chippewa 
 
 Wilkinson ... 
 Brown* 
 Brown* 
 Gaines* 
 Winder 
 Macomb* 
 Strieker 
 Armistead*. .. 
 Lawrence* . . . 
 Brown* 
 Jackson. ..... 
 
 Hancock* 
 Riall 
 Drummond . . 
 Drummond. .. 
 Eoss* 
 Prevost 
 Brooke* 
 Cochrane 
 Nicholls 
 Drummond. . . 
 Keane 
 
 4,000 
 1,900 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 3,500 
 8,000 
 2,000 
 1,000 
 120 
 2.500 
 2,000 
 
 2.000 
 2,100 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 14,000 
 5,000 
 16 ships. 
 Mixed 
 3,500 
 2,500 
 
 Lundy s Lane 
 Fort Erie (assault). . 
 Bladensburg 
 
 Plattsburg 
 North Point 
 FortMcHenry 
 Fort Bowyer 
 Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
 9 miles from N. O.. 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 Jackson* 
 
 Pakenham 
 
 6,000 
 
 12,000 
 
244 
 
 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 
 
 * The asterisk indicates the successful party. 
 
 DATES. 
 
 WHERE FOUGHT. 
 
 VESSELS. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 1812. 
 Aug. 13, 
 
 Off Newfoundland -| 
 
 Am. Frig. Essex 
 
 Porter.* 
 
 Aug. 19, 
 
 OS Massachusetts -j 
 
 Am. Frig. Constitution... 
 Br. Frig. Guerriere 
 
 Hull.* 
 Dacres. 
 
 
 ! 
 
 \m Sloop Wasp 
 
 Jones.* 
 
 Oct. 18, 
 
 Off North Carolina -j 
 
 Br Brio- Frolic 
 
 Whinyates. 
 
 Oct. 25, 
 Dec. 29, 
 
 Near Canary Islands -j 
 Off San Salvador j 
 
 Am. Frig. United States.. 
 Br. FrigT Macedonian 
 Am. Frig. Constitution. . . 
 Br. Frig. Java 
 
 Decatur.* 
 Carden. 
 Bainbridge.* 
 Lambert. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Am. Sloop Hornet 
 
 Lawrence.* 
 
 June 1, 
 
 Massachusetts Buy . . . . -j 
 
 Br. Brig Peacock 
 Am. Frig. Chesapeake 
 Br. Frig. Shannon 
 
 Peake. 
 Lawrence. 
 Broke.* 
 
 
 ( 
 
 Am. Brig Argus 
 
 Allen. 
 
 Sept. 5, 
 Sept 10 
 
 Off coast of Maine -1 
 Lake Erie -j 
 
 Br. Sloop Pelican 
 Am. Brig Enterprise 
 Br. Brig Boxer 
 Am. 9 ves. 54 guns 
 
 Maples.* 
 Burrows.* 
 Blythe. 
 Perry.* 
 
 
 
 Br. 6 ves. 63 guns 
 
 Barclay. 
 
 March 28 
 
 Harbor of Valparaiso . . -< 
 
 Am. Frig. Essex 
 Br Bri^ Phcebe 
 
 Porter. 
 Hillvar.* 
 
 April 29, 
 
 Off coast of Florida . . . -j 
 
 Br. Sloop Cherub 
 Am. Sloop Peacock 
 Br. Brig Epervier 
 
 Tucker. 
 
 Warrington.* 
 Wales. 
 
 June 28, 
 Sept. 1, 
 Sept. 11, 
 
 Near British Channel -j 
 Near Africa -j 
 Lake Champlain -j 
 
 T 1 T> i 
 
 Am. Sloop Wasp 
 Br. Sloop Reindeer 
 Am. Sloop Wasp 
 Br. Sloop Avon 
 Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns... 
 Br. IT vessels. 95 guns . . . 
 
 Blakely.* 
 Manners. 
 Blakely.* 
 Arbuthnot. 
 McDouough.* 
 Downie. 
 Jones 
 
 Dec. 14, 
 
 Lake Borgne < 
 
 Br 40 barges 
 
 Lockyer.* 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 15, 
 Feb 20 
 
 Off New Jersey -j 
 Off Island of Madeira -] 
 
 Am. Frig. President 
 Br. (Squadron) 
 Am. Frig. Constitution.. . 
 Br Ship Cyane 
 
 Decatur. 
 Hayes.* 
 
 Stewart* 
 Falcon. 
 
 
 
 Br. Ship Levant 
 
 Douglass. 
 
 March 23 
 
 Off Brazil -j 
 
 Am. Sloop Hornet 
 
 Biddle.* 
 
 
 
 Br. Brig Penguin 
 
 Dickenson. 
 
 WAR WITH ALGIERS. 
 
 XXXIV, During "The War of 1812," the Algerines, be 
 lieving that the United States were unable to protect their 
 interests in the Mediterranean, resumed their old practice of 
 
 XXXIV. QUESTIONS. 118. What is said of the Algerines during u The War of 
 1812 ?" 119. Who was sent against them? 
 
MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 245 
 
 piracy, seized several American vessels, and insulted and 
 plundered the consul of the United States. In May, 1815, a 
 naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Medi 
 terranean. 
 
 XXXV. On the 17th of June, Decatur encountered the 
 largest vessel in the Algerine navy, and captured her, after a 
 running fight of twenty-five minutes. Two days after this 
 success he captured another frigate, with more than five hun 
 dred men. He then ap 
 peared before Algiers, 
 
 and compelled the Dey 
 to liberate the American 
 prisoners in his hands, 
 and relinquish all future 
 claims to the annual 
 tribute which the United 
 States had paid to Al 
 giers since 1V95, for the 
 purpose of securing the 
 American commerce from 
 molestation in the Medi 
 terranean. 
 
 XXXVI. Decatur 
 next proceeded to Tunis 
 (too -nis) and Tripoli, 
 and from both powers 
 exacted payment for 
 American vessels which 
 
 the English had been allowed to capture in their harbors during 
 the war. They were likewise compelled to make indemnity 
 for other losses which American citizens had sustained at their 
 
 XXXV. QUESTIONS. 120. Give the account of Decatur s two successes against 
 the Algerine vessels. 121. "What did he further accomplish against Algiers ? 
 
 XXXVI. 122. To what two places did Decatur next proceed ? 123. What did ha 
 e two powers to do ? 
 
246 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 hands, and to agree to abstain from further depredations upon 
 the commerce of the United States. 
 
 XXXVII. Dining Madison s administration, two States 
 were added to the Union: Louisiana, in 1812, and Indiana, 
 previously a portion of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. 
 Madison, having served two presidential terms, like Jefferson, 
 followed the example of Washington, and declined a second 
 re-election. He was succeeded by James Monroe, also of 
 Virginia. 
 
 XXXVII. QUESTIONS. 124 When were Louisiana and Indiana admitted into 
 the Union? 125. Why was not Madison elected President for a third term? 126. 
 By whom was he succeeded ? 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. What peace proposition was made in 1813 ? 231 
 
 2. What further can you say of the proposition ? 231 
 
 3. How came five U. S. commissioners to be chosen? 231 
 
 4. What movement did Wilkinson make in Feb., 1814 ? 231 
 
 5. What movement, at the same time, was made by Brown? 231 
 
 6. Give an account of the battle of La Colle Mill 231, 232 
 
 7. What was the consequence to Wilkinson of his defeat ? 232 
 
 8. What was Brown s object after leaving Sackett s Harbor?. . . . 232 
 
 9. When and how did the Americans capture Fort Erie ? 232 
 
 10. What battle was fought July 5, 1814? Ans. Battle of Chippewa. 
 
 11. What were the preliminary movements of the battle ? 232 
 
 12. Give an account of the battle, with its results 232 
 
 13. What was Riall s first movement after the battle ? 232, 233 
 
 14. What movements were made by the American army ? 233 
 
 15. What information did Brown receive on the 25th of JulyJ? 233 
 
 16. State the preliminaries of the battle of Lundy s Lane 233 
 
 17. Which battle was the most obstinate of the war? 233, 234 
 
 18. When did the battle of Lundy s Lane take place ? 234 
 
 19. Who commanded the Americans there before Brown arrived ?. 234 
 
 20. Who beside Scott distinguished himself in the battle ? 234 
 
 21. State how Miller distinguished himself. 234 
 
 22. What efforts were made by the British to regain the battery ? . 234 
 
 23. At what time and how did the battle end ? 234 
 
 24. Give an account of Drurnmond s assault upon Fort Erie. . .234, 235 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 247 
 
 25. Who commanded the Americans on that occasion? 234 
 
 26. Who took the command again after the battle ? 235 
 
 27. When did Brown make a sortie from Fort Erie ? 235 
 
 28. Why did he make it then instead of at a later day? 235 
 
 29. Give an account of it, with its result 235 
 
 30. What movements were afterwards made by both armies? 235 
 
 31. Who commanded at Plattsburg after Izard left? 235 
 
 32. Who commanded the army that advanced against Plattsburg?. 235 
 
 33. Of how many men did Prevost s army consist? 235 
 
 34. Who commanded the American fleet on Lake Champlain? .... 235 
 
 35. Who commanded the fleet that sailed against MacDonough ?. . 235 
 
 36. What positions did the two armies occupy before the battle ? . . 236 
 
 37. Give an account of the action between MacDonough and Do wnie 236 
 
 38. Give an account of the battle between Macomb andPrevost. . 236 
 
 39. With how many men did Prevost effect his retreat? 236, 237 
 
 40. What loss did the Americans sustain in the battle ? 237 
 
 41. What did the British cruisers effect during 1814? 237 
 
 42 . What naval accessions did the British have in Aug. of that year ? 237 
 
 43. How did General Ross commence operations ? 237 
 
 44. Why did Commodore Barney destroy his flotilla ? 237 
 
 45. What was Ross s object after the flotilla was destroyed? 237 
 
 4G. Give an account of what took place at Bladensburg 237, 238 
 
 47. Give an account of Ross s operations at Washington 238 
 
 48. How was Alexandria threatened arid finally saved ? 238 
 
 49. What city did the British next determine to attack ? 238 
 
 50. What operations, under Ross, took place on the 12 of Sept. ? 238, 239 
 
 51. Whom did General Brooke succeed in command? 239 
 
 52. What operations took place under the command of Brooke?. . . 239 
 
 53. How many of the British ships proceeded against Baltimore ?. 239 
 
 54. Give an account of the efforts made to reduce the fort 239 
 
 55. What aid did the people of Pensacola extend to the British ? . . 239 
 
 56. Give an account of the expedition against Mobile 239, 240 
 
 57. Give an account of Jackson s expedition against Pensacola . . . 240 
 
 58. Why did Jackson afterwards leave Mobile for New Orleans ?. . 240 
 
 59. How did the British commence operations against New Orleans ? 240 
 
 60. Give an account of the naval battle in Lake Borgne 240, 241 
 
 61 . Give an account of the battle nine miles from New Orleans. . 241 
 
 62. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans 241 
 
 63. Give an account of the Federalists and their convention. . .241, 242 
 
 64. When, where, and by whom was the treaty of peace nego 
 
 tiated? 242, 243 
 
 65. Give an account of Decatur s success against Algiers, &c., 244, 245, 246 
 
SKCTIOIS" "VII. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROE S ADMINISTRATION, IN 181 7, 
 TO THE CLOSE OF TYLER S, IN 1845. 
 
 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. JAMES MONROE, the 
 fifth President of the 
 United States, was in 
 augurated at Washing 
 ton, on the 4th of March, 
 1817 ; and his adminis 
 tration commenced un 
 der very favorable cir 
 cumstances.* We were 
 at peace with all foreign 
 powers, our commerce 
 rode every sea unmo 
 lested, and the strife at 
 home, between the two 
 great political parties, 
 Democrats and Federal 
 ists, had entirely ceased. 
 
 II. Towards the close 
 of 1817, the Seminole 
 Indians, joined by some 
 Creeks, commenced de 
 predations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Ala- 
 
 * President Monroe s cabinet consisted of John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State ; William H. Craw 
 ford, Secretary of the Treasury : John C. Calhoun. Secretary of War; Benjamin W. Crowninshield, Secre 
 tary of the Navy; and Willhim Wirt, Attorney-General. 
 
 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. When and where was Monroe 
 inaugurated ? 2. How did his administration commence ? 3. State the three cir 
 cumstances. 
 
MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 249 
 
 General Gaines 
 was sent against them, 
 but his force being in 
 sufficient, General Jack 
 son was ordered into 
 service. Jackson soon 
 overran the Indian 
 country, and being con 
 vinced that the Semi- 
 noles had been instigated 
 to hostilities by persons 
 in Florida, he seized 
 the Spanish forts, both 
 at St. Mark s and Pensa- 
 cola. 
 
 III. Two British sub 
 jects, Arbuthnot and Am- 
 brister, having fallen into 
 his hands, were tried by 
 a court-martial, on a 
 
 charge of having incited the Indians to hostilities, found guilty, 
 and executed. Jackson s invasion of Florida, a territory be 
 longing to a nation at peace with the United States, and his 
 summary proceedings in the prosecution of the war, were 
 condemned by many persons ; but they were approved by the 
 President and Congress. 
 
 IV. A treaty was made in 1819, by which Florida was 
 ceded to the United States ; but it was not till towards the 
 close of 1820 that the King of Spain ratified the treaty, nor till 
 July, 1821, that the government of Spain surrendered posses 
 sion of the province. Although the Seminoles, a fierce and 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 4. What troubles commenced towards the close of 1817? 5. 
 Who was first sent against the Seminoles ? 6. Who was next sent ? 7. Of what was 
 Jackson soon convinced? 8. What did he accordingly do ? 9. How are St. Mark s 
 and Pensacola situated? (See map, p. 223, also of Florida.) 
 
 III. 10. State the cases of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 11. What acts of Jackson 
 were much condemned ? 
 
 11* 
 
 The first settlements 
 within the present limits of the 
 State were made by the French. 
 
 . The motto of Illinois is given 
 
 ? above, on the State seal. 
 
250 
 
 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 V 
 
 warlike Indian race, occu 
 pied the best lands in the 
 territory, immigration set 
 in, and a considerable 
 population soon estab 
 lished themselves in the 
 country. 
 
 V. The Mississippi 
 Territory, which em 
 braced the present States 
 of Alabama and Missis 
 sippi, was divided in 
 1817, and the western 
 portion admitted into the 
 Union as the State of 
 Mississippi. Illinois (il- 
 lin-ol), which up to 1800 
 had been a part of the 
 Northwest Territory, and 
 from that time to 1809, 
 had formed, with Indiana, 
 
 the Indiana Territory, and subsequently by itself the Illinois 
 Territory, was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818. 
 Alabama was admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had, 
 up to that time, been a district of Massachusetts, was organized 
 as a State, and admitted into the Union. 
 
 VI. The most important event of Monroe s administration, 
 was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri 
 (mis-soo 1 -re) into the Union, by which, for the first time, the 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 This State derived its name from) 
 1 the river so called. The word Missis 
 sippi is of Indian origin. It wa 
 " spelled by some old writers Micht 
 Sepe. and interpreted by them the) 
 Great River, and the Great Fathe _ 
 Waters." A settlement was made by! 
 the French, within the present limits! 
 of the State, as early as the year 1716.1 
 The Seal of the State is represented j 
 above. Mississippi has no motto. 
 
 IY. QUESTIONS. 12. State the facts connected with the acquisition of Florida. 
 j8. What is said of the Seminoles and their possessions ? 14 Of immigration to 
 Florida? 
 
 V. 15. When was Mississippi admitted into the Onion ? 16. What can you state 
 of the previous history of Mississippi? 17. When was Illinois admitted into the 
 Union? 18. What can you state of the previous history of Illinois? 19. When was 
 Maine admitted ? 20. What can you state of the previous history of Maine ? 
 
 VI. 21. What was the most important event of Monroe s administration ? 22. 
 How were tha States arrayed on the slavery question ? 
 
MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 251 
 
 country was divided upon 
 the slavery question ; the 
 States of the North op 
 posing the admission of 
 Missouri as a slave State, 
 while those of the South 
 favored such admission. 
 
 VII. In Congress, the 
 debate was long and acri 
 monious. At length a* /x 
 bill, known as the " Mis 
 souri Compromise," was 
 passed, by which it was 
 declared that slavery was 
 prohibited forever in all 
 territory north of thirty- 
 six degrees and thirty 
 minutes north latitude, 
 and west of the Missis 
 sippi, Missouri excepted. 
 
 Under this compromise, Missouri was admitted into the Union 
 as a slave State, in 1821. 
 
 VIII. Another important event of Monroe s administration 
 was the recognition of the Spanish American republics, which 
 had declared and maintained their independence for several 
 years. In 1823, the year following the recognition, President 
 Monroe declared in his annual message, that, " as a principle, 
 the American continents, by the free and independent position 
 
 riginally a part of Georgia, In 1798, all the region com 
 
 , 
 
 prising the present States of Alabama and Mississippi was organized as the territory of Mississippi. In 
 1817, its western portion became the State of Mississippi, while the other part continued to be the territory 
 
 of Alabama until ita admission as a State. 
 
 VIL QUESTIONS. 23. What is said of the debate in Congress? 24. What bill 
 was passed ? 25. What was the important declaration of the bill ? 26. What is said 
 of the admission of Missouri ? 
 
 VIII. 27. What other important event took place during the administration of 
 Monroe ? 28. Recite the whole of the " Monroe Doctrine." 29. When and under 
 what circumstances was that " doctrine" put forth ? 
 
252 
 
 MONROE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 SEAL OF MAINE.* 
 
 which they have assumed arid 
 maintained, are henceforth not to 
 be considered as subject for future 
 colonization by any European 
 power ;" a declaration which has 
 since been famous as the " Monroe 
 Doctrine." 
 
 IX. During Monroe s adminis 
 tration, two events occurred which 
 are worthy of notice. The first 
 
 was the President s tour, in 1817, through the eastern and 
 other States, for the purpose of making a personal examina 
 tion of military posts. The second was the visit of La 
 fayette to this country. The distinguished visitor arrived in 
 the summer of 1824; and his tour, which was extended 
 through all of the twenty -four States, was everywhere signal 
 ized by tokens of respect from a 
 grateful people. 
 
 X. Monroe, having served two 
 presidential terms, declined, in 
 imitation of his predecessors, 
 Washington, Jefferson, and Madi 
 son, being a candidate for a third 
 term, and was succeeded by 
 John Quincy Adams, of Massa- 
 
 SEA L OK MISSOITBLt ChuSCttS. 
 
 * Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name given to this State. The prevailing 
 pinion is that Maine was so called in compliment to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, 
 
 was supposed, owned the province of Maine, in France. The Coat of Arms of the State of Mi 
 leated on the seal (given above), and contains the motto of the State, Dirigo, signifying I direct, 
 t This State takes its name from the great river which passes through it. The word Missouri, signifying 
 Mud River, was applied to the river by the Indians, because of the turbid character of that stream. The 
 
 u , , ause o e ur caracer o a s 
 
 motto of Missouri (shown on the seal of the State above) is : Salus populi supremo lex The 
 the people is the first great law 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 30. What account can you give of Monroe s tour in 1817? 81. 
 What of Lafayette s visit to the United States in 1824? 
 
 X. 32. Why was not Monroe elected President for a third term ? 33. By whom 
 was he succeeded ? 
 
JOHN QUINOV ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 253 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 
 
 I. FOUR candidates 
 were put in nomination 
 to succeed President 
 Monroe, and the con 
 sequence was that none 
 of them had a majority 
 of the electoral votes. 
 The election then went 
 to the House of Rep 
 resentatives, for the 
 second time, Jefferson 
 having been thus elect 
 ed, in 1801 ; and John 
 Quincy Adams was 
 chosen the sixth Presi 
 dent of the United 
 States. His inaugura 
 tion took place at 
 Washington, on the 
 4th of March, 1825.* 
 
 II. On the fiftieth 
 
 anniversary of American Independence, July the 4th, 1826, 
 occurred the death of the two venerable ex- presidents, John 
 Adams and Thomas Jefferson. As this remarkable coinci- 
 
 JOHN QTTINCY ADAMS 
 
 Was born in Braintree, near Boston, 
 Mass., J uly 1 1, 1 767. In 1 797 he married 
 ughter of Joshua Johnson,American 
 nsul at London. His death occur 
 at Washington, Feb. 23, 1848. 
 
 * The cabinet of President John Quincy Adams was constituted as follows: Henry Clay, Secretary of 
 State ; Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury ; James Barbour, Secretary of War; Samuel L. South 
 ard, Secretary of the Navy ; and William Wirt, Attorney-General. 
 
 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. How many candidates were put 
 in nomination to succeed Monroe? 2. What was the consequence? 3. Where did 
 the election then go? 4. Who was elected? 5. When did his inauguration take 
 place ? 
 
 II. 6. What remarkable coincidence occurred during the administration of John 
 Quincy Adams? 7. When did it occur ? 8. State the parallels in their lives. 
 
254 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 dence took place more than a year after the commencement 
 of the tenth presidential term, John Adams lived to see his 
 son President. When it is recollected that Adams and Jeffer 
 son were members of the committee that framed the Declara 
 tion of Independence; that both signed the important document; 
 that both had been foreign ministers, vice-presidents, and presi 
 dents of the United States ; and that each had lived to a vener 
 able age, the coincidence of their deaths is indeed remarkable. 
 III. The administration of John Quincy Adams was one of 
 wisdom and peace ; and under it the nation made rapid in 
 crease in population and wealth. Towards its close the presi 
 dential contest for the succession was carried on with great 
 
 o 
 
 animation and virulence* and resulted in the election of 
 Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTKATIOK 
 
 I. The inauguration of Jackson took place at Washington, 
 on the 4th of March, 1829,* and the new president at once 
 commenced a series of vigorous measures which he carried 
 out for eight years. The practice of removing office-holders, 
 and appointing the political friends of the President, was 
 begun by him. 
 
 II. In his first annual message to Congress, President Jackson 
 took strong ground against the renewal of the charter of the 
 United States Bank, arguing that " such an institution is not au 
 thorized by the constitution." Notwithstanding this opposition, 
 
 President Jackson s cabinet consisted of Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ineham. 
 Secretary of the Treasury ; John H. Eaton, Secretary of War ; John Branch, Secretary of the Navy ; John 
 McPherson Berrien, Attorney-General ; and William T. Barry, Postmaster-General. The Postmaster- 
 General was, for the first time, made a member of. the cabinet. In 1831, in consequence of a personal 
 quarrel, changes were made in the cabinet. Edward Livingston was Secretary of State ; Louis McLane, 
 Secretary of the Treasury ; Lewis Cass, Secretary of War ; Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Navy ; and 
 Roger B. Taney, Attorney-General. Other changes afterward took place. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 9. What is said of the administration of John Quincy Adams? 
 10. Of the contest for the presidential succession ? 11. What was the result of the 
 contest ? 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. I. 1. When was Jackson inaugurated ? 2. How did 
 he commence and continue to govern ? 3. What practice did he begin ? 
 
JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 255 
 
 Congress, in 1832, 
 passed a bill to re- 
 charter the bank, but 
 Jackson vetoed it ; and 
 as it subsequently 
 failed to receive suffi 
 cient votes to secure its 
 passage over the veto, 
 the original charter ex 
 pired by limitation in 
 1836, and the bank 
 then ceased to be a 
 national institution. 
 
 III. In 1832, the 
 Northwest frontier suf 
 fered from Indian hos 
 tilities ; but after sev 
 eral skirmishes, most 
 of the savages were 
 driven west of the Mis 
 sissippi River. Black 
 Hawk, their most 
 
 noted leader, and from whom the contest became generally 
 known as The Black Hawk War, was taken prisoner. 
 After a detention of some months, during which he was 
 conducted through Washington and other cities, for the pur 
 pose of convincing him that resistance against the power of 
 the whites was useless, he was allowed to rejoin his people. 
 
 IV. A tariff bill, which had been passed by Congress 
 during the administration of John Quincy Adams, had been 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 4. What stand did Jackson take with reference to the United 
 States Bank ? 5. What was his main objection ? 6. What action did Congress take ? 
 7. How came it that the bank ceased to be a national institution ? 
 
 III. 8. Give an account of The Slack Hawk War. 9. How was Black Hawk 
 treated after the war ? 
 
 IV. JO. What is said of a tariff bill, passed before Jackson was President? 11. 
 How was the dissatisfaction increased ? 
 
256 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 BLACK HAWK. 
 
 Exceedingly distasteful to the cotton- 
 growing States; and when, in 1832, 
 an act was passed imposing addi 
 tional duties on foreign goods, the 
 dissatisfaction was greatly increased, 
 especially in South Carolina. 
 ^V. A convention, held in that 
 State, declared the tariff acts uncon 
 stitutional, and, therefore, null and 
 void. It also declared that duties 
 should not be paid, and proclaimed 
 that any attempts on the part of the 
 general government to enforce the 
 collection of duties would produce the 
 withdrawal of South Carolina from the Union. One of the chief 
 leaders of the nullifiers, as those persons in South Carolina who 
 sustained the declarations of the 
 convention were called, was John 
 C. Calhojin,* who had recently re 
 signed the vice-presidency of the 
 United States. Another leader, of 
 not much less distinction, was 
 Robert Y. Hayne, who, when a 
 United States Senator, in 1830, 
 was the first to declare and defend 
 in Congress the doctrine of nullifi 
 cation, and to whom Daniel Web 
 ster, of Massachusetts, then replied 
 
 JOHN C. CALHOTJN. L 
 
 in one of the most remarkable 
 
 * John C. Calhoun was horn in the district of Abbeville, S. C., in 1782. He was for gix years a repre 
 sentative in Congress ; for a number of years was a United States Senator; was Secretary of War in Mon 
 roe s cabinet ; and was twice elected Vioe-President of the United States. In 1845, while Secretary of 
 State in Tyler s cabinet, he was " the author of the annexation of Texas." He died at Washington, iu 
 1850. 
 
 Y. QUESTIONS. 12. What was declared by a South Carolina Convention ? 13. 
 "What else did it declare? 14. Who was the great leader of the nullifiers? 15. 
 "What high position had Calhoun resigned? 16. Who was another leader of the nul 
 lifiers? 17. What d;d Hayne do in 1830? 18. Who replied to him? 19. What is 
 said of that reply ? 
 
JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER.* 
 
 speeches ever delivered in Con 
 gress. Although Hayne was the 
 first to declare this doctrine in 
 Congress, Calhoun, in a paper 
 known as the " South Carolina 
 Exposition," was its author. 
 
 VI. In this crisis, President 
 Jackson acted with that prompt 
 ness and energy which were so 
 characteristic of the man. By his 
 direction an army, under General 
 Scott, was ordered to Charleston ; 
 and he issued a proclamation 
 
 against the nullifiers and their doctrine, which met with a 
 cordial response from every friend of the Union. A " corn- 
 promise bill," offered by Mr. Clay and passed by Congress, 
 was accepted by Calhoun and his friends, and thus the danger 
 which threatened the Union was averted. 
 
 THE SEMINOLE WAR. 
 
 VII. Towards the close of 
 1835, the Seminole Indians, 
 influenced by Micanopy, their 
 head sachem, and by Osceola 
 (os-e-o -la), the most noted of 
 their chiefs, and a man of 
 great cunning and courage, 
 commenced hostilities against 
 the settlements of the whites 
 in Florida. This outbreak of 
 the Seminoles had its origin 
 
 PAET OF FLORIDA. 
 
 * Daniel Webster was born at Salisbury, N. H., in 1782. A large portion of his life was passed at 
 Washington, either as a member of Congress or the cabinet. In 184 . , while Secretary of State in Tyler s 
 cabinet, he negotiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty nettling the differences betwee n the United States 
 and Great Britain in relation to the northeastern boundary, differences which had disturbed the relations 
 of the two countries for more than sixty years. Webster died at Marshfield, Mass., in 1852. 
 
 VL QUESTIONS. 20. How did Jackson act in this crisis? 21. What was done by 
 his direction ? 22. What proclamation did he issue ? 23. How was the danger to 
 the Union averted ? 
 
258 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 in an attempt to remove them from Florida to lands west of 
 the Mississippi, in accordance with the terms of a treaty 
 which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which a 
 majority of the tribe did not consider binding. 
 
 VIII. In consequence of the offensive conduct of Osceola 
 in opposition to the fulfilment of the treaty, the government 
 agent, General Thompson, put him in irons, and kept him a 
 prisoner for six days at Fort King. By feigning penitence 
 and making promises, Osceola obtained his liberty ; but, in 
 stead of doing as he had agreed, he placed himself at the 
 head of a war party of Indians and fugitive slaves, and com 
 menced the work of slaughter and devastation. 
 
 IX. On the 28th of Decem 
 ber, 1835, he approached a 
 house in which Thompson 
 and some friends were dining, 
 and, making a sudden attack, 
 killed five of the number, in 
 cluding Thompson, and car 
 ried off their scalps, in re 
 venge for the imprisonment 
 which he had suffered. On 
 the very day of Thompson s 
 OSCEOLA - death, " Dade s massacre" oc 
 
 curred. Major Dade, with a 
 
 detachment of one hundred and ten soldiers, while marching 
 from Tampa Bay to join General Clinch, at Fort Drane, was 
 suddenly attacked ; and that young commander and the whole 
 of his detachment, except four men, were massacred. 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 24. What troubles broke out in 1835? 25. Why did the Sem- 
 inoles so act ? 26. What was the character of Osceola ? 
 
 Till. 27. Why was Osceola put in irons and imprisoned? 28. In what direction 
 was Fort King from Fort Bade ? (See map, p. 257.) 29. How long was Osceola kept 
 at Fort King ? 30. How did he obtain his liberty ? 31. What did he do instead of 
 performing his promises? 
 
 IX. 32. How did he have revenge for his treatment at Fort King ? 33. Give an 
 account of Dade s massacre. 34. In what direction was Dade marching when he 
 was attacked? (See map, p. 257.) 
 
JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 259 
 
 X. On the 30th of December, two days after, Osceola en 
 countered an American force of six hundred men under Gen 
 eral Clinch, at the crossing of the Withlacoochee River, but, 
 after a hard-fought action of upward of an hour, was com 
 pelled to retreat. In February and March, 1836, at the head 
 of a force of more than a thousand Indians, he fought several 
 actions against the troops under General Gaines, in the most 
 important of which, occurring on the 29th of February, near 
 the scene of Clinch s battle-ground, one American was killed, 
 and more than thirty, including Gaines, were wounded. 
 
 XI. In May, 1836, a 
 large number of the 
 Creeks joined the Semi- 
 noles, and in Georgia and 
 Alabama, as well as Flor 
 ida, committed great de 
 vastations, compelling 
 thousands of whites to 
 flee for their lives. Gen 
 eral Scott, who had been 
 appointed to the com 
 mand in the South, pro 
 secuted the war with 
 vigor, but he was soon su 
 perseded by General Jes- 
 sup. The Creeks were 
 speedily reduced, and 
 transported beyond the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 XII. In October, 1836, 
 
 Governor Call, of Georgia, took command of the forces in 
 Florida. A detachment of more than five hundred of his men 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 35. Give an account of the battle of Withlacoochee. 36. Of the 
 battles in February and March of 1836. 
 
 XI. 3T. What took place in May, 1836 ? 38. Who was then sent against the In 
 dians? 39. Who was next sent? 40. How was the war ended as respects the 
 Creeks ? 
 
260 
 
 JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 encountered the Indians at a place a short distance from the 
 scene of Dade s massacre ; and although the enemy dispersed 
 after the action, yet neither in this nor in other battles could 
 the Americans claim a decided victory. 
 
 XIII. For upwards of a year did Osceola* conduct the 
 struggle against superior forces, with energy and skill ; but, in 
 
 October, 1837 r he ap 
 peared in Jessup s camp, 
 near St. Augustine, with 
 a flag of truce, for the 
 purpose of holding a 
 conference. Suspecting 
 a repetition of treachery, 
 and desiring to prevent 
 further bloodshed, Jes- 
 sup disregarded the flao- 
 
 L D 
 
 and seized the chief, who 
 was taken to Fort Moul- 
 trie, and there kept in 
 confinement till his 
 death, which occurred 
 on the last day of Jan 
 uary, 1838. 
 
 XIV. The capture of 
 Osceola did not end the 
 war with the Seminoles. 
 They amused Jessup for 
 
 a while with overtures, but he, finding the Indians not sincere, 
 directed Colonel Taylor (afterward General Taylor, and Pres- 
 
 * Osceola was born in Florida. His father was an Indian 
 his mother was the daughter of an Indian chief. 
 
 ader, an Englishman named Powell, 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 41. "Who took command of the forces in Florida towards the 
 latter part of 1836 ? 42. What is said of the battles fought by Call s forces ? 
 
 XIII. 43. How long did Osceola conduct the struggle ? 44. In what manner did 
 he conduct it? 45. What mistake did he make? 46. Why did Jessup seize Osceola ? 
 47. What further can you state of Osceola? 
 
VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 261 
 
 ident of the United States) to proceed against them. With 
 about a thousand men Taylor accordingly marched, and on 
 the 25th of December, 1837, encountered the Indians in 
 strong force on the northern side of Lake Okeechobee, and 
 defeated them in one of the most desperate and hotly con 
 tested battles in the annals of our warfare with the red men. 
 
 XV. Though the Serninoles continued their hostilities 
 through the administration of Jackson, as well as that of his 
 immediate successor, they never again rallied in large force. 
 A treaty was made with them in 1839, but it was not till 
 1842 that peace was finally secured. 
 
 ^ J / 
 VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. JACKSON was 
 succeeded in the 
 presidency by 
 Martin Van Bu- 
 ren, of New York. 
 Van Buren s ad 
 ministration was 
 continued during 
 
 One term, Or four OCEAN BTEAMEK.* 
 
 years, extending 
 
 from the 4th of March, 183Y,f the day of inauguration, to the 
 
 4th of March, 1841. 
 
 The first regular passages across the Atlantic by steamships were made in 1838, by the Siriuo and 
 Great Western. 
 
 t President Van Buren s cabinet was constituted as follows: John Forsyth, Secretary of State; Levi 
 Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, Secretary of War ; Mahlon Dickerson. Secretary 
 of the Navy ; Benjamin F. Butler, Attorney-General ; and Amos Kendall, Postmaster-General. All of 
 these, except Poinsett, had held their respective offices in Jackson s cabinet at the close of his last term. 
 In 1838, Dickerson and Butler resigned, and James K. Pauldins; was appointed in the place of the former, 
 and Felix Grundy in that of the latter. Grundy was succeeded ill 1840, by Henry D. Gilpin, and Kendall 
 by John M. Miles. 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 48. Did the capture of Osceola end the war or not? 49. 
 Whom didJessup order to go against the Serainoles? 50. Give an account of tho 
 battle of Okeechobee. 
 
 XV. 51. What is said of the subsequent part of the Seminole war? 
 
 VAN BUREN S AD>HNISTKATION. I. 1. Who was Jackson s successor in the presi 
 dency ? 2. When was Van Buren inaugurated? 
 
262 
 
 VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 \f\.. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in monetary- 
 affairs took place, producing great distress in all branches of 
 business throughout the country. Commerce and manufac 
 tures were prostrated, and the crash was finally consummated 
 45y the suspension of specie payments by all the banks. In 
 this crisis, the President called an extraordinary session of 
 
 Congress, but little 
 was accomplished by 
 it for the general re 
 lief. 
 
 III. In the latter 
 part of 1837 an in 
 surrectionary move 
 ment commenced in 
 Canada, having for its 
 object the overthrow 
 of the British rule 
 there, and the estab 
 lishment of an inde 
 pendent government. 
 The movement enlist 
 ed the sympathy of 
 Americans, particu 
 larly of those living 
 along the borders in 
 New York, and it 
 engaged their active 
 co-operation. A pro 
 clamation, issued by the President, forbidding interference in 
 the affairs of Canada, together with the decided measures taken 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 3. What took place soon after his inauguration ? 4. How were 
 commerce, manufactures, and the banks affected ? 5. "What did the President do in 
 the crisis? 
 
 III. 6. What insurrection at the North, beyond the limits of the United States, 
 broke out in 1837? 7. What was its object? 8. What proclamation did the Pres 
 ident issue ? 9. Why did he find it necessary to issue it ? 
 
HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 263 
 
 by the British authorities, had the effect intended, and the 
 attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 
 
 HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. VAN BUREN S suc 
 cessor in office was 
 William Henry Harri 
 son, of Ohio, the hero 
 of Tippecanoe and the 
 Thames. The inaugu 
 ration took place on the 
 4th of March, 1841. His 
 cabinet was judiciously 
 composed,* and the 
 people anticipated for 
 him a successful admin 
 istration ; but within a 
 month, and after a brief 
 illness of only eight 
 days, he died : the sad 
 event occurring on the 
 4th of April. 
 
 II. By virtue of a 
 provision of the Con 
 stitution, John Tyler, 
 
 of Virginia, then Vice-fresident, became President ; his in 
 auguration taking place on the 6th of April, 1841. Thus, for 
 the first time in the history of the United States, the admin 
 istration devolved on the Vice-President. 
 
 * President Harrison s cabinet was constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; Thomas 
 Ewing, Secretary of the Treasury; John Bell, Secretary of War; George E. Badger, Secretary of the 
 Navy ; Francis Granger, Postmaster-General ; and J. J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 
 
 HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. Who succeeded Van Buren in 
 the presidency ? 2. When was Harrison inaugurated? 3. What is said of his cab 
 inet ? 4. Of the anticipations of the people ? 5. What was the length of his admin 
 istration ? 6. How was it brought to a close? 
 
 II. 7. Who was his successor? 8. By what right did Tyler become President? 
 9. What is noted as peculiar in the accession of Tyler to the presidency? 
 
264 
 
 TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 TYLEE S ADMINISTRATION.^ 
 
 fil 
 
 I. IN 1842 serious 
 difficulties occurred in 
 Rhode Island, growing 
 out of a movement 
 which was stigmatized 
 by its opponents as the 
 Dorr Rebellion. The 
 government of Rhode 
 Island, at that time, was 
 based upon the charter 
 granted by Charles II., 
 in 1663, and conse 
 quently no change had 
 taken place in her fun 
 damental law during a 
 period of almost one 
 hundred and eighty 
 years. The movement 
 in 1842 had its origin 
 in a determination 
 among the citizens to 
 substitute a liberal constitution in place of the old charter. 
 
 II. The people soon became divided into two parties, those 
 who favored the movement being called the suffrage party, 
 and those who were opposed, the charter party ; and so vio- 
 
 * President Tyler retained the cabinet officers of hia predecessor until September, 1841, when all but 
 Webster resigned. His cabinet was then constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State; 
 Walter Forward, Secretary of the Treasury ; John C. Spencer, Secretary of War ; Abel P. Upshur, Sec 
 retary of the Navy; Charles A. Wickliffe/Postmaster-General ; and Hugh S. Legarc, Attorney -General. 
 
 llowing 
 W. Gil- 
 
 In May, 1843, Webster resigned, and Legare was appointed acting secretary in his place. In the following 
 month Legare died, and thereupon Upshur was transferred to the State Department, and 
 rnor was appointed Secretary of the Navy. On the 28th of February, 1844, both Upshur and Gilmer were 
 " 
 
 killed bv the bursting of a gun on board "the United States war steamer Princeton, while on an excursion 
 on the Potomac. A large party, including the President and many ladies, were on board at the ti 
 John C. Calhoun was then made Secretary of State, and John Y. Mason, Secretary of the Navy 
 
 TYLER^S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. "When did the " Do*r Rebellion" 
 occur? 2. What was the object on the part of those engaged in it? 
 
TYLER S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 265 
 
 lent did the controversy grow that both parties at length ap 
 pealed to arms. The Governor of the State, at the head of a 
 large military force, marched against a body of the suffrage 
 party, who had appeared in arms at Providence. Upon his 
 approach they dispersed. They again assembled at another 
 place, but, upon being approached, again dispersed without 
 resistance ; and this ended the affair. A constitution, the one 
 now in force, was soon afterward adopted. 
 
 III. Thomas W. Dorr, 
 the leader of the suffrage 
 
 o 
 
 party in the insurrection, 
 was afterward arrested, 
 tried, convicted of high 
 treason, and sentenced to 
 imprisonment for life. 
 He was, however, par 
 doned in 1847 ; and, at a 
 later period, his civil 
 rights were restored to 
 him, and the record of 
 his sentence was ex 
 punged. 
 
 ANNEXATION 
 /TEXAS. 
 
 OP 
 
 IV. A proposition for 
 the admission of Texas 
 into the Union caus 
 ed excited discussion 
 
 throughout the whole country during the closing months 
 of Tyler s administration. Texas had been a province of 
 Mexico, but in consequence of the arbitrary policy pur- 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 3. What division of parties soon took place ? 4. What is stated 
 as evidence of the violence of the controversy? 5. Give an account of the "Rebel 
 lion." 
 
 IIL 6. What account can you give of Thomas W. Dorr? 
 
 12 
 
266 
 
 TYLERS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 sued by that government 
 towards her inhabitants, 
 the most of whom were 
 from the United States, 
 they declared their in 
 dependence, and by 
 force of arms sustained 
 the declaration. 
 
 V. A bill for the ad 
 mission of Texa, under 
 certain conditions, was 
 passed by Congress three 
 days before the expira 
 tion of Tyler s term of 
 office, and at once was 
 signed by him. Tyler s 
 last important official act 
 was the signing of the 
 bill admitting Florida 
 and Iowa into the 
 
 Union. He was succeeded in the presidency by James K. 
 
 Polk, of Tennessee. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. T. What important proposition was made in relation to Texas ? 
 8. What did the proposition cause? 9. What can you state of the previous history 
 of Texas? 
 
 Y. 10. What progress did the proposition for the admission of Texas make during 
 Tyler s administration? 11. When were Florida and lowaadrnitted into the Union? 
 12. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency ? 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. In what condition were the United States, in 1817 ? 248 
 
 2. What Indian troubles commenced in 1817 ? 248 
 
 3. What did Jackson accomplish against the Indians ? 249 
 
 4. When was Missouri admitted into the Union ?. 251 
 
 5. What controversy preceded the admission of Missouri?. . .250, 251 
 
 6. When andbj whom was the "Monroe Doctrine " enunciated?.. 251 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 267 
 
 7. What interesting events occurred in 1817 and 1824? 252 
 
 8. How was John Quincy Adams elected to the Presidency? 253 
 
 9. When did the ex- Presidents, Adams and Jefferson, die ? 253 
 
 10. Give an account of Jackson s Bank controversy 254, 255 
 
 11. Give an account of the Indian war which broke out in 1832. . . 255 
 
 12. How did the " nullification troubles " in S. C. commence ? 255, 25G 
 
 13. What action was taken by a convention in that State? 256 
 
 14. What can you state of J. C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne ? 256, 257 
 
 15. What anti-nullification measures did Jackson adopt? 257 
 
 16. What can you state of " Clay s Compromise Bill?" 257 
 
 17. What Indian troubles commenced in the year 1335 ? 257 
 
 18. What was the cause of the Seminole War ? 257, 258 
 
 19. What was done to Osceola because of his offensive conduct?. . 258 
 
 20. By what means did lie obtain his liberty? 258 
 
 21. State the circumstances of Thompson s massacre 258 
 
 22. Give an account of the other event happening the same day. . . 258 
 
 23. Give an account of the battle which happened Dec. 30 259 
 
 24. What events took place in February and March, 1836 ? 259 
 
 25. State what was done by the Indians in May of the same year. . 259 
 
 26. State what you can of Scott s and Jessup s part in the war. . . 259 
 
 27. Who afterward took command against the Indians? 259 
 
 28. What can you say of a battle fought by a body of his men ? 259, 260 
 
 29. Under what circumstances was Osceola at last captured? 260 
 
 30. What can you state of his subsequent history ? 260 
 
 31. What was the last great battle of the war ? 261 
 
 32. When and where did it occur ? 261 
 
 33. What can you say of the battle and its result? 26*1 
 
 34. What further account can you give of the war? 261 
 
 35. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1837 ? 261 
 
 36. What can you say of the revolution in monetary affairs ? 262 
 
 37. Give an account of the Canadian insurrection 262, 263 
 
 38. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1 841 ? 263 
 
 39. Give an account of Harrison subsequent to his inauguration. . . 263 
 
 40. Who succeeded Harrison in the Presidency ? 263 
 
 41. What troubles occurred in Rhode Island in 1842 ? 264 
 
 42. How did the troubles originate ?. . ; 264 
 
 43. Give an account of the trouble 264, 265 
 
 44. What proceedings were afterward taken against Dorr ? 265 
 
 45. What was afterward done in relation to the proceedings ? 265 
 
 46. What can you state of the early history of Texas? 265, 266 
 
 47. What can you say of the bill for the admission of Texas? 263 
 
268 
 
 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 (Questions to be answered from the above map.) 
 How is San Antonio de Bexar situated ? YeraCruz? Alvanido? Matamoras? 
 Jalapa? Puebla? Saltillo? Leavenworth? San Francisco? Into what body of 
 water does the Eio Grande flow ? In what direction is Santa Fe from Leavenworth ? 
 Saltillo from Matamoras ? Victoria from Saltillo ? City of Mexico from Jalapa ? 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 269 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF POLK ? S ADMINISTRATION, IN 1845, 
 TO THE CLOSE OF BUCHANAN^, IN 1861. 
 
 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. FOLK S inaugura 
 tion took place on the 
 4th of March, 1845.* 
 His administration con 
 tinued during only 
 one term, or four 
 years, ending on the 
 4th of March, 1849 ; 
 but it was an eventful 
 one. At the beginning 
 of it, he found the 
 country involved in dis 
 putes with Mexico, in 
 consequence of the pas- 
 sage of the bill for the 
 admission of Texas. 
 On the 4th of July, 
 1845, the legislature of 
 Texas approved this 
 bill, and, by the act of 
 approval, Texas was ad- 
 
 * President Folk s cabinet was constituted as follows : James Buchanan, Secretary of State ; Robert J. 
 Walker, Secretary of the Treasury, William L. Msircy, Secretary of War; George Bancroft, Secretary of 
 the Navy; Cave Johnson, Postmaster-General, and John Y. Mason, Attorney-General. 
 
 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. When was Polk inaugurated? 2. 
 When did his term of office begin and end ? 3. In what disputes were the United 
 States a party at the beginning of his administration? 4. When and by what act 
 was the annexation of Texas consummated? 
 
270 
 
 POLK 8 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 mittcd into the Union, 
 making the whole num 
 ber of States twenty- 
 eight. 
 
 WAR WITH MEXICO. 
 
 II. The annexation of 
 Texas led to a war with 
 Mexico ; for, notwith 
 standing the independ 
 ence of Texas had been 
 acknowledged by the 
 United States, England, 
 France, and other gov 
 ernments, Mexico still 
 claimed it as a part of 
 her own territory, and 
 considered the act of 
 annexation as sufficient 
 cause of war. 
 
 III. The Mexican minister at Washington having protested 
 against the tneasure of annexation, and returned home, and his 
 government having assumed a belligerent attitude, General Tay 
 lor, who was then in command of a camp in the western part of 
 Louisiana, was directed to hold his army in readiness to protect 
 the Texan territory. By the advice of the Texan authorities, 
 he was induced to concentrate his troops at Corpus Christi* 
 
 (eastern Texas), July 8, 1719, calls the ( 
 ! country the province of Las Tekas ; and , 
 (this is the first mention of the name 
 
 Corpus Christ! is a Latin term, signifying the body of Christ. 
 
 t Texas has no motto. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 5. What did the annexation of Texas lead to? 6. By what 
 governments had the independence of Texas been acknowledged ? 7. What claim 
 .lid Mexico still maintain ? 8. What then was the cause of the war between Mexico 
 ind the United States? 
 
 III. 9. What course did the Mexican minister pursue ? 10. What, his govern 
 ment? 11. Where was Taylor at the time? 12. What direction did he receive? 
 13. Where did he afterwards concentrate his troops? 14. Into what body of water 
 does the Nueces flow? (See map, p. 271.) 15. Why did Taylor go to Corpus 
 Christi ? 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 271 
 
 (kor -pus kris -te), situated on the western bank of the 
 Nueces (noo-a -thes] River, near its mouth, where, in November, 
 his forces amounted to about four thousand men. 
 
 xt /- 
 
 EVENTS OF 1846. 
 
 IV. The United States, by the annexation of Texas, claim 
 ed the Rio Grande (re -o grahn -da) as their boundary, while 
 the Mexicans maintained that the western limits of Texas 
 never extended beyond 
 the Nueces. In conse 
 quence of these con 
 flicting claims, the 
 country between the 
 two rivers, in time, ac 
 quired the appellation 
 of the " disputed terri 
 tory ;" and when, early 
 in 1846, President 
 Polk ordered Taylor 
 to proceed with his 
 forces to the Rio 
 Grande, across this 
 
 territory, the 
 was treated 
 
 advance 
 by the 
 
 T-AYI OIL S 
 
 CAMPAI GN 
 
 Scale 
 
 F=1 1. 
 
 100 
 
 Mexicans as the actual commencement of hostilities. 
 
 V. On his route from Corpus Christi to the Rio Grande, 
 Taylor established a depot at Point Isabel (iz-a-bel ), about 
 twenty-one miles northeast of Matamoras (rnat-a-mo -ras). On 
 reaching the Rio Grande he took a position opposite Matamo 
 ras, and erected a fortress, which was afterward named Fort 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 16. What two boundary claims were maintained? IT. What 
 region was known as the "disputed territory?" 18. What movement did Polk order 
 Taylor to make ? 19. How did the Mexicans regard the movement? 
 
 V. 20. Where is Point Isabel? (See map, p. 271.) 21. What use did Taylor make 
 of the place ? 22. Where was Fort Brown erected ? 23. By whom was it erected ? 
 24. Why was it culled Fort Brown? 25. Give an account of the disaster to Thorn 
 ton. 
 
272 
 
 1846 -B rown > in honor of its brave defender. Learning 
 that the Mexicans were assembling troops at a point 
 higher up the river, Taylor sent Captain Thornton, with a 
 party of sixty-three dragoons, to reconnoiter. On the 26th 
 of April, this little band was attacked, and, after a loss of six 
 teen men, was compelled to surrender. 
 
 VI. Thus was shed the first blood in the war. The news 
 of this afiair produced the wildest excitement throughout the 
 United States ; and a war-spirit, unknown before to exist, was 
 at once aroused. The President sent a message to Congress, 
 announcing that Mexico had u invaded our territory, and shed 
 the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil ;" and Con 
 gress, adopting the spirit of the message, declared that " war 
 existed by the act of Mexico." 
 
 VII. The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Eio 
 Grande for the purpose, as Taylor thought, of moving against 
 Point Isabel, he marched to the relief of that place, leaving a 
 small garrison for the defense of Fort Brown. Having placed 
 the depot in a better condition to resist an attack, he set out 
 on his return to the fort. 
 
 VIII. On the 8th of May, the Mexican army, numbering 
 full six thousand men, commanded by General Arista (ah- 
 rees -tah), was discovered upon a beautiful prairie, called Palo 
 Alto* (pah -lo akl -to), drawn up in battle array, prepared to 
 dispute his progress. Although the Americans numbered not 
 more than two thousand three hundred men, they pressed for 
 ward to the attack ; and from noon till twilight, a hot contest 
 was maintained. The enemy then were driven from their 
 position, and the victorious Americans encamped upon the 
 
 * Palo Alto, a Spanish term, signifying " tall timber." 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 26. What effect did the news of it have in the United States ? 
 27. What is said of the President s message ? 28. Of the action of Congress ? 
 
 VII. 29. Why did Taylor march to the relief of Point Isabel ? 30. Did he remain 
 at the Point or not? 31. In what direction did he then march? 
 
 VIII. 32. When did the battle of Palo Alto take ^ace? 33. Give an account of 
 it. 34. What loss was sustained by each party ? 
 
POLKAS ADMINISTRATION. 273 
 
 battle-field. The loss of the Mexicans was about six hundred ; 
 that of the victors, was only nine killed and forty-four 
 wounded, but among the mortally wounded was the brave 
 Major Ringgold, who died four days after. 
 
 IX. On the following day, May the 9th, Taylor resumed his 
 inarch, and, towards evening, encountered the enemy under 
 Arista, within three miles of Fort Brown, posted in and near 
 a ravine called Resaca de la Palma* (ra-mh -Jcah da lah pahl - 
 maJi). The action was commenced on both sides by the artil 
 lery, but the Mexican guns, well aimed and rapidly discharged, 
 were holding the Americans in check, when Captain May was 
 ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons, May 
 rushed forward with great fury, killed or dispersed the gun 
 ners, and captured. General La Yega (lah va -gaJi). The charge 
 being supported by the infantry, a general engagement en 
 sued ; and, after a most obstinate resistance, the Mexicans gave 
 way, their retreat becoming a perfect rout. Their loss, in 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners, was at least one thousand, 
 while the killed and wounded of the victors did not much 
 exceed a hundred. 
 
 X. During the greater part of Taylor s absence from Fort 
 Brown, a period of nearly eight days, it had been subjected to a 
 bombardment from the Mexican batteries in Matamoras. The gar 
 rison made a successful defense, though their heroic commander, 
 Major Brown, was mortally wounded by the bursting of a 
 shell. On the 18th of May, Taylor crossed the Rio Grande 
 and took possession of Matamoras without opposition ; but, 
 owing to the difficulties experienced in getting re-enforce 
 ments and supplies, it was not till the end of more than three 
 
 * Resaca de la Palma, a Spanish term, signifying " a ravine of palin-trees." 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 35. When did Taylor next meet the enemy? 36. "What battle 
 ensued ? 37. Give an account of it 38. What loss was sustained by each party ? 
 
 X. 39. How long had Taylor been absent from Fort Brown ? 40. What had 
 occurred there during his absence? 41. What is said of the defense made? 42. 
 What is said of the taking of Matamoras ? 43. How is Matamoras situated ? (See 
 map, p. 271.) 44. How long did Taylor remain at Matamoras? 45. Why did ho 
 not advance sooner ? 
 
 12* 
 
274 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 months that he found himself strong enough to make a 
 further advance. 
 
 XI. He then directed his march against Monterey (mon-ta- 
 ra f ), an inland city of Mexico, strong in its natural defenses, 
 and, besides, well garrisoned by about ten thousand regular 
 troops, under General Ampudia (am-poo -de-ati). After gar 
 risoning several towns on his route, he reached Monterey on 
 the 9th of September, with a force of less than seven thoii 
 sand men. On the 19th he commenced operations; and, after 
 a series of assaults, continued through three days, in which 
 Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Am 
 pudia capitulated on the 24th. An armistice of eio;ht weeks 
 was agreed upon, or the truce was to continue till the ex 
 piration of that period, unless instructions to renew hostilities 
 should be received in the mean time from either of the respec 
 tive governments. 
 
 XII. Before the eight weeks had expired, Taylor received 
 orders from Washington, directing him to renew offensive 
 operations. Accordingly, one division of his army, under 
 General Worth, occupied Saltillo (sahl-teel -yo), while, at a lit 
 tle later period, another division, under General Patterson, 
 took possession of Victoria, with the intention of going 
 against Tampico (tam-pe -co), but ascertained, before proceed 
 ing, that the place had already surrendered to Commodore 
 Conner, commanding the " Home Squadron" in the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 XIII. In the mean time, General Wool, with an army of 
 about three thousand men, had set out from San Antonio de 
 
 XI. QiTESTioNS.^46. Against what place did he next proceed? 47. In what di 
 rection from Matamoras is Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 43. What is said of its 
 defenses and the garrison then there? 49. When did he capture Monterey? 50. 
 Give an account of the efforts which resulted in the capture. 51. What is said of 
 the armistice? 
 
 XIL 52. Why did Taylor renew offensive operations? 53. What was done by 
 General Worth ? 54. What, by General Patterson ? 55. What, by Commodore Con 
 ner? 56. In what direction is Saltillo from Monterey ? (See map, p. 271.) 57. Yic 
 toria from Monterey ? (See map, p. 268.) 5& Tampico from Monterey ? (See saino 
 map.) 
 
FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 275 
 
 Bexar (san an-to -ne-o da ba-ha.r }, town in Texas, with the 
 design of penetrating the province of Chihuahua (chc-wati- 
 waty. After crossing the Rio Grande, and learning that Mon 
 terey was in the possession of the Americans, influenced by 
 the advice of Taylor, he abandoned the design against Chihua 
 hua, and joined General Worth at Saltillo. 
 
 XFV r . In June, 1846, an expedition under General Kearny 
 set out from Leavenworth (lev -en-wurth), on the Missouri 
 River, to conquer New Mexico and California. Kearny ac 
 complished the march of nine hundred miles to Santa Fe 
 (san -tahfa), the capital of New Mexico, and took possession 
 of the country without opposition. After organizing a new 
 government for the place, he proceeded westward, but soon 
 met a messenger who informed him that California was already 
 in possession of the Americans. All the troops with him, 
 except a hundred, then returned to Santa Fe ; and, with the 
 small force remaining, he completed his journey across the 
 continent. 
 
 XV. With less than a thousand men, being the main body 
 of Kearny s invading army, Colonel Doniphan, starting from 
 Santa Fe, marched more than a thousand miles through Mex 
 ico, and. arrived at Saltillo. During this brilliant achievement 
 he fought and was victorious in two battles, one, that of Bra 
 cito* (brah-the -to), on the 25th of December, 1846, and the 
 other, of Sacramento (sah-crah-mane -to), on the 28th of Feb- 
 
 * Bracito, a Spanish word, signifying " Little Arm." It was so called because of the little arm or bend 
 in the river where the battle was fought. 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 59. How is San Antonio de Bexar situated? (See map, p. 
 268.) 60. By what name is the place often called ? Ans. San Antonio. 61. Where 
 is Chihuahua? (See same map.) C2. What march did General Wool make? 63. 
 Why did he not continue to Chihuahua? 64. What did he do instead? 
 
 XIV. 65. What expedition set out in June ? 66. In what direction is New Mex 
 ico from Leavenworth? (See map, p. 268.) 6T. What was Leavenworth then called? 
 Ans. Fort Leavenworth. 68. What did Kearny accomplish? 69. How is Santa 
 Fe situated? (See map, p. 268.) 70. Give an account of Kearny s subsequent 
 movements. 
 
 XV. Tl. What march did Doniphan make? 72. What two successes did he 
 achieve? 73. How are Bracito and Sacramento situated ? (See map, p. 268.) 
 
276 
 
 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1846. 
 
 ruary, 1847. Whjle these events the successes of 
 Taylor, Doniphan, and others were transpiring in 
 Texas and the eastern part of Mexico, the Pacific coast had 
 also become the scene of important occurrences. 
 
 XVI. Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fro* 
 mont,* who had been brevetted captain for valuable services 
 rendered the Government in western explorations, was sent to 
 make a survey of the then unknown regions lying between 
 the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, as well as to dis 
 cover, if possible, a new and shorter route than the one al 
 ready known from the western base of the mountains to tb<? 
 mouth of the Columbia River. After a series of perilous ad 
 ventures among the mountains, and encounters with hostile 
 Indians, he made his way into California, then a department 
 of Mexico, to recruit his men, secure supplies, and obtain from 
 the Mexican authorities permission to winter in the country. 
 
 XVII. The permission was grant 
 ed, but in a few days it was revoked, 
 the order of revocation requiring him 
 to leave the country at once, accom 
 panied by a threat of destruction in 
 case of non-compliance. His men 
 being in an exhausted condition and 
 not yet furnished with supplies, and 
 consequently in no condition to re- 
 pass the mountains at that time, lie 
 refused to go. Learning that Gen 
 eral Castro, the governor of the 
 province, was mustering a force to come against him, he took 
 
 JOIIN C. FREMONT. 
 
 to*the Roo 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 74. On what expedition had Fremont been sent? 75. What 
 trials did he meet with ? 76. Why did he enter California ? 
 
 XVII. 77. Was the permission granted or not ? 78. What fickleness did the au 
 thorities of California betray? 79. Why did Fremont refuse to go? 80. Of what 
 movement did he soon hear? 81. What defensive course did he then adopt? 82. 
 What did Castro do instead of attacking Fremont? 
 
FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 277 
 
 a position on a mountain peak, thirty miles east of Monterey, 
 where, in March, 1846, he built a rude fort, hoisted the Uni 
 ted States flag, and determined to defend himself. Castro 
 gathered a force of not less than five hundred men in the 
 vicinity of the Americans, but spent several days in doing 
 little more than making idle threats. 
 
 XVIII. At length Fremont, tired of inaction, and convinced 
 that he could not obtain the needed supplies, withdrew with his 
 party, and, taking a northern route, passed through the valley of 
 the Sacramento, and slowly pursued his journey into Oregon. 
 Here, on the 9th of May, he was overtaken by a messenger 
 with dispatches from Washington, directing him to protect 
 the interests of the United States in California. Retracing 
 his steps, he found Castro already marching against the Amer 
 ican settlements on the Sacramento. The settlers flocked to 
 Fremont s standard with such alacrity and in such large num 
 bers that he soon found himself able to confront the Mexican 
 general. Several skirmishes took place, in which the enemy 
 were defeated, and finally compelled to retreat towards the 
 southern part of the province. 
 
 XIX. On the 5th of July, 1846, California was declared to 
 be independent, and free from all Mexican rule. A few days 
 later, Commodore Sloate, who commanded the United States 
 squadron on the Pacific coast, having previously received in 
 formation that hostilities had commenced on the Rio Grande, 
 took possession of Monterey. Towards the latter part of the 
 month, Commodore Stockton arrived at Monterey, took com 
 mand of the squadron, and, with Fremont s co-operation, soon 
 gained possession of the whole of California. 
 
 XVIII. QUESTIONS. 83. What did Fremont do in consequence of the inaction of 
 Castro? 84. Why did he retrace his steps from Oregon ? 85. What did he find as 
 regards a movement of Castro ? 86. How did the settlers act ? 87. What successes 
 did Fremont have ? 
 
 XIX. 88. What took place on the 5th of July ? 89. What was done by Commo 
 dore Sloate? 90. Is the Monterey on the Pacific north or south of San Francisco? 
 (See map, p. 268.) 91. What did Commodore Stockton accomplish ? 
 
278 
 
 EVENTS OF 1847. 
 
 I. In the mean time, it had been decided by the authorities 
 at Washington that, in order to " conquer a peace," the central 
 part of the Mexican Republic would have to be penetrated, 
 and the capital itself menaced. Accordingly, a plan of inva 
 sion was arranged by which Vera Cruz, the most important 
 Mexican city on the Gulf of Mexico, was to be captured ; and 
 then an army, under General Scott, was to march through Mex 
 ico against the capital. This plan not only deprived Taylor 
 of a large portion of his best troops, but it gave to Scott the 
 chief command of the American forces in Mexico, he being 
 the senior officer. 
 
 II. Taylor s last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Bue- 
 na Vista (bwa -nah vees -tati), fought on the 23d of February, 
 1847, nearly five months after his preceding one, that of Mon 
 terey. Learning, towards the latter part of February, that 
 Santa Anna (san-tah an -nah), the ablest of the Mexican gen 
 erals, with an army of not less than twenty thousand men, 
 was moving to attack his little force of less than five thousand, 
 he took a position at Buena Vista, a mountain pass nine miles 
 in advance of Saltillo, and awaited the approach of the ene 
 my. On the morning of the 23d, the Mexicans appeared, and 
 began the attack. The battle continued until sunset ; and, 
 although the Mexicans fought with resolution, and more than 
 once seemed on the eve of victory, their immense superiority 
 in numbers and heroic fighting were of no avail ; they were 
 signally defeated, losing, in killed and wounded, about two 1 
 thousand. The loss of the Americans was between seven and 
 eight hundred. Santa Anna made good his retreat with his 
 
 EVENTS OF 1847. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What, in the mean time, had been decided 
 at Washington ? 2. What plan of invasion was accordingly arranged ? 3. How did 
 this operate as regards Taylor s troops and command ? 
 
 II. 4. Which was Taylor s last battle in Mexico? 5. When did it occur? 6. Give 
 an account of it. 7. What loss did the Mexicans sustain ? 8. What, the Americans! 
 9. What was the effect of the victory along the Eio Grande frontier? 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 279 
 
 disheartened followers, and, during the rest of the war, the 
 Americans were left in quiet possession of the frontier of the 
 Rio Grande and the valley of that river. 
 
 SCOTT S CAMPAIGN IN MEXICO. 
 
 III. Scott s campaign 
 was commenced by an 
 attack on Vera Cruz, 
 which was defended by 
 the strong fortress of 
 San Juan de Ulloa (san 
 whahn da ool-yo -ah), 
 standing upon the island 
 of the same name, about 
 half a mile from the 
 shore. On the 9th of 
 March, 1847, he effect 
 ed the landing of his 
 entire army, consisting 
 of twelve thousand 
 troops, without the 
 
 least casualty ; and the city was at once invested from shore 
 to shore. After a delay of several days, for the purpose of 
 completing preparations, and also to induce, if possible, the 
 Mexican commander to surrender, the Americans opened a 
 tremendous fire from their land batteries, as well as from their 
 fleet, under Commodore Conner. The bombardment was 
 continued for five days ; and so destructive to life and prop 
 erty was it, that, on the 27th, the* city and fortress were com 
 pelled to surrender. 
 
 IV. The march towards the interior was commenced on 
 the 8th of April, the army taking the national road by the 
 way of Jalapa (hal-lah -pah). At Cerro G-ordo (thar -royor -do), 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 10. How did Scott begin his campaign ? 11. How is Vera Cruz 
 situated? (See map, p. 279.) 12. How was it defended ? 13. When did Scott 
 effect a landing? 14. Give an account of the operations that followed. 
 
280 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 ^ a mountain pass, about fifty miles from Vera Cruz, 
 Santa Anna was strongly fortified, prepared to resist 
 the advance of the Americans. Scott had with him only 
 about eight thousand men those who were not sick and 
 wounded having been left to garrison Yera Cruz and its 
 fort while Santa Anna had an army of nearly double the 
 numerical strength of Scott s. 
 
 V. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made 
 upon the works of the enemy ; and, before noon, the whole 
 were in the possession of the Americans. Besides losing the 
 most of their artillery and munitions of war, the Mexicans 
 had one thousand of their number killed or wounded, and 
 three thousand made prisoners. On the following day, April 
 19th, the Americans entered Jalapa: farther on in their 
 march they took without opposition the strong castle of Pe- 
 rote (pa-ro -ta), and, on the 15th of May, they entered the 
 ancient and populous city of Puebla (poo-a -blali), 
 
 VI. The American army had been so reduced by sickness, 
 death, and other causes, that Scott deemed it advisable to 
 rest at Puebla for re- enforcements. After a halt of nearly 
 three months, during which Santa Anna had time to create a 
 new army and to fortify the capital, he resumed his march, 
 passing through a beautiful region without the least resist 
 ance, and reaching the town of Ayotla (ah-yot -laJi), fifteen 
 miles from the city of Mexico. 
 
 VII. Finding that the direct route by the national road 
 was strongly fortified, and being anxious to spare the lives of 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 15. "When did Scott march from Yera Cruz ? 1*6. What road 
 did he take? 17. How is Jalapa situated? (See map, p. 279.) 18. Where were 
 the Mexicans posted to dispute Scott s advance ? 19. What is said of the strength of 
 the respective armies? 
 
 V. 20. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo. 21. Give an account of the 
 further advance of the Americans, and their three captures. 22. In what direction 
 from Vera Cruz is Perote ? (See map, p. 279.) 23. In what direction from Yera 
 Cruz is Puebla ? (See same map.) 
 
 YI. 24. At what place did Scott make along rest? 25. Why did he remain there 
 so long? 26. What advantage did this give to the Mexicans? 27. What is said of 
 his further march ? 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 281 
 
 his men, Scott* turned . southward, and, passing around Lake 
 Chalco, encamped at San Angnstin (san aw-yus-teen ), about 
 ten miles from the capital. Thence the approaches to the 
 city were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-tra -ras) and 
 San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo* 
 roo-boos -co) and Chapultepec (chah-pool-ta-p ://). 
 
 VIII. In a night inarch, the 
 Americans advanced upon Con 
 treras. At sunrise,, on the 20th 
 of August, they commenced the 
 attack, and, in less than twenty 
 minutes, the Mexican batteries 
 were carried and the victory was 
 complete. The garrison of San 
 Antonio, being somewhat unsup 
 ported by the loss of Contreras, 
 made but a slight resistance, and 
 
 then retreated before the pursuing Americans, commanded by 
 General Worth. On the same day, the 20th, a grand move 
 ment upon Churubusco was next directed, to which the vic 
 tory already achieved opened the way. After an obstinate 
 and bloody conflict, the Mexicans, who were commanded by 
 Santa Anna, though numbering at least twenty-five thousand, 
 were driven from the fort and from every part of the battle 
 field. Some retreated to Chapultepec, the fortress nearest the 
 capital, and others fled to the city itself. 
 
 IX. On the day after these two battles, and while Scott 
 was at an advanced position within three miles of the city, 
 Santa Anna asked for an armistice, for the purpose, it was 
 stated, of negotiating. a peace. The request was granted, and 
 
 * Winfieia Scott was born in Petersburg, Virginia, in 1786. Died in 1867. 
 
 GENERAL SCOTT. 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 28. Why did Scott torn southward from Ayotla? 29. W>e-0 
 did he encamp? 30. In what direction is San Augustin from the city of Mexico? 
 (See map, p. 279.) 81. How were the approaches from San Angustin to the city of 
 Mexico gnarded ? 
 
 VIII. 32. Give an account of the battle of Contreras. 33. Of Churubusco. 
 
282 
 
 FOLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1847 
 
 for several da y s efforts were made to bring the war 
 to a close, but without success. The Mexican com 
 mander not only refused to agree to the terms proposed by 
 the Americans ; but, while offering others, more becoming a 
 conqueror, he actually violated the armistice by strengthening 
 his defenses. 
 
 X. Scott, losing all confidence 
 in the integrity of his foe, declared 
 the truce at an end, and ordered 
 General Worth to storm the Moli- 
 no del Rey (mo-le -no dale ra), an 
 outer defense of Chapultepec. Ac 
 cordingly, on the 8th of September, 
 the attack was made ; and, after a 
 hard-fought battle, in which Worth* 
 lost nearly a fourth of his men, the 
 Mexicans were driven from their 
 position. Chapultepec itself, a 
 strongly fortified castle, situated on 
 
 a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital could be 
 reached. 
 
 XI. Several batteries were erected to bear upon the place, 
 and, on the 12th of September, a heavy fire was commenced, 
 which made several breaches through the stone wall defenses. 
 On the next day, the 13th, the battle of Chapultepec was 
 fought. The Americans, in two columns, the one headed by 
 
 * William Jenkins Worth was born in Hudson, Columbia Co., N. Y., in 1794. In the war of 1812 he 
 performed an honorable part, being twice promoted, once for gallant conduct in the battle of Chippewa 
 and afrain for important service in the battle of Lundy s Lane. His distinguished services in 1842* 
 against the Florida Indians, were also rewarded by promotion. He was with Taylor in Mexico and for 
 his achievements in the battle of Monterey he was brevetted a major-general. Afterward he joined 
 Scott s army. His death occurred in Texas, in 1849. 
 
 SANTA ANNA. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 84 What request did Santa Anna make ? 35. Where was Scott 
 at the time? 36. How did Scott treat the request? 37. What followed for several 
 days? 38. What perfidy was Santa Anna guilty of ? 
 
 X. 39. What order did Scott give to Worth ? 40. When was the battle of Molino 
 del Eey fought? 41. Give an account of it. 42. What yet remained to be done? 
 
 XI. 43. How was Chapultepec menaced on the 12th of September? 44. Give an 
 account of the next day s battle. 
 
POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 283 
 
 General Pillow, and the other by General Qnitman, advanced 
 to the assault, and in the most gallant style carried the out 
 works and then the castle, though at the expense of many 
 lives. 
 
