LIBRARY OF THE University of California. Class f * fin SCttA*- 1 u The American Jew AS Patriot, Soldier and Citizen j£\ 3ft ■ {m I (€jssji Wl LIBERT v 1 jjp ' imL^^^M ar AN£tttCA. V / \J . i k STATUE OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. THE AMERICAN JEW AS Patriot, Soldier and Citizen BY SIMON WOLF LOUIS EDWARD LEVY PHILADELPHIA THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY PUBLISHERS NEW YORK— CHICAGO— WASHINGTON BRENTANO'S 1895 -\ 3^ 6 F\8 | Copyright 1895. The Levytype Company, philadelphia. "Bno J^e sball know tbe Grutb ano tbe Grutb sball mafee sou frce. M -5obn, Wit, 32. To All Who Love and Seek the Truth This Work is Dedicated BY The Author. 217019 Editor's Preface. It were an error to suppose that prejudice is always the off- spring of ignorance, inasmuch as the reverse is very frequently true. Not seldom is ignorance the result of prejudice, through a willful refusal to recognize such facts as run counter to the latter. A more accurate simile would, therefore, be the liken- ing of prejudice and ignorance to twins, of whom either may be the precursor of the other, and either one the stronger of the two. The prejudices which follow ordinary ignorance give way readily before increasing knowledge of the truth, but where prejudice is the elder of the twin vices, it is usually the most obstinate as well. "None so blind as those who will not see" is an old aphorism whose truth is universally recognized. This obstinate kind of prejudice is usually but a form of self-conceit, as the latter, in turn, is but another form of ignorance. To combat one of the most obstinate of all obstinate pre- judices, and to promote enlightenment on a subject whereof ignorance has become unpardonable, has been undertaken by Hon. Simon Wolf in the work before us. His impelling motive has been to enforce a recognition of the Jewish people as a militant factor in the upbuilding of the State, and of Judaism as a primal force in the furtherance of civilization, and he has chosen as his weapons the simple truth of history and the testi- mony of leaders among men. A notable French writer remarks that ' ' La vSrite historique (vii) viii editor's preface. devrait etre non moins sacree que la religion."* His words are just; the truth of history should, indeed, be no less sacred than that of religion. If this is true, and few or none will be found to dispute the proposition, then the records of historic truth may be regarded as part of the gospel of humanity. Such they are, in fact; as the truths of history become disentangled from the maze of sophistry and falsehood in which the passions and follies of mankind envelop them, they teach us first of all the lesson of charity and good- will to men. The light of historic truth has been concentrated by Mr. Wolf on the part taken by his co-religionists in the development of our great republic. He shows us that the Jewish people of the New World, like their ancestors and brethren of the Old, have been unfailing in their devotion to their country's cause; that they have performed an ample part in the conquest of our liberties and have fully shared in the struggles for the preserva- tion of our institutions. He proves beyond cavil that from an early stage of our history down to the present day, men of the Hebrew race and faith have been counted in the van of the country's progress and in the forefront of its defense, and hav- ing proved this fact by historic records and a demonstration of the truth, his task is done. That this task was self-imposed but adds to the debt which the American Jewish community owes to Mr. Wolf for its ac- complishment. It was undertaken in the spirit which has ani- mated him throughout a long career of public usefulness, a spirit of loyalty to the faith that is in him, to his fellow- Israelites and to the land of his adoption. It has been done with all the thoroughness that an earnest purpose could impart to it, with a comprehensiveness in keeping with that purpose, and withal, in a spirit free from any shadow of sordidness or motive of self- interest. Mr. Wolf seeks no pecuniary profit from the unstinted * Histoire de Jules Cesar, par Napoleon III, Preface. editor's preface. ix labors he has given to this cause, not even the return of the sums expended by him in the tedious and often costly collection of his data. Whatever of monetary reward may inure to his work has been dedicated by him to the orphaned wards of the B'nai B'rith, whose asylum in Atlanta he helped to found, and of which he has long been the directing spirit and official head. The work of gathering the material for this book having been accomplished by Mr. Wolf, the less onerous task of editing and collating it has been entrusted by him to the present writer. In the execution of the work thus outlined for me I have been guided by the spirit with which the author had imbued it, and in my introductory references to the successive subjects of the volume, I have sought to briefly elucidate the author's theme. In common with him, I have to express my regret that the army lists compiled herein remain incomplete notwithstand- ing his unsparing efforts to perfect them. On the other hand, the more general subject, the place of the Jewish people in the history of mankind, their influence on the current of affairs, their attitude before the world and towards it, are demonstrated by a consensus of many- voiced opinion, gathered from unquestionable sources, in such abundance and of such extent that only its necessary curtailment afforded difficulty. This varied material has been subjected to a careful reconsider- ation, and in eliminating some portions and including others, I have sought to render the whole in harmony with the key-note which Mr. Wolf had sounded. Louis Edward Levy. Philadelphia, October, 1895. Table of Contents. PAGE Dedication V Editor's Preface VII Introduction ........ i-ii Jewish Patriots of the Revolutionary Period (Introductory) ...... 12-13 A Sketch of Haym Salomon .... 14-26 Other Jewish Contributors to the Colonial Treasury 26 Incidents Illustrative of American Jewish Pa- triotism ........ 27-43 Jewish Soldiers in the Continental Armies 44-52 Correspondence between George Washington and Hebrew Citizens, etc. . . . . 53-61 11 Exegi Monumentum Aere Perennius " . . 62-66 Jewish Soldiers in the War of 18 12 and the Mexican War 67-75 United States Regular Army .... 76-80 United States Navy 81-86 (xi) Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE A Page from the Secret History of the Civil War (Introductory) ..... 87-90 A Remarkable Episode ..... 91-97 Jewish Soldiers in the Civil War (Introduc- tory) 98-105 Medals of Honor ...... 106-108 Families of ' ' Brothers-in-Arms " . . . 109-111 Jewish Staff Officers in the Union Army . n 2-1 13 Jewish Staff Officers in the Confederate Army 114-115 Jewish Officers in the Confederate Navy . 116 Lists of Jewish Soldiers in the Union and Confederate Armies during the Civil War, Classified according to States and Alphabetically arranged . . . 117-409 Soldiers of the Civil War, Unclassified as to Commands 410-422 Addenda to Lists of Soldiers . . . 423 Statistical Data 424 Jewish Patriotism in Civil Life . . . 425-441 Jews in Latin- American Settlements (Intro- ductory) 442 Sketches of Jewish Loyalty, Bravery and Pa- triotism in the South American Colo- nies and the West Indies . . . 443-484 Jews in the Armies of Europe . . . 485-487 The Jewish People before the World . . 488-522 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xlil PAGE Russia's Crime against the Jews and Civiliza- tion (Introductory) .... 5 2 3~5 2 7 Official Report of Ambassador White to Sec- retary of State Gresham, with Notes . 5 2 7~543 The Russian Jewish Refugees in America, Con- sidered in Connection with the Gen- eral Subject of Immigration in its His- torical and Economic Aspects . . . 544 - 5°4 Conclusion 565-566 Index 567-576 Errata xv ERRATA. t Of the various errors inevitably incident to a work of this character, the follow- ing are noted as especially requiring correction ] Page 4, line 20, instead of " Charles RAUM," read "Charles BAUM." Page 26, line 14 from bottom of page, instead of "Isaac MORRIS," read, "Isaac MOSES." Page 200, line 2, instead of "WASHINGTON," read " BALTIMORE. " Page 424, under "STATISTICAL," "Other Soldiers (in- dicated in Addenda) , ' ' should be " 13" instead of "12," making the total "8258," instead of "8257." Page 428, line 25, instead of " 1872 " read " 1870." B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANS' HOMH, ATLANTA, GA. The Orphan Home of the Order of B'nai B'rith at Atlanta, Ga., for the benefit of which Mr. Wolf has devoted the net in- come of the present publication, was instituted in 1876, under the auspices of District Grand Lodge No. 5, comprising the States of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia, and the District of Columbia. The present building was dedi- cated in 1 889. Its benefits are not restricted to the membership of the Order which maintains it, children of all Jews residing within the territory named being admitted to its shelter. There are now sixty children cared for in the institution, and a large number are waiting to be admitted when the new wing now in course of erection is completed. This addition is calculated to cost some $25,000, and when finished will enable this Home to adequately meet the existing requirements and bring it to a foremost rank with institutions of this character. It is managed by a Board of Control consisting of thirteen members, of which Mr. Wolf, to whose efforts the existence of the Home is prima- rily due, has been chairman since its foundation. The admin- istration of the Home is supervised by a local Board of Mana- gers, of which Hon. Joseph Hirsch is Chairman. INTRODUCTION. In December, 1891, there was printed in the North American Review a letter in reply to certain statements of a contributor to a previous number of the same magazine regarding the services of American Jewish citizens as soldiers in the Civil War. Under the caption "Jewish Soldiers in the Union Army," the writer, after denying the statement that Generals Rosecrans and Lyon were of Jewish birth, proceeds as follows : — ' ' I had served in the field about eighteen months before being permanently disabled in action, and was quite familiar with several regiments ; was then transferred to two different recruiting stations, but I cannot remember meeting one Jew in uniform, or hearing of any Jewish soldier. After the war, for twenty-five years, I was constantly engaged in traveling, always among old soldiers, but never found any who remembered serv- ing with Jews. I learned of no place, where they stood, shoulder to shoulder, except in General Sherman's department, and he promptly ordered them out of it for speculating in cotton and carrying information to the Confederates. If so many Jews fought so bravely for their adopted country, surely their champion ought to be able to give the names of the regiments they condescended to accept service in," etc., etc. A statement of this nature, logically inconclusive and practically absurd as it is, might well, under ordinary con- ditions have been left unnoticed. Under ordinary conditions a reply of any kind to such a tissue of misstatements, would but have dignified it beyond reason, and but helped, perhaps, to save it and its author from oblivion. But the conditions were 2 THE A ME RICA N JEW AS not ordinary, but most unfortunately, otherwise. It was at a time when the public mind throughout the civilized world was wrought to a high pitch of excitement by the flaunting villainy of the Russian government in the outrageous persecution of its Jewish subjects, when the wave of anti-Semitism was at flood- tide in Germany, and was flowing high in France, and when bigots like Stoecker, fools like Ahlwardt, and knaves like Dru- mont, were finding imitators on both sides of the Atlantic. Here in our country, public attention was being centered on the Jewish refugees from Russia, and the Jewish people throughout the land were massing their strength to cope with the problems which Muscovite tyranny had set before them. In the midst of this agitation, the magazine article referred to, slurring the Jewish people as it did, attracted unusual attention, and being widely quoted and commented on by the newspaper press, it attained a degree of publicity out of all proportion to its merits or its authorship. Under these circumstances I felt myself impelled to reply to the writer in the North American Review, and at once sent to that magazine a letter embodying a statement of a few indispu- table facts bearing on the subject. This statement the pub- lishers of the magazine declined to print on the ground that they had received so many articles on the subject that they could not undertake to discriminate in favor of any one of them, and that they would therefore publish none. My cursorily compiled citations were, however, published at the time in the Washington Post, and as germane to my present subject I reprint them in the main, as follows : — "Has this much-traveled and keen observer, Mr. Rogers, ever heard of General Edward S. Salomon, who enlisted as Lieu tenant- Colonel of the 82d Illinois ? He became Colonel of the regiment after Colonel Frederick Hecker's retirement, was made Brigadier-General, was subsequently appointed by General Grant governor of Washington Territory, and, at present residing in San Francisco, has been Department PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 3 Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is recognized as one of the bravest and most gallant officers that ever sat in saddle. This encomium I have from the lips of General Grant himself, and it will be cheerfully endorsed by General O. O. Howard, or by any of the officers yet living who served with him. In the same regiment, as I have learned from General Salomon, were more than one hundred private soldiers and subalterns of Jewish faith. General L. C. Newman, of the city of New York, who was fatally wounded in the first battle of the Rebellion, died in the city of Washington, while President Lincoln, who had brought Newman's commission as Brevet Brigadier- General, was with him at his bedside. General Leopold Blumenberg, of Baltimore, who, as Major of his regiment, was severely wounded at the battle of Antietam, and crippled for life and who was subsequently brevetted for his meritorious services, was one of the most loyal and brave of officers. Colonel M. M. Spiegel, of the 120th Ohio, who was severely wounded before Vicksburg, was entreated to retire from the army, but continued in the service and was killed in the campaign of General Banks, in Louisiana. Lieutenant Sachs, of the 32d Indiana, in command of a company of his regiment at Green River, in 1862, stood single-handed and alone against a company of Texas Rangers, and after killing and wounding eight of his assailants, fell riddled to death. His heroism and bravery had meanwhile given the command time to rally, and they thereupon dispersed the enemy. Captain A. Hart, of the 73d Pennsylvania, now of this city, who was Adjutant of his regiment, was severely wounded in the early part of the war, and is now a pensioner of the United States. Lieutenant Henry Franc, of the Kansas Volunteers, living in this city to-day, did splendid service. Judge. P. J. Joachimson, Lieutenant- Colonel of the 59th New York; Isidore Pinkson, Henry Pinkson and Moses Landauer, of the 110th New York ; Captain Lyon and Lieutenant Ababot, of the 5th New York Cavalry ; Theodore Wise, of the same regiment ; Herman White, and A. T. Gross, of the 2d Maryland, and I. Feldstein, now a member of Koltes Post, New York, acquitted themselves with ample credit in their respective spheres. The 1 ith New York was more than half composed of men of Jewish faith. In the 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, serving under Captain R. M. Goundy, who lives in this city, there were three Jewish soldiers ; Lieutenant Liebschutz, who served throughout the war and was promoted for gallantry on the field, now living in this city to-day ; Leo Karpeles, who is now a clerk in the Post Office Department, to whom a special medal was awarded by Congress for bravery and for the capture with his own hands of rebel flags on the field of battle, and Simon Stern, who died 4 THE AMERICAN JEW AS lately in this city and whose widow has been granted a pension. George Stern, who died from disease contracted in the service, also left a widow, now pensioned. Dr. A. Behrend, of this city, who served in our army with great ability, not only as a hospital steward, but as an officer in the field, tells me that in 1863 a general order was issued permitting Jews to be furloughed over their Holy Days, and that at Fairfax Seminary he furloughed eleven on that occasion. Dr. Herman Bendall, of Albany, a prominent citizen of that city, was promoted to the grade of Lieu- tenant-Colonel in recognition of his meritorious services and was subsequently appointed by General Grant superintendent of Indian affairs of Arizona. Jacob Hirsch, of this city, died from disease contracted in the service and his orphan children are now receiving a pension for their father's sacrifice ; Captain Cohn, of New York City, now connected with the Baron de Hirsch Trust Fund, was as brave an officer as ever did duty. M. L. Peixotto, of the 103- Ohio (a brother of the well-known Benjamin F. Peixotto), died last year in consequence of wounds received and disease contracted in the service. Mr. Bruckheimer, now a practicing physician in this city, Charles Raum, one of our leading merchants, Mr. Hoffa, Sol Livingston, M. Erdman, M. Augenstein, and S. Goodman, all of this city, Edward S. Woog, a clerk in the Interior Department ; Morris Cohen, clerk in the War Department; Henry Blondheim , of Alexandria, Va., were soldiers in the late war. Captain Morris Lewis, of the 1 8th New York Cavalry, now living in this city, served on General Kearney's staff ; he receives a special pension, having been shot through the body and paralyzed in his lower limbs. August Bruckner was killed at the second battle of Bull Run. Colonel M. Einstein and Colonel M. Friedman, both of Phila- delphia, commanded regiments ; Uriah P. Levy was Commo- dore of the United States Navy. Jacob Hayes, of the city of New York, Mr. Phillips, son of the sexton of the Portuguese congregation of that city, E. J. Russell, of the 19th Indiana, a resident of this city, and so severely wounded as to render him almost incapable of work ; L. Myers, of the same regiment, and Julius Steinmeyer, of the 7th United States Infantry "stood shoulder to shoulder ' ' at the front. General William Meyer, editor of several New York papers, served with credit and distinction during the draft riots in the city of New York, and has in his possession an autograph letter from President Lincoln thanking him for his eminent services during those hours of dark- ness. William Durst, of Philadelphia, is one of the few survivors of the memorable fight between the Monitor and the Merrimac ; when volunteers were called for he went to his duty with death staring him in the face, and Admiral Worden himself told me some months ago that Durst was a man of distinguished PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 5 bravery, whose services should be specially recognized by Congress. Major Joseph G. Rosengarten, of Philadelphia, is a soldier of national reputation and an author of ability, whose brother Adolph G. Rosengarten was killed at Stone River while acting as staff officer. Quartermaster Rosenfield, of the 13th Kansas, not only discharged the duties of that office with ability, but served also in the ranks. Lieutenant Rosenberg, of this city, is now dead, and his widow is pensioned. Colonel H. A. Seligson, who died some two months ago, led a Vermont regiment during the war, and achieved a high reputation as a soldier. Captain Frederick Leavy, of the 1st New York In- fantry; Captain Max Conheim, of New York, and now of San Francisco, and Major H. Kcenigsberger, of Cincinnati, were officers of distinction, and so, too, were David Kzekiel and Lieutenant Louis Blumenthal, of New Hampshire. Sergeant Klias Leon Hyneman, of the .sth Pennsylvania Cavalry, was one of the heroes of the war, in which he served from the be- ginning. In June, 1864, during a cavalry sortie about Peters- burg, while his command was retreating before the main body of the enemy, he hurried to the relief of a dismounted and wounded comrade. He lifted him into his own saddle and enabled him to escape, and started to make his own way on foot. On his way he met another comrade, barefooted and bleeding; he took off his own boots and gave them to the sufferer. But he himself was captured, and after months of agony in Andersonville, he died Frederick Knefner, a resident of Indianapolis, attained the rank of Major General; he commanded the 79th Indiana, and was conspicuous for bravery at the battle of Chickamauga. As a further list of officers and privates in the various commands, I may yet add the names of Lieutenant Suldman, 44th New York; Captain Gremitz, 62d Pennsylvania; Corporal Gisner, 142c! Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Evan Davis, 115th Pennsyl- vania; Sergeant Myers, 62d Pennsylvania; Captain A. Gold- man, 17th Maine; Lieutenant A. A. Riuehard, 148th Pennsyl- vania; Lieutenant Nieman, 103d New York; M. S. Asher, 103d New York; Lieutenant George Perdinger, 39th New York; Lieutenant Philip Truffinger, 57th New York; Lieu- tenant Herman Musschel, 68th New York; Lieutenant Herman Krauth, 103d New York; Lieutenant Julius Frank, 103d New York; Captain H. P. Schwerin, 119th New York; Julius Niebergall, Levi Kuehne and Henry Luterman, all of the New York 3d Artillery, and Lehman Israels, Lieutenant in the 58th New York. It must be taken into account that when the War of the Rebellion broke out the number of Jews in the United States was quite limited; according to the census taken in 1876 by 6 THE AMERICAN JEW AS Mr. William B. Hackenburg, of Philadelphia, and myself, in be- half of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, there were then in the United States, fifteen years after the war com- menced, only 250,000 Jews. It is altogether doubtful whether there were more than 150,000, if that many, when hostilities commenced. The proportion of Jewish soldiers is,'. therefore, only large, but is perhaps larger than that of any other faith in the United States. I have been told by one of the Jewish soldiers in this city, one who bears the scars of the war, that there were at least, as far as he could judge — and he had experience during the whole conflict — from 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers of the Jewish faith in the Union Army alone. I am not prepared to assert this number, but would not be surprised if it were found to be correct. The animus of the writer in the North American Review is indicated by the words, "Except in General Sherman* s Depart- ment, and lie promptly' ordered them out of it for speculating in cottofi and conveying information to the Confederates." This statement is made with the same disregard of facts as are others in the article referred to, for while a few Jews may have violated the laws of war by running the blockade or furnishing information to the enemy, it was no more than others of other races and religious faiths did under like circumstances, even to a larger degree: and why the Jews as a class should be held up to the contempt and scorn of the world in conse- quence of the want of patriotism of a few of their number, is to me a profound mystery, and can only be explained upon the theory that inculcated prejudice is stronger than the desire for fair play or the regard for justice. No one for a moment would charge a particular class of Christians with want of honesty because one or more of their number had violated law. The War Department records and the Treasury files will furnish ample evidence of the fact that many of the sins that were committed by others were heaped upon the shoulders of the Jews. It has always been an easy thing to strike at the minority and from time immemorial the prejudice against the Jew has been made a convenient vehicle for furthering malignant purposes and selfish ends. Having enjoyed the friendship of President Grant and of General Sherman (I was for eight years officially connected with the former, and for a time on intimate social terms with the latter), I can state that I had repeated conversations with them regarding ' ' Order No. 11," which was issued over the signature of General Grant, but of which he, at the time, had absolutely no knowledge. This fact I proved conclusively during the presi- dential campaign of 1888, when political capital was being made against General Grant among the Jews. By both generals I PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 7 was assured that there had been a great deal of misinformation on the subject, and, that if they could permit themselves to speak of the facts as the}' were known to them it would not be the Jews who would be shown to have been derelict but a large number of Christians, many of whom had come highly recom- mended. It was the latter who were abusing the privilige accorded to them by the authorities at Washington and who had given both generals a great amount of trouble and annoy- ance. I admit that it is unfortunate that the writer of the earlier article in the North American Review, whose statements other- wise deserve the fullest consideration, should have been led into so glaring an error as to name Generals Lyon and Rosecrans as Jewish soldiers. While we would have no objection to classing them among our American citizens of Jewish faith, we can substantiate our case very well without doing so, as the cursory list which I have cited will abundantly show. But while admitting the error of the earlier writer I cannot allow the state- ment of the latter one, with its implication that there was no one of Jewish faith who battled for the Union, to go unchallenged. The Jewish cemeteries of this city, and of every other large city in the land, contain the remains of brave men of Jewish birth who are not forgotten on Decoration Day by their surviv- ing comrades of Christian faith ; and what these men recognize the American people will not ignore. The armies of every country afford ample proof of Jewish patriotism and valor. Even in benighted and tyrannical Russia, where, to a large extent they are soldiers by compulsion — 50,000 or 60,000 of them — their officers have uniformly admitted that in battle there were no braver men than the Jews. The late Franco-German war afforded instances of distinguished heroism on the part of Jewish officers and soldiers in both armies. The Italian army and the French army to-day contain a large contingent of Jewish officers and privates who are not only respected, but honored by their compatriots. In the Turkish army some of the leading officers are of Jewish faith. Patriotism, however, is not confined to the field of battle; in private life, from time immemorial, acts have been performed of greater service, possibly, than any in the field, showing greater powers of endurance and evincing higher virtues than were ever recorded in the annals of war. During our late con- flict many who remained at home made sacrifices of the most heroic character, and did their duty cheerfully and with alacrity, and I know of none who did their part more fully than the citizens of the United States of Jewish faith. In fact, the history of the Jewish people is one long tragedy of personal sacrifice and heroism. But as I wish to trespass no longer on 8 THE A ME RICA N JE W AS the columns of your valuable paper, I beg leave to close with this simple statement ; that it seems to me high time for Americans of all faiths to frown down all attempts that have for their object the lowering and humiliation of any class of our citizens. ' ' Simon Wolf. Finding that my letter had been copied extensively, not only by the Jewish press, but by leading newspapers in the country, and favorably commented on generally, I determined to give to the world, as complete as I might find possible, a list of American citizens of Jewish faith who had ' ' stood shoulder to shoulder" on the field of battle, and to add thereto the record of some typical instances of exceptional energy and public spirit in the civil walks of life. What I had anticipated and supposed would be an easy task, requiring probably no more than six months at the utmost, has taken more than four years of continuous work, notwithstand- ing the assistance I received from many quarters, and I am even now compelled to give this work to the public in an inadequate form, with the feeling that it is incomplete and that much more should have been made of it. The difficulties in the way of completing fully and accurately such a compilation as I have here attempted will scarcely be realized by those who have not undertaken a similar task. The work was begun nearly thirty years after the close of the war, when many of those whose names were to be gathered were dead, and many others dispersed throughout our vast domain and beyond our borders. In response to three successive calls made through the leading newspapers of the country, I received, indeed, a large number of replies, but after all, the great majority even of the survivors failed to respond, and of the data that reached me much could not be classified. Nearly a thousand names are accordingly placed in the unclassified list. By far the majority of the names herein included were PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 9 furnished by the soldiers themselves or their relatives, but a large number of them were sent to me by army comrades of the men referred to. Some of these may be incorrectly quoted both as to their names and the commands with which they were connected, but these errors may scarcely be considered as affect- ing the general result, so far at least as