 XII. Qtiitman pur 
 sued the flying Mexi 
 cans ; and at night his 
 division rested within 
 the gates of the city, 
 while Worth s division, 
 which had advanced by 
 a circuitous route, halt 
 ed in the suburbs. Du- 
 rinor the night. Santa 
 
 O O 
 
 Anna, with most of his 
 army and the princi 
 pal officers of govern 
 ment, fled from the city. 
 On the following morn 
 ing, September 14th, the 
 American army passed 
 into the city, and run 
 ning up the United 
 States flag on the na 
 tional palace, took for 
 mal possession of the Mexican capital amid the greatest enthu 
 siasm. 
 
 XIII. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness of 
 the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege to the 
 place; and, after Santa Anna s* flight from the capital, he 
 
 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, Mexico, in 1798. 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 45. What is said of Quitman s and Worth s advance ? 46. State 
 what took place on the following morning. 
 
 XIII. 47. To what place in the mean time had the Mexicans laid siege ? 48. What 
 circumstance had induced them to commence the siege ? 49. By whom were they 
 joined during the siege? 50. Why did Santa Anna afterward leave the besiegers? 
 51. Give an account of the battle that followed. 
 
284 
 
 POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 joined the besiegers with some thousands of his fugitive 
 troops. Learning that General Lane, with a body of re 
 cruits, was on his inarch from Vera Cruz to re-enforce Scott, 
 Santa Anna left Puebla to intercept him. At Huamantla 
 (whah-mant 1 f -lah) the encounter took place, and though the 
 Mexicans were vastly superior in numbers to the Americans, 
 the result was, as usual, a total defeat to them. 
 
 XIV. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was 
 signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo (ywah-dah-loo -pahe-dahl -go}, 
 a small town about four miles from the capital, and Mexico 
 was soon after evacuated by the American armies. By the 
 treaty, all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together 
 with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquish 
 ed to the United States. On the part of the United States, 
 it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory, 
 and that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, to the 
 amount of $3,000,000, should be assumed. After the treaty 
 had been ratified by both governments, peace was proclaimed 
 by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. 
 
 (Ef 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 52. When was a treaty of peace signed ? 53. At what place? 
 54. What territory did the United States acquire by the treaty? 55. What amount 
 of money was paid by the United States ? 56. When did President Polk issue a pro 
 clamation of peace ? 
 
 PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. 
 
 (The Americans were successful in every battle.) 
 
 DATES. 
 
 BATTLES. 
 
 COMMANDERS. 
 
 FORCES ENGAGED. 
 
 AMERICAN. 
 
 MEXICAN. 
 
 AMER. 
 
 MEX. 
 
 6,000 
 5.000 
 10.000 
 1,200 
 
 1846. 
 
 May 8, 
 May 9, 
 Sept. 24, 
 Dec, 25, 
 1847. 
 Feb. 23, 
 Feb. 28, 
 March 27, 
 April 18, 
 
 Aug.20,| 
 
 Sept. 8, 
 Sept. 13, 
 Oct. 9, 
 
 Palo Alto 
 Resaca de la Pulma. 
 Monterey 
 Bracito 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Arista 
 
 2,300 
 2,200 
 6,600 
 500 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Arista 
 
 Tayl or. ... 
 Doniphan. 
 
 Ampudia 
 Ponce de Leon . 
 
 Buena Vista 
 Sacramento 
 Vera Cruz 
 Cerro Gordo 
 Contreras 
 Churubusco 
 Molinodel Rey. .. 
 Chapul tepee 
 
 Taylor. . . . 
 Doniphan. 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott 
 Scott. ... 
 Worth. . . . 
 Scott 
 
 Santa Anna 
 Trias 
 Morales 
 Santa Anna 
 Valencia 
 Santa Anna 
 Alvarez 
 
 4.700 
 900 
 12.000 
 8,500 
 4,000 
 8,000 
 3,500 
 7.200 
 500 
 
 17,000 
 4.000 
 6,000 
 12,000 
 7,000 
 25,000 
 14,000 
 25,000 
 1,000 
 
 Lane .... 
 
 Santa Anna. . . . 
 
 
 
REVIEW QUESTIONS. 285 
 
 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. What event took place on the 4th of March, 1845 ? 269 
 
 2. By what process did Texas become a State of the Union ? 266. 269 
 
 3. What was the consequence of the annexation of Texas ? .... 270 
 
 4. Why did Mexico consider the annexation a cause of war ?. . . . 270 
 
 5. What powers had acknowledged the independence of Texas?. 270 
 
 6. Why did Taylor take his army from Louisiana to Texas ? 270, 271 
 
 7. What conflicting boundary claims grew out of the annexation ? 271 
 
 8. Why did Taylor advance to the Rio Grande ? 271 
 
 9. How was the advance of Taylor treated by the Mexicans ? 271 
 
 10. Where did Taylor establish a depot ? 271 
 
 11. Where did he take a position and erect a fortress? 271 
 
 12. What misfortune occurred on the 26th of April, 1846 ? 272 
 
 13. How did the news of the affair affect the people of the U. S. ?.. 272 
 
 14. What effect did it have upon the President and Congress ? 272 
 
 15. What movements led to the battle of Palo Alto ? 272 
 
 16. Give an account of the battle, with its results 272, 273 
 
 17. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 273 
 
 18. Give an account of the battle, with its results 273 
 
 19. What took place at Fort Brown during Taylor s absence ?.. . . 273 
 20i When did Taylor enter and leave Matamoras ? 273, 274 
 
 21. Give the preliminaries of the battle of Monterey. 274 
 
 22. Give an account of the battle, with its result 274 
 
 23. By whom were Saltillo, Victoria, and Tampico taken? 274 
 
 24. What can you state of Gen. Wool s march ? 274, 275 
 
 25. Give an account of Gen. Kearuy s expedition 275 
 
 26. Of Doniphan s expedition and two battles ..275, 276 
 
 27. Of Fremont and his expedition to California 276 
 
 28. What was done by Fremont in March, 1846 ? 276, 277 
 
 29. Give an account of Fremont s further operations 277 
 
 30. What was done in July, 1846, .and by Com. Stockton ? 277 
 
 31. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista, with its results.. 278 
 
 32. Give an account of the taking of Vera Cruz 279 
 
 33. Give an account of the battle of Cerro Gordo 279, 280 
 
 34. Of Scott s progress from Cerro Gordo to San Augustin 280, 281 
 
 85. Of the battles of Contreras and Churubusco 281 
 
 36. What efforts were made to negotiate a peace ? 281, 282 
 
 37. Give an account of the battle of the Molino del Rey 282 
 
 38. Of Santa Anna s flight and the taking of the city of Mexico 283 
 
 39. Of the siege of Puebla and battle of Huamantla 283. 284 
 
 40. Of the treaty of peace, with its principal provisions 284 
 
286 
 
 TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 TAYLOR S ADMIKISTRATIOK 
 
 I. FOLK S successor 
 in the presidency was 
 General Zachary Tay 
 lor, the hero who had 
 achieved such bril 
 liant victories in the 
 war with Mexico. 
 His inauguration took 
 place at Washington, 
 on the 5th of March, 
 1849,* the 4th being 
 Sunday. One of the 
 earliest and most diffi 
 cult of the questions 
 which commanded 
 the attention of his 
 administration, grew 
 out of the acquisition 
 of California and New 
 Mexico. 
 
 II. In February, 
 1848, gold began to 
 
 be found in California in large quantities. When the news of 
 the discovery reached the Atlantic States, and spread through 
 out the other States, a wonderful excitement was at once cre 
 ated, and in a very short time thousands of emigrants were 
 
 * President Taylor s cabinet consisted of John M. Clayton, Secretary of State ; William M. Meredith 
 Secretary of the Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Secretary of War; William B. Preston, Secretary of 
 the Navy ; Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior ; Jacob Col lamer, Postmaster-General ; and Reverdy 
 Johnson, Attorney -General. The department of the Interior had been created by Congress on the 3d of 
 March, two days before Taylor s inauguration. 
 
 TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS.!. Who succeeded Polk in the Presi 
 dency ? 2. When was Taylor inaugurated ? 
 
 II. 3. When was an important discovery made in California? 4. What was It? 
 5. What was the consequence ? 
 
TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 28V 
 
 on their way to the land of gold. The rush thither was truly 
 marvelous ; not only did people go from the United States, 
 but they likewise flocked from Europe, Asia, South America, 
 and even the isles of the sea. 
 
 III. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in 
 September, 1849, there was a sufficient number of settlers 
 there to constitute a State; and a constitution was then adopted, 
 preparatory to petition 
 ing Congress for ad 
 mission into the Union. 
 An article of the Con 
 stitution, by which sla 
 very was excluded from 
 California, became a 
 cause for a violent dis 
 pute, not only in Con 
 gress, but in the legis 
 latures of the several 
 States, and among the 
 people throughout the 
 Union. While Con 
 gress was in session, 
 engaged in angry de 
 bate, President Taylor, 
 after an administration 
 of only one year, four 
 months, and four days, 
 died on the 9th of July, 
 1 850, at the presidential mansion. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 6. What did the people of California do in September, 1849 < 
 7. What became a cause for a violent dispute in Congress and elsewhere? 8. What 
 calamity befell the nation, while Congress was in session? 
 
288 
 
 FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 FILLMORE S ADMHSTISTKATIOK 
 
 I. BY the death of Taylor, the Vice-President of the Uni 
 ted States, Millard Fillmore, became President, taking the 
 oath of office on the 10th of July, 1850.* 
 
 II. The question in 
 relation to the admis 
 sion of California had 
 been greatly compli 
 cated in Congress, by 
 the application of New 
 Mexico for admission 
 into the Union, and by 
 a claim on the part of 
 Texas to a large por 
 tion of New Mexico. 
 For the purpose of 
 making " an amicable 
 arrangement of all 
 questions in contro 
 versy between the Free 
 and the Slave States 
 growing out of the 
 subject of slavery," 
 Henry Clay made a 
 proposition, known as 
 the "Omnibus Bill," 
 or the "Compromise Act of 1850." 
 
 - President Fillmore s cabinet was constituted as follows: Daniel Webster, Secretary of State- Thomaa 
 Corwin, Secretary of the Treasury ; Charles M. Conrad, Secretary of War; Alexander H. H. Stuart Sec 
 retary of the Interior; William A. Graham, Secretary of the Navy : Nathan K. Hall Postmaster-Gen 
 eral ; and John J. Crittenden, Attorney-General. 
 
 FILLMOKE S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. Who succeeded "Taylor ? 
 
 II. 2. How had the question of California s admission been complicated? 8. 
 What was the object of the " Omnibus Bill ?" 4. Who offered that bill ? 5. By what 
 other name is it also known ? 
 
PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 289 
 
 III. Although Mr. Clay s proposition did not pass Con 
 gress in the shape offered, the result aimed at was attained, 
 after Taylor s death, by separate bills. These provided for 
 the admission of California as a free State ; territorial govern 
 ments for New Mexico and Utah, leaving the admission or ex 
 clusion of slavery to be decided by the people of the respec 
 tive territories ; the settlement of the claim made by Texas ; 
 the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; 
 and the surrender of fugitives from labor, this last bill being 
 known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 
 
 IV. Fill more remained President during the unexpired part 
 of the term for which Taylor was elected, a period of nearly 
 two years and eight months, when he was succeeded by Frank 
 lin Pierce, of New Hampshire. 
 
 PIEKCE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. PIERCE was President for only one term, or four years, 
 extending from the 4th of March, 1853,* the day of his inau 
 guration, to the 4th of March, 1857. 
 
 II. His administration had scarcely commenced when 
 the controversy was renewed between the slaveholding and 
 non-slaveholding sections of the Union, the one being in 
 favor of, and the other opposed to, the extension of slavery 
 into the Territories of the United States. This fresh outbreak 
 
 * President Pierre s cabinet was as follows: William L. Marcy, Secretary of State; James Guthrie, 
 Secretary of the Treasury; Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War; James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy; 
 Robert McClelland, Secretary of the Interior ; James Campbell, Postmaster-General ; and Caleb Ousting, 
 Attorney-General. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 6. "in what shape did Mr. Clay s bill afterward appear ? 7. What 
 did the separate bills provide for? 8. What was the object of the "Fugitive Slave 
 Law ?" 
 
 IV. 9. For how long a time was Fillmore President? 10. By whom was he suc 
 ceeded ? 
 
 PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. I. 1. When was Pierce inaugurated? 2. How long 
 T7as he President 1 ? 
 
 II. 3. What controversy was renewed at the beginning of his administration? 
 4. What were the slaveholding States in favor of? 5. What the non-slaveholdiug ? 
 6. How did this fresh outbreak begin? 
 
 13 
 
290 
 
 PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 liad its origin mainly 
 with Congress, in the 
 introduction there of 
 what is known as the 
 "Kansas - Nebraska 
 Bill." 
 
 III. By the " Mis 
 souri Compromise 
 Bill," passed in 1820, 
 it was provided that, 
 in consideration of the 
 admission of Missouri 
 as a Slave State, slavery 
 should forever be pro 
 hibited in all the re 
 maining territories of 
 the United States 
 north of latitude thirty- 
 six degrees and thirty 
 minutes, the southern 
 boundary of that 
 State. By the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill," which Congress 
 passed in 1854, this prohibition was repealed, and the two 
 territories of Kansas and Nebraska were duly organized. 
 
 IV. No sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from 
 both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, those 
 from the North being determined to make it a free State, 
 while those from the South were equally -resolved the other 
 way. And with such undue zeal was the strife carried on, 
 that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was some 
 times shed. 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 7. When was the "Missouri Compromise Bill" passed? 8. 
 What was its important provision? 9. When was the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 
 passed? 10. What was its important provision? 
 
 IV. 11. What began to be done as soon as the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill" was 
 passed? 12. What were the people of the North determined upon ? 13. What those 
 of the South ? 
 
BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 291 
 
 KIVEB 6TEAMEE. 
 
 V. The Kansas 
 controversy, in 
 Congress and ev 
 erywhere else 
 throughout the 
 Union, as well as 
 the strife in the 
 Territory, contin 
 ued all through Pierce s administration, and into and nearly 
 to the close of his successor s. In the course of the debate 
 in Congress, Mr. Sumner, of Massachusetts, made a speech, 
 partly directed against South Carolina and some of her repre 
 sentatives. For this he was afterward assaulted by a repre 
 sentative from that State, while writing at his desk in the 
 Senate-chamber, and so seriously injured that he was not able 
 to resume his legislative duties until two years after. 
 
 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTKATIOK 
 
 I. JAMES BUCHANAN of Pennsylvania, Pierce s successor in 
 the presidency, was inaugurated at Washington on the 4th 
 of March, 1857.* His administration continued one term, 
 ending on the 4th of March, 1861. 
 
 II. The slavery question continued to be the prominent 
 topic of discussion in Congress and throughout the country 
 during the four years of his administration, and, even in the 
 last one, the Kansas strife seemed very little nearer a con 
 clusion than it had been at any previous time. As his term 
 of office drew towards its close, no less than four candidates 
 were nominated to succeed him. 
 
 rreswent Bticnanan s cabinet was constituted as follows: Lewis Cass, Secretary of State; Howell 
 Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury ; John B. Floyd, Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Secretary of the 
 Navy ; Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior ; Aaron V. Brown, Postmaster-General ; and Jeremiah 
 S. Black, Attorney- General. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 14. How long did the Kansas controversy continue? 15. What 
 affair took place in the course of the debate in Congress ? 
 
 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. I. 1. Who succeeded Pierce in the presidency ? 
 2. When was Buchanan inaugurated ? 
 
 II. 3. What is said of the slavery question ? 4. Of the Kansas strife ? 5. Of 
 presidential successors ? 
 
292 
 
 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 III. The Democratic 
 party was divided be 
 tween Stephen A. 
 Douglas, of Illinois, 
 and John C. Breckin- 
 ridge, of Kentucky. 
 The Republican party, 
 opposed to the further 
 extension of slavery, 
 nominated Abraham 
 Lincoln, of Illinois ; 
 while the American 
 party presented for its 
 candidate John Bell, 
 of Tennessee. After 
 an exciting canvass, in 
 which the slavery ques 
 tion was the all-ab 
 sorbing one, the elec 
 tion resulted in the 
 success of the Repub 
 lican nominee. 
 
 IV. When it became known that Lincoln would be the 
 next President, public meetings were held in Charleston and 
 elsewhere in South Carolina, at which resolutions were 
 adopted in favor of the secession of the State from the Union. 
 In pursuance of a special act of the South Carolina legisla 
 ture, delegates were elected to assemble in convention at 
 Columbia on the 17th of December, 1860. They accordingly 
 met, but, in consequence of the prevalence of small-pox in 
 that city, an adjournment to Charleston took place, where, on 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 6. How was the Democratic party divided ? 7. Who were the 
 other candidates ? 8. To what was the Republican party opposed ? 9. What was 
 the- result of the election ? 
 
 IV. 10. When Lincoln s success became known, how did the people of South 
 Carolina act? 11. What convention was held in the State? 12. What was done by 
 the convention ? 
 
BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 293 
 
 the 20th of December, an ordinance of secession was unani 
 mously passed. 
 
 V. In the mean time a great deal of interest was felt re 
 specting the forts in 
 
 Charleston harbor, only 
 one of which Fort 
 Moultrie was garri 
 soned. Threats had 
 been uttered and demon 
 strations made which 
 rendered it probable 
 that they would be 
 seized by the South 
 Carolinians. Towards 
 the close of December, 
 as the danger of an at 
 tack upon Fort Moultrie 
 became more imminent, 
 the commander, Major 
 Anderson,* convinced 
 that his position there 
 would not be tenable if 
 attacked by well-organ 
 ized and disciplined troops, on the 26th of December, I860, 
 withdrew the garrison, which consisted of only about eighty 
 men, and established himself at Fort Sumter. 
 
 VI. The excitement in Charleston, produced by this act of 
 removal, was intense ; and it spread with lightning speed over 
 the whole State. Tlie authorities of South Carolina at once 
 
 * Major Robert Anderson was born near Louisville, Ky., in 1805. In 1825, ho was graduated at West Point 
 He was in the Seminole War, and with Scott s army in the Mexican War. At the battle of the Mohno 
 del Key he was severely wounded. In May, 1861, he was made brigadier-general in the U. b. army. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 13. What interest was felt in the meantime? 14. What was 
 the ground of concern respecting the forts? 15. Who commanded Fort Moultrie? 
 1C. How many men did Anderson have with him ? 17. What movement did he 
 make ? 18. Why did he make the movement? 
 
 VI. 19. How did Anderson s removal influence the people of Charleston and the 
 other parts of the State? 20. What buildings did the State authorities seize ? 21. 
 What disposition did they make of troops? 22. What was done with a view to a 
 Southern Confederacy? 
 
LMM 
 
 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 seized the United Stutcs 
 custom - house, post- 
 olliee, un<l arsenal, at, 
 Charleston, and scut, 
 troops to occupy Castle 
 I inckney and Fort 
 Moiiltric, in the harbor 
 of that, city ; urn I, lit the 
 (lose of the month, the 
 State sent: Commission 
 ers to the other Slave 
 States, with a view to the 
 formation of a Southern 
 ( onfederaey. 
 
 VII. On the 10th of 
 .January, I Si! I, the 
 steamer Star of the 
 West, which had been 
 dispatched from New 
 York with supplies and 
 re-enforeements for Fort 
 Sumter, arrived oil Charleston, and 
 was fired upon and driven back to 
 sea by batteries erected to command 
 the entrance of the harbor. The 
 Star of the West thereupon re 
 turned to New York. During this 
 month, January, live States, \i/,. ; 
 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 (Jeorgia, and Louisiana, following 
 the lead of South Carolina, passed 
 secession ordinances, and, on the 1st 
 
 VII. QuitHTioNH.- 2tt. (llvo the, account connected with the, Htnr of the, West, 
 14. Uow many States, In January, 18(11, followed tho lead of South Carolina? 2ft 
 \Vlu-n dl<l Texas tiecedc? 
 
BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 295 
 
 of February, Texas did 
 the same. 
 
 VIII. Nearly all the 
 forts, arsenals, navy- 
 yards, and custom-houses 
 within these States, and 
 which belonged to the 
 United States, were 
 seized by the secession 
 ists. Fort Sumter, still 
 held by Major Anderson, 
 and Fort Pickens, near 
 Pcnsacola, which had 
 been saved by the de 
 cided action of its com 
 mander, Lieutenant 
 Slemmer, were the only 
 important forts which 
 remained in the posses 
 sion of the general gov 
 ernment on the 1st of 
 February. The posts at the southern 
 extremity of Florida also remained 
 in the hands of the government. 
 
 IX. In the mean time, upon the 
 recommendation of the legislature 
 of Virginia, delegates had been ap 
 pointed by twenty-one States to a 
 so-called "Peace Conference," to 
 decide upon a plan " for a settle 
 ment of all difficulties and the 
 preservation of the Union." The 
 convention assembled at Washing- 
 
 PEN8ACOLA AND VICINITY. 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 26. What is said of the seizure of forts, arsenals, &c. ? 27. Of 
 Forts Sumter and Pickens? 28. How is Fort Sumter situated ? (See map, p. 129.) 
 29. How is Fort Pickens situated ? (See map, p. 295.) 30. What southern posts 
 remained in the hands of the government? 
 
296 
 
 BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 ton, on the 4tli of February, and was organized by the unani 
 mous election of ex-President Tyler as chairman. After a 
 session of three weeks it adjourned ; and the result of its 
 labors, a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution, 
 was laid before Congress, but -without meeting the approval 
 of that body. 
 
 FOET SUMTEE. 
 
 X. On the very day upon which the "Peace Congress" 
 assembled, February 4th, a congress, composed of delegates 
 from six of the Southern States, met at Montgomery, Ala. ; 
 and, four days after, organized a Confederacy, by the adop 
 tion of a " Provisional Constitution," calling it the " Confed 
 erate States of America." This constitution was superseded, 
 in little more than a month, by one intended to be permanent. 
 On the 9th of February, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
 elected President of the Confederacy by the Montgomery 
 Congress, and, on the 18th, he was duly inaugurated. 
 , XL In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of 
 the country upon the retirement of Buchanan from the presi 
 dency, and the assumption of the office by Lincoln. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 31. When and where did the "Peace Convention" meet? 32. 
 How many States were represented there? 33. Upon whose recommendation had 
 the delegates been chosen ? 34. Who was chosen president of the convention ? 35. 
 Give a further account of the convention and its doings. 
 
 X. 36. Where did a second convention meet on the 4th of February? 37. What 
 States were represented in that convention ? 38. What was done by the conven 
 tion ? 39. What was done on the 9th and 18th of February ? 
 
SECTION IX. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
 
 CLOSE OF JOHNSON S. MARCH 4, 1861, TO MARCH 4, 1869. 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. ON the llth of 
 February, 1861, Lincoln 
 left his home at Spring 
 field, Illinois. forW^ash- 
 ington. On his way 
 he made brief stops at 
 various cities, and was 
 everywhere received 
 with great enthusiasm. 
 It had been arranged 
 that his route from 
 Harrisburgh should be 
 through Baltimore, 
 but, in consequence of 
 the excited state of 
 feeling existing be 
 tween the political 
 clubs of the last-named 
 city, and desiring to 
 prevent an anticipated 
 outrage, he made a 
 night journey, arriving 
 in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 22d 
 of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of 
 March, " amid a greater display of military force than had 
 ever before been witnessed on such an occasion."* 
 
 * President Lincoln s cabinet was constituted as follows : William II. Seward, Secretary of State ; 
 Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary 
 of the Navy ; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior; Edward Bates, Attorney-General; and Mont 
 gomery Blair, Postmaster-GeneraL 
 
 13* 
 
BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 ton, on the 4tli of February, and was organized by the unani 
 mous election of ex-President Tyler as chairman. After a 
 session of three weeks it adjourned ; and the result of its 
 labors, a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution, 
 was laid before Congress, but -without meeting the approval 
 of that body. 
 
 FOET SUMTEE. 
 
 X. On the very day upon which the " Peace Congress" 
 assembled, February 4th, a congress, composed of delegates 
 from six of the Southern States, met at Montgomery, Ala. ; 
 and, four days after, organized a Confederacy, by the adop 
 tion of a "Provisional Constitution," calling it the "Confed 
 erate States of America." This constitution was superseded, 
 in little more than a month, by one intended to be permanent. 
 On the 9th of February, Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was 
 elected President of the Confederacy by the Montgomery 
 Congress, and, on the 18th, he was duly inaugurated. 
 
 XL In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of 
 the country upon the retirement of Buchanan from the presi 
 dency, and the assumption of the office by Lincoln. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 31. When and where did the "Peace Convention" meet? 32. 
 How many States were represented there? 33. Upon whose recommendation had 
 the delegates been chosen ? 34. Who was chosen president of the convention? 35. 
 Give a further account of the convention and its doings. 
 
 X. 36. Where did a second convention meet on the 4th of February? 37. What 
 States were represented in that convention? 38. What was done by the conven 
 tion ? 39. What was done on the 9th and 18th of February ? 
 
SECTION IX. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION TO THE 
 
 CLOSE OF JOHNSON S. MARCH 4, 1861, TO MARCH 4, 1869. 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. ON the llth of 
 February, 1861, Lincoln 
 left his home at Spring 
 field, Illinois, for Wash 
 ington. On his way 
 he made brief stops at 
 various cities, and was 
 everywhere received 
 with great enthusiasm. 
 It had been arranged 
 that his route from 
 Ilarrisburgh should be 
 through Baltimore, 
 but, in consequence of 
 the excited state of 
 feeling existing be 
 tween the political 
 clubs of the last-named 
 city, and desiring to 
 prevent an anticipated 
 outrage, he made a 
 niovht journey, arriving 
 in Washington at an early hour on the morning of the 22d 
 of February. His inauguration took place on the 4th of 
 March, " amid a greater display of military force than had 
 ever before been witnessed on such an occasion."* 
 
 * President Lincoln s cabinet was constituted na follows: William H. Seward, Secretary of State; 
 Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of War ; Gideon Welles, Secretary 
 of the Navy; Caleb B. Smith, Secretary of the Interior; Edward Ba tes, Attorney -General ; and Mont 
 gomery Blair, Postmaster-General. 
 
 13* 
 
298 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 II. In his inaugural address, Lincoln announced that he 
 had " no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the 
 institution of slavery in the States where it exists ;" further 
 stating that, in his opinion, he had no right to do so. This 
 assurance, however, did not satisfy the politicians of the South ; 
 the scepter of power had departed from them, and only by 
 setting up a government of their own, with slavery as its 
 corner-stone, could they again expect to rule. Their duty to 
 the General Government they regarded as secondary to their 
 duty to their respective States. 
 
 THE GREAT REBELLION. EVENTS OF 1861. 
 
 I. The Confederates soon organized an army, and General 
 Beauregard (bd -re-gard\ who had been a major in the service 
 of the United States, was placed in command of the forces 
 intended to drive Anderson from Fort Sumter. On the morn 
 ing of the 12th of April, 1861, the first shot was fired upon 
 the fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the de 
 fense being but feeble, in consequence of the smallness of the 
 garrison and a poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was com 
 pelled to capitulate. On the 14th he departed with his com 
 mand, and sailed for New York. 
 
 II. The news of this event, as it was flashed along the 
 wires, produced an almost uncontrollable excitement through 
 out the country ; and the President s proclamation, issued on 
 the following day, April 15th, calling for seventy-five thousand 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. Where did Lincoln live at the 
 time of his election to the Presidency ? 2. What can yoii state of his journey to 
 "Washington ? 3. When was he inaugurated ? 4. What can you state of the occasion ? 
 
 II. 5. What did Lincoln proclaim in reference to the Slavery question ? 6. On 
 what occasion did he proclaim it? 7. How did the politicians of the Sonth receive 
 the assurance ? 8. How did they expect to retain power ? 9. How did they regard 
 their duty to the Nation? 
 
 EVENTS OP 1861. I. 1. What command was given to Beauregard ? 2. When did 
 hostilities acFually commence ? 8. By whom were they commenced ? 4. Why did 
 not Anderson make a better defense ? 5. What was the result of the attack ? 
 
 II. 6. What effect did the news have? 7. News of what? 8. What action did 
 President Lincoln take? 9. What can you state of the response? 10. What took 
 place in Baltimore ? 1L Where were the troops going? 12. What meetings of the 
 people were held t .. - 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 299 
 
 troops, was responded to at once by all the Free States. The 
 national capital being menaced, troops were hurried off for 
 its defense. A Massachusetts regiment, while thus on its way 
 to Washington, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of 
 Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers, and two of the 
 soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. This and other 
 acts of the Secessionists aroused the people of the North : a 
 great mass meeting was held in New York city, and similar 
 gatherings took place in other cities, in favor of the Union. 
 
 III. Nor were the Confederates inactive. They seized the 
 arsenal at Harper s Ferry. They also made preparations to 
 get possession of the navy -yard near Norfolk : the Union offi 
 cers there, despairing of a defense, set fire to the government 
 buildings, and scuttled and sunk most of the vessels in the 
 harbor. Immense quantities of ordnance, shot, and shell* 
 thus fell into the hands of the insurgents, and they likewise 
 acquired by seizure, arsenals and strongholds in other direc 
 tions, as well as ships, steamboats, and government property 
 wherever they could find it. In consequence of these acts, 
 President Lincoln issued a proclamation, April 19th, declar 
 ing certain Southern ports closed ; and, eight days after, he 
 issued an additional proclamation, extending the blockade to 
 all ports in the Slave States south of Maryland. 
 
 IV. It can hardly be said that the National Government 
 made any offensive movement before the 24th of May. Then 
 troops were sent into Virginia by order of General Scott, who 
 commanded the army of the United States. Alexandria and 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 13. "What activity did the Confederates manifest? 14. How is 
 Harper s Ferry situated ? (See map, p. 237.) 15. Norfolk? (Same map.) 16. Why 
 did not the Union officers defend Norfolk? 17. What did they do? 18. What then 
 fell into the hands of the Confederates? 19. What else did they acquire ? 20. What 
 proclamation did Lincoln issue? 21. Why did he do so? 22. When did he do it? 
 23. What additional proclamation did he issue ? 
 
 IV. 24. When did the Government begin in earnest to move against the insur 
 gents? 25. Who, at the time, was in command of the Federal armies? 26. What 
 places did the Government troops occupy? 27. Where are those places? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 23. What took place at Philippi ? 29. At Big Bethel ? 30. Where is Phi- 
 lippi? (See map, p. 320.) 31. Big Bethel ? (Map, p. 312.) 32. Give dates of the battles. 
 
300 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION: 
 
 (Questions to be answered from the above map.*) 
 
 Where is Port Hudson? Baton Eouge? Natchez/ Vicksburg? Memphis? 
 Fort Pillow? Island No. 10? Paducah? Bowling Green ? Fort Donelson ? Fort 
 Henry? Arkansas Post? Shreveport? Pea Eidge? Lawrence? Springfield? 
 Corinth? New Orleans? Ship Island ? Port Gibson? Huntsville? Little Kock? 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 301 
 
 Arlington Heights were occupied, and a camp at Philippi was 
 surprised, June 3d, the Confederates being completely routed ; 
 but seven days after, a Union force, sent from Fortress Monroe, 
 was severely repulsed at Big Bethel. 
 
 Y. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Seces 
 sionists to take Missouri out of the Union : in this, however, 
 they failed, mainly through the prompt action of General 
 Lyou,* who captured a Confederate camp, defeated the enemy 
 at Booneville, on the 17th of June, and frustrated the designs 
 of the disloyal governor. On the 5th of July, a division of 
 his troops, under Colonel Sigel (see-gel) defeated a body of the 
 enemy at Carthage ; and, on the 2d of August, at Dug Spring, 
 the loyal forces were again victorious; but on the 10th, having 
 been confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing a retro 
 grade movement would be fatal to 
 the cause, Lyon made an unsuc 
 cessful attack upon the enemy at 
 Wilson s Creek, near Springfield, 
 and was killed. 
 
 VI. The Confederate army, to 
 the number of about one hun 
 dred thousand men, occupied a 
 line through Virginia from Ilar- 
 Der s Ferry to Norfolk, their 
 
 J m JEFFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 strongest position being on the 
 
 direct road from Washington to Richmond, at a place called 
 
 * Nathaniel Lyon was born in Connecticut, July 14th, 1819. He served under Taylor and Scott in the 
 Mexican War, and was promoted for meritorious conduct. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 33. What efforts had been made meanwhile in Missouri? 34. 
 Why were not- the efforts successful? 85. What did General Lyon accomplish? 
 36. Where is Booneville ? (See map, p. 300.) 3T. What account can yon give of the 
 battle of Carthage ? 38. Dug Spring ? 39. Wilson s Creek ? 40. Where is Carthage ? 
 (See map, p. 300.) 41. Dug Spring ? 42. Wilson s Creek ? 
 
 VI. 43. Where is Manassas Junction? (See map, p. 330.) 44. How large an army 
 did the Confederates have in July, 1861 ? 45. How was the army stationed ? 46. 
 What place was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy? 47. What place had 
 been the previous capital ? 48. How is Richmond situated ? (See map, p, 320.) 49. 
 Montgomery ? (See map, p. 223.) 
 
302 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1861 Manassas Junction - Richmond was then the capital of 
 the Southern Confederacy, the transfer from Montgom 
 ery, their first capital, having been effected in July, and Jef 
 ferson Davis had been chosen the President of the so-called 
 "Confederate States of America." 
 
 VII. About the middle of July a large army, commanded 
 by General McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates at 
 Manassas Junction. On the 18th, a division of this army, under 
 General Tyler, encountered the enemy, under General Beau- 
 regard, near Bull Run, and after a contest of three hours, fell 
 back to Centreville. On the 21st occurred the battle of Bull 
 Run. In this conflict, which was exceedingly desperate, and 
 lasted ten hours, more than forty thousand men were engaged. 
 At length the insurgents, being largely re-enforced, prevailed, 
 and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward 
 Washington. The Union loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners 
 numbered nearly three thousand men : the loss of the enemy 
 in killed and wounded did not much exceed half that number. 
 VIII. On the following day, July 
 22d, General McClellan succeeded 
 McDowell in the command of the 
 Potomac Army. McClellan had just 
 closed with credit a brief campaign 
 in West Virginia, where a division 
 of his army, under General Rosecrans 
 (roz -krants), had defeated the enemy 
 at Rich Mountain. This, with other 
 victories, had given him the entire 
 
 GENERAL M CLELLAN. 
 
 control ot that region. Congress, 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 50. Who commanded the army opposed to this large one of 
 the Confederates ? 51. Give an account of General Tyler s operations. 52. Of the 
 battle of Bull Run. 53. "Where is Bull Eun ? (Map, p. 830.) 54. Centreville ? (Same.) 
 
 VIII. 55. Was McDowell continued in the command of the army ? 56. By whom 
 was he superseded? 57. When did the change take place ? 58. Where had McClellan 
 previously done good service ? 59. What did Rosecrans accomplish? 60. Where is 
 Rich Mountain ? (See map, p. 320.) 61. What action did Congress take ? 62. The 
 President! 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 which had met in extra session on the 4th of July, promptly 
 voted to raise 500,000 men, to serve three years or during 
 the war ; and in August, the President issued a proclamation 
 forbidding all intercourse with the States in rebellion. 
 
 IX. A naval expedition, commanded by Commodore String- 
 ham, was successful in taking, August 20th, Hatteras and 
 Clark, two forts at Hatteras Inlet. A more important expedi 
 tion, consisting of about fifty vessels, and carrying fifteen 
 thousand men, sailed from Hampton Roads, and on the 7th 
 of November, after a fight of three hours, captured Forts 
 Walker and Beauregard, at the entrance of Port Royal harbor. 
 Commodore Dupont commanded the naval forces on the 
 occasion, and General Sherman* those of the land. This vic 
 tory secured a fine rendezvous for the blockading squadron, 
 and also a base for subsequent operations during the war. In 
 the mean time, Scott having resigned the command of the 
 Union armies, McClellan was appointed in his place. 
 