numbers are concerned. It was naturally impossible to verify all the notices sent to me, and this compilation must therefore, in the very nature of the case, be more or less imperfect and incomplete, but I may say without hesitation that the work is free from all errors which could be eliminated through a patient and cautious scrutiny. Several hundred names of soldiers from Indiana alone were finally excluded from my present lists, notwithstanding their pronounced Jewish character, such as Marks, Abrahams, Isaacs and others of a similar strain, whose owners were ascertained by my correspondents to be non-Jews, while on the other hand many soldiers bearing names of decidedly non-Jewish derivation were authenticated as Jews. If many whose names should be included fail to see them on this "roll of honor" the fault is at all events not mine, and the earnest effort which I have given to this work, wholly a "labor of love" on my part, leaves me free from the necessity of offering apology for whatever errors of omission or of commission may remain in it. The public records could not be utilized, because our army lists, unlike those of foreign powers, make no registry of the religious faith of the enrolled soldiers. I should, in this connection, urge upon my readers to aid me with such corrections of these army lists as they may be able to furnish, with the view to the record being perfected as far as may be, in a future edition of this book. Unsatisfactory and at times discouraging as has been my task and its outcome, I have yet had at times the pleasure of obtain- ing and recording data of a most gratifying character. One of the most pleasing results of my labors is the fact that I am able to present a list of fourteen Jewish families that contributed to 10 THE AMERICAN JEW AS the Union and Confederate armies no less than fifty-one soldiers. Three, four, five brothers ; a father and three sons, a father and four sons, volunteers in a deadly strife, leaving their homes and kindred, breaking their family ties to face privation, disease, wounds and death, sacrificing all to fight with their compatriots for the cause which they deemed right. My primary purpose has been to show that the Jewish people throughout the land not only took a share in the struggle which has ended so beneficently as to have brought prosperity to both antagonists and dispelled the cause of discord, but that they took their full share, and it is now conclusively shown that the enlistment of Jewish soldiers, north and south, reached pro- portions considerably in excess of their ratio to the general population. This fact had become apparent before my present work had been systematically begun, as I indicated in my letter to the Washington Post, quoted above, but the lists obtained by me, incomplete as they must inevitably be, make up a number that leaves no reasonable doubt on this subject. This fact, in view of statements minimizing the numbers of Jewish soldiers of the late war, or denying the existence of any at all, cannot be too strongly emphasized. To complete, however, my ultimate purpose of presenting a consideration of the Jew as citizen and philanthropist as well as patriot and soldier, I have herein collated a symposium of expressions on this comprehensive subject from sources at once authoritative and unbiased. I have included in this collection of views and reviews, the carefully considered statements of many of the foremost men of modern times, statesmen and soldiers, philosophers, divines, writers and other leaders of public opinion, as widely divergent in locality as they are unanimous in sentiment. Among these I have included only such as are entirely non- Jewish in their origin, men whose thoughts are the expressions of well-disciplined minds, and whose opinions are the deliverances of an impartial judgment. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 11 I gladly record my obligations to the Grand Army of the Re- public for the aid afforded me in obtaining information through the machinery of its organization, and to General J. B. Gor- don, of the Confederate Memorial Association, for a like co- operation. To the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, to the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, and to the Jewish Publication Society of America, I am indebted for contributions to the cost of publication and for other aid in the prosecution of my work. I owe my thanks to Captain Eugene H. Levy, Mr. George Alexander Kohut and Mr. Max J. Kohler, of New York, to Messrs. Lewis Abraham and L,. Lichtenstein, of Washington, for their assistance, and especially to Colonel F. C. Ainsworth, of the War Department, for the loan of Records. To Mr. Henry S. Morais' recent historical work on "The Jews of Philadelphia," I am much indebted for valuable data, and other important materials have been gleaned from Mr. Isaac Markens' compendious work on "The Hebrews in America." To the Jewish press I owe acknowledgement for many welcome items of information and for repeated expressions of encouragement. Finally, among my obligations to numerous correspondents in different parts of the country are those which I owe to many soldiers of Christian faith, some of them officers of distin- guished rank, who afforded me much valuable information and who added, in almost every case, some warm expression of their sympathy and good- will. Washington, D. C, June, 1895. 12 THE A MERICAN JE W AS JEWISH PATRIOTS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD. The keen and responsive sense of duty with which, through Torah and Talmud, the Jewish character is so deeply imbued, has never failed to become manifest when occasion has called it forth. Jews have never been wanting in patriotism and though a peace-loving people, (the very mission of Israel being peace, and good-will towards neighbors a cardinal teaching of Judaism) they have always espoused, eagerly and earnestly, the cause of their countrymen. The heroism and self-devotion which marks the course of Jewish history from the earliest Biblical rec- ords, emblazoning the era of the Maccabees, signalizing the Roman period and illuminating the Dark Ages, has found many a worthy example in these modern days. We have here to deal with the records of but one country, yet these records are replete with instances of bravery and undaunted courage, of earnest devotion and of faithful service performed by men of Israel in behalf of this land of their adoption. These records begin at a time be- fore the Revolutionary epoch, when the Jewish settlers in America were very few indeed. At the date of the first census, in 1790, just after the close of the Revolution, when the total population of the country was figured at almost 4,000,000, the number of Jewish inhabitants could scarcely be estimated at 3,000, or only one to 1,330 of the population.* The dearth of accessible records of a detailed character ren- dered it practically impossible to present more than a very im- perfect list of the Jewish participants in the Revolutionary struggle. However, sufficient data are at hand to prove con- clusively that the Jewish colonists of that period, comparatively recent settlers and few in number as they were, furnished, as usual in all struggles for liberty and freedom, more than their * According to a careful estimate by Mr. Isaac Harby, in 1820, there were then, nearly forty years alter tbe Revolution, not over 6,000 Jews in the United States. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 13 proportion of supporters to the colonial cause. They not only risked their lives in the war for independence, but aided ma- terially with their money to equip and maintain the armies of the Revolution. That they took their part in the earliest stages of resistance to the encroachments of the mother country is proved by the signatures to the Non- Importation Resolutions of 1765. Nine Jews were among the signers of these resolutions, the adoption of which was the first organized movement in the agitation which eventually led to the independence of the colonies. The original document is still preserved in Carpen- ter's Hall, in Philadelphia, and following are the names of the Jews on that early roll of patriots: Benjamin Levy, Samson Levy, Joseph Jacobs, Hyman Levy, Jr., David Franks, Mathias Bush, Michael Gratz, Barnard Gratz, Moses Mordecai. With these as worthy precursors of the Jewish patriots of the Revolution we may proceed to note the list of Jews whose names have come to us from the Revolutionary period, through vari- ous published sources, as men of special distinction among their fellows. One of the most notable of these was Haym Salomon, a man who, while not the only Jewish patriot that lavished his ample fortune in behalf of liberty and independence, yet stands out as so unique a figure in the history of the American Revo- lution that the record of his part in the making of that history may well take precedence. Fragmentary presentations of this subject have been made in public documents and in historic essays at various times since the submission by Salomon himself of his memorial to the Continental Congress in August, 1778.* However, as embracing a succint statement and detailed review of the whole matter to the present time, the following paper from the ' • Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society ' ' (No. 2, 1894) ma Y be quoted in full : — * See Markens, " The Hebrews in America" (New York, 1888), and Morais, "Jews of Philadelphia' ' (Philadelphia, 1894). 14 THE AMERICAN JEW AS A SKETCH OF HAYM SALOMON. From an Unpublished MS. in the Papers of Jared Sparks. [Contributed by Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D., Professor in the Johns Hopkins University. With Notes by J. H. Hollander.] In the fall of 1841, Jared Sparks, while professor of history in Harvard College, was delivering a course of lyceum lectures in New York City upon the American Revolution. His remarks upon the services of certain public men of the period excited deep interest in the mind of a Jewish hearer, Mr. Haym M. Salomon, who wrote to and afterwards called upon Mr. Sparks in reference to the patriotic activity of Haym Salomon, a con- temporary and associate of Robert Morris, James Madison, Edmund Randolph and other distinguished publicists of the Revolutionary period. At the request of Mr. Sparks, Mr. Salomon prepared certain memoranda of the eminent services of his father, Haym Salomon, and this manuscript passed into the possession of Mr. Sparks. The interview and the information thus obtained seem to have made a profound impression upon Mr. Sparks. He men- tioned something of the above matter to Mr. Joshua I. Cohen, of Baltimore, and almost a quarter of a century after the orig- inal interview, under date of October 29, 1865, Mr. Cohen wrote to Mr. Sparks as follows : ' ' You may probably recollect a conversation I had with you many years ago during a visit to Cambridge, in which I men- tioned that Judge Noah, of New York, was then engaged in gathering together the facts and memorials of the part which our people, the Israelites, took in our Revolutionary struggle, and you kindly offered to him through me the use of your bio- graphical series for any memoirs he might prepare on the sub- ject. The death of Judge Noah, not long after, put an end to the project. I mentioned to you a military company that was formed in Charleston, S. C, composed almost exclusively of PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 15 Israelites, of which my uncle was a member, and which be- haved well during the war. Major Frank, one of Arnold's aids, was spoken of, and also Haym Salomon and others. In connection with Mr. Salomon you expressed yourself very fully, and, in substance (if I recollect correctly), that his association with Robert Morris was very close and intimate, and that a great part of the success that Mr. Morris attained in his finan- cial schemes was due to the skill and ability of Haym Salomon. I do not pretend to quote your language, but only the idea. The matter was brought up to my mind recently by the marriage of a great-grandson of Mr. Salomon to a niece of mine, one of the young ladies of our household." * The original sketch of Haym Salomon thus prepared by his son was found in a somewhat mutilated condition by Professor Herbert B. Adams, of the Johns Hopkins University, among the Sparks Papers, which had been entrusted to his care during the preparation of " The I^ife and Writings of Jared Sparks," published in 1893 by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The manu- script was stitched to other papers and had been apparently cut down somewhat in order to make it more uniform in size with the smaller sheets. This fact will explain certain tantalizing, but apparently brief omissions in the text. The appended copy of the manuscript is furnished by Professor Adams with the full consent of the Sparks family. Haym Salomon, who died in Philadelphia, then the metropolis of the United States, January, 1785, was the fellow-countryman and intimate associate of the Polish Generals Pulaski and * See Adams, Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, Vol. II., p. 564. From the general tenor of the letter, it seems probable that Mr. Sparks, during his extensive researches into the historical records, public and private, of the United States, had encountered other evi- dence of the services of Haym Salomon. This inference is partially corroborated by a passage in a letter written by Mr. Sparks from Cambridge on May 7, 1845, to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, apparently in connection with the first memorial to Congress : " Among the num- erous papers that have passed under my eye I have seen evidences of his [Ifaym Salomon's] transactions, which convince me that he rendered important services to the United States in their pecuniary affairs." See Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon ; Senate Reports, No. 177, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I. It is not, however, impossible that only the present manuscript may be here referred to. 16 THE AMERICAN JEW AS Kosciuszko, and was first publicly known in 1778, when he was taken by the British General Sir H. Clinton in New York on charges that he had received orders from General Washington to burn their fleets and destroy their store-houses, which he had attempted to execute to their great injury and damage. He was accordingly imprisoned, treated inhumanly, and ordered to suffer military death. From the sacrifice of his life, with which he was threatened in consequence of the sen- tence, he escaped by means of a considerable bribe in gold. This is corroborated from his letter to his brother-in-law, Major Franks, dated soon after in Philadelphia, in which his intimacy is stated with the brave General McDougall, who then com- manded the American army in the neighborhood of New York, and with whom it appears he must have been in co-operation in order to drive . . . aw r ay from the comfortable quarters, which the maritime and military positions of that city so hap- pily promised them after its abandonment by the friends of the Revolution.* A few days after his escape from the merciless enemy he *It is probable that Haym Salomon's first encounter with the British Government took place several years before 1778. The Senate Report to the Hist Congress {supra) states that : " As early as 1775 he became obnoxious to the British Government, and was imprisoned in New York, sharing the privations and horrors of the sufferers con- fined in a loathsome prison called the Provost." Essentially the same fact is repeated in later Reports, and is specifically presented in certified form in a later part of the present paper. The Memorial of Haym Salomon to the Continental Congress (see Bibliographical Note, infra) is of such immediate interest in connec- tion with the circumstances of his escape from New York as to per- mit partial citation. It sets forth : •' That your Memorialist was some time before the Entry of the British Troops at the said City of New York and soon after taken up as a Spy and by General Robertson committed to the Provost. That by the Interposition of Lieut-Gen- eral Heister (who wanted him on account of his knowledge in the French, Polish, Russian, Italian &c. Languages) he was given over to the Hessian Commander who appointed him in the Commissary Way as purveyor chiefly for the Officers. That being at New York he has been of great Service to the French and American prisoners and has assisted them with Money and helped them off to make their Escape. That this and his close connexions with such of the Hessian Officers as were inclined to resign and with Monsieur Samuel Demezes has rendered him at last so obnoxious to the British Head Quarters that he was already pursued by the Guards and on Tuesday the 11th inst. he made his happy Escape from thence." The Memorial bears date of August 25, 1778, thus indicating the precise time of Salomon's de- parture from New York as August 11, 1778. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 17 safely arrived in Philadelphia, where he was welcomed and esteemed as one devoted to the principle . . . [MS. cut off.] We then find him meriting the well-placed confidence and affection of the patriots who had been distinguished in the Revolutionary Congress of 1776 ; also the great men who were famous in those succeeding sessions, 1780, '81, '82, '83 and '84, as furnished us by such circumstantial testimony as yet remains of that immortal bod} 7 of devoted patriots. It is seen as soon as the generous monarch of France agreed to furnish the expiring government of that day with means to reanimate their exertions in the glorious cause. It was he who was charged with the negotiation of the entire amount of those munificent grants of pecuniary supplies from the government of France and Holland.* In 1783-4, after the satisfactory close of these truly confiden- tial services, he is found to have made considerable advances, moneys, loans, &c, to Robert Morris, of the Congress of the Declaration of '76. To General Miflin, to General St. Clair, to General Steuben, to Colonel Shee, to Colonel Morgan, Major McPherson, Major Franks, and many other officers such sums as they required. And as it regarded the deputies to the Con- tinental Congress, [/3. 'During the following month Mr. Madi- son's position seems to have grown more aggravated, for, on Septem- ber 24, he declared : "lam relapsing fast into distress. The case of my brethren is equally alarming." Ibid, p. 176. Assistance in suffi- cient amount was still not forthcoming, and a week later, September 30, 1782, he acknowledged to Mr. Randolph the local source of his benefactions as follows : " I am almost ashamed to acknowledge my wants so incessantly to you, but they begin to be so urgent that it is impossible to suppress 'them. The kindness of our little friend in Front street, near the coffee-house, is a fund that will preserve me from extremities, but I never resort to it without great mortification, as he obstinately rejects all recompense. The price of money is so usurious that he thinks it ought to be extorted from none but those who aim at profitable speculations. To a necessitous delegate, he gratuitouslv spares a supplv out of his private stock." Ibid, pp. 178-179. There seems little doubt but that the " little friend in Front street " i> meant to indicate Haym Salomon. This view is taken by the Con- gressional committees and by Madison's biographer ; see Gay, Life of James Madison, p. 25. The fact that the first Philadelphia City Di- rectory was issued in 1785, and that Haym Salomon died on January 6 of that vear {vide infra), renders direct verification impracticable. Search aniong the Philadelphia newspapers of the period would prob- ably determine the point once for all. t The writer of the MS. is probably quoting from memory from a letter written by Mr. Madison from Montpelier, on February (>, 1830, to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, in connection with claims upon Congress for indemnity. The Senate Report to the Hist Congress preserves the following paragraph of this letter : " The transactions shown by the papers you enclosed were the means of effectuating remittances for the support of the delegates [to Congress], and the agency of your father therein was solicited, on account of the respectability and con- fidence he enjoyed among those best acquainted with him." The Report to the 37th Congress mentions among the various letters PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 19 men of the time is proved from the existence of a note in the handwriting- of another member of the Congress of Declaration, the incorruptible President Reed. His services to the cause of his country were not confined to aiding the native agents of our own government, but he was the most confidential friend and timely adviser to the agents, consuls, and ambassadors representing the interests of the kings of those countries then in our alliance, as it appears from the amount of specie granted for the service of the army and hos- pital of Rochambaud, and large sums appear to have been received from him by Chevalier De La Luzerne, Marbois, con- sul-general, De La Forest, John . . . [J/5, cut of} , recollected by the elders of the nation as the active agents of the good French king.* As to the minister of the King of Spain, then the richest of the European monarchs. The amount granted him was ex- pressly to relieve the wants, conveniences and necessities of this ambassador, whose king was then countenancing the Revo- lution in this country, but with whose European dominions all intercourse was stopped, and in regard to the monies so furn- ished, whether Mr. S. was ever repaid by Spain is a matter of as much uncertainty as that regarding the considerable sums advanced to other Revolutionary agents, f received by Haym M. Salomon relative to the justice of his claim one from James Madison, in 1827, who, among other things, stated: "The transactions shown by the papers you enclose were for the sup- port of the delegates to Congress, and the agency of your father therein was solicited on account of the respect and 'confidence he enjoyed among those best acquainted with him,' etc., and concludes with the wish that the memorialist might be properly indemnified. " The resemblance between the two paragraphs is so striking as to make it probable, despite the discrepancy in dates, that the same communication is referred to. *The Report to the 31st Congress states : " On the accession of the Count de la Luzerne to the embassy from France, Mr. Salomon was made the banker of that government. ... He was also appointed by Monsieur Roquebrune, treasurer of the forces ,of France in America, to the office of their paymaster-general, which he executed free of charge." t Details of the assistance so rendered are given in the Report to the 31st Congress. Mr. Salomon, it is said, "maintained from his own private purse Don Francesco Rendon, the secret ambassador of that monarch for nearly two years, or up to the death of Mr. S., during which Rendon's supplies were cut off." A striking passage is quoted in the same Report from a letter said to have been written in 1783 by Rendon to the Governor-General of Cuba, Don Jose Marie de Navarra: 20 THE AMERICAN JE W AS It appears that the death of Mr. S. after a short and severe illness was quite as unexpected as calamitous to his family, leaving no will nor relatives in this country competent to take charge of his estate, at this difficult period of the unsettled state of the jurisprudence of the country, being four years prior to the formation of the Constitution of the United States. A letter from him yet exists, dated in New York a few days previous to his return and death, directed to the agent of his house in Philadelphia, in which he speaks of the full compet- ency of his fortune and his intention of retiring from business. An additional inducement no doubt was owing to the impaired state of his health from the great exertions he had made to pro- mote the views of the Revolution, and which letter further declares that he had many claims uncollected due him, 1 and spoke of the quantities of public securities and government papers which . . . [MS. cutoff']. Of this latter, on examin- ation of a list deposited in the Probate Office, it appears there was upwards of $300,000, more than $160,000 of which were of certificates of the Loan Office of the Treasury and the army.* " Mr. Salomon has advanced the money for the service of his most Catholic Majesty and I am indebted to his friendship in this partic- ular, for the support of my character as his most Catholic Majesty's agent here, with any degree of credit and reputation ; and without it, I would not have been able to render that protection and assist- ance to his Majesty's subjects which his Majesty enjoins and my duty requires." The statement is also made that : " Moneys thus advanced to the amount of about 10,000 Spanish dollars remained unpaid, when Mr. Salomon died shortly after." 1 Mr. Henry S. Morais, in his history of "The Jews of Phila- delphia," notes as follows : (p. 24.) " The amount has been variously given at as much as $600,000 and more. Hon. Simon Wolf, of Wash- ington, D. C, in February, 1892, presented a complete and elaborate statement of this question, based upon official documents, in an article (entitled, "Are Republics Ungrateful?") published in the Reform Advocate, of Chicago." In another note on the same subject Mr. Morais states : " Mr. Salomon's loan aud its accruing interest would now (1893) amount to over $3,000,000." Haym M. Salomon, a son of the philanthropist, and who kept a store on Front street, vainly endeavored to obtain pay- ment of his just claim, nothwithstanding that it was favorably reported to the U. S Senate in 1850. lu this report it was said : 4 Haym Salomon gave great assistance to the government by loans of money and advancing liberally of his means to sustain the men engaged in the struggle for independence at a time when the sinews of war were essential to success.' " * For a summary of the account see the certificate appended, infra. Some few further details of the inventory are given in the Committee Report to the 30th Congress. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 21 At his decease the management of his estate passed into the hands of strangers, all of whom not very long after became either bankrupts or died, as well as Mr. Macrea,* his chief clerk, who had committed suicide about the same period. Con- sequently the books and papers have nearly been all lost, and the obscurity into which these matters are thrown is increased in consequence of the destruction by the British of many of the public archives of that period, during the invasion of the city of Washington by their army during the last war. t And such were the effects of those unfortunate circumstances to the heirs that when the youngest son became of age nothing was obtained from the personal estate of this munificent and patriotic indi- vidual in Philadelphia. And no other inheritance now survives to the offspring except the expectation of the grateful remem- brance of a just and generous republic. It ought not to be forgotten, that although he endorsed a great portion of those bills of exchange for the amount of the loans and subsidies our government obtained in Europe, of which he negotiated the entire sums, and the execution of which duty occupied a great portion of his valuable time from '8 1 to '83, still there was only charged scarcely a fractional percentage to the United States, although individuals were willing to pay him . . . [MS. cut ojf\ for his other negotia- tions and guarantee. And it is known that he never caused the loss to the government of one cent of those many millions of his negotiations, either by his own mismanagement or from the credit he gave to others on the sales he made of those immense sums of foreign drafts on account of the United States. \ We find that immediately after the peace of '83, when foreign commerce could securely float again on the ocean, that he re- sumed his business as a merchant for the few remaining months * " Mr. McCrea," in the Report to the Hist Congress. t Mr. Joseph Nourse, Register of the Treasury of the United States from 1777 to 1828, wrote from Washington in 1827, to Mr. H. M. Salo- mon : "1 have cast back to those periods when your honored father was agent to Office of Finance ; but the inroads of the British army in 1814 deprived us of every record in relation to the vouchers of the period to which I refer." See for details, Report to 31st Congress ; also Bibliographical Note. i For details, see Report to Hist Congress. 22 THE AMERICAN JE W AS of his life, trading to foreign countries, which may be collected from the few original letters (that are preserved) bearing date [of] London, Holland and Spain, and from the return of the large ship Sally from Spain to his consignment a few weeks succeeding his death, on which cargo and hull he was interested in the sum of 40,000 florins ; his estate on the expedition sus- tained almost total loss, owing to the failures and disasters among merchants of those days, to whom the property had been consigned and by whose advice it had been undertaken. He was most friendly in aiding those other commercial citi- zens and merchants who recommenced trading after the war had closed. One remarkable instance \that~\ may be noted among others was the case of Mr. Willing' s house, the head of which was the presidert of the National Bank, and whose active partner was the Superintendent of Finance. The firm traded under the name of Willing, Morris & Swanick. To them he made a loan of his name to obtain 40,000 dollars in specie in one amount from the bank. A second loan of his name in addition of 24,000 specie dollars also, a few nionths preceding his death, for both of which considerable accommodations of credit at this eventful period of our commercial history he never charged them one cent of consideration.