 X. Affairs in Missouri meanwhile kept growing worse in 
 stead of better. Colonel Mulligan, commanding two thousand 
 five hundred men at Lexington, was attacked by a Confederate 
 force of about ten thousand, under General Price, and, after 
 four days struggle, was compelled to surrender, September 
 20. General Fremont, who two months before had been 
 placed in command of the Western Department, thereupon 
 marched from St. Louis against Price, who, instead of moving 
 farther northward, retreated in an opposite direction, followed 
 by Fremont. The pursuit was brought to a close at Spring- 
 
 * Brig.-Gen. T. W. Sherman. 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 63. What success did Commodore Stringham meet with ? 64. 
 How large a fleet sailed from Hampton Koads ? 65. Who commanded it ? 66. W ho 
 commanded the land forces on board ? 67. What success did they have ? 68. What 
 made the victory particularly important? 69. Where is Hatteras Inlet? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 70. Port Royal harbor ? (Same map.) 71. To what position did McCl. 
 
 X. 72. Give an account of the battle of Lexington, Missouri. 73. Of Fremont s 
 operations 74. By whom was Fremont succeeded in the command ? 75. By whom 
 was Hunter succeeded ? 76. Where is Lexington ? (See map, p. 300.) 77. St. Louis ? 
 (Same map.) 78. Springfield? (Same map.) 
 
304 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 field, where Fremont, on the 2d of November, received 
 an order removing him from the command. He was 
 
 succeeded by General Hunter, who retained the position until 
 
 the appointment of General Halleck. 
 
 XI. In the early part of October, the Confederate army 
 which had threatened Washington began to fall back and the 
 Union army to push forward. A division of General Stone s 
 command, having crossed the Potomac at Edward s Ferry or 
 BalPs Bluff, to make a reconnoissance, was disastrously de 
 feated, October 21, and its commander, Colonel Baker,* killed. 
 In the mean time a number of battles and skirmishes had 
 taken place in Kentucky and in other States. In one at Bel- 
 mont, Missouri, on the 7th of November, General Grant, 
 who commanded the Union troops, gained credit, though his 
 men finally retired to their boats, the enemy having been 
 largely re-enforced. 
 
 XII. On the sea an event had occurred in the mean time 
 which produced great excitement both in the United States 
 and Great Britain, and a war between the two countries seemed 
 for a time imminent. Captain Wilkes, in command of the 
 frigate San Jacinto, intercepted the English steamer Trent in 
 the Bahama Channel, and took from her Messrs. Mason and 
 Slidell, Confederate commissioners to Europe. The two pris 
 oners were then brought to the United States, and placed in 
 Fort Warren, near Boston. As the act committed by Wilkes 
 was contrary to the doctrine of the sanctity of a neutral ves 
 sel, a doctrine which had long been avowed by the American 
 Government, and as the British authorities resented the act 
 
 * Edward D. Baker waa born in England. He was a member of Congress from Illinois, and an officer 
 /n the Mexican War. At the time of his death he was a United States Senator from Oregon. 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 79. Give an account of the battle of Ball s Bluff. 80. By what 
 other name is it also known ? 81. Where is Ball s Bluff ? (See map, p. 820.) 82. 
 Give an account of the battle of Belmont. S3. Where is Belmont ? (See map, p. 300.) 
 
 XII. 84. On what mission were Mason and Slidell sent? 85. Give an account of 
 tneir captur by Captain Wilkes. 86. What war did the act of Wilkes nearly lead 
 to? 87. What disposition was finally made of the two commissioners? 88. Why 
 were they given up by the United States Government ? 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 305 
 
 as an insult to their flag, the two captured commissioners were 
 put on board an English vessel bound for Europe. 
 
 XIII. Since the beginning of the war the United States 
 Government had increased its navy to about two hundred 
 vessels. This had been done by completing those on the 
 stocks, and by purchasing and chartering such steamers and 
 other vessels as were found suitable for the public service. 
 
 This whole force was required in blockading the ports of the 
 South ; and as it was increased in the three succeeding years, 
 the blockade became more effective. Meanwhile the relations 
 of the United States with England and France were by no 
 means amicable. The rebellion had hardly been fully inau 
 gurated before Queen Victoria issued a proclamation, May 
 13th, acknowledging the South as a belligerent power ; and 
 France soon after did the same. The course thus pursued 
 by the two powers was not considered friendly by the Govern 
 ment of the United States. 
 
 XIV. During this year the Confederates fitted out a num 
 ber of privateers to prey upon the commerce of the North. 
 On the 1st of June, the Savannah, a little schooner thus fitted 
 out, captured a vessel ; but on the 3d, she fell in with the 
 United States brig Perry, which ahe mistook for a merchant 
 man, and was easily made captive. Some of the Savannah s 
 crew were afterward tried as pirates, but not convicted. Two 
 months later the Petrel, formerly a revenue-cutter, which had 
 been surrendered to the Confederates at the beginning of the 
 war, ran the blockade of Charleston ; but, encountering the 
 United States gunboat St. Lawrence, was sunk with five of 
 her crew. 
 
 XIIL QUESTIONS. 89. How many vessels we. e in the United States navy at the 
 close of 1861? 90. How hart the increase in the navy been effected? 91. How 
 was the navy employed ? 92. What caused unfriendly feelings between the Unite* 
 States on the one side and England and France on the other ? 
 
 XIV. 93. For what purpose was the schooner Savannah fitted ont? 94. tt 
 became of her? 95. Of her crew? 96. What became of the Petrel? 97. Give t 
 previous history of the Petrel. 
 
306 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 XV. One of the most successful of the privateers was 
 the steamer Sumter, Captain Semmes, which ran the 
 blockade of New Orleans, June 30th, 1861, and having in fifteen 
 days captured as many vessels, ran into the British port of Nas 
 sau, where she was supplied with coal. The Sumter made other 
 captures in her subsequent cruise, and then crossed the At 
 lantic, entering the British harbor of Gibraltar. Here, she 
 was found by an United States gunboat, and from a Spanish 
 port opposite was watched. Finally she was sold, and her 
 crew went to England, where a faster steamer, the Alabama, 
 was being constructed for the Confederate government. 
 Semmes soon resumed his career of destruction upon the seas, 
 luring vessels by hoisting the British flag, and then consign 
 ing his prizes to the flames. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1862. 
 
 I. At Cairo the Union troops established a base of opera 
 tions, General Grant being in command. From a point on 
 the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the whole river, to 
 its mouth, was in possession of the Confederates, and great 
 preparations were being made on both sides for the mastery 
 of the river. The Confederates had also built a line of forts 
 stretching irregularly from the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, 
 the principal ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill 
 
 XV. QUESTIONS. 98. What vessel did Semmes command in 1S61 ? 99. In what 
 business was the Sumter engaged ? 100. From what American port did the Sumter 
 escape? 101. How many vessels did she capture in fifteen days? 102. Where did 
 she get a supply of coal ? 103. What further account can you give of the Surnter? 
 104. What vessel did Semmes next command ? 105. Where was the Alabama built ? 
 106. By what means did Semmes get possession of his prize."? 107. What disposi 
 tion did he then make of them ? 
 
 EVENTS OF 1862. I. 1. Where is Cairo situated? (See map, p. 300.) 2. What 
 was established at Cairo ? 8. Who was in command there? 4. How much of the 
 Mississippi was in possession of the Confederates in the beginning of 1862 ? 5. What 
 line of forts had the Confederates built? 6. Give an account of the battle of Mill 
 Spring. 7. Where is Mill Spring? (See map, p. 320.) 8. Columbus? (Map, p. 300.) 
 9. Bowling Green ? (Same.) 10. Fort Henry ? (Same.) 11. Fort Donelson ? (Same.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 30 1 
 
 ADMIRAL FOOTE. 
 
 Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. In January, 1862, 
 a division of Union troops under the command of General 
 Thomas, advanced against Mill Spring, and on the 19th 
 a battle took place, resulting in the defeat of the Con 
 federates, and the death of Zollicoffer (tsol -le-ko -fer), one of 
 their ablest generals. 
 
 II. On the 6th of February, Cap 
 tain, afterward Admiral Foote,* 
 commanding a fleet of gunboats, 
 reduced Fort Henry. Upon the 
 approach of General Mitchell a few 
 days later, Bowling Green was 
 abandoned, the forces retiring to 
 Fort Donelson. Simultaneously 
 with Mitchell s movement, a land 
 and naval expedition proceeded 
 against Fort Donelson, which was 
 
 assaulted by General Grant n the 15th. The battle lasted 
 the whole of that day with varying fortune, but during the 
 night several thousand men of the Confederate force escaped 
 up the Cumberland, and on the following morning the fort 
 was surrendered, General Buckner and sixteen thousand men 
 becoming prisoners. The evacuation of Nashville and Colum 
 bus followed as a necessary consequence. 
 
 III. While these events were transpiring, a powerful land 
 
 * Andrew Hull Foote was born in Connecticut, September 12th, 1806. He spent the most of his life 
 in the naval service of his country. He was an active friend of religious and philanthropic enterprises, 
 being particularly active in discouraging profanity and intemperance. He died in New York, June 20th, 
 1*63, while making preparations to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 12. By whom was Fort Henry captured ? 13. When was the 
 capture made? 14. Why did the Confederates abandon Bowling Green ? 15. Give 
 an account of the movements against Fort Donelson. 16. What places did the Con 
 federates then abandon ? 17. Why did they leave ? 
 
 III. 18. What expedition sailed from Hampton Eoads ? 19. When did the vessels 
 reach Hatteras Inlet ? 20. When did they commence an attack ? 21. What place 
 did they attack ? 22. What success did the troops have ? 23. Who commanded he 
 troops ? 24 What other success did the troops have ? 25. -What were the successes 
 of the fleet? 26, What expedition was successful? 27. Give an account of the 
 capture of Fort Pulaski. 28. Where is the fort situated ? 
 
308 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 and naval expedition was fitted out and placed under the 
 command of General Burnside and Commodore Golds- 
 borough. It sailed from Hampton Roads, and, though a destruc 
 tive storm sprang up soon after, most of the vessels reached 
 Hatteras Inlet by the 17th of January, and entered Pamlico 
 Sound. On the 7th of Feb., the fleet opened a fire upon Roan- 
 oke Is!., while the troops landed, and, storming the enemy s in- 
 trenchments on the 8th, captured twenty-five hundred prisoners. 
 This success was followed by the destruction of the Confed 
 erate flotilla at Elizabeth City, by the seizure of that and other 
 places, and also by a victory gained by Burnside, at Newbern, 
 on the 14th of March. An expedition, fitted out at Port 
 Royal, against certain seaports in Florida, was entirely success 
 ful, and, on the llth of April, Fort Pulaski, at the mouth 
 of the Savannah, was bombarded and captured. 
 
 IV. No events of the war produced more interest than 
 those which occurred at Hampton Roads, on the 8th and 9th 
 of March. When Norfolk was abandoned, at the beginning 
 of the war, the steamship Merrimac was sunk. She was, how 
 ever, soon raised by the Confederates, cut down almost to the 
 water s edge, and covered with a plating of iron. On the 8th 
 of March, she made her appearance in Hampton Roads, sunk 
 the U. S. sloop Cumberland, and compelled the frigate Congress 
 to surrender. Night set in, and it was anticipated, on the next 
 day, all the national vessels in the roads would be destroyed. 
 During the night, however, a newly invented floating battery, 
 the Monitor, commanded by Lieutenant Worden (wur den), 
 arrived from New York, and on the following day en 
 countered the Merrimac. After a contest of several hours, 
 the latter, in a disabled condition, retreated to Norfolk. 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 29. "What havoc was committed on the 8th of March, 1862 ? 
 80. Give the previous history of the Merrimac. 31. By what name did the Confed 
 erates call her? Ans. The Virginia. 32. What was the prospect for tht 9th of 
 March? 33. What occurred during the night? 34. What then followed ? 35. Where 
 is Hampton lioads? (See map, p. 312.) 36. Norfolk? (Same map.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 309 
 
 V. In Missouri and Arkansas, movements of importance 
 had in the mean while occurred. The Confederates in those 
 States were commanded by General Van Dorn. A division 
 01 their army having retreated from Missouri before General 
 Curtis, their forces, to the number of about twenty-five thou 
 sand, concentrated at Pea Ridge, where one of the most deter 
 mined battles of the war was fought. It took place on the 
 6th, 7th, and 8th of March, and resulted in the signal defeat 
 of the Confederates. Curtis, in his official report, commended 
 General Sigel and others of his officers for their gallant con 
 duct. 
 
 VI. Early in March, General McClellan ordered an advance 
 from Washington toward Richmond, the enemy falling back 
 from the position at Centreville and Manassas, which he had 
 occupied nearly a year, and taking up a new line of defense 
 along the Rappahannock. Qn the 23d, General Shields, com 
 manding a Union detachment, gained a splendid victory at 
 Winchester. McClellan having taken the field, an organiza 
 tion of military departments was effected, Gen. Halleck being 
 assigned to the West, Gen. Hunter to the South, Gen. Butler 
 to the Gulf, Gen. Fremont to West Virginia and Eastern 
 Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to 
 the Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to the Potomac. 
 
 VII. After the Confederates had evacuated Columbus, they 
 retreated down the Mississippi to Island No. 10, and to New 
 Madrid, Missouri : they also took a strong position at Corinth. 
 
 V. QUESTIONS. 37. Where is Pea Eidge ? (See map, p. 300.) 38. Give an account 
 of the battle that took place there. 39. What commendation did General Sigel 
 receive ? 
 
 VI. 40. What movement was made early in March ? 41. What movement did the 
 Confederates make in consequence? 42. What success did General Shields have? 
 43. What department organizations were effected ? 44. Where is Winchester? (See 
 map, p. 320.) 45. Into what river does the Eappahannock flow? (Same map.) 
 
 VII. 46. To what places did the Confederates retreat from Columbus ? 47. What 
 took place at New Madrid ? 48. Describe the process by which the Confederates 
 were compelled to evacuate Island No. 10. 49. Where is Columbus? (See map, p. 
 300.) 50. New Madrid ? (Same map.) 51. Island No. 10 ? (Same map.) 
 
310 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 On the 14th of March, General Pope succeeded in taking 
 New Madrid, and on the 16th the bombardment of the 
 island was opened by the gunboat fleet of Commodore Foote. 
 The plan of attack required the co-operation of Pope, but as that 
 officer had no means of crossing the Mississippi, the difficulty 
 was overcome by cutting a canal twelve miles long, through 
 the neck of land formed by a bend in the river opposite the 
 island, by which the needed transports from Foote s fleet 
 were enabled to reach him. As soon as his troops began to 
 cross, April 7th, the enemy proceeded to evacuate the island ; 
 and on the following day the place, with about six thousand 
 prisoners, was in the hands of the Unionists. 
 
 VIII. In the mean time the main body of the Western 
 army, under Grant, was advancing toward Corinth. On the 
 6th of April, having reached Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on 
 the Tennessee, here, early in the morning of that day, it was 
 attacked by the enemy, commanded by Johnston and Beaure- 
 gard. The battle raged till near nightfall, the Union troops 
 being compelled to retreat to the river, where the gunboats 
 aided them to make a stand. The arrival of re-enforcements 
 under Buell enabled Grant to assume the offensive on the 
 following day, and the enemy were finally driven back toward 
 Corinth. The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, 
 numbered more than a hundred thousand men, and the losses 
 were very severe. Johnston (Albert S.) was killed. 
 
 IX. Halleck, having arrived from St. Louis, took command 
 in person of Grant s victorious army. He at once commenced 
 an advance upon Corinth, slowly progressing every day for 
 nearly two months, when, May 30th, the place was found to 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 52. Where is Corinth ? (See map, p. 300.) 53. Shiloh ? (Same 
 map.) 54. Into what river does the Tennessee flow? (Same map.) 55. Describe 
 what took place on the 6th of April. 56. Give an account of subsequent operations. 
 
 IX. 57. Who then took command of Grant s army? 58. Give an account of his 
 movements. 59. Of Mitchell s movements. 60. Of operations at and near Fort 
 Pillow. 61. Of operations at and before Memphis. 62. Where is Nashville? (See 
 map, p. 800.) 63. Huntsville ? (Same map.) 64. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 65. Memphis ? 
 (Same.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION, 311 
 
 be evacuated. A small body of troops under Mitchell mean 
 while had marched from Nashville, occupied several towns in 
 Tennessee, and seized Huntsville, in Alabama. The Confede 
 rates, after their loss of Island No. 10, made a stand at Fort 
 Wright, or, as it is also called, Fort Pillow. The fleet on the 
 Mississippi, commanded by Commodore Foote, descended the 
 river, and was unsuccessfully attacked by the enemy s fleet 
 near the fort the fort itself being afterward abandoned. On 
 the 6th, two days later, Commodore Davis, Foote s successor, 
 gained a victory over the fleet defending Memphis, and the 
 town, in consequence, fell into his hand?. 
 
 X. Lower down the Mississippi, the Union cause had met 
 with a success of still more importance. This was the capture 
 of New Orleans, on the 25th of April. Commodore Farragut s 
 fleet of forty-five vessels, including a number of mortar-boats 
 under the special command of Commodore Porter, ascended 
 the Mississippi, and for six days bombarded Forts Jackson and 
 St. Philip, on opposite sides of the river, about seventy-five 
 miles below the city. Having broken the chain which had 
 been stretched across the stream, Farragut ran past the forts, 
 April 24th, and destroyed a squadron of the enemy s rams 
 and gunboats. As he approached New Orleans, the Confede 
 rates set fire to the vast stores of cotton and sugar there. 
 The two forts, Jackson and St. Philip, surrendered to Porter, 
 and then General Butler moved up the river from Ship Island, 
 and, taking formal possession of the city, placed it under 
 martial law. 
 
 XL At Alexandria, McClellan embarked his army, to the 
 
 X. QUESTIONS. 66. When was New Orleans captured by the Union forces * 61. 
 When was the capture made 1 68. By whom were the victors commanded 1 69. 
 Give an account of the achievement. TO. Who then took military possession of the 
 city ? 71. Where is New Orleans? (See map, p. 300.) 
 
 XI. 72. How large an army did General McClellan have at Alexandria? 73. What 
 movement did he make from Alexandria ? 74. Give an account of operations at 
 Yorktown. 75. At Williamsburg. 76. At West Point. 77. Where is Alexandria? 
 (See map, p. 237.) 78. Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 820.) 79. Yorktown ? (Same.) 80. 
 Kichsnoud ? (Same.) 81. Williamsburg ? (Same.) 82. West Point ? 
 
312 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 number of eighty-five thousand men, for Fortress Mon 
 roe, whence he advanced upon Yorktown. A siec;e com 
 menced on the 5th of April, and continued, with much fighting, 
 until the 4th of May, when the place was found to be evacuated. 
 The Confederates retreated toward Richmond, pursued by the 
 Union troops ; and at Williamsburg, where they were over 
 taken the following day, a severe action took place. The 
 pursuers at first met with a serious check; but the timely 
 arrival of General Kearny restored the battle, and the enemy 
 fled. A division of the pursuing army proceeded up the 
 York River, and, having landed near West Point, were unsuc 
 cessfully attacked on the 7th. 
 
 XII. President Lincoln at this time 
 visited Fortress Monroe, and having 
 urged a movement upon Norfolk, an ex 
 pedition was accordingly dispatched 
 under General Wool. Upon approaching 
 the city, the Union commander was met 
 by the civil authorities and informed that 
 
 MAP OF NORFOLK AND the P laC(3 Lad been abandoned by the 
 VICINITY. Confederate army. Besides this aban 
 
 donment, the insurgents had burned the navy-yard near Nor 
 folk ; evacuated Craney Island, where they had erected formi 
 dable defenses ; and they also destroyed their iron-clad vessel, 
 the Merrimac. They needed all their men to oppose the march 
 of McClellan s army against Richmond. 
 
 XIII. This army, in the mean time, was steadily advancing. 
 By the 20th of May, most of the troops had reached the 
 
 XII. QUESTIONS. 83. What visit did the President make? 84. What, did he 
 urge ? 85. What success did General Wool have? 86. What previous acts had the 
 insurgents committed ? 87. Why did they do so ? 88. Where is Norfolk ? (See 
 map, p. 312.) 89. Craney Island ? (Same map.) 
 
 XIII. 90. What advance did McClellan s army make by the 22d of May? 91. 
 When was the battle of Hanover Court House fought ? 92. Give an account of the 
 battle of Fair Oaks. 93. What can you state of General McDowell s movements? 
 94. Into what river does the Chickahominy flow? (See map, p. 29.) 95. Where is 
 Fair Oaks ? (See map, p. 313.) 96. Bowling Green ? (See map, p. 237.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 313 
 
 Chickahominy, a small river running through a swampy 
 country, and, on the 22 d, the stream was crossed. Five days 
 later, a detachment under General Porter defeated the enemy 
 at Hanover Court House. At Fair Oaks, a position within 
 about five miles of Richmond, a bloody battle took place 
 on the last day of May and the first of June, the North losing 
 five thousand men and the South eight thousand, without 
 advantage to either side. McDowell, who had been ordered 
 to co-operate in the movement against Richmond, reached 
 Bowling Green, when he was directed by the President to 
 march for the Shenandoah. 
 
 XIV. Banks s division, at the time, was at Strasburg, and 
 this force the enemy formed the plan of capturing ; but the 
 Confederates meeting with resistance at Front Royal, Banks 
 became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat 
 to the Potomac. Jackson, the pursuing general, advanced to 
 Harper s Ferry, but, meeting with a repulse, made a retrograde 
 
 movement. At Strasburg, he was 
 overtaken, June 1st, by Fremont, who 
 had made a forced march across the 
 mountains, and was driven from the 
 place. Fremont continued the pursuit, 
 fighting an undecisive battle at Cross 
 Keys and another at Port Republic. 
 Although Jackson had failed to capture 
 
 Banks s army, he had succeeded in preventing re-enforcements 
 
 being sent to McClellan. 
 
 XV. McClellan, believing that the force at his disposal was 
 
 XIV. QUESTIONS. 97. Give an account of Banks s retreat from Strasburg. 98. 
 Where, on the Potomac, did Jackson meet with defeat ? 99. What took place at 
 Strasburg ? 100. At Cross Keys ? 101. At Port Republic ? 102. What was the result 
 of Jackson s expedition ? 103. Where is Strasburg? (See map, p. 320.) 104. Cross 
 Keys? (Same map.) 105. Port Republic? (Same.) 
 
 XV. 106. What change of base did McClellan effect? 107. Why did he make the 
 change? 108. What took place while the change was in progress ? 109. How was 
 the army protected at Harrison s Landing? 110. Where is the White House? (See 
 map, p. 313.) 111. Harrison s Landing ? (Same map.) 112. What army changes were 
 made? 
 
 14 
 
314 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 not sufficient to protect his lines, which extended from 
 the White House, on the Pamunkey, where the army 
 had its supplies, transferred his base of operations to Harrison s 
 Landing-, on the James. While this movement was in progress, 
 the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and 
 a series of destructive battles, lasting through seven days, 
 took place. At this new position the Federal army remained 
 until the 14th of August, protected by a fleet of gunboats. 
 Prior to this, the corps of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell had 
 been consolidated with the army of the Potomac, and the 
 command given to General Pope, and, on the 1st of July, the 
 President issued a call for three hundred thousand more 
 volunteers. On the llth, Halleck was appointed commander- 
 in-chief, Grant succeeding him in the command of the army 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 XVI. Other operations of importance had in the mean time 
 taken place, both in the east and west. General Hunter had 
 made an unsuccessful attempt upon James Island, and great 
 damage had been done to the property of Union people 
 in Missouri^ Kentucky, and Tennessee, by guerrilla bands. A 
 severe fight took place on the Yazoo River, July 1 5th, between 
 the Confederate ram Arkansas and three Federal vessels, after 
 which the ram ran through the fleets of Farragut and Davis 
 to Vicksburg. Some days later she sailed down the Missis 
 sippi, to aid in an attack on Baton Rouge. In this movement, 
 which proved unsuccessful, the ram was not able to take part, 
 but on the following day, August 6th, after a brief action with 
 the United States gunboat Essex, she took fire and was blown 
 up. At luka (I-u -kah), on the 19th of the following month, 
 Rosecrans fought and dispersed the Confederate force under 
 Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at 
 Corinth. 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS.- 113. In what did General Hunter fail? 114 Where did 
 guerrilla bands destroy property? 115. Give an account of the doings of the ram 
 Arkansas. 116. What took place at luka? 117. At Corinth ? 118. Where is luka? 
 (See map, p. 300.) 119. Corinth ? (Same map.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 315 
 
 XVII. Freed from the necessity of defending their own 
 capital, the enemy undertook to menace that of the Union. 
 McClellan was ordered to withdraw from the James and 
 co-operate with Pope against this movement; but before 
 he commenced the transfer of his troops a hotly contested 
 battle was fought, August 9th, at Cedar Mountain, eight miles 
 from Culpepper Court House, between a division of Pope s 
 army, commanded by Banks, and a force under Jackson. 
 The Confederates, though superior in numbers, were unsuccess 
 ful. The main army of the enemy, commanded by General 
 Lee, advanced, and, until the close of the month, the struggle 
 between the two great armies was desperate. In a conflict, 
 attended with great slaughter, occurring on the 29th and 30th, 
 and known as the "second battle of Bull Run," Pope was 
 defeated, and at night retreated to Centrevillc. At Chantilly, 
 two days after, a body of Confederate troops was met and at 
 last driven back, but not till they had killed two valuable 
 Union officers, Generals Stevens* and Kearny.f 
 
 XVIII. Pope s army fell back to the intrenchments before 
 Washington, but Lee s, instead of following, turned northward 
 and crossed the Potomac into Maryland. McClellan was then 
 in command of all the troops concentrated near Washington 
 for its defense. He pursued Lee, and, on the 14th of Sep- 
 
 * Isaac Ingalls Stevens was born in Massachusetts, in 1817. He graduated at West Point, was an 
 officer in the Mexican war, Governor of Washington Territory, and a delegate in Congress. 
 
 t Philip Kearny was born in the city of New York, June 8d, 1815. He went to Europe by direction 
 of the United States Government, to report upon the French cavalry tactics, and was promoted for gal 
 lant conduct in the Mexican war, losing his left arm. His merits as a disciplinarian were very superior. 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 120. What permitted the Confederates to menace the city of 
 Washington? 121. What order was given to McClellan ? 122. What took place be 
 fore McClellan s troops began to move ? 123. Give an account of the battle of Cedar 
 Mountain. 124. Of the other events of the month. 125. Of the battle of Chantilly. 
 126. Where is Culpepper Court House? (See map, p. 320.) 127. Cedar Mountain? 
 128. Centreville ? (See map, p. 330.) 129. Chantilly ? (Same map.) 
 
 XVIII. 130. To what position did Pope s army fall back ? 131. What did Lee s 
 army do ? 132. What duty did McClellan have assigned to him just then ? 138. Give 
 an account of the battle of South Mountain. 134. Of the surrender of Harper s 
 Ferry. 135. Where is South Mountain? Ans. In Maryland, near Harper s Ferry. 
 136. Harper s Ferry ? (See map, p. 320.) 
 
316 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 tember, overtook and successfully attacked him at South 
 1 86^ 
 
 Mountain. At the same time a strong body of the Con 
 federate army was drawing around Harper s Ferry. These 
 opened fire, and on the 15th the place was surrendered, with 
 eleven thousand men and vast munitions of war. 
 
 XIX. The captors of Harper s 
 Ferry entered Maryland, and, join 
 ing Lee at Antietam (an-te -tarn}, 
 were in time to aid him in the great 
 battle fought there on the 17th. In 
 this contest, which lasted from day 
 light to nightfall, and which resulted 
 in favor of the Union cause, not 
 less than eleven thousand Federal 
 troops were killed or wounded, 
 while the loss of the enemy was 
 
 GENERAL LEE. . . , - , 
 
 even greater. On the night of the 
 
 18th, Lee withdrew his forces across the Potomac, having lost 
 during his campaign in Maryland, in killed, wounded, and 
 prisoners, more than twenty-five thousand men. 
 
 XX. In Tennessee and Kentucky, the Confederates were 
 very active during the summer. General Smith moved north 
 ward, and defeated a body of Union troops at Richmond, 
 Kentucky, on the 30th of August. His march thence to 
 Frankfort, during which he was joined by a guerrilla force 
 under Morgan, caused great excitement in Cincinnati, and 
 .effectual measures were adopted by General Wallace to repel 
 his advance across the Ohio. With the main army, of which 
 
 XIX. QUESTIONS. 137. Give an account of the battle of Antietam. 13S. What 
 did Lee afterward do ? 139. How many men did Lee lose during his campaign? 
 140. Where is Antietam ? (See map, p. 320.) 
 
 XX. 141. Give an account of the battle of Richmond. 142. What was done by 
 General Wallace ? 143. Through what place did General Bragg inarch ? 144. What 
 placo did he intend to attack? 145. Why did he not do bo ? 146. What took place 
 at Munfordsville? 147. At Perry ville? 148. What plunder did Bragg escape with ? 
 149, Who succeeded Buell in the command ? 150. How is Richmond, Kentucky, 
 situated? Ans. Near Lexington. 151. Frankfort ? (See map, p. 320.) 152. Louis 
 ville ? (See map, p. 192.) 153. Perry ville? (Same.) 154 MurifordsYille ? (p. 300.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 3] 7 
 
 Smith s was an advanced division, General Bragg marched 
 through Chattanooga, his point -of attack being Louisville. 
 Munfordsville, after a day s contest, was surrendered to the 
 Confederates ; but Buell, who had followed up Bragg from 
 the South, finally outstripped him, and, arriving at Louisville, 
 put an end to further invasion by the enemy. On his retreat 
 Bragg was successfully attacked at Perryville, October 8th, 
 but he made good his escape, with nearly four thousand wagon 
 loads of plunder. Buell was soon after superseded in the 
 command by Rosecrans. 
 
 XXL Although in the capture of New Orleans, and in 
 other successes, the Federal Government had made progress 
 toward regaining possession of the Mississippi, yet the enemy 
 still held Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and consequently their 
 communication with States on opposite sides of the river con 
 tinued. An attempt made by Sherman to capture Vicksburg 
 failed, Grant, who had advanced to co-operate, having been 
 compelled to fall back, his line of communication having been 
 cut by the enemy. Sherman s repulse took place on the 29th 
 of December. 
 
 XXII. The Army of the Potomac, having made an advance, 
 were in the vicinity of Front Royal on the 7th of November. 
 On that day McClellan was superseded in the command by 
 Burnside, and, later in the month, the troops, led by their new 
 commander, reached the Rappahannock, the design being to 
 march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. 
 Owing to delay in the arrival of pontoons necessary for cross- 
 
 XXI. QUESTIONS. 154. To what end did the capture of New Orleans tend ? 155. 
 What advantage did the holding of Yicksburg and Port Hudson give to the Confed 
 erates ? 156. When and why did Sherman fail to take Vicksburg ? 157. Where is 
 Vicksburg? (See map, p. 800.) 15S. What was done by the Confederate cavalry? 
 Ans. Stuart made a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, completely passing around 
 the Union lines. 
 
 XXII. 159. Who succeeded McClellan in the command of the army, November 
 7th ? 160. Where was the army then ? 161. Where is Front lloyal situated ? (See 
 map, p. 320.) 162. What plan did Burnside undertake to carry out? 163. Why did 
 he not cross the Eappahannock without delay ? 164. Give an account of the further 
 operations of Burnside ? 165. Where is Fredericksburg ? (See map, p. 320.) 
 
318 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 in<>- the river, the enemy had time to throw up strong 
 1862 intrenchments on the hills in the rear of the city. The 
 river was finally crossed on the 12th of December, and Fred- 
 ericksburg taken possession of ; but all attempts to carry the 
 enemy s position failed, and on the 15th the army recrossed 
 the river, having sustained a loss, in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, of over twelve thousand men. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1863. 
 
 I. On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued 
 his memorable emancipation proclamation, declaring forever 
 free all the slaves in the States then in rebellion, excepting in 
 such portions as were occupied by the national troops. This 
 step was taken in accordance with a notice given by the Presi 
 dent a hundred days before. By it more than three millions 
 of slaves were declared free. On the same day the city of 
 Galveston was taken by the Confederates, and the naval force 
 before the place captured, destroyed, or dispersed. 
 
 II. In the latter part of 1862, Rosecrans moved from the 
 vicinity of Cincinnati, intending to penetrate Alabama, and 
 at Murfreesboro he encountered the enemy under Bragg. 
 After a severe struggle, which lasted several days, victory, on 
 the 2d of January, 1863, decided in favor of the national 
 forces. Rosecrans remained at Murfreesboro several months. 
 In June his army was again put in motion, and by a flank 
 movement he compelled Bragg to retreat into Georgia. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1863. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What Proclamation did President Lincoln 
 issue ? 2. When did he issue it? 3. Had he given notice of his intention to issue 
 such a document ? 4. When ? 5. What was the nature of the proclamation ? Ans. 
 " It warned all the insurgents to lay down their arms and return to their allegiance, 
 under the penalty that, in all the districts where the insurrection should be still 
 maintained, with the support of the people, he would, on the first of January then 
 next, proclaim, as a military measure, the freedom of the slaves." 6. What took 
 place at Galveston ? 7. Where is Galveston ? (See map, p. 208.) 
 
 II. 8. What movement did Rosecrans make ? 9. Give an account of the battle at 
 Murfreesboro 1 . 10. Where is Murfreesboro 1 ? (See map, p. 192.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 III. Burnside having, at his own 
 request, been relieved of the com 
 mand of the Army of the Potomac, 
 was succeeded by Hooker. Toward 
 the latter part of April the army 
 ao-ain crossed the Rappahannock, 
 but being met by the enemy under 
 Lee at Chancellorsville, a severe bat 
 tle was fought on the 2d and 3d of 
 May, to the disadvantage of the 
 
 J* JACKSOX (STONEWALL). 
 
 national troops. Hooker recrossed 
 
 the river, and occupied his former camp opposite Fredericks- 
 burg. In this attempt the army sustained a loss of about 
 eleven thousand men ; that of the Confederates was less, but 
 among their mortally wounded was "Stonewall Jackson,"* 
 one of their ablest generals. 
 
 IV. On the 9th of June, Lee s army, numbering nearly a 
 hundred thousand men, began a northward movement, Hooker 
 following. On the 15th President Lincoln issued a call for 
 one hundred thousand men, to repel the invaders, who, cross 
 ing the Potomac, on the 27th were near Hagerstown. On the 
 following day the command of the pursuing army was trans 
 ferred to General Meacle. At Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, 
 Lee concentrated his forces-; and here, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d 
 of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took 
 
 * Thomaa 
 Point, served i 
 
 of his State. It was remarked by ^ .. ,-.,,.. 
 
 like a stone wall ;" hence he waa afterward popularly known as Stonewall Jacks 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 11. Who, after Burnside, commanded the Army of the Poto 
 mac ? 12. Why was Burnside relieved of the command ? 13. What movement die 
 the army soon after make? 14. What account can you give of the battle that fol 
 lowed ? 15. What did Hooker then do ? 16. Where is Chancellorsville ? (See map, 
 
 P IV. IT. How large an army did Lee have on the 9th of June, 1S63? 18. What 
 movement did he then make ? 19. Who, after Hooker, commanded the Army of the 
 Potomac ? 20. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg. 21. Where is Gettys 
 burg? (See map, p. 320.) 22. Hagerstown? (Same map.) 
 
 Jonathan Jack wa. born in Virginia, January 21st, 1824 He was a Palate f 
 i under Taylor and Scott in the Mexican war, and was a profess r of the MiUtary Inta 
 . It was remarked bv one of his associate officers that in the battle of B..H Run he stood 
 
320 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 (Questions to Je an&ceredfrom the above map.) 
 
 Where is Washington? Richmond? Olustee? Norfolk? Lynchburg? Peters 
 burg? Fredericksburg? Gettysburg? Kesaca? Winchester? Harper s Ferry? 
 Chambersburg ? Monocacy? Strasburg? Front Eoyal? New Market? Martins- 
 burg? Hagerstown? Cross Keys? Chantilly ? Philippi ? Williamsburg ? 
 
321 
 
 place. The invaders were finally defeated, and, with their 
 army reduced one-third, they made a rapid retreat into Vir 
 ginia. 
 
 Y. In the beginning of the year a plan of attack against 
 Arkansas Post was concerted by Sherman and Admiral Por 
 ter. General McClernand arriving and taking the command of 
 the Army of the Mississippi, the place, with its garrison of 
 five thousand men, was captured on the llth of January. At 
 this time General Banks was in command of the Department 
 of the Gulf, he having superseded Butler. After making vic 
 torious incursions over a large part of Louisiana, he proceeded 
 to invest Port Hudson. 
 
 VI. It was the chief object of Grant, then in command of 
 the Army of the Mississippi, to open the great r:ver. His 
 first point of attack was Vicksburg, the strongest post held 
 by the enemy on the Mississippi. Failing to get in the rear 
 of the city, he moved his army down the west side of the 
 river, while Porter s fleet ran by the batteries of Vicksburg. 
 The army then recrossed the Mississippi below Vicksburg, 
 and, near Port Gibson, May 1st, gained a decided victory. 
 General Pemberton, who was the chief in command at Vicks 
 burg, had a force under him of at least thirty thousand men. 
 He sallied forth to attack the rear of the investing army, 
 when a series of battles took place, from the 12th to the 17th 
 of the month, in which he met with defeat. The investment 
 was then made more complete, and the city s defenses were 
 twice assaulted. Pemberton, however, still held out, hoping 
 for relief from General Johnston ; but in vain, and, with an 
 
 Y. QUESTIONS. 23. Give an account of the capture of Arkansas Post. 24. "Who, 
 after Butler, commanded the Department of the Gulf? 25. What did Banks accom 
 plish in Louisiana ? 
 
 VI. 26. What great object did Grant have in view? 27. How did his army get 
 from the east side of the Mississippi to the vicinity of Port Gibson ? 28. What took 
 place near the fort? 29. How did Porter s fleet get below Vicksburg ? 80. What 
 battles took place ? 31. Give an account of the surrender of Vicksburg. 32. Where 
 is Vicksburg ? (See map, p. 300.) 33. Port Gibson ? (Same map.) 34. Port Hudson ? 
 (Same.) 
 
 14* 
 
322 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 army on the verge of starvation, he surrendered the 
 city on the 4th of July. 
 
 VII. Banks s operations against Port Hudson continued 
 until its commander was informed of the fall of Vicksburg, 
 when he too surrendered. Thus was the Mississippi opened. 
 In the assaults which had been made upon the enemy s works 
 before Port Hudson, the colored troops, of which there were 
 several regiments in Banks s army, behaved with so much 
 bravery as to call forth official commendation. While the 
 Union forces were operating against Yicksburg and Port 
 Hudson, as just related, Colonel Grierson made a cavalry raid 
 of great boldness. Entering the State of Mississippi from the 
 north, he broke the communications of the Confederates, 
 destroyed stores, and effected captures, finally reaching Baton 
 Rouge (bat -on-roozh) without serious loss. The news of the 
 victories at Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Port Hudson, caused 
 great rejoicings among the loyal people of the country. 
 
 VIII. Almost simultaneously with 
 Lee s invasion of Pennsylvania, a 
 bold raid was made into Indiana 
 and Ohio by the partisan ranger, 
 General Morgan. At first he met 
 with considerable success, plunder 
 ing and destroying as he moved 
 eastward ; but after having been 
 pursued day and night for a dis- 
 
 SEAL OF WEST VIBGINIA * ^^ Qf ^^ ^^ ^^ miIeSj 
 
 and baffled by the gunboats in an attempt to recross the Ohio, 
 
 * West Virginia was admitted into the Union in 1863. It includes most of that portion of the old State 
 lying west of the Alleffhany Mountains hence its name. The motto of the State, Montani Semper 
 Libert, signifies, Mountaineers are always free. 
 
 VII. QUESTIONS. 35. What success did General Banks have ? 3C. What was the 
 consequence? 37. What is said of the conduct of the colored troops? 38. Give an 
 account of Grierson s raid. 39. W r hat effect did the news of victory have ? 
 
 VIII. 40. Into what States did Morgan make a raid ? 41. What success did he 
 have ? 42. What pursuit was made ? 43. Where was he overtaken ? Ans. Near 
 Kyger s Creek, Ohio. 44. What was the result? 45. What afterward took place ? 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 he was overtaken by General Hobson, July 21st, and a large 
 part of liis force captured. He and about five hundred men 
 succeeding in escaping, and were not taken until five days 
 after. 
 
 IX. During the year, the principal operations in the Caro- 
 linas took place in the vicinity of Charleston. The Confede 
 rates undertook to recover their lost possessions in North 
 Carolina, but without success, a demonstration which they 
 made on Newbern failing, as did also their designs against 
 Washington, on the Tar River. On the 7th of April, Admiral 
 Dupont, commanding a fleet of iron-clads, made an attack, 
 upon the fortifications of Charleston harbor, but his vessels 
 were driven off. A vigorous attempt to capture Charleston 
 was made on the 10th of July, by the Union land and naval 
 forces, under General Gillmore and Admiral Dahlgren (dal 1 - 
 gren). Though this also failed, Morris Island, with the 
 exception of its northern portion, containing Fort Wagner, 
 was gained. Twice afterward, on the llth and 18th, was the 
 fort unsuccessfully assailed. At last the Confederates were 
 forced to abandon the island altogether. During seven days 
 in August, Fort Sumter was subjected to a bombardment so 
 destructive as to reduce it to a mass of ruins, and shells were 
 thrown into the city of Charleston itself. 
 
 X. Bragg, who had been compelled by Rosecrans to retreat 
 into Georgia, having been re-enforced by troops from Lee s 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 46. What can you state of operations in North Carolina? 47. 
 Give an account of the operations of April 7th. 48. July 10th. 49. Of the assaults. 
 50. What noted officer was killed ? Ans. Colonel Shaw, " commanding the first 
 regiment of colored soldiers from a free State ever mustered into the United States 
 service." 51. What took place afterward, during a period of seven days ? 52. Where 
 is Charleston? (See maps, pp. 79 and 129.) 53. Morris Island ? (See map, p. 129.) 
 54. Where, was Fort Wagner ? 55. What position on the island, beside Fort Wagner, 
 did the Confederates hold? Ans. Battery Gregg, situated on the north point of tho 
 island. 56. Describe the Tar Eiver. (See map, p. 164.) 
 
 X. 57. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek. 58. How was Eose- 
 crans s army saved from defeat ? 59. What losses were sustained in the battle ? 60. 
 What movement did Eosecrans make? 61. Where is Chickamauga Creek? (See 
 map, p. 320.) 62. Chattanooga ? (Same map.) 
 
324 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 army under General Longstreet, turned upon his pur 
 suers near Chickarnauga Creek. The battle that fol 
 lowed, September 19th and 20th, was furious; and at the close 
 of the second day General Thomas held a position from which 
 the Confederates vainly by the most desperate efforts endeav 
 ored to force him ; this alone saved the Union army from utter 
 defeat. On the following day, the entire army of Rosecrans 
 fell back to Chattanooga. In this conflict the loss to the 
 national army exceeded sixteen thousand men : the enemy s 
 was certainly as large. 
 
 . XI. The army of Rosecrans at Chattanooga was for a time 
 in danger of starvation. Its lines of communication had been 
 cut by the enemy, who also occupied a threatening position 
 on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. At this time 
 Thomas superseded Rosecrans, and General Hooker oppor 
 tunely arrived with re-enforcements. Generals Sherman and 
 Grant also arrived, the latter holding the supreme command. 
 Hooker stormed and carried Lookout Mountain, November 
 24th, and on the following day, Bragg was ronted and driven 
 back into Georgia. The losses on both sides were very severe 
 XII. In the mean time Burnside had been sent from Ken 
 tucky to drive the enemy from East Tennessee. Brao-^ on 
 being informed of this, detached Longstreet against him ; 
 consequently Burnside was besieged in Knoxville for a period 
 of fifteen days. During the siege the enemy made a fierce 
 assault upon Burnside s defenses, November 29th, but were 
 repulsed. The victory at Chattanooga having enabled Grant 
 to send Sherman to the relief of Burnside, Longstreet was 
 compelled to flee. lie made good his retreat, succeeding at 
 last in rejoining Lee s army in Virginia. 
 
 XL QUESTIONS. 63. What can you state of the condition of the army at Chatta 
 nooga ? 64. What relief came ? 65. What operations took place in November ? 66. 
 "Where are the two mountains spoken of? Ans. Northern part of Georgia. 
 
 XII. 67. On what expedition was Burnside sent ? 68. What can you state of the 
 siege and assault ? 69. What compelled Longstreet to retreat ? 70< Where did he 
 go ? 71. Where is Knoxville ? (See map, p. 192.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 XIII. A great deal of activity was kept up for months by 
 Generals Price, Marmaduke, and others, commanding portions 
 of the Confederate army west of the Mississippi. They, how 
 ever, met with but little success. Marmaduke was repulsed 
 at Springfield, January 8th, also at Cape Girardeau (jir ~ar-do\ 
 April 26th, and Price and he at Helena, Arkansas, July 4th. 
 General Steele was afterward sent into Arkansas. He pushed 
 the Confederates with vigor, and by the close of October re 
 stored most of the State to the national authority. Bands of 
 guerrillas, however, continued to plunder and destroy ; the 
 sacking of Lawrence in Kansas being one of the many out 
 rages thus committed. 
 
 XIV. The navy of the United States during the year was 
 very active. It was divided .into six squadrons, and employed 
 alonjr the Atlantic seaboard and in the western rivers in 
 blockading duties, and in movements co-operating with the 
 armies of Banks, Grant, and others. A number of vessels 
 were also employed from time to time in cruising after Con 
 federate privateers. The blockade became so effective as to 
 be fully respected by the nations of Europe, Wilmington 
 alone, of all the Confederate ports, on account of its wide and 
 numerous inlets, being at all successful in maintaining an in 
 tercourse with Nassau (nas-saw ), and other British ports. 
 
 XV. Congress, by its several enactments, fully empowered 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 72. What can you state of the activity of the Confederates 
 west of the Mississippi ? 73. What took place at Springfield ? 74. At Cape Girar 
 deau ? 75. At Helena? 76. At Lawrence ? 77. Where is Springfield ? (See map, p. 
 300.) 78. Cape Girardeau ? (Same map.) 79. Helena ? (Same.) 80. Lawrence ? 
 (Same.) 
 
 XIV. 81. Into how many squadrons was the United States Navy divided ? 82. 
 How was the navy employed? S3. How were other vessels employed ? 84. What 
 is said of the effectiveness of the blockade ? 85. Where is Wilmington ? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 86. What is Nassau? Ans. Nassau is the capital of the Bahama Inlands. 
 87. Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, p. 10.) 
 
 XV. 88. What power did Congress confer upon the President? 89. How large 
 was the navy at Me close of the year ? 90. How many men were in the army ? 91. 
 What power di(fthe conscription act confer? 92. How was the great riot in New 
 York brought arout ? 93. Give an account of the riot. 94. When was West Virginia 
 admitted into the Union? (See note, p. 322.) 
 
326 
 
 the President to carry on the war, placing at his disposal 
 all the money and men needed. The navy numbered at 
 the close of the year nearly six hundred vessels, carrying twenty- 
 five thousand seamen, and the army consisted of not less than 
 half a million of effective men, of whom above sixty thousand 
 were colored troops. Among the congressional enactments was 
 a conscription act, empowering the President to recruit the 
 army by drafting. By virtue of this authority, he ordered a 
 draft of three hundred thousand men. An opposition to this 
 measure was at once excited, which culminated in a riot in the 
 city of New York, commencing July 13th, while the draft 
 was in progress, and continuing four days. Buildings were 
 sacked and burned, the Colored Orphan Asylum among the 
 number, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particu 
 larly against the colored people. At length the police, aided 
 by a military force, quelled the riot, but not before at least a 
 hundred of those engaged in it had been killed. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1864. 
 
 I. In February, 1864, Sherman,* at the head of twenty-five 
 thousand men, marched eastward from Vicksburg, nearly 
 across the State of Mississippi. An expedition from Mem 
 phis, designed to co-operate with him, met with so much op 
 position from the enemy as to be compelled to put back. 
 Sherman effected the destruction of many miles of railroad, 
 and on his march back to Yicksburg was accompanied by 
 *ibout six thousand of the slaves whom he had liberated. In 
 the same month an expedition from Port Royal, under Gen 
 eral Seymour, was made into Florida, which resulted in severe 
 disaster, the Union force being defeated at Olustec, on the 
 20th inst., with terrible slaughter. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1864. I. QUESTIONS.!. What inarch did Sherman make early in 
 1864? 2. What destruction did he effect? 3. What is stated of tTRkslaves ? 4. Give 
 an account of the battle of Olustee. 5. Where is Vicksburg? (Seiiap, p. 300.) 6. 
 Memphis? (Same map.) 7. To what place did Sherman s expedition extend? Ans. 
 Meridian. (See map, p. 300.) 8. Where is Olustee ? (See map, p. 320.) * Wrn. T. 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 327 
 
 II. A concentration of forces took place at New Orleans 
 early in 1864 : these, according to the plan of General Banks, 
 were to co-operate with Porter s fleet in an expedition np the 
 Red River as far as Shreveport. General Smith, commanding 
 about ten thousand troops from Vicksburg, preceded Banks, 
 took Fort De Russy, March 14th, and, two days after, entered 
 Alexandria. A column from the main army here joined the 
 expedition. At Cane River the enemy undertook to check 
 the further advance of the Unionists, but they were repulsed. 
 Near Mansfield, on the 8th of April, they were entirely suc 
 cessful, and the Union army during the night retreated to 
 Pleasant Hill : the enemy, following, renewed the attack on 
 the following day, not, however, with a like result. Though 
 the Unionists were successful in this last battle, their losses 
 during the campaign were severe, and Banks ordered the army 
 to fall back to the river. 
 
 III. Meanwhile the fleet had made progress up the river, 
 but the retrograde movement of the army decided Porter to 
 return. On Ins way back he was almost constantly annoyed 
 by the enemy s batteries and sharpshooters on the banks of 
 the stream. The water too had fallen so much that, when his 
 vessels approached the rapids near Alexandria, they could not 
 pass. In this emergency, a plan proposed by Lieutenant-Col 
 onel Bailey was adopted, and under his direction a dam was 
 constructed across the river, by which the boats were enabled 
 to go over the fells. The army returned to New Orleans and 
 the fleet to the Mississippi. General Banks during this expe- 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 9. Of what forces was the Eed River expedition composed ? 10. 
 How far up the river did General Banks design to go? 11. What did General Smith 
 accomplish alone ? 12. "What took place at Cane Eiver? 13. At Mansfield? 14. At 
 Pleasant Hill ? 15. Describe the Eed Eiver. (See map, p. 300.) 16. Where is Shreve 
 port? (Same map.) 17. Fort De Russy? (Same.) 18. Alexandria ? (Same.) 19. 
 Mansfield? (Same.) 20. Pleasant Hill? (Same.) 21. Camden? (Same.) 22. Littla 
 Rock? (Same.) 
 
 III. 23. What effect did Banks s retreat have upon Commodore Porter? 24. What 
 annoyance did Porter experience ? 25. What difficulty did he meet near Alexandria? 
 26. How was the difficulty overcome ? 27. What movements did the army and fleet 
 then make ? 28. What account can you give of General Steele s movements ? 
 
328 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 dition had expected the co-operation of General Steele, 
 from Arkansas. That officer made a successful advance 
 as far as Camden, but the failure experienced by Banks left 
 him no alternative other than a return to Little Rock. On his 
 way he was harassed by the Confederates, and though he 
 defeated them in a battle fought on the 30th of Apr, his losses 
 were severe. 
 
 IV. The withdrawal of forces from Vicksburg to engage in 
 the Red River expedition emboldened the Confederates under 
 General Forrest to make a raid into the western part of Ten 
 nessee and Kentucky. The garrison at Union City surren 
 dered after a slight resistance. On the following day, March 
 25th, two unsuccessful attacks were made upon Fort Ander 
 son, near Paducah. Early on the morning of the 12th of 
 April an attack was made on Fort Pillow. The garrison, con 
 sisting of between five and six hundred men, more than half 
 of whom were colored troops, made a brave resistance, but 
 the place at last was carried by assault, and three hundred of 
 its defenders massacred. In North Carolina the Confederate 
 soldiers were also successful, capturing Plymouth with the aid 
 of the iron-clad ram Albemarle. In October, a little more 
 than six months afterward, the Albemarle was sunk by Lieu 
 tenant Gushing, by means of a torpedo. The main defense 
 of Plymouth being thus removed, the town was retaken on 
 the 31st of the same month. 
 
 V. The services which General Grant had rendered the 
 country, added to his peculiar fitness as a commander of large 
 armies, induced Congress to revive the grade of Lieutenant- 
 General, with special reference to him. This grade had been 
 
 IV. QUESTIONS. 29. Why did Forrest decide upon making a raid ? 30. What 
 took place at Union City ? 31. At Fort Anderson ? 82. At Fort Pillow ? 33. Give 
 an account of the loss and recapture of Plymouth. 34. Where is Union City ? (See 
 map, p. 300.) 35. Paducah? (Same map.) 36. Fort Pillow ? (Same.) 37. Plymouth ? 
 (See map, p. 320.) 
 
 V. 38. Why did Congress revive the grade of Lieutenant-General ? 39. Give the 
 previous history of the grade. 40. What was done in reference to General Grant? 
 41. "What preparations were begun? 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 329 
 
 LIEUT.-GEN. GHANT. 
 
 previously conferred on only two persons,AVaslnnjrton and Scott, 
 and on the retirement of the latter, became extinct. Accord 
 ingly the President nominated Gen 
 eral Grant for this position, the 
 highest in the military service of 
 the country, and the nomination 
 was confirmed by the Senate on 
 the 3d of March. Vast prepara 
 tions were at once commenced for 
 two campaigns, one against Rich 
 mond by the Army of the Potomac; 
 and the other against Atlanta by an 
 army of a hundred thousand men under Gen. W. T. Sherman. 
 Early in May both armies began to move forward. 
 
 VI. To oppose Sherman was an army sixty thousand 
 strong, commanded by Gen. J. E. Johnston. The Union troops 
 advanced from Chattanooga, and, by a flank movement, com 
 pelled Johnston to fall back to Resaca. From this position, 
 after a severe contest of two days, May 14th and 15th, he was 
 also obliged to retreat. Other battles were fought, the Union 
 troops carrying line after line of rifle-pits, intrenchments, and 
 fortifications most of the time through a mountain region 
 outflanking the enemy and pursuing him to the strong fortifi 
 cations of Atlanta. Johnston s " retreating policy " was 
 loudly condemned by the Confederates, and he was conse 
 quently superseded in the command by General Hood. 
 
 VII. From the 20th to the 28th of July, Hood made three 
 
 VI. QUESTIONS. 12. What army did Sherman have against him ? 43. From what 
 place did Sherman commence his movement? 44. What took place at Resaca? 45. 
 What account can yon give of the operations "before the fortifications of Atlanta 
 were reached ? 46. Who succeeded Johnston in the command of the Confederate 
 army ? 4T. Why was Johnston removed ? 48. Where is Chattanooga? (See map, p. 
 820.) 49. Resaca? (Same map ) 50. Atlanta? (Same.) 
 
 VII. 51. What can yon state of the assaults made by Hood ? 52. Of Stoneman s 
 expedition? 53. How did Sherman manage to divide the Confederate army ? 54. 
 What took place at Jonesboro ? 55. Why was Hood compelled to evacuate Atlanta? 
 *6. What were the losses of both sides ? 5T. Where is Jonesboro ? 
 
330 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 furious assaults upon the Union troops before Atlanta, 
 but each time he was defeated with heavy loss. While 
 besieging Atlanta, Sherman sent out cavalry expeditions to de 
 stroy the railroads by which it received re-enforcements of troops 
 and supplies. General Stoneman, commanding one of these, 
 not only failed tg perform the task assigned him, but was de 
 feated, and thus the most important road remained in possession 
 of the Confederates. This road Sherman, however, determined 
 to cut. Moving with nearly the whole of his army for the 
 purpose, he succeeded in getting between Atlanta and a large 
 portion of Hood s army at Jonesboro, which force he defeat 
 ed ; and Hood, his army being severed, was compelled, Sep 
 tember 2d, to evacuate Atlanta. Sherman thus gained the 
 object of his campaign, but at a loss in killed, wounded, and 
 missing, of thirty thousand men : the enemy s loss during the 
 same period exceeded forty thousand. 
 
 VIII. As has been previously stated, 
 the Army of the Potomac began to move 
 toward Richmond early in May, crossing 
 the Rapid an on the 4th of that month. 
 Though General Meade commanded the 
 army, General Grant was in the field and 
 planned its movements, as well as the 
 movements of the other armies. Lee, who 
 held a position south of the Rapidan, rather than retreat, pre 
 pared to resist the progress of the advancing army. The conse- 
 -quence was a fierce contest, known as the battle of the Wilder 
 ness, which, commencing on the morning of the 5th of May, 
 did not end till the close of the 7th, when Lee fell back toward 
 
 VIII. QUESTIONS. 58. When did the army of the Potomac, cross the Rapidan ? 
 59. By what other name is the Rapidan also known ? Ans. The Rapid Anna or the 
 Rapid Ann. 60. Into what river does the Rapidan flow? (See map, p. 330.) Cl. 
 Who commanded the Army of the Potomac ? 62. What was done by General Grant ? 
 63. Give an account of the battle of the Wilderness. 64. What Union officer of note 
 fell in that battle? Ans. General Wadsworth. 65. How many men were engaged in 
 Ihe conflict ? 66. What recommendation did the President make ? 67. Where is the 
 Wilderness? (See map, p. 330.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 331 
 
 Richmond. Probably not less than two hundred and fifty thou 
 sand men on both sides were engaged in it, and the slaughter 
 was terrible. The favorable result of the three days conflict 
 called forth a proclamation from the President, recommending 
 the following Sunday, May ] Oth, as an occasion of " thanks 
 giving; and prayer to Almighty God." This recommendation 
 was generally complied with. 
 
 IX. Near Spottsylvania Court House, Lee made a stand, 
 and here, during six days, some of the severest fighting of 
 the war took place. The result was again to the advantage 
 of the national arms, and once more the enemy fell back. 
 By a series of successful attacks and flank movements, Lee 
 was driven from one position after another, until, early 
 in June, he was within a short distance of Richmond. In 
 the mean time, important movements in co-operation with 
 Meade were made by the forces in the Shenandoah valley 
 and West Virginia. It had been designed to act against 
 Lynchburg, but reverses prevented the execution of the plan, 
 General Sigcl, who was to have cut the western communica 
 tion of Lee, having met with defeat, on the 15th, near New 
 Market, 
 
 X. Another movement, in co-operation with Meade, was 
 made by General Butler, from Fortress Monroe up the James 
 River. Landing at a point on the south side of the river, 
 just above the Appomattox, he made his position secure by 
 strong intrenchments, and thus threatened both Petersburg 
 and Richmond. Expeditions sent by him to cut the enemy s 
 
 IX. QUESTIONS. 68. "Where did Lee make his next stand ? 69. Where is Spott 
 sylvania Court House? (See map, p. 330.) 70. What account can you give of the 
 struggle there 71. What Union officer of note was killed during the contest ? 
 Ans. General Sedgwiek, on the 9th of May. 72. What movement, in co-operation 
 with Meade, was planned? 73. Where is Lynchburg ? (See map, p. 320.) 
 
 X. 74 What movement did Gen. Butler make ? 75. What is the name of the place 
 which Butler occupied? Ans. Bermuda Hundred. 76. Give an account of Butler s 
 operations while he was in command there. 77. What change in position was 
 effected by the Army of the Potomac ? 78. Where is Fortress Monroe ? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 79. Describe the Appomattox. (Same map.) 80. The James. (Same.) 81. 
 Where was Fort Darling? (See map, p. 313.) 
 
332 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 communications were not entirely successful, nor was an 
 attempt made against Fort Darling. He also failed in 
 demonstrations against Petersburg, Beauregard, on his way 
 from the Carolinas to join Lee, having arrived there with a 
 strong force to oppose him. His success, however, in gaining the 
 position he did, was important to a movement made by Grant, 
 by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred across 
 the James to the south side of that river. 
 
 XI. The career of three English-built privateers sailing 
 under the Confederate flag was terminated this year. They 
 had for months roamed the seas, and by avoiding armed 
 antagonists had succeeded in pillaging and destroying a large 
 number of American merchantmen. More than sixty vessels, 
 estimated with their cargoes as worth not less than $10,000,000, 
 had been destroyed by the Alabama alone. This privateer 
 was at last discovered by the Kearsarge, Captain Winslow, 
 in the French port of Cherbourg (sher -boorg}. Off that har 
 bor an action took place between the two vessels on the 19th 
 of June, resulting in the sinking of the Alabama. Her com 
 mander, Capi:ain Semmes, with forty of his crew, was picked 
 up by a British vessel, and, without authority from Winslow, 
 they were all carried to England. The Florida and Georgia 
 were oaptured, the first by the Wachusett and the second 
 by the Niagara. 
 
 XII. A new expedition against Lynchburg was organized, 
 General Hunter taking the place of Sigel. Moving up the 
 Shenandoah valley, Hunter gained a victory over the enemy 
 at Piedmont, June 5th, whence he marched on Lynchburg. 
 
 XI. QUESTIONS. 82. What is said of the career of three privateers ? 83. What 
 had they done? 84. What destruction had the Alabama alone effected? 85. Give 
 an account of the action between the Kearsarge and the Alabama. 86. What were 
 the names of the other privateers? 8T. By what vessels were they captured ? 
 
 XII. 88. What took place at Piedmont? 89. What can you say of Hunter s fur 
 ther movements ? 90. What invasion followed ? 91. What took place at Monocacy ? 
 92. What danger was apprehended? 93. Where is the Shenandoah valley? (Sea 
 map, p. 320.) 94. Piedmont? (Same map.) 1 J5. Martinsburg? (Same.) 9G. Hagers- 
 town ? (Same.) 97. Monocacy ? (Same.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 333 
 
 Finding that re-enforcements from Lee were arriving there, he 
 withdrew, closely followed by a Confederate force, into West 
 Virginia. The valley being thus open, Lee detached twenty 
 thousand men, under General Early, to invade Maryland. 
 Passing through Martinsburg, the invaders crossed the Poto 
 mac to Hagerstown, scouring the country in all directions for 
 horses, forage, provisions, and money. With overwhelming 
 numbers. Early defeated General Wallace at Monocacy (mo- 
 noc -ah-se), July 9th, producing great excitement in Washing 
 ton and throughout the Northern States, it being feared that 
 the National Capital itself was in danger. 
 
 XIII. Grant hurried off troops for the defense of Wash 
 ington, and these were rapidly joined by others from the 
 loyal States. After threatening both Baltimore and Wash 
 ington, the Confederates, loaded with plunder, recrossed the 
 Potomac. They were pursued by General Averill, and de 
 feated at Winchester, July 20th, but were in turn victorious 
 on the 24th, their cavalry pursuing the Union troops to Mar 
 tinsburg. Again did they invade Maryland, penetrating even 
 to Chambersburg, in Pennsylvania. This town they offered 
 to spare upon the payment of $500,000, but, not receiving the 
 money, they burned more than half of the place. On their way 
 back into Virginia they met with opposition from bodies of 
 Union troops, and were badly defeated by Averill, losing their 
 artillery and many prisoners. 
 
 XIV. For the defense of the Shenandoah valley, a strong force 
 was at length organized, and put under the command of General 
 
 XIII. QUESTIONS. 98. What action did Grant take ? 99. What large cities did 
 the Confederates threaten ? 100. What then did they do ? 101. What took place at 
 Winchester? 102. What, four days after? 103. In which direction did the Confed 
 erates then go ? 104. How was Chambersburg made to suffer ? 105. Were the Con 
 federates pursued? 106. With what result? 10T. Where is Winchester? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 108. Chambersburg ? (Same map.) 
 
 XIV. 109. What was at lensth done for the defense of the Shenandoah valley T 
 110. Give an account of Sheridan s first battle there. 111. Of his second. 112. His 
 third. 113. Where is Fisher s Hill ? (See map, p. 320.) 114. Stanatoi ? (Same map ) 
 115. Cedar Creek ? (Same.) 
 
334 
 
 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 Sheridan. On the morning 
 of the 19th of September, 
 Sheridan marched to attack Early, 
 who, with an army largely re-en 
 forced, was near Winchester. After 
 a stubborn engagement, occurring 
 on the same day, the Union 
 troops gained a complete victory. 
 On the 22d, at Fisher s Hill, 
 
 MAjOU-Uii.Ni.itAL bilJiKiL>AA. ,1 t ^ 
 
 they achieved another signal vic 
 tory, following up their success by a pursuit of the enemy 
 as far as Staunton. After destroying barns and flour-mills, 
 two thousand in all, so as to make the country untenable by 
 a Confederate army, Sheridan returned northward. Before 
 daylight, October 19th, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were 
 suddenly attacked, he at the time being absent at Winches 
 ter, and were driven back four miles. Sheridan, arriving at 
 this critical time, arranged his lines, repulsed an attack of* the 
 enemy, and, becoming the assailants in return, completely 
 routed the enemy. The Confederates made no further at 
 tempt to invade the North by way of the Shenandoah val 
 ley. 
 
 XV. Immediately after crossing the Army of the Potomac 
 to the south side of the James, as previously stated, Grant 
 laid siege to Petersburg. On the 30th of July a mine was 
 exploded under one of the enemy s forts, so that a storming 
 party might rush through the gap thus made, and, with the 
 co-operation of other movements, the city be captured. The 
 assault was, however, a disastrous failure. On the 18th of 
 August an important advantage was gained by the seizure of 
 the Weldon Railroad. To regain possession of it, the Con- 
 
 XY. QUESTIONS. 116. After crossing the James, to what place did Grant lay 
 siege? 117. Give an account of the attempt made in connection with the mine ex 
 plosion. 118. The Weldon Railroad. 119. What can you state of other conflicts? 
 120. How is Petersburg situated ? (See map, p. 320.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 335 
 
 federates made repeated arid desperate assaults, but were as 
 often repulsed. A number of conflicts took place by the 
 two great armies of Grant and Lee, on both sides of the 
 James, in September and October, yet Petersburg and Rich 
 mond, at the close of the year, were still held by the Con 
 federates, though it was evident their grasp was daily be 
 coming less firm. 
 
 XVI. Of all the achievements of 
 the army or navy of the United 
 States during the war, none were 
 perhaps more brilliant than that of 
 Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay. 
 On the morning of the 5th of 
 August, his fleet of monitors and 
 wooden vessels, two abreast and 
 lashed together, moved up the bay, 
 the admiral being on board his flag 
 ship, the Hartford, lashed to the 
 main-top, the better to observe the operations, and give the 
 necessary orders. The vessels succeeded in passing Forts 
 Morgan and Gaines, with no serious disaster beyond the loss 
 of the monitor Tecumseh, which was sunk by a torpedo. An 
 engagement then took place with the enemy s fleet, consisting 
 of the iron-clad ram Tennessee and three gunboats. After a 
 brief encounter, the Tennessee surrendered, Admiral Buchanan, 
 the Confederate commander, being severely wounded ; one of 
 the gunboats was captured, but the other two escaped. Mean 
 while a co-operative body of troops was landed, and Fort 
 Gaines was taken on the 7th. Fort Morgan held out till the 
 23d, when it too surrendered. 
 
 XVI. QUESTIONS. 121. How is Farragut s achievement in Mobile Bay spoken of 
 in comparison with other achievements? 122. What was the name of Farragut s 
 flag-ship? 123. Where did Farragut take a position during the battle? 124. What 
 disaster befell one of the fleet ? 125. State what afterward took place. 126. What 
 at Fort Gaines. 127. At Fort Morgan. 128. Did the two vessels that escaped reach 
 Mobile ? Ans. One was so badly injured that she had to be destroyed. 129. Where 
 is Mobile ? (See map, p. 300.) 130. Fort Morgan ? (Same.) 131. Fort Gaines? (Same.) 
 
 EEAK-ADMIKAL FAKKAGUT. 
 
336 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 XVII. After the fall of Atlanta, Hood, with increased 
 forces, assumed the offensive by attempting to destroy 
 Sherman s communication ; but being followed by the latter he 
 withdrew into northern Alabama. Leaving General Thomas 
 to watch Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta, which city he 
 destroyed, and on the loth of November commenced his 
 memorable march to the sea-coast. His army advanced 
 through Georgia, living upon the country. The State capital 
 and other large towns were occupied by him, and on the 10th 
 of December the vicinity of Savannah was reached. Three 
 days after, Fort McAllister was carried by assault, and by this 
 achievement a communication was opened with the fleet. 
 
 General Hardee, in command at 
 Savannah, perceiving the prepara 
 tions which Sherman w r as making 
 for a grand assault, effected his 
 escape on the night of the 
 20th, and on the following morn 
 ing the Union army entered the 
 city. 
 
 XVIII. In the mean time Hood 
 advanced into Tennessee, while 
 Thomas fell back toward Nashville. At Franklin, November 
 30th, a fierce battle was fought, at the close of which the 
 
 NEVADA. This State derived its name from the S ; erra Nevada, the mountain range bounding it on 
 the west. The two words, sierra and nrvada, are Spanish, the former signifying mountain range, and 
 the latter snow-clad or snow-covered. The State was admitted into the Union in 1864. 
 
 XVII. QUESTIONS. 132. What did General Hood do after the fall of Atlanta? 
 133. Why did he withdraw into northern Alabama? 134. What great movement did 
 Sherman then commence? 135. Give an account of his march. 136. Who, com 
 manding the cavalry, rendered important service ? Ans. General Kilpatrick. 137. 
 When did Sherman s army reach the vicinity of Savannah ? 138. What success was 
 had soon after? 139. What success followed a few days later? 140. Where is Sa 
 vannah? (See map, p. 320.) 141. Fort McAllister? 
 
 XVIII. 142. What advance did Hood make ? 143. What took place at Franklin ? 
 144. Give an account of the further movements. 145. Of the battle near Nashville. 
 146. What movement did Hood then make? 147. Where is Nashville? (See map, p. 
 192.) 148. Franklin ? (Same.) 149. Describe the Cumberland Kiver. (Same.) 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 337 
 
 Union army fell back to the outer line of the Nashville in- 
 trenchments, three miles from the city. With a view to com 
 pel Thomas to abandon the defense of Nashville, Hood made 
 preparations to blockade the Cumberland, and cut the railroads 
 leading to the city ; but, before he could put his plan into 
 execution, Thomas attacked him, December 1 5th, renewing the 
 battle on the following day, and finally routing him with very 
 great loss. Hood, with the remnant of his army, retired to 
 Alabama. 
 
 EVENTS OF 1865. 
 
 I. The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction 
 of Fort Fisher, situated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. 
 This was the main defense of Wilmington. In December, 
 1864, General Butler, with about six thousand troops, had 
 effected a landing near the fort, for the purpose of operating 
 in conjunction with Admiral Porter s fleet ; but, deeming the 
 works too strong to be carried by his force, returned to Fort 
 ress Monroe. In January, 1865, the enterprise was renewed 
 by General Terry, with eight thousand men, including Butler s 
 force. Under cover of a fire from the fleet, the troops were 
 landed on the morning of the 13th, and on the 15th the works 
 were carried, after desperate hand-to-hand fighting. The fall 
 of Fort Fisher carried with it the other defenses on the river, 
 the Confederates were driven from Wilmington, and the city 
 was occupied by the Federal troops on the 22d of February. 
 
 II. General Sherman, having halted at Savannah only long 
 
 EVENTS OF 1865. I. QUESTIONS.!. How is Fort Fisher situated ? 2. Describe 
 the Cape Fear Kiver. (See map, p. 164.) 3. "What can you state of Butler s prepara 
 tions to attack Fort Fisher? 4. Why did he not make the attack? 5. What force 
 afterward made a successful attack ? 6. Give an account of the capture. 7. What 
 were the consequences of the capture ? 
 
 II. 8. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? 9. When did he take Columbia ? 
 10. How was the capture of Charleston effected ? 11. What is said of Fort Sumter ? 
 12. Give a further account of Sherman s march northward. 13. At what place did 
 the battle on the 16th of March occur ? Ans. Averysboro 1 . 14. The battle on the 
 19th and 20th? Ans. Bentonville. 15. What place did Sherman reach on the 13th 
 of April? 16. What retreat did Johnson make? 17. Where is Ealeigh? (See map, 
 p. 320.) 18. Goldsborough ? (Same map.) 19. Hillsboro ? 
 