* [Copy of an authentic certificate from the Register's Office in Philadelphia shewing the amount of public securities 1 and Revolutionary papers left by the deceased Haym Salomon at * Hon. Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C, in an article in The Re- form Advocate of Chicago (wee Bibliographical Note), calls attention to the fact that Professor Sumner — the most recent biographer of Robert Morris — in his " The Financier and the Finances of the Ameri- can Revolution," makes no mention of the services of Haym Salomon. Mr. Wolf adds: "When \ called Mr. Sumner's attention to it he answered in a letter which I received to-day, that he had supposed that Mr. Salomon had been paid long since, and was surprised at the statement which I made." 1 Not a penny of the large sums represented by these securities has ever been repaid to the heirs of the philanthropist and patriot who so generously aided the Revolutionary cause, and the fact is but another instance of the ingratitude of republics. The remissness of the peo- ple's representatives in the adjustment of private claims has been but too often flagrantly demonstrated, but there is not to be found on the public records a more signal case of public injustice. When to pay a debt is everybody's business, then it is apparently forever nobody's business to do so, and thus it happens that popular governments fail utterly in cases of this nature, where a monarchy would hasten to do justice. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 23 his death and from which personal estate mentioned in said certificate not a cent was ever received by any of his heirs.] "58 Loan Office Certificates . . $110,233.65 19 Treasury . . 1(8,259.50 2 Virginia State " . . 8,166.48 70 Commissioners " . . 17,870.37 Continental Liquidated . . 199,214.45 #353,744-45- ' ' Seal ' ' I certify that the above writing is a true extract from the original inventory and appraisement of the personal estate of Haym Salomon deceased filed in the register's office Philadel- phia on the 15th February, 1785. (Signed) John Geyer, Register. Given under my hand and seal of office this 28th May, A. D. 1828." [Extract from a Certificate.] The father of Mr. Haym M. Salomon was the deceased Haym Salomon, Esq., who died in Philadelphia, January 6, 1785, and who is found to have exhibited the most ardent personal devotion to the cause of the Revolution. On investigating such of the memoranda and papers regard- ing his civil services in that era of our history which have accidentally been preserved and now submitted, I find the fol- lowing facts. By an affidavit made in New York, January, 1778, before Alderman Matthews, certified on its back by William Clay gen, military secretary to Major-General Horatio Gates, dated at the encampment White Plains, August 15, 1778, it appears that so early as the year 1775, Mr. S. was in controversy with the enemies of the projected Revolution. New York, May 9, 1828. {Signed) Wm. H. Beu,. The affidavit further states that it had been alleged against him in New York that he was charged by General Washington to execute an enterprise as hazardous to the safety of his person 24 THE A M ERICA N JE W AS and life as it was most important to the interests of the Revo- lutionary army. Supposed to be the enterprise for which he was condemned to death by the British General Clinton, as mentioned in the first part of this memorandum. The two infant sons which Mr. Salomon (at the age of 45) left at his death were Ezekiel and Haym. Ezekiel was he (the eldest) who in 1807, in charge of a large amount of American property, was (with many other American citizens whose cargoes as well as his own was sequestered at Leghorn by the French) placed in much perplexity, but through the spirited remonstrance which he made to the Tuscan and French Governments, succeeded in procuring its release. He subse- quently was charged with the government of the U. S. Branch Bank at New Orleans, and while in the successful application of the duties of his office died in 182 1. Haym M., the youngest son and sole survivor of the male part of the family, has been engaged in commercial pursuits for many years past, for particulars of which see letter from Hon. Johnson, Esq., who for eight years was the representa- tive in Congress from New York, the Empire City of the United States, and now* one of the chief officers in the Custom House of that city.f Bibliographical Note. Little of the mass of original material atone time in existence rela- tive to the life and activity of Haym Salomon can now be located. Mr. William Salomon, of New York, a great-grandson of Haym Salo_ mon, writes in response to a recent inquiry as follows : "I am under the impression that all the papers bearing on the services of Haym Salomon in the cause of the Revolution which were not lost when he died intestate (and a few months before Haym M. Salomon was born) came into Haym M. Salomon's possession, but unfortunately his descendants have been deprived of that valued inheritance by reason of their disappearance while in the custody of the Government. All * Circa 1842. t A third child of Haym Salomon was a daughter, Sallie Salomon, who married Joseph Andrews. Their son, Joseph I. Andrews, mar- ried Miriam Nones, of New York, a daughter of Major Benjamin Nones of Revolutionary fame. The daughter of this union, Louisa Andrews, is now Mrs.' E. L. Goldbaum, of Memphis, Term. Mr. (Joldbaum kindly writes me : "We have in our possession life-size oil paintings of Joseph Andrews, son-in-law of Haym Salomon, and of his wife Sallie Andrews, tier Sallie Salomon. " PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 25 I ever discovered among my father's papers was a letter from either President Tyler or Polk (I cannot remember positively which, and the letter is not now within easy reach) stating that papers my grand- father, Haym M. Salomon, desired to have returned could not be found in the Department where they had been placed." Some further details of the strange negligence to which this unfor- tunate loss is due may be found in the Senate Committee Report to the 81st Congress on the claim of H. M. Salomon. The timely ser- vices rendered by Haym Salomon to James Madison during the ses- sions of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia are specifically indicated in the published letters of Madison ; see Gilpin, Madison Papers, Vol. I., pp. 168, 178-9. Mr. Herbert Friedenwald, of Phila- delphia, has recently found among the records of the Continental Congress an interesting Memorial of Haym Salomon, submitted to the Congress in August, 1778 ; see Publications of American Jewish Historical Society, 1., 87. The main sources of information relative to the life of Haym Salomon are thus the secondary Congressional Committee Reports upon the claims of his descendants for indemnity for money advanced to the United States Government during the Revolution. These, in the order of their presentation, are as follows:* 1. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Rep. F. A. Tallmadge. April 26, 1848. 8 pp. House Reports, No. 504, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 111. 2. Report on Claim of H. M Salomon. Senator J. 1). Bright. July 28, 1848. 8 pp. Senate Reports, No. 219, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. 8. Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon. Senator I. P. Walker. August 9, 1850. 7 pp. Senate Reports, No. 177, 81st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. 1. 4. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator Charles Dur- kee. March 9, 1860. 10 pp. Senate Reports, No. 127, 86th Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I. 5. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator M. S. Wilkin- son. July 2, 1862. 5 pp. Senate Reports, No. 65, 87th Cong., 2d Sess. 6. Report on Petition of Haym M. Salomon. June 24, 1864. 4 pp. Senate Reports, No. 98, 80th Cong., 1st Sess. The second, third, fifth and sixth of the above reports have been reprinted in pamphlet form, presumably for private circulation. During the first session of the 29th Congress, the Senate Committee of Claims unanimously agreed upon a report similar to that adopted by the House Committee of the 80th Congress, but too late for pres- entation. Another report was drawn up during the second session of the same Congress, placed on file, but never adopted. It was largely embodied in the Senate Report to the 81st Congress; see Senate Report -Poore, Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States (Washington, 1885), pp. 558, 565, 598, 762, 807, 828. 26 THE A MER WA N JE I V A S to the 31st Congress. The last sentence of the Report to the 38th Congress: "except the report of this committee made at the last session," and several paragraphs inserted in the Report to the 37th Congress as statements of " the committee of the last Congress," indicate the presentation of additional reports. No positive evidence of their existence has, however, been found. At the second session of the 52d Congress (February 24, 1893), a bill was presented to the House, ordering that a gold medal be struck off in recognition of ser- vices rendered by Haym Salomon during the Revolutionary War, in consideration of which the Salomon heirs waived their claims upon the United States for indemnity. The measure was reported favor- ably by the House Committee on the Library, but too late for con- sideration. The Report (No. 2556; to accompany H. R. 7896) sum- marizes the efforts made in previous Congresses, and reprints iu full the Senate Report to the 37th Congress. OTHER JEWISH CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COLONIAL TREASURY. The monetary contribution by Haym Salomon to the success- ful issue of the Revolutionary struggle was doubtless the largest made by any individual, but while it is the most signal instance of its kind, it does not stand alone. Haym Salomon was not the only Jew who showed his earnestness in behalf of freedom by a jeopardy or sacrifice of fortune. Among the signers of the Bills of Credit for the Continental Congress in 1776 were Benjamin Levy, of Philadelphia and Benjamin Jacobs, of New York ; and Samuel Lyon, of the same city, was among the signers of similar bills in 1779. Isaac Morris, also of Phila- delphia, and who, after the Revolutionary War, was one of the incorporators of the Bank of New 7 York, contributed three thousand pounds sterling (£3000) to the colonial treasury, and still another Philadelphian, Hyman Levy, repeatedly advanced considerable sums for the support of the army in the field. A yet more notable instance of patriotic devotion was that of Manuel Mordecai Noah, of South Carolina, who not only served in the army as officer on Washington's staff, and likewise with General Marion, but gave of his fortune twenty thousand pounds ( ,£20,000) to further the cause in which he was enlisted. Many minor cases of a similar order could be cited, but only the more important instances, such as are of public record, have here been adduced. PATRIOT, SOLD riiR AND CITIZEN. 27 INCIDENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF AMERICAN JEWISH PATRIOTISM. [A paper written for the American Jewish Historical Society by Max J. Kohler.] In the present article, the writer proposes to set forth several incidents in our history not otherwise connected with each other than the above title indicates, but all tending to show that the Jew has ever been ready to battle for the cause of his adopted country, be his domicile where it may. Our subjects herein had differing views as to what patriotism demanded. We shall speak of French Jews battling for France, of English Jewish Colonists championing England's cause, and of American Jews fighting for American liberty and glory, yet all were equally patriots. In selecting the incidents to be set forth herein the writer has confined himself exclusively to matters which he believes are either wholly unknown to the Jewish historian or only partially or imperfectly known ; no treatment of the main subject, other than these incidents may furnish, will be at- tempted. I. Colonel David S. Franks. Members have no doubt still fresh in mind the interesting items relating to Col. Franks, set forth by Dr. Herbert Friedenwald and Prof. M. Jastrow in No. i of our "Proceed- ings. ' ' Since then other data have been collected and published in regard to the Franks family, to which I will merely refer ; (see the very interesting article on the History of the Jews of Montreal, prepared for the Montreal Daily Star, December 30, 1893, and repeated in the American Israelite in January, 1894, which has been attributed to Rev. Dr. Meldola de Sola ; and also an article on Rebecca Franks by the present writer, which appeared in the American Hebrew, November 9, 14, 21, and also in pamphlet reprint). In the present paper, Colonel 28 THE AMERICAN ,/E W AS Franks' early career in Canada will be chiefly dealt with, the documents herein cited demonstrating the correctness of Dr. Friedenwald's theory (p. 76) that Franks was drawn into the Revolutionary contest through pure patriotism and interest in the struggle which was being carried on south of his earlier domicile. A contemporary periodical furnishes the data I refer to ; it is entitled : ' ' The Remembrancer or Impartial Reposi- tory of Public Events." Part I, for 1776, London, 1776, pp. 100-6. (The narrative is somewhat condensed herein, but the documents are set forth in their entirety.) "On May 2, 1775, the bust of the king at Montreal was found daubed over and indecently ornamented, the words, 'This is the pope of Canada and the fool of England,' being written upon it in French. A reward of 100 guineas was offered for the discover of the perpetrator, and much indignation was expressed among the French inhabitants, eager to manifest their loyalty to England, one French gentleman even express ing his opinion that the act ought to be punished by hanging. Upon hearing this severe opinion, a young English merchant of the name of Franks, who had settled at Montreal and who at that time happened to be near the speaker, replied to him in these words : ' In England men are not hanged for such small offenses,' which he repeated twice or three times. This pro- voked M. de B (the former speaker) to such a degree, that, after giving the young man much opprobrious language, he at last proceeded to blows, and struck him in the face and pulled him by the nose ; upon which the other gave him a blow that knocked him down. The next day, May the 3d, upon a com- plaint of M. de B to three officers of justice of a new order, called the Conservators of the Peace for the District of Montreal, not of the blow he had received from Franks (for to this he was conscious he had given occasion by striking him first) but of the words pronounced by the latter, .' that in England people were not hanged for such small offenses,' the Conservators issued the warrant hereunder following for com- mitting young Franks to prison. He was accordingly carried thither by a party of soldiers with bayonets fixed, and ,£10,000 bail, that was offered to procure his liberty, and be security for his appearance to take his trial for the offence, was refused. And there he continued for a week, at the end of which time, the same Conservators of the Peace (by the direction, as it is supposed, of Governor Carleton) ordered him to be discharged without any bail at all. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. :>9 The following are the official documents, in translation : " District of Montreal. 1 ' By John Fraser, John Marteilhe and Rene Ovide Hertel de Rouville, Esquires, Judges and Conservators of the Peace in the District of Montreal : "Whereas, Francis Mary Picote de Bellestre, Esquire, has made oath on the holy gospels that on Tuesday the second day of this present month of May, as he was standing still in the street to hear a proclamation published, concerning those wretches who had insulted his Majesty's bust, he had openly declared that he thought they deserved to be hanged : and that thereupon one Salisbury Franks had answered with surprise, 1 that it was not usual to hang people for such small offences and that it was not worth while to do so,' and that he had repeated those words several times, and with a loud voice. " We, having regard to the said complaint, and considering that every good subject ought to look upon the said insult to his Majesty's bust as an act of the most atrocious nature, and deserving of the utmost abhorrence, and that therefore all declarations made in conversation that tend to affirm it to be a small offence, ought to be esteemed criminal : Do, for these reasons, authorize and command you to convey the said Salisbury Franks to the prison of the town to be there detained, till he shall be thence discharged according to law. And for so doing, this warrant shall be your justification. " Given at Montreal, under our hands and seals, on the third day of May, 1775. John Fraser, (Signed) John Marteilhe, Hertel de Rouville." The warrant to the jailor we omit, but the warrant for his discharge follows : " To the keeper of the jail in Montreal : Whereas David Salisbury Franks is now in your custody, in virtue of our warrant duly sealed and signed ; these are now to command you to forbear detaining any longer the said David Salisbury Franks, but to suffer him to go at large wherever he pleases and that without fees. And for so doing, this will be your sufficient warrant. "Given under our hands and seals at Montreal, on the 9th day of May, 1775." (Signed as above). 30 THE A MER WA N JE W AS It will be noticed that the warrant of release gives the full name of Franks and leaves it clear that he was the future American patriot. It should also be noticed that he is described as an Englishman, pointing to that county as the common home of the various members of the family of that name in America. (Compare Life of Peter Van Schaack, p. 143, and Kamble Papers, for references to Franks' family home, a mansion near London). Also that the amount of bail offered for young Franks, £ 10,000, was extraordinarily large for those days. It is not proposed herein to repeat the interesting incident in the career of Arnold's aide-de-camp which others have set forth so well. Their accounts may, however, be supplemented by the fol- lowing. It seems that Franks gave testimony to Mrs. Arnold's innocence of all complicity in her husband's treason. This fact is cited in a note in the present writer's sketch of Rebecca Franks (p. 12), but the original authority, the preface to the privately printed Shipper papers, he has thus far been un- able to consult. After the inquiry into Frank's conduct, — occasioned by the suspicions aroused against him on account of Arnold's treason— had been held in accordance with his de- mand, Franks appears to have been sent to Europe with im- portant dispatches to Jay and Franklin, with instructions to await their orders. In a letter from Robert Morris to Frank- lin, dated Philadelphia, July 1.3, 1781, we read: "The bearer of the letter, Major Franks, formerly an aide-de-camp to General Arnold, and honorably acquitted of all connection with him after a full and impartial inquiry, will be able to give you our public news more particularly than I could relate them." (Diplomatic Correspondence, edited by Sparks, Vol. XI, p. 382). His conduct in France and Spain appears to have been very creditable; Jay speaks very highly about his discretion and tact and he seems to have won the particular regard of the Count of Florida Blanca, the Spanish Minister, with whom Jay was negotiating. (See " Diplomatic Correspondence of the U. S.," edited by F. Wharton, Vol. IV, 752-754, 756-757, 764-784, V, 121. Thompson Papers (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, 1878), p. 183. Accounts of the U. S. during the Administra- tion of the Superintendent of France, 1 781-1784). As noted by Dr. Friedenwald, Franks was sent by Congress to Europe PATRIOTfiOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 31 again in 1784, this time to deliver a triplicate of the definitive treaty of peace to our ministers plenipotentiary. Further de- tails about this trip are alluded to in " Military Journal of Ma- jor K. Denny" (Pa. Hist. Society, Pub. i860) p. 415, where letters from Frank's associate, Col. Harman, are quoted, and in a letter written by Harman to a Philadelphia merchant, Jona- than Williams, in 1790, wherein he sends his regards to Franks, and alludes to the " gay moments we passed together in France, particularly the civilities received from you at St. Germain, where I dined with you in company with Mr. Barclay and Col. Franks" (p. 461). Not less interesting is the narrative of an encounter with Major Franks in 1787, by Dr. Cutler, on a trip to Philadelphia : "July 12th. Made our next stay at Bristol. Dined in company with the passengers in the stage, among whom were General Armstrong and Col. Franks. General Armstrong is a member of Congress with whom I had a small acquaintance at New York; Franks was an aide of General Arnold at the time of his desertion to the British. Both of them high bucks, and affected, as I conceived, to hold the New England states in contempt. They had repeatedly touched m> Yankee blood, in their conversation at the table; but I was much on the reserve until, after we had dined, some severe re- flections on the conduct of Rhode Island, and the Insurgency in Massachusetts — placing the two States in the same point of light — induced me to observe that ' I had 110 doubt but that the conduct of Rhode Island would prove of infinite service to the Union; that the insurgency in Massachusetts would eventually lead to invigorate and establish our government; and that I considered the State of Pennsylvania — divided and distracted as she was then in her Councils, the large County of Luzerne on the eve of an insurrection — to be in as hazardous a situation as any one on the Continent.' "This instantly brought on a warm fracas indeed. The cudgels were taken up on both sides: the contest as fierce as if the fate of empires depended on the decision. At length victory declared in our favor. Armstrong began to make con- cessions. Franks, with more reluctance, at length gave up the ground. Both acknowledged the New England States were entitled to an equal share of merit with any in the Union, and 32 THE A MER ICA A r JE W A S declared they had no intention to reflect. We had the satisfac- tion to quit the field with an air of triumph, which my little companion enjoyed with a high relish; nor could he forget it, all the way to Philadelphia. But we parted with our antago- nists on terms of perfect good humor and complaisance. My companion frequently afterwards mentioned the pleasure it gave him to see Armstrong and Franks, ' ' so completely taken down," as he expressed it, which led me to conclude he was of the party opposed to them in the political quarrels of Philadel- phia." (Historical magazine, Third Series, Vol. II, pp. 84-85). But let us pass from Franks to another Canadian. II. Chevalier de Levis. The student of Canadian .history is very familiar with the name of Levis, which bids fair to be perpetuatad in several geographical names in that country. The name was borne by Henri de Levis, Duke of Vontadour, Viceroy of Canada for some time after 1626, but was rendered more famous through the brilliant career of his relative, the Chevalier de Levis, Montcalm's able lieutenant, subsequently his successor as com- mander of the French forces in Canada, and still later Marshal of France. Numerous striking illustrations of his gallantry and chivalry are extant, and it is suggestive that Montcalm should have spoken some of his last words, in praise of "his gallant Chevalier de Levis," for whose talents and fitness for command he expressed high esteem. The writer hereof does not claim that either of these two de Levis' were Jews, but he does believe that they were of Jewish descent, less on account of their family name than on account of the following curious explanation of it : "A family that considered itself to be the oldest in Christendom. Their chateau contained, it was said, two pictures: one of the Deluge in which Noah is represented going into the Ark, carrying under his arm a trunk on which was written: ' Papiers de la maison de Levis.' The other was a portrait of the founder of the house, bowing reverently to the Virgin, who is made to say : ' Couvrez-vous, mon cousin. ' ' It is for my own pleasure, my cousin,' replied the descendent of Levi." PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 33 (Compare Horace Walpole's Letters, Kingsford's History of Canada, Vol. I, p. 77, Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 150, 360, 363, 378-379, 455, 478, 466; II, 308, 312, 354). III. Lopez and Hart, of Newport. In the last volume of our ' ' Proceedings ' ' and also in Judge Daly's work, numerous references are to be found to the in- teresting career of Aaron Lopez, of Newport, whom the present writer has described as probably the richest and most success- ful Jewish man of affairs who lived in this country before the Revolution. It may be remembered that Lopez was one of a number of Jewish residents of Newport who found it necessary to flee from that city at the beginning of the war, when the British forces moved against the city. Lopez withdrew to Leicester, Massachusetts, with his family, and remained there until May, 1782. (Daly's Jews in North America, p. 86). Short as was his stay there, however, he left a noble memorial of his sojourn behind him, as appears from the following ex- tract from the Diary of a journey from Plymouth to Connecti- cut by Samuel Davis in 1789. (Mass. Hist. Society Proceed- ings, 1 869-1 870, p. 11). "Leicester is situate on very high ground. The Meeting house is a decent edifice, very illy painted. Near it is the Academy, founded by the late Mr. Lopez, a worthy merchant of the Jewish tribe. It is a long building of two stories, with a cupola and bell, and two entrances, fronted by porticos; appears to be decaying. Mr. James observed at Worcester, that he supposed the preceptor and pupils would be removed to a handsome new school house in that town." But Newport contained many Tories as well as Patriots, many of whom must to-day be regarded as no less patriotic than those whom we designate by that term. It is, therefore, not surprising to find Jewish Tories there, and one of the num- ber appears to have been a martyr to his views, as the follow- ing item shows: "Mr. Isaac Hart, of Newport R. I., formerly an eminent merchant and ever a loyal subject, was inhumanly fired upon and bayoneted, wounded in fifteen parts of his body, and beat with their muskets, in the most shocking manner in 34 THE A ME RICA N JEW A S the very act of imploring quarter, and died of his wounds a few hours after, universally regretted by every true lover of his King and country." (Account of the attack on Fort St. George, Rivington's Gazette, December 2, 1780). To leave no doubt as to his faith, the following item, (from Du Simmitiaire, MSS., 1769) accompanies the preceding one in the Magazine of American History (Vol. Ill, p. 452): "At Mr. Isaac Hart's, a Jew, living at the Point, in Newport, R. I., there is a portrait of the late Czar, Peter I, done, I believe, by vSir Godfrey Kneller." IV. Some New York Jewish Patriots. The number of New York Jews who served their country by risking life or fortune in its behalf is well-nigh legion. Hundreds upon hundreds of instances have been set forth from time to time, covering a time from the early colonial period, as appears particularly from another paper by the present writer, through the Revolutionary struggle down to our own day. But little cause can be assigned for distinguishing a few from the many in the present article unless it be the probability that the instances to be referred to herein are but little known. It should be of interest to notice, for instance, that the decision reached in 1770 to make more stringent the Non-Importation Agreement, which the colonists adopted to bring England to terms on the taxation question, had among its signers Samuel Judah, Hayman Levy, Jacob Moses, Jacob Myers, Jonas Phil- lips, and Isaac Seixas {New York Gazette and Weekly Post Boy, July 23, 1770). The victory won by the Jewish Patriots over the loyalists in the New York Jewish Congregation at the outbreak of the Revolution, which induced the majority to determine to dis- band the congregation for country's sake, has been well de- scribed in a former article in our Society's periodicals and the names of the patriots who, in consequence, fled to Philadelphia on the approach of the British to New York are known. In another paper, the writer hereof enumerates some of the less known but possibly equally patriotic Jewish Loyalists, who re- mained in the city. It appears, however, that even the Jewish PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 35 cemetery was to witness the strife and struggles of war, for we read that a battery to overlook the East River and prevent British ships from entering into it "is planned in some for- wardness at the foot of the Jews' Burying Ground," in March, 1776. (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collection Pub. Fund Series, Vol. Ill, PP- 354, 355). During the war of 18 12, the New York Jews appear to have again manifested their love of country, and one of their number, Col. Nathan Myers, was even in command of a brigade stationed near the City of New York in the beginning of the war. (Guernsey; " New York City during the War of 1812," pp. 86, 436-7). Others manifested their patriotism by bringing pecuniary sacrifices, as did Herman Hendricks in 18 13. In February of that year, Congress passed an act authorizing a loan of $16,000,000, but less than $4,000,000 were subscribed. It was then that New York merchants came to the rescue by sub- scribing for the bonds, in spite of the sacrifices that were made in view of the fact