 15 
 
338 
 
 enough to refit his armv, 
 1865. 
 
 entered upon a campaign 
 
 through the Carolinas, and by the 1st 
 of February his whole force was again 
 in motion. On the 17th he captured 
 Columbia, thus rendering it necessary 
 for the Confederates to evacuate 
 Charleston. General Gillmore, com 
 manding the land forces operating 
 MAJOR-GENERAL SHERMAN, against Charleston, from the coast, 
 took possession of the city on the 
 
 18th, and the national flag floated once more from Fort Sum- 
 ter. Sherman continued his march northward, entering North 
 Carolina, while General Schofield from Newborn, and General 
 Terry from Wilmington, co-operated with him. On the 16th 
 of March, and on the 19th and 20th, he encountered the enemy, 
 repulsing them in both engagements. On the 21st he occupied 
 Goldsborough, and on the 13th of April reached Raleigh, 
 Johnston retreating beyond Hillsboro . 
 
 III. Sheridan, in the mean time, was making a raid up the 
 Shenandoah valley. At Waynesborough, March 2d, he 
 attacked and routed Early. Marching onward, through 
 Charlottesville, he destroyed the railroads and the canal by 
 which Richmond and Lee s army received supplies, and finally 
 formed a junction with the Army of the Potomac south of 
 Petersburg. As the issue of the great struggle became more 
 dubious to the Confederates, their Congress, after considerable 
 opposition, passed a bill to increase their military forces by 
 arming the slaves. Lee, seeing that he was hemmed in, deter 
 mined, if possible, to divide Grant s army, and, by getting into 
 
 III. QUESTIONS. 20. What was Sheridan doing in the mean time ? 21. Give an 
 account of his victory there in March. 22. What destruction did he effect? 23. 
 What junction did he form ? 24. What extraordinary measure did the Confederate 
 Congress pass ? 25. What, determination did Lee form ? 26. Give an account of the 
 attempt made by him to carry out his plan. 27. Where was Fort Steadman ? Ana. 
 East of and near Petersburg. 
 
LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 339 
 
 its rear, force it to abandon its lines. With this intention he 
 made a sudden clash at Fort Steadman, and captured it ; but 
 there his success ended, for on the same day, March 25th, the 
 fort was retaken, and, still later in the day, a forward move 
 ment, ordered by General Grant, was completely successful. 
 
 IV. On the 29th of March the final movement of the 
 national forces around Richmond began, and, after ten days 
 marching and fighting, the campaign was finished. On the 
 3d of April both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by 
 Grant s victorious troops, Lee and his army having fled the 
 day before toward Lynchburg, and Jefferson Davis toward 
 the sea-coast. The retreating troops were hotly pursued by 
 Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee surrendered what 
 remained of his army to General Grant. From this period 
 the history of the war is but a record of national successes, 
 in the surrender of the several remaining Confederate com 
 manders. 
 
 V. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with 
 ecstasy at a triumph so long struggled for, and the dawn of 
 peace appeared ; but this feeling of joy was suddenly turned 
 into mourning. In less than one week after Lee s surrender, 
 April 1 4th, President Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado 
 acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause, and an attempt 
 was also made upon the life of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 VI. The intelligence of this sad event filled every loyal 
 
 IY. QUESTIONS. 28. When did the great final military movement commence ? 
 29. How long did it continue ? 30. In what direction did General Lee retreat ? 81. 
 When were Petersburg and Eichmond captured ? 32. What direction did Jefferson 
 Davis take? 33. What further account can you give of Davis? Ans. He was cap 
 tured at a place in Georgia, and then, at Fortress Monroe, put in close confinement. 
 34. After Lee s surrender, what did the other Confederate commanders do ? 
 
 V. 35. What sad event took place ? 36. When was President Lincoln assassin 
 ated? 3T. When did he die? Ans. He lingered a few hours in an insensible con 
 dition, expiring on the morning of the 15th. 38. What attempt at assassination 
 was made, but without success ? 
 
 VI. 39. How did the news of the President s death affect the people? 40. How 
 did the people manifest their grief ? 41. What may be truly said of Mr. Lincoln ? 
 
340 
 
 heart throughout the land with overwhelming sorrow : 
 
 -I on K 
 
 and even those against whom the murdered- President 
 had so long contended, expressed the strongest feeling of regret 
 that so wicked and, to them, useless, if not baneful, an act 
 should have been committed. The demonstrations of grief 
 throughout the North were unprecedented, and for several 
 weeks all the great cities were draped in badges and emblems 
 of mourning. The funeral cortege of the deceased President 
 was followed by hundreds of thousands of the citizens of the 
 republic, as it wended its way from the capital to his former 
 home at Springfield, where the remains were deposited ; and 
 it may be truly said that upon no President since Washing 
 ton, and no personage in the history of the country, Avere the 
 affections of the people more warmly bestowed, and that none 
 was ever more generally or more sincerely lamented. 
 
 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 I. UPON the death of Mr. Lincoln, which occurred on the 
 morning of the 15th of April, the Vice-President, Andrew 
 Johnson, of Tennessee, was sworn into office, and thereupon 
 assumed the duties of President of the United States.* The 
 assassin of the lamented President eluded pursuit until the 
 26th, when, on being tracked to his hiding-place and refusing 
 to surrender, he was shot. It appearing that the assassination 
 was part of a conspiracy to disorganize the Government, by 
 the simultaneous destruction of its principal executive officers, 
 a trial was had ; and, of the seven persons tried and found 
 guilty, four were hanged and the others imprisoned. 
 
 * rresiueni jonnson retained the uaoinet Ol Ins predecessor, which ihcn consisted of William II. 
 Seward, Secretary of State ; Ilu^h McCulloch, Secretary of the Treasury ; Kdwin M. Stanton, Secretary 
 of War; Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy; James Harlan, Secretary of the Interior; James Speed, 
 Attorney-General ; and William Dennison, Postmaster-General. 
 
 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. When did Mr. Lincoln s death 
 occur? 2. Who then became President? 3. What was the fate of the person who 
 shot Mr. Lincoln? 4. What can you state of the conspiracy? 
 
JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 341 
 
 II. Hostilities having 
 ceased, the work of 
 11 Reconstructing the 
 Union " began. On 
 the 29th of April, the 
 President issued a pro 
 clamation removing re 
 strictions on commerce 
 in the South ; and, a 
 month after, a procla 
 mation of amnesty was 
 addressed to a large 
 class of those who had 
 been concerned in the 
 rebellion. Three- 
 fourths of the States 
 having ratified the reso 
 lution of Congress pro 
 posing an amendment 
 to the Constitution, 
 by which slavery should 
 be abolished, the formal 
 
 announcement that slavery was constitutionally abolished was 
 made on the 18th of December. 
 
 III. Upon the assembling of Congress, in December, 1865, 
 it appeared that the entire debt of the Government amounted 
 to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars, the 
 great bulk of which had been contracted in the prosecution 
 of the war. To raise the enormous sums required during the 
 contest, loans were offered, and were freely taken by the 
 
 II. QUESTIONS. 5. As soon as hostilities were ended, what began ? 6 What 
 proclamation was issued April 29th ? 7. May 29th ? 8. What can you state in rela 
 tion to the abolition of slavery? 
 
 III. 9. The debt of the Government? 10. Of loans? 11. Duty on importations ? 
 12. Taxes on incomes? 13. Revenue-stamps? 14. Gold, as an article of merchan 
 dise? 
 
342 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 loyal people. Still further to increase the ability of the trea 
 sury to meet the heavy drain upon it, the duty on importa 
 tions had been increased, taxes had been imposed on incomes 
 and manufactures, and revenue-stamps required to be placed 
 on bonds, mortgages, and other documents. A general sus 
 pension of specie payments by the banks of the North having 
 taken place at the close of 1861, specie circulation soon gave 
 way to that of paper, and gold became an article of merchan 
 dise, commanding a high premium. 
 
 IV. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as 
 the Freedmen s Bureau Bill. By the term Freedmen were 
 meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the break 
 ing out of the Rebellion, were slaves; but who had afterward 
 been declared free by proclamation of the President. The 
 bill had for its object the supervision and relief of freedmen 
 and loyal refugees. A second bill, amending and continuing 
 in force the first, although vetoed by the President, was passed 
 in July, 1866. 
 
 V. It soon became evident that Congress and President 
 Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstructing 
 the Union," the former being opposed to the restoration of 
 the late insurgent States to their former political standing, 
 until certain guarantees of protection should be extended to 
 the colored population, and other conditions complied with 
 by the States. A Reconstruction Act was, however, passed by 
 Congress, notwithstanding the veto of the President, March 
 2d, 1867, and two Supplementary Reconstruction Acts were 
 also passed, in like manner. 
 
 VI. In March, of the same year, a bill to regulate the 
 tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the President s 
 
 IV. When was the Freedmen s Bureau Bill passed? "Who were meant by the 
 terra Freedmen ? What was the object of the Bill ? What is said of the second 
 Freedmen s Bureau Bill? 
 
 V. What soon became evident as between Congress and the President? What 
 position did Congress take? What is said of the Reconstruction Bill? Of the two 
 Supplementary Acts? 
 
JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 343 
 
 veto. By this bill it is declared that persons holding, or 
 appointed to, any civil office, by and with the advice and con 
 sent of the Senate shall be entitled to hold such office until a 
 successor shall have been, in like manner appointed and duly 
 qualified. This is known as the Tenure-of- Office Bill. 
 
 VI f. Daring the year 
 1867, Nebraska was ad 
 mitted into the Union, 
 and the territorial pos 
 sessions of the United 
 States were very much 
 enlarged by the addition 
 of Alaska, formerly 
 known as Russian Ame 
 rica. This vast tract of 
 land was purchased of 
 Russia, the price agreed 
 to be paid being $7,200,- 
 000 in gold. 
 
 VIII. In August, 1867, 
 the President suspended 
 Mr. Stanton, the Secreta 
 ry of War from office, be 
 cause, " upon important 
 questions, the views of 
 the secretary differed from his own." General Grant was ap 
 pointed to discharge the duties of the office. In December, 
 the President notified the Senate of the change he had made, 
 and of his reasons for so doing. The Senate having duly 
 considered the reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence 
 
 VI. State what you can in relation to the Tenure-of-office Bill. 
 
 VII. What is said of the admission of Nebraska? What is said of Alaska? 
 
 VIII. From what office was Mr. Stanton suspended? By whom was the suspen 
 sion made ? Why was it made ? What course in relation to the matter did the 
 President afterward take? What course and action did the Senate take? What 
 course did Mr. Stanton take ? 
 
344 JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 in the suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, 
 1868. Mr. Stanton resumed the exercise of the duties of 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 IX. On the 21st of February, the President sent a message 
 to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. Stanton from 
 office, and had placed General Lorenzo Thomas in his stead 
 until a successor should be appointed. This produced great 
 excitement in both houses of Congress. The Senate passed a 
 resolution notifying the President " that under the Constitu 
 tion and laws of the United States, he had no power to re 
 move the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to 
 perform the duties of that office." 
 
 X. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President John 
 son of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted by the 
 House of Kepresentatives. In accordance therewith, nine 
 articles of impeachment, prepared by a committee of the 
 House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; and seven mana 
 gers were thereupon selected from among the members of the 
 House, to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. 
 
 XL Two more articles of impeachment having been added, 
 in which the President was charged with declaring that Con 
 gress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, the trial was 
 begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th of May a verdict of 
 acquittal was declared on the eleventh article ; and, ten days 
 after, a like verdict was rendered on two other articles, when 
 the Senate, as a court, adjourned and the trial ended. On the 
 same day, May 26th, Mr. Stanton resigned his position as 
 Secretary of War. In the fall of the same year (1868), Gen 
 eral Grant was elected President to succeed Johnson. 
 
 IX. "What course did the President take in the following February? What was the 
 effect in Congress? What resolution did the Senate pass? 
 
 X. What resolution was after-ward adopted by the House of Representatives? 
 What subsequent action was taken by the House? 
 
 XL How many articles of impeachment, in all, were brought against the Presi. 
 flent? What charge was made in the last two? "What is said of the tria ;i d tye 
 result? "What course did Mr. Stanton then take? "Who was elected President ol the 
 United States to succeed Johnson ? 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 345 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1492. America discovered by Christopher Columbus, Oct. 12 
 
 1497. Labrador discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot, . . . July 3. 
 
 1498. Coast of North America explored by Sebastian Cabot. 
 Continent of South America discovered by Columbus, Aug. 10. 
 
 1499. South America visited by Amerigo Yespucci. 
 
 1512. Florida discovered by Juan Ponce de Leon, April 6. 
 
 1513. The Pacific Ocean discovered by Yasco Nunez do Balboa, Sept. 29. 
 
 1520. Carolina visited by Lucas Yasquez de Ay lion. 
 
 1521. Mexico conquered by Fernando Cortez. 
 
 1524. Coast of North America explored by John Yerrazani. 
 1528. The conquest of Florida undertaken by Pamphilo de 
 
 Narvaez. 
 
 1534. The St. Lawrence River discovered by James Cartier,. June. 
 1539. Ferdinand de Soto undertook to conquer Florida. 
 1541. The Mississippi River discovered by De Soto. 
 1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. 
 
 15 64. Colony of Huguenots settled in Florida. 
 
 1565. St. Augustine, Florida, founded by the Spaniards, Sept. 18. 
 
 Huguenot colony in Florida destroyed by the Spaniards, Oct. 1. 
 
 1583. Newfoundland taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert.. 
 
 1584. Amidas and Barlow explored the coast of North Caro 
 
 lina. 
 
 1585. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 1587. Second attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. 
 
 1602. Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, May 24. 
 
 1605. Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, settled by the French. 
 
 1606. London and Plymouth Companies received charters, . . April 20. 
 
 1607. Jamestown settled by the London Company, May 23. 
 
 The Plymouth Company began a settlement on the 
 
 Kennebec River, Aug. 21. 
 
 1608. Quebec settled by the French, under Champlain, July 3. 
 
 1609. Yirginia received its second charter, June 2. 
 
 The Hudson River discovered by Henry Hudson, . . . Sept. 21. 
 
 1610. "The Starving Time" in Yirginia. 
 
 1612. Yirginia received its third charter, March 22. 
 
 1613. Pocahontas married to Rolfe, April. 
 
346 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1613. French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia destroyed 
 
 by Samuel ArgalL 
 
 1614. The coast of New England explored by John Smith, 
 New York settled by the Dutch. 
 
 1616. The culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia. 
 
 1620. Commencement of Negro slavery in the English colonies, Aug. 
 
 Charter granted to "The Council of Plymouth," Nov. 3. 
 
 Massachusetts settled at Plymouth, Dec. 21. 
 
 1621. Treaty with Massasoit made, April 1. 
 
 3 622. First Indian massacre in Virginia, April 1. 
 
 1623. New Hampshire settled at Little Harbor and Dover . .. 
 
 1633. Connecticut settled at "Windsor, Oct. 
 
 1634. Maryland settled at St. Mary s, April 6. 
 
 1636. Ehode Island settled at Providence. 
 
 Harvard College founded. 
 1631. The Pequod War. 
 
 1638. Delaware settled near "Wilmington, April 
 
 1 641. New Hampshire settlements united to Massachusetts . 
 
 1643. Union of New England colonies formed, May 29. 
 
 1644. Second Indian massacre in Virginia, April. 
 
 1 645. Clayborne s Rebellion in Maryland. 
 
 1650. North Carolina settled on the Chowan Eiver. 
 
 1651. The "Navigation Act" passed by Parliament. 
 
 1652. The Maine settlements united to Massachusetts. 
 1655. Civil War in Maryland. 
 
 New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, Oct. 
 
 1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 
 
 1664. New York became an English Province, Sept. 8. 
 
 New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown. 
 
 1670. South Carolina settled on the Ashley River. 
 1673. Virginia granted to Culpepper and Arlington. 
 
 1 675. King Philip s war commenced, by an attack upon Swan- 
 
 zey, July 4. 
 
 1676. Bacon s Rebellion. 
 1680. Charleston founded. 
 
 New Hampshire made a Royal Province, Sept. 28. 
 
 1682. Pennsylvania settled. 
 
 Delaware granted by the Duke of York to "William Penn, Aug. 31. 
 1686. Andros arrived at Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 30. 
 
 1689. King William s War commenced. Attack upon Dover, July 7. 
 
 1690. Schenectady, burned by the French and Indians, Feb. 8. 
 
 Port Royal taken by the English under Phipps, May. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 347 
 
 1692. " Salem Witchcraft" delusion prevailed. 
 
 1697. King William s War terminated by the "Treaty of 
 
 Eyswick," Sept.20. 
 
 1702. Queen Anne s War commenced. 
 
 1710. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, captured by the English,. . . Oct. 13. 
 
 1713. Queen Anne s War terminated by the "Treaty of 
 
 Utrecht," A P ril n - 
 
 1729. North and South Carolina became separate provinces, July. 
 
 1732. Washington born in Westmoreland county, Virgina, . Feb. 22. 
 
 1733. Georgia settled at Savannah, Feb. 12. 
 
 1741. "The Negro Plot" in New York. 
 
 1744. King George s War commenced in America. 
 
 1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 28. 
 
 1748. King George s War terminated by the "Treaty of Aix 
 
 la Chapelle," Oct - 18 - 
 
 1753. Washington sent with a letter from Dinwiddie, Oct. 31. 
 
 1754. Washington delivered St. Pierre s reply to Dinwiddie,. Dec. 11. 
 
 The battle of the Great Meadows, May 28. 
 
 Congress of Commissioners met at Albany June. 
 
 The battle of Fort Necessity, July 4. 
 
 1755. French expelled from Nova Scotia by Monckton, June. 
 
 Braddock s defeat at the .battle of Monongahela, July 9. 
 
 The British defeat by Dieskau near Lake George, Sept. 8. 
 
 Dieskau defeated by the British at Lake George, Sept. 8. 
 
 1756. Great Britain declared war against France, May 17. 
 
 France declared war against Great Britain, June 9. 
 
 The French, under Montcalm, captured Oswego, Aug. 14. 
 
 Indians defeated at Kittaning, Sept. 8. 
 
 1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, Aug. 9. 
 
 The massacre at Fort William Henry, Aug. 10. 
 
 1758. Lord Howe killed in a skirmish near Ticonderoga, .... July 6. 
 Abercrombie repulsed by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, . .. July 8. 
 
 Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 26. 
 
 Fort Frontenac surrendered to the English, Aug. 27. 
 
 Grant defeated by Aubury near FortDuquesne Sept. 21. 
 
 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French. 
 Niagara surrendered to the English, under Johnson,... July 25. 
 
 Battle of Montmorenci, July 31. 
 
 Battle -of the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. 
 
 Quebec surrendered to the English, Sept. 18. 
 
 1760. The French, under De Levi, attempted the recovery of 
 
 Quebec (battle three miles above the city), April 28. 
 
348 CHBONCTLOGICAI, TABLE, 
 
 1760. Montreal and the rest of Canada surrendered to the 
 
 English, ............,.....;,.*...*..; Sept. 8. 
 
 1763. The peace of Paris between Great Britain and France, Feb. 10. 
 Florida ceded to Great Britain by Spain, .............. Feb 10. 
 
 1765. The Stamp Act passed by Parliament,. .......,... March 8. 
 
 A colonial Congress met at New York, ......... . . ., . Oct. 7. 
 
 1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18. 
 
 1767. A bill imposing duties on glass, paper, etc., passed,,. .. June 29. 
 
 1768. A body of British troops arrived at Boston,. ......... Sept. 27. 
 
 1770. " The Boston Massacre," .......................... March 5. 
 
 All duties, except on tea, repealed by Parliament, ..... April 12. 
 
 1773. The cargoes of tea at Boston thrown overboard, Dec. 16. 
 
 1774. " Boston Port Bill" passed by Parliament, March. 
 
 "The First Continental Congress" met at Philadelphia,. Sept. 5. 
 
 1775. The battle of Lexington, ........ April 19. 
 
 Ticonderoga, New York, captured by Allen and Arnold, May 10. 
 Crown Point, New York, captured by the Americans,.. May 12. 
 
 "Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15. 
 
 The battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. 
 
 "Washington took command of the army, , July 12. 
 
 Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, Nov. 13. 
 
 Battle of Quebec, Dec. 31. 
 
 1776. Norfolk, Virginia, destroyed by Lord Dunmore, Jan. l v 
 
 Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17. 
 
 The battle of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina, June 28. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence, July 4. 
 
 The battle of Long Island, New York, Aug. 27. 
 
 The city of New York abandoned by the Americans,... Sept. 15.- 
 
 The battle of White Plains, New York, Oct. 28. 
 
 The battle of Fort Washington, New York, Nov. 16. 
 
 Fort Lee, New Jersey, taken by the British, Nov. 18. 
 
 Gen. Lee surprised and taken prisoner, Dec. 13. 
 
 The battle of Trenton, New Jersey, Dec. 26. 
 
 1777. The battle of Princeton, New Jersey, Jan. 3. 
 
 Try on s first expedition against Connecticut, April. 
 
 Meigs s expedition against the British at Sagg Harbor,. May 23. 
 
 Invasion of New York by Burgoyne, June. 
 
 Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans, July 5. 
 
 The battle of Hubbardton, Vermont, July 7. 
 
 Gen. Prescott captured by Colonel Barton, July 10. 
 
 Murder of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, July 27. 
 
 Fort Schuyler, New York, besieged by St. Leger, .... Aug. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 849 
 
 1777. The battle of Oriskany, near Fort Schuyler, Aug 6. 
 
 The battle of Fort Schuyler, Aug. 6. 
 
 The battle of Bennington, Vermont, Aug. 16. 
 
 The battle of Brandy wine, Pennsylvania, Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of Bemis Heights, or first of StiU water, .. . Sept. 19. 
 
 The battle of Paoli, Pennsylvania, Sept. 20. 
 
 Philadelphia entered by the British, Sept. 26. 
 
 The battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania, Oct. 4. 
 
 Forts Clinton and Montgomery taken by the British,. . Oct. 6. 
 
 The battle of Saratoga, second of Stillwater, Oct. 7. 
 
 The surrender of Burgoyne, Oct. 17. 
 
 The British repulsed at Fort Mercer, New Jersey, Oct. 22. 
 
 The British repulsed at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania,... . Oct. 22. 
 
 Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, Nov. 15. 
 
 Fort Mifflin abandoned by the Americans, Nov. 16. 
 
 Washington encamped at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Dec. 11. 
 
 1778. American Independence acknowledged by France, Feb. 6. 
 
 Treaty of Alliance with France, Feb. 6. 
 
 British commissioners sent to America. 
 
 Philadelphia evacuated by the British, June 18. 
 
 The battle of Monmouth, New Jersey, June 28. 
 
 The battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and massacre, July 3. 
 
 The French fleet under D Estaing arrived, July 11. 
 
 The battle of Rhode Island, Aug. 29. 
 
 Grey s ravaging expedition to the eastward, Sept. 
 
 Ferguson s expedition against Egg Harbor, Oct. 
 
 The massacre at Cherry Valley, New York, Nov. 11, 12 
 
 The battle of Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 29. 
 
 1779. Sunbury, Georgia, captured by the British, Jan. 9. 
 
 The battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia, Feb. 14. 
 
 The battle of Brier Creek, Georgia, March 3. 
 
 Tyron s second expedition against Connecticut, March. 
 
 Stony Point, New York, captured by the British, May 31. 
 
 Verplanck s Point, New York, captured by the British, June 1. 
 
 War declared against Great Britain by Spain, June 26. 
 
 The battle of Stono Fewy, South Carolina June 20. 
 
 Tryon s third expedition against Connecticut July. 
 
 The battle of Stony Point, New York, July 15. 
 
 British garrison at Paulus Hook surprised by Lee,. . July 19. 
 
 The battle of the Penobscot, Maine, Aug. 13. 
 
 Sullivan s expedition against the Indians. 
 
 " The battle of the Chemung," New York, Aug. 29. 
 
350 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1779. Savannah besieged by the French, and Americans, Sept. Oct. 
 
 Jones s naval battle off the coast of England, Sept. 23. 
 
 D Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, Oct. 9. 
 
 1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Ap. May. 
 
 The battle of Monk s Corner, South Carolina, April 14. 
 
 Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12. 
 
 The battle of Waxhaw, South Carolina, May 29. 
 
 The battle of Springfield, New Jersey, June 23. 
 
 French fleet arrived at Newport, Ehode Island, July 10. 
 
 The battle of Eocky Mount, South Carolina, July 30. 
 
 The battle of Hanging Rock, South Carolina, Aug. 6. 
 
 The battle of Sanders Creek, South Carolina, Aug. -16. 
 
 The battle of Fishing Creek, South Carolina, Aug. 18. 
 
 Arnold s treason. 
 
 Andre executed as a spy at Tappan, New York, Oct. 2. 
 
 The battle of King s Mountain, South Carolina, Oct. 7. 
 
 The battle of Fishdam Ford, South Carolina, Nov. 12. 
 
 The battle of Blackstocks, South Carolina, Nov. 20. 
 
 1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Jan. 1. 
 
 ^The battle of the Cowpens, South Carolina, Jan. 17. 
 
 The revolt of New Jersey troops, Jan. 18. 
 
 Arnold s depredation in Virginia, Jan. 
 
 Cornwallis s pursuit of Morgan and Greene, Jan. Feb. 
 
 Articles of Confederation ratified by the States. 
 
 The battle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina, . . March 15. 
 
 The battle of Hobkirk s Hill, South Carolina, April 25. 
 
 Siege of Ninety-Six by General Greene May, Jim. 
 
 The battle of Ninety-Six, South Carolina, June 18. 
 
 Colonel Hayne executed by the British at Charleston, July 31. 
 
 Arnold s expedition against Connecticut, Sept. 
 
 The battle of Fort Griswold, Connecticut, Sept. 6. 
 
 The battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, Sept. 8. 
 
 The siege of Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 
 
 The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 
 
 1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, Nov. 30. 
 
 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed in the American 
 
 army, . April 1 9. 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, evacuated by the British, July 11. 
 
 Definitive treaty of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3. 
 
 American army disbanded by orders of Congress,.. . . Nov. 3. 
 
 New York evacuated by the British, Nov. 25. 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, evacuated by the British, Dec. 14. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 351 
 
 1783. Washington resigns Ms commission, Dec. 23. 
 
 1787. Shays : s Rebellion in Massachusetts. 
 
 Constitution of the United States agreed on by the 
 
 convention of delegates at Philadelphia, Sept. 17. 
 
 1789. The first Congress under the Constitution met at New 
 
 York, March 4. 
 
 Washington inaugurated President of the United States, April 30. 
 
 1790. Harmar defeated by the Indians in Indiana, Oct. 17, 2 2 
 
 1791. United States Bank established at Philadelphia. 
 
 Vermont admitted into the Union, Mar. 4. 
 
 St. Glair defeated by the Indians in Ohio, Nov. 4. 
 
 1792. Kentucky admitted into the Union June 1. 
 
 1793. The difficulties with France. 
 
 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee, Aug. 20. 
 
 "Whisky Insurrection" in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1795. " Jay s Treaty" with Great Britain ratified, June 24. 
 
 Treaties with the Western Indians, Spain, and Algiers, 
 
 1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union, June. 1. 
 
 1797. John Adams inaugurated President of the United 
 
 States, Marcb - * 
 
 1799. The death of Washington, Dec. 14. 
 
 1800. The seat of government removed to Washington. 
 
 Treaty of peace conducted with France, Sept. 30. 
 
 1801. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 War declared against the United States by Tripoli. . .. June 10. 
 
 1802. Ohio admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 
 
 1803. Louisiana purchased of France, April 30. 
 
 Commodore Preble sent against Tripoli. 
 
 1804. The frigate Philadelphia destroyed by Decatur, Feb. 15. 
 
 The duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 
 
 1805. Dome, a Tripolitan city, captured by Eaton, April 27. 
 
 Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli, June 3. 
 
 1806. British blockade from the Elbe to Brest declared, May 16. 
 
 Bonaparte issued his " Berlin Decree," Nov. 21. 
 
 1807. British "Orders in Council" prohibited coast trade 
 
 with France, Jan- T. 
 
 American frigate Chesapeake attacked by the Leopard. . June 22. 
 British armed vessels ordered to leave the United States, July. 
 British "Orders in Council" prohibited all trade with 
 
 France and her allies, Nov. ] 1. 
 
 Aaron Burr tried for treason, and acquitted, Sept. 
 
 Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," Dec. 17. 
 
352 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1807. Embargo on American ships laid by Congress, Dec. 22. 
 
 1809. Commerce with Great Britain and France interdicted 
 
 by Congress, March 1. 
 
 James Madison inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 1811. Action between the President and Little Belt, May 16. 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana, Nov. 7. 
 
 1812. Louisiana admitted into the Union April 8. 
 
 War against Great Britain proclaimed by the United 
 
 States, . June 19. 
 
 Invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull, July 12. 
 
 Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Michigan, July 17. 
 
 The first battle of Brownstown, Michigan, Aug. 5. 
 
 The second battle of Brownstown, Aug. 9. 
 
 Surrender of Detroit, Michigan, by Gen. Hull, Aug. 16. 
 
 British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, Aug. 13. 
 
 British frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, . . Aug. 19. 
 
 The battle of Queenstown, Canada, Oct. 13. 
 
 British brig Frolic taken" by the Wasp, Oct. 18. 
 
 British frigate Macedonian taken by the United States, Oct. 25. 
 British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, Dec. 29. 
 
 1813. The battle of Frenchtown, Michigan, Jan. 22. 
 
 British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, Feb. 24. 
 
 Madison commenced a second presidential term, March 4. 
 
 The battle of York, Canada, April 27. 
 
 Fort Meigs, on the Maumee, besieged by Proctor, . . . May 1. 
 
 The battle of Fort Meigs, Ohio, May 5. 
 
 Fort George, Canada, taken by the Americans, May 27. 
 
 The battle of Sackett s Harbor, New York, May 29. 
 
 American frigate Chesapeake taken by the Shannon, . . June 1 . 
 
 The battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, Aug. 2. 
 
 American brig Argus taken by the Pelican, Aug. 14. 
 
 Creek War commenced by the massacre at Fort Mims, Aug. 30. 
 
 British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Sept. 5. 
 
 Perry s victory on Lake Erie, Sept. 10. 
 
 The battle of the Thames, Canada, Oct. 5. 
 
 The battle of Chrysler s Field, Canada, Nov. 11. 
 
 1814. The battle of Tohopeka, the last of the Creek War,.. . March 27. 
 American frigate Essex taken by the British war ves 
 sels Phoebe and Cherub, March 28. 
 
 The battle of La Colle Mill, Canada, March 30. 
 
 British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, April 29. 
 
 British sloop Keindeer taken by the Am. sloop Wasp . June 28. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 353 
 
 1814. Fort Erie captured by the Americans, July 3. 
 
 The battle of Chippewa, Canada, July 5. 
 
 The battle of Lundy s Lane, or Bridgewater, Canada, July 25. 
 
 The first battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Aug. 15. 
 
 The battle of Bladensburg, Maryland, Aug. 24. 
 
 The city of Washington taken by the British, Aug. 24. 
 
 British sloop Avon taken by the Am. sloop Wasp,. . . Sept. 1. 
 
 McDonough s victory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of Plattsburg, New York, Sept. 11. 
 
 The battle of North Point, Maryland, Sept. 12. 
 
 The battle of Fort McHenry, Maryland, Sept. 13. 
 
 The battle of Fort Bowyer, Alabama, Sept. 15. 
 
 The second battle of Fort Erie, Canada, Sept. 17. 
 
 The British driven from Pensacola by Gen. Jackson, . Nov. 7. 
 
 The battle on Lake Borgne, Louisiana^ Dec. 14. 
 
 Hartford Convention, Dec. 
 
 The battle nine miles from New Orleans, Dec. 23. 
 
 Treaty of peace between the United States and Great 
 
 Britain, Dec. 24. 
 
 1815. The battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. 
 
 The U. S. frigate President captured by a British 
 
 squadron, Jan. 15. 
 
 The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution, Feb. 20. 
 
 The British brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, March 23. 
 
 War with Algiers declared by Congress, March. 
 
 Commodore Decatur sent against Algiers, May. 
 
 1816. Bank of United States rechartered for twenty years, . . . April 1 0. 
 Indiana admitted into the Union, Dec. 11. 
 
 1817. James Monroe inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 Mississippi admitted into the Union, Dec. 10. 
 
 The Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. 
 
 1818. General Jackson went against the hostile Indians, . March. 
 
 Arbutlmot and Ambrister executed, April 30. 
 
 Pensacola seized by General Jackson, May 24. 
 
 Illinois admitted into the Union, Dec. 3. 
 
 1819. Alabama admitted into the Union Dec. 14. 
 
 1 820. Maine admitted into the Union, March. 1 5. 
 
 Florida ceded to the United States by Spain, Oct. 
 
 1821. Missouri admitted into the Union, Aug. 10.. 
 
 1824. Lafayette visited the United States, Aug. 
 
 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 1826. Death of the two ex-presidents, Adams and Jefferson, July 4. 
 
354 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 1831. Death of Ex-president Monroe, July 4. 
 
 1832. " The Black Hawk War." 
 ^Nullification" in South Carolina. 
 
 t/1833. Eemoval of the Government funds from the U. S. Bank, Oct. 
 
 1835. War with the Seminoles commenced. 
 
 Gen. Thompson and friends massacred by the Seminoles, Dec. 28. 
 
 Major Dade and party massacred by the Seminoles, . . . Dec. 28. 
 
 1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union, June 15. 
 
 1837. Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. 
 
 Martin Van Buren inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 The battle of Okechobee, Florida, Dec. 25. 
 
 1838. "The Canadian Rebellion." 
 
 1841. "William Henry Harrison inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 Death of William Henry Harrison, April 4. 
 
 John Tyler inaugurated President, April 6. 
 
 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. 
 The " Dorr Rebellion" in Rhode Island. 
 
 1845.<foint resolutions for the annexation of Texas signed by 
 
 President Tyler, March 1. 
 
 James K. Polk inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 Florida admitted into the Union, March 3. 
 
 w^Fexas admitted into the Union, Dec. 29. 
 
 1846. Thornton s party captured by the Mexicans, Texas,.. . Aoril 26. 
 
 Fort Brown bombarded by the Mexicans, May. 
 
 The battle of Palo Alto, Texas, May 8. 
 
 The battle of Resaca de la Palma, Texas, May 9. 
 
 Congress declared " war existed by the act of Mexico," May 11. 
 
 Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and took Matamoras, . . May 18. 
 
 Monterey, Mexico, surrendered to Gen. Taylor, Sept. 24. 
 
 The battle of Bracito, Mexico, Dec. 25. 
 
 Iowa admitted into the Union, Dec. 28. 
 
 * 847. The battle of Buena Yista, Mexico, Feb 23. 
 
 The battle of Sacramento, Mexico, Feb. 28. 
 
 The surrender of Vera Cruz to General Scott, March 27. 
 
 The battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, April 18. 
 
 The battle of Contreras and Churubusco, Mexico, .... Aug. 20. 
 
 The battle of Molino del Rey, Mexico, Sept. 8. 
 
 The battle of Chapultepec, Mexico, Sept. 13. 
 
 City of Mexico entered by the Americans under Scott, Sept. 14 
 
 The battle of Huamantla, Mexico, Oct. 9. 
 
 1848. Treaty of peace signed at Guadalupe, Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. . 355 
 
 1848. Wisconsin admitted into the Union, May 29. 
 
 1849. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President, March 5. 
 
 1850. The death of President Taylor, July 9. 
 
 Millard Fillmore inaugurated President, July 10. 
 
 California admitted into the Union, Sept. 9. 
 
 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 1854. " Kansas-Nebraska Bill " passed, June. 
 
 1857. James Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. 
 
 1858. Minnesota admitted into the Union,.. May 11. 
 
 1859. Oregon admitted into the Union, Feb. 14. 
 
 John Brown s raid into Virginia, Oct. 16. 
 
 1860. Secession Ordinance passed by South Carolina, Dec. 20. 
 
 1861. Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, 
 
 Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, and North 
 Carolina declared. 
 
 Steamer Star of the West, off Charleston, fired into,. Jan. 9. 
 
 Kansas admitted into the Union, Jan. 29. 
 
 " Southern Confederacy " formed at Montgomery, 
 
 Ala., Feb. 4. 
 
 Jeff. Davis inaugurated President of the " Confed 
 eracy," Feb. 18. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln inaugurated President of the 
 
 United States, March 4. 
 
 Fort Sumter attacked by the Confederates, Ap. 12, 13. 
 
 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops, April 15. 
 
 Volunteer troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19. 
 
 The President issues a second call for troops, May 4. 
 
 Union victory at Philippi, Virginia, June 3. 
 
 Confederate victory at Big Bethel, Virginia, June 10. 
 
 Union victory at Eomney, Virginia, June 11. 
 
 Union victory at Booneville, Missouri, June 1 7. 
 
 Meeting of Congress in Extra Session, July 4. 
 
 Battle of Carthage, Missouri, July 5. 
 
 Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, July 11. 
 
 Battle near Centre ville, Virginia, July 18. 
 
 Confederate Congress meets at Richmond, July 20. 
 
 Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, July 21. 
 
 Battle of Dug Spring, Missouri, Aug. 2. 
 
 Battle of Wilson s Creek, Missouri, Aug. 10. 
 
 Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C., captured, Aug. 29. 
 
 Confederates take Lexington, Missouri, Sept. 20. 
 
356 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1861. Battle of Edward s Ferry, or Ball s Bluff, Virginia,. , Oct. 21. 
 
 Capture of Port Eoyal entrance by Union fleet, Nov. 7. 
 
 Battle of Belmont, Missouri, Nov. 7. * 
 
 Mason and Slidell taken from English steamer, Nov. 8. 
 
 1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Kentucky, Jan. 19. 
 
 Fort Henry captured by Union fleet, Feb. 6. 
 
 Roanoke Island captured by Union forces, Feb. 8. 
 
 Fort Donelson captured by Union forces, Feb. 16. 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., Mar. 6, 8. 
 
 U. S. ves. Congress and Cumberland sunk by the 
 
 Merrimac, March 8. 
 
 Engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac, . . . March 9. 
 
 Newbern, N. C., captured by Union troops, March 14. 
 
 Battle at Winchester, Virginia, March 23. 
 
 Battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, Tenn., Ap. 6, 7. 
 
 Capture of Island No. 10, Mississippi River, April 7. 
 
 Fort Pulaski, Ga., captured by Union fleet, April 11. 
 
 New Orleans captured by Union forces, April 25. 
 
 Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia, May 5. 
 
 Norfolk, Va., surrendered to the Unionists, May 10. 
 
 Confederates retreat from Corinth, Miss., May 28, 29. 
 
 Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks, May 31, June 1. 
 
 Memphis, Tenn., surrendered to the Unionists, June 6. 
 
 Seven days contest on the Virginia peninsula, June 25 to July 1. 
 
 The President calls for 300,000 more troops, July 1. 
 
 Battle of Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Aug. 9. 
 
 Pope s battles between Manassas and Washington, . .Aug. 23, 30. 
 
 Battle -near Richmond, Kentucky, Aug. 30. 
 
 Invasion of Maryland by Lee s army, Sept. 5. 
 
 Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, Sept. 14. 
 
 Harper s Ferry surrendered to the Confederates,.. . , Sept. 15. 
 
 Battle of Antietam, Maryland, Sept. 17. 
 
 Battle of Munfordsville, Kentucky, Sept. 17. 
 
 Battle of luka, Mississippi, Sept. 19. 
 
 Battle of Corinth, Mississippi, Oct. 4. 
 
 Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, Oct. 8. 
 
 Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, Dec. 13. 
 
 Union Repulse at Vicksburg, Mississippi, Dec. 29. 
 
 Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro , Tennessee,. Dec. 31. 
 
 1863. The President s Emancipation Proclamation issued,. Jan. 1. 
 Battle of Murfreesboro resumed and ended, Jan. 2. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Arkansas Post captured by Union forces, Jan. 11. 
 
 Bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, April 7. 
 
 Union cavalry raid, under Grierson, in Mississippi, . . April. 
 
 Battle at Port Gibson, Mississippi, May 1. 
 
 Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, 3. 
 
 Battle of Raymond, Mississippi, May 1 2. 
 
 Union victory near Jackson, Mississippi, May 14. 
 
 Battle of Champion Hill, Mississippi, May 16. 
 
 Battle at Big Black River, Mississippi,.. May 17. 
 
 Second invasion of Maryland by Lee s army, June. 
 
 "West Virginia admitted into the Union, June 20. 
 
 Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. 
 
 Vicksburg surrendered by the Confederates, July 4. 
 
 Port Hudson surrendered by the Confederates, July 8. 
 
 Great riot in New York city, July 13-16. 
 
 Morgan defeated near Kyger s Creek, Ohio, July 21. 
 
 Morgan captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26. 
 
 Fort Wagner, S. C., captured by Union troops, Sept. 6. 
 
 $attle of Chickamauga, Georgia, Sept. 19, 20. 
 
 Knoxville, Tenn., invested by the Confederates,. . . . Nov. 18. 
 
 Union victory at Lookout Mountain, Georgia, Nov. 24. 
 
 Union victory at Missionary Ridge, Georgia, Nov. 25. 
 
 Union victory at Knoxville, Kentucky, Nov. 29. 
 
 President orders a draft for more men, Feb. 1. 
 
 Battle of Dlustee, Florida, Feb. 20. 
 
 Grant created Lieutenant-General March 3. 
 
 Fort De Russy, La., captured by Union troops, March 14. 
 
 Battle of Cane River, Louisiana, March 26. 
 
 Battle of Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Roads, La., .... April 8. 
 
 Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, April 9. 
 
 Fort Pillow, Tenn., captured by the Confederates,. . . April 12. 
 
 Plymouth, N. C., surrendered to the Confederates,. . April 20. 
 
 Army of the Potomac commenced a forward move 
 ment, May 3. 
 
 Battle of the "Wilderness, Virginia, May 5-t. 
 
 March from Chattanooga against Atlanta commenced, May 7. 
 
 Battles near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . . May 7, 12. 
 
 Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 15. 
 
 Battle of New Market, Virginia, May 15. 
 
 Army of the Potomac crossed to south side of the 
 
 James, June 14. 
 
358 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 1864. Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, June 19. 
 
 Invasion of Maryland by Early s army, July 5. 
 
 Battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9. 
 
 President calls for 500,000 volunteers, July 18. 
 
 Battles before Atlanta, Georgia, July 23, 22, 28, 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., sacked and burned, July 30.- 
 
 Explosion of mine and Union repulse at Petersburg, July 30. 
 
 Confederates defeated in Mobile Bay, Ala., Aug. 5. 
 
 Weldon railroad seized by Union troops, Aug. 18. 
 
 Atlanta, Ga., captured by Union army, Sept. 2. 
 
 Battle of Winchester, Virginia, Sept. 19. 
 
 Battle of Fisher s Hill, Virginia, Sept. 22. 
 
 Battle of Cedar Creek, Virginia, Oct. 19. 
 
 Confederate ram Albemarle destroyed by torpedo, . Oct. 28. 
 
 Plymouth, N. C., recaptured by Union troops, Oct. 31. 
 
 Nevada admitted into the Union, Oct. 31. 
 
 Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, Nov. 30. 
 
 Battle near Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 16. 
 
 Savannah, Ga., captured by Union army, Dec. 21. 
 
 1865. Fort Fisher, N. C., captured by Union troops, Jan. 15. 
 
 Constitutional Amendment abolishing slavery passed 
 
 by Congress, Jan. 31. 
 
 Columbia, S. C., captured by Union troops, Feb. 17. 
 
 Charleston, S. C., captured by Union troops, Feb. 18. 
 
 Wilmington, N. C., captured by Union troops, Feb. 22. 
 
 Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, Mar. 19, 20. 
 
 Battle near Goldsboro , North Carolina, March 21. 
 
 Battle of Fort Steadman, Virginia, March 25. 
 
 Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 3. 
 
 Surrender of Lee s army, April 9. 
 
 Mobile, Ala., captured by Union forces, April 13. 
 
 President Lincoln assassinated April 14. 
 
 Andrew Johnson inaugurated President, April 15. 
 
 Surrender of Johnston s army, April 26. 
 
 Jefferson Davis captured in Georgia, May 10. 
 
 Close of the Great Rebellion. 
 
 Slavery declared abolished, Dec. 18. 
 
 18G7. Nebraska was admitted into the Union . . .March 1. 
 
 Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. 
 
 1868. The House of Rep. impeached President Johnson Feb. 24. 
 
 The President was declared acquitted April 26. 
 
RESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 NO. 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 RESIDENCE . 
 
 INAUGURATED. 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
 
 2. 
 
 George Washington. . 
 John Adams. 
 
 Virginia 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 April 30, 1789 . . . 
 March 4, 1797 
 
 John Adams. 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 3. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson... 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1801 .... j 
 
 Aaron Burr. 
 George Clinton. 
 
 4. 
 
 James Madison 
 
 Virginia 
 
 March 4, 1809 .... | 
 
 George Clinton. 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 James Monroe 
 John Q. Adams 
 
 Virginia 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 March 4, 1817 . . . 
 March 4, 1825 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins. 
 John C. Calhoun. 
 
 7. 
 
 Andrew Jackson 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 ^4 v ..}fi!^2fe 
 
 8. 
 
 Martin Van Buren .. 
 
 New York . 
 
 March 4, 1837 . . 
 
 Richard M. Johnson. 
 
 9. 
 
 William H. Harrison. 
 
 Ohio : March 4, 1841 1 John Tyler. 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13, 
 
 John Tyler 
 James K. Polk 
 Zachary Taylor 
 Millard Fillmore .... 
 
 Virginia April 6, 1841. . . 
 Tennessee .. . . jMarch 4, 1845 . ... 
 Louisiana March 5, 1849 . .. 
 New York.. . . Jnljr 10, 1850. . . 
 
 George M. Dallas. 
 Millard Fillmore. 
 
 14. 
 15. 
 
 Franklin Pierce 
 James Buchanan . . . 
 
 New Hampshire March 4, 1853 
 Pennsylvania . . \ March 4, 1857 
 
 William R. King. 
 John C. Breckinridge. 
 
 16. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. . . . 
 
 Illinois 
 
 March 4, 1861 j j V :, , 5. 
 
 17. 
 
 Andrew Johnson 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 April 15. 1865 
 
 ia 
 
 Ulysses S. Grant 
 
 Illinois 
 
 M arch 4, 1869 1 Schuy ler Colfax. 
 
 (Questions to "be answered from the above TtiUe, and in connection with th& 
 preceding one.) 
 
 1. When was Washington inaugurated President of the United States ? 2. How 
 many years did he serve? 3. Who, during the same period, was Vice-President? 
 4. What States were admitted into the Union while Washington was President? 5. 
 Who succeeded Washington in the presidency ? 6. When was John Adams inaugu 
 rated? 7. How many years did he? serve? 8. Who, during the same period, was 
 Vice-President ? 9. Were any States admitted into the Union while. John Adams 
 was President? 10. Who succeeded John Adams in the presidency? 11. When 
 was Jefferson inaugurated ? 12. How many years did Jefferson serve ? 13. Who 
 was the Vice-President during his first term of office? 14. Who, during the second ? 
 15. What State was admitted into the Union while he was President? 16. By whom 
 was he succeeded ? 1 7. When was James Madison inaugurated ? 18. For how many 
 years was he President? 19. Who were the Vice-Presidents during that period? 
 
 20. Name the two States that were admitted into the Union during his presidency? 
 
 21. Who was his successor in office ? 22. When was Monroe inaugurated ? 23. How 
 many years was Monroe President? 24. Who, during the same period, was Vice- 
 President? 25. Name the five States that were admitted into the Union during 
 Monroe s presidency? 26. Who succeeded Monroe in the presidency ? 27. When 
 was John Quincy Adams inaugurated? 23. Did he serve four or eight years? 
 29. Who was Vice-President during that time? 30. Were any States admitted into 
 the Union while John Quincy Adams was President ? 31. Who succeeded him in 
 the presidency ? 32. When was Jackson inaugurated ? 33. Was he President four or 
 eight years ? 34. What two States were admitted during Jackson s administration ? 
 35. What two during Tyler s? 36. What two during Folk s? 37. Which one dur 
 ing Fillmore s? 38. Were any admitted during Pierce s? 39. What three were 
 admitted during Buchanan s? 40. What was the length of Jackson s administra 
 tion? 41. Of Van Buren s? 42. Harrison s? 43. Tyler s? 44. Polk s? 45. Tay 
 lor s? 46. Fillmore s? 47. Pierce s? 48. Buchanan s ? 49. Who were Vice-Presi 
 dents during Jackson s administration? 50. Who was during Harrison s? 61 
 Tyler s? 52. Polk s? 53. Taylor s? 54. Fillmore s? 55. Pierce s? 
 
360 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF THE STATES. 
 
 SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 
 SETTLED. 
 
 
 
 
 When. 
 
 Where. 
 
 By Whom. 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 1607 
 
 Jamestown 
 
 English 
 
 
 New York 
 
 1614 
 
 New York 
 
 Dutch . 
 
 ro * 
 
 * 
 
 Massachusetts . . 
 
 1620 
 
 Plymouth 
 
 English . . . 
 
 5- 
 
 New Hampshire 
 Connecticut 
 
 1623 
 1633 
 
 Little Harbor . . . 
 Windsor . . . 
 
 English . . . 
 English . 
 
 CQ* 
 
 Maryland 
 
 1634 
 
 St. Mary s 
 
 English . . . 
 
 i; 
 
 Rhode Island . . . 
 Delaware 
 
 1636 
 
 1638 
 
 Proyidence 
 Wilmington 
 
 English . . . 
 Swedes . . 
 
 c* 
 
 o* 
 
 d * 
 
 North Carolina . . . 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 1650 
 1664 
 
 Chowan River . . 
 Elizabeth 
 
 English . . . 
 Dutch 
 
 8* 
 * 
 bm 
 
 South Carolina . . . 
 Pennsylvania 
 Georgia . . . 
 
 1670 
 1682 
 1733 
 
 Ashley River . . . 
 Philadelphia 
 Savannah 
 
 English . . . 
 English . . . 
 English 
 
 el 
 
 i: 
 
 Vermont 
 
 1724 
 
 Fort Dunimer . 
 
 English . . . 
 
 1791 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 1775 
 
 Boonesboro 
 
 (English 
 
 1792 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 1757 
 
 Fort London 
 
 English . . 
 
 1796 
 
 Ohio 
 
 1788 
 
 Marietta 
 
 English . . . 
 
 1802 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 1699 
 
 Iberville 
 
 French . 
 
 1812 
 
 Indiana 
 
 1730 
 
 Vincennes. . . 
 
 French . . . 
 
 1816 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 1716 
 
 Natchez 
 
 French .... 
 
 1817 
 
 Illinois 
 
 1720 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 French . . . 
 
 1818 
 
 
 1711 
 
 Mobile 
 
 French 
 
 1819 
 
 Maine 
 
 1625 
 
 Bristol 
 
 French 
 
 1820 
 
 Missouri . . 
 
 1764 
 
 St. Louis . . 
 
 French . . . 
 
 1821 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 1685 
 
 Arkansas Post. . 
 
 French . . . 
 
 1836 
 
 Michigan 
 
 1670 
 
 Detroit 
 
 French 
 
 1837 
 
 Florida. 
 
 1565 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 1845 
 
 Texas 
 Iowa 
 
 1692 
 1833 
 
 S. A. DeBexar.. 
 Burlington 
 
 Spaniards . 
 ^ngflish . . 
 
 1845 
 1846 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 1669 
 
 G reen Bay 
 
 French .... 
 
 1848 
 
 California 
 
 1769 
 
 San Die^o 
 
 Spaniards 
 
 1850 
 
 Minnesota. ...... 
 
 1846 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Americans 
 
 1858 
 
 Oregon 
 
 1811 
 
 Astoria 
 
 Americans 
 
 1859 
 
 Kansas . . 
 
 
 
 Americans 
 
 1861 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 Carson City 
 
 Americans. 
 
 1864 
 
 Nebraska. . . 
 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 (Questions to be answered from the above Table.) 
 
 When and where was Virgina settled? New York? Massachusetts? New 
 Hampshire? Connecticut? Maryland? Khode Island? Delaware? North Caro 
 lina? New Jersey? South Carolina? Pennsylvania? Georgia? When was Ver 
 mont admitted into the Union? Kentucky? Tennessee? Ohio? Louisiana? 
 Indiana? Which five States were admitted during the five succeeding years? 
 When were Arkansas and Michigan admitted ? Florida and Texas ? Iowa? Wis 
 consin? California? Minnesota? Oregon? Kansas? West Virginia? 
 
GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 361 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 . (One of these questions, in most cases, ia sufficient for a. lesson ; and then the pupil 
 had better answer it in writing in the form of a composition.) 
 
 PAGB 
 
 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1524.. * 
 
 2. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 11, 12, 13 
 
 3. Of the Cabots and their American discoveries 13, 14 
 
 4. Of Amerigo Vespucci and his two voyages to South America. . 13 
 
 5. Of Ponce de Leon and his two voyages to Florida 14, 15 
 
 6. Of Balboa and his discovery of the Pacific 15 
 
 7. Of De Ayllon and his two expeditions to Carolina 15, 16 
 
 8. Of Cortez and his conquest of Mexico 16, 17 
 
 9. Of Narvaez and his expedition to Florida 1*7 
 
 10. Of De Soto and his expedition for conquest and wealth 17, 18 
 
 11. Of Verrazani and his North American explorations 18 
 
 12. Name in order the principal events from 1524 to 1583 298 
 
 13. Give an account of Cartier and his two voyages to America. . . 18 
 
 14. Of the Huguenots and their settlements in America 19, 20 
 
 15. Of the two attempts made by Gilbert to settle in America. . 20, 21 
 
 16. Name in order the principal events from 1583 to 1608 * 
 
 17. Give an account of Raleigh and his attempts at settlement.. 21, 22 
 
 18. Of Gosnold, his voyage in 1602, and efforts in Virginia.. .22, 27, 28 
 
 19. Of the origin of the London and Plymouth Companies 23, 24 
 
 20. Name in order the principal events from 1608 to 1616 * 
 
 21. Give the history of Jamestown to the end of Ratcliffe s rule 25, 27, 28 
 
 22. Give the further history to the close of Smith s rule. 28, 30, 31, 32 
 
 23. Till the commencement of the Revolution.. . 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 
 
 24. Name in order the principal events from 1616 to 1637. * 
 
 25. Give an account of Captain John Smith. 27, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38 
 
 26. Of the Pilgrims and their settlement in New England. 38, 39, 40, 41 
 
 27. Of New Hampshire till the beginning of the Revolution. ... 43, 44 
 
 28. Of Connecticut till the beginning of the Revolution. 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 
 
 29. Of Roger Williams, and Rhode Island till the Revolution. 49, 42, 50 
 
 30. Name in order the principal events from 1637 to 1663. ....... * 
 
 31. Give an account of the " Union of the New England Colonies." 52 
 
 32. Of the persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts 52, 53 
 
 33. Of King Philip s War 53, 54, 5534. King William s War 5G, 57, 58 
 35. Of Queen Anne s War, 58, 59 36. Of King George s War, 59, 65 
 
 37. Of Henry Hudson, his voyage and discoveries 60 
 
 38. Give the history of New York under the Dutch governors 61, 62, 63 
 
 39. Its subsequent history till the Revolution 63, 64, 65 
 
 40. Name in order the principal events from 1C 63 to 1682 * 
 
 * Sec the Chronological and other tables at the end of the History. 
 
362 GENERAL KEVIEW QUESTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 41. Give the colonial history of New Jersey 66, 67, 68. 
 
 42. Name the events in the colonial Justory of Maryland, 70, 71, 72, 73. 
 
 43. In the colonial history of Pennsylvania 73, 74, 75, 76, 77. 
 
 44. Name in order the principal events from 1682 to 1710.. . . * 
 
 45. In the colonial history of North and South Carolina. .78, 7J), 80. 81. 
 
 46. In the colonial history of Georgia 81, 82, 8.".. 
 
 47. Name in order the principal events from 1710 to 1753 * 
 
 48. Of 1754 49. Of 1755. 50. Of 1756 * 
 
 51. Of 1757. 52. Of 1758. 53. Of 1759 * 
 
 54 Give an account of Gen. Wolfe 100, 104, 105, 10(5. 
 
 55. Give an account of Gen. Montcalm 95, 9G, 97, 101, ]OG. 
 
 56. Give the causes of the Revolution. 110, 111.112, 113, 114.315, 116. 
 
 57. Nnme in order the principal events from 1760 to 1775 * 
 
 58. Name in order the principal events of 1775 * 
 
 59. Of 1776. 60. Of 1777. 61. Of 177*8 * 
 
 62. Of 1779. 63. Of 1780. 64. Of 1781 * 
 
 65. Of 1782. 66. Of 1783 * 
 
 67. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren . 121 
 
 68. Of Gen. Schuyler 123, 146, 148, 149 
 
 69. Of Gen. Montgomery 124, 100, 123 
 
 70. Of Gen. Putnam 131, 120, 132, 133 
 
 71. Of Gen. Charles Lee 134, 128, 135, 138, 139, 155, 156 
 
 72. Of Gen. Gates 151, 149, 150, 165, 166, 167, 175 
 
 73. Of Gen. Sullivan, 135, 157, 158, 162. 74. Gen. Lincoln, 159, 160, 164 
 
 75. Sir Henry Clinton, 119, 121, 128, 130, 131, 140, 150, 151, 155, 156, 
 
 158, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 174, 182, 187. 
 
 76. Gen. HoW. . . .119, 120, 127, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 140, 142,155 
 
 77. Cornwallis, 128, 134, 136, 137, 140, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 
 
 * 179, 182, 185. 
 
 78. Arnold, 172, 119, 123, 124, 125, 148, 150,169, 170, 171, 183, 175, 184 
 -79. Gen. Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 157, 175, 252 
 
 80. Gen. Greene 178, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181 
 
 81. Gen. Morgan 177, 124, 125, 176, 177 
 
 82. Gen. Marion,168, 165, 180. 83. Gen. Sumter. . .180, 165, 168, 180 
 
 84. Name the battles of 1775. 85. Of 1776. 86. Of 1777 191 
 
 87. Of 1778. 88. Of 1779. 89. Of 1780. 90. Of 1781 191 
 
 91. Name the events of Washington s administration, 194, 195, 196, 
 
 197, 198, 199, 200. 
 
 92. Of John Adams s administration 200, 201, 202 
 
 93. Of Jefferson s administration 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 
 
 94. Name in order the principal events from 1782 to 1787 * 
 
GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 363 
 
 95. From 1787 to 1792. 06. From 1792 to 1799 * 
 
 97. From 1799 to 1805. 96. From 1805 to 1809 * 
 
 99. From 1809 to 1812 * 
 
 100. Name in order the principal events of 1812 * 
 
 101. Of 1813. 102. Of 181410;}. Of 1815 * 
 
 104. itfame in order the principal events from 1815 to 1818 * 
 
 105. From 1818 to 1826106. From 1826 to 1836 * 
 
 107. Give an account of Gen. "Wayne 160, 142, 161, 197, 198 
 
 108. Of Gen. St. Glair 145, 146, 197 
 
 109. Of Dr. Benjamin Franklin 129, 90, 137, 186 
 
 110. Name the battles of 1812. 111. Of 1813. 112. Of 1814... 243 
 
 113. Give an account of the war with Algiers 244, 245, 246 
 
 114. Give an account of Henry Clay 242, 243, 257, 288, 289 
 
 115. Of JolmC. Calhoun * 
 
 116. Name the events of Monroe s administration 248, 249, 250, 251, 252 
 
 117. Give an account of Lafayette 175, 138, 141, 252 
 
 118. Name the events of John Quincy Adams s administration 253, 254 
 
 119. Of Jackson s administration 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,259, 260, 261 
 
 120. Account of Jackson 255, 223, 224, 240, 241, 249, 254, 256, 257 
 
 121. Of Yan Buren and his administration 262, 254, 261 
 
 122. Of Harrison and his administration 263, 211, 218, 219, 220 
 
 123. Of Tyler and his administration 264, 265, 266 
 
 124. Name in order the principal events from 1836 to 1845 * 
 
 125. Name in order the principal events of 1845 * 
 
 126. Of 1846. 127. Of 1847 * 
 
 128. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1846 284 
 
 129. Give the names with the dates of the battles of 1847 285 
 
 130. Give an account of Gen. Taylor 286, 260, 270, 271, 287 
 
 131. Of Fillmore and his administration i 288, 289 
 
 132. Of Pierce and his administration 289, 290, 291 
 
 133. Of Buchanan and his administration 292, 269, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296 
 
 1 34. Of President Lincoln * 297 
 
 135. Name in order the principal events from 1847 to 1860 * 
 
 136. Name the presidents in the order of their succession * 
 
 137. Name, in order of settlement, the thirteen original States. ... * 
 
 138. State when and where each was settled * 
 
 139. Name the events connected with the early history of Boston 42, 
 
 55, 114, 115, 119, 120, 127. 
 
 140. New York. 141. Baltimore. 142. Philadelphia. 
 143. Charleston. 144. Savannah. 145. Albany. 
 
 146, Give an account of Gen. "Washington 194, 88, 89, 90, &c. 
 
 14 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED, JULY 4TH, 1776. 
 
 WHEN, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary 
 for one people to dissolve the political bands which have con 
 nected them with another, and to assume, among the powers 
 of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws 
 of nature and of nature s God entitle them, a decent respect to 
 the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
 causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are 
 created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer 
 tain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and 
 the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern 
 ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers 
 from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form 
 of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
 of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new gov 
 ernment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing 
 its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to 
 effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed," will dic 
 tate that governments long established, should not be changed 
 for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience 
 hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer while 
 evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the 
 forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train 
 of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
 evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
 is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 
 
1 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has 
 been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
 the necessity which constrains them to alter their former sys 
 tems of government. The history of the present king of 
 Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, 
 all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute 
 tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submit 
 ted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
 and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation 
 till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, 
 he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish 
 the right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestima 
 ble to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
 uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
 records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
 with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for oppo 
 sing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the 
 people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
 cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, in 
 capable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large 
 for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, ex 
 posed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul 
 sions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; 
 for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of for 
 eigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration 
 hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of 
 lande. 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing 
 his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the 
 tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
 salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers, to harass our people, and eat out their sub 
 stance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
 without the consent of our legislature. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
 superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for 
 any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of 
 these States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
 
 jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
 
 offenses : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh 
 boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, 
 and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an ex 
 ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
 rulo into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our govern 
 ments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them 
 selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases what- 
 soever. 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 \ He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of 
 his protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
 towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 
 mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
 tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and per 
 fidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
 unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the 
 high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the 
 executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall them 
 selves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
 endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
 merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
 undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for 
 redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have 
 been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose char 
 acter is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, 
 is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British breth 
 ren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts 
 made by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic 
 tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
 of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to 
 their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
 them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
 usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
 and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of 
 justice and consanguinity. We must therefore acquiesce in the 
 necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as 
 we hold the rest of mankind enemies in war in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
 America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Su- 
 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 preme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, 
 do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of 
 these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent 
 States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the Brit 
 ish crown, and that all political connection between them and 
 the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; 
 and that, as free and independent States, they have full power 
 to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish com 
 merce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 
 States may of right do. And, for the support of this declara 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi 
 dence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, 
 and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en 
 grossed, and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Charles Carroll, of Car- 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 
 Richard Stockton, 
 
 rollton. 
 
 William Whipple, 
 
 John Witherspoon, 
 
 
 Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 
 John Hart, 
 
 George Wythe, 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 Samuel Adams, 
 John Adams, 
 
 Abraham Clark. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 
 Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 Robert Morris, 
 
 Thomas Nelson, jun. r 
 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 
 
 James Wilson, 
 
 John Penn. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 
 Roger Sherman, 
 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 
 William Williams, 
 
 Caesar Rodney, 
 
 Thomas Heyward, jun., 
 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 George Read, 
 
 Thomas Lynch, jun., 
 
 
 Thomas M Kean. 
 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 New York. 
 
 
 
 William Floyd, 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Philip Livingston, 
 
 Samuel Chase, 
 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 
 Francis Lewis, 
 
 William Paca, 
 
 Lyman Hall, 
 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 Thomas Stone. 
 
 George Walton. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 The device of the Seal of the United States was adopted June 20, 1782, as 
 way of thirteen pieces, argent and gules; a chief azure; the escutcheon on the 
 eagle displayed proper, holding in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his s 
 
 follows: " Arms-Pale- 
 breast of the American 
 nister a bundle of thir 
 
 teen arrows, all proper, and in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto, " E pluribua Unum." For 
 the Crest over the head of the eagle, .... a glory, on breaking through a cloud, proper, ana surround 
 ing thirteen stars, forming a constellation, argent, oil an azure field." 
 
 ORIGIN" OF THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 I. WHEN the Revolutionary struggle commenced, there 
 were three forms of Colonial government in force among the 
 colonies, namely : the Provincial or Royal, the Proprietary, 
 and the Charter. 
 
 II. The Provincial or Royal government was that which 
 was under the control of a governor, who, appointed by the 
 king, administered affairs according to instructions from his 
 royal master. The colonies of this class were New Hamp 
 shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. I. QUESTIONS. 1. What forms of government 
 existed among the colonies previous to the Revolution ? 
 
 II. 2. "What was the Provincial or Koyal government? 3. Which of the colonies 
 were Provincial or Koyal ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 III. The Proprietary government was that which was under 
 the control of one or more proprietors, who derived their 
 authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, were subject to the 
 proprietary rule. 
 
 IV. The Charter government was that wherein certain 
 political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, were charter 
 governments. 
 
 V. In July, 1775 a year before the Declaration of Inde 
 pendence Dr. Franklin submitted to Congress a sketch of 
 Articles of Confederation between the colonies. By this plan 
 it was proposed to establish a Confederation, and continue it 
 until a reconciliation with Great Britain should take place ; 
 or, in the failure of that event, to make it perpetual. It ap 
 pears, however, that Franklin s plan was never discussed. 
 
 VI. On the llth of June, 1776, the very day on which 
 the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
 was chosen Congress resolved that a committee should be 
 appointed to prepare and digest a form of Confederation, to 
 be entered into by the colonies. 
 
 VII. On the 12th of July following, this committee, con 
 sisting of one from each State, reported a draft of Articles of 
 Confederation, which was considered and debated from time 
 to time, until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some 
 amendments, it was adopted. 
 
 VIII. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 
 by all the States except Delaware and Maryland, and by 
 
 III. QUKSTIONS. 4. What was the Proprietary government? 5. Which of the 
 colonies were subject to the Proprietary rule ? 
 
 IV. 6. What was the Charter Government? 7. Which of the colonies were pro 
 vided with charters ? 
 
 V. 8. When was a sketch of Articles of Confederation first submitted to Congress ? 
 9. By whom was it submitted? 10. What was proposed by Dr. Franklin s plan? 
 
 YI. 11. When was the Committee to prepare the Declaration of Independence 
 appointed? 12. What resolution was passed by Congress on that day? 
 
 VII. 13. Of how many persons did the committee consist ? 14. When did they 
 submit their report ? 15. What was done with the report ? 
 *1 
 
10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Delaware, in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the 
 part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until the 1st of 
 March, 1781, the day on which they were signed by the 
 delegates from that State. 
 
 IX. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation 
 were not adequate to the wants of the Government. They 
 were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the 
 settling of controversies between the States, and the making 
 of treaties with foreign nations ; and especially deficient in 
 not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liquidate 
 the debts incurred during the war. 
 
 X. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the 
 States, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, 
 for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation ; but 
 it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an 
 entirely new form of government, instead of making any at 
 tempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accord 
 ingly, after four months deliberation, the present Constitution, 
 except some changes which were made in after years, was 
 adopted by the Convention on the 17th of September, 1787. 
 
 XI. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, 
 in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it 
 with earnestness and thoroughness. It met with considerable 
 opposition, but, by the 4th of March, 1789, when it went 
 into operation, it had been adopted by all the States, with 
 the exception of North Carolina and Rhode Island.* 
 
 Delaware adopted it on the 7th of December, 1787 ; Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December : New 
 Jersey, on the 18th of December, Georgia, on the 2d of January, 1788; Connecticut, on the 9th of Janu 
 ary ; Massachusetts, on the 6th of February ; Maryland, on the S8th of April ; South Carolina, on the 23d 
 of May ; New Hampshire, on the 21st of June ; Virginia, on the 26th of June ; New York, on the 26th of 
 July ; North Carolina, on the 21st of November, 178y ; and Rliode Island, on the 29th of May, 1790. 
 
 VIIL QUESTIONS. 1C. When did the States ratify the Articles of Confederation? 
 17. When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect? 
 
 IX. 18. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera 
 tion ? 19. In what respects were they deficient ? 
 
 X. 20. What convention was held in May, 1787? 21. What was done by the 
 convention ? 
 
 XL 22. To whom was the Constitution submitted ? 23. Where was it discussed ? 
 24. When did it go into operation ? 25. Which of the States had adopted it at that 
 time? 
 
THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OP 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 WE, the people of the United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, 
 provide for the common defense, promote the general wel 
 fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our 
 posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the 
 United States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives. 
 
 PREAMBLE. 26. "What is the introductory part of the Constitution called? 27. 
 What is the object of the preamble ? A m. To state the purposes of the COD stitution. 
 28. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? 29. By whom was 
 the Constitution ordained and established? 30. Eecite the preamble. 31. How 
 many and what departments of government are established under the Constitution ? 
 Ana. Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 32. What is the legis 
 lative department? Ans. The power that enacts the laws. 33. What is the execu 
 tive department? Ans. The power that enforces the laws. 34 What is the judi 
 cial department ? Ans. The power that interprets the. laws. 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SEC. I. 35. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 36. In whom 
 is the legislative power vested ? 37. Of how many and what branches does Congress 
 consist ? 
 
12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st. Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com 
 posed of members chosen every second year by the people of 
 the several States, and the electors in each State shall have 
 the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
 branch of the State legislature. 
 
 2 d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
 not have attained to the age of twenty-five years; and been 
 seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
 when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 3d Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be appor 
 tioned among the several States which may be included within 
 this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall 
 be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, 
 including those bound to service for a term of years, and ex 
 cluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.* The 
 actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
 first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within 
 every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they 
 shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. 38. By whom are the representatives chosen ? 39. How 
 *ften are they chosen ? 40. What qualifications are requisite for electors or repre 
 sentatives ? 41. What is an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choos 
 ing an officer. Id Clause. 42. How old must a person be before he can be a repre 
 sentative? 43. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 44. What 
 is the requisite in regard to his habitation ? 45. Now name the three qualifications 
 requisite for a representative. 3d Clause. 46. How are representatives and direct 
 taxes apportioned among the States ? 47. How arc the respective numbers of the rep 
 resentative population of the several States to be determined ? 48. What provision is 
 made in regard to Indians ? 49. What is meant by " all other persons ? " Am. Slaves. 
 50. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? 51. How often thereafter is 
 the census to be made? 52. How many inhabitants at least are required for one rep 
 resentative? 53. If a State should not have that number, what is the law? 54. Was 
 the first representation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several 
 States? 55. W r hich State at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 56. 
 Which two States sent the smallest number? 5T. Of how many members did the 
 first House of Representatives consist? 58. Of how many does the present House 
 consist? Ana. 
 
 * See Article XIV. p. 39. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 
 
 exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have 
 at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall 
 be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to 
 choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi 
 dence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New 
 Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, 
 Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and 
 Georgia three. 
 
 4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation 
 from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs 
 of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 5th Clause. The House of Ptepresentatives shall choose 
 their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power 
 of impeachment. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 ls^ Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be com 
 posed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legis 
 lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one 
 vote. 
 
 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
 consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
 
 4th Clause. 59. How are vacancies in the representation of a State to be filled ? 5th 
 Clause. 60. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representatives chosen ? 
 61. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 62. What sole power has 
 the House? 63. What is meant by impeachment? Ans. An impeachment is an 
 accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of 
 his official duties. 
 