that the government could not obtain money except at a discount of 15 per cent. Hendricks subscribed for $40,000 of the bonds, being one of the largest individual sub- scribers. (Scoville: The Old Merchant of New York City. First Series, pp. 329-333- ) Among those who served under Col. Myers in this War, was probably Samuel Noah, a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, who led a most eventful life, which has been chronicled in a very interesting way by Gen. George W. Cullom in his " Biographi- cal Sketches of Deceased Graduates of the United States Military Academy." We quote the account in full : "Samuel Noah. " Class of 1807. "Died March 10, 1871, at Mount Pulaski, 111., aged 92. "Samuel Noah, who was born July 19, 1779, in the City of London, died March 10, 187 1, at Mount Pulaski, Logan county, Illinois, at the advanced age of nearly 92, he having been for several years the senior surviving graduate of the United States Military Academy. He was of Jewish descent, and was a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, formerly consul to 36 THE A MERICAN JE W AS Tunis, and for many years the editor of various New York journals. " When twenty years old he emigrated to this country, and after a residence of several years in New York City, solicited a midshipman's appointment, but not succeeding, accepted, May 5, 1805, that of a cadet in the First Regiment of Artillery. Being intelligent and a good penman, he was often selected as amanuensis to the Superintendent of the Military Academy, and frequently acted as Judge Advocate or Recorder of Courts at West Point. Upon graduation, Dec. 9, 1807, preferring the Infantry arm, he was promoted an ensign in the Second Regi- ment, which, after a tedious journey, he joined at Cantonment, Columbia Springs, in the rear of Fort Adams, Miss. Here he devoted his leisure hours to the study of the early campaigns of Napoleon, who was then the military prodigy of the world ; but this fascinating occupation was soon interrupted by his having to watch smugglers on the Florida frontier and march from one unhealthy camp to another in the Gulf States. During these migrations he met Captain Winfield Scott just after his duel near Natchez with Dr. Upshur (brother of the Secretary of State blown up on board the Princeton), Lieutenant James Gibson, sub- sequently killed at the sortie from Fort Erie, Gen. James Wilkin- son, Captain Edmond P. Gaines, Gen. Wade Hampton, and other since famous officers of whom he had many anecdotes to relate. Wearied finally with slow promotion, and disgusted that ignorant civilians were appointed to rank him, he resigned March 13, 181 1, his commission of First Lieutenant in the Army. 1 ' Soon after this period a Mexican deputation from the Junta of Coahuila, Gen. Bernado Guiteras and Captain Manscac arrived at Natchitoches, where Lieutenant Magee, a graduate of 1809, was stationed, and offered him the command with the rank of Colonel of the combined forces there assembled of Mexicans and Anglo-Americans. After Magee assumed the command, Noah, allured by visions of a golden future, joined, as First Lieutenant, this little undisciplined Falstaffian regiment on the Brazos river, while on its march to Fort Bahia, which it entered Nov. 14, 1812 ; but no sooner was the fort in posses- sion of the Patriot Army than the Spanish royalists besieged it PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 37 with a force of five times the strength of the garrison. In this struggle poor Col. Magee sickened and died, and was buried with the honors of war during the enemy's cannonade, a six- pounder ball lodging close to the grave. After the siege was raised, March 28, 18 13, and the patriots re-inforced, this little army, with Noah in command of its rear guard, pursued and routed the Royalists, April 4, 18 13, in a sharp combat near San Antonio, and three days later entered the capital of Texas, Salcido, the governor, surrendering at discretion with his entire force. ' ' Informed soon after of the declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain, Noah, true to the flag of his adopted country, left Texas, and, escaping through many perils by flood and field, reached the city of Washington, where he was most sadly disappointed in not being re-commissioned by President Madison in the United States Army. Nothing daunted, however, he proceeded to New York, and volunteered his services as a private soldier with Captain Benjamin Dun- ning' s company for the defence of Brooklyn, then being fortified by Gen. Joseph G. Swift, to repel an anticipated descent of the British on Long Island at Sag Harbor. His services here and at Harlem Heights, to the close of the war, in aid of the militia force, were most zealous and untiring, his military education, practical knowledge and quick intelligence proving powerful auxiliaries to his patriotic devotion to duty. After the termi- nation of Noah's military career, he taught school near Goshen, New York, till 1820 ; then for two years was in England, being present at the trial of Queen Caroline and the Coronation of George the Fourth; resumed school teaching and was employed in various academies in Virginia until May 24, 1848 ; and subsequently resided with a faithful friend at Mount Pulaski, IyOgan county, 111., where he died. The romantic record of Samuel Noah's early life is full of wild adventure and thrilling incidents; his after history was a curious medley, almost the very counterpart of the vicissitudes to which Gil Bias was exposed; and his declining years were an old age of poverty, with little relief even from sources upon which he confidently counted to ease his weary journey to the grave." In this connection reference would also seem to be in order to 38 THE AMERICAN JEW AS some New York Jews who served in the Mexican War, one of them with particular distinction and honor. This list includes Sergeant Jacob David, Sergeant Samuel Henry, and Private Abraham Adler (killed); Corporal Jacob Hirshhorn and Private Otto Neubauer, Phillip Myers, and Jacob Lema, Mark Kahn, Alexander Simm, John Myers, James Hart and William Hart, Myers, Marx M. Hart, Henry Phillips, Joseph Henriques, and Jacob C. Somers. (See article by the present writer in American Hebrew, February 9, 1894.) V. Some Baltimore Jews. Turning next to Baltimore, two interesting incidents are in point. The one carries us back to Revolutionary times, and is to be connected with the name of Jacob Hart, one of a number of patriotic merchants of Baltimore; whether he was the only Jew in the group is unknown. The incident is briefly referred to as follows, in a letter written by Lafayette to Washington, April 18, 1 87 1. (Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette, Vol. I, page 403.) " To these measures for punishing deserters, I have added one which my feelings for the sufferings of the soldiers and peculiarity of their circum- stances have prompted me to adopt. The merchants of Balti- more lent me a sum of about ^2000 which will procure some shirts, linen, overalls, shoes and a few hats ; the ladies will make up the shirts, and the overalls will be made by the detach- ment, so that our soldiers have a chance of being a little more comfortable. The money is lent upon my credit, and I become security for the payment of it in two years' time, when, by the French laws, I may better dispose of my estate. But before that time, I shall use my influence with the French court, in order to have this sum of money added to any loan Congress may have been able to obtain from them." The following entry ' ' Accounts of the United States with the Superintendent of Finance ' ' (Robert Morris) serves to identify the merchants : " May 27, (1782) Jacob Hart and others for the Repayment of Money Loaned the Marquis de Lafayette at Baltimore — 7256 dollars. ' ' Further details appear from the following passages PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 39 in the Journals of Congress, Vol. VII p. 86: "Thursday, May 24, 1 78 1. On the report of the committee to whom was referred a letter of April 22 from Maj. Gen. the Marquis de la Fayette: Resolved, That Congress entertains a just sense of the patriotic and timely exertions of the merchants of Baltimore who so generously supplied the Marquis de la Fayette with about 2000 guineas, to enable him to forward the detachment under his command; That the Marquis de la Fayette be assured that Congress will take proper measures to discharge the engage- ment he has entered into with the merchants." Compare with this an article on ' ' Old Maryland Homes and Ways," by John W. Palmer, in the Century, December 1894, p. 258. Markens in his " Hebrews in America " (p. 93) briefly refers to the incident, describing Hart as a Hebrew of German birth, who came to this country in 1775; he was the father-in- law of Haym M. Salomon, son of the patriot, Haym Salomon. Certainly not less interesting, though less well known, is the following incident in the Mexican War, which is translated from the " Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, ,, Vol. X p. 508, August 24, 1846 : "The New York Herald of July 15, (1846) contains the following item, in reference to the call for 50,000 volunteers to join the army against Mexico: ' Baltimore July 3. Among the companies which have been formed here, a volun- teer corps of Jews attracts particular attention. Although com- posed for the most part of immigrants, they have given, by the raising of this company, to fight with the native militia on behalf of our institutions, a splendid instance of their love and devotion for these and for their new fatherland. Yes, their love for the fame and independence of our country has been dis- played all the more pointedly as they have organized their company by selecting one not of their faith as their chief officer, namely, Captain Carroll, who was paymaster of the Fifth regiment, but willingly resigned his position to accept the command of this patriotic com pan}' of volunteers. Its other officers are: Mr. Levi Benjamin, first lieutenant; Joseph Simpson, second lieutenant; Samuel G. Goldsmith, third lieutenant; S. Eytinge, first sergeant; Dr. J. Horwitz, surgeon." An exami- nation of the copy of the Herald thus referred to, fails to show 40 THE AMERICAN JE W AS the English original of the above item ; either the date or the name of the paper is incorrectly cited, though the facts are no doubt correctly given. VI. South Carolina Jewish Patriots. The following item from an article by Rev. Isaac Leeser, in The Occident, Vol. XVI, p. 142 (1858) gives in some little detail a story since then oft repeated ; the primary authorities for the incident are still unknown to the writer thereof: " A company of soldiers who did good service in the defence of Charleston Harbor were nearly all, if not all Jews. The names of Daniel W. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, Sr., and Isaiah Isaacs, we think, must have been on the roll of that company. Relations or descendants of all of these are still to be found among our most respectable families. Sheftall Sheftall, Isaac N. Cardozo, a brother of David, and Colonel Bush, occur to us just now as brave soldiers in the Revolution, and no doubt many others are known to other persons." Compare with this the following passage from a speech of Col. J. W. D. Worthing- ton on the Jew Bill, Maryland, 1824 (Speeches on the Jew Bill, etc., by H. N. Brackenridge, Phila. 1829, p. 115): " Here is another paper which contains the names of a corps of volunteer infantry, in Charleston, South Carolina, in February, 1779. It was composed chiefly of Israelites, residing in King's Street and was commanded by Captain Lushington, and afterward fought under Gen. Moultrie at the Battle of Beaufort." Also Westeott's ' ' Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to Penn- sylvania. " " Abraham Seixas, formerly an officer in the Militia of Charleston, South Carolina, lately arrived in this city, Phila- delphia; Merchant, May 31, 1782." VII. Mordecai Sheftall, of Savannah, Georgia. We may fittingly close this paper with an account of a Jewish patriot of the Revolution who held important and responsible positions under both Congressional and Georgia State control, PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 41 and who had occasion to find that the Sovereign will often de- cline to pay even the most bona fide debts, where powerful in- fluence to force bills for their payment through Congress is wanting. One of the witnesses in the Court Martial Proceed- ings, of Major General Howe, in 1780, (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections, 1879, pp. 260-263, 301) was Mordecai Sheftall, who was Deputy Commissar}' General of Issues to the Con- tinental troops in Georgia during the period of the British in- vasion of that State, and also Commissary General of Purchase and Issues to the Militia. He testified to various measures he had recommended for removing supplies from positions of danger, to prevent their falling into the hands of the British, and it is very suggestive that these provisions should be referred to in the Index, under the heading: "Jewish Thrift," (Collec- tions, 1880, p. 461). In his defence, General Howe referred to him as follows: "Mr. Sheftall, the Deputy Commissary General of Issues, has been brought by the prosecutors to prove upon me, as I suppose, a neglect of the public stores. I have ever had a favorable opinion of Mr. Sheftall, as an honest man, and from the testimony of such, I know I have nothing to fear; his evidence, therefore, is in my favor. Many measures, how- ever, were pursued that Mr. Sheftall might have had no knowl- edge of. ' ' Mr. Sheftall 's was one of the earliest Jewish families in Georgia, and various items in regard to his character and standing are collated in Judge Daly's work (p. 70, et. seq. ), where his name is, erroneously, it seems, spelt Sheftail. On page 72 reference is made to Cushman Polack, who was also a witness in the Howe trial, (pp. 264-5) ne having been a private in the militia in Georgia at the same time; his name is there spelt "Coshman Pollock"). Markens also adds, on what authority I am unable to state, (p. 49) that when the British took possession of Savannah, December 29, 1778, Mordecai Sheftall, with his son Sheftall Sheftall, endeavored to make his escape, but was compelled to surrender by a body of Highlanders. He was taken to the guard-house, where the officer in charge was instructed to guard him well, as he was ' ' a great rebel. ' ' There he was confined with a number of soldiers and negroes without a morsel to eat until a Hessian officer named Zeltman, finding he could speak his language, removed him to his quarters and 42 THE AMERICAN JE W A S permitted him to communicate with his wife and son. In an interesting narrative, published many years ago, Mr. Sheftall states that he was treated with abuse by Captain Strarhope of the ' ' Raven ' ' sloop of war, and he and his son were ordered on board the prison ship. His name, with the inscription, "Chair- man Rebel Provisional Committee," is enrolled on the list of those who were selected as coming under the Disqualifying Act of July, 1780, and thus rendered u incapable of holding or exer- cising any office of trust, honor or profit in the Province of Georgia." The writer hereof believes, that, until now, no particulars have been known to the Jewish historian in regard to a claim urged by Sheftall, and afterwards his widow, before Congress. It appears that he presented a petition to the House of Repre- sentatives on March 29, 1792, asking for a settlement of his ac- counts as Deputy Commissary General of Issues for the South- ern Department during the Revolutionary War with Great Britain. The claim was referred to the Secretary of the Treasury, who reported it to the next Congress, though the nature of his report is not known to the writer. In the fourth Congress the petition was referred to the Commitee on Claims, which reported it back to the House, February 11, 1797. In the House List of Private Claims (Vol. Ill, p. 305-6), this re- port is marked "adverse." No authority seems to exist for this statement. In fact, another claim reported at the same time was rejected at once, but the Sheftall claim was referred to the Committee of the Whole on the following Wednesday, but on that day it does not appear to have been considered. In the Seventh Congress, Frances, widow of Mordecai Sheftall, renewed her husband's petition and it was again referred to a committee. This committee's report was read and considered on April 3, 1802, but further consideration was postponed till the 4th Mon- day of November following, which was practically equivalent to killing the measure, as Congress never meets in ordinary session in November. (Journals of Congress, House, Second, 1st Session, p. 554; Third, 1st Session, pp. 77-8 ; Fourth, 1st Ses- sion, p. 451; Fourth, 2d Session, p. 691; Seventh, 1st Session, 136, 177, Carpenter; American Senator, III, 449-50). No further information as to the claim is at hand. From the per- PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 43 sistence in pressing it, it must be concluded that some sub- stantial sum was involved. It may be that it was rejected because the United States declined to assume liability for the acts of the State of Georgia, there having been a series of contro- versies between the State and General Government as to the liability of the latter for military services and expenditures in- curred in behalf of the former. At any rate, the claim does not appear to have been paid, and like the Haym Salomon claim, is another illustration of our country's ingratitude to those who made sacrifices for it of worldly goods and life and limb in its hours of need. 44 THE AMERICAN JEW AS JEWISH SOLDIERS. IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMIES. Scant and unsatisfactory as are the army records of the Revolutionary period, enough of an authentic character has been preserved to fully sustain the statement of Solomon Etting, who, writing in Baltimore in 1824, notes that among the soldiers of the Revolution ' ' were many Hebrews who were always at their post and always foremost in all hazardous enterprises. ' ' This almost contemporary notice emanates from a Jew whose father had served in the Continental army from the beginning of the Revolution to the capture of Charleston, and who, through the prominence of his family had been brought in con- tact with many of the distinguished participants in the momen- tous struggle. The active co-operation of Jewish citizens in the non-importa- tion movement of 1763 has already been adverted to, but even before that time we find references to prominent Jewish partici- pants in the public defense. In 1754, during the French and Indian War, Isaac Myers, a Jewish citizen of New York, called a town meeting at the ' ' Rising Sun ' ' Inn and organized a company of bateau men of which he became captain. Two other Jews are named as taking part in the same war, both of whom served in the expedition across the Allegheny mountains in the year above noted. It is altogether probable that these three were not the only Jewish soldiers of that early war, but only these have left traces of their presence. In the following year, 1755, when the colonies were agitated by the disastrous ending of the Braddock campaign and the incipient movement toward federation, we find a Jew, Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania and Attorney-General of the colony. The chronicles of the Revolutionary War afford a considerable and in many respects an interesting list of Jewish names. A few of the more prominent of these have already been mentioned PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 45 under preceding heads, and others cited on the records are here added in alphabetical order : Captain Noah Abraham was called out with the battalion of Cumberland County Militia, of Pennsylvania, "by an order from Council, July 28, 1777." Aaron Benjamin, Ensign of 8th Connecticut Regiment, January 1, 1777; Second Lieutenant, February 14, 1778 ; First lieutenant, May 7, 1778 ; Regimental Adjutant, April 1, 1780, to January, 1783 ; transferred to 5th Connecticut Regiment January 1, 1781 ; transferred to 3rd Connecticut Regi- ment January 1, 1783; retained in Swift's Connecticut Regiment June, 1783, and served to November 3, 1783 ; Lieutenant- Colonel of 37th United States Infantry March 11, 18 13 ; honorably discharged June 15, 18 15 ; died January 11, 1829. Samuel Benjamin, Ensign of 8th Massachusetts Regiment January 1, 1777; Second Lieutenant October 3, 1777 ; First Lieutenant March 28, 1779, served to June, 1783. Joseph Bloomfield, Captain of 3rd New Jersey Regiment February 9, 1776; Deputy Judge Advocate-General November 17, 1776, to October 29, 1778 ; Brigadier-General United States Army March 27, 18 12 ; honorably discharged June 15, 18 15 ; died October 3, 1823. Moses Bix>omfiei.d, (New Jersey) Hospital Surgeon May 14, 1777 ; Hospital Physician and Surgeon October 6, 1780; resigned De- cember 13, 1780; died August 14, 1791. Henry Pike Bush is recorded as a soldier in the ' ' Associators and Flying Camp," Pennsylvania. Colonel Solomon Bush was an officer in the Pennsylvania Militia (i777- I 77 8 )> whose record is highly creditable and whose services won 46 THE AMERICAN JEW AS for him a well-deserved promotion. He was appointed Deputy Adjutant General of the Militia of the State on July 5, 1777. As to his subsequent career in the army, no stronger testimony could be desired than that set forth in the resolution adopted by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, at its session on Wednesday, October 20, 1779. It reads thus : "The petition of Major Solomon Bush, in the militia of this State, being read, and due inquiry having been made into the circumstances of his case, it appears that Major Bush has, on many occasions, distinguished himself in the public service, especially in the winter of 1776, when the service was critical and hazardous. "That he entered again into the said service in the sum- mer of 1777, when General Sir William Howe invaded the State and the militia were called out pursuant to the reso- lutions of Congress and the requisition of His Excellency, General Washington ; and in the month of September, 1777, acting as Deputy Adjutant General, he was danger- ously wounded in a skirmish between the militia and the advance of the British Army, his thigh being broken and he brought off with great difficulty ; that being carried to his father's house, on Chestnut Hill, and incapable of being moved, he fell into the hands of the British Army, when it moved up to Whitemarsh, in December, 1777, who took his parole ; That he has ever since been confined with his wound, and incapable of performing any military duty, or acquiring a livelihood, but on the other hand, his situation attended with much difficulty and expense. "All which circumstances being considered, and that the said Major Bush being at the time of receiving his wounds in Continental Service and now a prisoner of war. "Resolved, That he be recommended to the especial notice of the Honourable Board of War, in order to obtain pay and rations equal to his rank ; and that this Board in consideration of the services and sufferings of Major Bush, will permit him to draw from the State store, from time to time, such articles as may be necessary for his comfortable Subsistance and Support." PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 47 That Major Bush had already been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, is evidenced by another resolution, complimentary to him, adopted by the same Council seven days later, when he was "recommended to the Honourable' the Board of War, for pay and rations accordingly." Again on November 5, 1785, the Council, over which Ben- jamin Franklin then presided, passed an order for the pay- ment of a pension due to Lieutenant-Colonel Bush. Major Lewis Bush became First Lieutenant of the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion on January 9, 1776 and Captain the following June. He was transferred to Colonel Thomas Hartley's Additional Continental Regiment January 13, 1773 and was commis- sioned Major, March 12, 1777. That he proved a brave soldier, his efficient service in a number of battles affords ample evidence. At the battle of Brandy wine, September 11, 1777, he was fatally wounded, and four days later he died. Jonas Bush was in the roll of revolutionary soldiers, but there is no information given as to his rank or date of enlistment. Jacob I. Cohen in 1783 went to Charleston, S. C, and during the campaign which followed, took part as a volunteer soldier in the Continental army, serving under Moultrie and Lincoln. Frequent references to Mr. Cohen are found in the Madison papers, and his valuable services are repeatedly adverted to. Phiuip Jacob Cohen became so distinguished for the services he rendered to the Colonies that he was singled out by the British authorities through a special order depriving him of the right of hold- ing or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit in the Province of Georgia. Mordecai Davis, Ensign of 2nd Pennsylvania Battery January 5, 1776 ; died on August 12, 1776. 48 THE AMERICAN JE W AS Reuben Etting was a clerk in Baltimore at the time of the battle at Lex- ington. Although only 19 years of age, he enlisted in a Maryland company, which hastened north to join the forces of Congress. He served in various battles and was taken prisoner by the British at the surrender of Charleston. When released from imprisonment by exchange he was broken in health from ill treatment in prison and exposure on the field. He was a captain of the Independent Blues in 1798, and Marshal of Maryland, appointed by President Jefferson. Solomon Etting, a native of York, Pennsylvania, appears as one of the com- mittee of citizens appointed to forward resolutions to Wash- ington expressive of disapprobation of a proposed treaty with Great Britain. Subsequently settled in Baltimore and became President of the Municipal Council. Colonel Isaac Franks, who then lived in Philadelphia, entered the army shortly after the battle of Lexington. He became aid-de-camp to General Washington, holding the rank of colonel, and serving throughout the war. After the Revolution Colonel Franks became the incumbent of various civil offices, among them Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, being appointed to that position on February 18, 18 19. His residence in Germantown was for some time occupied by President Washington. Colonel David S. Franks, Aide-de-camp. See sketch on p. 27. Michael Gratz, of Philadelphia, aided the Colonists in the Revolutionary war. He was one of the signers of the Non-Importation Resolutions (October 20, 1765), after the passage of the Stamp Act, and was among the most active, patriotic and respected Israelites of Philadelphia, being a conspicuous character in public affairs. Bernard Hart was Quartermaster of a brigade of State troops during the Revolution. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 49 Michael Hart, • a public spirited and leading citizen of Eastern, Pa., of whom it is recorded : ' ' Let it be remembered that Michael Hart was a Jew, practically pious, a Jew reverencing and strictly observant of the Sabbath and Festivals ; dietary laws were also ad- hered to. * * * Mark well that he, Washington, the then honored as 'first in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,' even during a short sojourn, became for the hour the guest of the worthy Jew." Moses Hammer enlisted as a private in the ist Pennsylvania Battalion November 15, 1775. David Hays, Jr., was an active participant in the struggle for independence and served with the Colonial Army on Long Island. In retaliation for his patriotic services the Tories burned his house and store. Prior to the Revolution he was one of the Commissioners appointed by the British authorities to lay out public lands. All of his family sided with the Colonists during the War of Independence. David Hays and Jacob Hays, father and son, fought in various of the battles for inde- pendence. Colonel Isaacs, of North Carolina Militia ; wounded and taken prisoner at Camden August 16, 1780; exchanged July, 1781. Moses Isaacks, one of the early settlers of Newport, R. I., was an active supporter of the Army of the Revolution. He had the honor of receiving General Washington as a guest at his house. Soeomon Isaac enlisted as a private in the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion, company of Capt. Robert Adams, February 6, 1776. 4 50 THE AMERICAN JEW AS Isaac Israel, 2nd Lieutenant of 8th Virginia Regiment, February 9, 1776 ; 1 st Lieutenant, January, 1777 ; Captain, November 2 3> 1777 ; transferred to 4th Virginia Regiment, Septem- ber 14, 1778. Joseph Israel volunteered as a soldier during the Revolution. Jacob Leon was an officer on the staff of General Pulaski. Jacob De Leon, of Charleston, S. C, was a distinguished officer of the War of the Revolution. He served as captain on the staff of General de Kalb, and when the latter was mortally wounded at the battle of Camden, S. C, de Leon in com- pany with Major Benjamin Nones and Captain Jacob de la Motta, of the staff, carried de Kalb from the field. Asher Levy, Ensign of 1st New Jersey Regiment, September 12, 1778 ; resigned June 4, 1779. Nathaniel Levy, of Baltimore, served under Lafayette during the Revolu- tionary War. Israel de Lieber was a soldier of the Revolutionary War, who rose from the ranks to military positions of honor and trust. Jacob Moser, Captain of 6th Pennsylvania Regiment, February 15, 1777; retired, July 1, 1778. Benjamin Moses served on the staff of General Pulaski. Isaac Moses, of Philadelphia, advanced three thousand pounds when Robert Morris undertook to raise money to prosecute the War of Independence; he was active in the Jewish com- munities of New York and Philadelphia. PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 51 EMANUEL DE I