 SEC. III. 1st Clause. 64. Of whom is the Senate composed ? 65. By whom are 
 the senators chosen ? 60. For how long a period are they chosen? 67. How does 
 the mode of electing a senator differ from that of a representative ? Ans. A senator 
 of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his State ; a representative is 
 chosen by the people. 68. How do their terms of office differ? Am. A senator is 
 chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 69. How many votes is each 
 senator entitled to ? 70. Have the large States any more senators than the small 
 ones? 2eZ Clause. 71. Into how many classes were the isenators at first divided? 
 72. In what order were their seats of office vacated ? 73. What proportion of the 
 Senate is elected every second year? 74. How often is one-third elected? 75. 
 When may the executive of a State fill a vacancy in the Senate ? 76. For how long 
 a time docs a senator so appointed hold his office ? 77. How is the vacancy then 
 filled ? 73. Now state how vacancies In the Senate are filled. 
 
14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators 
 of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the sec 
 ond year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth 
 year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, 
 so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if 
 vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the re 
 cess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
 make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the 
 legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 
 
 3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
 attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citi 
 zen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be 
 an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be 
 president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be 
 equally divided. 
 
 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and 
 also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-presi 
 dent, or when he shall ex.ercise the office of president of the 
 United States. 
 
 6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all 
 impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all 
 be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United 
 States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person 
 shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the 
 members present. 
 
 &d Clause. 79. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 80. How 
 long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 81. What is required of 
 him in regard to residence? 82. Now name the three requisites for a senator. 83. 
 How do they differ from those of a representative ? (See page 12.) 4th Clause. 
 84. Who is president of the Senate ? 85. When only is he entitled to vote ? 5th 
 Clause. 8G. What officers are chosen by the Senate? ST. What is meant by a 
 u president pro tempore f" Ann. A " president pro tempore" 1 is one chosen only for 
 the time being. 88. When does the Senate choose a " president pro tempore ?" 6th 
 Clause. 89. What sole poAver has the Senate ? 90. What sole power has the House? 
 (See page 13.) 91. Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial of 
 impeachment? 92. When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? 93. Who 
 presides when the president of the United States is tried? 94. Whut proportion 
 of the Senate is necessary to a conriction ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 
 
 *lth Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
 extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification 
 to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the 
 United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
 liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish 
 ment, according to law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elec 
 tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
 each State by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at 
 any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to 
 the places of choosing senators. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
 every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in 
 December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 SECTION v. 
 
 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
 returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
 of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
 such manner, and under such penalties, as each house may 
 provide. 
 
 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 
 
 1th Clause. 95. How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment? 96. To 
 what is the convicted party further liable? 
 
 SKC. IV. 1st Clause. $1. What is prescribed by each State legislature in regard 
 to elections for senators and representatives? 98. What power has Congress over 
 such regulations? 2d Clause. 99. How often does Congress assemble ? 100. On 
 what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place? 101. May a different 
 day be appointed ? 102. How ? 
 
 SEC. V. 1st Clause,. 103. Of what is each house constituted the judge ? 104. What 
 
 proportion constitutes a quorum? 105. What is meant by a quorum ? Ans. By a 
 
 quorum is meant a sufficient number to do business. 106. What power do a smaller 
 number possess, as regards adjourning? 107. What else may they do, as regards ab 
 sentees? 2d Clauw.lOS. What power has each house, over the rules of its pro 
 ceedings? 109. What power docs each house possess for enforcing its rules? 
 
16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with 
 the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed 
 ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
 parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas 
 and nays of the members of either house on any question, 
 shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on 
 the journal. 
 
 4th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, 
 shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
 three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two 
 houses shall be sitting. 
 
 o 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 1st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a 
 compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and 
 paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in 
 all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be 
 privileged. from arrest during their attendance at the session 
 of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from 
 the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they 
 shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 3d Clause. 110. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? 
 111. How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress? 112. What part of its 
 journal may either house withhold from publication? 113. When shall the yeas and 
 nays be entered on the journal? 4tk Clause. 114. For what length of time may 
 either, house adjourn without the consent of the other? 115. How is each house 
 restricted, as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? 
 
 SEC. VI. 1st Clause. 116. Are members of Congress compensated for their ser 
 vices? 117. How is the compensation determined ? 118. Are members of Congress 
 paid by their States, respectively, or by the general government ? Ans. The sena 
 tors and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their services by the in 
 dividual States, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United 
 States. 119. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? 120. 
 What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution, allows 
 to Congressmen? 121. In what does treason consist ? (See page 32.) 122. What is 
 felony ? Arts. A felony is understood to mean a crime punishable with death. 123. 
 What is meant by a breach of the peace ? Ans. " A breach of the peace is a viola 
 tion of the public order." 124. For what are members of Congress not to be ques 
 tioned? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 
 
 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the 
 time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office 
 under the authority of the United States, which shall have been 
 created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, 
 during such time ; and no person holding any office under the 
 United States, shall be a member of either house during his 
 continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
 House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or 
 concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
 of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a 
 law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he 
 approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his 
 objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who 
 shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed 
 to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two thirds of 
 that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together 
 with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall like- 
 
 2d Clause. 125. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? 
 "126. Suppose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then? 
 
 SEC. VII. 1*2 Clause. 127. In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising 
 revenue originate ? 128. What power has the Senate over such bills ? 2d Clause. 
 129. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done with it? 
 130. What must the president do with the bill? 131. What is the president s act of 
 objecting to a bill called? Am. The president s act of returning a bill with his ob 
 jections, is called a veto. 132. Why was the veto power given to^ the president? 
 Am. The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the execu 
 tive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature; also 
 with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 133. When 
 the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 134. 
 When is the bill sent to the other house? 135. What accompanies the bill to the 
 other house? 136. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 13T. If two- 
 thirds approve of the bill, what then? 138. Now state how a bill may become a 
 law, notwithstanding the veto of the president. 139. When the two houses re- 
 consider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? 140. What record of names 
 is imperative ? 141. State how a bi. l may become a law, even though the president 
 has neither signed nor vetoed it. 142. In what case does a bill fail to become a law, 
 though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 
 
18 CONSTITUTION OF TllF, UNITED STATES. 
 
 wise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that 
 house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes 
 of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the 
 names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be 
 entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill 
 shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sun 
 days excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the 
 same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, un 
 less the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, iu 
 which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the 
 concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
 be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be 
 presented to the president of the United States ; and before 
 the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being 
 disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
 Senate arid House of Representatives, according to the rules 
 and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power 
 
 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and ex 
 cises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defense 
 and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, iru- 
 
 3d Clause. 143. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, 
 requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? 144. What is 
 the object of the provision ? Ans. If it were not for the provision, Congress might 
 pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the president s veto. 
 145. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it 
 take ? 141 In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the 
 president no veto power? 
 
 SEC. Till. 1st Clause. 111. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, 
 imposts, and excises? 143. What are taxes? Ans. Contributions of money exacted 
 by government from individuals, for public purposes. 149. How many kinds of taxes 
 are there? Ans. Two kinds; direct and indirect. 150. What are direct taxes? 
 Ans. Those laid directly on the person or property of individuals. 151. What are 
 indirect taxes? Ann. Those laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption 
 of goods. 152. What are duties? Ans. Taxes on the importation and exportation 
 of goods. 153. What are imposts? Ans. Taxes on goods imported. 151. What are 
 excises? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 
 
 posts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
 States ; 
 
 3d Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and 
 among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 
 
 4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
 and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout 
 United States ; 
 
 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and 
 of foreign coin, and to fix the standard of weights and meas 
 ures ; 
 
 6th Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeit 
 ing the securities and current coin of the United States ; 
 
 1th Clause. To establish post-offices and post- roads ; 
 
 8th Clause. To promote the progress of science and use 
 ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors 
 the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 9th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
 Court ; 
 
 2d Clause. 155. "What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? 3d 
 Clause. 156. What, in regard to regulating commerce? 4th Clause. 157. What, in 
 regard to a rule of naturalization ? 158. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. 
 The act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 159. How 
 long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized? Am. 
 Five years -at least. 160. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies ? 161. 
 What is meant by bankruptcies? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable 
 to pay his just debts. 5th Clause. \&l. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
 money? 163. What, in regard to the value of money? 164. What, in regard to for 
 eign coins? 165. What, in regard to weights and measures? 6th Clause. IG6. 
 What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 1th Clause. 167. What, in 
 regard to post-offices and post-roads? 8th Clause. 168. In what way may Congress 
 promote the progress of science and arts? 169. For how long a time is the author 
 of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. Twenty-eight years. 
 170. What is the right called ? Ans. A copyright. 171. May a copyright be renewed? 
 Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright may bo renewed 
 for the further period of fourteen years. 172. For how long a time is the inventor 
 of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it? Ans. Fourteen 
 years. 173. What is the right called? Ans. A patent right. 174. Can a patent 
 right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the 
 end of the fourteen years, to extend the patent right for the further period of seven 
 years. 
 
20 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 10th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
 committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of 
 nations; 
 
 11 th Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and wa 
 ter ; 
 
 12th Clause. To raise and support armies ; but no appropri 
 ation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two 
 years ; 
 
 13^ Clause. -To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 14th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu 
 lation of the land and naval forces; 
 
 15th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
 execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and 
 repel invasions ; 
 
 IQth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis 
 ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as 
 may be employed in the service of the United States, reserv 
 ing to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, 
 and the authority of training the militia according to the dis 
 cipline prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 17th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
 
 9th Clause. 175. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals? Wth 
 Clause. 116. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. ? 177. What is piracy? 
 Ans. Robbery on the high seas. 178. What is meant by the term "high seas?" 
 An. The " high seas 11 are all the waters oft he ocean beyond the boundaries of low- 
 water-mark. l\th Clause. -179. What power has Congress in regard to declaring 
 war? 180. What, in regard to "letters of marque and reprisal?" 1S1. What are 
 "letters of marque and reprisal?" Ans. Commissions granted by the government to 
 individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or 
 subjects of a nation that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has 
 committed. 182. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? 
 VMh Clause. 1$3. What power has Congress in regard to armies? 184. In what 
 way is such power restricted? \Zth Clause. 185. What power has Congress in regard 
 to a navy ? lith Clause. 1 86. What power, in regard to the government of the land 
 and naval forces? 15th Clause. 187. What power, in regard to calling forth the 
 militia, etc. ? 16th Clause. 188. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and 
 disciplining the militia ? 189. What, in regard to governing the militia? 190. What 
 reservations are secured to the respective States ? I~t7i Clause. 191. What power has 
 Congress in regard to the seat of government, and to places purchased for certain pur 
 poses set forth ? 192. What is the district occupied by the seat of government called ? 
 Ans. The District of Columbia. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 
 
 whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) 
 as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance 
 of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
 States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased 
 by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the 
 same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
 dock-yards, and other needfnl buildings ; and 
 
 18th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
 proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and 
 all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Govern 
 ment of the United States, or in any department or officer 
 thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
 as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, 
 shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and eight; but a tax or duty may be 
 imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for 
 each person. 
 
 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
 not be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva 
 sion, the public safety may require it. 
 
 195. How large was the District of Columbia originally ? Ans. A tract ten miles 
 square. 194 From what States had it been derived? Ans. Maryland and Virginia. 
 195. Is the District of Columbia at present tan miles square ? Ans. The portion 
 which had been derived from Virginia having been ceded back to that State in 1846, 
 the District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Potomac. 196. 
 What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property in a State, 
 for the erection of forts, magazines, etc.? IStt, Claitse.Wl. What general powers 
 are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws? 
 
 SEC. IX. 1st Clause. 198. What restrict! on was imposed upon Congress, in regard 
 to the migration or importation of certain persons ? 199. Who were meant by " snch 
 persons?" Ans. Slaves. 200. What was the great object of the clause ? Ans. To 
 enable Congress to put an end to the importation of slaves into the United States, 
 after the year 1808. 201. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, 
 without actually forbidding it? 202. When was the importation actually prohibited? 
 Ans. On the first of January, 1S08. 2cZ Clause 203. What is said of the writ of 
 habeas corpus ? 
 
22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
 be passed. 
 
 4th Clause. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, 
 unless in proportion to the census or enumeratioc herein be 
 fore directed to be taken. 
 
 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
 from any State. 
 
 6 th Clause. No preference shall be given, by any regulation 
 of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those 
 of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be 
 obliged to enter, clearj or pay duties in another. 
 
 *lth Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
 but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
 regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi 
 tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the 
 United States : and no person holding any office of profit or 
 trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
 accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
 whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 
 
 204. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. A written command from a judge or 
 other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before 
 him. 205. What is the object of the writ? Ans. Theobjectofa writ of habeas corpus 
 is to provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment, 206. Eepeat 
 the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 20T. In what cases may the privi 
 lege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended ? 3d Clause. 208. What is said of 
 bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? 209. What is a bill of attainder ? Ans. An 
 act of the legislature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons 
 supposed to be guilty of high crimes. 210. What is an ex post facto law? Ann. A 
 law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at 
 the time of its commission. 4th Clause. 211. In what way may Congress lay a capi 
 tation or other direct tax? 212. What is meant by a capitation? -Ans. A direct tax 
 upon individuals. 213. How is the census *o betaken? (See page 12.) 5th Clause. 
 214 What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported 
 from any State? 6th Clause. 215. What preference is forbidden in relation to a reg 
 ulation of commerce or revenue? 216. What freedom have vessels that are bound 
 from one State to another? Itk Clause. 21T. Under what circumstances only can 
 money be drawn from the national treasury? 218. What publication must be made 
 in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? Bth Clause. 219. What 
 is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 220. What is said of office-holders 
 accepting presents, etc. ? 221. Under what circumstances may an office-holder ac 
 cept a present ? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or 
 confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin 
 money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and sil 
 ver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attain 
 der, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con 
 tracts, or grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Con 
 gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except 
 what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection 
 laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by 
 any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the 
 treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be 
 subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 3d Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, 
 lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time 
 of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another 
 State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu 
 ally invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
 delay. 
 
 222. Kepeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 
 
 SEC. X. 1st Clause. 223. What prohibition is placed upon the several States as 
 regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 224. What, as regards letters of marque 
 and reprisal? 225. What, as regards the coining of money? 226. What, as regards 
 bills of credit ? 227. What is meant by bills of credit ? Ans. Bills of credit, within 
 the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the 
 people. 228. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 229. What 
 prohibition is placed upon individual States, in regard to a bill of attainder ? 230. 
 What, in regard to an ex postfficto law ? 231. What, in regard to a law impairing an 
 obligation ? 282. What, in regard to a title of nobility? 233. Eecite the clause just 
 considered. 2d Clause.- 234. What prohibition are individual States under, as re 
 gards imposts or duties? 235. In what case only, may a State lay any imposts or 
 duties? 236. What are inspection laws ? Am. Laws requiring certain articles of 
 commerce to be examined by officers called inspectors. 237. What is the object of 
 inspection laws ? Ans. To protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part 
 of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles 
 produced. 238. What disposition must be made of the net produce of all duties and 
 imposts la d by individuals ? 239. What are the inspection laws of individual States, 
 as regards imports or exports, subject to? 3d Clause, 240. What prohibition are 
 individual States under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage? 
 
24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a presi 
 dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his 
 office during the term of four years, and, together with the 
 vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as fol 
 lows : 
 
 2d Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the 
 legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to 
 the whole number of senators and representatives to which 
 the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no senator or 
 representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit 
 under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 241. What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a tonnage duty, is a 
 tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 242. What prohibition are individual 
 States under as to the keeping of troops? 243. What, as to the keeping of ships of 
 war? 244. What, as to an agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign 
 power? 245. What, as to engaging in war? 246. Under what circumstances, then, 
 may a State engage in war ? 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SEO. I. 1st Clause. 247. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 248. 
 In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 249. What is the 
 president s term of office ? 250. How often may a president be re-elected ? Ans. The 
 Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re- 
 elected. 251. Who was the first president of the United States ? An*. Washington. 
 252. For how many terms did Washington serve? Ans. Two. 253. Why was not 
 Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, 
 Washington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 254. What has been the effect 
 of his declination ? Ans. Washington s example, in declining to be elected for a third 
 term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been guided. 
 255. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See History, p. 
 309.) 256. Which has the longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a repre 
 sentative ? 257. What term has each ? 258. What is the vice-president s term of 
 office? 259. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? Ans. Johp. 
 Adams. 2CO. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The 
 president and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 2a> 
 Clause. 261. In what manner does each State appoint electors? 262. What num 
 ber of electors is each State entitled to? 263. Who are prohibited from being 
 electors? 
 
CONSTITUTION- OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 
 
 [The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per 
 sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. 
 And they shall make a .list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes 
 for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
 government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The presi 
 dent of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eepresenta- 
 tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person hav 
 ing the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
 have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Eepre- 
 sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president; and if no 
 person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in 
 like manner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be 
 taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for 
 this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 
 and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
 the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of the 
 electors shall be the vice-president. But if there should remain two or more who 
 have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 
 
 THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 l.s Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, 
 and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of 
 whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State 
 with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person 
 voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
 for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all 
 persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as 
 vice-president,* and of the number of votes for each, which lists 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of 
 the government of the United States, directed to the president 
 of the Senate ; the president of the Senate shall, in the pres 
 ence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
 certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person 
 having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be 
 the president, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
 
 TIIE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 264. "W hat has been done with the original clause, of the Constitution prescribing 
 the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-president? Ans. It has 
 been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Constitution. 
 265. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet ? 266. In what 
 way do they vote ? 267. What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom 
 they shall not vote ? 268. How is it required that their ballots shall be made out? 
 2 
 
26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ber of electors appointed : and if no person have such major 
 ity, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not 
 exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the 
 House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, 
 the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
 be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
 one vote : a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem 
 ber or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority 
 of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
 House of Representatives shall not choose a president, when 
 ever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
 fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president 
 shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other con 
 stitutional disability of the president. 
 
 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes 
 as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be 
 a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no 
 person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on 
 the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president : a quorum 
 for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
 
 269. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 270. What provision 
 must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? 271. After the 
 lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? 272. To what place 
 are they then transmitted? 273. What docs the president of the Senate do with the 
 certificates ? 274. How is it determined who is elected president ? 275. Now de 
 scribe the manner in which the electors choose a president. 276. In the event of no 
 choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 277. From 
 h;)W many and what candidates must the House of Eepresentatives choose the presi 
 dent ? 278. In what way must the choice be made ? 279. How are the votes taken 
 in choosing the president ? 280. How many votes is each State entitled to ? 281. 
 How many is each entitled to, when voting by electors? 282. In choosing the presi 
 dent by the House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 283. In such 
 case, how many States are necessary to a choice? 284. Whenever the right of choos 
 ing a president devolves upon the House of Eepresentatives, till what time may the 
 right be exercised ? 285. Now describe the manner in which the House of Repre 
 sentatives choose a president. 286. In the event of both the electors and House of 
 Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? 287. How is it deter- 
 mined whom the electors have chosen for vice-president? 288. In the event of no 
 person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen? 
 
 289. When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 
 
 290. How many are necessary to a choice ? 291. What is said of the eligibility to the 
 office of president, as compared with that of vice-president? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 
 
 of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be 
 necessary to a choice. 
 
 3d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the 
 office of president, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of 
 the United States. 
 
 4th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choos 
 ing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their 
 votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United 
 States. 
 
 5th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
 citizen of the United States #t the time of the adoption of this 
 Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither 
 shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
 attained to the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years 
 a resident within the United States. 
 
 6th Clause. In* case of the removal of the president from 
 office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the 
 powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
 the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for 
 the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the 
 
 4th Clause. 292. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors? 
 293. What, as to the day on which the electors shall vote ? 294. In the event of Con 
 gress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness 
 is prescribed ? 295. When are the electors chosen ? Ans. On the Tuesday next after 
 the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 296. Where do the 
 electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. In their respective States, at a place ap 
 pointed by the legislature thereof. 297. What place is usually appointed for their 
 meeting ? Ans. The capital of their State. 298. When do the electors meet to give 
 their votes ? Ans. On the first "Wednesday in the last December of each presidential 
 term. 5th Clause. 299. What person, as regards his place of birth, cannot be eligible 
 to the office of president? SOO. How old must a person be to be eligible to that 
 office? 801. How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have 
 resided within the United States? 802. Now state the legal qualifications of a 
 president. 803. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications. 6^ Clause. 304. 
 In .vhat contingencies does the oSise of president devolve on the vice-president? 
 805. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, 
 etc., of the president ? 
 
28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then 
 act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until 
 the disability be removed, or a president shall be elected. 
 
 1th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for 
 his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased 
 nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been 
 elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other 
 emolument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 8th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
 he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 the office of president of the United States, and will, to the 
 best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu 
 tion of the United States." 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of 
 the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of 
 the several States, when called into the actual service of the 
 United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the 
 principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any 
 subject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and 
 he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for of 
 fences against the United States, except in cases of impeach 
 ment. 
 
 806. What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president ? 307. 
 In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer shall, 
 by law of Congress, act as president? Am. The president of the Senate, pro tern- 
 pore, shall act as president. 308. What is to be done, in case there is no president 
 of the Senate ? Am. Then the speaker of the House of Representatives shall act as 
 president 309. How long shall such officers, acting as president, continue to act? 
 1th Clause. 310. What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensation 
 to be allowed to the president? 311. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any 
 other emolument? 312. Eecite the clause relating to the president s compensation. 
 313. What is the salary of the president? Ans. $25,000 a year, together* with the 
 use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 314. What is the salary of the 
 vice-president? Ans. $8,000 a yeai- 8th Clause, 315. What does the president 
 do, Jiiat before entering on the execution of his office? 316. Repeat the oath or 
 affirmation token by the President 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 
 
 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of 
 the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and, by 
 and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint 
 ambassa dors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the 
 supreme court, and all other officers of the United States whose 
 appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which 
 shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest 
 the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper, 
 in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of 
 departments. 
 
 3d Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
 vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
 by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
 their next session 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information 
 of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
 
 SEC. IL 1st Clause. 317. In what relation does the president stand toward tho 
 army and navy? 318. When only can he command the militia? 319. Whose opin 
 ions may he require in writing? 320. Upon what subjects may he req lire the opin 
 ions? 321. Is he bound to be guided by such opinions? Ans. He is not. 322. What 
 executive departments have been established by Congress? Ans. Six, namely: (1) 
 Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of War, (4) De 
 partment of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Department, and (6) Department of the 
 Interior. 323. For what purpose were they established ? Ans. For the purpose of 
 aiding the president in the executive and administrative business of the govern 
 ment 324. How are the heads of the departments appointed? Ans. By the presi 
 dent, with the advice and consent of the Senate. 325. How is the attorney -general 
 appointed? Ans. In like manner with the heads of the departments. 326. Of 
 whom does the president s cabinet consist? Ans. Of the heads of the Departments 
 and the attorney-general of the United States. 327. What power has the president 
 in relation to reprieves and pardons? 32S. What is a reprieve? Ans. A limited 
 suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 329. With 
 what exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons? 2d Clause. 330. What power has the president relative to treaties? 
 331. In whom is the appointing power vested? 882. What is the first step in 
 making an appointment? 833. What offices are enumerated, for which the presi 
 dent and Senate make appointments? 334. What may Congress do in relation to 
 the appointment of inferior officers? 3d Clause. 335. What vacancies can the presi 
 dent fill? 336. When does such appointment expire? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he 
 may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either 
 of them ; and in case of disagreement between them, with 
 respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to 
 such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors 
 and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be 
 faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment 
 for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
 and misdemeanors. 
 
 (7+ 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
 
 SBC. III. 337. What information is the president required to give to Congress? 
 838. What recommendations is ho required to make? 839. In what way are the re 
 commendations made ? Ans. By means of written messages. 340. Was the read 
 ing of written messages always the practice? An*. The first two presidents, 
 Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their 
 recommendations by verbal addresses. 341. Is Congress obliged to adopt the presi 
 dent s recommendations ? Ans. Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recom 
 mendations of the president 342. When may the president convene both houses ? 
 343. May he convene only one house? 344. When? 345. When may the president 
 adjourn Congress? 346. What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, 
 etc. ? 347. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws ? 34& What ia 
 his duty respecting the granting of commissions? 
 
 SEC. IV. 349. For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 
 350. How may the removal be effected ? 
 
 AETICLE III. 
 
 THE JUDICIAL DEPABTMENT. 
 
 SEC. I. 351. Of what does Article III. of the Constitution treat? 352. In what is 
 the judicial power of the United States vested? 353. How long do the judges hold 
 their offices ? 354. What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 355. 
 How can the judges be removed from office? (See page 14.) 356. How is the su 
 preme court of the United States organized ? Ans. The supreme court of the Uni 
 ted States is composed of one chief-justice and eight associate justices, any five of 
 
 whom constitute a quorum. 357. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. 
 
 $6,500 a year. 358. What is the salary of each associate justice ? Ans. $6,000 a year. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 
 
 one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress 
 may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, 
 both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices 
 during good behavior , and shall, at stated times, receive for 
 their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished 
 during their continuance in office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in 
 law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the 
 United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under 
 their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
 ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
 jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall 
 be a party ; to controversies between two or more States ; be 
 tween a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens 
 of different States ; between citizens of the same State claim 
 ing lands under grants of different States ; and between a State, 
 or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or subjects. 
 
 2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
 ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, 
 the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the 
 other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. -359. Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United 
 States courtshave jurisdiction. 360. Name the second, concerning ambassadors, etc. 
 361. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 362. The fourth, concerning 
 Controversies with the United States. 3G3. The fifth, concerning controversies be 
 tween States. 364. The sixth, concerning controversies between a State and citi 
 zens. 365. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 366. The 
 eighth, concerning controversies between citizens claiming lands. 367. What is the 
 last of the nine subjects? 2d Clause. 368. In what cases has the supreme court 
 original jurisdiction? 369. What is meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. The 
 original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or commences. 3TO. 
 "What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. The appellate jurisdiction of a 
 conrt is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal. Sd 
 Cl<niRe.S7\. Before whom must the u trial of all crimes" be held? 3T2. What 
 cases are exceptions to the law? 373. By whom are impeachments tried? (See 
 page 14.) 374. Where must the trial of a crime committed within a State be held? 
 375. Where, when not committed within a State f 376. Kepeat the entire clause iust 
 considered. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such excep 
 tions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. 
 3c? Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im 
 peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the 
 State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but 
 when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such 
 place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist 
 only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their ene 
 mies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con 
 victed of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to 
 the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the 
 punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason shall work 
 corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the 
 person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the pub 
 lic acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
 And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner 
 
 SEC. III. 1st Clcnise.ST?. Of how many things does treason against the United 
 States consist? 378. What are the two things? -379. What is necessary to a con 
 viction of treason? 2d Clause. 380. What power has Congress relative to the 
 punishment of treason? 381. What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? 
 Ans. Congress has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hang 
 ing. 382. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 383. 
 What is meant by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a staining, corruption, or 
 rendering impure. 384. What is meant by corruption of blood ? Ans. By " cor 
 ruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit lands from an ancestor; nor can 
 he either retain those in his possession, or transmit them by descent to his heirs. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 . SEO. I. 385. Of what does Article IV. treat? 886. How are the public acts, etc., 
 of the several States, to be treated in each State ? 387. How are they to be proved 9 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 
 
 in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, 
 and the effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to 
 all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 
 
 2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, 
 felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found 
 in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of 
 the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed 
 to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, 
 under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in conse 
 quence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from 
 such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of 
 the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress 
 into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected 
 within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be 
 formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of 
 States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States 
 concerned, as well as of the Congress. 
 
 *2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of 
 and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the ter 
 ritory or other property belonging to the United States ; and 
 
 SEC. II. 1st Clause. 388. What privileges and immunities are the citizens of each 
 State entitled to ? 2d Clause. 389. What is said of persons charged with crime, 
 fleeing into another State? 3d Clause. 390. What is said of persons escaping 
 from service or labor? 391. What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ana. 
 Fugitive slaves, and persons bound by indentures of apprenticeship. 
 
 SEC. III. 1st Clause. 392. By whom may new States be admitted into the 
 Union? 393. What is said of the formation of new States? 394. How many States 
 belonged to "the Union at the adoption of the Constitution ? (See page 10.) 395. 
 How many belong to the Union now? 2d Clause. 3Q&. What power has Congress 
 respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States? 397. 
 What construction as to claims is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution? 
 
 3* 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to preju 
 dice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 
 State. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall protect 
 each of them against invasion ; and, on application of the 
 legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot 
 be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
 deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitu 
 tion ; or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of 
 the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amend 
 ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and 
 purposes, as a part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
 legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conven 
 tions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
 ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided, that 
 no amendment which may be made prior to the year one 
 thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
 the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first 
 article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be 
 deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 SEC. IV. 398. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the several States 
 in respect to their form of government ? 399. In what two events are the United 
 States bound to protect individual States? 
 
 AETICLE V. 
 
 MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 400. Of what does Article V. treat? 401. In what two ways may amendments to 
 the Constitution be proposed ? 402. What two ways are provided for ratifying 
 amendments ? 403. What three restrictions upon the power of making amendments 
 were originally imposed by the Constitution ? 404. Why have two of the restric 
 tions lost their force ? 405. What do " the first and fourth clauses" referred to, de 
 clare ? 406. What permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments 
 still exists in full force? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1st Clause. All debts contracted, and engagements entered 
 into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
 against the United States under this Constitution as under the 
 Confederation. 
 
 2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties 
 made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United 
 States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judges in 
 every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitu 
 tion or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3d Clause. The senators and representatives before men 
 tioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and 
 all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States 
 and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirma 
 tion to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall 
 ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust 
 under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be 
 sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
 the States so ratifying the same. 
 
 AETICLE VI. 
 
 ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 
 
 1st Clause. 407. What debts and engagements does the Constitution, recognize? 
 2d Clause. 408. What is declared to be the supreme law of the land ? 409. By what 
 are the judges in every State bound? 3d Clause.ilQ. Who, besides the judges, 
 are bound to support the Constitution? 411. In what way shall they be bound? 
 412. What prohibition is made in regard to religious tests? 
 
 AETICLE VII. 
 
 413. How many States were necessary to ratify the Constitution, in order to its 
 establishment? 414. Where did the Convention meet which framed the Constitu 
 tion? Ann. Philadelphia. 415. In what year was it framed? (See p. 10.) 416. 
 Who was the president of the convention? Ans. George Washington. 41T. How 
 many delegates signed the Constitution? 418. Which of the thirteen States was 
 not represented in the convention ? Ans. Ehode Island. 419. How many States 
 ratified the Constitution before it went into effect? Ans. Eleven. 420. Which 
 of the thirteen States did not ratify the Constitution until afterward ? A ns. North 
 Carolina and Ehode Island failed to ratify the Constitution until after it had been 
 ratified by the other eleven States and had gone into operation. 
 
36 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 AMENDMENTS, 
 
 PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL 
 STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridg 
 ing the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right ,of 
 the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the govern 
 ment for a redress, of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of 
 a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
 shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 .No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house 
 without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a 
 manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
 houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
 seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but 
 upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and par 
 ticularly describing the place to be searched, and the person 
 or things to be seized. 
 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 421. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded ? Ans. All the 
 amendments to the Constitution, with the exception of the 12th, may be regarded as 
 a declaration, securing to the people and States certain rights, beyond the possibility 
 of being encroached upon by Congress. 1st Article. 422. What declaration does the 
 first amendment make, respecting religion ? 423. What, respecting the freedom of 
 speech? 424. What, respecting the freedom of the press? 425. What, respecting 
 the right of petition? 2d Article. 426. What is the declaration respecting the right 
 of the people to keep and bear arms? 3d Article. 427. What is said of quartering 
 soldiers? th Article. 428. What is said of searches and seizures? 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or other 
 wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of 
 a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or 
 in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public 
 danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense 
 to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com 
 pelled iu any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor 
 be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process 
 of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, 
 without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 
 to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
 State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, 
 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, 
 and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
 to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have com 
 pulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to 
 have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 
 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be 
 preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise 
 re-examined, in any court of the United States, than according 
 to the rules of the common law. 
 
 429. What is said of the issuing of warrants ? 5th Article. 430. What is said of 
 holding persons to answer for crimes? 431. What is said of a second trial for the 
 same offense? 432. What is the meaning of the clause, that no person shall "be 
 twice put in jeopard) ," etc. ? Ans. It means that no person shall be a second time 
 tried for the same offense, of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 433. 
 When shall not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 434. What guar 
 antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 435. When only can 
 private property be taken for public use ? 6th Article.-^36. What right shall a per 
 son accused of crime enjoy ? 437. What right, as to the witnesses against him? 438. 
 "What right, as to the witnesses in his favor ? 439. What right, as to the assistance of 
 counsel? 1th, Article.-*. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be pre 
 served ? 
 
38 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
 imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall 
 not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
 people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con 
 stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States respectively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be con 
 strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
 prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
 another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 
 ARTICLE XIII.* 
 
 SECTION I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall 
 have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, 
 or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 SEC. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article 
 by appropriate legislation. 
 
 * For the twelfth amendment, see page 25. 
 
 441. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made? 
 Sth Article. 442. What is said of bail, fines, r ad punishments ? 9th Article. US. 
 What is said of rights retained by the people ? lOtfi Article. 444 What is said of 
 the powers reserved to the States ? \\th Article.- 445. What v said of the restriction 
 upon the judicial power? 13th Article. Section I.-446 What is said of slavery 
 and involuntary servitude ? Sec. II. What power has Congress with reference to 
 this subject? Give the history of Article XIII. of the Constitution. (See history, p. 
 341.) IWi Article. When was the 14th Article adopted ? Ans. Having ben 
 ratified by three-fourths of the States it was declared adopted on the 2Sth of July, 
 1868. Sec. I.-- Who are declared to be citizens of the United States ? What restric 
 tion is imposed upon the States with regard to the privileges or immunities of cili- 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 SECTION I. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
 States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of 
 the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No 
 State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the 
 privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
 shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, 
 without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
 jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 SEC. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the 
 several States according to their respective numbers, counting 
 the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians 
 not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the 
 choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the 
 United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and 
 judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature 
 thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, 
 being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United 
 States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in re 
 bellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
 be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male 
 citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
 one years of age in such State. 
 
 SEC. III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative 
 in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or 
 hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or 
 under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a 
 member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
 
 zens ? What, with regard to the lives, liberty, or property of persons ? What, with 
 regard to the protection of the law given to persons ? Sec. II. How are representa 
 tives and direct taxes apportioned among the States? How does this provision of 
 the Constitution differ from the one formerly in force? (See Article I., Sec. II., 3d 
 clause, p. 12.) When shall a reduction be made in the basis of representation to 
 which a State may be entitled ? Sec. III. What class of persons, in consequence of 
 their rebellious acts, are deprived of certain exalted privileges? Name the privi 
 leges which are withheld from them. Is it possible for any person belonging to that 
 
40 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or 
 judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the 
 United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion 
 against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies there 
 of. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
 remove such disability. 
 
 SEC. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United 
 States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay 
 ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in 
 surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither 
 the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt 
 or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
 against the United States, or any claim for the loss or eman 
 cipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and 
 claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 SEC. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by ap 
 propriate legislation, the provisions of this article. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 SECTION I. The right of citizens of the United States to 
 vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, 
 or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous con 
 dition of servitude. 
 
 SEC. II. The Congress shall have power to enforce this 
 article by appropriate legislation. 
 
 class to have the privileges accorded him? How? Sec. IV. What shall not be 
 questioned as regards the debts of the United States? What debts, obligations, and 
 claims are declared illegal and void ? What restriction is imposed upon the General 
 Government and individual States, with respect to such debts, obligations and claims? 
 Sec. V. What legislation may Congress enact, in regard to the provisions of Arti 
 cle XIV. 2 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on ili^la^l fllUC siuuutd below. 
 
 JAN 28 1948 
 
 JAN 29 1948 m 
 
 LD 21-100m-9, 47(A5702sl6)476 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 CD3flblfit,57 
 
 ^OL^^- 
 
 ET/.7 
 
 A 
 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY