LIBRARY

OF THE

University of California.

Class

f *

fin

SCttA*-

The American Jew

Patriot, Soldier and Citizen

j£\

3ft

■ {m

I (€jssji Wl

LIBERT v

jjp '

imL^^^M

ar AN£tttCA. V /

STATUE OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY,
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia.

THE

AMERICAN JEW

Patriot, Soldier and Citizen

SIMON WOLF

LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

PHILADELPHIA

THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY

PUBLISHERS

NEW YORK— CHICAGO— WASHINGTON

BRENTANO'S

1895

3^ 6

F\8

The Levytype Company,

philadelphia.

"Bno J^e sball know tbe Grutb ano tbe Grutb sball mafee
sou frce. M -5obn, Wit, 32.

To All

Who Love and Seek the Truth

This Work is Dedicated

The Author.

217019

Editor's Preface.

It were an error to suppose that prejudice is always the off-
spring of ignorance, inasmuch as the reverse is very frequently
true. Not seldom is ignorance the result of prejudice, through
a willful refusal to recognize such facts as run counter to the
latter. A more accurate simile would, therefore, be the liken-
ing of prejudice and ignorance to twins, of whom either
may be the precursor of the other, and either one the
stronger of the two. The prejudices which follow ordinary
ignorance give way readily before increasing knowledge of the
truth, but where prejudice is the elder of the twin vices, it is
usually the most obstinate as well. "None so blind as those
who will not see" is an old aphorism whose truth is universally
recognized. This obstinate kind of prejudice is usually but a
form of self-conceit, as the latter, in turn, is but another form of
ignorance.

To combat one of the most obstinate of all obstinate pre-
judices, and to promote enlightenment on a subject whereof
ignorance has become unpardonable, has been undertaken
by Hon. Simon Wolf in the work before us. His impelling
motive has been to enforce a recognition of the Jewish people
as a militant factor in the upbuilding of the State, and of Judaism
as a primal force in the furtherance of civilization, and he has
chosen as his weapons the simple truth of history and the testi-
mony of leaders among men.

A notable French writer remarks that ' ' La vSrite historique

(vii)

viii editor's preface.

devrait etre non moins sacree que la religion."* His words
are just; the truth of history should, indeed, be no less sacred
than that of religion. If this is true, and few or none will be
found to dispute the proposition, then the records of historic
truth may be regarded as part of the gospel of humanity. Such
they are, in fact; as the truths of history become disentangled
from the maze of sophistry and falsehood in which the passions
and follies of mankind envelop them, they teach us first of all
the lesson of charity and good- will to men.

The light of historic truth has been concentrated by Mr.
Wolf on the part taken by his co-religionists in the development
of our great republic. He shows us that the Jewish people of
the New World, like their ancestors and brethren of the Old,
have been unfailing in their devotion to their country's cause;
that they have performed an ample part in the conquest of our
liberties and have fully shared in the struggles for the preserva-
tion of our institutions. He proves beyond cavil that from an
early stage of our history down to the present day, men of the
Hebrew race and faith have been counted in the van of the
country's progress and in the forefront of its defense, and hav-
ing proved this fact by historic records and a demonstration of
the truth, his task is done.

That this task was self-imposed but adds to the debt which
the American Jewish community owes to Mr. Wolf for its ac-
complishment. It was undertaken in the spirit which has ani-
mated him throughout a long career of public usefulness, a
spirit of loyalty to the faith that is in him, to his fellow- Israelites
and to the land of his adoption. It has been done with all the
thoroughness that an earnest purpose could impart to it, with a
comprehensiveness in keeping with that purpose, and withal,
in a spirit free from any shadow of sordidness or motive of self-
interest. Mr. Wolf seeks no pecuniary profit from the unstinted

* Histoire de Jules Cesar, par Napoleon III, Preface.

editor's preface. ix

labors he has given to this cause, not even the return of the
sums expended by him in the tedious and often costly collection
of his data. Whatever of monetary reward may inure to his
work has been dedicated by him to the orphaned wards of the
B'nai B'rith, whose asylum in Atlanta he helped to found, and
of which he has long been the directing spirit and official head.
The work of gathering the material for this book having been
accomplished by Mr. Wolf, the less onerous task of editing and
collating it has been entrusted by him to the present writer.
In the execution of the work thus outlined for me I have been
guided by the spirit with which the author had imbued it, and
in my introductory references to the successive subjects of the
volume, I have sought to briefly elucidate the author's theme.
In common with him, I have to express my regret that the
army lists compiled herein remain incomplete notwithstand-
ing his unsparing efforts to perfect them. On the other hand,
the more general subject, the place of the Jewish people
in the history of mankind, their influence on the current
of affairs, their attitude before the world and towards it, are
demonstrated by a consensus of many- voiced opinion, gathered
from unquestionable sources, in such abundance and of such
extent that only its necessary curtailment afforded difficulty.
This varied material has been subjected to a careful reconsider-
ation, and in eliminating some portions and including others, I
have sought to render the whole in harmony with the key-note

which Mr. Wolf had sounded.

Louis Edward Levy.

Philadelphia, October, 1895.

Table of Contents.

PAGE

Dedication V

Editor's Preface VII

Introduction ........ i-ii

Jewish Patriots of the Revolutionary Period

(Introductory) ...... 12-13

A Sketch of Haym Salomon .... 14-26

Other Jewish Contributors to the Colonial

Treasury 26

Incidents Illustrative of American Jewish Pa-
triotism ........ 27-43

Jewish Soldiers in the Continental Armies 44-52

Correspondence between George Washington

and Hebrew Citizens, etc. . . . . 53-61

11 Exegi Monumentum Aere Perennius " . . 62-66

Jewish Soldiers in the War of 18 12 and the

Mexican War 67-75

United States Regular Army .... 76-80

United States Navy 81-86

(xi)

Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

A Page from the Secret History of the Civil

War (Introductory) ..... 87-90

A Remarkable Episode ..... 91-97
Jewish Soldiers in the Civil War (Introduc-
tory) 98-105

Medals of Honor ...... 106-108

Families of ' ' Brothers-in-Arms " . . . 109-111
Jewish Staff Officers in the Union Army . n 2-1 13
Jewish Staff Officers in the Confederate

Army 114-115

Jewish Officers in the Confederate Navy . 116

Lists of Jewish Soldiers in the Union and

Confederate Armies during the Civil

War, Classified according to States and

Alphabetically arranged . . . 117-409

Soldiers of the Civil War, Unclassified as

to Commands 410-422

Addenda to Lists of Soldiers . . . 423

Statistical Data 424

Jewish Patriotism in Civil Life . . . 425-441
Jews in Latin- American Settlements (Intro-
ductory) 442

Sketches of Jewish Loyalty, Bravery and Pa-
triotism in the South American Colo-
nies and the West Indies . . . 443-484
Jews in the Armies of Europe . . . 485-487

The Jewish People before the World . . 488-522

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xlil

PAGE

Russia's Crime against the Jews and Civiliza-
tion (Introductory) .... 5 2 3~5 2 7

Official Report of Ambassador White to Sec-
retary of State Gresham, with Notes . 5 2 7~543

The Russian Jewish Refugees in America, Con-
sidered in Connection with the Gen-
eral Subject of Immigration in its His-
torical and Economic Aspects . . . 544 - 5°4

Conclusion 565-566

Index 567-576

Errata xv

ERRATA.

t Of the various errors inevitably incident to a work of this character, the follow-
ing are noted as especially requiring correction ]

Page 4, line 20, instead of " Charles RAUM," read "Charles
BAUM."

Page 26, line 14 from bottom of page, instead of "Isaac
MORRIS," read, "Isaac MOSES."

Page 200, line 2, instead of "WASHINGTON," read
" BALTIMORE. "

Page 424, under "STATISTICAL," "Other Soldiers (in-
dicated in Addenda) , ' ' should be " 13" instead of "12,"
making the total "8258," instead of "8257."

Page 428, line 25, instead of " 1872 " read " 1870."

B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANS' HOMH, ATLANTA, GA.

The Orphan Home of the Order of B'nai B'rith at Atlanta,
Ga., for the benefit of which Mr. Wolf has devoted the net in-
come of the present publication, was instituted in 1876, under the
auspices of District Grand Lodge No. 5, comprising the States
of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia,
and the District of Columbia. The present building was dedi-
cated in 1 889. Its benefits are not restricted to the membership
of the Order which maintains it, children of all Jews residing
within the territory named being admitted to its shelter. There
are now sixty children cared for in the institution, and a large
number are waiting to be admitted when the new wing now in
course of erection is completed. This addition is calculated to
cost some $25,000, and when finished will enable this Home to
adequately meet the existing requirements and bring it to a
foremost rank with institutions of this character. It is managed
by a Board of Control consisting of thirteen members, of which
Mr. Wolf, to whose efforts the existence of the Home is prima-
rily due, has been chairman since its foundation. The admin-
istration of the Home is supervised by a local Board of Mana-
gers, of which Hon. Joseph Hirsch is Chairman.

INTRODUCTION.

In December, 1891, there was printed in the North American
Review a letter in reply to certain statements of a contributor to
a previous number of the same magazine regarding the services
of American Jewish citizens as soldiers in the Civil War.
Under the caption "Jewish Soldiers in the Union Army," the
writer, after denying the statement that Generals Rosecrans
and Lyon were of Jewish birth, proceeds as follows : —

' ' I had served in the field about eighteen months before
being permanently disabled in action, and was quite familiar
with several regiments ; was then transferred to two different
recruiting stations, but I cannot remember meeting one Jew in
uniform, or hearing of any Jewish soldier. After the war, for
twenty-five years, I was constantly engaged in traveling, always
among old soldiers, but never found any who remembered serv-
ing with Jews. I learned of no place, where they stood,
shoulder to shoulder, except in General Sherman's department,
and he promptly ordered them out of it for speculating in cotton
and carrying information to the Confederates. If so many Jews
fought so bravely for their adopted country, surely their
champion ought to be able to give the names of the regiments
they condescended to accept service in," etc., etc.

A statement of this nature, logically inconclusive and
practically absurd as it is, might well, under ordinary con-
ditions have been left unnoticed. Under ordinary conditions a
reply of any kind to such a tissue of misstatements, would but
have dignified it beyond reason, and but helped, perhaps, to
save it and its author from oblivion. But the conditions were

2 THE A ME RICA N JEW AS

not ordinary, but most unfortunately, otherwise. It was at a
time when the public mind throughout the civilized world was
wrought to a high pitch of excitement by the flaunting villainy
of the Russian government in the outrageous persecution of its
Jewish subjects, when the wave of anti-Semitism was at flood-
tide in Germany, and was flowing high in France, and when
bigots like Stoecker, fools like Ahlwardt, and knaves like Dru-
mont, were finding imitators on both sides of the Atlantic. Here
in our country, public attention was being centered on the Jewish
refugees from Russia, and the Jewish people throughout the land
were massing their strength to cope with the problems which
Muscovite tyranny had set before them. In the midst of this
agitation, the magazine article referred to, slurring the Jewish
people as it did, attracted unusual attention, and being widely
quoted and commented on by the newspaper press, it attained
a degree of publicity out of all proportion to its merits or its
authorship.

Under these circumstances I felt myself impelled to reply to
the writer in the North American Review, and at once sent to
that magazine a letter embodying a statement of a few indispu-
table facts bearing on the subject. This statement the pub-
lishers of the magazine declined to print on the ground that
they had received so many articles on the subject that they
could not undertake to discriminate in favor of any one of them,
and that they would therefore publish none. My cursorily
compiled citations were, however, published at the time in the
Washington Post, and as germane to my present subject I
reprint them in the main, as follows : —

"Has this much-traveled and keen observer, Mr. Rogers,
ever heard of General Edward S. Salomon, who enlisted as
Lieu tenant- Colonel of the 82d Illinois ? He became Colonel of
the regiment after Colonel Frederick Hecker's retirement, was
made Brigadier-General, was subsequently appointed by
General Grant governor of Washington Territory, and, at
present residing in San Francisco, has been Department

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 3

Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is recognized
as one of the bravest and most gallant officers that ever sat in
saddle. This encomium I have from the lips of General Grant
himself, and it will be cheerfully endorsed by General O. O.
Howard, or by any of the officers yet living who served with
him. In the same regiment, as I have learned from General
Salomon, were more than one hundred private soldiers and
subalterns of Jewish faith. General L. C. Newman, of the city
of New York, who was fatally wounded in the first battle of
the Rebellion, died in the city of Washington, while President
Lincoln, who had brought Newman's commission as Brevet
Brigadier- General, was with him at his bedside. General
Leopold Blumenberg, of Baltimore, who, as Major of his
regiment, was severely wounded at the battle of Antietam, and
crippled for life and who was subsequently brevetted for his
meritorious services, was one of the most loyal and brave of
officers. Colonel M. M. Spiegel, of the 120th Ohio, who was
severely wounded before Vicksburg, was entreated to retire
from the army, but continued in the service and was killed in
the campaign of General Banks, in Louisiana. Lieutenant
Sachs, of the 32d Indiana, in command of a company of his
regiment at Green River, in 1862, stood single-handed and
alone against a company of Texas Rangers, and after killing
and wounding eight of his assailants, fell riddled to death.
His heroism and bravery had meanwhile given the command
time to rally, and they thereupon dispersed the enemy.
Captain A. Hart, of the 73d Pennsylvania, now of this city,
who was Adjutant of his regiment, was severely wounded in
the early part of the war, and is now a pensioner of the United
States. Lieutenant Henry Franc, of the Kansas Volunteers,
living in this city to-day, did splendid service. Judge. P. J.
Joachimson, Lieutenant- Colonel of the 59th New York; Isidore
Pinkson, Henry Pinkson and Moses Landauer, of the 110th
New York ; Captain Lyon and Lieutenant Ababot, of the 5th
New York Cavalry ; Theodore Wise, of the same regiment ;
Herman White, and A. T. Gross, of the 2d Maryland, and I.
Feldstein, now a member of Koltes Post, New York, acquitted
themselves with ample credit in their respective spheres. The
1 ith New York was more than half composed of men of Jewish
faith. In the 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, serving under Captain
R. M. Goundy, who lives in this city, there were three Jewish
soldiers ; Lieutenant Liebschutz, who served throughout the
war and was promoted for gallantry on the field, now living in
this city to-day ; Leo Karpeles, who is now a clerk in the Post
Office Department, to whom a special medal was awarded by
Congress for bravery and for the capture with his own hands
of rebel flags on the field of battle, and Simon Stern, who died

4 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

lately in this city and whose widow has been granted a pension.
George Stern, who died from disease contracted in the service,
also left a widow, now pensioned. Dr. A. Behrend, of this city,
who served in our army with great ability, not only as a hospital
steward, but as an officer in the field, tells me that in 1863 a
general order was issued permitting Jews to be furloughed over
their Holy Days, and that at Fairfax Seminary he furloughed
eleven on that occasion. Dr. Herman Bendall, of Albany, a
prominent citizen of that city, was promoted to the grade of Lieu-
tenant-Colonel in recognition of his meritorious services and was
subsequently appointed by General Grant superintendent of
Indian affairs of Arizona. Jacob Hirsch, of this city, died
from disease contracted in the service and his orphan children
are now receiving a pension for their father's sacrifice ; Captain
Cohn, of New York City, now connected with the Baron de
Hirsch Trust Fund, was as brave an officer as ever did duty.
M. L. Peixotto, of the 103- Ohio (a brother of the well-known
Benjamin F. Peixotto), died last year in consequence of wounds
received and disease contracted in the service. Mr. Bruckheimer,
now a practicing physician in this city, Charles Raum, one of
our leading merchants, Mr. Hoffa, Sol Livingston, M. Erdman,
M. Augenstein, and S. Goodman, all of this city, Edward S.
Woog, a clerk in the Interior Department ; Morris Cohen, clerk
in the War Department; Henry Blondheim , of Alexandria, Va.,
were soldiers in the late war. Captain Morris Lewis, of the
1 8th New York Cavalry, now living in this city, served on
General Kearney's staff ; he receives a special pension, having
been shot through the body and paralyzed in his lower limbs.
August Bruckner was killed at the second battle of Bull Run.
Colonel M. Einstein and Colonel M. Friedman, both of Phila-
delphia, commanded regiments ; Uriah P. Levy was Commo-
dore of the United States Navy. Jacob Hayes, of the city of
New York, Mr. Phillips, son of the sexton of the Portuguese
congregation of that city, E. J. Russell, of the 19th Indiana, a
resident of this city, and so severely wounded as to render him
almost incapable of work ; L. Myers, of the same regiment,
and Julius Steinmeyer, of the 7th United States Infantry "stood
shoulder to shoulder ' ' at the front. General William Meyer,
editor of several New York papers, served with credit and
distinction during the draft riots in the city of New York, and
has in his possession an autograph letter from President Lincoln
thanking him for his eminent services during those hours of dark-
ness. William Durst, of Philadelphia, is one of the few survivors
of the memorable fight between the Monitor and the Merrimac ;
when volunteers were called for he went to his duty with death
staring him in the face, and Admiral Worden himself told me
some months ago that Durst was a man of distinguished

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 5

bravery, whose services should be specially recognized by
Congress. Major Joseph G. Rosengarten, of Philadelphia, is a
soldier of national reputation and an author of ability, whose
brother Adolph G. Rosengarten was killed at Stone River while
acting as staff officer. Quartermaster Rosenfield, of the 13th
Kansas, not only discharged the duties of that office with
ability, but served also in the ranks. Lieutenant Rosenberg,
of this city, is now dead, and his widow is pensioned. Colonel
H. A. Seligson, who died some two months ago, led a Vermont
regiment during the war, and achieved a high reputation as a
soldier. Captain Frederick Leavy, of the 1st New York In-
fantry; Captain Max Conheim, of New York, and now of San
Francisco, and Major H. Kcenigsberger, of Cincinnati, were
officers of distinction, and so, too, were David Kzekiel and
Lieutenant Louis Blumenthal, of New Hampshire. Sergeant
Klias Leon Hyneman, of the .sth Pennsylvania Cavalry, was
one of the heroes of the war, in which he served from the be-
ginning. In June, 1864, during a cavalry sortie about Peters-
burg, while his command was retreating before the main
body of the enemy, he hurried to the relief of a dismounted
and wounded comrade. He lifted him into his own saddle and
enabled him to escape, and started to make his own way on
foot. On his way he met another comrade, barefooted and
bleeding; he took off his own boots and gave them to the
sufferer. But he himself was captured, and after months of
agony in Andersonville, he died

Frederick Knefner, a resident of Indianapolis, attained the
rank of Major General; he commanded the 79th Indiana, and
was conspicuous for bravery at the battle of Chickamauga. As
a further list of officers and privates in the various commands,
I may yet add the names of Lieutenant Suldman, 44th New
York; Captain Gremitz, 62d Pennsylvania; Corporal Gisner,
142c! Pennsylvania; Lieutenant Evan Davis, 115th Pennsyl-
vania; Sergeant Myers, 62d Pennsylvania; Captain A. Gold-
man, 17th Maine; Lieutenant A. A. Riuehard, 148th Pennsyl-
vania; Lieutenant Nieman, 103d New York; M. S. Asher,
103d New York; Lieutenant George Perdinger, 39th New
York; Lieutenant Philip Truffinger, 57th New York; Lieu-
tenant Herman Musschel, 68th New York; Lieutenant Herman
Krauth, 103d New York; Lieutenant Julius Frank, 103d New
York; Captain H. P. Schwerin, 119th New York; Julius
Niebergall, Levi Kuehne and Henry Luterman, all of the New
York 3d Artillery, and Lehman Israels, Lieutenant in the 58th
New York.

It must be taken into account that when the War of the
Rebellion broke out the number of Jews in the United States
was quite limited; according to the census taken in 1876 by

6 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Mr. William B. Hackenburg, of Philadelphia, and myself, in be-
half of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, there
were then in the United States, fifteen years after the war com-
menced, only 250,000 Jews. It is altogether doubtful whether
there were more than 150,000, if that many, when hostilities
commenced. The proportion of Jewish soldiers is,'. therefore,
only large, but is perhaps larger than that of any other faith in
the United States. I have been told by one of the Jewish soldiers
in this city, one who bears the scars of the war, that there were
at least, as far as he could judge — and he had experience during
the whole conflict — from 6,000 to 8,000 soldiers of the Jewish
faith in the Union Army alone. I am not prepared to assert
this number, but would not be surprised if it were found to be
correct.

The animus of the writer in the North American Review is
indicated by the words, "Except in General Sherman* s Depart-
ment, and lie promptly' ordered them out of it for speculating in
cottofi and conveying information to the Confederates." This
statement is made with the same disregard of facts as are others
in the article referred to, for while a few Jews may have
violated the laws of war by running the blockade or furnishing
information to the enemy, it was no more than others of other
races and religious faiths did under like circumstances, even
to a larger degree: and why the Jews as a class should be
held up to the contempt and scorn of the world in conse-
quence of the want of patriotism of a few of their number, is to
me a profound mystery, and can only be explained upon the
theory that inculcated prejudice is stronger than the desire for
fair play or the regard for justice. No one for a moment would
charge a particular class of Christians with want of honesty
because one or more of their number had violated law. The War
Department records and the Treasury files will furnish ample
evidence of the fact that many of the sins that were committed
by others were heaped upon the shoulders of the Jews. It has
always been an easy thing to strike at the minority and from time
immemorial the prejudice against the Jew has been made a
convenient vehicle for furthering malignant purposes and selfish
ends.

Having enjoyed the friendship of President Grant and of
General Sherman (I was for eight years officially connected with
the former, and for a time on intimate social terms with the
latter), I can state that I had repeated conversations with them
regarding ' ' Order No. 11," which was issued over the signature
of General Grant, but of which he, at the time, had absolutely no
knowledge. This fact I proved conclusively during the presi-
dential campaign of 1888, when political capital was being made
against General Grant among the Jews. By both generals I

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 7

was assured that there had been a great deal of misinformation
on the subject, and, that if they could permit themselves to
speak of the facts as the}' were known to them it would not be
the Jews who would be shown to have been derelict but a large
number of Christians, many of whom had come highly recom-
mended. It was the latter who were abusing the privilige
accorded to them by the authorities at Washington and who
had given both generals a great amount of trouble and annoy-
ance.

I admit that it is unfortunate that the writer of the earlier
article in the North American Review, whose statements other-
wise deserve the fullest consideration, should have been led into
so glaring an error as to name Generals Lyon and Rosecrans as
Jewish soldiers. While we would have no objection to classing
them among our American citizens of Jewish faith, we can
substantiate our case very well without doing so, as the cursory
list which I have cited will abundantly show. But while
admitting the error of the earlier writer I cannot allow the state-
ment of the latter one, with its implication that there was no one
of Jewish faith who battled for the Union, to go unchallenged.
The Jewish cemeteries of this city, and of every other large
city in the land, contain the remains of brave men of Jewish
birth who are not forgotten on Decoration Day by their surviv-
ing comrades of Christian faith ; and what these men recognize
the American people will not ignore.

The armies of every country afford ample proof of Jewish
patriotism and valor. Even in benighted and tyrannical Russia,
where, to a large extent they are soldiers by compulsion —
50,000 or 60,000 of them — their officers have uniformly
admitted that in battle there were no braver men than the Jews.
The late Franco-German war afforded instances of distinguished
heroism on the part of Jewish officers and soldiers in both
armies. The Italian army and the French army to-day contain
a large contingent of Jewish officers and privates who are
not only respected, but honored by their compatriots. In the
Turkish army some of the leading officers are of Jewish
faith. Patriotism, however, is not confined to the field of battle;
in private life, from time immemorial, acts have been performed
of greater service, possibly, than any in the field, showing
greater powers of endurance and evincing higher virtues than
were ever recorded in the annals of war. During our late con-
flict many who remained at home made sacrifices of the most
heroic character, and did their duty cheerfully and with alacrity,
and I know of none who did their part more fully than the
citizens of the United States of Jewish faith. In fact, the
history of the Jewish people is one long tragedy of personal
sacrifice and heroism. But as I wish to trespass no longer on

8 THE A ME RICA N JE W AS

the columns of your valuable paper, I beg leave to close with
this simple statement ; that it seems to me high time for
Americans of all faiths to frown down all attempts that have for
their object the lowering and humiliation of any class of our
citizens. ' '

Simon Wolf.

Finding that my letter had been copied extensively, not only
by the Jewish press, but by leading newspapers in the country,
and favorably commented on generally, I determined to give to
the world, as complete as I might find possible, a list of
American citizens of Jewish faith who had ' ' stood shoulder to
shoulder" on the field of battle, and to add thereto the record
of some typical instances of exceptional energy and public spirit
in the civil walks of life.

What I had anticipated and supposed would be an easy task,
requiring probably no more than six months at the utmost, has
taken more than four years of continuous work, notwithstand-
ing the assistance I received from many quarters, and I am
even now compelled to give this work to the public in an
inadequate form, with the feeling that it is incomplete and that
much more should have been made of it.

The difficulties in the way of completing fully and accurately
such a compilation as I have here attempted will scarcely be
realized by those who have not undertaken a similar task. The
work was begun nearly thirty years after the close of the war,
when many of those whose names were to be gathered were
dead, and many others dispersed throughout our vast domain
and beyond our borders. In response to three successive calls
made through the leading newspapers of the country, I received,
indeed, a large number of replies, but after all, the great
majority even of the survivors failed to respond, and of the
data that reached me much could not be classified. Nearly
a thousand names are accordingly placed in the unclassified
list.

By far the majority of the names herein included were

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 9

furnished by the soldiers themselves or their relatives, but a
large number of them were sent to me by army comrades of the
men referred to. Some of these may be incorrectly quoted
both as to their names and the commands with which they were
connected, but these errors may scarcely be considered as affect-
ing the general result, so far at least as numbers are concerned.
It was naturally impossible to verify all the notices sent to me,
and this compilation must therefore, in the very nature of the
case, be more or less imperfect and incomplete, but I may say
without hesitation that the work is free from all errors which
could be eliminated through a patient and cautious scrutiny.
Several hundred names of soldiers from Indiana alone were
finally excluded from my present lists, notwithstanding their
pronounced Jewish character, such as Marks, Abrahams, Isaacs
and others of a similar strain, whose owners were ascertained
by my correspondents to be non-Jews, while on the other hand
many soldiers bearing names of decidedly non-Jewish derivation
were authenticated as Jews. If many whose names should be
included fail to see them on this "roll of honor" the fault is at
all events not mine, and the earnest effort which I have given to
this work, wholly a "labor of love" on my part, leaves me free
from the necessity of offering apology for whatever errors of
omission or of commission may remain in it. The public records
could not be utilized, because our army lists, unlike those of
foreign powers, make no registry of the religious faith of the
enrolled soldiers. I should, in this connection, urge upon my
readers to aid me with such corrections of these army lists as
they may be able to furnish, with the view to the record being
perfected as far as may be, in a future edition of this book.

Unsatisfactory and at times discouraging as has been my task
and its outcome, I have yet had at times the pleasure of obtain-
ing and recording data of a most gratifying character. One of
the most pleasing results of my labors is the fact that I am able
to present a list of fourteen Jewish families that contributed to

10 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

the Union and Confederate armies no less than fifty-one soldiers.
Three, four, five brothers ; a father and three sons, a father
and four sons, volunteers in a deadly strife, leaving their homes
and kindred, breaking their family ties to face privation,
disease, wounds and death, sacrificing all to fight with their
compatriots for the cause which they deemed right.

My primary purpose has been to show that the Jewish people
throughout the land not only took a share in the struggle which
has ended so beneficently as to have brought prosperity to both
antagonists and dispelled the cause of discord, but that they
took their full share, and it is now conclusively shown that the
enlistment of Jewish soldiers, north and south, reached pro-
portions considerably in excess of their ratio to the general
population. This fact had become apparent before my present
work had been systematically begun, as I indicated in my letter
to the Washington Post, quoted above, but the lists obtained by
me, incomplete as they must inevitably be, make up a number
that leaves no reasonable doubt on this subject. This fact, in
view of statements minimizing the numbers of Jewish soldiers
of the late war, or denying the existence of any at all, cannot be
too strongly emphasized. To complete, however, my ultimate
purpose of presenting a consideration of the Jew as citizen and
philanthropist as well as patriot and soldier, I have herein collated
a symposium of expressions on this comprehensive subject from
sources at once authoritative and unbiased. I have included in
this collection of views and reviews, the carefully considered
statements of many of the foremost men of modern times,
statesmen and soldiers, philosophers, divines, writers and other
leaders of public opinion, as widely divergent in locality as they
are unanimous in sentiment. Among these I have included only
such as are entirely non- Jewish in their origin, men whose
thoughts are the expressions of well-disciplined minds, and
whose opinions are the deliverances of an impartial judgment.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 11

I gladly record my obligations to the Grand Army of the Re-
public for the aid afforded me in obtaining information through
the machinery of its organization, and to General J. B. Gor-
don, of the Confederate Memorial Association, for a like co-
operation. To the Union of American Hebrew Congregations,
to the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, and to the Jewish
Publication Society of America, I am indebted for contributions
to the cost of publication and for other aid in the prosecution of
my work.

I owe my thanks to Captain Eugene H. Levy, Mr. George
Alexander Kohut and Mr. Max J. Kohler, of New York, to
Messrs. Lewis Abraham and L,. Lichtenstein, of Washington,
for their assistance, and especially to Colonel F. C. Ainsworth,
of the War Department, for the loan of Records. To Mr.
Henry S. Morais' recent historical work on "The Jews of
Philadelphia," I am much indebted for valuable data, and other
important materials have been gleaned from Mr. Isaac Markens'
compendious work on "The Hebrews in America." To the
Jewish press I owe acknowledgement for many welcome items
of information and for repeated expressions of encouragement.

Finally, among my obligations to numerous correspondents
in different parts of the country are those which I owe to many
soldiers of Christian faith, some of them officers of distin-
guished rank, who afforded me much valuable information and
who added, in almost every case, some warm expression of
their sympathy and good- will.

Washington, D. C, June, 1895.

12 THE A MERICAN JE W AS

JEWISH PATRIOTS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY

PERIOD.

The keen and responsive sense of duty with which, through
Torah and Talmud, the Jewish character is so deeply imbued,
has never failed to become manifest when occasion has called it
forth. Jews have never been wanting in patriotism and though
a peace-loving people, (the very mission of Israel being peace,
and good-will towards neighbors a cardinal teaching of
Judaism) they have always espoused, eagerly and earnestly, the
cause of their countrymen. The heroism and self-devotion which
marks the course of Jewish history from the earliest Biblical rec-
ords, emblazoning the era of the Maccabees, signalizing the
Roman period and illuminating the Dark Ages, has found many a
worthy example in these modern days. We have here to deal with
the records of but one country, yet these records are replete with
instances of bravery and undaunted courage, of earnest devotion
and of faithful service performed by men of Israel in behalf of
this land of their adoption. These records begin at a time be-
fore the Revolutionary epoch, when the Jewish settlers in
America were very few indeed. At the date of the first census,
in 1790, just after the close of the Revolution, when the total
population of the country was figured at almost 4,000,000, the
number of Jewish inhabitants could scarcely be estimated at
3,000, or only one to 1,330 of the population.*

The dearth of accessible records of a detailed character ren-
dered it practically impossible to present more than a very im-
perfect list of the Jewish participants in the Revolutionary
struggle. However, sufficient data are at hand to prove con-
clusively that the Jewish colonists of that period, comparatively
recent settlers and few in number as they were, furnished, as
usual in all struggles for liberty and freedom, more than their

* According to a careful estimate by Mr. Isaac Harby, in 1820, there were
then, nearly forty years alter tbe Revolution, not over 6,000 Jews in the United

States.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 13

proportion of supporters to the colonial cause. They not only
risked their lives in the war for independence, but aided ma-
terially with their money to equip and maintain the armies of
the Revolution. That they took their part in the earliest stages
of resistance to the encroachments of the mother country is
proved by the signatures to the Non- Importation Resolutions
of 1765. Nine Jews were among the signers of these resolutions,
the adoption of which was the first organized movement in the
agitation which eventually led to the independence of the
colonies. The original document is still preserved in Carpen-
ter's Hall, in Philadelphia, and following are the names of the
Jews on that early roll of patriots:

Benjamin Levy, Samson Levy, Joseph Jacobs, Hyman Levy,
Jr., David Franks, Mathias Bush, Michael Gratz, Barnard
Gratz, Moses Mordecai.

With these as worthy precursors of the Jewish patriots of the
Revolution we may proceed to note the list of Jews whose names
have come to us from the Revolutionary period, through vari-
ous published sources, as men of special distinction among their
fellows. One of the most notable of these was Haym Salomon,
a man who, while not the only Jewish patriot that lavished his
ample fortune in behalf of liberty and independence, yet stands
out as so unique a figure in the history of the American Revo-
lution that the record of his part in the making of that history
may well take precedence. Fragmentary presentations of this
subject have been made in public documents and in historic
essays at various times since the submission by Salomon himself
of his memorial to the Continental Congress in August, 1778.*
However, as embracing a succint statement and detailed review
of the whole matter to the present time, the following paper from
the ' • Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society ' '
(No. 2, 1894) ma Y be quoted in full : —

* See Markens, " The Hebrews in America" (New York, 1888), and
Morais, "Jews of Philadelphia' ' (Philadelphia, 1894).

14 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

A SKETCH OF HAYM SALOMON.

From an Unpublished MS. in the Papers of Jared

Sparks.

[Contributed by Herbert B. Adams, Ph. D., Professor in the Johns
Hopkins University. With Notes by J. H. Hollander.]

In the fall of 1841, Jared Sparks, while professor of history
in Harvard College, was delivering a course of lyceum lectures
in New York City upon the American Revolution. His remarks
upon the services of certain public men of the period excited
deep interest in the mind of a Jewish hearer, Mr. Haym M.
Salomon, who wrote to and afterwards called upon Mr. Sparks
in reference to the patriotic activity of Haym Salomon, a con-
temporary and associate of Robert Morris, James Madison,
Edmund Randolph and other distinguished publicists of the
Revolutionary period. At the request of Mr. Sparks, Mr.
Salomon prepared certain memoranda of the eminent services
of his father, Haym Salomon, and this manuscript passed into
the possession of Mr. Sparks.

The interview and the information thus obtained seem to
have made a profound impression upon Mr. Sparks. He men-
tioned something of the above matter to Mr. Joshua I. Cohen,
of Baltimore, and almost a quarter of a century after the orig-
inal interview, under date of October 29, 1865, Mr. Cohen
wrote to Mr. Sparks as follows :

' ' You may probably recollect a conversation I had with you
many years ago during a visit to Cambridge, in which I men-
tioned that Judge Noah, of New York, was then engaged in
gathering together the facts and memorials of the part which
our people, the Israelites, took in our Revolutionary struggle,
and you kindly offered to him through me the use of your bio-
graphical series for any memoirs he might prepare on the sub-
ject. The death of Judge Noah, not long after, put an end to
the project. I mentioned to you a military company that was
formed in Charleston, S. C, composed almost exclusively of

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 15

Israelites, of which my uncle was a member, and which be-
haved well during the war. Major Frank, one of Arnold's
aids, was spoken of, and also Haym Salomon and others. In
connection with Mr. Salomon you expressed yourself very fully,
and, in substance (if I recollect correctly), that his association
with Robert Morris was very close and intimate, and that a
great part of the success that Mr. Morris attained in his finan-
cial schemes was due to the skill and ability of Haym Salomon.
I do not pretend to quote your language, but only the idea.
The matter was brought up to my mind recently by the marriage
of a great-grandson of Mr. Salomon to a niece of mine, one of
the young ladies of our household." *

The original sketch of Haym Salomon thus prepared by his
son was found in a somewhat mutilated condition by Professor
Herbert B. Adams, of the Johns Hopkins University, among
the Sparks Papers, which had been entrusted to his care during
the preparation of " The I^ife and Writings of Jared Sparks,"
published in 1893 by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The manu-
script was stitched to other papers and had been apparently cut
down somewhat in order to make it more uniform in size with
the smaller sheets. This fact will explain certain tantalizing,
but apparently brief omissions in the text. The appended
copy of the manuscript is furnished by Professor Adams with
the full consent of the Sparks family.

Haym Salomon, who died in Philadelphia, then the metropolis
of the United States, January, 1785, was the fellow-countryman
and intimate associate of the Polish Generals Pulaski and

* See Adams, Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, Vol. II., p. 564.
From the general tenor of the letter, it seems probable that Mr.
Sparks, during his extensive researches into the historical records,
public and private, of the United States, had encountered other evi-
dence of the services of Haym Salomon. This inference is partially
corroborated by a passage in a letter written by Mr. Sparks from
Cambridge on May 7, 1845, to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, apparently in
connection with the first memorial to Congress : " Among the num-
erous papers that have passed under my eye I have seen evidences
of his [Ifaym Salomon's] transactions, which convince me that he
rendered important services to the United States in their pecuniary
affairs." See Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon ; Senate Reports,
No. 177, 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Vol. I. It is not, however, impossible
that only the present manuscript may be here referred to.

16 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Kosciuszko, and was first publicly known in 1778, when he was
taken by the British General Sir H. Clinton in New York on
charges that he had received orders from General Washington
to burn their fleets and destroy their store-houses, which he
had attempted to execute to their great injury and damage.
He was accordingly imprisoned, treated inhumanly, and
ordered to suffer military death. From the sacrifice of his
life, with which he was threatened in consequence of the sen-
tence, he escaped by means of a considerable bribe in gold.
This is corroborated from his letter to his brother-in-law, Major
Franks, dated soon after in Philadelphia, in which his intimacy
is stated with the brave General McDougall, who then com-
manded the American army in the neighborhood of New York,
and with whom it appears he must have been in co-operation
in order to drive . . . aw r ay from the comfortable quarters,
which the maritime and military positions of that city so hap-
pily promised them after its abandonment by the friends of the
Revolution.*

A few days after his escape from the merciless enemy he

*It is probable that Haym Salomon's first encounter with the
British Government took place several years before 1778. The Senate
Report to the Hist Congress {supra) states that : " As early as 1775 he
became obnoxious to the British Government, and was imprisoned in
New York, sharing the privations and horrors of the sufferers con-
fined in a loathsome prison called the Provost." Essentially the
same fact is repeated in later Reports, and is specifically presented
in certified form in a later part of the present paper.

The Memorial of Haym Salomon to the Continental Congress (see
Bibliographical Note, infra) is of such immediate interest in connec-
tion with the circumstances of his escape from New York as to per-
mit partial citation. It sets forth : •' That your Memorialist was some
time before the Entry of the British Troops at the said City of New
York and soon after taken up as a Spy and by General Robertson
committed to the Provost. That by the Interposition of Lieut-Gen-
eral Heister (who wanted him on account of his knowledge in the
French, Polish, Russian, Italian &c. Languages) he was given over to
the Hessian Commander who appointed him in the Commissary Way
as purveyor chiefly for the Officers. That being at New York he has
been of great Service to the French and American prisoners and has
assisted them with Money and helped them off to make their Escape.
That this and his close connexions with such of the Hessian Officers
as were inclined to resign and with Monsieur Samuel Demezes has
rendered him at last so obnoxious to the British Head Quarters that
he was already pursued by the Guards and on Tuesday the 11th inst.
he made his happy Escape from thence." The Memorial bears date
of August 25, 1778, thus indicating the precise time of Salomon's de-
parture from New York as August 11, 1778.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 17

safely arrived in Philadelphia, where he was welcomed and
esteemed as one devoted to the principle . . . [MS. cut off.]

We then find him meriting the well-placed confidence and
affection of the patriots who had been distinguished in the
Revolutionary Congress of 1776 ; also the great men who were
famous in those succeeding sessions, 1780, '81, '82, '83 and '84,
as furnished us by such circumstantial testimony as yet remains
of that immortal bod} 7 of devoted patriots.

It is seen as soon as the generous monarch of France agreed
to furnish the expiring government of that day with means to
reanimate their exertions in the glorious cause. It was he who
was charged with the negotiation of the entire amount of those
munificent grants of pecuniary supplies from the government
of France and Holland.*

In 1783-4, after the satisfactory close of these truly confiden-
tial services, he is found to have made considerable advances,
moneys, loans, &c, to Robert Morris, of the Congress of the
Declaration of '76. To General Miflin, to General St. Clair,
to General Steuben, to Colonel Shee, to Colonel Morgan, Major
McPherson, Major Franks, and many other officers such sums
as they required. And as it regarded the deputies to the Con-
tinental Congress, [/<?] the amiable Judge Wilson (another
member of the session of '76) considerable loans. f

To the immortal delegation from Virginia, namely, Arthur
Lee, Theodore Bland, Joseph Jones, John F. Mercer and
Edmund Randolph, liberal supplies of timely and pecuniary
aid, and we find it declared by one of the most accomplished,
most learned and patriotic members of the succeeding sessions
of the Revolutionary legislature, James Madison, that when by
the . . . [MS. cut off~\ pecuniary resources of the members of
Congress, both public and private, were cut off, recourse was

* For details see Report to 31st Congress. The exact location of this
and other Congressional Reports is given in the Bibliographical Note
appended to the paper.

tThis is corroborated by a letter from the eminent jurist, Henry
Wheaton, to Haym M. Salomon. Among " the patriots of the Revo-
lution who were compelled to sacrifice their private pursuits to the
public," Mr. Wheaton mentions Judge Wilson, " who must have
retired from public service if he had not been sustained by the timely
aid of your father, administered with equal generosity and delicacy."
See Report to 31st Congress.

18 THE A MER ICA N JE W A S

had to Mr. Salomon for means to answer their current expenses,
and he was always found extending his friendly hand/ 1 '

The exalted and surviving delegate of the Revolutionary
Congress above alluded to, who has since that period been
promoted for two successive terms to the chief magistracy of
these States, in his letter on the subject of the character of Mr.
Haym Salomon, testifies fully as to the unquestionable upright-
ness of his transactions, as well as the disinterestedness of
his "friendship," and also his "intelligence," and which no
doubt from his confidential intercourse with the foreign ambas-
sadors made his communications serviceable to the public
safety. f That conferences were sought with him by the great

* Under date of August 27, 1782, Mr. Madison wrote from Philadel-
phia to Edmund Randolph : "I cannot in any way make you more
sensible of the importance of your kind attention to pecuniary remit-
tances for me than by informing you that I have for some time been
a pensioner on the favor of Haym Salomon, a Jew Broker." See Gil-
pin, Madison Papers, I., 1(>3. 'During the following month Mr. Madi-
son's position seems to have grown more aggravated, for, on Septem-
ber 24, he declared : "lam relapsing fast into distress. The case of
my brethren is equally alarming." Ibid, p. 176. Assistance in suffi-
cient amount was still not forthcoming, and a week later, September
30, 1782, he acknowledged to Mr. Randolph the local source of his
benefactions as follows : " I am almost ashamed to acknowledge my
wants so incessantly to you, but they begin to be so urgent that it is
impossible to suppress 'them. The kindness of our little friend in
Front street, near the coffee-house, is a fund that will preserve me
from extremities, but I never resort to it without great mortification,
as he obstinately rejects all recompense. The price of money is so
usurious that he thinks it ought to be extorted from none but those
who aim at profitable speculations. To a necessitous delegate, he
gratuitouslv spares a supplv out of his private stock." Ibid, pp.
178-179.

There seems little doubt but that the " little friend in Front street "
i> meant to indicate Haym Salomon. This view is taken by the Con-
gressional committees and by Madison's biographer ; see Gay, Life of
James Madison, p. 25. The fact that the first Philadelphia City Di-
rectory was issued in 1785, and that Haym Salomon died on January
6 of that vear {vide infra), renders direct verification impracticable.
Search aniong the Philadelphia newspapers of the period would prob-
ably determine the point once for all.

t The writer of the MS. is probably quoting from memory from a
letter written by Mr. Madison from Montpelier, on February (>, 1830,
to Mr. Haym M. Salomon, in connection with claims upon Congress
for indemnity. The Senate Report to the Hist Congress preserves the
following paragraph of this letter : " The transactions shown by the
papers you enclosed were the means of effectuating remittances for
the support of the delegates [to Congress], and the agency of your
father therein was solicited, on account of the respectability and con-
fidence he enjoyed among those best acquainted with him."

The Report to the 37th Congress mentions among the various letters

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 19

men of the time is proved from the existence of a note in the
handwriting- of another member of the Congress of Declaration,
the incorruptible President Reed.

His services to the cause of his country were not confined to
aiding the native agents of our own government, but he was
the most confidential friend and timely adviser to the agents,
consuls, and ambassadors representing the interests of the kings
of those countries then in our alliance, as it appears from the
amount of specie granted for the service of the army and hos-
pital of Rochambaud, and large sums appear to have been
received from him by Chevalier De La Luzerne, Marbois, con-
sul-general, De La Forest, John . . . [J/5, cut of} , recollected
by the elders of the nation as the active agents of the good
French king.*

As to the minister of the King of Spain, then the richest of
the European monarchs. The amount granted him was ex-
pressly to relieve the wants, conveniences and necessities of
this ambassador, whose king was then countenancing the Revo-
lution in this country, but with whose European dominions all
intercourse was stopped, and in regard to the monies so furn-
ished, whether Mr. S. was ever repaid by Spain is a matter of
as much uncertainty as that regarding the considerable sums
advanced to other Revolutionary agents, f

received by Haym M. Salomon relative to the justice of his claim
one from James Madison, in 1827, who, among other things, stated:
"The transactions shown by the papers you enclose were for the sup-
port of the delegates to Congress, and the agency of your father therein
was solicited on account of the respect and 'confidence he enjoyed
among those best acquainted with him,' etc., and concludes with the
wish that the memorialist might be properly indemnified. "

The resemblance between the two paragraphs is so striking as to
make it probable, despite the discrepancy in dates, that the same
communication is referred to.

*The Report to the 31st Congress states : " On the accession of the
Count de la Luzerne to the embassy from France, Mr. Salomon was
made the banker of that government. ... He was also appointed by
Monsieur Roquebrune, treasurer of the forces ,of France in America,
to the office of their paymaster-general, which he executed free of
charge."

t Details of the assistance so rendered are given in the Report to the
31st Congress. Mr. Salomon, it is said, "maintained from his own
private purse Don Francesco Rendon, the secret ambassador of that
monarch for nearly two years, or up to the death of Mr. S., during
which Rendon's supplies were cut off." A striking passage is quoted
in the same Report from a letter said to have been written in 1783 by
Rendon to the Governor-General of Cuba, Don Jose Marie de Navarra:

20 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

It appears that the death of Mr. S. after a short and severe
illness was quite as unexpected as calamitous to his family,
leaving no will nor relatives in this country competent to take
charge of his estate, at this difficult period of the unsettled
state of the jurisprudence of the country, being four years
prior to the formation of the Constitution of the United States.

A letter from him yet exists, dated in New York a few days
previous to his return and death, directed to the agent of his
house in Philadelphia, in which he speaks of the full compet-
ency of his fortune and his intention of retiring from business.
An additional inducement no doubt was owing to the impaired
state of his health from the great exertions he had made to pro-
mote the views of the Revolution, and which letter further
declares that he had many claims uncollected due him, 1 and
spoke of the quantities of public securities and government
papers which . . . [MS. cutoff']. Of this latter, on examin-
ation of a list deposited in the Probate Office, it appears there
was upwards of $300,000, more than $160,000 of which were
of certificates of the Loan Office of the Treasury and the army.*

" Mr. Salomon has advanced the money for the service of his most
Catholic Majesty and I am indebted to his friendship in this partic-
ular, for the support of my character as his most Catholic Majesty's
agent here, with any degree of credit and reputation ; and without
it, I would not have been able to render that protection and assist-
ance to his Majesty's subjects which his Majesty enjoins and my duty
requires." The statement is also made that : " Moneys thus advanced
to the amount of about 10,000 Spanish dollars remained unpaid, when
Mr. Salomon died shortly after."

1 Mr. Henry S. Morais, in his history of "The Jews of Phila-
delphia," notes as follows : (p. 24.) " The amount has been variously
given at as much as $600,000 and more. Hon. Simon Wolf, of Wash-
ington, D. C, in February, 1892, presented a complete and elaborate
statement of this question, based upon official documents, in an
article (entitled, "Are Republics Ungrateful?") published in the
Reform Advocate, of Chicago."

In another note on the same subject Mr. Morais states : " Mr.
Salomon's loan aud its accruing interest would now (1893) amount to
over $3,000,000." Haym M. Salomon, a son of the philanthropist, and
who kept a store on Front street, vainly endeavored to obtain pay-
ment of his just claim, nothwithstanding that it was favorably
reported to the U. S Senate in 1850. lu this report it was said :
4 Haym Salomon gave great assistance to the government by loans of
money and advancing liberally of his means to sustain the men
engaged in the struggle for independence at a time when the sinews
of war were essential to success.' "

* For a summary of the account see the certificate appended, infra.
Some few further details of the inventory are given in the Committee
Report to the 30th Congress.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 21

At his decease the management of his estate passed into the
hands of strangers, all of whom not very long after became
either bankrupts or died, as well as Mr. Macrea,* his chief
clerk, who had committed suicide about the same period. Con-
sequently the books and papers have nearly been all lost, and
the obscurity into which these matters are thrown is increased
in consequence of the destruction by the British of many of the
public archives of that period, during the invasion of the city
of Washington by their army during the last war. t And such
were the effects of those unfortunate circumstances to the heirs
that when the youngest son became of age nothing was obtained
from the personal estate of this munificent and patriotic indi-
vidual in Philadelphia. And no other inheritance now survives
to the offspring except the expectation of the grateful remem-
brance of a just and generous republic.

It ought not to be forgotten, that although he endorsed a
great portion of those bills of exchange for the amount of the
loans and subsidies our government obtained in Europe, of
which he negotiated the entire sums, and the execution of
which duty occupied a great portion of his valuable time from
'8 1 to '83, still there was only charged scarcely a fractional
percentage to the United States, although individuals were
willing to pay him . . . [MS. cut ojf\ for his other negotia-
tions and guarantee. And it is known that he never caused
the loss to the government of one cent of those many millions
of his negotiations, either by his own mismanagement or from
the credit he gave to others on the sales he made of those
immense sums of foreign drafts on account of the United
States. \

We find that immediately after the peace of '83, when foreign
commerce could securely float again on the ocean, that he re-
sumed his business as a merchant for the few remaining months

* " Mr. McCrea," in the Report to the Hist Congress.

t Mr. Joseph Nourse, Register of the Treasury of the United States
from 1777 to 1828, wrote from Washington in 1827, to Mr. H. M. Salo-
mon : "1 have cast back to those periods when your honored father
was agent to Office of Finance ; but the inroads of the British army
in 1814 deprived us of every record in relation to the vouchers of the
period to which I refer." See for details, Report to 31st Congress ;
also Bibliographical Note.

i For details, see Report to Hist Congress.

22 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

of his life, trading to foreign countries, which may be collected
from the few original letters (that are preserved) bearing date
[of] London, Holland and Spain, and from the return of the
large ship Sally from Spain to his consignment a few weeks
succeeding his death, on which cargo and hull he was interested
in the sum of 40,000 florins ; his estate on the expedition sus-
tained almost total loss, owing to the failures and disasters
among merchants of those days, to whom the property had been
consigned and by whose advice it had been undertaken.

He was most friendly in aiding those other commercial citi-
zens and merchants who recommenced trading after the war
had closed. One remarkable instance \that~\ may be noted
among others was the case of Mr. Willing' s house, the head of
which was the presidert of the National Bank, and whose active
partner was the Superintendent of Finance. The firm traded
under the name of Willing, Morris & Swanick. To them he
made a loan of his name to obtain 40,000 dollars in specie in
one amount from the bank. A second loan of his name in
addition of 24,000 specie dollars also, a few nionths preceding
his death, for both of which considerable accommodations of
credit at this eventful period of our commercial history he
never charged them one cent of consideration.*

[Copy of an authentic certificate from the Register's Office
in Philadelphia shewing the amount of public securities 1 and
Revolutionary papers left by the deceased Haym Salomon at

* Hon. Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C, in an article in The Re-
form Advocate of Chicago (wee Bibliographical Note), calls attention
to the fact that Professor Sumner — the most recent biographer of
Robert Morris — in his " The Financier and the Finances of the Ameri-
can Revolution," makes no mention of the services of Haym Salomon.
Mr. Wolf adds: "When \ called Mr. Sumner's attention to it he
answered in a letter which I received to-day, that he had supposed
that Mr. Salomon had been paid long since, and was surprised at the
statement which I made."

1 Not a penny of the large sums represented by these securities has
ever been repaid to the heirs of the philanthropist and patriot who so
generously aided the Revolutionary cause, and the fact is but another
instance of the ingratitude of republics. The remissness of the peo-
ple's representatives in the adjustment of private claims has been but
too often flagrantly demonstrated, but there is not to be found on the
public records a more signal case of public injustice. When to pay a
debt is everybody's business, then it is apparently forever nobody's
business to do so, and thus it happens that popular governments fail
utterly in cases of this nature, where a monarchy would hasten to do
justice.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 23

his death and from which personal estate mentioned in said
certificate not a cent was ever received by any of his heirs.]

"58 Loan Office Certificates . . $110,233.65

19 Treasury . . 1(8,259.50

2 Virginia State " . . 8,166.48

70 Commissioners " . . 17,870.37

Continental Liquidated . . 199,214.45

#353,744-45-

' ' Seal

' ' I certify that the above writing is a true extract from the
original inventory and appraisement of the personal estate of
Haym Salomon deceased filed in the register's office Philadel-
phia on the 15th February, 1785.

(Signed) John Geyer, Register.

Given under my hand and seal of office this 28th May, A. D.
1828."

[Extract from a Certificate.]

The father of Mr. Haym M. Salomon was the deceased Haym
Salomon, Esq., who died in Philadelphia, January 6, 1785,
and who is found to have exhibited the most ardent personal
devotion to the cause of the Revolution.

On investigating such of the memoranda and papers regard-
ing his civil services in that era of our history which have
accidentally been preserved and now submitted, I find the fol-
lowing facts.

By an affidavit made in New York, January, 1778, before
Alderman Matthews, certified on its back by William Clay gen,
military secretary to Major-General Horatio Gates, dated at
the encampment White Plains, August 15, 1778, it appears
that so early as the year 1775, Mr. S. was in controversy with
the enemies of the projected Revolution.

New York, May 9, 1828.

{Signed) Wm. H. Beu,.

The affidavit further states that it had been alleged against
him in New York that he was charged by General Washington
to execute an enterprise as hazardous to the safety of his person

24 THE A M ERICA N JE W AS

and life as it was most important to the interests of the Revo-
lutionary army. Supposed to be the enterprise for which he
was condemned to death by the British General Clinton, as
mentioned in the first part of this memorandum.

The two infant sons which Mr. Salomon (at the age of 45)
left at his death were Ezekiel and Haym. Ezekiel was he
(the eldest) who in 1807, in charge of a large amount of
American property, was (with many other American citizens
whose cargoes as well as his own was sequestered at Leghorn
by the French) placed in much perplexity, but through the
spirited remonstrance which he made to the Tuscan and French
Governments, succeeded in procuring its release. He subse-
quently was charged with the government of the U. S. Branch
Bank at New Orleans, and while in the successful application
of the duties of his office died in 182 1.

Haym M., the youngest son and sole survivor of the male
part of the family, has been engaged in commercial pursuits
for many years past, for particulars of which see letter from
Hon. Johnson, Esq., who for eight years was the representa-
tive in Congress from New York, the Empire City of the
United States, and now* one of the chief officers in the Custom
House of that city.f

Bibliographical Note.

Little of the mass of original material atone time in existence rela-
tive to the life and activity of Haym Salomon can now be located.
Mr. William Salomon, of New York, a great-grandson of Haym Salo_
mon, writes in response to a recent inquiry as follows : "I am under
the impression that all the papers bearing on the services of Haym
Salomon in the cause of the Revolution which were not lost when he
died intestate (and a few months before Haym M. Salomon was born)
came into Haym M. Salomon's possession, but unfortunately his
descendants have been deprived of that valued inheritance by reason
of their disappearance while in the custody of the Government. All

* Circa 1842.

t A third child of Haym Salomon was a daughter, Sallie Salomon,
who married Joseph Andrews. Their son, Joseph I. Andrews, mar-
ried Miriam Nones, of New York, a daughter of Major Benjamin
Nones of Revolutionary fame. The daughter of this union, Louisa
Andrews, is now Mrs.' E. L. Goldbaum, of Memphis, Term. Mr.
(Joldbaum kindly writes me : "We have in our possession life-size
oil paintings of Joseph Andrews, son-in-law of Haym Salomon, and
of his wife Sallie Andrews, tier Sallie Salomon. "

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 25

I ever discovered among my father's papers was a letter from either
President Tyler or Polk (I cannot remember positively which, and
the letter is not now within easy reach) stating that papers my grand-
father, Haym M. Salomon, desired to have returned could not be
found in the Department where they had been placed."

Some further details of the strange negligence to which this unfor-
tunate loss is due may be found in the Senate Committee Report to
the 81st Congress on the claim of H. M. Salomon. The timely ser-
vices rendered by Haym Salomon to James Madison during the ses-
sions of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia are specifically
indicated in the published letters of Madison ; see Gilpin, Madison
Papers, Vol. I., pp. 168, 178-9. Mr. Herbert Friedenwald, of Phila-
delphia, has recently found among the records of the Continental
Congress an interesting Memorial of Haym Salomon, submitted to
the Congress in August, 1778 ; see Publications of American Jewish
Historical Society, 1., 87. The main sources of information relative
to the life of Haym Salomon are thus the secondary Congressional
Committee Reports upon the claims of his descendants for indemnity
for money advanced to the United States Government during the
Revolution. These, in the order of their presentation, are as follows:*

1. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Rep. F. A. Tallmadge.
April 26, 1848. 8 pp. House Reports, No. 504, 80th Cong., 1st Sess.,
Vol. 111.

2. Report on Claim of H. M Salomon. Senator J. 1). Bright.
July 28, 1848. 8 pp. Senate Reports, No. 219, 80th Cong., 1st Sess.

8. Report on Claim of H. M. Salomon. Senator I. P. Walker.
August 9, 1850. 7 pp. Senate Reports, No. 177, 81st Cong., 1st Sess.,
Vol. 1.

4. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator Charles Dur-
kee. March 9, 1860. 10 pp. Senate Reports, No. 127, 86th Cong.,
1st Sess., Vol. I.

5. Report on Claim of Haym M. Salomon. Senator M. S. Wilkin-
son. July 2, 1862. 5 pp. Senate Reports, No. 65, 87th Cong., 2d
Sess.

6. Report on Petition of Haym M. Salomon. June 24, 1864. 4 pp.
Senate Reports, No. 98, 80th Cong., 1st Sess.

The second, third, fifth and sixth of the above reports have been
reprinted in pamphlet form, presumably for private circulation.
During the first session of the 29th Congress, the Senate Committee
of Claims unanimously agreed upon a report similar to that adopted
by the House Committee of the 80th Congress, but too late for pres-
entation. Another report was drawn up during the second session of
the same Congress, placed on file, but never adopted. It was largely
embodied in the Senate Report to the 81st Congress; see Senate Report

-Poore, Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of
the United States (Washington, 1885), pp. 558, 565, 598, 762, 807, 828.

26 THE A MER WA N JE I V A S

to the 31st Congress. The last sentence of the Report to the 38th
Congress: "except the report of this committee made at the last
session," and several paragraphs inserted in the Report to the 37th
Congress as statements of " the committee of the last Congress,"
indicate the presentation of additional reports. No positive evidence
of their existence has, however, been found. At the second session
of the 52d Congress (February 24, 1893), a bill was presented to the
House, ordering that a gold medal be struck off in recognition of ser-
vices rendered by Haym Salomon during the Revolutionary War, in
consideration of which the Salomon heirs waived their claims upon
the United States for indemnity. The measure was reported favor-
ably by the House Committee on the Library, but too late for con-
sideration. The Report (No. 2556; to accompany H. R. 7896) sum-
marizes the efforts made in previous Congresses, and reprints iu full
the Senate Report to the 37th Congress.

OTHER JEWISH CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COLONIAL

TREASURY.

The monetary contribution by Haym Salomon to the success-
ful issue of the Revolutionary struggle was doubtless the
largest made by any individual, but while it is the most signal
instance of its kind, it does not stand alone. Haym Salomon
was not the only Jew who showed his earnestness in behalf of
freedom by a jeopardy or sacrifice of fortune. Among the
signers of the Bills of Credit for the Continental Congress in
1776 were Benjamin Levy, of Philadelphia and Benjamin Jacobs,
of New York ; and Samuel Lyon, of the same city, was among
the signers of similar bills in 1779. Isaac Morris, also of Phila-
delphia, and who, after the Revolutionary War, was one of the
incorporators of the Bank of New 7 York, contributed three
thousand pounds sterling (£3000) to the colonial treasury, and
still another Philadelphian, Hyman Levy, repeatedly advanced
considerable sums for the support of the army in the field. A
yet more notable instance of patriotic devotion was that of
Manuel Mordecai Noah, of South Carolina, who not only served
in the army as officer on Washington's staff, and likewise with
General Marion, but gave of his fortune twenty thousand pounds
( ,£20,000) to further the cause in which he was enlisted. Many
minor cases of a similar order could be cited, but only the more
important instances, such as are of public record, have here
been adduced.

PATRIOT, SOLD riiR AND CITIZEN. 27

INCIDENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF AMERICAN
JEWISH PATRIOTISM.

[A paper written for the American Jewish Historical Society by
Max J. Kohler.]

In the present article, the writer proposes to set forth several
incidents in our history not otherwise connected with each other
than the above title indicates, but all tending to show that the
Jew has ever been ready to battle for the cause of his adopted
country, be his domicile where it may. Our subjects herein had
differing views as to what patriotism demanded. We shall
speak of French Jews battling for France, of English Jewish
Colonists championing England's cause, and of American Jews
fighting for American liberty and glory, yet all were equally
patriots. In selecting the incidents to be set forth herein the
writer has confined himself exclusively to matters which he
believes are either wholly unknown to the Jewish historian or
only partially or imperfectly known ; no treatment of the main
subject, other than these incidents may furnish, will be at-
tempted.

Colonel David S. Franks.

Members have no doubt still fresh in mind the interesting
items relating to Col. Franks, set forth by Dr. Herbert
Friedenwald and Prof. M. Jastrow in No. i of our "Proceed-
ings. ' ' Since then other data have been collected and published
in regard to the Franks family, to which I will merely refer ;
(see the very interesting article on the History of the Jews of
Montreal, prepared for the Montreal Daily Star, December 30,
1893, and repeated in the American Israelite in January, 1894,
which has been attributed to Rev. Dr. Meldola de Sola ; and
also an article on Rebecca Franks by the present writer, which
appeared in the American Hebrew, November 9, 14, 21, and
also in pamphlet reprint). In the present paper, Colonel

28 THE AMERICAN ,/E W AS

Franks' early career in Canada will be chiefly dealt with, the
documents herein cited demonstrating the correctness of Dr.
Friedenwald's theory (p. 76) that Franks was drawn into the
Revolutionary contest through pure patriotism and interest in
the struggle which was being carried on south of his earlier
domicile. A contemporary periodical furnishes the data I refer
to ; it is entitled : ' ' The Remembrancer or Impartial Reposi-
tory of Public Events." Part I, for 1776, London, 1776, pp.
100-6. (The narrative is somewhat condensed herein, but the
documents are set forth in their entirety.)

"On May 2, 1775, the bust of the king at Montreal was
found daubed over and indecently ornamented, the words,
'This is the pope of Canada and the fool of England,' being
written upon it in French. A reward of 100 guineas was offered
for the discover of the perpetrator, and much indignation was
expressed among the French inhabitants, eager to manifest
their loyalty to England, one French gentleman even express
ing his opinion that the act ought to be punished by hanging.
Upon hearing this severe opinion, a young English merchant of
the name of Franks, who had settled at Montreal and who at
that time happened to be near the speaker, replied to him in
these words : ' In England men are not hanged for such small
offenses,' which he repeated twice or three times. This pro-
voked M. de B (the former speaker) to such a degree, that,

after giving the young man much opprobrious language, he at
last proceeded to blows, and struck him in the face and pulled
him by the nose ; upon which the other gave him a blow that
knocked him down. The next day, May the 3d, upon a com-
plaint of M. de B to three officers of justice of a new order,

called the Conservators of the Peace for the District of
Montreal, not of the blow he had received from Franks (for to
this he was conscious he had given occasion by striking him
first) but of the words pronounced by the latter, .' that in
England people were not hanged for such small offenses,' the
Conservators issued the warrant hereunder following for com-
mitting young Franks to prison. He was accordingly carried
thither by a party of soldiers with bayonets fixed, and ,£10,000
bail, that was offered to procure his liberty, and be security for
his appearance to take his trial for the offence, was refused.
And there he continued for a week, at the end of which time,
the same Conservators of the Peace (by the direction, as it is
supposed, of Governor Carleton) ordered him to be discharged
without any bail at all.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. :>9

The following are the official documents, in translation :
" District of Montreal.

1 ' By John Fraser, John Marteilhe and Rene Ovide Hertel de
Rouville, Esquires, Judges and Conservators of the Peace
in the District of Montreal :

"Whereas, Francis Mary Picote de Bellestre, Esquire, has
made oath on the holy gospels that on Tuesday the second day
of this present month of May, as he was standing still in the
street to hear a proclamation published, concerning those
wretches who had insulted his Majesty's bust, he had openly
declared that he thought they deserved to be hanged : and that
thereupon one Salisbury Franks had answered with surprise,
1 that it was not usual to hang people for such small offences
and that it was not worth while to do so,' and that he had
repeated those words several times, and with a loud voice.

" We, having regard to the said complaint, and considering
that every good subject ought to look upon the said insult to
his Majesty's bust as an act of the most atrocious nature, and
deserving of the utmost abhorrence, and that therefore all
declarations made in conversation that tend to affirm it to be a
small offence, ought to be esteemed criminal : Do, for these
reasons, authorize and command you to convey the said
Salisbury Franks to the prison of the town to be there detained,
till he shall be thence discharged according to law. And for so
doing, this warrant shall be your justification.

" Given at Montreal, under our hands and seals, on the third
day of May, 1775.

John Fraser,
(Signed) John Marteilhe,

Hertel de Rouville."

The warrant to the jailor we omit, but the warrant for his
discharge follows :

" To the keeper of the jail in Montreal :

Whereas David Salisbury Franks is now in your custody, in
virtue of our warrant duly sealed and signed ; these are now to
command you to forbear detaining any longer the said David
Salisbury Franks, but to suffer him to go at large wherever he
pleases and that without fees. And for so doing, this will be
your sufficient warrant.

"Given under our hands and seals at Montreal, on the 9th day
of May, 1775."

(Signed as above).

30 THE A MER WA N JE W AS

It will be noticed that the warrant of release gives the full
name of Franks and leaves it clear that he was the future
American patriot. It should also be noticed that he is described
as an Englishman, pointing to that county as the common home
of the various members of the family of that name in America.
(Compare Life of Peter Van Schaack, p. 143, and Kamble
Papers, for references to Franks' family home, a mansion near
London). Also that the amount of bail offered for young
Franks, £ 10,000, was extraordinarily large for those days.

It is not proposed herein to repeat the interesting incident in the
career of Arnold's aide-de-camp which others have set forth so
well. Their accounts may, however, be supplemented by the fol-
lowing. It seems that Franks gave testimony to Mrs. Arnold's
innocence of all complicity in her husband's treason. This fact
is cited in a note in the present writer's sketch of Rebecca
Franks (p. 12), but the original authority, the preface to
the privately printed Shipper papers, he has thus far been un-
able to consult. After the inquiry into Frank's conduct, —
occasioned by the suspicions aroused against him on account of
Arnold's treason— had been held in accordance with his de-
mand, Franks appears to have been sent to Europe with im-
portant dispatches to Jay and Franklin, with instructions to
await their orders. In a letter from Robert Morris to Frank-
lin, dated Philadelphia, July 1.3, 1781, we read: "The bearer
of the letter, Major Franks, formerly an aide-de-camp to
General Arnold, and honorably acquitted of all connection with
him after a full and impartial inquiry, will be able to give you
our public news more particularly than I could relate them."
(Diplomatic Correspondence, edited by Sparks, Vol. XI, p. 382).
His conduct in France and Spain appears to have been very
creditable; Jay speaks very highly about his discretion and tact
and he seems to have won the particular regard of the Count of
Florida Blanca, the Spanish Minister, with whom Jay was
negotiating. (See " Diplomatic Correspondence of the U. S.,"
edited by F. Wharton, Vol. IV, 752-754, 756-757, 764-784,
V, 121. Thompson Papers (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collections,
1878), p. 183. Accounts of the U. S. during the Administra-
tion of the Superintendent of France, 1 781-1784). As noted
by Dr. Friedenwald, Franks was sent by Congress to Europe

PATRIOTfiOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 31

again in 1784, this time to deliver a triplicate of the definitive
treaty of peace to our ministers plenipotentiary. Further de-
tails about this trip are alluded to in " Military Journal of Ma-
jor K. Denny" (Pa. Hist. Society, Pub. i860) p. 415, where
letters from Frank's associate, Col. Harman, are quoted, and in
a letter written by Harman to a Philadelphia merchant, Jona-
than Williams, in 1790, wherein he sends his regards to Franks,
and alludes to the " gay moments we passed together in France,
particularly the civilities received from you at St. Germain,
where I dined with you in company with Mr. Barclay and Col.
Franks" (p. 461). Not less interesting is the narrative of an
encounter with Major Franks in 1787, by Dr. Cutler, on a trip
to Philadelphia : "July 12th. Made our next stay at Bristol.
Dined in company with the passengers in the stage, among
whom were General Armstrong and Col. Franks. General
Armstrong is a member of Congress with whom I had a small
acquaintance at New York; Franks was an aide of General
Arnold at the time of his desertion to the British. Both of
them high bucks, and affected, as I conceived, to hold the New
England states in contempt. They had repeatedly touched m>
Yankee blood, in their conversation at the table; but I was
much on the reserve until, after we had dined, some severe re-
flections on the conduct of Rhode Island, and the Insurgency
in Massachusetts — placing the two States in the same point of
light — induced me to observe that ' I had 110 doubt but that the
conduct of Rhode Island would prove of infinite service to the
Union; that the insurgency in Massachusetts would eventually
lead to invigorate and establish our government; and that I
considered the State of Pennsylvania — divided and distracted
as she was then in her Councils, the large County of Luzerne
on the eve of an insurrection — to be in as hazardous a situation
as any one on the Continent.'

"This instantly brought on a warm fracas indeed. The
cudgels were taken up on both sides: the contest as fierce as if
the fate of empires depended on the decision. At length
victory declared in our favor. Armstrong began to make con-
cessions. Franks, with more reluctance, at length gave up the
ground. Both acknowledged the New England States were
entitled to an equal share of merit with any in the Union, and

32 THE A MER ICA A r JE W A S

declared they had no intention to reflect. We had the satisfac-
tion to quit the field with an air of triumph, which my little
companion enjoyed with a high relish; nor could he forget it,
all the way to Philadelphia. But we parted with our antago-
nists on terms of perfect good humor and complaisance. My
companion frequently afterwards mentioned the pleasure it
gave him to see Armstrong and Franks, ' ' so completely taken
down," as he expressed it, which led me to conclude he was of
the party opposed to them in the political quarrels of Philadel-
phia." (Historical magazine, Third Series, Vol. II, pp. 84-85).
But let us pass from Franks to another Canadian.

II.

Chevalier de Levis.

The student of Canadian .history is very familiar with the
name of Levis, which bids fair to be perpetuatad in several
geographical names in that country. The name was borne by
Henri de Levis, Duke of Vontadour, Viceroy of Canada for
some time after 1626, but was rendered more famous through
the brilliant career of his relative, the Chevalier de Levis,
Montcalm's able lieutenant, subsequently his successor as com-
mander of the French forces in Canada, and still later Marshal
of France. Numerous striking illustrations of his gallantry
and chivalry are extant, and it is suggestive that Montcalm
should have spoken some of his last words, in praise of "his
gallant Chevalier de Levis," for whose talents and fitness for
command he expressed high esteem. The writer hereof does
not claim that either of these two de Levis' were Jews, but he
does believe that they were of Jewish descent, less on account
of their family name than on account of the following curious
explanation of it : "A family that considered itself to be the
oldest in Christendom. Their chateau contained, it was said,
two pictures: one of the Deluge in which Noah is represented
going into the Ark, carrying under his arm a trunk on which
was written: ' Papiers de la maison de Levis.' The other
was a portrait of the founder of the house, bowing reverently
to the Virgin, who is made to say : ' Couvrez-vous, mon cousin. '
' It is for my own pleasure, my cousin,' replied the descendent
of Levi."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 33

(Compare Horace Walpole's Letters, Kingsford's History of
Canada, Vol. I, p. 77, Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, I, 150,
360, 363, 378-379, 455, 478, 466; II, 308, 312, 354).

III.
Lopez and Hart, of Newport.

In the last volume of our ' ' Proceedings ' ' and also in Judge
Daly's work, numerous references are to be found to the in-
teresting career of Aaron Lopez, of Newport, whom the present
writer has described as probably the richest and most success-
ful Jewish man of affairs who lived in this country before the
Revolution. It may be remembered that Lopez was one of a
number of Jewish residents of Newport who found it necessary
to flee from that city at the beginning of the war, when the
British forces moved against the city. Lopez withdrew to
Leicester, Massachusetts, with his family, and remained there
until May, 1782. (Daly's Jews in North America, p. 86).
Short as was his stay there, however, he left a noble memorial
of his sojourn behind him, as appears from the following ex-
tract from the Diary of a journey from Plymouth to Connecti-
cut by Samuel Davis in 1789. (Mass. Hist. Society Proceed-
ings, 1 869-1 870, p. 11). "Leicester is situate on very high
ground. The Meeting house is a decent edifice, very illy painted.
Near it is the Academy, founded by the late Mr. Lopez, a
worthy merchant of the Jewish tribe. It is a long building of
two stories, with a cupola and bell, and two entrances, fronted
by porticos; appears to be decaying. Mr. James observed at
Worcester, that he supposed the preceptor and pupils would be
removed to a handsome new school house in that town."

But Newport contained many Tories as well as Patriots,
many of whom must to-day be regarded as no less patriotic
than those whom we designate by that term. It is, therefore,
not surprising to find Jewish Tories there, and one of the num-
ber appears to have been a martyr to his views, as the follow-
ing item shows: "Mr. Isaac Hart, of Newport R. I., formerly
an eminent merchant and ever a loyal subject, was inhumanly
fired upon and bayoneted, wounded in fifteen parts of his body,
and beat with their muskets, in the most shocking manner in

34 THE A ME RICA N JEW A S

the very act of imploring quarter, and died of his wounds a few
hours after, universally regretted by every true lover of his
King and country." (Account of the attack on Fort St.
George, Rivington's Gazette, December 2, 1780).

To leave no doubt as to his faith, the following item, (from
Du Simmitiaire, MSS., 1769) accompanies the preceding one in
the Magazine of American History (Vol. Ill, p. 452): "At
Mr. Isaac Hart's, a Jew, living at the Point, in Newport, R. I.,
there is a portrait of the late Czar, Peter I, done, I believe, by
vSir Godfrey Kneller."

IV.

Some New York Jewish Patriots.

The number of New York Jews who served their country
by risking life or fortune in its behalf is well-nigh legion.
Hundreds upon hundreds of instances have been set forth from
time to time, covering a time from the early colonial period, as
appears particularly from another paper by the present writer,
through the Revolutionary struggle down to our own day. But
little cause can be assigned for distinguishing a few from the
many in the present article unless it be the probability that the
instances to be referred to herein are but little known. It
should be of interest to notice, for instance, that the decision
reached in 1770 to make more stringent the Non-Importation
Agreement, which the colonists adopted to bring England to
terms on the taxation question, had among its signers Samuel
Judah, Hayman Levy, Jacob Moses, Jacob Myers, Jonas Phil-
lips, and Isaac Seixas {New York Gazette and Weekly Post Boy,
July 23, 1770).

The victory won by the Jewish Patriots over the loyalists
in the New York Jewish Congregation at the outbreak of the
Revolution, which induced the majority to determine to dis-
band the congregation for country's sake, has been well de-
scribed in a former article in our Society's periodicals and the
names of the patriots who, in consequence, fled to Philadelphia
on the approach of the British to New York are known. In
another paper, the writer hereof enumerates some of the less
known but possibly equally patriotic Jewish Loyalists, who re-
mained in the city. It appears, however, that even the Jewish

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 35

cemetery was to witness the strife and struggles of war, for we
read that a battery to overlook the East River and prevent
British ships from entering into it "is planned in some for-
wardness at the foot of the Jews' Burying Ground," in March,
1776. (N. Y. Hist. Soc. Collection Pub. Fund Series, Vol. Ill,
PP- 354, 355).

During the war of 18 12, the New York Jews appear to have
again manifested their love of country, and one of their number,
Col. Nathan Myers, was even in command of a brigade
stationed near the City of New York in the beginning of the
war. (Guernsey; " New York City during the War of 1812,"
pp. 86, 436-7). Others manifested their patriotism by bringing
pecuniary sacrifices, as did Herman Hendricks in 18 13. In
February of that year, Congress passed an act authorizing a
loan of $16,000,000, but less than $4,000,000 were subscribed. It
was then that New York merchants came to the rescue by sub-
scribing for the bonds, in spite of the sacrifices that were made
in view of the fact that the government could not obtain money
except at a discount of 15 per cent. Hendricks subscribed for
$40,000 of the bonds, being one of the largest individual sub-
scribers. (Scoville: The Old Merchant of New York City.
First Series, pp. 329-333- )

Among those who served under Col. Myers in this War, was
probably Samuel Noah, a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, who
led a most eventful life, which has been chronicled in a very
interesting way by Gen. George W. Cullom in his " Biographi-
cal Sketches of Deceased Graduates of the United States
Military Academy." We quote the account in full :

"Samuel Noah.

" Class of 1807.

"Died March 10, 1871, at Mount Pulaski, 111., aged 92.

"Samuel Noah, who was born July 19, 1779, in the City
of London, died March 10, 187 1, at Mount Pulaski, Logan
county, Illinois, at the advanced age of nearly 92, he having
been for several years the senior surviving graduate of the
United States Military Academy. He was of Jewish descent,
and was a cousin of Mordecai M. Noah, formerly consul to

36 THE A MERICAN JE W AS

Tunis, and for many years the editor of various New York
journals.

" When twenty years old he emigrated to this country, and
after a residence of several years in New York City, solicited a
midshipman's appointment, but not succeeding, accepted, May
5, 1805, that of a cadet in the First Regiment of Artillery.
Being intelligent and a good penman, he was often selected as
amanuensis to the Superintendent of the Military Academy, and
frequently acted as Judge Advocate or Recorder of Courts at
West Point. Upon graduation, Dec. 9, 1807, preferring the
Infantry arm, he was promoted an ensign in the Second Regi-
ment, which, after a tedious journey, he joined at Cantonment,
Columbia Springs, in the rear of Fort Adams, Miss. Here he
devoted his leisure hours to the study of the early campaigns of
Napoleon, who was then the military prodigy of the world ; but
this fascinating occupation was soon interrupted by his having
to watch smugglers on the Florida frontier and march from one
unhealthy camp to another in the Gulf States. During these
migrations he met Captain Winfield Scott just after his duel
near Natchez with Dr. Upshur (brother of the Secretary of State
blown up on board the Princeton), Lieutenant James Gibson, sub-
sequently killed at the sortie from Fort Erie, Gen. James Wilkin-
son, Captain Edmond P. Gaines, Gen. Wade Hampton, and
other since famous officers of whom he had many anecdotes to
relate. Wearied finally with slow promotion, and disgusted
that ignorant civilians were appointed to rank him, he resigned
March 13, 181 1, his commission of First Lieutenant in the
Army.

1 ' Soon after this period a Mexican deputation from the Junta
of Coahuila, Gen. Bernado Guiteras and Captain Manscac
arrived at Natchitoches, where Lieutenant Magee, a graduate
of 1809, was stationed, and offered him the command with the
rank of Colonel of the combined forces there assembled of
Mexicans and Anglo-Americans. After Magee assumed the
command, Noah, allured by visions of a golden future, joined,
as First Lieutenant, this little undisciplined Falstaffian regiment
on the Brazos river, while on its march to Fort Bahia, which it
entered Nov. 14, 1812 ; but no sooner was the fort in posses-
sion of the Patriot Army than the Spanish royalists besieged it

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 37

with a force of five times the strength of the garrison. In this
struggle poor Col. Magee sickened and died, and was buried
with the honors of war during the enemy's cannonade, a six-
pounder ball lodging close to the grave. After the siege was
raised, March 28, 18 13, and the patriots re-inforced, this little
army, with Noah in command of its rear guard, pursued and
routed the Royalists, April 4, 18 13, in a sharp combat near
San Antonio, and three days later entered the capital of Texas,
Salcido, the governor, surrendering at discretion with his entire
force.

' ' Informed soon after of the declaration of war by the United
States against Great Britain, Noah, true to the flag of his
adopted country, left Texas, and, escaping through many perils
by flood and field, reached the city of Washington, where he
was most sadly disappointed in not being re-commissioned by
President Madison in the United States Army. Nothing
daunted, however, he proceeded to New York, and volunteered
his services as a private soldier with Captain Benjamin Dun-
ning' s company for the defence of Brooklyn, then being fortified
by Gen. Joseph G. Swift, to repel an anticipated descent of the
British on Long Island at Sag Harbor. His services here and
at Harlem Heights, to the close of the war, in aid of the militia
force, were most zealous and untiring, his military education,
practical knowledge and quick intelligence proving powerful
auxiliaries to his patriotic devotion to duty. After the termi-
nation of Noah's military career, he taught school near Goshen,
New York, till 1820 ; then for two years was in England, being
present at the trial of Queen Caroline and the Coronation of
George the Fourth; resumed school teaching and was employed
in various academies in Virginia until May 24, 1848 ; and
subsequently resided with a faithful friend at Mount Pulaski,
IyOgan county, 111., where he died. The romantic record of
Samuel Noah's early life is full of wild adventure and thrilling
incidents; his after history was a curious medley, almost the
very counterpart of the vicissitudes to which Gil Bias was
exposed; and his declining years were an old age of poverty,
with little relief even from sources upon which he confidently
counted to ease his weary journey to the grave."

In this connection reference would also seem to be in order to

38 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

some New York Jews who served in the Mexican War, one of
them with particular distinction and honor. This list includes
Sergeant Jacob David, Sergeant Samuel Henry, and Private
Abraham Adler (killed); Corporal Jacob Hirshhorn and Private
Otto Neubauer, Phillip Myers, and Jacob Lema, Mark Kahn,
Alexander Simm, John Myers, James Hart and William Hart,

Myers, Marx M. Hart, Henry Phillips, Joseph Henriques,

and Jacob C. Somers. (See article by the present writer in
American Hebrew, February 9, 1894.)

Some Baltimore Jews.

Turning next to Baltimore, two interesting incidents are in
point. The one carries us back to Revolutionary times, and is
to be connected with the name of Jacob Hart, one of a number
of patriotic merchants of Baltimore; whether he was the only
Jew in the group is unknown. The incident is briefly referred
to as follows, in a letter written by Lafayette to Washington,
April 18, 1 87 1. (Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts
of General Lafayette, Vol. I, page 403.) " To these measures
for punishing deserters, I have added one which my feelings
for the sufferings of the soldiers and peculiarity of their circum-
stances have prompted me to adopt. The merchants of Balti-
more lent me a sum of about ^2000 which will procure some
shirts, linen, overalls, shoes and a few hats ; the ladies will
make up the shirts, and the overalls will be made by the detach-
ment, so that our soldiers have a chance of being a little more
comfortable. The money is lent upon my credit, and I become
security for the payment of it in two years' time, when, by the
French laws, I may better dispose of my estate. But before
that time, I shall use my influence with the French court, in
order to have this sum of money added to any loan Congress
may have been able to obtain from them." The following
entry ' ' Accounts of the United States with the Superintendent
of Finance ' ' (Robert Morris) serves to identify the merchants :
" May 27, (1782) Jacob Hart and others for the Repayment of
Money Loaned the Marquis de Lafayette at Baltimore — 7256
dollars. ' ' Further details appear from the following passages

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 39

in the Journals of Congress, Vol. VII p. 86: "Thursday, May
24, 1 78 1. On the report of the committee to whom was
referred a letter of April 22 from Maj. Gen. the Marquis de la
Fayette:

Resolved, That Congress entertains a just sense of the patriotic
and timely exertions of the merchants of Baltimore who so
generously supplied the Marquis de la Fayette with about 2000
guineas, to enable him to forward the detachment under his
command; That the Marquis de la Fayette be assured that
Congress will take proper measures to discharge the engage-
ment he has entered into with the merchants."

Compare with this an article on ' ' Old Maryland Homes and
Ways," by John W. Palmer, in the Century, December 1894,
p. 258. Markens in his " Hebrews in America " (p. 93) briefly
refers to the incident, describing Hart as a Hebrew of German
birth, who came to this country in 1775; he was the father-in-
law of Haym M. Salomon, son of the patriot, Haym Salomon.
Certainly not less interesting, though less well known, is the
following incident in the Mexican War, which is translated from
the " Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, ,, Vol. X p. 508,
August 24, 1846 : "The New York Herald of July 15, (1846)
contains the following item, in reference to the call for 50,000
volunteers to join the army against Mexico: ' Baltimore July 3.
Among the companies which have been formed here, a volun-
teer corps of Jews attracts particular attention. Although com-
posed for the most part of immigrants, they have given, by
the raising of this company, to fight with the native militia on
behalf of our institutions, a splendid instance of their love and
devotion for these and for their new fatherland. Yes, their love
for the fame and independence of our country has been dis-
played all the more pointedly as they have organized their
company by selecting one not of their faith as their chief officer,
namely, Captain Carroll, who was paymaster of the Fifth
regiment, but willingly resigned his position to accept the
command of this patriotic com pan}' of volunteers. Its other
officers are: Mr. Levi Benjamin, first lieutenant; Joseph Simpson,
second lieutenant; Samuel G. Goldsmith, third lieutenant; S.
Eytinge, first sergeant; Dr. J. Horwitz, surgeon." An exami-
nation of the copy of the Herald thus referred to, fails to show

40 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

the English original of the above item ; either the date or the
name of the paper is incorrectly cited, though the facts are no
doubt correctly given.

VI.

South Carolina Jewish Patriots.

The following item from an article by Rev. Isaac Leeser, in
The Occident, Vol. XVI, p. 142 (1858) gives in some little
detail a story since then oft repeated ; the primary authorities
for the incident are still unknown to the writer thereof: " A
company of soldiers who did good service in the defence of
Charleston Harbor were nearly all, if not all Jews. The names
of Daniel W. Cardozo, Jacob I. Cohen, Sr., and Isaiah Isaacs,
we think, must have been on the roll of that company.
Relations or descendants of all of these are still to be found
among our most respectable families. Sheftall Sheftall, Isaac
N. Cardozo, a brother of David, and Colonel Bush, occur to us
just now as brave soldiers in the Revolution, and no doubt
many others are known to other persons." Compare with this
the following passage from a speech of Col. J. W. D. Worthing-
ton on the Jew Bill, Maryland, 1824 (Speeches on the Jew Bill,
etc., by H. N. Brackenridge, Phila. 1829, p. 115): " Here is
another paper which contains the names of a corps of volunteer
infantry, in Charleston, South Carolina, in February, 1779. It
was composed chiefly of Israelites, residing in King's Street
and was commanded by Captain Lushington, and afterward
fought under Gen. Moultrie at the Battle of Beaufort." Also
Westeott's ' ' Persons Who Took the Oath of Allegiance to Penn-
sylvania. " " Abraham Seixas, formerly an officer in the Militia
of Charleston, South Carolina, lately arrived in this city, Phila-
delphia; Merchant, May 31, 1782."

VII.
Mordecai Sheftall, of Savannah, Georgia.

We may fittingly close this paper with an account of a Jewish
patriot of the Revolution who held important and responsible
positions under both Congressional and Georgia State control,

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 41

and who had occasion to find that the Sovereign will often de-
cline to pay even the most bona fide debts, where powerful in-
fluence to force bills for their payment through Congress is
wanting. One of the witnesses in the Court Martial Proceed-
ings, of Major General Howe, in 1780, (N. Y. Hist. Soc.
Collections, 1879, pp. 260-263, 301) was Mordecai Sheftall,
who was Deputy Commissar}' General of Issues to the Con-
tinental troops in Georgia during the period of the British in-
vasion of that State, and also Commissary General of Purchase
and Issues to the Militia. He testified to various measures he
had recommended for removing supplies from positions of
danger, to prevent their falling into the hands of the British,
and it is very suggestive that these provisions should be referred
to in the Index, under the heading: "Jewish Thrift," (Collec-
tions, 1880, p. 461). In his defence, General Howe referred
to him as follows: "Mr. Sheftall, the Deputy Commissary
General of Issues, has been brought by the prosecutors to prove
upon me, as I suppose, a neglect of the public stores. I have
ever had a favorable opinion of Mr. Sheftall, as an honest man,
and from the testimony of such, I know I have nothing to fear;
his evidence, therefore, is in my favor. Many measures, how-
ever, were pursued that Mr. Sheftall might have had no knowl-
edge of. ' ' Mr. Sheftall 's was one of the earliest Jewish families
in Georgia, and various items in regard to his character and
standing are collated in Judge Daly's work (p. 70, et. seq. ),
where his name is, erroneously, it seems, spelt Sheftail. On
page 72 reference is made to Cushman Polack, who was also a
witness in the Howe trial, (pp. 264-5) ne having been a private
in the militia in Georgia at the same time; his name is there
spelt "Coshman Pollock"). Markens also adds, on what
authority I am unable to state, (p. 49) that when the British took
possession of Savannah, December 29, 1778, Mordecai Sheftall,
with his son Sheftall Sheftall, endeavored to make his escape,
but was compelled to surrender by a body of Highlanders. He
was taken to the guard-house, where the officer in charge was
instructed to guard him well, as he was ' ' a great rebel. ' ' There
he was confined with a number of soldiers and negroes without
a morsel to eat until a Hessian officer named Zeltman, finding
he could speak his language, removed him to his quarters and

42 THE AMERICAN JE W A S

permitted him to communicate with his wife and son. In an
interesting narrative, published many years ago, Mr. Sheftall
states that he was treated with abuse by Captain Strarhope of the
' ' Raven ' ' sloop of war, and he and his son were ordered on
board the prison ship. His name, with the inscription, "Chair-
man Rebel Provisional Committee," is enrolled on the list of
those who were selected as coming under the Disqualifying Act
of July, 1780, and thus rendered u incapable of holding or exer-
cising any office of trust, honor or profit in the Province of
Georgia."

The writer hereof believes, that, until now, no particulars
have been known to the Jewish historian in regard to a claim
urged by Sheftall, and afterwards his widow, before Congress.
It appears that he presented a petition to the House of Repre-
sentatives on March 29, 1792, asking for a settlement of his ac-
counts as Deputy Commissary General of Issues for the South-
ern Department during the Revolutionary War with Great
Britain. The claim was referred to the Secretary of the
Treasury, who reported it to the next Congress, though the
nature of his report is not known to the writer. In the fourth
Congress the petition was referred to the Commitee on Claims,
which reported it back to the House, February 11, 1797. In
the House List of Private Claims (Vol. Ill, p. 305-6), this re-
port is marked "adverse." No authority seems to exist for
this statement. In fact, another claim reported at the same
time was rejected at once, but the Sheftall claim was referred to
the Committee of the Whole on the following Wednesday, but on
that day it does not appear to have been considered. In the
Seventh Congress, Frances, widow of Mordecai Sheftall, renewed
her husband's petition and it was again referred to a committee.
This committee's report was read and considered on April 3,
1802, but further consideration was postponed till the 4th Mon-
day of November following, which was practically equivalent to
killing the measure, as Congress never meets in ordinary session
in November. (Journals of Congress, House, Second, 1st
Session, p. 554; Third, 1st Session, pp. 77-8 ; Fourth, 1st Ses-
sion, p. 451; Fourth, 2d Session, p. 691; Seventh, 1st Session,
136, 177, Carpenter; American Senator, III, 449-50). No
further information as to the claim is at hand. From the per-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 43

sistence in pressing it, it must be concluded that some sub-
stantial sum was involved. It may be that it was rejected
because the United States declined to assume liability for the
acts of the State of Georgia, there having been a series of contro-
versies between the State and General Government as to the
liability of the latter for military services and expenditures in-
curred in behalf of the former. At any rate, the claim does not
appear to have been paid, and like the Haym Salomon claim, is
another illustration of our country's ingratitude to those who
made sacrifices for it of worldly goods and life and limb in its
hours of need.

44 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

JEWISH SOLDIERS. IN THE CONTINENTAL

ARMIES.

Scant and unsatisfactory as are the army records of the
Revolutionary period, enough of an authentic character has
been preserved to fully sustain the statement of Solomon Etting,
who, writing in Baltimore in 1824, notes that among the soldiers
of the Revolution ' ' were many Hebrews who were always at
their post and always foremost in all hazardous enterprises. ' '
This almost contemporary notice emanates from a Jew whose
father had served in the Continental army from the beginning
of the Revolution to the capture of Charleston, and who,
through the prominence of his family had been brought in con-
tact with many of the distinguished participants in the momen-
tous struggle.

The active co-operation of Jewish citizens in the non-importa-
tion movement of 1763 has already been adverted to, but even
before that time we find references to prominent Jewish partici-
pants in the public defense. In 1754, during the French and
Indian War, Isaac Myers, a Jewish citizen of New York, called
a town meeting at the ' ' Rising Sun ' ' Inn and organized a
company of bateau men of which he became captain. Two
other Jews are named as taking part in the same war, both of
whom served in the expedition across the Allegheny mountains
in the year above noted. It is altogether probable that these
three were not the only Jewish soldiers of that early war, but
only these have left traces of their presence. In the following
year, 1755, when the colonies were agitated by the disastrous
ending of the Braddock campaign and the incipient movement
toward federation, we find a Jew, Benjamin Cohen, a member
of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania and Attorney-General
of the colony.

The chronicles of the Revolutionary War afford a considerable
and in many respects an interesting list of Jewish names. A few
of the more prominent of these have already been mentioned

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 45

under preceding heads, and others cited on the records are here
added in alphabetical order :

Captain Noah Abraham

was called out with the battalion of Cumberland County
Militia, of Pennsylvania, "by an order from Council, July

28, 1777."

Aaron Benjamin,

Ensign of 8th Connecticut Regiment, January 1, 1777;
Second Lieutenant, February 14, 1778 ; First lieutenant,
May 7, 1778 ; Regimental Adjutant, April 1, 1780, to
January, 1783 ; transferred to 5th Connecticut Regiment
January 1, 1781 ; transferred to 3rd Connecticut Regi-
ment January 1, 1783; retained in Swift's Connecticut
Regiment June, 1783, and served to November 3, 1783 ;
Lieutenant- Colonel of 37th United States Infantry March
11, 18 13 ; honorably discharged June 15, 18 15 ; died
January 11, 1829.

Samuel Benjamin,

Ensign of 8th Massachusetts Regiment January 1, 1777;
Second Lieutenant October 3, 1777 ; First Lieutenant
March 28, 1779, served to June, 1783.

Joseph Bloomfield,

Captain of 3rd New Jersey Regiment February 9, 1776;
Deputy Judge Advocate-General November 17, 1776, to
October 29, 1778 ; Brigadier-General United States Army
March 27, 18 12 ; honorably discharged June 15, 18 15 ;
died October 3, 1823.

Moses Bix>omfiei.d,

(New Jersey) Hospital Surgeon May 14, 1777 ; Hospital
Physician and Surgeon October 6, 1780; resigned De-
cember 13, 1780; died August 14, 1791.

Henry Pike Bush

is recorded as a soldier in the ' ' Associators and Flying
Camp," Pennsylvania.

Colonel Solomon Bush

was an officer in the Pennsylvania Militia (i777- I 77 8 )>
whose record is highly creditable and whose services won

46 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

for him a well-deserved promotion. He was appointed
Deputy Adjutant General of the Militia of the State on
July 5, 1777. As to his subsequent career in the army, no
stronger testimony could be desired than that set forth in
the resolution adopted by the Supreme Executive Council
of Pennsylvania, at its session on Wednesday, October 20,
1779. It reads thus :

"The petition of Major Solomon Bush, in the militia of
this State, being read, and due inquiry having been made
into the circumstances of his case, it appears that Major
Bush has, on many occasions, distinguished himself in the
public service, especially in the winter of 1776, when the
service was critical and hazardous.

"That he entered again into the said service in the sum-
mer of 1777, when General Sir William Howe invaded the
State and the militia were called out pursuant to the reso-
lutions of Congress and the requisition of His Excellency,
General Washington ; and in the month of September,
1777, acting as Deputy Adjutant General, he was danger-
ously wounded in a skirmish between the militia and the
advance of the British Army, his thigh being broken and
he brought off with great difficulty ; that being carried to
his father's house, on Chestnut Hill, and incapable of being
moved, he fell into the hands of the British Army, when
it moved up to Whitemarsh, in December, 1777, who took
his parole ; That he has ever since been confined with his
wound, and incapable of performing any military duty, or
acquiring a livelihood, but on the other hand, his situation
attended with much difficulty and expense.

"All which circumstances being considered, and that
the said Major Bush being at the time of receiving his
wounds in Continental Service and now a prisoner of war.

"Resolved, That he be recommended to the especial
notice of the Honourable Board of War, in order to obtain
pay and rations equal to his rank ; and that this Board in
consideration of the services and sufferings of Major Bush,
will permit him to draw from the State store, from time to
time, such articles as may be necessary for his comfortable
Subsistance and Support."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 47

That Major Bush had already been promoted to the rank
of Lieutenant-Colonel, is evidenced by another resolution,
complimentary to him, adopted by the same Council seven
days later, when he was "recommended to the Honourable'
the Board of War, for pay and rations accordingly."
Again on November 5, 1785, the Council, over which Ben-
jamin Franklin then presided, passed an order for the pay-
ment of a pension due to Lieutenant-Colonel Bush.

Major Lewis Bush

became First Lieutenant of the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion
on January 9, 1776 and Captain the following June. He
was transferred to Colonel Thomas Hartley's Additional
Continental Regiment January 13, 1773 and was commis-
sioned Major, March 12, 1777. That he proved a brave
soldier, his efficient service in a number of battles affords
ample evidence. At the battle of Brandy wine, September
11, 1777, he was fatally wounded, and four days later he
died.

Jonas Bush

was in the roll of revolutionary soldiers, but there is no
information given as to his rank or date of enlistment.

Jacob I. Cohen

in 1783 went to Charleston, S. C, and during the campaign
which followed, took part as a volunteer soldier in the
Continental army, serving under Moultrie and Lincoln.
Frequent references to Mr. Cohen are found in the Madison
papers, and his valuable services are repeatedly adverted
to.

Phiuip Jacob Cohen

became so distinguished for the services he rendered to the
Colonies that he was singled out by the British authorities
through a special order depriving him of the right of hold-
ing or exercising any office of trust, honor or profit in the
Province of Georgia.

Mordecai Davis,

Ensign of 2nd Pennsylvania Battery January 5, 1776 ;
died on August 12, 1776.

48 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Reuben Etting

was a clerk in Baltimore at the time of the battle at Lex-
ington. Although only 19 years of age, he enlisted in a
Maryland company, which hastened north to join the forces
of Congress. He served in various battles and was taken
prisoner by the British at the surrender of Charleston.
When released from imprisonment by exchange he was
broken in health from ill treatment in prison and exposure
on the field. He was a captain of the Independent Blues
in 1798, and Marshal of Maryland, appointed by President
Jefferson.

Solomon Etting,

a native of York, Pennsylvania, appears as one of the com-
mittee of citizens appointed to forward resolutions to Wash-
ington expressive of disapprobation of a proposed treaty
with Great Britain. Subsequently settled in Baltimore and
became President of the Municipal Council.

Colonel Isaac Franks,

who then lived in Philadelphia, entered the army shortly
after the battle of Lexington. He became aid-de-camp to
General Washington, holding the rank of colonel, and
serving throughout the war. After the Revolution Colonel
Franks became the incumbent of various civil offices, among
them Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania,
being appointed to that position on February 18, 18 19.
His residence in Germantown was for some time occupied
by President Washington.

Colonel David S. Franks, Aide-de-camp. See sketch on p. 27.

Michael Gratz,

of Philadelphia, aided the Colonists in the Revolutionary
war. He was one of the signers of the Non-Importation
Resolutions (October 20, 1765), after the passage of the
Stamp Act, and was among the most active, patriotic and
respected Israelites of Philadelphia, being a conspicuous
character in public affairs.

Bernard Hart

was Quartermaster of a brigade of State troops during the
Revolution.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 49

Michael Hart, •

a public spirited and leading citizen of Eastern, Pa., of
whom it is recorded :

' ' Let it be remembered that Michael Hart was a Jew,
practically pious, a Jew reverencing and strictly observant
of the Sabbath and Festivals ; dietary laws were also ad-
hered to. * * * Mark well that he, Washington, the
then honored as 'first in peace, first in war, and first in the
hearts of his countrymen,' even during a short sojourn,
became for the hour the guest of the worthy Jew."

Moses Hammer

enlisted as a private in the ist Pennsylvania Battalion
November 15, 1775.

David Hays, Jr.,

was an active participant in the struggle for independence
and served with the Colonial Army on Long Island. In
retaliation for his patriotic services the Tories burned his
house and store. Prior to the Revolution he was one of
the Commissioners appointed by the British authorities to
lay out public lands. All of his family sided with the
Colonists during the War of Independence.

David Hays and Jacob Hays,

father and son, fought in various of the battles for inde-
pendence.

Colonel Isaacs,

of North Carolina Militia ; wounded and taken prisoner
at Camden August 16, 1780; exchanged July, 1781.

Moses Isaacks,

one of the early settlers of Newport, R. I., was an active
supporter of the Army of the Revolution. He had the
honor of receiving General Washington as a guest at his
house.

Soeomon Isaac

enlisted as a private in the 6th Pennsylvania Battalion,
company of Capt. Robert Adams, February 6, 1776.
4

50 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Isaac Israel,

2nd Lieutenant of 8th Virginia Regiment, February 9,
1776 ; 1 st Lieutenant, January, 1777 ; Captain, November
2 3> 1777 ; transferred to 4th Virginia Regiment, Septem-
ber 14, 1778.

Joseph Israel

volunteered as a soldier during the Revolution.

Jacob Leon

was an officer on the staff of General Pulaski.

Jacob De Leon,

of Charleston, S. C, was a distinguished officer of the War
of the Revolution. He served as captain on the staff of
General de Kalb, and when the latter was mortally
wounded at the battle of Camden, S. C, de Leon in com-
pany with Major Benjamin Nones and Captain Jacob de la
Motta, of the staff, carried de Kalb from the field.

Asher Levy,

Ensign of 1st New Jersey Regiment, September 12, 1778 ;
resigned June 4, 1779.

Nathaniel Levy,

of Baltimore, served under Lafayette during the Revolu-
tionary War.

Israel de Lieber

was a soldier of the Revolutionary War, who rose from the
ranks to military positions of honor and trust.

Jacob Moser,

Captain of 6th Pennsylvania Regiment, February 15, 1777;
retired, July 1, 1778.

Benjamin Moses

served on the staff of General Pulaski.

Isaac Moses,

of Philadelphia, advanced three thousand pounds when
Robert Morris undertook to raise money to prosecute the
War of Independence; he was active in the Jewish com-
munities of New York and Philadelphia.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 51

EMANUEL DE I<A MOTTA

served in the Revolution and in the War of 1812. In
recognition of his valor as displayed in battle he was pro-
moted from the ranks to a military position of honor.

Jacob de i,a Motta

was a captain on the staff of General Pulaski.

ManukIv Mordecai Noah,

of South Carolina, (1 747-1825) patriot and soldier; here-
tofore referred to. as having contributed twenty thousand
pounds to the support of the American army; served with
General Marion, also on the staff of General Washington.

Major Benjamin Nones,

a native of Bordeaux, France, came to Philadelphia in
1777. He served at various times on the staff of General
Lafayette and on that of General Washington. He had
previously been a private under General Pulaski, and had,
as he writes, ' ' fought in almost every action which took
place in Carolina, and in the disastrous affair of Savannah,
shared the hardships of that sanguinary day. ' ' He became
major of a Legion of four hundred men attached to Baron
De Kalb's command and composed in part of Hebrews. At
the battle of Camden, S. C, on August 16, 1780, when the
brave De Kalb fell mortally wounded, Major Nones, Capt.
Jacob De la Motta and Capt. Jacob de Leon bore their
chief from the battlefield.

Major Nones rendered many conspicuous services, civil
and military, to his adopted country.

Abraham R. Rivera

was a member of the artillery corps of Newport, R. I., in
1790.

Phiup Moses Russei,

was born 1745, and resided in Germantown, Pa. When
the war broke out in the Spring of 1775 he enlisted as
surgeon's mate under the command of General Lee, serv-
ing about ten months. After the British occupation of
Philadelphia, in September, 1777, he became surgeon's

52 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

mate to Surgeon Norman, of the Second Virginia Regi-
ment.

Russell went into winter quarters with the army at Val-
ley Forge, 1 777-1 778. An attack of sickness, which im-
paired both his sight and hearing, forced him to resign in
August, 1780. He received a letter of commendation
from General Washington, " for his assiduous and faithful
attentions to the sick and wounded."

Ezekiee Sampson,

Lieutenant of Baldwin's Artillery, Artificer Regiment,
May to December, 1775.

Joseph Sampson,

2nd Lieutenant of Cotton's Massachusetts Regiment, May
to December, 1775.

Abraham Skixes, was a lieutenant in the Georgia Brigade of
the Continental Army.

Mordecai Sheftaee. See biographical sketch, p. 40. ,

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 53

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN GEORGE WASH-
INGTON AND HEBREW CITIZENS.

[Papers collated by LEWIS Abraham, Esq., and presented at the

meeting of the American Jewish Historical Society, at

Washington, December 27th, 1894.]

When Washington had concluded his labors in the field of
war and had attained deserved civic honors, and when laurels
were showered upon him from all quarters the Hebrews joined
their fellow-citizens in felicitating the hero and statesman.

The following correspondence is collated from The United
States Gazette, of 1790; a partial file of this paper can be found
in the Congressional Library. It is strange that the letters are
not all to be found in books in which the Washington corre-
spondence are compiled.

The original letter addressed to the ' ' Beth Elohim ' ' congre-
gation of Charleston, S. C, was carefully preserved among the
many other valuable records of that city, but was destroyed by
the great fire of 1838. The Mayor of Charleston endeavored to
obtain a copy from the general government, but after a thorough
examination of the records, no such document could be found.
After a prolonged search, however, the present writer was en-
abled to discover the missing document, and was well rewarded
with the thanks of the authorities of Charleston. (Year- Book
of the City of Charleston for 1884, page 280.)

The ' ' Address from the Hebrew Congregation of the City of
Savannah, Ga., to George* Washington , the First President of
the United States," presented by Mr. Jackson, one of the repre-
sentatives from Georgia.

Sir : We have long been anxious of congratulating you on
your appointment, by unanimous approbation, to the Presi-
dential dignity of this country and of testifying our unbounded
confidence in your integrity and unblemished virtue. Yet how-
ever exalted the station you now fill, it is still not equal to

54 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

the merit of your heroic services through an arduous and
dangerous conflict which has embosomed you in the hearts of
her citizens.

Our eccentric situation, added to a diffidence founded on the
most profound respect, has thus long prevented our address, yet
the delay has realized anticipation, given us an opportunity of
presenting our grateful acknowledgements for the benediction
of Heaven through the magnanimity of federal influence and
the equity of your administration.

Your unexampled liberality and extensive philanthropy have
dispelled that cloud of bigotry and superstition which has long,
as a vail, shaded religion — unrivetted the fetters of enthusiasm
— enfranchised us with all the privileges and immunities of free
citizens, and initiated us into the grand mass of legislative
mechanism. By example you have taught us to endure the
ravages of war with manly fortitude, and to enjoy the blessings
of peace with reverence to the Deity and with benignity and
love to our fellow-creatures.

May the Great Author of the world grant you all happiness
— an uninterrupted series of health — addition of years to the
number of your days, and a continuance of guardianship to that
freedom which under auspices of Heaven your magnanimity
and wisdom have given these States.

IvEvi ShkfTAIvL, President.
In behalf of the Hebrew Congregations.

To which the President was pleased to return the following
reply: (Printed in Jared Sparks collection, Vol. XII, p. 185).

To the Hebrew Congregations of the City of Savannah, Georgia:

Gentlemen: I thank you with great sincerity for your con-
gratulations on my appointment to the office which I have the
honor to hold by the unanimous choice of my fellow-citizens,
and especially the expressions you are pleased to use in testify-
ing the confidence that is reposed in me by your congregations.

As the delay which has naturally intervened between my
election and your address has afforded me an opportunity for
appreciating the merits of the Federal Government and for com-
municating your sentiments of its administration, I have rather

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 55

to express my satisfaction rather than regret at a circumstance
which demonstrates (upon experiment) your attachment to the
former as well as approbation of the latter.

I rejoice that a spirit of liberality and philanthropy is much
more prevalent than it formerly was among the enlightened
nations of the earth, and that your brethren will benefit thereby
in proportion as it shall become still more extensive; happily the
people of the United States have, in many instances exhibited
examples worthy of imitation, the salutary influence of which
will doubtless extend much farther if gratefully enjoying those
blessings of peace which (under the favor of heaven) have been
attained by fortitude in war, they shall conduct themselves
with reverence to the Deity and charity toward their fellow-
creatures.

May the same wonder-working Deity, who long since deliv-
ered the Hebrews from their Egyptian oppressors, planted them
in a promised land, whose providential agency has lately been con-
spicuous in establishing these United States as a?i independe?it
nation, still continue to water them with the dews of heaven
and make the inhabitants of every denomination participate in
the temporal and spiritual blessings of that people whose God
is Jehovah.

G. Washington.

Address of the Newport Co?igregatio?i to the President of the
United States of America :

Sir: Permit the children of the stock of Abraham to ap-
proach you with the most cordial affection and esteem for your
person and merit, and to join with our fellow-citizens in wel-
coming you to Newport.

With pleasure we reflect on those days of difficulty and dan-
ger when the God of Israel, who delivered David from the
peril of the sword, shielded your head in the day of battle; and
we rejoice to think that the same spirit which rested in the
bosom of the greatly beloved Daniel, enabling him to preside
over the province of the Babylonian Empire, rests and ever will
rest upon you, enabling you to discharge the arduous duties of
the Chief Magistrate of these States.

Deprived as we hitherto have been of the invaluable rights

56 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

of free citizens, we now — with a deep sense of gratitude to the
Almighty Disposer of all events — behold a government erected
by the majesty of the people, a government which to bigotry
gives no sanction, to persecution no assistance, but generously
affording to all liberty of conscience and immunities of citizen-
ship, deeming every one of whatever nation, tongue, and lan-
guage equal parts of the great governmental machine.

This so ample and extensive Federal Union, whose base is
philanthropy, mutual confidence and public virtue, we cannot
but acknowledge to be the work of the Great God who rules in
the armies of the heavens and among the inhabitants of the
earth, doing whatever seemeth to Him good.

For all the blessings of civil and religious liberty which we
enjoy under an equal benign administration, we desire to send
up our thanks to the Ancient days, the great Preserver of
men, beseeching Him that the angel who conducted our fore-
fathers through the wilderness into the promised land may
graciously conduct you through all the difficulties and dangers
of this mortal life; and when, like Joshua, full of days and full
of honors, you are gathered to your fathers, may you be ad-
mitted into the heavenly paradise to partake of the water of life
and the tree of immortality.

Done and signed by order of the Hebrew Congregation in
Newport, Rhode Island.

Moses Seixes, Warden.
Newport, August 17, 1790.

Washington^ 's reply to the Hebrew Congregation in Neiv-
port, R. I.;

GENTLEMEN: While I receive with much satisfaction your
address replete with expressions of esteem, I rejoice in the
opportunity of assuring you that I shall always retain grateful
remembrance of the cordial welcome I experienced on my visit
to Newport, from all classes of citizens.

The reflection on the days of difficulty and danger, which are
past, is rendered the more sweet from a consciousness that they
are succeeded by days of uncommon prosperity and security.

If we have wisdom to make the best use of the advantages
with which we are now favored, we cannot fail, under the just

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 57

administration of a good government, to become a great and
happy people.

The citizens of the United States of America have a right to
applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of
an enlarged and liberal policy, a policy worthy of imitation.
All possess alike liberty of conscience and immunities of citizen-
ship.

It is now no more that toleration is spoken of as if it were by
the indulgence of one class of people that another enjoyed the
exercise of their inherent natural rights, for, happily, the
Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no
sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they
who live under its protection should demean themselves as good
citizens in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.

It would be inconsistent with the frankness of my character
not to avow that I am pleased with your favorable opinion of
my administration, and fervent wishes for my felicity.

May the children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in this
land continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other in-
habitants, while every one shall sit in safety under his own vine
and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid.

May the Father of all mercies scatter light, and not darkness,
upon our paths and make us all in our several vocations useful
here, and in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.

G. Washington.

The add?rss of the Hebrezv Congregations in the eities of Phila-
delphia, New York, Riehmond, and Charleston, to the President
oj the United States :

Sir: It is reserved for you to unite in affection for your
character and person every political and religious denomination
of men, and in this will the Hebrew congregations aforesaid
yield to no class of their fellow-citizens.

We have hitherto been prevented by various circumstances
peculiar to our situation from adding our congratulations to
those which the rest of America have offered on your eleva-
tion to the chair of the Federal Government. Deign, then,
illustrious sir, to accept this our homage.

The wonders which the Lord of Hosts hath worked in the

58 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

days of our forefathers have taught us to observe the great-
ness of His wisdom and His might throught the events of the
late glorious Revolution; and, while we humble ourselves at His
footstool in thanksgiving and praise for the blessing of His de-
liverance, we acknowledge you, the leader of American armies,
as His chosen and beloved servant. But not to your sword
alone is present happiness to be ascribed; that, indeed, opened
the way to the reign of freedom, but never was it perfectly secure
until your hand gave birth to the Federal Constitution and you
renounced the joys of retirement to seal by your administration
in peace what you had achieved in war.

To The Eternal God, who is thy refuge, we commit in our
prayers the care of thy precious life; and when, full of years,
thou shalt be gathered unto thy people, ' thy righteousness shall
go before thee,' and we shall remember, amidst our regret,
"that the Lord hath set apart the godly for Himself," whilst
thy name and thy virtues will remain an indelible memorial on
our minds.

MANUEL Joskphson.

For and in behalf and under the authority of the several con-
gregations aforesaid.

Philadelphia, December 13, 1790.

The President was pleased to reply to the foregoing as fol-
lows:

Answer — To the Hebrew Congregations in the cities of Phila-
delphia, New York, Charleston, and Richmond:

Gentlemen: The liberality of sentiment toward each other,
which marks every political and religious denomination of men
in this country, stands unparalleled in the history of nations.

The affection of such a people is a treasure beyond the reach
of calculation, and the repeated proofs which my fellow-citizens
have given of their attachment to me and approbation of my
doings, form the purest source of my temporal felicity. The
affectionate expressions of your address again excite my grati-
tude and receive my warmest acknowledgement.

The power and goodness of The Almighty, so strongly mani-
fested in the events of our late glorious revolution, and His

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 69

kind interposition in our behalf, have been no less visible in
the establishment of, our present equal government. In war
He directed the sword, and in peace He has ruled in our coun-
cils. My agency in both has been guided by the best intentions
and a sense of duty I owe to my country.

And as my exertions have hitherto been amply rewarded by
the approbation of my fellow-citizens, I shall endeavor to
deserve a continuance of it by my future conduct.

May the same temporal and eternal blessings which you
implore for me, rest upon your congregations.

G. Washington.

The foregoing expressions of the father of his country to his
Hebrew fellow-citizens may be appropriately supplemented by
the following correspondence of patriots of the early days of
the United States.

In 1818 the Mill Street Synagogue was consecrated.
Mordecai M. Noah delivered an eloquent address on the occa-
sion, and sent copies thereof to distinguished statesmen. Among
the replies received were the following, which are worthy of
preservation :

Copy of a Letter from Thomas Jefferson.*

MonticeuX), May 28, 18 18.
Sir : — I thank you for the discourse on the consecration of
the Synagogue in your city, with which you have been pleased
to favor me. I have read it with pleasure and instruction,
having learnt from it some valuable facts in Jewish history
which I did not know before. Your sect by sufferings has fur-
nished a remarkable proof of the universal spirit of religious
intolerance inherent in every sect, disclaimed by all while feeble,
and practiced by all when in power. Our laws have applied the
only antidote to this vice, protecting our religious, as they do
our civil rights, by putting all on an equal footing. But more
remains to be done, for although we are free by the law, we are

* Travels in England, France, Spain and the Barbary States in
the years 1813-14 and 15. By Mordecai M. Noah; New York and Lon-
don, 1819. Appendix, pp. xxv and xxvi.

60 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

not so in practice; public opinion erects itself into an Inquisi-
tion, and exercises its office with as much fanaticism as fans the
flames of an Auto-de-fe.

The prejudice still scowling on your section of our religion,
although the elder one, cannot be unfelt by yourselves; it is to
be hoped that individual dispositions will at length mould
themselves to the model of the law, and consider the moral
basis, on which all our religions rest, as the rallying point which
unites them in a common interest; while the peculiar dogmas
branching from it are the exclusive concern of the respective
sects embracing them, and no rightful subject of notice to any
other; public opinion needs reformation on that point, which
would have the further happy effect of doing away the hypo-
critical maxim of M in his et lubet, /oris nt moris." Nothing, I
think, would be so likely to effect this, as to your sect par-
ticularly, as the more careful attention to education, which you
recommend, and which, placing its members on the equal and
commanding benches of science, will exhibit them as equal ob-
jects of respect and favor. I salute you with great respect and
esteem.

(Signed) Thomas Jkfferson.

M. M. Noah, Esq."

Copy of a Eetter from Jamf;s Madison, Esq., on the
same subject.

Montpelier, May, 15, 18 18.

Sir: — I have received your letter of the 6th, with the elo-
quent discourse delivered at the consecration of the Synagogue.
Having ever regarded the freedom of religious opiuioifs and
worship as equally belonging to every sect, and the secure en-
joyment of it as the best human provision for bringing all,
either into the same way of thinking, or into that mutual charity
which is the only proper substitute, I observe with pleasure the
view you give of the spirit in which your sect partake of the
common blessings afforded by our Government and laws.

As your foreign mission took place whilst I was in the ad-
ministration, it cannot but be agreeable to me to learn that your
accounts have been closed in a manner so favorable to you.
(Signed) James Madison.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 61

Copy of a Letter from John Adams, Esq.

Quincy, July 31, 18 1 8.

Sir : — Accept my best thanks for your polite and obliging
favor of the 24th, and especially for the discourse inclosed. I
know not when I have read a more liberal or more elegant com-
position.

You have not extended your ideas of the right of private
judgment and the liberty of conscience, both in religion and
philosophy, farther than I do. Mine are limited only by morals
and propriety.

I have had occasion to be acquainted with several gentlemen
of your nation, and to transact business with some of them,
whom I found to be men of as liberal minds, as much honor,
probity, generosity ond good breeding, as any I have known in
any sect of religion or philosophy.

I wish your nation may be admitted to all privileges of
citizens in every country of the world. This country has done
much. I wish it may do more; and annul every narrow idea
in religion, government, and commerce. Let the wits joke;
the philosopher sneer ! What then ? It has pleased the Provi-
dent of the 'first cause,' the universal cause, that Abraham
should give religion, not only to Hebrews, but to Christians
and Mahometans, the greatest part of the modern civilized
world.

(Signed) John Adams.

THE AMEBIC AN JEW AS

EXEGI tMONUMENTUM /ERE PERENNIUS.

The Statue of Jefferson.

[A paper read before the Jewish Historical Society, December 27,
1894, by Lewis Abraham, Esq.]

In accordance with a resolution offered by Senator Justin S.
Morrill, of Vermont, while he was a member of the House of
Representatives, in 1864, " that each State should be permitted
to send the effigies of two of her chosen sons, in marble or
bronze, to be placed permanently here," the old Hall of Repre-
sentatives is fast becoming an American memorial chamber.

Several statues, purchased by the United States, have been
deposited there, and many of the States have taken advantage
of the privilege and have honored their distinguished dead in
the manner suggested by the resolution of Congress.

There is, however, one splendid work of art in the corridor
that has a peculiar history. It was a gift to the Government.
All the others have been paid for by Congress or the several
State Legislatures. The bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, by
David, d' Angers, a French sculptor, was presented to Congress
by an Israelite, Lieutenant (afterward Commodore) Uriah Phil-
lips Levy, of the United States Navy, in 1833, but was not
formally accepted until forty years thereafter.

Originally it stood in the rotunda, but was removed from
there and for many years remained in the grounds in front of
the Presidential Mansion. After its acceptance in 1874, upon
motion of Senator Sumner, it was finally located in its present
position. It represents the author of the Declaration of Inde-
pendence as just having signed that instrument of American
Liberty. The pedestal is a superb piece of work, executed by
Struthers, of Philadelphia, in four varieties of marble. It was
the first piece of statuary ever owned by the Government, and
is dedicated by the donor to his fellow citizens. Upon the scroll
which Jefferson holds in his hand is engraved a verbatim copy

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 63

of the Declaration of Independence, with fac-simile signatures
of John Hancock and Thomas Jefferson.

The Levy famliy were intimate personal friends of the great
framer of our Magna Charta and second President, and after
his death became the owners of his old family seat, Monticello.
There is a special significance in the gift and in £he sentiment
it conveys, and the co-religionists of Levy remember with par-
donable pride that this piece of statuary, symbolizing the grand
declaration of human equality and honoring one of the greatest
of the men who erected the fabric of American Liberty, was
the free-will offering of one of their people.

Bunker Hill Monument.

The commemoration of the first battle field of the Revolu-
tionary War by a monument was made possible through a liberal
contribution by Judah Touro. The proceedings of the Com-
mittee charged with the erection on Bunker Hill of a memorial
to the patriots and heroes who laid the foundation of the Union,
include a grateful acknowledgment of Touro' s assistance.

The history of the monument, published by George Wash-
ington Warren, contains the following statement (page 283):
' ' It was confidentially communicated to the Directors by Mr.
William Appleton that whenever the Association, in addition to
a like offer of Mr. Lawrence, should have money enough
within ten thousand dollars ($10,000) to finish their work,
Judah Touro would give that sum. It was a noble offer, and
coming from a resident of a distant State, curiosity was excited. ' '

Then follows a biographical sketch of this eminent citizen,
concluding as follows: "He was one of that smallest of all
classes into which mankind can be divided — of men who ac-
cumulate wealth without even doing a wrong, taking an ad-
vantage, or making an enemy; who become rich without being
avaricious: who deny themselves the comforts of life, that they
may acquire the means of promoting the comfort and elevating
the condition of their fellow-men."

To complete the monument a fair (at which delegates from
all the States attended) was held in Boston by ladies in aid of
the building fund. The delegation from Louisiana, in their
capacity as representatives of that State, purchased the fine

64 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

model of the monument which adorned the Charleston table
and they caused it to be transported to New Orleans and to be
placed, in honor of Judah Touro, in one of the public buildings
where it remained until it was destroyed with the building by
fire.

In the abstract of donations (page 311) received from private
sources, the gross sum is stated as $55,153-27, of which Judah
Touro donated $10,000.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors the following resolu-
tions were unanimously adopted:

" Resolved, That the Directors receive the contribution of
Mr. Touro with sentiments of deep and grateful respect, con-
sidering it as a testimonial of his regard for the principles and
the contest for which, and its successful issue, the monument is
intended to commemorate, and his affectionate recollection of
the friends of his youth and the place of his early residence.

"Resolved, That John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster,
Joseph Story, Edward Everett and Franklin Dexter be appointed
a committee to prepare an inscription for a tablet to be placed
in the monument stating the object for which it is erected and
recording the liberality of Judah Touro and Amos Lawrence,
and the successful exertions of the daughters of those patriots
whose memory we would perpetuate — donations and labor
which have placed in the possession of the Directors a fund
sufficient to complete this memorial of one of the most im-
portant events in the history of our country." (Page 312.)

On June 17, 1843, a banquet was held in Fanueil Hall to
celebrate the completion of the monument. Governor Marcus
Morton, who was suffering from indisposition, was unable to
attend, but sent a letter which was read. The two great bene-
factors of the Association were remembered by the following:
(Page 330.)

" Amos and Judah, venerated names,

Patriarch and Prophet press their equal claims,

Like generous coursers running ' neck and neck,'

Each aids the work by giving it a check.

Christian and Jew, they carry out one plan,

For though of different faiths each is in heart a MAN."

AS PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 65

Statue of Religious Liberty, Centennial Celebration,

1876.

One hundred years elapse, with their cares and joys, jeop-
ardy and success, and America celebrates the centennial year
of its existence by a grand exhibition in the city where is de-
posited the liberty bell that proclaimed ' ' liberty throughout
the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. ' ' The massive engine
that moves obedient machinery sings a paean to the Republic !

The nimble shuttle and the agile loom weave chaplets and
trophies ! Lightning-flashes leap from fathomless seas and
speak with living fire congratulations of emperors, kings, and
potentates ! ( Human handicrafts, from Occident to Orient,
delve and build, and fuse and shape tributes of felicitation to
the glory and honor of praise, aye, even worship, of the land
of Washington !

Fairmount Park blazes with the light of human advancement
in science and art, literature, education and religion; and, with
humility be it stated, no portion of God's footstool is more to
be credited with aiding and nurturing the progress of the cen-
tury than the land of Washington and Jefferson and Franklin.

There, on the Centennial grounds, the Israelites of the
United States, through one of their organizations, "the Sons of
the Covenant," placed their homage. It is in the shape of a
group of statuary in Carrara marble styled

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.

It was executed in Rome, by one of their own people, Moses
Kzekiel, a native of Richmond, Virginia. Upon the pedestal
is an inscription, neither narrow in scope nor sectarian in spirit.
The promoters of this tribute felt the eloquence of the Bill of
Human Rights they desired to typify, and simply transcribed
the clause of the Constitution which reads :

Congress Shall Make no Law Respecting
an Establishment of Religion or Pro-
hibiting the free Exercise Thereof.

An eminent and thoughtful foreigner, a statesman of world-
wide fame, passing through Fairmount Park, earnestly gazed
5

66 THE AMER WAN JE W AS

at the marble group, and exclaimed: "If the Centennial Ex-
hibition of 1876 resulted in this work of art and did nothing
else, the American people should be satisfied. I, the subject
of a monarch, salute the Nation that makes this creation
possible."*

* The statue of Religious Liberty was erected by the Independent
Order of B'nai B'rith, pursuant to the resolution to that effect,
adopted by the General Convention of the Order at Chicago in 1874.
Of that Convention Hon. Simon Wolf was President, and the adop-
tion of the measure by the Convention, as well as the eventual success
of the undertaking through the active support of the various lodges,
\\ere due mainly to Mr. Wolfs indefatigable efforts.— Ed.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 67

JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE WAR OF 1812, AND
IN THE MEXICAN WAR.

It is questionable whether the Jewish population of the
American Union kept pace with the general increase during
the time from the close of the Revolutionary struggle to the
middle of the present century. Certain it is that at a com-
paratively developed period, in 1824, Solomon Etting estimated
the Jewish population of Maryland as " at least 150," and that
of the United States as " at least 6000,"* while another experi-
enced publicist, Isaac Harby, estimates it, as we have seen,
(note, page 12), at " not over 6000 " in 1826. Up to the close
of the Eighteenth Century the Jewish immigrants to this side of
the Atlantic were derived almost entirely from the Sephardic
stock, mainly indeed from England and Holland and their
colonial dependencies, and these, from the comparative paucity
of numbers at their source, could not, in the very nature of
things, have been very numerous. Of the Jewish colonists of the
time of the Revolution, some, who had remained loyal to the
mother country, went back to England or to the West Indies
after the war was over, and the number of these, though quite
limited, was but little overbalanced by the new arrivals. The
emigration of the German Jews remained altogether sporadic
throughout the period of the Napoleonic wars, because of the
almost insuperable obstacles which hindered their departure,
and for a time thereafter they were content to remain at home
in view of the great political concessions which they had
gained from the German rulers in return for their valor and
heroic sacrifices in defense of the fatherland. The increase
of the Jewish population in this country was thus limited

* Replies to inquiries of Colonel W. G. Worthington, quoted by the
latter in his advocacy of the enfranchisement of the Jews of Mary-
land. (" Speeches on the Jew Bill in the House of Delegates of Mary-
land," by II. 31. Brackenridge, Philadelphia, 1829).

68 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

mainly to the surplus of births over deaths until some time
after the close of the War of 1 8 1 2 . In the course of the reac-
tion against the innovations of liberalism which ensued after
1820, the hardly-gained political rights of the German Jews
were gradually curtailed or entirely withdrawn, and at this time
the Jews of the German maritime cities began to emigrate to
the United States in increasing numbers. It was not, however,
until after the revolution of 1 848 and the beginning of steam
navigation on the Atlantic, that any considerable exodus took
place. At the time of the Mexican War, in 1846, the Jewish
population of the United States was probably not greater in pro-
portion than that estimated for the period of the Revolutionary
War. In point of fact, at the time of the second war with Great
Britain, and likewise also at the date of the Mexican War, the
Jewish element composed as yet only a minute fraction of the
general population, and no very considerable number of Jewish
names are to be looked for in the army lists of those two wars.
At the same time it remains to be added that the lists here given
for both the wars referred to are not at all complete, comprising
for the most part only the names of such individuals as left
notable evidence of their presence in the ranks.

WAR OF 1812.

Private Jacob Appei,

served in Captain Samuel Borden's Company, 4th Detach-
ment, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Bachman and

Private Samuel Bachman,

served in Captain Peter Nungesser's Company, 2nd Regi-
ment, Volunteer Light Infantry, Pennsylvania.

Brigadier- General Joseph Bloomfield,

in command of Military District No. 4, embracing Pennsyl-
vania, Delaware and Western New Jersey.
\_His military record is included in the list of Jewish soldiers
iii the American Revolutionary War].

PA TRIO T, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 69

Israee I. Cohen

was a member of Captain Nicholson's Company of Mary-
land Fencibles, and served in the defense of Fort Mc-
Henry.

Mendes I. Cohen,

brother of the above, volunteered for the defense of Balti-
more and also served at Fort McHenry during the memor-
able bombardment.

Sergeant Samuel Goodman,

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, ist Regi-
ment, 2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Iyieutenant- Col-
onel Jeremiah Shappel.

Second Lieutenant Benjamin Gratz

served in company of Pennsylvania Volunteers commanded
by Captain John Swift, 1813.

Corporal Abraham Gunsenhouser,

served in Captain Jacob Wentz's Company — 3d Company,
5 2d Regiment, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Haas

served in Captain George Dinckey's Company, 18th Sec-
tion of Riflemen from Pennsylvania.

Jacob Hays, I r 1

Benjamin HAY S J father a,ld son served m N - V - com ™nds.

Private Ezekiee Jacobs

served in Captain Florence Cotter's Company, ist Detach-
ment, ist Brigade, Pennsylvania.

Private Henry Loeb

served in Captain Jacob Ashey's Company, ist Regiment
of Pennsylvania.

First Lieutenant Isaac Mertz

served in Captain Middleswarth's Company, Battalion
of Riflemen from Pennsylvania.

Lieutenant David Metzeer
Corporal Daniee Metzler

served in Captain Nicholas Beckwith's (Fifth Battalion)

Company from Pennsylvania.

70 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Private Joseph Metzgar

served in Captain Adam Diller's Company, 2nd Brigade,

Pennsylvania.
Ensign Samuel Meyer

served in Captain George Hess's Company of Riflemen

from Northampton County, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Miller

served in Captain Nickolaus Derr's Company, 101st Regi-
ment, from Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob MieeER

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regi-
ment from Pennsylvania.

Private Abraham Mitcheee

served in the Pennsylvania line.
Myer Mordecai

served among Pennsylvania Volunteers.

Private Isaac Moser

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regi-
ment from Pennsylvania.

Sergeant Jacob Moser

served in Captain J. Bakeoven's Company, 2nd Brigade,
from Pennsylvania.

Captain Myer Moses

was commissioned from South Carolina.

Captain Mordecai Myers,

13th Pennsylvania Infantry; wounded at Chrysler's

Field.
Colonel Nathan Myers

was in command of a brigade stationed near the City of

New York.
Adjutant Isaac Myers

served in 1st Regiment of Pennsylvania.

Jonas Phieeips

served in Captain John Linton's Company in the Battalion
of Philadelphia Militia, under Colonel William Bradford,
Pennsylvania.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 71

Joseph Philips

served in the Pennsylvania line.

Private Samuel Phillips

served in Captain Florence Cotter's Company, ist Detach-
ment of i st Brigade, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Rosensteel

served in Captain John Williamson's Company, 2nd Brig-
ade, Pennsylvania Militia, under Brigadier-General Rich-
ard Crooks.

David G. Seixas

served from Pennsylvania. He was instrumental in found-
ing the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb,
and won esteem by his philanthropy. [A sketch of his
career is published elsewhere in this work."]

Private Abraham Shatz

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, ist Regiment,
2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Lieutenant- Colonel
Jeremiah Shappel.

Private Sigfried Solomon

served in Captain George Dinckey's Company, 18th Sec-
tion of Riflemen, from Pennsylvania.

Judah Touro

enlisted as a volunteer in the American Army, under Gen-
eral Andrew Jackson ; was severely wounded in the battle
of New Orleans, January 1, 18 15 ; rendered many services
as patriot and philanthropist, as detailed elsewhere in this
work.

Private Samuel Wamser and Private Michael Wolf

served in Captain George Zieber's Company, ist Regiment,
2nd Brigade, Pennsylvania, under Lieutenant- Colonel Jere-
miah Shappel.

Corporal Samuel Weiss

served in Captain John M. Buckius's Company, 2nd Brig-
ade, Pennsylvania.

72 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Private Jacob Wolf

served in Captain Samuel Wilson's Company of Militia,
from Buck's County, Pennsylvania.

Private Jacob Wolf

served in Captain John Christian's Company, 2nd Regi-
ment, from Pennsylvania.

Isaac Db Young

Company A, 3d New Jersey Artillery, enlisted when only
a boy ; wounded in the groin at Iyiuidy's Lane in a bayonet
charge.

Private Abraham Yuxsheimer

served in Captain Nickolaus Derr's Company, 101st Regi-
ment, from Pennsylvania.

MEXICAN WAR.

Sergeant Abraham Adder,

New York Volunteers; killed in action.

SamuED Bein.

First Lieutenant UKVi Benjamin, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Eugene Joseph Chimene,

served with Sam Houston, in the Texan War.

Sergeant Jacob David, New York Volunteers.

Joseph Davis, Co. D, 12th Regiment.

General David De Leon

was born in South Carolina in 1822. In the Mexican War
he twice took the places of commanding officers who had
been' killed or disabled by wounds. He acted with such
gallantry and ability as to twice receive the thanks of the
United States Congress. In February, 1 861, he resigned
his rank as Surgeon and Major in the United States Army
and was appointed first Surgeon General of the Armies of
the Confederacy.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 73

Colonel I^eon Dyer,

Quartermaster-General of the State of Louisiana ; sub-
sequently held the same rank under General Winfield
Scott.

Gabriel DropsiE, Co. E, ist Pennsylvania Regiment.

Herman Ehrenberg

fought under Fannin at Goliad.

ALBERT EMANUEIv,

in Captain Kimball's Company, 2d Regiment of Texas
Volunteer Cavalry.

S. EyTinge, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Marcus Fdendrowitz,
wounded in action.

David Friedman.

Third lieutenant Goldsmith, Maryland Militia, 1846.

James Hart, New York Volunteers.

William Hart, New York Volunteers;
lost a leg at Cherubusco.

Sergeant Marx M. Hart, New York Volunteers.

Sergeant Joseph Henri quES, New York Volunteers.

Sergeant Samuel Henry, New York Volunteers.

Corporal Jacob Hirschhorn, ist New York Volunteers.

Surgeon J. HorwiTz, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Philip Horwitz.

Colonel S. M. Hyams.

Samuel Isaacs, Texas Army, 183 6- 1837 (Co. D, 10th
Infantry.)

Edward J. Johnson

volunteered in Captain King's Company during Texas
revolution; killed at Goliad, March 27, 1836.

Mark Kahn, New York Volunteers.

74 THE AMERICA N JE W AS

Davis S. Kauffman,

aide to General Douglas, wounded at the battle of
Neches ; was Speaker of the Texas Assembly and advo-
cated its annexation ; was member of Congress from Texas
from date of annexation (1846) to his death in 1851.

Nathan Klugan.

Kohn, Texas Spy Company (at San Jacinto).

D. I. KOKERNOT

fought at Anahuac; also at the Grass battles, 1835, and in
Texan War, 1836.

Jacob Leva, New York Volunteers.

William M alloy Levi.

Surgeon-General Moses Albert Levy,

in Sam Houston's Army, in service throughout the Texas-
Mexican War. Colonel Johnson's report of the capture
of San Antonio, December 15, 1835, stated: "Doctors
Lev} 7 and Pollard deserve my warmest praise for their un-
remitted attention and assiduity."

Doctor Isaac Lyons,

of Charleston, served as Surgeon-General under General
Tom Green, in the Texan War of 1836.

Benjamin H. Mordecai

served under General Fannin.

Lieutenant- Colonel Israel Moses,

promoted from Assistant Surgeon; served also in Civil
War.

M. K. Moses

served under General Fannin.

John Myers, New York Volunteers.

Philip Myers, New York Volunteers.

Sopphe Myers, New York Volunteers.

Otto NeubauER, New York Volunteers.

Henry Phillips, New York Volunteers.

George RiELL, New York Volunteers.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 75

KlylAS SCHOENBERG.

Lieutenant Henry Seeligson,

Galveston Cadets, was appointed First Lieutenant of
that Company when the Mexican invasion of Galveston
was threatened. In the Mexican War of 1846 he enlisted
in Captain McLean's Company, and subsequently volun-
teered in Captain Bell's Regiment, which was ordered to
join the command of General Taylor, en route for Monterey.
He bore so conspicuous a part in the battle at that point
that he was sent for by General Taylor and highly com-
plimented; being offered a Lieutenancy in the 2d Dragoons.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Con-
federate Army, joining a Cavalry Company commanded
by Captain' Woodward.

Henry SiESEL.

Alexander Simm, New York Volunteers.

Second Lieutenant Joseph Simpson, Maryland Militia, 1846.

Jacob C. Somers, New York Volunteers.

Assistant Surgeon Henry H. Steiner,
with rank of Captain.

Adolphus Sterne

joined the American settlers in their early struggles
against the Mexicans; took part in the Fredonian War; he
was captured by the Mexicans and sentenced to be shot,
but was subsequently released. He served in both lower
and upper Houses of the Texas Legislature, previous to
annexation.

Seligman Strauss.

Captain Michael Sztyfft

served on the staff of General Zachary Taylor.

J. Valentine, Palmetto Regiment, South Carolina.

Sergeant Alexander B. Weinberg, New Jersey Battalion.

Henry Wiener

fought in the battle of Buena Vista.

A. Wolf,

killed at the storming of the Alamo, in the Texan War,
December, 1835.

7<S THE AMERICAN JEW AS

UNITED STATES REGULAR ARMY.

The following list comprises names of Jewish soldiers on the
rolls of the standing army of the United States, from the earliest
period of the Republic to our present time. It is more or less
incomplete, as only those have been included whose identity
has been sufficiently established.

The roster includes the names of men in every branch of the
service, many with a distinguished and all of them with
honorable records.

B. Abraham, Co. H, 16th Regiment.

Surgeon Morris Joseph Asch,

brevetted Captain and Major for meritorious services;
served in all from August 5, 1861 to March 31, 1873.

Post Surgeon Daniel M. Appel,

with rank of Captain; entered army in 1876, and now in
service.

Assistant Surgeon Aaron H. Appel,

with rank of Captain; entered army in 1887.

J. Bergman, Co. B, 1st Dragoons.

David Behrenberg, 18th Infantry;
served five years.

Assistant Surgeon M. Block, 14th Infantry.

W. Blondheim, Co. B, 14th Infantry.

William Harris Boas, Co. I, 3d Infantry.

Alexander Borg, 2d Infantry.

Isaac H. Brandon, 12th Infantry.

I. M. Brandon, 12th Infantry.

-— ChappELL, Co. C, 10th Infantry.

A. E. Cohen, Co. G, 17th Infantry.

George Cohen, 7th Infantry.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 77

Herman Cohen, 13th Infantry.

Lieutenant Hyman Cohen.

Joseph Cohen, Co. F, 1st Artillery.

Leopold Cohen, general service.

Morris Cohen, War Department.

Sergeant Morris Cohen, 3d Dragoons,
enlisted as Private.

R. P. Cohen, 5th Infantrv.

Benjamin David, Co. I, 2nd Artillery.

Henry M. Davis, 2nd Battalion, 18th Infantry.

Surgeon Abraham Deeeon.

Simon H. De Young, 4U1 Infantry.

Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel Franx Mark Etting

served from 1861 to 1868. Chief Paymaster of the Army
from 1864 to 1867.

Brevet Captain D. I. EzEKiEE, 4th Infantry.

Promoted from private on account of bravery displayed
in battle ; was seriously wounded.

Max Feedman, 2nd Artillery.

Jacob Gabriee, 5th Artillery,
killed at Cedar Mountain.

S. Gerstman,

served five years.

N. GEEiSER, Co. G, 10th Infantry.

ChareES Goedsmith, 8th Infantry.

Eeeis M. Gotthoed,

1 st Artillery. Served five years ; mustered out as Corpo-
ral ; the recipient of a medal from the Chamber of Com-
merce, New York City.

Lieutenant Harry J. Hirsch

entered army in 1891 ; now in service.

Theodore Joseph, Co. H, 10th Infantry.

78 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

C. G. Jacobs, 13th Infantry.

Jacob Jacobson.

Michael Jacobson, Ordnance Corps.

Oscar Jacoby, 2nd Artillery.

— Kosminski.

Max Leppowitz, Co. B, 14th Artillery.

Benjamin Levi, Co. B, 14th Artillery.

Captain Chapman Levy.

Henry J. Levy, Hospital Steward.

John Levy, 19th Infantry.

Albert LiEBER, 10th Infantry.

Aaron Livingstin, 2nd Infantry.

A. Mantner, 4th Artillery.

Simon Marks

served in General Custer's Cavalry Division.

Major Abraham A. Massias,

1st Lieutenant of Riflemen, 1808; Captain, 1809, after-
wards Major ; promoted Paymaster in United States Army
in 1820.

H. Mendel, Co. A, 4th Cavalry.

M. Mendel

served thirty years in the United States Army, retiring
as Quartermaster Sergeant.

Heinrich Meerholz, Co. D, 10th Infantry.

Captain Otto E. MichaelES, Ordnance Department.

C. Mii/TEnberger, Co. B, 9th Infantry.

Surgeon Philip Minis.

Major Alfred Mordecai,

a recognized authority in the military world in the field of
scientific research, and in the practical application of me-
chanical science to the art of war ; he served in the Mexi-
can War, and was sent by our Government, together with

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 79

General George B. McClellan, and Major Richard Dela-
field, to witness and report upon the operations in the
Crimea. Major Mordecai was the author of " Reports of
Experiments on Gunpowder," an " Ordnance Manual,"
and other works.

Colonel Alfred Mordecai, Jr.,

entered the army as Lieutenant in 1861 ; served in Civil
War in various capacities ; has been an instructor at the
Military Academy, West Point ; promoted for meritorious
and faithful services ; is now in command of National
Armory, at Springfield, Massachusetts.

J. F. MOSES, Battery A, 4th U. S. Artillery.

A. S. Nelson, Co. G, 15th Infantry.

1st Lieutant George J. Newgarden, M. D., now in service.

Michael Newman, 5th Cavalry.

Moses Newman, 13th Infantry.

Cadet Samuel Noah, 1st Artillery.

Julius Okpenheimer, F, 5th Artillery.

Lieutenant Louis Ostheim

entered army in 1883 ; nas Deen in command of various
forts and now in service.

Sergeant Oscar Pollack, 2nd Cavalry,

served nine years ; enlisted as private ; wounded ; killed
in the fight with the Sioux at Wounded Knee.

Sergeant — - — Pollock, 7th Cavalry.
Killed at Wounded Knee.

George Poppers, 3d Infantry.

Max Reece, Co. B, 4th Artillery.

A note attached to his discharge reads : "A sober, faith-
ful, intelligent, brave and excellent soldier."

1st Sergeant Samuel Reis, Company C, U. S. Cavalry.
Served ten years. Discharged for disability to serve any
longer.

Adolph Ressie, Co. K, 10th Infantry.

80 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Isaac Rick, ioth Infantry.

D. S. RCEDELSHEIMER.

K. Rose, ioth Infantry.

RosENFELD, Co. C, ioth Infantry.

David Rosenheim, ist Infantry.

John Rosenthal, Ordnance Corps.

Nathan Schcenfarber, Co. G, 14th Infantry.

Elias Schumacher, Co. C, 2nd Infantry.

Isaac Smith, Co. H, nth Infantry.

J. Sommer, Co. E, 4th Infantry.

Major and Paymaster Justus Steinberger.
[See Record i?i Civil War List.~\

Julius Steinmeyer, 7th Infantry.

Joseph Sturmer, Co. G, ioth Infantry.

Surgeon G. Waage.

Israel Waterman,

in Civil War ; transferred from ranks of 40th Regiment of
Pennsylvania Volunteers November 9, 1862.

Meyer Weiler, Co. A, 13th Infantry.

Marcus Weiler, Co. F, 13th Infantry,

wounded at Vicksburg.

Joseph Wenk, Cavalry.

Wilem WEST, Fort Lyon, Colorado.

discharged for disability incurred in service — (1 882-1 884).

Emanuel Wodick, Co. K, ioth Infantry.

Adam Wolf, 2nd Infantry.

Isaac Wolf.

L. W. Worstman,

Chief Telegraph Operator, Military Department.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 81

UNITED STATES NAVY.

The spirit of devotion to this country and its interests always
manifested by its Jewish inhabitants has not failed to leave its
impress on the rolls of the United States Navy. From the time
of the organization of that branch of the national defense many
Jews have been present in the service. That they did their
full duty the records indisputably show, and from the man
before the mast to flag officer, from stoker to chief engineer,
sons of Israel have given their efforts in behalf of the American
cause. At the time of our Civil War their ranks were especi-
ally reinforced, and at the present day a considerable number
of Jews are at posts of duty on the vessels of our navy.

Instances of personal distinction on the part of these de-
fenders are numerous, but specific reference need here be made
only to the great advance accomplished by Uriah Phillips Levy
in behalf at once of the Navy and of humanity at large, by the
abolition through his influence of the degrading practice of cor-
poral punishment in the navy of the United States. He had
long opposed the brutal system of flogging, and when promoted
to the position of Flag Officer — the highest rank registered be-
fore the Civil War — he used his authority to promote the self-
respect and well being of the sailors of his fleet. The records
of others besides Commodore Levy are creditable in a high de-
gree, and all comprised in the list are examples of men who
devote to the cause in which they are enlisted ' ' their lives, their
fortunes and their sacred honor."

S. American, U. S. Gunboat Seneca. .
Benjamin Abrahams, Acting Assistant Paymaster.
Simon Arnbach, Mexican War.
Solomon Asher, U. S. Gunboat Wissahickon,

promoted to Acting Assistant Yeoman (1862- 1863).
Paymaster Jonas Barnett, U. S. Steamer Essex,

lost his life by falling from the rigging of his vessel while

at sea.

Lieutenant Henry Barnett.
6

82 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Major David M. Cohen,

fourteen years an officer of the U. S. Marine Corps;
appointed Lieutenant, 1855, subsequently appointed Major
and placed on retired list on account of physical disability.

Jacob da Silva Solis Cohen,

Acting Assistant Surgeon under Rear- Admiral S. F.
Du Pont (186 1 -1 864).

Midshipman JOSEPH COHEN (1826).

GuSTAVE Duval, U. vS. Steamer Pawnee.

William Durst, U. S. Monitor,

one of the few survivors of the memorable fight between
the Monitor and the Merrimac. Admiral Wordeh expressed
himself that Durst was not only a brave, fearless and
patriotic man, but eminently worthy to be recognized by
some action on the part of Congress (1862- 1864).

Charles Edelman, U. S. Steamer Ohio.

Jonathan Manly Emanuel,

Past Assistant Engineer, served under Commodore Mead.
Twice shipwrecked (1 862-1 891).

Purser Gratz Etting. i

Captain Henry Etting

entered as Midshipman, promoted to Purser, Navy Pay-
master and retired with the rank of Captain — 1818-1861.

Lieutenant Theodore Minis Etting

was appointed Acting Midshipman when a little over
sixteen years old, promoted Midshipman, Ensign, Navy
Paymaster, Lieutenant ( 1862-1877).

Acting Ensign Isaac N. Goldsmith, •
Mate, Acting Ensign (1863-1865).

Mate Nathan A. Goldsmith,

(1864-1866).

Jerome Haas.

Lieutenant E. C. Hamburger;

promoted step by step, finally commissioned Lieutenant.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 83

Captain Levi Myers Harby (i 793-1 870).

At the age of fourteen he was Midshipman in the U. S.
Navy. During the War of 18 12-18 14, he was captured by
the British and confined for eighteen months in "Dartmoor
Prison," from which he finally escaped by swimming. In
December, 1823, he served as sailing-master on the U. S.
Vessel Beagle. He served for fifty -two years under the
U. S. flag and rose to the rank of Captain. He partici-
pated in the Texan War of Independence and in the Mexi-
can War. He also served in the Seminole War of Florida,
and had command of a vessel in the expedition against the
pirates of Algiers and Tripoli. On leave of absence he
also fought in the Bolivian War of Independence. In 1861
he resigned his commission and entered the Confederate
service with the rank of Commodore, distinguishing him-
self as Commander of the Neptune, capturing the Harriet
Lane at Galveston, Texas. He was subsequently in com-
mand of a fleet of Confederate gunboats on the Sabine
River.

Solomon Harby

died in the service.

J. Harrison, U. S. Steamer North Carolina.

Samuel Herford, U. S. Steamers Richmond and Wyoming.

Frederic D. Henriques;

Acting Second Assistant Engineer (1 864-1 865).

Midshipman Israel Israel,
midshipman (18 13-18 18).

Midshipman Joseph Israel,

distinguished himself, died in the service (1 801-1804).
Jacob Jacobs, U. S. Steamer Portsmouth,

was on board the Ida when she was blown up by a

torpedo.

Augustus Jacobson,

transferred from Twenty-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment.
Midshipman and Master Henry M. Jacoby, Shenandoah,

Wachusett, Worcester, Yantic, Lackawanna (1 866-1 883).

84 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Surgeon Gkrshom R. Jacques,

promoted from Surgeon's Mate to Surgeon (1800- 1808).

Mate Samuel Jessurun (1863- 1864).

S. S. Krauss, U. S. Steamer Raritan,
served four years.

C. C. Keane.

David J. King, U. S. Steamer Wissahickon.

Isaac M. King.

Nathan Lang.

Alexander A. Lazarus U. S. Steamer Horace Beals, also
Rhode Island.

Henry Levi, U. S. Steamer Princeton,

transferred to New Ironsides, Vandalia, etc. (1862-1865).

Master Mears Levy (18 12-18 13).

Second Assistant Engineer Charles H. Levy (1857-1861).

Mate Charles Levin (1870-1874),

died during his service.
M. Lindheim, Pocahontas.
Henry Lyons.

Commodore Uriah Phillips Levy,

one of the best known American naval officers of former
days. At the time of his death, 1862, he was the highest
ranking officer in the U. S. Navy. He served in the War of
1812, being the master of the brig of war Argus, which ran
the blockade to France with Mr. Crawford, the American
Minister to that country, on board. The Argus destroyed
twenty-one British merchantmen. In recognition of his
valuable services to the nation the Common Council of
New York City honored him with ' ' the freedom of the
city." Commodore Levy vigorously opposed the applica-
tion of the lash to seamen. Upon his tombstone at Cypress
Hill is recorded the fact that ' ' he was the father of the
law for the abolition of the barbarous practice of corporal
punishment in the U. S. Navy."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 85

Captain Jonas P. Levy

commanded the U. S. Steamer America during the Mexi-
can War and was active in the transportation of U. S.
troops to Vera Cruz. At the surrender of that port he
was appointed its captain by General Winfield Scott.

Marx Maas, U. S. Gunboat No. 29.

Jacob Maas, Gunboat.

A. Meyer.

Horace Moses

served in the U. S. fleet during the Mexican War and
was Secretary to Captain (afterwards Admiral) S. P. Lee.

Florian Moss,

on Commodore S. F. Du Pont's blockading squadron Ver-
mont and Massachusetts (1 862-1 865).

Midshipman Philip Moses.

Joseph Moss,

Mate and Acting Ensign, (1 861-1863).

Acting Master Edward Moses,

( 1 862-1 864); died while in service.

William Noah.

Louis Newberger, U. S. Gunboat Pawpaw.

Joseph B. Nones, Guerriere.

In 1 8 14, when seventeen years of age, he accompanied
Henry Clay, Gallatin and John Quincy Adams on the
Frigate John Adams to Europe on the Ghent Mission ;
severely wounded and obliged to resign from the service
(1812-1822).

Master Newman Morris (1 801-1803).

Captain Henry Benjamin Nones, Revenue Marine,

promoted from 3d Lieutenant ; served from 1831 ; died
in 1868.

Chief Engineer Henry Beauchamp Nones,

served on various vessels ; rose from Second Assistant
Engineer ; has served since 1853.

86 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Midshipman Jefferson H. Nones, 1840- 1846.

Second Assistant Engineer Washington H. Nones (1850-
1853); died while in service.

Midshipman Abram Phillips (18 12-18 13).
Drowned, 18 13.

Paymaster Emanuel J. Phillips.

Captain Isaac Phillips (1798-1799).

Assistant Surgeon Manuel Phillips (1 809-1 824).

Solomon Pinheiro, Juniata.

Wounded in the attack on Fort Fisher (1863-1866).

Milton Joseph Rosen au,

Past Assistant Surgeon in the Marine Hospital Service.

Acting Ensign Albert P. Sampson (1 862-1 865).

Acting Ensign Isaac P. Sampson (1863-1865).

J. SchlESINGER, U. S. Steamer Pocahontas.

M. J. SiESEL, U. S. Steamer Hartford.

Sergeant Siegmund Silverburg, U. S. Marine Corps.

Midshipman Benjamin Solomon (1809-18 10).

Purser Ezekiel Solomon (18 14-18 16).

Charles Stein, Marine Corps,

Died of exposure in the service.
Lieutenant Edward Taussig,

served fourteen years on sea and did seven years' duty on

land.

Charles Wiener
served four years.

Leo Wise, U. S. Steamer Springfield.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. S7

A PAGE FROM THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE
CIVIL WAR.

As a fitting prelude to the record of Jewish activity in the
War of the Rebellion, there may be cited here an episode in
its history which has had no counterpart in the course of the
world's affairs. Recondite and romantic incidents are present
in the annals of all nations, and the history of the Jewish
people especially is fraught with many striking instances of
unhoped and unexpected deliverance from impending calamity,
but they were largely the outcome of times and conditions
widely at variance with those of the present day. The
narrative of Haym Salomon's sacrifice in behalf of American
freedom and the cause of human liberty forms a singular
chapter in the annals of the American Revolution. But a yet
more remarkable incident, one that appears wholly foreign to
the laisser-faire spirit of our modern time, and which is likely
in the future to centre a much greater degree of attention than
it has yet received, is a transaction that has but lately become
part of the history of the Civil War.

On October 2, 1863, the British Government seized in the
shipyard of the Lairds, at Birkenhead, two armored vessels
which had ostensibly been built for the government of China,
but which, according to constantly reiterated reports, had been
built for the Southern Confederacy in rebellion against the
United States. The contemporary chronicles of the Civil War
contain at most only such reports of that incident as became
public in the course of the controversy over the subject, but
the inner details of the occurrence, notable enough even in its
most obvious features, remained for many years a diplomatic
secret until revealed by the then Register of the Treasury, Mr.
L. H. Chittenden, in his " Recollections of President Lincoln."

The two vessels had indeed been embargoed by the British
Government, but under conditions wdiich had been settled upon
by the advisers of the Crown with the almost clearly mani-
fest purpose of permitting the vessels to escape, wmile at

88 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

the same time apparently complying with the requirements
of international law and the representations of the Ameri-
can Minister. The sympathies of the ruling powers in Great
Britain were strongly with the Southern cause ; the fact that
the success of that cause meant the perpetuation of negro
slavery, against which the English people had constantly in-
veighed, was held by many of the leaders of the party in
power to be of small moment in comparison with the advance-
ment of British interests, which these leaders believed would
result from the disruption of the American Republic. They
were accordingly ready to take advantage of a virtual breach
of international comity and law, under cover of a technical
compliance with its provisions, and incur the risk of all the
terrible outcome of a war between the two great Anglo-
Saxon nations of the world. That such a war would surely
have resulted if the two armored corsairs had eventually been
let loose upon this country, no student of history can doubt.
It was being busily fomented by that arch enemy, both of
England and America, Napoleon III., who had assiduously
been seeking an adequate pretext to recognize the independence
of the Confederate States. He was actively conferring with
British parliamentary leaders with the purpose of a joint inter-
vention in our struggle, and if these ships were liberated to
prey upon our commerce, lift the blockade of the Confederate
ports, weaken the Federal power and strengthen that of the
Rebellion, he would then assuredly be able to build up his em-
pire in Mexico. That empire was already planted on the soil
of the Mexican Republic, and the triumph of the Southern
cause meant the success of the foolhardy and villainous under-
taking which Napoleon III. had established under Maximilian.
If the outcome of British co-operation for the disruption of the
American Union were eventually to be a war between England
and the United States, it would but be further grist for the mill
of the French usurper.

From all of this procession of possible and unmeasured evils
it appears that the world was saved through the timely and
powerful interposition of a single will. It was the will of a
man who was manifestly near enough to the mainspring of
affairs to be aware of its primary movements, who was yet so

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 89

hidden from public view that his action would remain as secret
as he himself determined it to be; whose purpose was clearly
in opposition to the motives of the ruling powers, and who
possessed the means with which to effect his purpose.

Who was it that so signally changed the current of the
world's affairs? whose influence yet remains as mysterious as
it was far-reaching? The question has been often asked and
still remains unanswered. He still remains unnamed on the
page of history. His position, his motive and his means of
action appear to be defined, and it was clearly with these con-
siderations in view that Mr. Chittenden wrote the letter which
is here subjoined. The "process of exclusion" to which he
so pointedly adverts leaves but very few among whom he is to
be sought, and to the almost unerring indication which Mr.
Chittenden has given is to be added a still nearer one which the
author of the present work obtained from another source. Miss
Kate Chase, daughter of Salmon P. Chase, the then Secretary
of the Treasury, while assuring Mr. Wolf that the name of the
mysterious personage was unknown to her, was yet able to in-
form him that the man was a Jew T . That it was a Jew, one
well known for his outspoken admiration and love for our
country as the home of religious liberty, a man who was not of
the unsympathetic government, nor of the hostile aristocracy,
nor of the jealous manufacturing class, might well be surmised
from all the circumstances of this remarkable occasion , and his
identity can scarcely be misinterpreted in the light of Mr.
Chittenden's indications.

The following is a copy of Mr. Chittenden's letter, which
may well serve as an author's preface to the chapter of his
' ' Recollections ' ' to which it refers, in which the incident is
narrated in detail, and which w r e shall quote in full :

11 Pine St., New York, May 7, 1892.
Dear Sir : —

It would give me great pleasure to answer your letter of
April 26th and a large number of others on the same subject.
You will readily see that the name may be reached by a process
of exclusion as definitely as by its direct statement. The ex-
traordinary character of the incident did not occur to me at the

90 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

time, or I should have probably suppressed it. As it is I have
no alternative but silence.

However, it gives me pleasure to say one thing. The ex-
perience of an active life now drawing to its close has taught
me that race prejudices have no place in the heart of a true
American, and I am certainly not conscious tnat I have ever
entertained a shadow of them against any one of Hebrew origin.
On the contrary I hav£ found much in the history of that per-
secuted race to respect and admire. Illness has delayed this
reply to your note.

Yours truly,

L. K. Chittenden.
Mr. Simon Wolf,

Washington, D. C.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 91

A REMARKABLE EPISODE.

Extract from ' ' Recollections of President Lincoln

and his Administration," by L. E. Chittenden,

his Register of the Treasury.

(Chapter XXV, Pages 197—208. N. Y., Harper & Brothers, 1891.)

Mr. Charles Francis Adams (our minister) had for several
weeks been aware, and had communicated the fact to his gov-
ernment, that the Messrs. Laird, extensive ship builders, were
building at their yards in Birkenhead, near Liverpool, two
armored vessels for the Confederate government. They were
to be furnished with powerful engines, and cabable of great
speed. When completed they were to proceed to a small un-
frequented British island in the West Indies, where they were
to be delivered to the agents of the Confederacy. They were
then to receive their armament, previously sent thither, take
their crews on board, and then set forth on their piratical
cruises, after the example of the Alabama. After sweeping our
remaining commerce from the seas, by burning and sinking
every merchantship bearing our flag, they were to come upon
our own coast, scatter our blockading fleet, and open all the
Southern ports to British commerce, which would no longer
be required to take the great risk of breaking the blockade.
This feat was to be accomplished by vessels which had never
entered a Confederate port, nor, indeed, any harbor which was
not covered by the British or some other flag which protected
the ironclads against pursuit or capture by vessels of the United
States Navy.

Greater danger than these vessels never threatened the safety
of the Union. In tonnage, armament and speed, they w r ere
intended to be superior to the Kcarsarge, and every other vessel
of our navy. Their armor was supposed to render them invul-
nerable. If the blockade was not maintained, an immediate
recognition of the belligerent character of the rebels by Great

92 THE A ME RICA N JE W A S

Britain was anticipated. Even if that did not take place, all
the cotton gathered in Confaderate ports would be released and
find a profitable market, while the old wooden vessels, now
principally constituting the blockading fleet, would not resist
one of these iron -clad vessels long enough for a second broad-
side.

The impending danger was fully appreciated by Mr. Adams.
With his accustomed energy, notwithstanding the secrecy in
which all the Confederate movements in Great Britain were
shrouded, he had collected and laid before the English authori-
ties clear proofs of the rebel ownership, and intended unlawful
purpose of these vessels. He had even procured copies of the
contracts under which the Messrs. Laird were building them,
and had ascertained that payments on their account had been
made from proceeds of cotton owned by the Confederacy. He
had represented that the evidence furnished by him, verified by
the oaths of credible witnesses, was sufficient not only to justify
their seizure, but to secure their condemnation in the courts,
and he had insisted with a force apparently unanswerable, that
it was the duty of Great Britain to prevent the vessels from
leaving the Mersey and setting forth upon their piratical
career.

But, unfortunately, the sympathies of the party in power in
England were not with the Union cause. It suited the view of
of the law-officers of the Crown not to interfere, and to excuse
their inaction by raising objections to the legal sufficiency of
the evidence. The situation was perfectly comprehended, by
the President and his Cabinet, but remonstrance appeared to be
unavailing, and the departure of the vessels was expected at an
early day.

Hopeless as the task appeared to be, neither Mr. Adams nor
his active agents relaxed their efforts for a moment. Their
recent investigations had been prosecuted with such energy
that the minister had finally been able to furnish the British
premier with the sworn affidavits of some of the officers and
men actually enlisted in Liverpool, and other English cities,
for service on these vessels; that the advance payments to these
men had been made by Confederate agents, that the ships were
to leave the Mersey at an early appointed date for an island

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 93

near Bermuda; that their guns and ammunition had already
been sent thither. Mr. Adams had also secured the names of
the ships' officers, with copies of their commissions, bearing
the signature of President Davis and the seal of the Con-
federacy.

The last instalment of affidavits forwarded by our minister
proved to be more than the crown lawyers could digest. They
covered every defect named in their former objections; they
could not be answered even by a special demurrer. They were
reinforced by the caustic pen of Mr. Adams, whose arguments
so clearly pointed out the duty of the English government in
the premises that it would obviously be regarded as con-
clusive by every one but these lawyers, who possessed the
exclusive power to move the slow authorities of the customs to
action. The crown lawyers finally decided that the demand of
Mr. Adams must be complied with, and that an order must
issue, prohibiting the departure of these vessels from the Mer-
sey until the charges of the American minister had been
judicially investigated.

There w T ere, however, some incidents attending this most
important decision, which prevented its communication from
giving to Mr. Adams a satisfaction wholly unalloyed. The
decision had been withheld until the vessels were on the very
eve of departure. The order must be immediately served, and
possession taken by the customs authorities, or the vessels
would escape. The crown lawyers, properly enough, observed
that the affidavits furnished by Mr. Adams were ex-parte — the
witnesses had not been cross-examined. If Mr. Adams should
fail to prove his charges by evidence which would satisfy the
judicial mind, and the vessels be released, the damages
caused by arresting them might be very heavy. It was a
settled rule of procedure in the courts in such cases to secure
the payment of such damages beyond any peradventure . The
restraining order would, therefore, be issued, but it would not
be enforced against the vessels until these damages had been
secured by a deposit of £i ,ooc,ooo sterling in gold coin.

The situation was well known to be critical. Within three
days the vessels were to sail for their destination ; if necessary,
they might sail forthwith. The cable was useless, broken or

94 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

disabled — and Mr. Adams could not communicate with his
own government. Without such communication he had no
authority to bind his government as an indemnitor, or to repay
the money if he could borrow it. Even if he had the fullest
authority, where was the patriotic Briton who would furnish
a million pounds on the spur of the moment to a government
which was believed by the party in power in Great Britain
to be in articulo mortis ? Unless, therefore, the crown lawyers
supposed our minister to have anticipated their decision by
providing himself with this money, they must have known
that this condition could not be complied with, and that they
might just as well have declined to interfere. If they had
intended that these ships should not be prevented from making
their intended crusade against our commerce and our cause,
no better arrangement could possibly have been devised. It is
not to be denied that suspicions existed that such was their
purpose.

But the unexpected sometimes happens. The event which
prevented these floating engines of destruction from entering
upon their intended work was as unanticipated as a miracle.
It constituted, possibly, the most signal service ever rendered
by a citizen of one country to the government of another. It
was all the more noble, because it was intended to be anony-
mous. The eminently unselfish man who performed it made
a positive condition that it should not be made public, that
not so much as his name should be disclosed, except to the
officers of our government, whose co-operation was required
in order to transact the business in a proper manner and upon
correct principles. So earnest was his injunction of secrecy
that his identity will not even now be disclosed, although he
has long since gone to his reward.

Within the hour after the crown lawyers' decision, with its
conditions, had been made known to Mr. Adams, and when he
had given up all hope of arresting these vessels, a quiet gentle-
man called upon him and asked if he might be favored with
the opportunity of making the deposit of coin required by the
order? He observed "that it had occurred to him that if the
United States had that amount to its credit in London, some
question of authority might arise, or Mr. Adams might other-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 95

wise be embarrassed in complying with the condition, especi-
cially as communication with his government might involve
delay ; so that the shortest way to avoid all difficulty would be
for him to deposit the coin, which he was quite prepared
to do/'

Had a messenger descended from the skies in a chariot of
fire, with $5,000,000 in gold in his hands, and offered to leave
it at the embassy without any security, Mr. Adams could not
have been more profoundly surprised. He had accepted the
condition as fatal to his efforts ; he had concluded that nothing
short of a miracle could prevent the departure of the vessels ;
and here, if not a miracle, was something much like one. He
made 110 secret of the pleasure with which he accepted the
munificent offer, provided some' method of securing the liberal
Englishman could be found. The latter seemed indisposed to
make any suggestion on the subject. " It might be proper,"
he said, "that some obligation might be entered into, showing
that the American government recognized the deposit as made
on its account ; beyond that he should leave the matter wholly
in the hands of Mr. Adams."

The existing premium on gold was then about sixty per
cent, in the United States. It would have been largely
increased by the departure of these ironclads. The "five-
twenties " or "sixes " of 1 861, as they were popularly called,
were then being issued, and were the only securities upon

long time ' ' then authorized by Congress. The best arrange-
ment that occurred to Mr. Adams, and which he then proposed,
was that $10,000,000, or ,£2,000,000, in these bonds, to be
held as collateral security for the loan of ,£1,000,000 in gold,
should be delivered to the lender, to be returned when the loan
was paid or the order itself was discharged and the coin
returned to the depositor. The proposition of Mr. Adams was
satisfactory to the gentleman, but he said that to prevent the
disclosure of his name the deposit should be made in coupon
and not in registered bonds. The coupons were payable to
bearer; the registed were required to be inscribed on the books
of the Treasury in the owner's name.

Mr. Adams then volunteered the assurance that these bonds,
to the amount of $10,000,000, should be transmitted to London

96 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

by the first steamer which left New York after his despatch
concerning the transaction was received at the State Depart-
ment at Washington.

It was this assurance of Mr. Adams which the President and
both of the Secretaries desired should be made good. They
regarded the faith of the government as pledged for its per-
formance, and that faith they proposed should not be violated.

All the details of this transaction were not then disclosed.
They reached the government in private, confidential des-
patches from Mr. Adams, some of them long afterwards. The
despatch in question was understood to be confidential;
certainly that part of it which related to the deposit and
security proposed. It was necessarily brief, for in order to
reach the steamer the special messenger had to leave London
within a very few hours after the proposition of the deposit was
made. There was enough in it to show that an inestimable
service had been rendered to the country by some .one to whom
Mr. Adams had pledged the faith of the nation for the trans-
mission of these bonds by the next steamer which left New
York. There was no dissent from the conclusion that the
pledge of Mr. Adams, if it were in the power of the govern-
ment, must be performed.

Since the publication of the foregoing facts in Harper's
Magazine for May, 1890, I have been solicited by many corre-
spondents to give the name of the gentleman who offered to
perform such a signal service to our country. It must be
obvious that nothing could give greater pleasure than to
publish his name, and to secure for him the enduring gratitude
of the American people. I have, however, a special reason for
my present determination not to disclose it, nor to permit
myself to speculate upon the consequences of the disclosure.
When we were informed that the emergency had passed, it
became necessary to make a change in the entries of this large
amount upon the books of the register. This was found to be
a difficult matter, unless a plain statement of the issue, to the
gentleman in question, and its purpose was made with its
subsequent cancellation. This course I proposed to Secretary

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 97

Chase. He was decided in his opinion that the value of the
service would not have been enhanced if an actual deposit of
the money had been required, and that, as the gentleman him-
self had imposed the obligation, he was the only authority who
could possibly release it. While I regarded his conclusion as
incontrovertible, I did suggest that our first duty was the
official one, to our own obligation to conceal nothing, and to
make our official records strictly conform to the fact.

' We should have thought of that at the time," said the
vSecretary. " We might have declined his offer, coupled as it
was with the obligation to conceal his name, but I do not
remember that we considered that question. Do you?"

"No," I said. "Nothing was discussed in my presence
except the possibility of compliance with his conditions to the
letter."

' Then, I think, we must continue to keep his secret what-
ever the consequences may be, until he releases us from the
obligation," was the final conclusion of the Secretary.

I am, I believe, the only survivor of those to whom this
gentleman's name was known. I have hitherto declined to
discuss the question of his name or its disclosure. I depart
from my practice far enough to say that I do not believe he
was interested in the price of cotton, or that he was moved in
the slightest degree by pecuniary motives in making his offer.
More than this, at present, I do not think I have the moral
right to say. If I should at any time hereafter see my way
clear to a different conclusion, I shall leave his name to be
communicated to the Secretary of Treasury, who will determine
for himself the propriety of its disclosure.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

The consciousness of the imperfect nature of the several
rosters included under our present head has been the only in-
fluence that has detracted from the satisfaction which the pre-
paration of this work in general has afforded the author. This
feeling has already been adverted to in the introduction to this
work and will not further be dwelt upon beyond the hope that
the present volume may become the forerunner of a more com-
plete and perfected result in the future/ 1 '

The unquestionably large proportion of Jewish soldiers in
both the Union and Confederate armies is vouched for by such
statistics as have been thoroughly verified and by the statement
of many individual observers. In this connection the follow-
ing communications to the author may well be quoted as hav-
ing a definite bearing on this subject, and as coming from
sources whose authority is beyond question :

1 20 Broadway, New York,

December 30th, '91.
My Dear Judge :

I have your favor of the 22nd instant, asking for some
expression of opinion from me regarding the bravery and faith-
fulness of Hebrew soldiers in the War of the Rebellion.
There were many Hebrews under me while serving as Brigade
and Division Commander ; and, while the great lapse of time
renders it impossible for me to recall names or recount specific
acts of gallantry, I take pleasure in saying that I always found
the soldiers of Jewish faith as firm in their devotion to the

The numerous communications from correspondents in various
parts of the country, which are being received while this volume is
in course of completion by the printer, renders it altogether probable
that the author's hope will be realized. The information conveyed
by these correspondents, frequently too late for incorporation in the
present work, will be collated with the view to its eventual publica-
tion, and all who feel an interest in our present subject, and who can
contribute such data as will further the correction of these records,
are earnestly requested to communicate their information to the
author.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 99

cause of the country the}' were serving as any others, and ever
ready to perform any duty to which they might be assigned.
Yours very truly,

To Hon. Simon Wolf,

Washington, D. C.

Headquarters Department of the East

Governor's Island, New York.

^ , T TTT January 2d, 1892.

Dear Mr. Wolf : y

It is impossible for me to do justice to those who served with
me under my command who are known to be of Hebrew
extraction. I would hardly be justified without their permis-
sion to give their names. I had a Jewish Aide-de-Camp, one
of the bravest and best, in the first battle of Bull Run ; he is
now a distinguished officer of the army, a man of high' scien-
tific attainment. I had another aide who was killed at the
battle of Chancellorsville, a true friend and a brave officer.
Two of my brigade commanders, who answer to the above
description, one of whom you have mentioned, served ably and
faithfully at Gettysburg and in other great battles of the war.
So many of the German officers and men, the Poles and the Hun-
garians, were of Jewish lineage that I am unable to designate
them. I can assure you, my dear sir, that, intrinsically, there
are no more patriotic men to be found in the country than
those who claim to be of Hebrew descent, and who served with
me in parallel commands or more directly under my instruc-
tions. I have always greatly esteemed the Jewish people, and
in fact, the highest hopes I have in the great future are derived
from him whom I think justly claimed to be the spiritual king of
the Jews. So far as bravery is concerned, bravery often carries
to rashness. History affords no example superior to those of
the Maccabees and other leaders of the Jews, back to the time
of Jacob, the prince, who prevailed with God.
Very truly yours.

Oliver O. Howard,

TTr _ Major General U. S. Army.

Simon Wolf, Esq.,

Washington, D. C.

100 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Further testimony of a like character with reference to the
Jews in the Union Army might be adduced from numerous
sources if space limits would permit, but the following citations
regarding the Jewish soldiers in the Southern Armies are not
only warranted by the occasion but by the exceptionally in-
teresting data which they contain.

• \From the Nashville American , May 25, iS<?^.~\

"Among the delegates to the recent Convention of the Bn'ai
B'rith there were thirty who were old enough to take up arms
during the late war. Of this number twenty-five had shouldered
their muskets in defence of their country, twenty-four belong-
ing to the Confederate and one to the Federal Army. This
shows that the Israelite is as much of a patriot as any other
man when the liberties of his country are endangered. In this
connection the following letter will be read with interest. ' '

" Galveston, Texas, May iy, s$p-l.

Leo N. Levi, Esq., Galveston.
Dear Sir: —

' ' My attention having been called by you to the published
remarks of a writer in disparagement of the patriotism and
gallantry of the Jew as a soldier, and having had the honor to
command a force composed to a considerable extent of Israelites,
I feel impelled by this attempted injustice to the race to give
my experience with them as soldiers.

"Under a commission from the Government I organized
' Waul's Texas Legion,' upon the express terms that they were
to leave the State, cross the Mississippi River and join in the
fray where the blows fell heaviest and thickest. The Legion
consisted of ten companies of infantry, five companies of cavalry
and two companies of artillery. Two of the infantry compa'nies
had a large number of Jews in their ranks, and the largest
company in the command — 120 men — was officered by Jews,
and three-fourths of the rank and file were of that faith. There
were also a number of Jews scattered through the command in
the other companies.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 101

" They were all volunteers, and I know there was not a Jew
conscript in the Legion. As soldiers they were brave, orderly
and well -disciplined and in no respect inferior to the gallant
body of which they formed a prominent part. Their behavior
in the camp, as in the field, was exemplary. No Jew in the
command was arraigned before a court-martial, and, in pro-
portion to their numbers, there were fewer applications for
leaves of absence, and their regular habits caused very few of
their names to appear on the hospital rolls.

" In battle, without distinction of race or religion, all were
apparently willing and eager for the contest. I will say, how-
ever, I neither saw nor heard of any Jew shrinking or failing to
answer to any call of duty or danger.

' ■ I regret I cannot go more in details, but am unwilling to
permit an aspersion that remotely may affect the Jews who
served with me to pass unnoticed, as, to a considerable extent,
the reputation won by the command and personally obtained by
myself was acquired by their conduct, courage and soldierly
qualities. I state without hesitation that in no atttribute suited
to the soldier, whether as an officer or in the ranks, will the
Jew suffer by comparison with the best and bravest of our
army.

" As these happenings were before your time, I jot down
these recollections that you may have the testimony of one
Gentile to attest the courage, endurance and patriotism of the
Jew as a soldier.

Yours sincerely,

T. N. Watj^ .

The discussion of the question of Jewish participation in the
Civil War elicited the following expression from a Charleston
newspaper :

"The list of South Carolina Jews who remained true to their
country and to their country's cause in the darkest hours and
who proved their fidelity and patriotism by laying down their
lives upon the field of battle could be greatly extended. Their
names are graven upon many a monument throughout the land,
and their prowess in arms is a part of the military glory of the

102 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

country. As Montaigne says, the virtue and valor of a man
consist in the heart and in the will, and by this rule the Hebrew
soldiers of South Carolina may be fairly judged. What they
had they gave freely to the State and on many a bloody field
did they prove the high quality of their courage. They pos-
sessed, what Napoleon called "the two o'clock in the morning
courage" and they followed the flag with superb loyalty to vic-
tory and defeat. When the history of South Carolina's part in
the great struggle is written and the books are finally posted, we
are sure that the Hebrew soldiers of this State, who wore the
grey will have their full meed of praise."

Another communication which is at hand, originally made to
one of our Jewish weeklies, may also be quoted as affording an
effective side light on our present subject:

' ' From the beginning of the late war until its close I was
connected with the War and Navy Departments of the Con-
federate States as a contractor for side arms and accoutrements.
In this capacity I became acquainted with the organization and
direction of the Army and Navy and also became well, ac-
quainted with' the governing officials of the State, War and
Navy Departments.

' ' Shortly before the Fall Festivals of our Jewish observance
in 1864 I came to Richmond, Va., and as usual, met my late
old friend, the Rev. Mr. Michelbacher. After receiving an as-
surance of my readiness to aid him in the purpose which he
outlined to me, he detailed his request as follows:

' ' ' 'ftiere are right around here and in our other armies many
Jewish soldiers who would like to keep Rosh Hashanah but espe-
cially Yom Kippur according to our law and ritual. I am trying
to get a furlough for these soldiers over these Holy Days, but do
not know how to go about it. Here is a petition to the Secre-
tary of War; you know him well ; will you present it or will you
go with me to introduce me? or will you get Mr. Benjamin to
recommend it?' I informed Mr. Michelbacher that as far as
Mr. Benjamin was concerned it did not come within the scope
of his special office; that if his recommendation was needed I
could pledge it, and that the whole matter was for Mr. Seddon

PA TRW T, SOLD IER A SD CITIZEN. 103

to decide. Next morning Mr. Michelbacher and myself went
to Mr. Seddon, who received us, as he did all his petitioners,
with kindness. He read the petition quietly and talked the
matter over with us for some time, even at more length than the
pressing duties upon him seemed to warrant. After mature
deliberation he spoke about as follows: 'Well, gentlemen, as
far as I am concerned I w r ill give my ^consent, but must refer
the matter to the Adjutant and Inspector-General. Whatever
he does, I will sanction.' He thereupon wrote his endorse-
ment on the petition and Mr. Michelbacher and I took it up to
General Cooper, who, like Mr. Seddon, received us kindly, and
with great interest discussed the proposition with us. He
would gladly, he said, grant the furloughs, but, 'gentlemen,'
he added, 'look, we have here a roster of all our soldiers and
we know, as far as possible from their names, how many of
them belong to your religious denomination, and astonishing
it is that we count about 10,000 to 12,000 Jews who are serving
in our Army. Now should I grant the furloughs you request,
you will readily see, that for the time being, it would perhaps
disintegrate certain commands in the field and might work to a
bad effect; beside-;, the commanders of the different army corps
should certainly be consulted. On the whole it would be im-
practicable, as you, Goldsmith (turning to me) will readily
acknowledge. In fact,' he pleasantly added, 'you will admit
that if your forefathers had fought Titus on the Sabbath day,
during the siege of Jerusalem they most certainly would have
beaten him. You see, therefore, I cannot conscientiously grant
.your request ' So it ended, but we had the satisfaction of
having learned that out of the small number of Jews then
living in the South, it was believed that over 10,000 were serv-
ing in the Confederate Army. Those who would not serve left
the country. For many of these latter I myself procured pass-
ports and permits, deeming it better that they should leave
quietly and unmolested than that they should be forced into the
ranks where they w T ould have made unwilling defenders of the
country.

' ' I am still a living witness and can , from my own memory ,
give you many names of gallant Jewish soldiers of the Con-
federate army. I had ample opportunity to see and to know.

104 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Many a wounded Jew have I met in the hospitals of Richmond
and administered to his wants, and many a Jew T ish soldier have
I seen walking on his crutch or having his arm in a sling,
travelling to and from his command during the war. And I
know further that it was simply a sense of loyalty to their
homes and their neighbors that prompted them to fight for
the South. If not, they could readily have left this country at
any time as well as I myself could have done, had I so chosen.
But love for our adopted country kept us here and we offered
all we had in its behalf.

M. Goldsmith."

The closing paragraph of Mr. Goldsmith's letter is truly
expressive of Jewish sentiment. It emphasizes the fact that
the Jew, while retaining his racial and religious distinctiveness,
identifies himself with the people among whom he dwells, if he
is not deliberately excluded from the possibility of doing so.
Were further evidence of this required beyond the records of
earlier times, a convincing proof can be found in the presence
of large numbers of Jews in both the Union and Confederate
armies throughout the Civil War.

It should not be overlooked that the profession of arms
for its own sake is not distinctively a Jewish trait ; the busi-
nesss of war having always been taken up as the means to
an end rather than the end itself. This phase of the Jewish
character finds a significant expression in the large proportion
of Jewish combatants in both the Revolutionary and Civil
Wars. In both cases the issue was one in which they felt a
deep and abiding interest, and they manifested their earnest-
ness in the most positive manner by taking an active and
determined part in the decision of the issue . That interest was
far from being prevalent during the War of 1812 and the subse-
quent war with Mexico. The former lacked the support of a
large fraction of the people, being held by the Federal party of
that time to be a heedless and needless undertaking, which in
many respects it was, and the latter, the Mexican War, was
regarded by the anti-slavery Whigs as tending to aggrandize
the slave power by an extension of its territory. Both these
wars were party measures, and in both a decidedly smaller

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 105

proportion of Jewish combatants took part than would other-
wise* have been the case. Where home, or liberty or law 7 is
at stake the Jewish people have never been chary of the utter-
most sacrifice, and the muster rolls of the armies in the great
war between the States afford the fullest evidence of their
ample share in its burdens and its sufferings.

106 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

MEDALS OF HONOR.

(From a paper read by the present author before the American Jewish
Plistorical Society, Washington, D. C, December 26, 1894.)

On the 1 2th day of July, 1862, President Lincoln gave his
approval to an Act of Congress, authorizing the President to
cause to be prepared 2,000 ' ' Medals of Honor, " to be presented
to such non-commissioned officers and privates " as would
especially distinguish themselves by their gallantry in action,
and by other soldierly qualities during the war then in progress.

While I am not prepared to say how many soldiers of Hebrew
faith were honored with such medals, I can mention seven who
have come under my notice.

Firsts Leopold Karpeles, Color Sergeant, of the 57th
Massachusetts Infantry, at the Battle of North Anna, distin-
guished himself by a noble defence of the flag under a terrific
fire from the enemy. Although seriously wounded, he held
the colors aloft until through weakness from loss of blood he
had at last to give them to a comrade. Sergeant Karpeles has
high testimonials from his superior officers for bravery, daring
and discipline, and is at present a clerk in the General Post-
Office Department.

Second, Benjamin B. Levy, who enlisted at the age of six-
teen as a drummer boy, in the 1st New York Volunteers. He
was detailed as Orderly to General Mansfield. While on board
the steamer ' ' Express, ' ' carrying dispatches to General Wool
at Fortress Monroe, the vessel was attacked by the Confederate
gunboat , ' ' Seabird . ' ' The ' ' Express ' ' with all on board , was in
imminent danger of capture, when young Levy saved the steamer
by cutting loose a water schooner which was in tow. For his
prompt action, Levy was highly complimented by Generals
Mansfield and Wool. At Charles City Cross Roads, two of the
colors of his regiment were saved by him from capture, for
which act he was promoted on the field by General Kearney to

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 107

Color Sergeant of his regiment. At the expiration of his term,
he re-enlisted in the 40th New York (Mozart) regiment, and
was seriously wounded at the battle of the Wilderness. He
was appointed by President Lincoln to the New York Custom
House.

Third, Sergeant Major and Adjutant Abraham Cohn, who
enlisted as private in the 6th New Hamshire Infantry. For dis-
tinguished services he was gradually promoted to Adjutant; he
served until the close of the war. Some time after Adjutant
Cohn received the "Medal of Honor," from the Assistant
Adjutant General's office, he was addresesd the following
highly complimentary communication :

Adjutant General's Office,
Washington, August 14, 1879.

The Medal, mentioned within, was given for conspicuous
gallantry displayed in the battle of the Wilderness, in rallying
and forming disorganized troops, under heavy fire; also for
bravery and coolness in carrying orders to the advance lines
under murderous fire in the battle of the Mine, July 30, 1864.
(Signed) S. N. Benjamin,

Assistant Adjutant General.

Adjutant Cohn has the most gratifying testimonials from his
superior officers. Before enlisting in the 6th New Hamshire
he had served in the 68th New York as a private and rose
gradually to be captain. Owing to sickness he was honorably
discharged, being then, in the opinion of the surgeons, unfit
for further duty. Notwithstanding his discharge as Captain,
when strong and able again, he re-enlisted as Private, in the
6th New Hampshire, and rose to the rank of Adjutant.

Fourth, David Obranski, of the 58th Ohio Infantry, who
received a Medal of Honor for distinguished bravery and
coolness under heavy fire at Shiloh, Tennesee, and at Vicks-
burg, Mississippi.

Fifth, Henry Heller, of Company A, 66th Ohio Infantry.
He earned the Medal of Honor for daring bravery at Chancel -
lorsville.

108 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Sixth, Abraham Grunwalt, of Company G, 104th Ohio
Infantry, who earned his Medal of Honor, at Franklin, Tennes-
see, November 30, 1864 in the capture of Corps headquarters'
flag.

Seventh, Corporal Isaac Gans, of the 2nd Ohio Cavalry,
who for bravery displayed on the battle-field was apppointed
escort to the colors captured by the Third Division.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND .CITIZEN. 109

FAMILIES OF "BROTHERS-IN-ARMS."

[Compiled from a paper read by the present author before the
American Jewish Historical Society, Washington, D. C,

December 26, 1894.]

One of the most remarkable facts developed by the records of
our Civil War, and especially gratifying because unsurpassed,
if equalled, is the spontaneous and cheerful alacrity with which
our citizens of Hebrew faith entered their country's service in
the hour of its need. In a number of families all the male
members able to bear arms were enrolled in the army. My
list of these may not be complete, and there may be other
equally notable examples, but I here name only those w T hich
have been definitely reported to me.

North Carolina is to the fore with a host of six militant
brothers, united in the cause which they held at heart as well
as by the ties of blood. They bear the titular name of the
priestly brother of Moses, and their devotion lends it new
lustre. The list of these six brothers-in-arms is as follows:
Aaron Cohen, Edward Cohen,

Jacob H. Cohen, Gustavus A. Cohen,

Julius Cohen, Henry M. Cohen.

Mississippi claims a set of five brothers in the field, but,
remarkable enough , one of these was arrayed on the side of the
Union against his four Confederate brothers, a fair example of
the Jewish spirit of loyalty to conviction. The following is the
list:

Edward Jonas, 50th Illinois Julian Jonas,

Infantry. Major Charles H. Jonas,

S. A. Jonas, Hon. Benjamin F. Jonas

(of Louisiana).

vSouth Carolina also had five brothers enrolled in the Con-
federate army. Their names are:

Percy Moses, Jr., Horace Moses,

Joshua E. Moses, J. Harby Moses,

A. Jackson Moses.

110 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Georgia mustered a family of four, a father and three sons,
bearing the same historic name as their South Carolina com-
rades:

Raphael Moses, Sr., Israel N. Moses,

Raphael Moses, Jr., A. L. Moses,

Arkansas furnishes an instance of three brothers, namely:
Peter Cohen, Jacob Cohen,

Po'el Cohen.

Another trio hail from the South, two from Georgia and one
from South Carolina:

Isaac A. Goldsmith, A. A. Goldsmith,

M. M. Goldsmith.

Virginia sent out another three:

Leopold Levy, Samson Levy,

Solomon Levy.

Louisiana has also a list of three brothers on her muster rolls:
Eugene H. Levy, Julius H. Levy,

Joseph C. Levy.

And yet another trio went forth from Alabama :

Mordecai Moses, Henry C. Moses,

Alfred Moses.

This makes a total of nine families on the Southern side,
embracing a membership numbering thirty-five, of whom one
was enrolled in the Union army.

The preponderance of such instances in the ranks of the
Confederates is due to the fact that the Jews of the Southern
States were, in a much larger proportion than those of the
North, natives of the soil or residents of long standing. While
the Jews were doubtless more numerous at the North than at
the South, they were, for the most part, immigrants of a com-
paratively recent date, and therefore less intensely imbued with
the spirit of the conflict.

•»

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. Ill

On the Union side, New York, the nucleus of the Jewish
population of this country, naturally furnished the largest
quota. of Jewish soldiers, and among them were three bands of
brothers; one of the families being reinforced by the presence
of the father. The roll is as follows;
First, a family of five:

Leopold Wenk, Joseph Wenk,

August Wenk, Julius Wenk,

Aaron Wenk.

Second, a father and his three sons:
Simon Levy, Benjamin C. Levy. Albert Levy,

Hon. Ferdinand Levy, Ex-Coroner and present Register
of New York City .

Third, a trio of brothers:

Abraham Feder, Henry Feder,

Adolph Feder.

Pennsylvania also sent three Jewish brothers to the front:

Lyon L. Emanuel, Louis M. Emanuel,

Jonathan M. Emanuel.

From Ohio we have another list of three brothers who to-
gether took part in the War for the Union:

Herman Koch, Moses Koch,

Joseph Koch.

We have thus a list of five families on the Union side, con-
taining eighteen men, a total for both the Confederate and
Union sides of fourteen families sending fifty-three men to the
war.

112 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

JEWISH STAFF OFFICERS IN THE UNION

ARMY.

Assistant Adjutant-General Myer Asch

entered the service September 19, 1861, as 2d Lieutenant
Company H, 1st New Jersey Cavalry Volunteers; promoted
to 1 st Lieutenant and Adjutant, December 29, 1861, and
Captain, March 24, 1862; served on staff of Major-General
John Pope, subsequently appointed Assistant Adjutant-
General to, Major-General Kautz; also distinguished in
other ways; held civic honors, particularly during the
Centennial Exhibition of 1876 at Philadelphia.

Doctor Morris J. Asch,

on staff of Major-General Philip H. Sheridan.

Major Newman Borchardt

enlisted as Private in Company K, 6th New York Volun-
teers; promoted to serve on staff of Major-General Oliver
O. Howard.

Captain Isidore Bush, aide-de-camp to General Fremont.

Captain Max Cohnheim

enlisted in the 41st New York; promoted with rank of
Captain on the staff of General Sigel.

Captain Dessauer,

on staff of Major-General Oliver O. Howard; killed "at
Chancellorsville. .

Rev. Jacob Frankel,

of Philadelphia, served as Chaplain of United States
Hospitals during the Civil War, by appointment of
President Lincoln.

Captain Edward Joxas

enlisted in Illinois on staff of Major-General Prentice.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 113

Major M. Lulley,

formerly on staff of Louis Kossuth, during the Hungarian
Revolution of 1848; rendered valuable services during the
Civil War, under direction of Secretary of War.

Colonel Isaac May, aide-de-camp to Governor Andrew G.
Curtin, of Pennsylvania.

Sergeant Louis H. Maykk

enlisted in the 27th Ohio Regiment, served on staff of
General Pope; also with Generals Rosecrans and Grant,
taking part in various campaigns.

Captain Nathan D. Mknkkn,

on staff of Major-General John Pope, as Commander of
his body-guard; he sacrificed his life by remaining in
Memphis, Tennessee, and tending to the suffering during
a terrible visitation of Yellow fever in 1878.

Isaac Mosks, Adjutant-General 3d Army Corps, staff of
Major General Heintzelman; subsequently under General
Banks.

Captain Juuus Spring,

on staff of General Van Buren.

Lieutenant M. SzEGEIyY,

on staff of General Sigel.

Major Joseph Fkankun Tobias, aide : de-camp with rank of
Major to Major-General D. B. Birney (April 14, 1862 —
May 16, 1864).

1 14 THE A M ERICA N JEW A S

JEWISH STAFF OFFICERS IN THE CON-
FEDERATE ARMY.

Jacob Abrams,

on staff of General Klzey.

Doctor I. BaruCH, Assistant Surgeon-General.

Marcus Baum,

on the staff of General Kershaw; enlisted as private;
wounded at first Battle of Manassas; mentioned in general
orders for distinguished bravery; killed at the Battle of
the Wilderness.

Captain H. U. Bknjamix, General Staff.

Honorable J ud ah P. Benjamin, Secretary of War.

General David de Leon, Surgeon-General.

The first surgeon-general of the Confederate Army. He
was born in South Carolina in 1822. In the Mexican War
he twice took the place of commanding officers, who had
been killed or wounded and acted with such gallantry and
ability as to receive twice the thanks of the United States
Congress. In February, 186 1, he resigned his rank as
Surgeon and Major in the United States Army and was ap-
pointed Surgeon-General of the Armies of the Confederacy.

Honorable Edwin DE Lkox,

Special Confederate States Envoy to Court of Napoleon III.

Captain Joseph Kraxklaxd,

on Staff of General Wheeler, 1st Tennessee Battalion of
Cavalry; entered as private; promoted step by step;
Assistant Provost Marshal.

Orderly Howard KAUFFMAN, Staff of General Bagly, Green's
Brigade.

N. Kraus, Staff of General Miller.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 115

Lieutenant Alexander Levy, Richmond, Virginia; Staff of
General Magruder; wounded at Big Bethel.

Captain M. LEW, 6th Arkansas, Staff of General Baxton
Bragg; Enlisted Co. K, 6th Arkansas.

Lieutenant M. J. Marcus, Staff of General Benning.

Victor Mkykr, Staff of General Barksdale.

Assistant- Adjutant-General J. Randolph Mordecai

entered the service of the Confederate States as private in
the Washington Artillery, South Carolina, December 19,
i860; shortly afterwards was appointed 2nd Lieutenant,
when transferred to theC. S. Army, afterward assigneds to
duty as Assistant-Adjutant-General to General White's
Brigade Light Artillery until July, 1863, to A. A. M.,
C. S. Army, and assigned to General Taliaford's Division.

Captain A. J. MosES, Staff of General Hannon.

Major AlkrEd T. MosES, Staff of General R. Taylor;
enlisted Co. K, 6th Arkansas.

Altamont MosES, Military Telegraph Service.

F. J. MoSKS, Assistant Surgeon.

Colonel Raphael J. MosES, Staff of General Longstreet.

Appointed chief commissary for the State of Georgia.
Known to Generals Lee and Longstreet as the " honest
commissary/' He turned over thirty thousand dollars in
gold to General Molyneux at the close of the war on con-
dition that it should be used for the benefit of the Con-
federate soldiers and Confederate hospitals, which was
done.

General A. C. Myers, Quartermaster General C. S. A.

Major J. M. Nanez, Staff of General Longstreet.

Major Isaac Scherck, Staff of General Hardee:
enlisted in Mississippi.

Morris Straus, Staff of General Jenkins;
enlisted in South Carolina.

116 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

JEWISH OFFICERS IN THE CONFEDERATE

NAVY.

Lieutenant Barnham.

Perry de Leon, South Carolina.

Captain L. C. Harby, South Carolina.

When South Carolina seceded he resigned his commission
in the United States Navy and entered the Confederate
service with the rank of Commodore in the Navy and after-
wards distinguished himself in the defence of Galveston,
when he commanded the Neptune at the capture of the
Harriet Lane, and later on when in command of a fleet of
gunboats on the Sabine river.

Louis P. Levy, Gunboat Chicora, Virginia;
A midshipman at the age of fifteen.

Midshipman Randolph Lyons;

detailed as Signal Officer on blockade running.

Lazarus Weil, C. S. Navy.

Simon Weil, C. S. Navy.

Isaac Moise, C. S. Navy.

Paymaster I. C. MoSES, Navy.

Lieutenant R. J. MoSES, Jr., C. S. S. Merrimac, Georgia.

Z. P. MoSES, Navy Department.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

LISTS OF JEWISH SOLDIERS IN THE UNION

AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES DURING THE

CIVIL WAR, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING

TO STATES AND ALPHABETICALLY

ARRANGED.

ALABAMA

•

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Abraham, Jacob

3d Infantry

Abraham, Isaac

1st Artillery

Abraham, Joseph

2d Cavalry.

Altemount, Simon

1 2th Infantry.

Abraham, D.

1st Cavalry.

Ai/tman,

1 2th Infantry.

Abraham, A.

6th Infantry.

Block, Maurice

27th Infantry.

Killed at Seven Pines.

Bean, Lewis 33d Infantry.

Bamburger, Solomon S., Major 6th Infantry.
Wounded at Seven Pines ; after which General Johns-
ton appointed him Private Secretary.

Blum, Eli as 10th Infantry.
Wounded at Frazier's Farm.

Benedick, F. 3d Infantry.

Bernstein, P. Kufala Light Artillery.

Barwald, M. G 6th Infantry.

Barwald, D. 3d Infantry.

Cohn, L. J.
Cohen, Louis
Coleman,

Sergeant

3d Infantry.
4th Infantry.
6th Infantry.

118

Name.

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Rank. Company,

Cahn, Jacob
Colling, William
Cahn, S.

Regiment.

4th Infantry

3d Infantry

Daniel, William A 1st Infantry.

Captured ; died and buried at Wood lawn Cemetery,

Klmira, New York.

Dreyfus, Samuel B 1st Artillery.

DRYFUS, L. B 4th Infantry.

Kinhorn, Aaron
Khlbrrt, M.

Falk, L. M.

Fischer, E. Captain

Promoted from private.

Goodman, Henry
Goldstein, Isidore
Gerson, M. Iv.
Gkrson, A.
Goldstein, I.
Gutman, Joseph
Griel, Louis
Gutman, Emanuel

Hirschpeld, Jacob

Killed at Sharpsburg.
HEYMAN, S. A i 8th Cavalry.

Wounded at New Hope Church ; disabled from field

duty ; on detached service until surrender.
Herzbkrg, H. Lieutenant J 18th Cavalry

Killed at New Hope Church.
Hevman, Isaac J 18th Cavalry.

Wounded seven times ; promoted on the field of battle

for bravery.
Haas, SiEGMUND C 12th Cavalry.

Hartman, Joseph 3d Cavalry.

4th Infantry

21st Infantry

5th Cavalry

12th Infantry

10th Infantry

4th Infantry

3d Infantry

1st Cavalry

14th Infantry

10th Infantry,

14th Infantry,

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

119

Namk. Rank. Company. Hkgimknt.

Hirschpiklder, Jacob 5th Cavalry

Killed at Gettysburg.
Hokiieimer, Henry
Hirschrr, E.
Henlein, A.
Harrison, Joseph

Captured ; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.
Israel, I. D 6oth Infantry

Captured ; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Washington Light Artillery.

3d Infantry.

B 4th Infantry.

A 1 st Infantry.

Jacobson, Joseph

42d Infantry

Jonas, Israel

3d Infantry

Killed in action.

Jacobson, Adolph

20th Infantry

Wounded at Vicksburg, June

14, 1863

; served bal-

ance of time in hos]

)ital.

Joseph, Leonce G.

Temple's Batter)'
and 7th Cavalry

Joseph, J.

Lafayette Guard

Jaretzky, Morris

6th Infantry

Jackson,

6th Infantry

Kohn, Solomon

14th Infantry

Kraus, Lee

7th Infantry

Kohn, Jacob

1 st Infantry

Kuleman, E.

3d Infantry

Karcher, E.

Captain

12 th Infantry

Promoted from pri\

ate.

Koefsky, S.

Lieutenant

1 2th Infantry

Killed at Seven Pines.

Kern, Simeon

17th Infantry

Klein, Louis

State Reserves

Kaiser, Lazarus M.

State Reserves

Kahn, Karl

23d Infantry

Klein, Abraham

42 d Infantry

120

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

\ ami:.

Rank.

Levey,

Lost a leg ; subsequently killed.

L'Etondal, E.

Levis, Lazarus

Loewi, Henry

L'Etondal, F. Captain

Promoted for bravery.
Lowentiial, Jacob
Lewy, Henry
Levy, B. M.

LOBMAN, H.

Levy, Samuel

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Loewi, Samuel
Lemlo, L.
Leiter, I.
Levy, Julian C.

Killed at battle of Malvern Hill.
Levy, Solomon

Company.

Regiment.

3d Infantry

12 th Infantry

24th Infantry

State Reserves

1 2th Infantry

12 th Infantry

3d Infantry

State Reserves

1st Cavalry

1 st Cavalry

3d Infantry

3d Infantry,

(Montgomery Blues.)

Moses, Monteeiore, Surgeon

Moses, Mordkcai \
Moses, Henry C.
Moses, Alered )

Brothers

Infantry

Meyer, Herman

42 d Infantry

Mkktif, S. A.

3d Infantry

Marks, Samuel

Lieutenant

3d Infantry

Myer, Moses

1st Artilery

Mvkk, Charles

42d Infantry

Myek, Henry

4th Infantry

Mook, A.

1 1 th Infantry

Meyerberg, L.

3d Infantry

Markstein, Max

5th Infantry

Neubrik, K.

1 2th Infantry

Pepperman, Marx

1st Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 121

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Pickard, Samuel C i 2th Infantry

Proskauer, Adolph Captain A 12th Infantry

Entered the Confederate Army as private ; was ap-
pointed Color Sergeant ; rose to be Captain ; was
wounded four times.

Richmond, Charles

2d Cavalry

Richards, Julius

44th Infantry

Discharged 1862 for disability.

Raufman, S.

nth Infantry

Rohotsch,

3d Infantry

Richard, J.

3d Infantry

Richard, Aaron

44th Infantry

Solomon, David Colonel

Appointed by the Governor of Alabama, as Aide-de-
Camp, with the rank of Colonel.

Steiner, L.

3d Infantry

Sussman, David

27th Infantry

Killed at Seven Pines.

Steiner, M.

3d Infantry

Strass burger, H. Lieutenant

3d Infantry

Sussman, H.

4th Infantry

SCHOENBACHER, H.

1st Infantry

Straus, I.

1st Infantry

Served until disabled.

Scharf, E.

1st Cavalry

Solomon, Joseph

1st Cavalry

SULSBACHER, A.

4th Infantry

Schalhofer, Philip

8th Infantry

Sterne, Samuel

Eufala Artillery

Wounded at Atlanta.

Stern, Joseph

1 2th Infantry

Strauss, Leopold

Cavalry

Served three years until disabled by wounds.
SiEGEL, MoSES C 12th Infantry

Killed in action.

122 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Hank.

Somrnthkil, Jacob
Schiffman, Jacob

Killed at Seven Pines.

SlKGLE,

TuRGUEiM, David
Tanhauser, Gustav

Killed in action.

Ulfelder, M.
Ullman, William

Waldmax, Iy.
Weil, D.
Weil, H.
Wambacher, Louis

Killed at Vicksburg, June 14, 1863
Wolf, Max

Young, h.

Yaretski, Julius Lieutenant

Served four years; promoted from private

Company.

Regiment.

r2th Infantry

3d Infantrj-

44th Infantry

3d Infantry

23d Infantry

3d Infantry

8th Wheeler

Cavalry

3d Infantry

20th Infantry

2nd Infantry

3d Infantry

33d Infantry

Zadick, Abraham

2d Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

123

ARKANSAS.

Na.mk. Rank.

AlTKRBACH, A. K.

BlTRGAUER, I.

burgaubr, k.

Baum, Henry

Cohn, Wolf
Cohkn, Albert

Daniel, David
Dryfus, Marcus
Dryfus, Theo.

Erb, Jacob
Erb, S.

Frank, Isaac

Flechter, J. G. Captain

Franklin, Samuel

Fox, W.

Febs, E.

Frank, I.

Gans, Morris
Gates, David

Served four years.
Gates, Eerdinand

Served four years.
Gates, Isaac

Served four years.
Goodman, Herman

Hirschfield, Henry
Hineman, M. L,.

Company.

Regiment.
8th Cavalry

Woodruff Battery
Woodruff Battery
Woodruff Battery

West's Artillery

6th Infantry

i st Infantry

ist Cavalry

i st Cavalry

ist Mounted Rifles

ist Cavalry

A 6th Infantry

ist Cavalry

B 2nd Cavalry

6th Infantry

4th Cavalry

Parson's Cavalry
A Woodruff Battery

A Marmaduke

Command

Ross Arkansas

Battalion

ist Infantry

5th Infantry
6th Infantry

124

Namk.

Heilbroner, Henry
Hoover, E.

Kempner, Jacob

Kalischer, S,
Klein, Abraham

KUHN, SlGlSMUND

Kempner, Jacob

Levy, Julius

Killed at Shiloh.

Lewis, L.

Meyer, Henry
Meyer, Gabriel
Mock, Moses
Mook, Samuel

Newman, Myer

Ottenheimer, Philip
Ottenheimer, Abraham

Pkarffer, Philip
Pollock, Abraham
Pollock, M.-
Pollock, Leo
Pfeifer, Philip

Rich, Rudolph

Simmons, Jacob
Stern, Solomon
Samuels, J.
Simmons, Harvey

Vollener, Louis

Winters, Samuel
Winters, Moses

THE AMERICAN
Rank.

JEW AS

COMPA n ■> .

ReOtIJIENT.

3d Infantry
West's Artillery

3d Cavalry
1 st Cavalry
3d Cavalry
West's Artillery
3d Cavalry

A 6th Infantry

B 4th Infantry

34th Infantry

4th Infantry

E 6th Infantry

6th Infantry

19th Infantry

1st Infantry
1 St Infantry

4th Cavalry

3d Cavalry

Woodruff's Battery

1 st Cavalry

6th Infantry

1st Infantry
1st Cavalry
3d Cavalry

1st Infantry

II
H

4th Infantry

6th Infantry
6th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

125

CALIFORNIA.

COMPANY

Alexander, A.
Adler, L.

Bacharach, Joseph

Cohn, S. B.
Cohen, Solomon

Served three years.

Davidson, Solomon

Corporal

REGIMENT.

2nd Infantry
6th Infantry

2nd Infantry

6th Infantry
3d Infantry

1 st Cavalry

An officer of distinction made the following remarks concern-
ing this gallant soldier:

' ' Personally I know several Hebrews who served in the
California regiments known as the ' California Column ' but in
the long years that have elapsed I have forgotten their names.
They were all good, faithful soldiers to the flag they enlisted to
defend. One I remember, by name, Solomon Davidson.
Comrade Davidson belonged to a cavalry regiment; I think it
was the 1st California, ordered for service in Arizona, Texas
and New Mexico. That regiment has seen more hard service
in the saddle than any other I know of wearing Uncle Sam's
uniform. Comrade Davidson was a brave man, carrying
dispatches and orders from one part of the command to another,
regardless of storms and dangers of Indian ambush so often to
be encountered in the Territories. Davidson was a loyal,
gallant soldier, and I am glad to be able to say this much for
our old Jewish comrades in arms. We knew no distinction on
account of birth or religion in the army, but we loved all loyal
men who gave their lives to the government in the hour of its
need. Let me in conclusion express my conviction that a com-
parison of services will not be determined detrimentally to our
Hebrew comrades."

126

N A M K.

THE AMERICAN JE \V AS

Rank.

Faught, Solomon
Fox, A.
Frank, M.

Guggenheim, Solomon

Harris, David

Served three years.
Hoffman, J.
Hess, Louis
Heubsman, J. B.

Klaus, Moses

Lambert, F. H.
Levick, L.

Miller, Louis
Meyers, Otto
Meyer, A.

Solomon, E.
Simon, Emil
Sichel, Eugene
Simon, Is adore

Schiller, Henry Sergeant

Entered as private.

To k las, Jacob W. 2nd Lieutenant

Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery

Toklas, Ferdinand
Served three years.

I'ANY.

Regiment.

1st Infantry

1st Cavalry

6th Infantry

1 vSt Cavalry

1st Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

4th Infantry

2nd Infantry

1st Infantry

6th Infantry

1st Infantry

6th Cavalry

1st Infantry

2nd Infantry

2nd Cavalry

6th Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

K
very .

6th Cavalry

6th Infantry

Zach arias, Jacob K 6th Infantry

Protecting United States Mail overland from Indian and
Mormon attacks and riot at San Francisco.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

127

CONNECTICUT

Namk. Rank.

Company.

IvEfilM KNT.

Cohen, Henry

7th Infantry

Cline, Samuel

26th Infantry

Cantrowitz, Samuel

10th Infantry

Dettelbach, Harry

10th Infantry

Dryfuss, Charles

10th Infantry

Hoshland, Nathan

7th Infantry

Harris, Henry

10th Infantry

Isaac, Julius .

10th Infantry

LAUBER, L/OUIS

10th Infantry

Morris, Simon

20th Infantry

Newman, Leon

3d Infantry

Rosenthal, Samuel

10th Infantry

Rosenthal, Simon

10th Infantry

Straus, Moses

10th Infantry

Schiff, Ludwig

10th Infantry

Wolfsohn, S.

7th Infantry

Wertheimer,

10th Infantry

128 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Bkhrknd, A., Doctor.

entered as Private, transferred to 2nd U. S. Regulars,
promoted to Hospital Steward, Army of the Potomac.

Frririck, Charts j B Tl f ner Rifles

( 8th Battalion

Mundhicim, Lkwis 8th Artillery

Junior Vice Commander Garfield Post No. 7, G. A. R.

FLORIDA.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment-

Cohkn, Gus Milton Artillery

Daniex, M. A 1st Infantry

Captured ; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Khnira, New York.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

129

GEORGIA.

Name.

Aaronheim, D.
Abrams, J. J.
Abrahams, J. M

Rank.

Company.
D

Regiment.
49th Infantry

1st Infantry
49th Infantry

Baer, Samuel

Served until close of war.
Benjamin, S.
Brown, M.
Brandt, Adolph
Bloomfield, Isaac
Bear, Samuel

Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery at Richmond, Vir

ginia.

6th Infantry

51st Infantry

2nd Battalion

5th Infantry

10th Infantry

Coleman,

51st Infantry
51st Infantry
20th Infantry

Cohen, Solomon

Crone, Herman A

Sixteen years old when enlisted; taken prisoner at

Williamsburg.

Cohen, Philip A 8th Infantry

Dreyer, Louis A.

De Young, Harry

Davisson, D.

Davidson, David Captain

1 st and 63d Infantry
2nd Battalion
2nd Battalion
50th Infantry

Eichbaum, Joseph 44 th Infantry

Wounded several times.
ELKAN, M. 63d Infantry

Ehrlich, A. Ist Infantry

Wounded in action.
Eberhart, Jacob G . 7th Cavalry

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

130 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Falkner, C. B 4th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Hanover Court House.
FriedenThal, L. i st Cavalry

Feuchtw anger, 2nd Battalion

Foote, Abraham 14th Infantry

Fries lehkn, Jacob D 4th Infantry

Frank, J.

Killed; buried at Jewish cemetery at Richmond, Vir-
ginia.

Goldsmith, M. M. Lieutenant Home Guards

Killed near Macon, Georgia.
Green, William 57th Infantry

Goodman, Charles 2nd Battalion

Gans, Jacob A 4th Infantry

Greenbaum, Jacob 51st Infantry

Killed at Gettysburg.
Goodman, Isaac 3rd Battalion

Goldman, Edward A 2nd Battalion

vSubsequently Drill Officer of 38th North Carolina In-
fantry.
Geisenheimer, M. B 1st Infantry

Goodman, Henry Sergeant B 14th Infantry

Enlisted as private; wounded in three actions — Har-
per's Ferry, Chancellorsville and the Wilderness.

Goldstein, 18th Infantry

Killed in action.
Goldsmith, I. Wellington Ranger

Died of fever contracted in camp.

Haas, Solomon A 1st Infantry
Enlisted, 1861; when mustered out, re-enlisted

in 12th Artillery.

Hertz, J. H. I 2nd Infantry

HirschlER, I. D 2nd Infantry

Harris, Elisha Cobb's Legion

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Ehnira, New York.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

131

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

4th Infantry

Heyman, Isaac

Wounded at Malvern Hill.

Hayman, Charles D 4th Infantry

General Phil. Cook introduced this soldier to General
Gordon at the reunion of the old brigade with the
words: "General, this was one of the bravest men
in my brigade. ' '

Heyman, A.

Killed; buried at Jewish cemetery at Richmond, Vir-
ginia.

Isaacs, A.
Isaacs, Emanuel
Isaacs, Isaac
Isaacs, M.
Jonas, Siegfried
Jacobus, Jacob H.

Killed at Shiloh.
Jackson, I.
Jacobs, William M.

Lieutenant

46th Regiment

2nd Battery

2nd Battalion

13th Battalion

8th Infantry

5th Infantry

51st Infantry
5th Infantry

Koppel, Jacob

Killed at Shiloh.
Kahn, Moses
Kohn, Bernard
Kaufman, Selig
Kohn, Jacob

Lippman, Julius E

Levy, Jacob Sergeant

Wounded ; served until close of war.
Levy, Morris .
Lippman, Louis

Wounded at Bull Run.
Lehman, A.
Lippman, Jacob
Levy, Simon

S-Tved three years.

5th Infantry

Cherokee Artillery

8th Infantry

63d Infantry

12th Infantry
2 2d Infantry

4th Infantry
8th Infantry

63d Infantry
63d Infantry
6th Infantry

132

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Levy, Nathan Lieutenant 5th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks ; killed.
Levy, Jacob Lieutenant 5th Infantry

Enlisted as private ; killed at Petersburg.
Leon, Morris 44th Infantry

Promoted from private.
Levy, Dick 10th Infantry

Levy, M. D. 1st Infantry

LEISSER, L. A 4th Infantry

Wounded at the Wilderness.
Lyon, Leonareande, Colonel
Lyons, James de

Graduate of West Point ; Adjutant of State Troops.

Mount, Samuel B., Lieutenant

Promoted from the ranks.
Marcus,

9th Infantry

63d Infantry
63d Infantry
63d Infantry
3d Batter)^

Meinhart, Isaac

Meinhart, Samuel

Morris, W. C

Captured ; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.
Mehlinger, J.
Metzger, Isaac
Mayer, Gabriel
Moss, L. A.
Marcus, M. Captain

Killed, October 13th, 1864

tery at Richmond, Virginia.

Magnus, Solomon

Killed at Resaca, Georgia.
Manners, Jacob
Meyer, Bernard

Killed at Manassas.

Manes, E,

Color -bearer at 2nd battle of Manassas, and at Sharps
bur"-.

2d Battalion
2d Battalion
4th Infantry
4th Infantry
15th Infantry
buried in Jewish Ceme-

Cherokee Artillerv

I
A

8th Infantry
1 st Infantry

8th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 133

NAJfB. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Meyer, Simeon 5th infantry

Mayers, Aaron Silver Grays

Morris, Philip Silver Grays

Mayer, Isaac Major 5 th Infantry

Meyer, Lazarus 3 d Infantry

MoSES, - Lieutenant C 2d Battery

Moses, I. Clifton A 10th Infantry

Moses, Montefiore J. 2d Infantry
Promoted Surgeon.

Moses, William Moultrie 2d Infantry

Mehlinger, M B 4 th Infantry

Myers, Bernard Ist i n f an try
Killed at Rich Mountain.

Merz, Louis D 4 th Infantry

Killed at Sharpsburg

MoiSE, Edward M. Captain A 10th Infantry

Enlisted in 7th Cavalry ; served until surrender ;
commanded the 10th ; had three horses shot from
under him in one day ; commanded the advance in
the Hampton cattle raid ; captured 2785 head of
cattle in the rear of General Grant's army in the fall
of 1864.

MoiSE, A. W. Lieutenant H 24th Infantry

Enlisted at the age of sixteen years as private in first
battalion of Maryland Cavalry ; transferred to 24th
Regiment ; wounded at the Wilderness carrying the
colors until disabled ; promoted from the ranks.

Newman, C. 49th i n f antry

Popper, I. 63d Infantry

Rosenberg, I. 3 d Infantry

Killed ; buried at Jewish Cemetery at Richmond, Vir-
ginia.

Rush, George W. Captain 22d Infantry

Killed at Petersburg.

131

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Hank. Company

Name. Hank. Company. Regiment.

Robinson, A. 15th Infantry

Killed in action June 26th, 1863; buried at Jewish

Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Rosen walt, Lazarus 3 d Infantry

Russell, Philip M. ist Infantry

Sherlein, Leopold
Stern, Isaac

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Schiff, Joseph
Sterne, Levi
Sterne, Anselm

Wounded by a shell.

Simon, N.
Segal, M.
Sylvester, L.
Sarling, Solomon
Schiff, Jonas
Schiff, P.
Stern, Jacob

Triest, Jacob
Wallerstein, H.
Wertheimer, Samuel
Weil, Jacob
Wittkowsky, David
Wittkowsky, Alexander
Warner, L.
Wertheimer, Harris

Wertheimer, Henry

Weiss, L.

Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery at Richmond, Vir-
ginia.

5 th Infantry

2d Battalion

2d Infantry

4th Infantry

51st Infantry

50th Infantry

5th Infantry

44th Infantry

63d Infantry

13th Battalion

44th Infantry

2nd Infantry

3d Infantry

51st Infantry

Lieutenant

19th Infantry

Silver Grays

Carten Battalion

Artillery

4th Regiment

ZlTTERBART,

4th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Macon, Georgia, German Artillery.
At the outbreak of the Civil War there existed in Macon,
Georgia, an Artillery Company named ''The Macon, Georgia,
German Artillery," composed entirely of American citizens of
German birth, about one-third being of Hebrew faith. We
give the names and positions of a few only, remembered by a
survivor.

Namb.
BlNSWANGER, NATHAN

BlNSWANGER, J.
BlNSWANGER, G.

Binswanger, Moses

Einstein,

Fendig,

HOCHSER,

Kaiin,

Rank.
2nd Lieutenant
Corporal
Private

Orderly-Sergeant
Miller, H. Private

Nordlinger, B. Bugler

Nordwalt, A. Private ,

Sanger, A. "

Sanger, R. "

ist Camp, Harrison, between Savannah and Brunswick.

2nd Camp, Satilla, near Brunswick, Georgia.

3d Camp, Failfair, near Savannah, Georgia.

Under Brigadier- General Capers. The Company was subse-
quently transferred to General Walker.

186

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

ILLINOIS.

Namk. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Alexander, Isaac

8th Infantry

Asher, JUNIUS Sergeant

9th Infantry

Auerbach, Salomon

Served until the close of the war.

( 10th Infantry
(31st Infantry

Abrahamson, Otto

10th Infantry

Arnold, Aaron

12th Infantry

Adler, Charles

14th Infantry

Abraham, August

20th Infantry

Abraham, William

2 1 st Infantry

Wounded at Stone River.

Adler, W.

30th Infantry

Abrams, Samuel

34th Infantry

Ash, David L. ist Lieutenant

37th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Abrams, Frank

39th Infantry

Abrahams, Frederick Lieutenant

44th Infantry

Adolph, Jacob

44th Infantry

Arnold, Isaac A. Captain

46th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Arnold, David Captain

57th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Abraham, Jacob

67th Infantry

Ash, Nathan

81st Infantry

Aaron, G.

83d Infantry

Abrahamson, William

84th Infantry

Arnold, Simon

92 d Infantry

Aarons, George

120th Infantry

Arnold, Jacob

130th Infantry

Arnold, Reuben

131st Infantry

Adler, Ferdinand

153d Infantry

Asher, Samuel

154th Infantry

PA TRIO 7\ SOL D IER

Namk. Rank.

Aaron, Julius
Adler, Henry
Arnold, Israel

Died in service.
Alexander, W.

Died in camp.
Abrams, Henry

Enlisted as private

Abraham, Alexander
Aaron, William
Abrams, H.
Ackerman, Jacob
Arnold, Benjamin
Arnold, Abraham
Abrahamson, J.
Adler, Daniel
Adler, Dankmar

Behrens, A.
Berlin, David
Blind, Philip
Bachman, Jacob
Benjamin, Charles A.
Bernard, George
Benjamin, W.
Breslauer, Morris
Breslauer, Josfph
Behrends, Bernhart
Benjamin, John

Served three years.
Blumenthal, Isidore

Enlisted as private ;
Blumenthal, Edward
Bamberger, Alexander
Baum, Benjamin

Enlisted as private
Benjamin, Jacob,

AND CITIZEN. 137

Com i'a n v. Reg i m knt-

156th Infantry

3d Cavalry

3d Cavalry
4th Cavalry

vSergeant

4th Cavalry

5th Cavalry
10th Cavalry

nth Cavalry

Lieutenant

1 2 th Cavalry
17 th Cavalry
1 st Artillery

Corporal

Hershaw Artillery

Corporal

\ t-f i11m-i-

rvrniiery

8th Infantry

13th Infantry

19th Infantry
19th Infantry
21st Infantry

2 2d Infantry

Corporal

24th Infantry

served three

years

24th Infantry

£R

24th Infantry

Corporal

25th Infantry
25th Infantry

13 i

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. R

ANK.

Company.

Rkoimkxt.

Brucker, S. S. Lieutenant

39th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Baer, Josfph

39th Infantry

Bien, Frederick

39th Infantry

Bien, David C.

42d Infantry

Baum, Henry

44th Infantry

Bamberger, V.

49th Infantry

Baum, George

49th Infantry

Blum, Gustav

57th Infantry

Bauer, Ferdinand

58th Infantry

Bernhard, Jacob

63d Infantry

Killed in battle.

Bamberger, vSalomon

65th Infantry

Bernstein, Samuel

Sergeant

67th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Brum, Samuel Captain

8 1 st Infantry

Wounded at Gnntown

; promoted to Captain for brav-

ery on the battlefield ;

served three years.

Baum, George

Sergeant

82d Infantry

Blum, Louis

82d Infantry

Bauer, Jacob

82d Infantry

Brand, Jacob

82d Infantry

Brede, Charles

8 2d Infantry

Killed at Chaneellorsville.

Burgheim, Herman

8 2d Infantry

Baum, Charles

1 12th Infantry

Behrens, Ferdinand

1 1 3th Infantry

Bien, Jacob

1 26th Infantry

Baum, Samuel

i42d Infantry

Breslauer, Moritz

Sergeant

147th Infantry

Baer, Reuben B.

4th Cavalry

Baum, Franklin

4th Cavalry

Baer, Daniel

7th Cavalry

Bauer, Herman

9th Cavalry

Blum, Charles

1 6th Cavalry

Died of wounds.

Behrens, Heinrich
Blum, Louis

1 6th Cavalry
1 6th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

189

NAME. RANK. COMPANY.

RKGIMENT.

Blumenberg, LEWIS

2d Artillery

Coleman, Alexander

8th Infantry

Cornelius, Adolph

9th Infantry

Re- enlisted as Veteran; died of wounds.

Cerff, George

13th Infantry

Killed at little Rock, Arkansas.

Coleman, Isaac

15th Infantry

Re-enlisted after expiration of term.

Cohn, J.

1 8th Infantry

Coleman, Henry

1 8th Infantry

Cornelius, Samuel

26th Infantry

Cauffman, Albert Lieutenant

33d Infantry

Coleman, Isaac

42nd Infantry

Cohen, A.

46th Infantry

Coleman, J.

56th Infantry

Cohn, Friedrich

82nd Infantry

Cohen, Henry

82nd Infantry

Cohen, Jacob

147th Infantry

Cohen, Louis

7th Cavalry

Cohen, William ist Lieutenant

1 2th Cavalry

Promoted from Corporal.

Darmstadter, Jacob

8th Infantry

Davidson, Henry

12th Infantry

Died from wounds.

Davidson, Samuel, Assistant- Surge

14th Infantry

De Wolf, Henry

15th Infantry

David, Daniel

1 8th Infantry

Daniels, Abraham

29th Infantry

Davidson, Marcus L.

35th Infantry

Daniels, Joseph

35th Infantry

Davidson, David, J.

38th Infantry

Killed in action.

Davidson, Benjamin T. Sergeant

40th Infantry

De Wolf, David Captain

47th Infantry

Killed at the battle of Corinth.

140

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank.

Daniel, Joseph

Durst, Jacob

Daniels, Alexander

David, E.

David, Leaser

Daniel, Jacob

David, Jacob

David, Isaac

Danielson, Elof

David, Isaac Captain

Davidson, David

Danielson, Gustav

De Wolf, William

Danielson, August

Erlacher, Max
Esslinger, Joseph
Engel, Ferdinand
Engel, Asa

Wounded.
Engel, Frank
Eckstein, Lewis
Einden, Salomon Lieutenant

Enlisted as private.
Ehrlich, William
Engel, Moritz

Franks, William
Frank, Joseph

Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Frank, Philip
Freeman, Joseph
Frank, David E.
Frank, Frederick
Freeman, Moses
Franks, E. S.
Frank, Carl

Killed in action.

Company.

Rkgimkxt.

49th Infantry

57th Infantry

65th Infantry

87th Infantry

97th Infantry

132nd Infantry

. I

132nd Infantry

151st Infantry

5 th Cavalry

9th Cavalry

1st Artillery

24th Infantry

30th Infantry

43d Infantry

72nd Infantry

132nd Infantry

3d Cavalry

12th Cavalry

1 2th Cavalry

12 th Cavalry

8th Infantry

10th Infantry

12th Infantry

14th Infantry

2 1 st Infantry

28th Infantry

32nd Infantry

39th Infantry

43d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

141

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Frank, Hkrman

43d Infantry

Badly wounded.

Frankknbkrg, Eli

46th Infantry

Frank, Simon

57th Infantry

Freeman, J.

66th Infantry

Faekenthal, Adoeph

70th Infantry

Friedenberg, Isaac

75th Infantry

Frank, Jacob

76th Infantry

Frank, I.

82nd Infantry

Frank, Meier Captain

82nd Infantry

Frank, Moritz

82nd Infantry

Frank, Mayer Captain

82nd Infantry

Enlisted at Chicago; was elected Lieutenant of Com-
pany C of the 82nd Regiment, in which he served
about two years, when he was promoted to Captain.
He was at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg from first
to last. Subsequently he was apppointed Brigade
Inspector and ordered West. He took part in the
battle of Wauhatchie and at Missionary Ridge, com-
manding the 80th. He went with Sherman to Knox-
ville to relieve Burnside. Captain Frank's deeds
entitle him to a place among the bravest Captains in
the service of the United States. When Captain
Frank volunteered to dislodge Confederate sharp-
. shooters, his whole Company to a man followed him.
It was subsequent to this act that he was appointed
Brigade Inspector. Two horses were shot from under
him at the first days battle at Gettysburg. He scouted
for some time in Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama
against guerilla chief ' ' Roddy. ' '
Frank, JESSE 86th Infantry

Frank, Isaac 104th Infantry

Frank, David Sergeant I 105th Infantry

Franks, Wieeiam 1st Lieutenant B 168th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.
Frank, Isaac 118th Infantry

Frankenberg, Benjamin 119th Infantry

Died of wounds received in battle.

142

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank

Frank, Emanuel
Fishel, Samuel
Fishel, Daniel
Frankenberger, David
Frankenberger, Ephraim
Frank, Israel
Frank, Noah

Died in the service.
Freeman, Marcus
Frank, Henry
Freund, Ludwig

Died in the service.
Frank, Philip

Goldsmith, David

Greenwall, David

Gottlob, Theo. Lieutenant

Gleiser, N.

Goldsmith, J. Corporal

Company,

H
A

Regiment.

130th Infantry
135th Infantry
135th Infantry
1 50th Infantry
150th Infantry
2nd Cavalry
3d Infantry

7th Infantry

9th Infantry

13th Infantry

2nd Artillery

7 th Infanrty

8th Infantry

9th Infantry

10th Infantry

14th Infantry

At expiration of term re-enlisted as a veteran.
Gottlob, Adolph G 14th Infantry

Goldsmith, Geroge 14th Infantry

Goldsmith, Alexander 10th Infantry

Re-enlisted after being honorably discharged.

Wounded in action at Stone River.
Goldsmith, Alexander Corporal F 19th Infantry

Wounded at Stone River, Kentucky.
Goldsmith, Jonas F 19th Infantry

Enlisted as private; re enlisted after being honorably

discharged. Killed at Stone River, Kentucky.

Goldsmith, Abraham
Goodman, Daniel
Goldsmith, Henry
Gottlieb, Joseph
Gottshalk, Emanuel
Goldsmith, Jacob
greenebaum, samuel
Green, S. W.

24th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry
28th Infantry
37th Infantry
37th Infantry
39th Infantry
42nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 143

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Greenwalt, Samuel 49th Infantry

Goldsmith, Beujamin F 70th Infantry

Goldman, H. 71st Infantry

GoTTLOB, Joseph Captain I 82nd Infantry
Promoted from Lieutenant.

GrEENhut, Joseph B. Captain K 82nd Infantry

Enlisted as a private at Chicago, April, 1861, in 12th
Illinois Infantry, being the second man on the enroll-
ment list of those who enlisted in Chicago for the
war. He was promoted to Sergeant, August, 1861;
was with the 12th Illinois Regiment through all the
campaigns under General Grant, in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, up to and including the Battle of Fort Donald-
son, in February, 1862, at which battle, while storm-
ing the Fort and just before its surrender, he was
badly shot in the right arm which caused his retire-
ment from the 12th Illinois shortly thereafter. In
August, 1862 he was appointed Captain of Company
K, 82nd Illinois Infantry, in which Regiment he
passed through the various campaigns and battles in
Virginia, under Generals Burnside, Hooker and Meade.
Captain Greenhut participated in the memorable Battle
of Gettysburg, July 1st, 2nd and 3d, 1863. He was
then transferred to the staff of Brigade Commander
Hecker, being appointed Adjutant- General of the
brigade. This brigade, after the Gettysburg Battle,
Rosecrans who, with his army, was surrounded at
was transferred to the Western army to relieve General
Chattanooga, Tennessee. The brigade had a severe
battle at Wauhatchie, near Chattanooga, in opening
communications with Rosecrans. The same brigade
also took a prominent part in the battles of Mission
Ridge and Lookout Mountain, as well as shortly there-
after of that of Knoxville, Tennessee. On the retire-
ment of General Hecker, in February, 1864, Captain
Greenhut also resigned his position in the army; the
following communication being handed him on his

144 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

retirement, by General McGroarty, who succeeded in
the command of the brigade:

"Headquarters 3d Brigade, 3d Division, nth Corps.

Whiteside, Tenn., February 28th, 1864.

General order No. 9.

Captain Joseph B. Greenhut, of the 82nd Regiment Illinois
Volunteers, having tendered his resignation, is, in pursuance of
special order, No. 55, Headquarters Department of the Cum-
berland, February 24, 1864, relieved from duty as Assistant
Adjutant-General of this Brigade, and Lieutenant Rudolph
Muller is announced as his successor. In parting with Captain
Greenhut, the Colonel commanding feels it both a duty and a
pleasure to bear testimony to his diligence, zeal and fidelity in
the performance of his duty in the office, as well as in the field,
and he regrets to see so excellent and brave an officer as Cap-
tain Greenhut leave his command.

Matters of important character only could induce Captain
Greenhut to leave the army in which he served three long and
hard years, taking active part in all the most decisive battles
east and west.

To be read on dress parade to the troops to-day.
By order of Colonel McGroarty,

Commanding Brigade and Post.

Rudolph Muller,

1 st Lieutenant and A. A. A. General.

Captain Joseph B. Greenhut,

Assistant Adjutant-General, 3d Brigade."
In recent years Captain Greenhut was appointed by Governor
Fifer one of the three commissioners to erect a monument on
the battle-field of Gettysburg, in honor of the Illinois soldiers
who participated in that battle. He delivered the dedicatory
address at the unveiling of the monument, September 3, 1891'.
in the presence of Governor Fifer, and a large multitude of
veterans and representative citizens of the State of Illinois, who
visited the battle-field on that occasion.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER, AND CITIZEN. 145

The Chicago Tribmie, of September 4, 1891, prints Captain
Greenhut's speech, as follows:

" Friends and Comrades: We are assembled here to-day on
the spot where, on the first day of July, 1863, our regiment
stood in line, at the beginning of the first day's memorable
Battle of Gettysburg. More than twenty-eight years have
passed since that eventful struggle, but our memory is re-
freshed and brightened when we cast our eyes about us and
view these familiar surroundings, and we are impressed in part
with the feelings which raged in our breasts when we were
formed into line on this field to stem the advance of the Rebel
Army. It was an herculean task to perform when we consider
that only a small portion of our army was in the field on the
first day of the battle, while the larger portion of Lee's Army
was concentrated on our front and right.

" None of us knew what a hot day's fight was before us when
we broke camp at Kmmetsburg early on the morning of July
1 st, and began our march towards Gettysburg. We had not
gone far when orders came to move faster and to be prepared
for an engagement. As we approached the town of Gettysburg
on the Kmmetsburg road, we could hear the first .shots that
were being fired on the cavalry skirmish lines and soon there-
after received word that the First Corps, which was ahead of us,
was already engaging the enemy, and then came the sad news
that General Reynolds had been killed. We then moved double-
quick through the town to this field where our batteries were
placed in position, and at once opened fire on the advancing
enemy. I was detailed in command of two companies of our
regiment to support Dilger's battery, and I can bear witness to
the effective work done by that gallant battery in holding the
enemy in check. We were exposed to the fearful cannonade
fire which the enemy opened in our front, and by which we had
several of our men wounded. We held our ground for a long
time against the large force in our front, but later in the after-
noon Ewell's corps flanked us on the right, and as our numbers
were still entirely too small to combat with the overwhelming
forces of the approaching enemy on our right, there was no
alternative for us but to retreat through the town and take up a
10

146 THE A MERICAN JE W AS

position on Cemetery Hill. It was in this retreat through the
town that our regiment suffered most severely, the rebels com-
ing in through the side streets, which compelled us to fight our
way through the entire town.

' ' Besides the killed and wounded we suffered in this street
conflict, a number of our officers were cut off and captured by
the enemy. It was a fearful struggle against great odds, and
as our regiment covered the rear of our brigade in that retreat
it has been a surprise to me that we were not entirely annihilated
in our endeavors to force our way through the town up to
Cemetery Hill. Each one of us can, however, vividly recollect
the hair- breadth escapes experienced on that occasion without
any allusions on my part. From Colonel Salomon, who had
his horse shot from under him in the street, down through the
entire rank of officers and men, none will ever forget that
terrible day. As soon as we reached Cemetery Hill, we felt
that we were in a better position and could resist any further
attacks, if they should be made, and the rebels evidently came
to that conclusion, as they did not make any further attempt
that day.

" During the night we were reinforced by the remainder of
our army, which reached Gettysburg from different points and
which brought confidence and encouragement to us who had
withstood the hardships of the engagement of the first day's
battle. When daylight appeared July 2nd, we were prepared
and ready for the second day's struggle.

11 Early morning hours on the second day were spent in com-
parative quiet, each army in full view of the other, and each
waiting for the other to begin the fight. The rebels, however,
who had possession of the town, had filled the houses standing
on the outskirts of the town, just below Cemetery Hill, with
sharpshooters for the purpose of picking off our officers, whom
they could easily spy standing or walking about on the hill.
This had become quite troublesome and General Schurz re-
quested Colonel Salomon to send a detail of about one hundred
men to dislodge the sharpshooters. I had the honor to com-
mand that detail, which was made up of volunteers, and
stormed those houses, driving out the sharpshooters and keep-
ing possession of the houses the balance of the day. In

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 147

making up this detail an incident happened which I shall surely
remember as long as I live, and I cannot refrain from referring
to it at this time. Brave John Ackerman, a private in my
company, who on every previous occasion was the first to
respond when volunteers were asked for to engage in some
daring work, did not come to the front on this occasion. I was
much surprised at his action, and stepped over to speak to him
about it. He said to me:

" ' Captain, I cannot go with you this time; I feel as though
something terrible was going to happen to me to-day.'

" He looked pale and despondent. Believing that he did not
feel well, I left him, after saying a few encouraging words to
him. Within an hour after I left him, Ackerman was killed,
a rebel shell cutting off more than half his head. His remains
were buried on Cemetery Hill, close to where he was killed.
It is singular, that he is the only one of our regiment killed at
Gettysburg whose name appears on any headstone in the
National Cemetery.

"The great artillery duel, consisting of the firing of more
than 200 cannon, which was the beginning of the second day's
battle, was especially severe on the exposed position occupied
by the Eleventh Corps on Cemetery Hill, and the rebels seemed
determined to dislodge us from our position, but were unsuc-
cessful in their efforts. All of us can recollect the myriads of
shells and bombs that flew in our midst and over our heads,
dealing out death wherever they struck in our ranks, and few
of the headstones which marked the graves in the old cemetery
were left unbroken after that shower of shells.

" The terrible charge the rebels made in the evening of the
second day to force us from our position on Cemetery Hill has
passed into history as one of the most desperate and bloody of
this memorable battle. The charge was made from the streets
of the town by the rebel brigade known as the ' Louisiana
Tigers,' and it is officially stated that out of 1700 men in that
brigade less than 300 ' Tigers ' returned to the town after that
charge. The third day's battle was nearly a duplicate of the
day previous, our regiment holding the same position on Cemtery
Hill and standing the terrible fire of the enemy with the same
bravery and gallantry that had characterized our organization

148 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

from the beginning. We can all recollect how with frantic
desperation the rebels tried to dislodge us from the position we
occupied, but all their attempts were unavailing, and when the
radiant sun sank behind the western horizon after the third
day's fight, the rebels signalized their defeat by a hasty retreat
southward. We can also vividly remember how light-hearted
and joyous we felt on that early Fourth of July morning when
we gazed on those fields and hills in our front which only the
evening before were full of life, covered with rebel soldiers and
cannon, and now looked deserted and forsaken. We then first
began to realize the great victory we had won, a victory which
I confidently believe was the turning point for the salvation of
this country. But while the face of every Union soldier on
that morning was glowing with the flush of heroism, there were
but few, however, who could pass without sad emotions over
the fields which were so thickly strewn with dead and dying
that in some places it was impossible to walk without stepping
on some of the dead bodies. But these are the consequences of
war, and I sincerely hope it may never again become necessary
in this glorious country to call out large armies and to bring
such great sacrifices in order to perpetuate our liberties and
freedom. (Cheers.)

" It is not necessary to-day to eulogize the many brave deeds
of the officers and men of our regiment on this battle-field, as
the official records bear ample testimony on that subject, and I
doubt whether any regiment can show a better record for
bravery than the old 82nd Illinois. (Applause. )

' ' This monument which has been erected through the
generosity of the State of Illinois to commemorate the noble
deeds of the 82nd Regiment will stand for ages as a tribute of a
grateful people to her sons, now living or dead, who partici-
pated in this, the greatest battle which was fought during the
war for the preservation of the Union. (Cheers. )

"We, the surviving members of the 82nd Regiment, fully
appreciate this token erected in our honor by the v State of
Illinois and in behalf of our comrades I desire to express
through his excellency, Governor Fifer, our sincere thankful-
ness for the same. ' ' ( Applause. )

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

149

11 Mr. Greenhut concluded by paying a handsome compliment
to the old Colonel of the 82nd, Colonel E. S. Salomon, and the
ceremonies closed with the recitation of a short poem in
German by Lieutenant John Baus, of Chicago."

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Goodman, Abraham 83d Infantry

Goodman, Lewis 87th Infantry

Goldsmith, W. 93d Infantry

Wounded in battle.

Goldsmith, J. 103d Infantry

Goodman, Moses Lieutenant 109th Infantry

Goodman, Jacob 116th Infantry

Goldsmith, Joseph D ii 8th Infantry

Goodman, K. 120th Infantry

Goldsmith, David 155th Infantry

Gans, Henry C 2d Cavalry

Goldsmith, J. Corporal 4th Cavalry

Gans, Levi 10th Cavalry

Goldsmith, William 10th Cavalry

Goldsmith, G. W. I 14th Cavalry

Gotthele, Joseph Adjutant 16th Cavalry
Enlisted as private ; promoted for bravery to 1 st Lieu-
tenant and Adjutant. After being mustered out re-
enlisted in 4th Regiment, Hancock's Veteran Corps;
served as Quartermaster Sergeant.

GoTTHART, Moritz E 2d Artillery

Hays, Benjamin B 7th Infantry

HESS, Joseph A 8th Infantry

Severely wounded at Fort Donelson.

Hahn, Martin D 8th Infantry

Heineman, Henry A 9th Infantry

Haas, Ferdinand A 9th Infantry

Heineman, J. A 9th Infantry

Herrman, Frank B 9th Infantry

Hess, Alexander ■ B nth Infantry

Heineman, William A 12th Infantry

Killed at Fort Donelson.

ISO

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Hays, Moses
Hess, Abraham

Re-enlisted as a veteran.

Heller, Adolph
Herrick, C. K.

Died from wounds received at

tucky.

Heeler, Albert
Hahn, Charles
Hays, Abraham Corporal

Mustered out as Sergeant.

Hays, Franklin
Hays, David
Hays, Henry

Hess, Jacob Corporal

Hays, Morris
Hays, Levi
Hart, Aaron
Hays, Daniel

Hoffman, Adolph Captain

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

HERRMAN, M. ) 2 Brothers

Herrman, Henry )
Heineman, George
Herrman, Louis
Hess, Jacob
Heineman, Henry
Heilbrun, Joseph
Hahn, Daniel

Wounded and captured.

Hess, Aaron
Hays, Morris
Hays, B
Hays, Levi
Hayman, A.
Heineman, Joseph
Heineman, Jacob

Company.

Regiment.

1 8th Infantry

19th Infantry

1 9th Infantry

Elizabethtown, Ken-

19th Infantry

22nd Infantry

25th Infantry

25 th Infantry

25th Infantry

20th Infantry

33d Infantry

34th Infantry

35th Infantry

39th Infantry

41st Infantry

43d Infantry

44th Infantry

46th Infantry

47th Infantry

54th Infantry

55th Infantry

57th Infantry

58th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

151

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Hkrrman, Frank

59th Infantry

Hart, Isaac

63d Infantry

Hirsch, Joseph

64th Infantry

Hirsch, Julius

64th Infantry

Hays, Joseph

65th Infantry

Haas, Joseph

65th Infantry

Harris, Charles

66th Infantry

Hays, Isaac

66th Infantry

Heineman, William

67th Infantry

Haas, Morris

72nd Infantry

Hess, Alexander

79th Infantry

Hirschberg, Louis

80th Infantry

Herrman, Julius

82nd Infantry

Herrman, Jacob

82nd Infantry

Hessberger, Leopold

82nd Infantry

Henshall, Alexander

82nd Infantry

IJeyman, Jacob

82 nd Infantry

Hirschlein, Leopold

82 nd Infantry

Hirsch, L.

82 nd Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Hesslein, Isidore

82nd Infantry

Hahn, Isaac

93d Infantry

Hahn, Jacob

93d Infantry

Hirsch, August

Lieutenant

1 ooth Infantry

HlRSCHBERGER, AAROIS

i Lieutenant

107th Infantry

Hirsch, Benjamin

1 08th Infantry

HlRSCHBERGER, HERMAN

1 1 1 th Infantry

Hirschman, Jacob

1 1 7th Infantry

Herzberger, F.

117th Infantry

Heineman, Henry

1 20th Infantry

Hess, Jacob

1 20th Infantry

Harris, Jacob

130th Infantry

Harris, Charles

134th Infantry

Served four years.

Holzman, S. L.

140th Infantry

Hays, Jacob

Captain

142 nd Infantry

Harris, Benjamin

Lieutenant

143d Infantry

Herrman, Gottlieb

144th Infantry

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name

Rank.

Company,

Hirsch, Henry

Hkrz, David

Hart, Aaron

Herrman, Herman

Hirschman, Joseph

Hkrrman, Jacob G

Hahn, Henry K

Herold, Herman Lieutenant

Enlisted as private; promoted for gallant
Hahn, Samuel
Hart, Levi Captain

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Herman, Gottlieb
Hess, Henry
Hvman, L. Chicago Board

Rboimbnt.

152nd Infantry

156th Infantry

1st Cavalry

3d CaYalry

3d Cavalry

5th CaYalry

7th Cavalr}'

1 ith CaYalry

conduct.

1st Artillery
1 st Artillery

2nd Artillery

of Trade Battery

Isaacs, Joseph
Israel, Samuel
Israel, Aaron
Isenstein, George
Isaacs, Aaron
Isaac, Charles
Isaacson, Isaac
Isaacs, W. A.
Isaac, David
Israel, W.

Sergeant
Captain

F
K

8th Infantry

1 8th Infantry

23d Infantry

24th Infantry

42nd Infantry

59th Infantry

92nd Infantry

1 1 7th Infantry

119th Infantry

1 2th Cavalry

Jacobs, C. 8th Infantry

Jacobs, Benjamin Corporal G 9th Infantry

Killed at Fort Donelson.

Joseph, Joseph H 10th Infantry

Jacobs, James A 12th Infantry

Jacobson, Fr. D 12th Infantry

Jacobs, G. 18th Infantry

Jacobs, Daniel Corporal H 25th Infantry

Jacobs, Joseph N. A 26th Infantry

Jacobs, Samuel 30th Infantry

Jacobs, Fr. 37th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

loa

Name,

Hank.

Jacobs, Elias
Jacobs, J. B.
Jacobs, Bkknhart
Jacob, Phllip
Jacobson, Jacob
Jacobs, Henry
Jacobson, Jacob
Jacobs, Abraham
Jacobs, E.
Jacobs, Benjamin
Jacobs, Samuel
Jacobs, S.

Died in the service.
Jacobs, Henry
Jacob, Aaron
Jacobs, Samuel
Jacobson, A.
Jacobs, William

Died in the field.
Jacobson, Charles
Jacobs, Joseph
Jacobs, Aaron
Jacobs, Samuel
Jacobs, W. Corporal
Jacobs, Joseph
Jacobs, Henry C.
Jacobs, Joseph E.
Jonas, Edward Captain
Julian, David
Jacobs, Charles
Jacobs, J.
Jacobs, Joseph, Jr.
Jacobson, J.
Jacobs, Charles
Jacobs, Charles Corporal
Jacobs, Henry
Jacobs, Alexander
Jacobs, Bernhard

Company.

Regiment.

38th Infantry

39th Infantry

43d Infantry

44th Infantry

K .

47th Infantry

53d Infantry

56th Infantry

57th Infantry

59th Infantry

62nd Infantry

65th Infantry

66th Infantry

78th Infantry

82nd Infantry

93d Infantry

94th Infantry

98th Infantry

103d Infantry

133d Infantry

1 34th Infantry

143d Infantry

149th Infantry

153d Infantry

2nd Cavalry

3d Cavalry

9th Cavalry

1 1 th Cavalty

nth Cavalry

12th Cavalry

1 2 th Cavalry

154

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Jacobs, A.

1 5th Cavalry

Jacobs, David F.

1 st Artillery

Jacobs, Jacob

1st Artillery

Jacobs, David M.

2nd Artillery

Jacobs, Daniel W.

•

2nd Artillery

Jacobs' Daniel

Chicago Mercantile Artillery

Jacobs, C. G.

13th United States Infantry

Jonas, Edward

Major

50th Infantry

Enlisted as private; promoted to 2nd

Lieutenant,

Captain and Ma

jor; captured

at Shiloh.

Kahn, Moses

9th Infantry

Kohn, Edward

12th Infantry

Kurz, Eli as

14th Infantry

Katz, Eli as

14th Infantry

Kuhn, George

1 6th Infantry

Kahn, Henry

20th Infantry

Kohn, Henry

24th Infantry

Kaufman, Moritz

1st Lieutenant H

24th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Kaufman, Jacob

24th Infantry

Krauskopf, G.

Sergeant

39th Imfantry

Kaufman, Isaac

Corporal

47th Infantry

Kaufman, Reuben

Corporal

54th Infantry

King, Louis

57th Infantry

Kaufman, Joseph

58th Infantry

Kaufman, Levi

Corporal

68th Infantry

Koch, Herman

Sergeant

82nd Infantry

Koch, Frank

82nd Infantry

Koch, Gustav

82nd Infantry

Kramer, Samuel

82nd Infantry

Karminski, Jacob

88th Infantry

Wounded at Stone River.

Kohn, Jacob

95th Infantry

Kaufman, Levi

1 06th Infantry

Kaufman, Isaac

106th Infantry

Kaufman, Isaac C.

1 1 5th Infantry

Konig, Jacob

132nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

155

Name.

Kaufman, Jacob
Kaufman, Philip
Kaufman, K. B.
Kohn, N.
Kaufman, Philip
Konigstfin, Jacob

Wounded in action
Kohn, Frederick
Kohn, Charles
Kahn, Frikdrich
Kaufman, Benjamin

Died in the service.
Koch, Louis
Kaufman, Michael*
Kaufman, Martin,
Koch, Joseph M.
Koch, Lewis

Rank.

Corporal

Company.

Regiment.

149th Infantry

1st Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

3d Cavalry

7th Cavalry

8th Cavalry

9th Cavalry

13th Cavalry

14th Cavalry

Sergeant

C 1 6th Cavalry

1 st Artillery

2nd Artillery

2nd United States Veteran Volunteers

Leavit, Levi

Lesser, Samuel B.

Leib, Herman Major

Lehman, Jacob Corporal

Enlisted as private.
Lehman, Reuben
Loeser, Levi
Levin, Charles
Levy, Michael
Lang, Adolph
Lehman, Ernst
Ludwig, Oscar Captain

Promoted from Sergeant.
Lehman, Frank

Died in the service.
Lehman, Jacob
Lieberman, Martin

Died of wounds.
Levy, Joseph

3d Infantry

8th Infantry

10th Infantry

14th Infantry

17th Infantry

19th Infantry

20th Infantry

21st Infantry

24th Infantry

156

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Leopold, William

45th Infantry

Lorch, Alexander

46th Infantry

Lehman, Joseph

47 th Infantry

Lehman, Henry

47 th Infantry

Loeb, Philip

49th Infantry

Lyon, Jacob F.

50th Infantry

Louis, Levi

50th Infantry

Lehman, Henry L.

1st Lieutenant

59th Infantry

Lehman, Henry

Corporal

59th Infantry

Lederman, David

59th Infantry

Lederman, Daniel

59th Infantry

Lehman, J.

70th Infantry

Loeb, William 2nd Lieutenant

82nd Infantry

Levy, Louis

82nd Infantry

Lammfromm, Jacob

82nd Infantry

Lasalle, Jacob

Captain

82nd Infantry

Loeb, William

Captain

82nd Infantry

Entered as private

; promoted for

gallant

conduct.

Lehman, Lewis

86th Infantry

Lichtenberg, Jacob

87th Infantry

Listner, Louis

93d Infantry

Lederman, Abraham

113th Infantry

Lederman, A.

130th Infantry

Landenburg, Abraham

137th Infantry

Lyon, David M.

Captain

138th Infantry

Lorch, Jacob

144th Infantry

Leib, Levi H.

2nd Cavalry

Died of wounds.

Ludwig, Daniel

3d Cavalry

LlCHTENBERGER, ALFRED

3d Cavalry

Lehman, Frederick

4th Cavalry

Leopold, Wiliam

8th Cavalry

Loeser, Jacob

9th Cavalry

Liebman, Daniel

10th Cavalry

Died of disease contracted in camp.

Lehman, Jacob

1 2th Cavalry

Levi, R.

13th Cavalry

Lehman, Frederick

13th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 157

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment-

Lehman, Michael 2nd Lieutenant 13th Cavalry

Lehman, Max 1st Lieutenant 16th Cavalry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Leopold, William 1st Artillery

Mendel, Noah E. Captain

7th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant;

killed at Fort Donel-

son.
Myers, Leo W. 1st Lieutenant

7th Infantry

Killed at Shiloh.

Morrison, Samuel

8th Infantry

Meyer, Leo

9th Infantry

Mayer, Charles

12th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Meyers, Herman

12th Infantry

Meyers, David

7th Infantry

Meyers, Henry

8th Infantry

Meyer, Jacob

9th Infantry

Died in the service.

Moses, Frank

9th Infantry

Meyer, Moses

9th Infantry

Died in the service.

Meyers, Aaron

H .

9th Infantry

Myers, Daniel

9th Infantry

Meerholz, Heinrich

10th Infantry

Marks, A. L.

13th Infantry

Served four years under the name of Charles Harris.

Morris, Levi

14th Infantry

Myers, Frank

14th Infantry

Moses, George

15th Infantry

Menken, Herman

1 6th Infantry

Meyers, David

19th Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

20th Infantry

Meyers, Samuel

20th Infantry

Myer, Alexander

20th Infantry

Myer, Jonas

22nd Infantry

Mayer, A. Sergeant

24th Infantry

158

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regtment.

Meykr, Samuel Sergeant

24th Infantry

Meier, Jacob

25th Infantry

Mayer, Charles Corporal

24th Infantry

Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.

Meier, Isidore

24th Infantry

Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.

Meier, Louis

26th Infantry

Myers, Joseph

26th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Manuel, Joseph

27th Infantry

Killed in action.

Moses, Albert Major

28th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Meier, Charles

28th Infantry

Mann, Isaac Corporal

30th Infantry

Promoted to ist Lieutenant.

Marks, Isaac Corporal

30th Infantry

Meier, Jacob

31st Infantry

Morris, Simeon

31st Infantry

Morris, Levi E.

31st Infantry

Meyers, Abarahm

33d Infantry

Killed at Vicksburg.

Myers, Joseph Captain

34th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Marcus, Frederic

36th Infantry

Morris, Solomon

37th Infantry

Myers, Abraham

40th Infantry

Mann, Charles

43d Infantry

Mp:ier, Frank

43d Infantry

Meyer' Louis

43d Infantry

Mann, Gustav

44th Infantry

Meier, Lewis

44th Infantry

Meyers, Joseph ist Lieutenant

44th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Moses, Lewis

46th Infantry

Moses, William

46th Infantry

Mayer, Isaac

46th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

159

Name. Rank,

Mykrs, Jacob
Mendel, David
Moritz, William
May, Charles Lieutenant

Myers, Louis

Mayer, Charles Adjutant

Promoted from private.

Meyers, Henry
Moses, Charles
Mayer, Benjamin
Mayer, Abraham
Meyer, Frederick
Meyers, Simeon 2nd Lieutenant
May, Aaron E. Adjutant

Meyer, Charles Sergeant

Meier, Charles E. Corporal
Meier, Samuel
Mann, Margin Captain

Mantel, A.
Meyer, Charles
Meyers, William
Meyers, Alexander
Meyer, Gustav
Meier, Ferdinand
Mantel, Charles
Killed in action.

Mayer, Samuel
Marx, C. H.
Marks, Nathan
Meier, Daniel
Meier, Philip
Mannheim, E.
Meier, Gottlieb
Mayer, William
Meier, Jacob Corporal

Killed at Chancellorsville.
Meyers, David

Company.

G
G

G
C
C
C
C
I)
I)
K

Regiment.

47th Infantry
47th Infantry
48th Infantry
50th Infantry
54th Infantry
58th Infantry

58th Infantry

59th Infantry

62nd Infantry

63d Infantry

64th Infantry

65th Infantry

69th Infantry

70th Infantry

72nd Infantry

73d Infantry

76th Infantry
80th Infantry
82nd Infantry
82nd Infantry
82 nd Infantry
82nd Infantry
82nd Infantry
82nd Infantry
82nd Infantry

82nd Infantry

160

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Nam*. F

lAKK. ('

ONPANY.

Regiment.

Manheimkr, Godfrey

82nd Infantry

Wounded at Atlanta.

Meyers, Isaac

83d Infantry

Mann, Isaac Corporal

85th Infantry

Meyers, Solomon

85th Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

87th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

87th Infantry

Meyers, Frank

89th Infantry

Mayers, W.

Lieutenant

92nd Infantry

Myers, Isaac

103d Infantry

Myers, Henry

1 nth Infantry

Morgenthal, Jacob

1 1 6th Infantry

Mayer, Charles

1 1 8th Infantry

May, Abraham

Lieutenant

130th Infantry

Myers, Lewis

131st Infantry

Morris, Nathan

131st Infantry

Meyer, Gustav

134th Infantry

Mayer, Henry

i42d Infantry

Meier, Joseph

i42d Infantry

Moses, Reuben

Lieutenant

146th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Moses, Aaron

Sergeant

1st Cavalry

Moses, Reuben

Sergeant

1 St Cavalry

Meyers, Henry

2nd Cavalry

Mann, Levi

7 th Cavalry

Meyers, Morris

7 th Cavalry

Meier, Henry

7th Cavalry

Meyers, Daniel

8th Cavalry

May, Oscar

9th Cavalry

Meier, Herman

9th Cavalry

Died of wounds.

Meier, William

9th Cavalry

Meier, Herman

10th Cavalry

Meier, August

Lieutenant

10th Cavalry

Enlisted as private.

•

Mayer, Moses

12th Cavalry

Marks, Samuel

12th Cavalry

Meyers, Henry

13th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

161

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Meyer, Ferdinand

13th Cavalry

Marx,- Felix

Captain

13th Cavalry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Meier, Moses

15th Cavalry

Mann, Eugene

Corporal

15th Cavalry

Meyers, Charles

1 6th Cavalry

Mayer, J.

1 6th Cavalry

Meier, Herman

1 6th Cavalry

Marx, John F.

Lieutenant

1 6th Cavalry

Meiers, Nathan

17th Cavalry

Meyers, David

1 st Artillery

Meiers, Frank

1st Artillery

Meyers, Henry

Sergeant

1st Artillery

Enlisted as private.

Marx, Louis

2nd Artillery

Moses, Ferdinand

2nd Artillery

Mann, Lewis

Chicago Mercantile Artillery

Meyer, Henry

Elgin Artillery

Neuman, Albert

9th Infantry

At expiration of term re-enlisted

in Company B; was

killed at Fort Donelson.

Nathan, G. M.

24th Infantry

Nathan, Morris

24th Infantry

Newman, Joseph

42nd Infantry

Newman, J.

66th Infantry

NlEMAN, MORITZ

8 2d Infantry

Newman, Benjamin

91st Infantry

Newman, Jacob

82nd Infantry

Nattinger, S. L.

104th Infantry

Newman, Jesse

1 1 2th Infantry

Newman, Simon

Captain

145th Infantry

Newman, J.

4th Cavalry

Newman, David

13th Cavalry

Died of wounds.

Newman, Jacob
11

Corporal

Springfield Artillery

1(52

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company.

IlKGIMKNT.

Ochs, George

9th Infantry

Ochs, Ferdinand

24th Infantry

Opperman, Julius

24th Infantry

Ochs, Martin

27th Infantry

Ochs, Charles Corporal

71st Infantry

Ochs, Friedrich

72 nd Infantry

Oppenheimer, Abraham

17 th Cavalry

Phillipson, Aaron

3d Cavalry

Rose, E.

10th Infantry

Ressie, Adolph

10th Infantry

Rosenbach, Moses

10th Infantry

Rose, Daniel

1 2th Infantry

Rosenthal, Henry

21st Infantry

Rosenfeld, Frank

23d Infantry

Rosenthal, M.

43d Infantry

Rosenthal, Charles

49th Infantry

Rosenthal, C. W. Lieutenant

57th Infantry

Rose, Daniel

58th Infantry

Mortally wounded at Shiloh.

Rice, Joseph

58th Infantry

Rosenbaum, Alexander

75th Infantry

Rosenbaum, William

76th Infantry

Rosenthal, Sampson

82nd Infantry

Rosenhaupt, Joseph

107th Infantry

Rosenberg, S.

1 1 8th Infantry

Rosenhaupt, Simon

142nd Infantry

Rapp, Jacob

146th Infantry

Rosenberg, J.

3d Cavalry

Ruben, Frederick

12th Cavalry

Simpson, Elias

7th Infantry

Simpson, David

7th Infantry

Simonson, Isaac

8th Infantry

At expiration of term re-enlisted

as veteran

; promoted

to Sergeant; killed at Fort Blakely.

Sturmer, Joseph

roth Infantry

Sanders. Frank

1 6th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

163

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Samuels, Charles

19th Infantry

Simon, Joseph

24th Infantry

Summerfield, Eli AS

24th Infantry

Simon, Adam Corporal

24th Infantry

Sanders, Jacob

25th Infantry

Solomon, F.

25th Infantry

Stern, Jacob

30th Infantry

Simpson, Isaac

31st Infantry

Simpson, William

31st Infantry

Stern, Joseph

35th Infantry

Simons, Adolph

37th Infantry

Simons, Marcus

37th Infantry

Simons, Levi Corporal

37th Infantry

Simpson, Joseph

38th Infantry

Simpson, Daniel

40th Infantry

Samuelson, Alexander

43d Infantry

Samuelson, Charles

43d Infantry

Samuelson, Charles A.

43d Infantry

Sanger, Louis

47th Infantry

Solomon, Henry

48th Infantry

Simon, Lewis

51st Infantry

Solomon, David

52nd Infantry

Sampson, Samuel

53d Infantry

Simpson, Samuel Corporal

55th Infantry

Samuelson, Charles

55th Infantry

Killed at Kenesaw Mountain

Solomon, D.

58th Infantry

Strauss, Charles

59th Infantry

Stine, Isaac

68th Infantry

Simons, Alexander

78th Infantry

Sommer, Frank Corporal

82nd Infantry

Salomon, A.

82nd Infantry

Simon, Gustav

82nd Infantry

Steinbach, M. Joseph

82nd Infantry

Simpson, Herman Corporal

82nd Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville

Shoenwalt, Frank Lieutenant

82nd Infantry

Salomon, Abraham

82nd Infantry

164 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

SiESEL, SiEGmund C 82nd Infantry

Salomon, Edward S. Brigadier-General 82nd Infantry

Joined the 24th Illinois as 2nd Lieutenant, participat-
ing in the battles of Frederickton and Mainfordsville,
Kentucky. His gallantry in action and general pro-
ficiency in tactics were the cause of successive pro-
motions till in 1862 Lieutenant Salomon was gazetted
Major of the regiment. Owing to disagreement among
the officers of the command of Colonel Hecker, Major
Salomon and other officers resigned and organized
another regiment under the official designation of the
. 82nd Illinois Infantry, of which Major Saloman ulti-
mately became Colonel. As a member of the nth
Army Corps under General Howard, he participated
in the campaign of which the actions at Chancellors-
ville and Gettysburg were salient features. He also •
took part in the battles round Chattanooga, Lookout
Mountain, and Missionary Ridge-; fought in fact
throughout all the campaign in the Southwest and
was ultimately brevetted to the rank of Brigadier-
General.

President Grant appointed General Salomon to the
Governorship of Washington Territory which position
he held four years to the satisfaction of the citizens
and to the increased industrial prosperity of the North-
west.

As the subject of this sketch has also been promi-
nent in politics on the Republican side, his military
service has frequently been attacked by political
enemies. To show with what little justice these
attacks have been made, we publish a few of the
opinions entertained by prominent Generals of the
army :

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 165

"Headquarters 3D Division,

August 20, 1863.
Major General Howard,

Commanding nth Corps.
General:

Of the part taken by my Division in the actions of July 2
and 3 at Gettysburg, I have the honor to submit the following
report: One of the five regiments of the 1st Brigade, the 74th
Pennsylvania, was left with General Ames to strengthen his
right wing; the remaining four were directed towards a strip of
woods on the right of the Division, in which the firing had
become very heavy, and where, according to a report of some
staff officers of the 1st Corps, immediate aid was needed. Two
regiments, the 157th New York and the 61st Ohio, were
guided by one of their officers, while the other two, the 82nd
Illinois and the 45th New York, were led by my Chief of
Staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Otto, of the 50th New York.

It had meanwhile become quite dark, the direction of the
fight being indicated by nothing but the sound of musketry.
The regiment entered the woods with the greatest determina-
tion, and drove the enemy from our rifle pits.

It is my pleasant duty to mention as especially deserving,
the names of Lieutenant-Colonel Otto, who superintended this
operation with great judgment and courage, and Lieutenant
Colonel Salomon, of the 82nd Illinois, who displayed the
highest order of coolness and determination under very trying
circumstances.

I am, General,

Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) C. Schurz,

Major- General Commanding Division.

166 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Headquarters 3D Brigade, ist Division, 20TH
Army Corps.

Near Kenesaw Mountain, Ga.

June 26th, 1864.
Allen Fuller,

Adjutant-General, State of Illinois.
Sir :

I have the honor to respectfully request that you issue
a Colonel's commission to Lieutenant-Colonel Edward S. Salo-
mon, commanding the 82nd Regiment Illinois Volunteer In-
fantry, belonging to his brigade. I take pleasure in saying
that it is my sincere belief that Lieutenant- Colonel Salomon
fully deserves this favor, not only by his inherent ability and
merit as an officer, but more particularly by the gallantry and
efficiency he has displayed during this campaign. The regi-
ment he commands is his best recommendation, it being sol-
dierly, gallant and thoroughly disciplined. It will be accepted
as a personal favor if you will make special effort to obtain
the approval of Lieutenant-Colonel Salomon's commission as
Colonel, and his muster as such by the War Department.
Respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. S. Robinson,
Colonel Commanding 3d Brigade,
1 st Division 20th Army Corps.

Headquarters ist Division, 20TH Army Corps.

June 28th, 1864.
Respectfully forwarded, heartily concurring with the within
recommendation .

(Signed) A. S. Williams,

Brig. Gen. Commanding Division.

Headquarters 20TH Army Corps.

June 28th, 1864.
Respecfully forwarded. I fully concur in the within reconf-
mendation Lieutenant Colonel Solomon has won the good
opinion of all his comrades by his great gallantry and good

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 167

conduct, and it will be but a just and grateful appreciation of
his services to confer the preferment upon him.

(Signed) Joseph Hooker,

Major-General Commanding.

Headquarters 3D Brigade, ist Division, 20TH
Army Corps.

Goldsboro, N. C, April 2nd, 1865.
Hon. H. M. Stanton,

Secretary of War.
Sir :

I have the honor to recommend and earnestly request the
appointment of Colonel Edward S. Salomon, of the 82nd Regi-
ment, Illinois Volunteers, as Brevet Brigadier-General for gal-
lant and meritorious services.

Colonel Salomon joined this brigade with his regiment at
the opening of the campaign against Atlanta in the spring of
1864. During the fighting before Resaca, Georgia, on the 14th
and 15th of May, this regiment behaved with great gallantry.

Again, at New Hope, Georgia, on the 25th of the same
month, Colonel Salomon led his command with admirable cool-
ness and courage against the enemy. After having advanced
under a severe fire of musketry and artillery more than a mile,
he held his line close to the entrenched position of the enemy,
without a breastwork, and with a scanty supply of ammunition.

At the battle near Peach Tree Creek, before Atlanta, Geor-
gia, on the 20th of July, 1864, Colonel Salomon performed a
most gallant and meritorious part in repulsing the repeated on-
slaughts made by the enemy. In the face of a furious raking
fire, he held his line for four hours, when the enemy withdrew
from his front with great loss.

During the siege of Atlanta, Colonel Salomon was ever
prominent for his energy, coolness and judgment.

In the fight near Averysboro, North Carolina, on the 16th
of March, 1865, Colonel Salomon, as usual, led his regiment
into action with great gallantry and skill.

At the battle of Bentonville, on the 19th of March, 1865,
Colonel Salomon and his command drew the unqualified
admiration of all who witnessed their coolness and discipline

168 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

under fire, and their effectual services in repulsing several de-
termined attacks of the enemy.

Colonel Salomon has distinguished himself in other engage-
ments besides those which have been mentioned. At Gettys-
burg and Missouri Ridge his gallantry was conspicuous and
challenged the highest admiration.

I consider Colonel Salomon one of the most deserving offi-
cers of my acquaintance. His regiment is his highest praise.
In point of drill and discipline it is second to none in this
corps. Its record will bear safe comparison with any other of
the same age in the army.

Colonel Salomon has had a commission as Colonel since
April, 1864, but his regiment not containing the requisite
number of men he has been unable to get mustered.

Earnestly hoping that his claims will meet your favorable
attention.

I remain, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) J. S. Robinson,

Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Commanding 3d Brigade,
1st Division, 20th Army Corps.

Headquarters 2oth Army Corps.

Goldsboro, April 2, 1865.
I cordially concur in the recommendation of General Robin-
son. The officer (Colonel Salomon) has just merits. He is
intelligent, gallant, brave and faithful. I have had several
occasions. to mark his distinguished merit. There can be no
promotion more deserved.

A. S. Williams,
Brevet Maj. Gen. Commanding.

War Department,

Washington, June 15, 1865.
Sir :

You are hereby informed that the President of the United
States has appointed you for distinguished gallantry and meri-
torious services during the war, a Brigadier General of Volun-
teers, by brevet in the service of the United States, to rank as
such from the thirteeenth day of March, one thousand eight

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 169

hundred and sixty-five. Should the Senate at the next session
advise and consent thereto, you will be commissioned accord-
ingly.

Edwin M. Stanton,

Secretary of War.
To Brevet Brigadier-General Edward S. Salomon,
U. S. Volunteers.

What was thought of General Salomon and his administration
as Governor by the people of Washington Territory is best ex-
plained by quoting the following article from the Pacific Tribune,
published at the time he resigned his office of Governor:

" Resignation of Governor Salomon.

" The acceptance of Governor Salomon's resignation by the
President is universally regretted by our people. He was
honest, fearless and capable. He mingled freely with the
people, identified himself with their interests and generously
expended his time and means to bring hither population and to
promote our material interests. He has established a reputa-
tion in the office which will make his administration a source
of pride to his fellow-citizens, and he carries into his retire-
ment the consolation that the good and true of all parties re-
gard it fortunate that he should have been called to preside
over our. destinies. We speak the sentiment of our people
when we express unfeigned regret that he felt it his duty to
resign his office. His official acts are his best records; they
have all met with the heartiest commendation of our people.

"A thorough and consistent Republican, baptized in the fire
of battle, when gallantly sustaining the flags, he has always
been true and steadfast to the principles of the party of which
he was so distinguished a member. While ever ready with
purse, pen and tongue to maintain his partisan principles, he was
singularly free from a partisan bigotry in the exercise of official
functions. He governed the Territory. Party behests never
made him swerve from official integrity or duty to the whole
people. How proudly can he look to this episode of his life.
He governed well. He satisfied all, for the welfare of the
whole was constantly in his eye ; he was true to the position he
so happily filled.

170

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

" But his successor is soon to come among us. We are ready
to accord to the new Executive a cordial welcome. We can
wish him, however, no higher or better aspiration than that he
may prove worthy to be the successor of one who so faithfully
and well performed all his duties as Edward S. Salomon."

Name.

Rank. (Y

IMPANY.

Rkgiment.

Shanwalt, Jacob

91st Infantry

Samuelson, G.

105th Infantry

Stink, Abraham

1 1 ith Infantry

Simon, Joseph

1 1 7th Infantry

Switzer, Moses

1 1 8th Infantry

Salomon, Tobias

122nd Infantry

Salomon, Levi

123d Infantry

Salomon, Samuel

123d Infantry

Strauss, David

1 24th Infantry

Simons, Samuel

132nd Infantry

Strauss, Albert

156th Infantry

Simon, David S.

2nd Cavalry

Sternberg, H.

2nd Cavalry

Simons, Daniel

4th Cavalry

Strauss, Charles

4th Cavalry

Schiff, Gottlieb

8th Cavalry

Strauss, Lewis

8th Cavalry

Samuelson, David

Corporal

10th Cavalry

Salomon, Henry,

1 st Lieutenant

10th Cavalry

Enlisted as private.

Sampson, Simon

10th Cavalry

Died of wounds.

Solomon, H. J.

2nd Lieutenant

10th Cavalry

Strouse, Charles

12 th Cavalry

Sachs, Adam

Captain

13th Cavalry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Simon, Henry

17th Cavalry

Schoneman, Jacob

2nd Artillery

Ulman, A.

58th Infantry

Vogel, Bernhard

9th Infantry

Vogel, Louis

43d Infantry

Veteran.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

171

Name. Rank.

Vogel, Louis

Vogel, Jacob

Vogel, Gottlieb

Vogel, Jacob

Vogel, Charles Captain

Vogel, Lewis,

Company.

Regiment.

44th Infantry

67th Infantry

72nd Infantry

93d Infantry

132nd Infantry

2nd Cavalry

Wolf, Julius K 7th Infantry

At expiration of term re-enlisted as Veteran.

Wolf, Louis A 9th Infantry

Weil, Louis E 9th Infantry

Wodic, Emanuel K 10th Infantry

Has testimonies from his superior officers, speaking in

the highest terms of his devotion and courage.

Weise, Simon

nth Infantry

Wolf, M. P.

1 2th Infantry

Wolfson, R.

1 6th Infantry

Wolf, G. W.

1 6th Infantry

Wolf, Charles

1 8th Infantry

Wolf, Joseph

21st Infantry

Wolf, Henrv

21st Infantry

Wellner, Jacob

23d Infantry

Wollner, Jacob

23d Infantry

Served three years.

Wolf, Charles

24th Infantry

Wolf, Jacob

25th Infantry

Wise, Simon

26th Infantry

Wise, Isaac

31st Infantry

Wurzburger, Abraham

82nd Infantry

Wolf, Moses

82nd Infantry

Weiss, Joseph

82nd Infantry

Waterman, Alfred Surgeon

105th Infantry

Promoted from Assistant Surgeon

de Wolf, Henry Sergeant

134th Infantry

Waterman, David

9th Cavalry

Weil, Samuel

1st Artillery

Zucker, Simon

10th Infantry

Zaellner, Louis

82nd Infantry

172

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

INDIANA.

Name.

PvAN K.

Com pant.

Regiment.

Adler, Henry

Corporal

15th Infantry

Adolph, Jacob

22nd Infantry

Aaron, Allen

33d Infantry

Asher, W. H.

33d Infantry

Asher, H. C.

33d Infantry

Ash, Isaac

37th Infantry

Appel, Mose;s

38th Infantry

Died of wounds

received at Stone River.

Appel, Joseph

38th Infantry

Asher, S.

54th Infantry

Ascher, David

57th Infantry

Ash, Joseph

67th Infantry

Abraham, Benjamin

68th Infantry

Ash, C. M.

70th Infantry

Abraham, Ezekiel

83d Infantry

Aaron, Daniel

90th Infantry

Ash, Daniel

Captain

99th Infantry

Arnold, Moses

99th Infantry

Ash, Salomon

99th Infantry

Albert, Levi

1 06th Infantry

Aaron, Adolph

107th Infantry

Asher, Noah

Corporal

128th Infantry

Mustered out as

Sergeant.

Asher, Simpson

133d Infantry

Ash, Henry

144th Infantry

Abrahamson, Eugene

152nd Infantry

Alexander, Levi

13th Battery

Baer, Samuel A.

7th Infantry

Died of wounds

received at the Wilderness

Berlin, Jacob

9th Infantry

Killed at Shiloh.

PA TBIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

173

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Benjamin, Abraham

Corporal

ioth Infantry

Enlisted as private

Benjamin, Theodore

6th Infantry

Bair, Manasseh

8th Infantry

Barnett, Isaac

9th Infantry

Barnett, Lewis

i ith Infantry

Bachman, Benjamin

13th Infantry

Benjamin, Julius

13th Infantry

Barnett, S.

1 8th Infantry

Benjamin, David

20th Infantry

Bernard, Jacob

Corporal

20th Infantry

Bernard, M.

1 St

Heavy Artillery

Bair, Simon

26th Infantry

Bernard, Henry

1st Cavalry

Benjamin, David J.

29th Infantry

Bernard, William

32nd Infantry

Blum, Marcus

32nd Infantry

Bernard, A.

32nd Infantry

Barnhard, David

33d Infantry

Benson, David S.

3d Cavalry

Bernard, L.

38th Infantry

Barnhard, Jacob

40th Infantry

Beers, Marcus

40th Infantry

Bachman, L.

42nd Infantry

Bean, Solomon

44th Infantry

Bear, Levi

46th Infantry

Baum, C.

46th Infantry

Benjamin, Abel

46th Infantry

Benjamin, Philip M.

46th Infantry

Baer, Manasseh N.

Corporal

47th Infantry

Baer, Daniel

47th Infantry

Baer, David

72nd Infantry

Baer, Aaron

74th Infantry

Mustered out as Qi

jiartermaster

.Sergeant.

Blum, B.

77th Infantry

Baier, J.

89th Infantry

Bamberger, Herman

J-

107th Infantry

Bear, Manasseh

1 1 6th Infantry

174

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Baum, Adam E.

i 1 6th Infantry

Baum, Zachariah

1 1 6th Infantry

Bernheimer, Leopoli

)

136th Infantry

Coffman, Marcus

nth Infantry

Cahn, Ad.

32nd Infantry

Cahn, Julius

32nd Infantry

Coffman, Isaac

40th Infantry

Coffman, Samuel L.

2nd Cavalry

Coffman, Levi

8th Cavalry

Coffman, Nathan

43d Infantry

Captured; died in Rebel prison.

Coffman, Levi

Sergeant

3d Cavalry

Cornelius, Abraham

51st Infantry

Cohn, Gabriel

Sergeant

68th Infantry

Coffman, Jacob

75th Infantry

Coffman, Jonas

75th Infantry

Coffman, Isaac

81st Infantry

Coffman, Isaac

97th Infantry

Cohen, Charles, Jr.

noth Infantry

Coffman, Joseph

1 1 6th Infantry

Cohen, Charles

1 1 6th Infantry

Coffman, Joseph

128th Infantry

Cohen, Isaac

13th Cavalry

Coffman, Jacob

8th Battery

Cahn, Albert

Lieutenant

135th Infantry

Cohen, Max

3d Cavalry

Cohn, A. J.

Captain

Pleasanton's Cavalry

David, Daniel

6th Infantry

David, Levi

7 th Infantry

David, Ephraim

Corporal

7th Infantry

Davidson, Mordecai

17th Infantry

Davidson, David

20th Infantry

Dryfus, Jacob

32nd Infantry

Daniel, J

44th Infantry

De Witt John

52nd Infantry

Desar, David

Lieutenant

107th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

175

Name,

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Epstein, Frank

7th Infantry

ESLINGER, ISIDOR

Captain

32nd Infantry

Emanuel, Benjamin

50th Infantry

Eeeinger, Jacob S.

53d Infantry

Eslinger, A.

59th Infantry

Engee, Elias (Minute Men)

105th Infantry

Engel, N. (Minute Men)

1 06th Infantry

Emanuee, Daniee

1 1 6th Infantry

Engeehart, H. D.

83d Infantry

Eeeinger, Reuben

25th Battery

Franks, Ernst

17th Infantry

Friedeein, Adam

19th Infantry

Frank, Samuee

1st Cavalry

Freund, Henry

32nd Infantry

Fred, Ephraim

53d Infantry

Fred, Jacob

53d Infantry

Fryberger, A. J.

54th Infantry

Frank, Moses

59th Infantry

FlSHEL, SOEOMON

99th Infantry

Fishel, David

99th Infantry

Faek, Isaac W.

1 ooth Infantry

Faek, Joseph

1 ooth Infantry

Friedeein, Michael

1 1 8th Infantry

Frankfoder, D.

Lieutenant

142nd Infantry

Friedeein, Joseph

147th Infantry

Friedeein, Emanuel

147th Infantry

Frank, Adam

Lieutenant

6th Battery

Frank, Joseph

10th Battery

Frank, Morris F.

25th Battery

Grunburg, Marks

8th Infantry

Goldsmith, Joseph

1 ith Infantry

Goldsmith, J. L.

15th Infantry

Goldsmith, Joel L,.

1 8th Infantry

Wounded at Pea Ridge.

Goodman, C.

Corporal

23d Infantry

Goldman, W. H.

23d Infantry

176

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. 1

ElANK. C<

DMPANY.

Regiment.

Goodman, Benjamin S.

24th Infantry

Goodman, D.

26th Infantry

Goldsmith, Frederick

26th Infantry

Goodman, Jacob

30th Infantry

Goldsmith, G. B.

31st Infantry

Goldsmith, J. L.

33d Infantry

Goldsmith, John

34th Infantry

Goldsmith, M.

38th Infantry

Goodman, J.

38th Infantry

Goodman, Maier

38th Infantry

Greenfield, Henry

2nd Cavalry

Goldsmith, Henry

44th Infantry

Goldsmith, J. W.

44th Infantry

Green, Solomon A.

54th Infantry

Goodman, Charles B.

54th Infantry

Goldsmith, George W

57th Infantry

Goodman, A.

58th Infantry

Killed at Stone River.

Goldman, Jesse

60th Infantry

Goldsmith, M. H.

67th Infantry

Goldsmith, W. H.

68th Infantry

Goldsmith, James

80th Infantry

Goldman, Alexander

80th Infantry

Goldsmith, Joseph

103d Infantry

Goldstein, Samuel (Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Goodman, Abraham (Minute Men)

1 13th Infantry

Goldsmith, Bernard

136th Infantry

Goldman, Jonathan

142nd Infantry

Goldman, P.

144th Infantry

Goldsmith, J. G.

Corporal

9th Battery

Goldsmith, Edwin

Adjutant

100th Infantry

Hayman, Louis

Corporal

1 8th Infantry

Harris, Simon

20th Infantry

Killed at Gettysburg

Hess, Leopold

23d Infantry

Hirsch, Philip

26th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

177

Name.

Rank.

Hess, LEVI M. . Lieutenant
Promoted from Sergeant.

Hess, Joseph

Hahn, C

Hahn, J.

Hirsch, Jacob

Hinneman, David

Hinneman, Joseph

Hoffman, Solomon

Hess, Alexander Lieutenant
Promoted from Sergeant.

Hoffman, Emanuel L.

Hersh, J. W.

Hoffman, Aaron Corporal

Herrman, Abraham B.

Herman, Joseph Corporal

Hess, J.

Hoffman, Jacob

Huffman, Simon

Hess, Jacob Captain

Herschman, G. W.

Heller, Daniel

hochstetter, joseph
Killed by guerillas.

hochstetter, jacob

Heachburger, Levi

Herzog, Isaac

Hochstetter, Benjamin Lieutenant

Hirschberger, Abraham

HlRSCHBERGER, NOAH

Hyneman, J.

Hyneman, Lewis

Hirsch, Wolf

Wounded at Chickamauga and
served throughout the Civil War.

Hirschman, Ezekiel

Hart, Aaron Corporal

Company. Keqiment.

29th Infantry

31st Infantry

32nd Infantry

37th Infantry

8th Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

42nd Infantry

44th Infantry

3d Cavalry

46th Infantry

47th Infantry

2 1 st Infantry

51st Infantry

52nd Infantry

52 nd Infantry

63d Infantry

67th Infantry

72nd Infantry

80th Infantry

83d Infantry

86nd Infantry

taken

prisoner; he

100th Infantry

103d Infantry

178

Name.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank. Company.

Hahn, Joseph (Minute Men)
Herrman, A. (Minute Men)
Hart, Aaron
Herman, Reuben
Hirsch, George
Hirsch, Jacob
Hahn, Jacob
Hess, L.
Hirsch, August
Heineman, William Corporal
Herman, Jacob
Herzog, Jacob C.
Heller, Abraham
Hirsch, Ferdinand
Hirschler, Abraham
Died in Libby Prison.

Isaacson, J. A.

Josephs, Abraham C.
Joseph, Mark P.

Enlisted as private:
Jacobs, Nathan
Judah, Samuel
Joseph, Marx
Jacobs, Elias
Judah, Israel
Jacoby, S.

Died of wounds.

Judah, H.
Jacobs, A. M.
Judah, Th. O.
Joseph, John,
Jacobson, Samuel

Kaufman, Jacob C.
Kaufman, Adolph
Koch, Joseph

Sergeant
Captain
wounded.

A
F
F
D
H

K
K

Regiment,

106th Infantry

107th Infantry

9th Cavalry

12th Infantry

135th Infantry

136th Infantry

142nd Infantry

146th Infantry

149th Infantry

154th Infantry

155th Infantry

6th Battery

4th Cavalry

15th Infantry

nth Infantry
nth Infantry

G 13th Infantry

K 20th Infantry

1 st Heavy Artillery
K 30th Infantry

F 31st Infantry

48th Infantry

90th Infantry

114th Infantry

1 1 7th Infantry

3d Cavalry

14th Battery

20th Infantry

32nd Infantry

60th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Name.

Rank.

Corporal

Benjamin
Abraham

Sergeant
died in Andersonville Prison

Koch, L.
Koch, P.
Kahn, Julius
King, Isaac
Kiskr, Moses
Kaufman, Jacob
Kahn, Eu (Minute Men)
Kauffman, Benjamin
Kauffman, Abraham

Kuhn, IyEO

Kauffman,

Kuhn, S.

Kirschler, A
Captured;

Kubitshek, Michee

Kubitshek, Henry Lieutenant
Promoted from ranks.

Knefeer, Frederick Brigadier-C

Attained the highest rank of any Israelite who served
during the Civil War. He enlisted as a private in the
79th Regiment, Indiana Volunteers, and rose step by
step until he was promoted to the Colonelcy of his
Regiment. Subsequently he was appointed Brigadier-
General, then Brevet Major- General for meritorious
conduct at Chickamauga. He participated in the
principal battles of the Army of the Cumberland under
Generals Rosecrans, Thomas, Sherman, and Grant,
and took part in the engagements under Sherman in
the march to the sea. General Knefler has the repu-
tation of having been one of the most gallant soldiers.
He is now living in Indianapolis, honored and

Company.

Rkgiment.

60th Infantry

76th Infantry

88th Infantry

89th Infantry

noth Infantry

1 1 8th Infantry

nth Cavalry

136th Infantry

139th Infantry

149th Infantry

3d Battery

Prison.

4th Cavalry

88th Infantry

48th Infantry

neral

79th Infantry

respected .

LlCHTENBERGER, IyOUlS

6th Infantry

I^ieiEnthae, Henry

nth Infantry

LlPPMAN, Fr. L.

12th Infantry

LOWENTHAE, ISIDOR S.

Corporal

1 8th Infantry

Lehman, Simon

Corporal

2 1 st Infantry

180

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. C

OMPANY.

Regiment.

Lehman, C.

2 i st Infantry

Lehman, Rudolph

23d Infantry

Levi, J. S.

23d Infantry

Lazarus, Henry

24th Infantry

Lowenthal, Adam S.

Captain

29th Infantry

Enlisted as private;

promoted at the battle of Stone

River.

Lehman, Henry

31st Infantry

Lehman, H. D.

31st Infantry

Levi, Nathan

32nd Infantry

Levy, Nathan

Lieutenant

32 nd Infantry

Levy, Abraham

32nd Infantry

Leopold, W. W.

8th Cavalry

LlCHTENWATER, DAVID

44th Infantry

Lorsch, David C.

44th Infantry

Levi, Morris

52nd Infantry

Lehman, Samuel J.

57th Infantry

Lippold, Julius

58th Infantry

Leavit, Samuel

44th Infantry

Levi, J. S.

Corporal

66th Infantry

Killed at Richmond,

Kentucky.

Levi, Washington

123d Infantry

Letterman, Joseph

10th Cavalry

Lowenthal, Theodore

135th Infantry

Loeb, Isaac

138th Infantry

Ludwig, Herman

Lieutenant

20th Battery

Loeb, Jacob

1st Battery

May, Frank

2nd Infantry

Myers, Levi D,

7th Infantry

Meyer, Jacob

7th Infantry

Mayer, Ferdinand

Corporal

10th Infantry

Promoted to Lieutenant.

Marx, Isaac I.

nth Infantry

Manuel, Julius P.

12th Infantry

Meyer, Abraham

12th Infantry

Marks, Samuel

13th Infantry

Died of wounds.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

181

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Meyer, Adolph

Lieutenant

14th Infantry

Mendel, G. W.

Corporal

1 6th Infantry

Meyers, David R.

17th Infantry

May, Isaac M.

Major

19th Infantry

Meyers, L.

19th Infantry

Moritz, Jacob

22nd Infantry

Moritz, Frederick

22nd Infantry

Marcus, Alexander B.

24th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

27th Infantry

Manuee, Simon

29th Infantry

Moritz, Charles

29th Infantry

Marks, Jesse N.

29th Infantry

Meyer, Ernst

Lieutenant

32nd Infantry

Maier, Henry

30th Infantry

Mayer, Leopold

32 nd Infantry

Maier, Jacob

32 nd Infantry

Meier, Ferdinand C.

Sergeant

32nd Infantry

Meyer, Henry

♦

33d Infantry

May, Lewis

34th Infantry

Meyer, Jacob

Sergeant

37th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Mayer, Herman L-

44th Infantry

Mayer, Julius

46th Infantry

Mayer, Samuel

48th Infantry

Moritz, Daniel

54th Infantry

May, Simon

58th Infantry

Mayer, J. G.

Lieutenant

7 th Cavalry

Mayer, Abraham

59th Infantry

Mayer, Henry

60th Infantry

Myer, Isaac F.

Corporal

63d Infantry

Moses, Samuel

63d Infantry

Maas, Isaac

Captain

65th Infantry

Moses, Isaac

66th Infantry

Maier, Joseph

67th Infantry

Mayer, Henry

69th Infantry

Mann, David

69th Infantry

Mann, Isaac

69th Infantry

Mayer, Henry F.

76th Infantry

182

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name;.

Mann, Daniel
Moses, James
May, Abraham
May, Jacob
Meyer, Jacob
Marks, Jacob
Mann, Samuel
Marks, Henry
Manuee, Jacob
Moss, Lewis
Mayer, Louis
Meyer, Joseph
Marks, Isaac H.
May, Frank
May, Eei
Marks, Abraham
Morris, Mordecai
Myers, Solomon
Myers, Isaac
Myers, Jacob
Myers, Benjamin
Meyer, Herman H
Meier, Adolph H.
Mustered out as

Mayer, Julius

Rank. Company.

, C

Lieutenant

(Minute Men) B

(Minute Men) I

(Minute Men) C

(Minute Men) K

(Minute Men) D

Sergeant

Corporal

Regiment.

79th Infantry

80th Infantry

82 nd Infantry

89th Infantry

90th Infantry

91st Infantry

93d Infantry

107th Infantry

108th Infantry

1 08th Infantry

1 10th Infantry

138th Infantry

147th Infantry

148th Infantry

151st Infantry

156th Infantry

1 st Battery

Nathan, Harris
Neuman, Reuben

NlISSBAUM, JOSIAH

Nussbaum, Henry
Nussbaum, Joel
Newman, Joseph
Newman, Simon
Nussbaum, Joseph
Newberger, Sylvester
Nussbaum, Jacob

H
C
B
B
F
G
C
A
G

7th Infantry

33d Infantry
47th Infantry
47th Infantry

53d Infantry

58th Infantry

60th Infantry

89th Infantry

138th Infantry

13th Battery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 183

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Ochs, Lewis G nth Infantry

Ochs, Friedrich F 32nd Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga.

Oscar, Marcus

59th Infantry

Russell, E. J.

19th Infantry

Severely wounded.

Rosenbaum, William

26th Infantry

Rose, Joseph

38th Infantry

Rose, Solomon

38th Infantry

ROSENTHALER, J. G.

46th Infantry

Roschild, Albert

53d Infantry

Rich, David

67th Infantry

Rich, Jonah

67th Infantry

Rosenberg, Philip

8 1 st Infantry

ROSENGARTEN, LEON T.

104th Infantry

Rosenthal, Moses (Minute Men)

106th Infantry

Rosenthal, Samuel (Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Rosenthal, William (Minute Men;

1 10th Infantry

Rosenberg, John

129th Infantry

Rich, Nathan

137th Infantry

Salmon, Enoch C.

10th Infantry

Salomon, Isaac

10th Infantry

SCHLESSINGER, LEWIS

10th Infantry

Stern, Henry Lieutenant

13th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Stettnkr, Henry

nth Infantry

Speyer, Joseph

13th Infantry

Samuelson, August

17th Infantry

Strouse, W. H.

1 8th Infantry

Simon, Isaac D.

1 8th Infantry

Solomon, William

21st Infantry

Stkinkr, Jacob

24th Infantry

Segall, Bernhard

29th Infantry

Wounded at Shiloh and at Grand Gulf.

Strouse, Martin

30th Infantry

Solomon, Jacob

31st Infantry

184

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Regiment.

Stein, Emil H 32nd Infantry

Sachs, Max Lieutenant C 32nd Infantry

Killed at Bowling Green, Kentucky. He had refused to
surrender to the rebels surrounding him, but succeeded
in retarding the enemy's progress long enough to en-
able his comrades to obtain support and disperse the
enemy — one of the most heroic feats during the war.

Selig, SiEGMUND Lieutenant

32 nd Infantry

Simon, Levy

34th Infantry

Strouse, Simon

34th Infantry

SCHOTT, EZEKIEL

37th Infantry

Sanders, Aaron

38th Infantry

Solomon, Michael

2nd Cavalry

Strouss, Lewis

42nd Infantry

Strouse, Joseph

44th Infantry

Strouse, Frederick

3d Cavalry

Strouse, Daniel

47 th Infantry

Sulzer, Jacob

53d Infantry

Salmon, William C.

54th Infantry

Steiner, Jacob

58th Infantry

Stern, Samuel Quartermaster

58th Infantry

Simon, Joseph

59th Infantry

Schoenfeld, Jacob

60th Infantry

Swarz, Isaac

60th Infantry

Swarz, Levi

60th Infantry

Simon, Louis

65th Infantry

Stein, Joseph L-

69th Infantry

Simon, Joseph, Jr.

69th Infantry

Sigmonds, Joel

69th Infantry

Spiegel, Daniel

70th Infantry

Solomon, James

71st Infantry

Schiller, Daniel

73d Infantry

Schiller, I.

73d' Infantry

Samuelson, Samuel

73d Infantry

Solomon, Lewis

80th Infantry

Salmon, Jacob N.

81st Infantry

Solomon, David N.

85th Infantry

Stern, Jacob

90th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

185

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Solomon, Levi

91st Infantry

Sommers, Aaron

91st Infantry

Shoemaker, Aaron Lieutenant

101st Infantry

Spiegel, Edward

(Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Solomon, Charles (Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Solomon James

(Minute Men)

1 1 2th Infantry

Schoen, Max

Sergeant

7th Cavalry

Schklt, William

132nd Infantry

Mustered out a<

> Sergeant.

Strouse, David

133d Infantry

Sterns, Isaac

137th Infantry

Shott, Ezekiel

Lieutenant

139th Infantry

Stein, Herman

142nd Infantry

Solomon, Philip

Corporal

149th Infantry

Simons, Solomon

5th Battery

Seixas* Eugene

2 1 st Battery

Sampson, Joseph

Lieutenant

154th Infantry

Waterman, Solomon Captain

Promoted for gallantry; killed at
Republic, Virginia, while at the
pany.

Wolf, Jacob

Waterman, Moses

Wolf, Samuel

W t olf, Samuel

Wolf, Joel Lieutenant-Colonel
Lilled at Richmond, Kentucky.

Wolf, David

Wiener, Simon

Weiler, Aaron

Weil, Bernard

Wolf, Samuel

Wolf, David

Wolf, Aaron

Wolf, Levi

Wise, Abraham C.

I 7th Infantry

the Battle of Port
head of his Com-

C
I
K

C
F
G

K
L
H
G

I
K

9th Infantry
1 ith Infantry
1 ith Infantry
1 ith Infantry
1 6th Infantry

21st Infantry
30th Infantry
32 nd Infantry
32nd Infantry
8th Cavalry
42 nd Infantry
48th Infantry
53d Infantry
54th Infantry
65th Infantry

186

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name, Rank. C

'OMI'ANV.

Regiment.

Wolf, Samuel Lieutenant

73d Infantry

Wolf, Lewis

74th Infantry

Wolf, Reuben

74th Infantry

Killed at Murfordsville.

Wolf, Jacob

87th Infantry

Wolf, Levi

97 th Infantry

Waterman, Henry

1 ooth Infantry

Wolf, Joseph

1 ooth Infantry

Waterman, Henry F. Lieutenant

101st Infantry

Killed at Mission Ridge.

Wolf, Levi (Minute Men)

1 06th Infantry

Wolf, Moses (Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Wolf, Isaac (Minute Men)

107th Infantry

Wise, Emanuel D.

1 1 8th Infantry

Wolf, Moses A.

1 1 8th Infantry

Wolf, Levi Lieutenant

124th Infantry

Wolf, Solomon

124th Infantry

Wolf, Adam Lieutenant

130th Infantry

Wolf, Emanuel Corporal

138th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Wise, Abraham B.

10th Cavalry

Wolf, Jacob

152nd Infantry

Wiesenthal, Louis Lieutenant

7th Battery

Wolf, Joseph

9th Battery

Waterhouse, Charles

Brigade Band

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 187

IOWA.
Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Appel, Alexander M. Sergeant Major 16th Infantry

Distinguished for saving regimental colors at Pitts-
burg Landing; enlisted as private; promoted for
gallantry. For fifteen years a member of George G.
Meade Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic,
honored with the election as Post Commander and in
1893 appointed Assistant Inspector of G. A. R. Posts.

Benny, William B.

4th Infantry.

Wounded at Pea Ridge.

Boehm, S. Corporal

6th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Eller, Jacob

34th Infantry.

Gerson, N.

6th Cavalry

Klein, Max

1 st Cavalry

Meyers, Jacob

10th Infantry

Meller, Isaac

24th Infantry

May, Victor

Answered first call for 75,000

men;

subsequently

enlisted for the war.

Newbold, H. Colonel 14th Infantry
Killed at Red River.

Sanders, Leopold 4 tn Infantry

Strauss, Charles C 24th Infantry

188

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

KANSAS.

Rank.

Company

Regiment.

Bondi, August Sergeant K 5th Cavalry

Wounded three times; discharged; disabled.

Frank, Henry

Infantry
9th Cavalry

LiEbschutz, Adolph K

Brevet 1st Lieutenant
Enlisted as private; brevetted for meritorious conduct
wounded at Prairie Grove, Arkansas.

Rosenfeld, Quartermaster

13th Infantry

Ulmer, J.

8th Cavalry

Wittenberg, Arnold

2nd Infantry

Wittenberg, Marcus

5th Cavalry

Killed on the battlefield.

Wolf, Eugene

5th Cavalry

Seriously wounded.

Wittenberg, Moritz

12th Infantry

Name.

Davis, Henry
David, Joseph

KENTUCKY

Rank.

Company.
B
E

Regiment.

1 6th Infantry

1st Cavalry

Feist, Jacob Sergeant G 1st Infantry

Promoted from private; four years' service.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 189

Name. Rank Company. Regiment.

Hoffman, Lazarus B 15th Infantry

Three years' service; wounded atChickamauga.
Hecht, Noah D 23d Infantry

HlLP, Jacob 1st Cavalry

LowKnstein, Samuel B. K 1st Cavalry

( 23d Infantry and

LEVI, HENRY J 2nd Unked states Cava]ry

Pollock, Abraham Quartermaster 21st Infantry

Pfeifer, Joseph 21st Infantry

Rothschild, A Captain B 15th Infantry

Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery at Stone
River; wounded.

Rosenthal, Samuel D 34th Infantry

Straus, Louis

6th Infantry

SCHOENBERG, ELIAS

1 6th Infantry

Spitzer, Joseph

1 6th Infantry

SpEyer, Henry Captain

23d Infantry

SEESSEL, Henry

1 st Cavalry

Slaughter, Joseph

1st Cavalry

Trauerman, Bernard

1st Infantry

Ulman, Gus.

3d Infantry

Weil, Moses

2nd Infantry

Weil, Bernard

3d Infantry

190

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

LOUISIANA.

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Adler, Adolph

5th Infantry

Aaron, Moses

nth Infantry

Abraham, Joseph

nth Infantry

Asher, I.

nth Infantry

Alexander, J.

nth Infantry

Anselm, Jacob

1 8th Infantry

Died on the field of battle.

Assenheimer, David Captain

22 nd Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Albrecht, Adolph

Crescent Heavy Artillery

Aronstein, Julius

Colonel Wingfield's Battery

Brandt, J. R.

1st Infantry

Served during the war.

Baum, G. A.

2nd Infantry

Benson, F. Corporal

3d Infantry

Brandenstein, M.

3d Infantry

Killed at Vicksburg.

Badt, W.

3d Infantry

Bath, H.

6th Infantry

Benjamin, Michael

nth Infantry

Bard, Jacob

nth Infantry

Bloom, Abraham

nth Infantry

Brown, Louis

nth Infantry

Bloomensteil, Isaac

nth Infantry

Baer, M.

nth Infantry

Bodenheimer, Lazarus

nth Infantry

Blum, M.

1 ith Infantry

Bernstein, Jacob

1 ith Infantry

Brown, Herman

Washi:

tigton Artillery

Blum, Samuel P. Lieutenant

22nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

191

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

COHN, M.

3d Infantry

Caspari, L. Captain

3d Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Calinski, P.

3d Infantry

Cohn, I.

5th Infantry

Cohen, J. C. Captain

5th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.

Cohen, Jacob A.

15th Infantry

Killed at Manassas, August

30th, 1862

; buried in

Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Danzigkr, Is adore

Orleans Guards

Dalsheimer, Alexander

3d Infantry

Taken prisoner at Corinth.
De Meza, J. H.

Ellis, Lewis C. L.

Washington Artillery
22 nd Infantry

K 3d Infantry

Washington Artillery

Krankel Felix

Florence, Henry C.

Fischel, Charles F 8th Infantry

Falk, S. nth Infantry

Falk, Ferdinand K nth Infantry

Friedliener, Benjamin 12th Infantry

Served three years.
Friedheim, Herman F 12th Infantry

' ' Joined a company of Confederate soldiers which be-
came Company F of 12th Infantry. No braver man
ever fired a gun. At the Battle of Franklin, Tennes-
see, when there was not a commissioned officer to
lead, he as Sergeant, led his company, and passed
over the parapet into the Federal intrench ments, and
with James A. Piatt, a comrade, he was captured and
sent to Camp Douglas, in Illinois, and was kept a
prisoner until the expiration of the war." — From a
newspaper clipping.
Florence, Lewis Under Colonel Thomas

Killed at Vicksburg.

192

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Hank.

Name.

Gersholt, William
Godcheause, J.
Galt, Jacob
Gusdoeer, Morris
Gross, Charles

Harby, I. K.

Haas, A. M.

Haber, Ferdinand A.

Hyams, S. M. Lieutenant-Colonel
Promoted for bravery.

Haas, Henry

Enlisted 1861; served u:

Hirsch, B.

Killed at battle of Iuka.

Hochinski, W.

Hyams, J. P.

Promoted for gallant conduct at the battle of Elk Horn.

Hirsch, H. K 3d Infantry

Killed at the battle of Iuka.

Hellman, H. A 5th Infantry

Hart, Alexander Major 5th Infantry

Promoted from Non-Commissioned Officer, from 1863,
Colonel, being wounded; commanded regiment; taken
prisoner at Sharpsburg; seriously wounded at Sharps-
burg, again at Gettysburg.

Company.

Rkgtmknt.

1 st Infantry

nth Infantry

1 1 th Infantry

17 th Infantry

Washington Artillery

1st Infantry

3d Infantry

}f Cavalry.

3d Infantry

of war.

3d Infantry

Haas, Isidore

8th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; served until close of war.

Hirschfield, Benjamin

nth Infantry

Hirschberg, Frederick

1 ith Infantry

Holzman, Benjamin

nth Infantry

Hymes, I. Lieutenant

1 ith Infantry

Hymes, P.

nth Infantry

Herzog, S.

1 ith Infantry

Hart, Sidney A.

13th Infantry

Hirsch, N.

1 8th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 193

Name. Rank. Company. Reuimknt.

Hertz, Solomon
Herrmann, H.

22nd Infantry
41st Infantry

Isaacson, H. M. Captain
Israel, K. L.

22nd Washington Artillery
5th Infantry

Jacobs,

5th Infantry
10th Infantry

Jastrenski, Leon

Promoted for gallantry and daring.
Jacobs, Julius A K

Jacobs, Aaron B

Jacobs, Isaac
Jonas, Benjamin F.

Served as private until close of war; afterwards United

States Senator from Louisiana.

nth Infantry

1 ith Infantry

22nd Infantry

Fenner's Battery

Kursheedt, E. I. 2nd Washington Artillery

Promoted for bravery.
Kohlman, S. Watson's Battery

Enlisted at eighteen and served from 18.61 until the

close of the war.
Klotz, Abraham Donaldsonville Artillery

Served four years.

Kling, Gabriel Donaldsonville Artillery

Served four years.
Kahn, Gabriel
Kahn, Selig

Wounded at Vicksburg; served four years.
Kahn, Abraham
Kahn, Moses
Kaufman, S.
Kaufman, Moses
Kahn, Isaac Sergeant

Kahn, A.
Kahn, Julius
Kuhn, Samuel
13

2 ud Infantry

3d Infantry

r years.

8th Infantry

9th Infantry

nth Infantry

20th Infantry

194

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namk.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment,

Levy, Edgar
Levy, Lionel L.
Levy, Simon
Loeb, Henry

Served through the war.

Levy, Eugene H.

Wounded at Petersburg;

served through the war.
Levy, Julius H.

Served through the war.
Levy, Joseph C.

Killed in leading charge

at Shiloh.
Levy, Lionel C, Jr.

ist Washington Artillery

5th Washington Artillery

Donaldsonville Artillery

Dreux Battery

(3 brothers) C Dreux Battery
Lieutenant ist Infantry

Fenner's Battery

Enlisted at fifteen and served until the close of the war.

Levy, D. C.

Killed at Franklin.

Levy, David C.

Distinguished for courage; killed at Shiloh.

Lisso, Julius

Lisso, Marx

Levy, Julian S. B

Labat, Jacob C.

Lichtenstein, Wolf A

Levy, D. D

Lipman, Joshua Orderly Sergeant

) H

ist Infantry

ist Infantry
ist Infantry
ist Infantry
2nd Infantry
2nd Infantry
2nd Infantry
2nd Infantry
5th Infantry

Wounded at Winchester; subsequently Lieutenant.

Levy, William Colonel 2nd Infantry

Levy, Henry M. 2nd Infantry

Levy, L. I 3 d Infantry

Enlisted 1861; served until the close of the war;

wounded at Oak Hill.

Lyons, Isaac L. Captain 5th Infantry

Seriously wounded at Malvern Hill, yet served until
the close of the war.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

195

N A M B,

Rank.

Company.

Regiment

Lippman, Lewis P. Captain E 5th Infantry

Enlisted as private; promoted for bravery; killed at
Fredericksburg .

Labat, David Cohen Captain 5th Infantry

When, in consequence of severe illness, contracted in
the service, resulting in chronic asthma, Captain
Labat was compelled to resign his commission, J.
Bankhead Magruder, the General commanding, en-
dorsed the Captain's letter of resignation with the
words: "Captain Labat's resignation is a loss to the
public service."

Lippman, L. S. Lieutenant 5th Infantry

Killed May 9, 1863; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Levy, Julien 5th Infantry

Subsequently with "Stonewall" Jackson.

Labat, Jackson E. 5th Infantry

Captured at Vicksburg.

Lippman, Louis C. E 5th Infantry

Levy, Isaac Point Cooper Artillery

Served through the war with a surgeon's discharge in
his pocket; displayed notable bravery at the battle of
Baker's Creek. His willingness, skill and undaunted
courage combined to render him in every respect an
efficient soldier.

Levy, Albert

Lion, Sylvain

Levy, E.

Lichtenstein, William

Landman, Benjamin

Levy, Daniel

Loeb, Solomon

Levy, H.

Levy, S., Jr.

Levy, David C, Jr. Lieutenant
Promoted from private ; Acting
wounded ; killed at Murfreesboro .

Lippman, Asher

Louisiana Guards Artillery

Donaldsonville Artillery

Donaldsville Artillery

Louisiana Reserves

1 ith Reserves

nth Reserves

nth Infantry

1 1 th Infantry

13th Infantry

Adji

utant ; twice

22d Infantry

196

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. <

Company

REGIMENT.

Lyons, David

22 nd Infantry

Levy, Aaron Sergeant

30th Infantry

Marks, Harry H.

ist Washington Artillery

Fell in charge at Malvern Hill.

Marks, Edwin

National Guards Battery

Meertif, Samuel

1 st Infantry

Marcuss, M.

2d Infantry

Meyer, Adoeph

3d Infantry

Mayer, J. P. Corporal

3d Infantry

Wounded at Iuka and again at Vicksburg

March,

3d Infantry

March, Henry

5th Infantry

Promoted to Assistant Quartermaster.

Ma as, Max

5th Infantry

Moses, Philip

5th Infantry

Marks, Henry Clay Lieutenant

iotli Infantry

Killed at Malvern Hill.

Meyer, Leo W.

1 1 th Infantry

Meyer, E. H.

nth Infantry

Mannheimer, B.

1 1 th Infantry

Meyer, E.

1 ith Infantry

Moch, Henry

1 ith Infantry

Killed in battle.

Meyer, Siegmund

17th Infantry

Magner, Bernard

Fenner's Battery

Served through war.

Marks, Washington Major

22nd Infantry

Promoted.

Marks, D. H. Captain

22nd Infantry

Marks, Marion Lieutenant

22nd Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Marks, Hielee

22nd Infantry

Marks, Leon R. Colonel

27th Infantry

Killed at Vicksburg.
Marks, I.

Boone's Battery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 197

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Milled, Charles D. Dreux Battalion

Marks, Frederick Louisiana Guard Artillery

Moose, Charles Donaldsonville Artillery

Meyer, Adolph Hon. General

Newman, A.

3d Infantry

Captured at Corinth.

Nathan, Wolf

8th Infantry

Nathan, M.

9th Infantry

Newman, Henry

1 1 th Infantry

Wounded at Murfreesboro

Newman,

Major

14th Infantry

Nathan, Samuel

22d Infantry

Ochs, Louis

9th Infantry

Oppenheimer, Benjamin

2 2d Infantry

Phillips, Edward

3d Infantry

Rosenfield, Julius

7th Infantry

Rosenstein, Mathias

8th Infantry

Reiss, Alexander

nth Infantry

Reiss, Gust ave

1 ith Infantry

Rose, Emanuel

27th Infantry

REESE, Abraham

Sergeant

Crescent Infantry

Served four years.

Samuel, M.

2d Infantry

Enlisted 1861; served until close of war

Silbanagel, Benjamin

3d Infantry

Singer, Louis

3d Infantry

Killed at Vicksburg.

Sampson, Ed.

5th Infantry

Killed at Gaines' Mills.

Seixas, J. Madison

5th Washington Artillery

Served through war.

Straus, Joseph Lieutenant

nth Infantry

Strasser, Ephraim

1 ith Infantry

198

THE AMERICA N JEW AS
Rank. Company.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Sergeant K nth Infantry

K nth Infantry

K 1 1 th Infantry

Captain B 14th Infantry

14th Infantry

17th Infantry

21st Artillery

SchlEnker, Alexander Quartermaster's Department North

Stromeyer, George F 22nd Infantry

Scheuer, Jonathan Donaldsonville Artillery

Wounded; died at Richmond during the war; buried

in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Seligman, J.
Seligman, I.
Simon, Henry
Stratjss, I.

Stern,

Sartarius, Philip
Schlenker, Jacob
Stein, Daniel
Strauss, Nagel

Taylor, Richard (Dick)

"Louisiana Tigers'

Unger, Meyer

1st Infantry

Unger, Emanuel

1 ith Infantry

Weil, Alexander

2d Infantry

Wounded at Antietam

while trying

to recover the

regiment's flag; wounded seriously at Gettysburg and

captured.

Winner, Marks

3d Infantry

Wolf, Joseph

3d Infantry

Weil, Samuel

3d Cavalry

Weinberg, Selig

5th Infantry

Weinberg, Solomon

6th Infantry

Wagner, G

8th Infantry

Witkowsky, Louis

9th Infantry

Weiss, B.

9th Infantry

Wagner, Louis

9th Infantry

Wilcuiski, Benjamin

nth Infantry

Wolfsohn, Elias

nth Infantry

Wolff, Leon

nth Infantry

Weiss, Solomon

1 ith Infantry

Wechsler, A.

1 1 th Infantry

Weil, Nathan

1 ith Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Rank

109

Name,

Wolff, Isaac
Wechler, S.

Killed in battle.

Weil, Gabriel
Workum, David J.

Weil,

Wolff, Moses
Wolff, C.

Zark, Julius

Killed in skirmish,
Richmond, Virginia.

ZlMMERN, J.

Company

Regiment.

i ith Infantry

nth Infantry

13th Infantry

14th Infantry

Washington Artillery

Pouinte

Coupee Infantry

Major

7th Infantry
buried at Jewish Cemetery,

F 22nd Infantry

MAINE.

Name.

Goldman, A.

Rank. Company.

Captain

Regiment.

17th Infantry

MARYLAND,

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Blumenberg, Leopold, Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. V.

5th Maryland Infantry
After the attack on Fort Sumter he helped to organize
the 5th regiment, Maryland Volunteers, of which he
was appointed Major. He served near Hampton
Roads after which he was attached to Mansfield's
Corps and participated in the Peninsular Campaign,
and subsequently in Maryland, where his regiment
was engaged in the battle of Antietam, under his
command. Here he was shot in the thigh and con-
fined to his bed for many months. Being disabled for
further military duty President Lincoln appointed him
Provost Marshal of the 3d Maryland District. Presi-
dent Johnson subsequently promoted him to the rank
of Brevet Brigadier-General, U. S. Volunteers.

200 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

It may not prove inappropriate to mention here the remarks
made by William P. Wood, Esq., one of Washington's
best known gentlemen, with reference to the late General
Blumenberg in a communication to the present writer:

11 I was intimate with General Leopold Blumenberg, who
commanded in person the 5th Regiment, Maryland Volunteers;
you and others of his friends are familiar with the deserved
encomiums passed upon that gallant and kind-hearted American
Jew, who received terrible wounds in leading his regiment
on the battle-field of Antietam, and of which wounds he died
after having served in several important positions in Baltimore.

"Without being either Christian or Jew, I am familiar with
many heroes of your faith, and believe in according honor to
whom honor is due. Hoping your work will meet with the
success which I believe the subject-matter warrants, I am

Yours truly,
(Signed) William P. Wood."

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Feldstein, S. 2nd Infantry

Gross, A. F. 2nd Infantry

Seeman, Julius D. A 2nd Infantry

Stern, Lil. 1st Cavalry

Uhlfklder, Samuel G 3d Cavalry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

White, Harman 2nd Cavalry

Ordered on detailed service on staff of General Siegel.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

201

MASSACHUSETTS.

Name. Rank.

Ash, William Corporal

Adler, Joseph

Served three years.
Abraham, Charles
Ash, David B.
Abraham, Benjamin
Abrahams, David
Ash, Jacob

Boernstein, Henry
Bloom, Julius R.
Blumenthal, Robert
Baumgarten, Morris
Boernstein, Mayer
Blumenthal, Henry
Brand, Frederick
Bloom, Joseph

Cohn, Julius
Cohen, Abraham
Cohen, Joseph
Cohen, William
Cohn, David
Cohn, William

Corporal

Dessauer, John
Dias, David
Dias, Emanuel
Dias, Samuel A.

Served three years.
Dias, Emanuel Corporal

Com I'ANY.

Regiment.

5th Infantry

2nd Cavalry

19th Infantry

• B

19th Infantry

2 1 st Infantry

22nd Infantry

55th Infantry

42nd Infantry

44th Infantry

3d Cavalry

4th Cavalry

2 1 st Infantry

30th Infantry

35th Infantry

Veteran Reserve Corps

1st Infantry

20th Infantry

21st Infantry

29th Infantry

56th Infantry

3d Cavalry

22nd Infantry

38th Infantry

C 3d Heavy Artillery

202

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namk. Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Ephraim, Joseph H.

31st Infantry

Served four years.

Emanuel, Michael

32nd Infantry

Friend, Joel M.

50th Infantry

Friend, Ellis A.

10th Battalion

FranklE, Jonas Brevet Brigadier -

General 17th Infantry

Promoted from Major.

Feldman, Julius Sergeant

2nd Cavalry

Frank Ernst

2nd Cavalry

Friedman, Lewis

30th Infantry

Friend, Solomon

30th Infantry

Friedman, Gottlieb

4th Cavalry

Gans, Charles

4th Cavalry

Guggenheimer, Samuel

13th Infantry

Goldberg, Jacob

20th Infantry

Died in the service.

Glazier, James E.

23d Infantry

Served three years.

Goldsmith, Albert Corporal

30th Infantry

Guggenheimer, Samuel

32nd Infantry

Gershel, Manheim Corporal

34th Infantry

Goldsmith, Benjamin F.

59th Infantry

Gottlieb, Joseph

4th Infantry

Goldsmith, Daniel, Jr.

27th unattached company

Goldsmith, Daniel

1 st Heavy Artillery

Hess, Henry

1st Infantry

Hart, Isaac C.

4th Infantry

Hart, Samuel S.

1 st Heavy Artillery

Served three years.

Herrman, Julius

3d Heavy Artillery

Hammerslough, Edward

1st Cavalry

Hart, Daniel C.

1st Cavalry

Hartman, I.

3d Cavalry

Herz, Joseph

20th Infantry

Heller, L,ouis

20th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIEB, AND CITIZEN. 203

Name. Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Hart, Isaac C.

D 23d Infantry

Hart, David

D 27th Infantry

Served three years.

Hart, Bernard

D 28th Infantry

Hirsch, Jacob

A 35th Infantry

Harris, Mosks

F 54th Infantry

Hart, Joseph

A 56th Infantry

Hart, David A.

K 57th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hart, Daniel

Veteran Reserve Corps

Hofman, Jacob

Veteran Reserve Corps

Hofman, Joseph

Veteran Reserve Corps

HERZBERG, AdOLPH

Isaacs, Charles H.

B 6th Infantry

Isaacs, Joseph

K 4th Heavy Artillery

Isaacs, John

H 1 ith Infantry

Isaac, Alexander

B 12th Infantry

Killed at Antietam.

Isaac, W. H.

Veteran Reserve Corps

Jacobs, Gustav

G 1 8th Infantry

Died in the service.

Joseph, Emanuel

C 20th Infantry

Jacoby, Ferdinand

G 25th Infantry

Jacobson, Henry

H 29th Infantry

Joseph, Joseph M.

Veteran Reserve Corps

Joel, Henry

3d Heavy Artillery

Jacob, Joseph

M 3d Cavalry

Joseph, Henry

6th Battery

Jacobs, Henry Corporal

35th Infantry

Jacobs, Jacob

59th Infantry

Kohn, Henry Corporal

Kaufman, Leopold
Served three years.

Kuhn, Israel

Served three years.

3d Infantry
6th Battalion

26th Infantry

204 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Hank. Company. Regiment.

Kuhn, Frederick C 32nd Infantry

Klein, Julius G 3 2nd Infantry

Kowaltzki, Ludwig H 35th Infantry

Kohler, Jacob Veteran Reserve Corps

Karpeles, Leopold Color Sergeant E 57th Infantry

Enlisted September, 1862 in Company A, 46th Regi-
ment. After expiration of service re-enlisted in Com-
pany K, 57th Massachusetts, 1865. He was wounded
at the Battle of North Anna River (Wilderness), but
rejoined his regiment after a short time, though un-
able to walk without the aid of a cane, and was finally
disabled, totally, in December, 1864, at Petersburg.

Sergeant Karpeles received a medal of honor from
Congress for distinguished services in the Battle of
the Wilderness, May 8, 1864, he having saved a part
of the army from being captured during a retreat in
disorder by rallying troops around his colors, thereby
checking the enemy's pursuit."

PiTTSFiELD, Mass.,

April 10, 1870.
This is to certify that Leopold Karpeles was a soldier under
my command during part of the late war. My estimation of
his good qualities may be judged from the fact that I entrusted
him the colors of the 57th Massachusetts Infantry.

He was always faithful in the discharge of his duties as a
soldier, and if my certificate to that effect can assist him in
getting employment in some position for which he is qualified,
I very gladly give it.

W. F. Bartlett,

Late Brigadier-General, U. S. V.,
Brevet Major-General.

Camp of the 46TH Regiment M. V. M.

New Berne, N. C, May 17, 1863.
This is to certify that Mr. Leopold Karpeles is a Corporal of
Company A of this regiment. * * * * In the battles of
Kingston, Whitehall and Goldsborough he bore the State

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 205

NAME. Rank. Company. Regiment.

colors. The promptness with which he came upon the line of
battle, and the firmness with which he stood his ground, though
his flag was several times pierced by the bullets of the enemy,
were so conspicuous as to be the subject of remark and com-
mendation.

I have no hesitation in endorsing him as a man who in any
position would only have to know his duty, and he would dis-
charge it to the best of his ability.

(Signed) S. B. Spoonkr,

Major 46th Regiment, Massachusetts V. M.

I very readily give my testimonial to the efficiency and
soldierly qualities of h. Karpeles, within named, having fre-
quently remarked and observed his alertness, promptness and
faithfulness to duty.

(Signed) W. S. Shurtrrss.

Colonel Commanding.

I cheerfully concur in the above.

(Signed) S. B. Warklry,

Lieutenant-Colonel 46th Regiment, M. V. M.

Fort Gibson, Indian Trrritory.

June 1, 1888.
My Drar Old Comrade and Frirnd:

Your letter of the 13th of May just received, and I hasten to
reply. I was glad to hear from you and glad to find you still
on the shores of mortality, where our numbers are fast diminish-
ing. Our duty now lies in planting the principles and memory
of the great struggle in the hearts of generations to follow us,
endear to them the old flag that you carried from the Wilder-
ness to North Anna, so gallantly and faithfully, and teach them
to love their country which was saved at such a sacrifice.

Yes, Karpeles, I well remember you at the Battle of North
Anna; I remember that you carried the colors of the glori-
ous old "57th," far beyond any other colors; your bravery
was conspicuous. I remember that you fell, badly wounded;
another Sergeant was sent to take the colors from you but you

208

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

refused to give them up but carried them forward until loss
of blood, or another wound, I have forgotten which, compelled
you to give them into the hands of another. I remember all
of this distinctly as I felt justly proud of you as a Sergeant of
Company " E. " * * * *.

Please write me and accept my very best wishes.
Sincerely and fraternally yours,

John Anderson,

i st Lieutenant, 18th Infantry,

U. S. Army.

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Levy, William

ioth Infantry

Lehmier, Louis

nth Infantry

Served three years.

Lippman, John W.

nth Infantry

Died in service.

Lkhman, Aaron W.

nth Infantry

Loestein, Simon

20th Infantry

Leon, Alexander

20th Infantry

Lowenthal, Louis

20th Infantry

Lyon, Marcus H.

24th Infantry

Killed at Deep Run

Virginia.

Levy, David

26th Infantry

Lippman, Carl N.

27th Infantry

Lehman, Albert

' E

28th Infantry

Levin, Simon

Corporal

30th Infantry

Levi, Raphael

30th Infantry

Leo, Louis

Corporal

35th Infantry

Levy, Joseph

35th Infantry

Levy, Adolph M.

38th Infantry

Served three years.

Levins, Morris

39th Infantry

Served three years.

Lyon, Julius M.

Lieutenant

42nd Infantry

Lyon, Charles F

42nd Infantry

Levy, Morris

43d Infantry

Leo, Eugene

44th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN,

201

Name. Rank.

Levy, David

Levi, Samuel

Leopold, Henry A. Corporal

Lyon, Daniel

Levi, Samuel

Killed at Spottsylvania.
Lewin, W. H.

Died in the service.
Leopold, August
Levy, Bernard H.
Loebs, Jacob

Company.

REGIMEN'

13th Battalion

2nd Heavy Artillery

H 1 st Cavalry

L 4th Cavalry

F 56th Infantry

F 58th Infantry

Veteran Reserve Corps
Veteran Reserve Corps
Veteran Reserve Corps

Marks, Edward
May, Simon
Marcus, Herman
Meier, Jacob
Mayer, Charles
Marks, Henry
Maikr, Adolph

Nussbaum, Levi
Nathan, Joseph

Sergeant

nth Infantry

21st Infantry

30th Infantry

20th Infantry

30th Infantry

1st Heavy Artillery

Veteran Reserve Corps

47th Infantry

5th Cavalry

Ochs, Joseph A.

Rose, Benjamin
Rose, Eli

Rose, Benjamin, Jr.
Rosen au, Henry

Died in the service.

Rosenthal, Jacob
Rose, Arnold
Rosenthal, John
Rich, Reuben
Rose, Samuel
Rose, Abraham

B 45th Infantry

C 8th Infantry

1 8th Unattached company

27th Unattached company

3d Cavalry

L 4th Cavalry

13th Infantry
Corporal B 40th Infantry

H 56th Infantry

Veteran Reserve Corps
Veteran Reserve Corps

208

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment,

Spiegel, Charles

2nd Infantry

Solomon, Morris Sergeant

2nd Infantry

Solomon, Henry Sergeant

10th Infantry

Simons, Wolf

10th Infantry

Simon, Frederick

29th Infantry

Sommer, Adolph

35th Infantry

Steiner, Ferdinand Corporal

35 th Infantry

Steingardt, Benjamin

38th Infantry

Steingardt, Daniel

38th Infantry

Steingardt, Joseph

38th Infantry

Samuels, Samuel D.

7th unattached Company

Samuel, Joseph

7th unattached Company

Silberman, Barney

47th Infantry

Simon, John T. Corporal

50th Infantry

Died in the service.

Steinman, Louis

2nd Heavy Artillery

Samuel, Joseph Sergeant

4th

Heavy Artillery

Samuels, Samuel D.

4th

Heavy Artillery

Solomon, Joseph A.

5 th Cavalry

Simon, Daniel J. Sergeant

57th Infantry

Samuel, Solomon

8th Battalion Light Artillery

VoGEL, Henry

20th Infantry

Vogel, Louis

35th Infantry

Vogel, Ferdinand

47th Infantry

Waterman, Frank

5th Infantry

Wolf, Samuel

3d Cavalry

Waterman, Franklin

15th Infantry

Died in the service.

Wolf, Joseph Sergeant

20th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Wolf, Michael

20th Infantry

Killed at Cold Harbor.

Waterman, Benjamin

24th Infantry

Weiss, Jacob

24th Infantry

Served four years.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

209

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Weiss, Joseph

24th Infantry

Waterman, Charles Sergeant

28th Infantry

Waterman, Franklin

34th Infantry

Weiss, Reuben

Veteran Reserve Corps

MICHIGAN.

Name. Rank. Company.

Ash, Michaee I

Benjamin, H. C

Died in the service.
Barlow, Adolph C

Brown, Moses K

. Served three years.
Bush, Levi K

Died in the service.
Bush, Simeon M

Died in the service.
Blum, Simeon

Cohen, Charles I

Fuchs, David C

Frank, Simeon H. Lieutenant K

Freund, Joseph A

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Friedenberg, Joseph H

Died in the service.

Friedenberg, Charles A. B

Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Fox, J. H. E

Friedenburg, Elyah I

Frank, A.

Regiment.
1st Infantry

4th Cavalry

5th Infantry
8th Infantry

9th Cavalry

14th Battery

10th Cavalry

1st Infantry

1 st Infantry

2nd Infantry

6th Infantry

8th Infantry

nth Infantry

22nd Infantry

1st Cavalry

210

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

NAM*. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Frikdknberg, Albert G 5 tn Cavalry

Friedenberg, Benjamin C 7th Cavalry

Died in the service.
Frank, Simon H. 1st Lieutenant G 1st Light Artillery

Enlisted as private in K 1st Infantry; re-enlisted in

Battery G; served as non-commissioned officer until

promoted to 1st Lieutenant.
Friedlander, Charles H 1st Light Artillery

Friedeander, Charles H 1st Light Artillery

Goldsmith, Gustav

1st Infantry

Goodman, David

8th Infantry

Re-enlisted as Veteran.

Goodhp:art, Jacob

9th Infantry

Goldsmith, Captain

17th

Infantry Reserve

Gans, Jacob

8th Cavalry

Goodman, Frank

8th Cavalry

Hofman, Moses

1 st Infantry

Died of wounds.

Hofman, Moses

1st Infantry

Hofman, Jacob

1 st Infantry

Heine, Julius

2nd Infantry

Hofman, S.

4th Infantry

Hofman, S.

4th Infantry

Hofman, F.

4th Infantry

Herrman, Mark

9th Infantry

Harris, Lionel W.

10th Infantry

Heller, Emil

14th Infantry

Hess, Joseph

1 6th Infantry

Served three years.

Hofman, D.

17th Infantry

IIattendorf, Charles

3d Cavalry

Hamburg, Frederick

1 1 th Cavalry

Jonas, II .

22d Infantry

Jonas, Julius

2 2d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

211

Name.

Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Katz, Isaac

1st Infantry

Klein, Samuel

2nd Infantry

Klein, Jacob

3d Infantry

Klein, Jacob

5th Infantry

Klein, H.

8th Infantry

Killed in action.

Kaufman, Simpson

8th Infantry

King, Joskph

10th Infantry

Klein, David

26th Infantry

Died in the service

Klein, Louis

9th Cavalry

Kronberg, August

10th Cavalry

Transferred to Veteran Reserve

Corps.

KOHN, WlLLIAM

1 st Light Artillery

Kohn, M.

1st Light Artillery

Klein, Emanuel

14th Battery

Lazarus, Daniel

3d Infantry

Levingston, Meyer

3d Infantry

Killed on the field of battle.

LlMBERGER, WlLLIAM

4th Infantry

Lyon, Solomon T.

Captain

5th Infantry

Lyon, Kphraim W.

Major

8th Infantry

Lyon, Isaac C.

9th Infantry

Transferred to Veteran Reserve

Corps.

Levy, Nathan i

st Lieutenant

10th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Lyons, Isaac B.

nth Infantry

Lyon, Asher

13th Infantry

Levy, D.

1 6th Infantry

Lyon, David

22nd Infantry

Died in the service

Lyon, Henry J.

22nd Infantry

Died in the service

Lyon, David

1st Light Artillery

Died in the service

Lewis, Levi

2nd Cavalry

212

Name.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank. Company.

Levy, Nathan Lieutenant

Lyon, Aaron D. F

Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.

Lewis, Abraham K
Lyon, D.

Levy, John C. H

Lyon, Moses F. I

Moses, Henry F

Meyer, Joseph I

Mark, Leopold

Mark, Isaac C

Re- enlisted as veteran.

Mandel, August G

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

Mandel, Julius G

Mandel, Louis G

Died in the service.

Mann, Joseph

Killed at Cold Harbor.

Mandel, Charles

Served three years.
Mayer, Simon
Mann, Solomon
Mann, Eli
Meyers, Klisha
Mayer, Frederick
Mayer, Benjamin
Meyer, Joseph

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

Mock, Leopold

Mann, S.

Mann, David M

Died in the service.

A
G
G
G
K
A

Natham, Lewis W.
Nathan, C.

Rkgimknt.

3d Cavalry
5th Cavalry

5th Cavalry

8th Cavalry

10th Cavalry

4th Infantry

7th Infantry

9th Infantry

12th Infantry

22nd Infantry

22nd Infantry
22nd Infantry

27 th Infantry

1st Engineers

1 st Engineers
1st Light Artillery
1 st Light Artillery
1 st Light Artillery
1st Light Artillery
1st Light Artillery
8th Cavalry

9th Cavalry
1 oth Cavalry
82 nd Cavalry

9th Infantry
7th Cavalry

Company.

Regiment.

9th Cavalry

1 6th Cavalry

2nd Infantry

3d Infantry

4th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Name. Rank. ,

Nathans, Lewis

Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Nathan, Charles W.

Killed at Bull Run.

Rothschild, Levi

Killed at Petersburg, Virginia.
Rosenfeld, John

Died in the service.
Rose, Moses

Died in the service.
Rice, Nathan H.
Rosenberg, Cornelius

Died in the service.
Rich, Anschel
Rich, Henry

Killed at Petersburg, Virginia.
Rich, David

Served three years.
Rich, David

Died in the service.
Rosenberg, C.

Sternberg, Nathan
Straus, Levi
Schwab, Frank
Stein, Frederick

Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Straus, Jacob
Stein, Joseph

Re-enlisted as Veteran.
Solomon, John
Stein, Daniel

Killed at Spottsylvania.
Stern, Adam
Stein, Jacob C.

Died in the service.

213

K 5th Infantry

C 10th Infantry

B 1 1 th Infantry

K 27th Infantry

A 1 st Cavalry

H 1 st Cavalry

C 5th Cavalry

K 1st Infantry

B 5th Infantry

K 5th Infantry

K 9th Infantry

H 9th Infantry

G 13th Infantry

G 17th Infantry

B 1 st Light Artillery

A 2nd Cavalry

214

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank.

Name. Rank. Company

Solomon, Joshua * K

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

Sachs, Henry F

Sommkrs, Joseph K

Schoneman, Samuel K

Sampson, Joel k

Sampson A. K

Vogel, Jacob

Wertheimer, Simon
Weinberg, Reuben
Weinberg, William
Weiler, Frank J.

Regiment.

3d Cavalry

4th Cavalry
8th Cavalry
8th Cavalry
9th Cavalry
9th Cavalry

27th Infantry

1st Infantry
1 1 th Infantry
nth Infantry

6th Cavalry

MISS1SS1PP

Name,

Adler, Moses

Adams,

Ash, Julius
Axman,

Auerbach, Morris

Bradinsk^,

Rank.

Colonel

Company.

Regiment.

Lieutenant

A 10th Infantry

2d Cavalry
D 28th Cavalry

Kit Mott's Regiment
17th Drum Corps

1 st Infantry

Served until close of war.
Baum, Daniel I l $& Infantry

Bloom, Raphael G 16th Infantry

Bernheim, Morris F. Quartermaster Sergeant 17th Infantry

Promoted from private.
Brunn, Adolph C i 8th Infantry

Baruch, Simon, Dr., Brigade Surgeon 21st Infantry

Appointed to General Barkdale's Division; subse-
quently Chief Surgeon of Confederate Hospitals in
North Carolina. 1

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 215

Name.

Rank.

Company.

RSGIMKX'

Bkrkson, Theodore A ist Artillery

Captured; when exchanged rejoined his regiment.
Blyth, Mississippi Battalion

Cahn, William

6th Infantry

Dreyfus, H.

Enlisted 1861.

De Young, Simon H.
Dryer, H. Sergeant- Major

Served until close of war.

4th Infantry

4th Infantry
33d Infantry

Ettinger, Joseph 2nd Infantry

Died from wounds received at Murfreesboro.

EiSEMAN, Gus. Corporal 12th Infantry

Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Vir-
ginia.

Eichel, Aaron G 16th Infantry

Eisenman, C. 1 8th Infantry

Killed at Gaines' Mills, Virginia.

Elson, Julius Mississippi Sharp shooters

Frank, Sa. Major 12th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.
Foltz, F. 1 6th Infantry

Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Frankenthal, Max

1 6th Infantry

Foltz, S.

1 6th Infantry

Foltz, Theo.

1 6th Infantry

Killed at Sharpsburg.

Frauenheld,

1 6th Infantry

Forschheimer, B.

Warden Artillery

Frank, Theodore

Steward's Cavalry

Farbush,

Washington Cavalry

Gross, Charles L.

13th Infantry

Gattman, Jacob

1 8th Infantry

216

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company,

Regiment.

Goodman, Louis

38th Infantry

Served two years.

Gkrson, A.

44th Infantry

Gross, Emil

44th Infantry

Lost a leg at Shiloh.

Gusdofkr, Marx

Warren's Dragoons

Gusdofer, I.

Warren's Dragoons

Hirsch, Leopold

9th Infantry

HOLBERG, L.

nth Infantry

Wounded at Manassas.

Hansman, M.

nth Infantry

Horatmel, Louis

1 2 th Infantry

Hesser, Louis

15th Infantry

Wounded at Corinth.

Hyman, Jacob

1 6th Infantry

Hiller, Jonas

1 6th Infantry

Herman, J.

1 6th Infantry

Hiller, William

1 6th Infantry

Hiller, Max.

1 6th Infantry

Hazen, Hyman

1 6th Infantry

Killed at Fredericksburg.

Hart, M.

1 6th Infantry

Hart, P.

1 6th Infantry

Hill, Nathan

1 6th Infantry

Hiller, Nathan

17 th Infantry

Haas, Samuel

1 8th Infantry

Killed at Shiloh.

H&rt, Joseph

1 8th Infantry

Haverman, Gabriel

44th Infantry

Hirsch, Joseph

Barnes' Battery

Hayes, E. P.

Conner Battery

Hesser, Leo Captain

Blight's Battery Sharpshooters

Promoted at battle of Chickamauga from

private.

Holberg, Jacob

1 st Cavalry

Haas, S.

2nd Cavalry

Hilborn, B.

1 6th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 217

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Hyman, B.

1 6th Cavalry

HlLLER, M.

1 6th Cavalry

Jacobs, Victor

nth Infantry

Joel, Mordecat

1 8th Infantry

Joel, Moses

1 8th Infantry

Jonas, Charles H.

Barksdale Infantry

Jonas, Julian

Barksdale Infantry

Jonas, Hon. B. F.

* (Five brothers)

Louisiana Infantry

Jonas, S. A.

Major

Barksdale Infantry

Jonas, Edward t

(So

th Illinois Infantry)

Klaus, A.

nth Infantry

Kraus, Frederick

1 2th Infantry

Kahn, C. J.

1 6th Infantry

Kaufman, W. M.

1 6th Infantry

Kaufman, W.

1 6th Infantry

Kahn, Gabriel

1 6th Infantry

Kaufman, I.

1 6th Infantry

Kahn, Gustavus

1 6th Infantry

Killed; buried in Jewish cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Kaufman, Herman C i8th Infantry

Kuhn, J. D 38th Infantry

IvOwenstein, Leopold

8th Infantry

LOWENSTEIN, M.

8th Infantry

Levy, Oscar S.

10th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; subsequently attached to Army Signal

Corps. .

Leyens, Louis

nth Infantry

Levy, Ed.

12th Infantry

Loeb, Isidore

1 2th Infantry

Lincoln, S.

12th Infantry

Loeb, Samuel

13th Infantry

Levy, Solomon

13th Infantry

Loeb, Samuel

13th Infantry

Levy, Abraham

14th Infantry

Lichenstein, Isaac _

1 6th Infantry

218

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Lichenstein, Simon

1 6th Infantry

Levy, Moses

1 6th Infantry

Killed May 31, 1862; buried

in Jewish cemetery,

Richmond, Virginia.

Lonetheim, A. J.

17th Infantry

Discharged for disability.

Levy, S.

1 8th Infantry

Loeb, A

38th Infantry

Lorsch, Adolph

44th Infantry

Lowenhaupt, Benjamin

28th Cavalry

Lehman, H. F.

28th Cavalry

Lecinski, E. L.

28th Cavalry

Lee, Seymour

Washington Cavalry

Levy, Daniel S.

1 st Light Artillery

Lowenstein, Marx

8 th Reserves

Levy, Israel

Ward's Legion

Levinson, A.

Ward's Legion

Levinson, Paul

Ward's Legion

Lotterhoss, Philip

Wither 's Artillery

Enlisted at eighteen years of

age; served with con-

spicuous bravery; killed at Kenesaw Mountain.

Loucheim, Abraham

17th Regiment Drum Corps

Levy, J. C.

17th Drum Corps

Moses, I. O.

2nd Infantry

Mansbach, H. H.

9th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; promoted at Greensboro

Mayer, D.

10th Infantry

Myers, Captain

14th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Mooser, Abraham

15th Infantry

Wounded four times at Shiloh.

Moch, Abraham

1 6th Infantry

Moak, C.

1 6th Infantry

Moyse, Isidore

1 6th Infantry

Myers, John

1 6th Infantry

Meyer, Alexander

36th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 219

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Mooskr, Isaac Adjutant Wheeler's Cavalry

Promoted from the ranks.
Meyer, Blum H Conner's Battery

MvERS, Major, Quartermaster- General Price's Command

Natutious, Otto Captain

B Wand's Region

Oury, S. ">tH Infantry

Killed June 16, 1864; buried in Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Warren Guards
Warren Guards

Pickard, M.
Porodar, Solomon

Rubel, Emanuel,
Reinach, David
Roth, Charles

Killed in action

D 1 9th Infantry

Bolivar Troop Cavalry

lieutenant Swamp Ranger

Schaefer, KmilE A 3d Infantry

Appointed Orderly Sergeant; subsequently detached
and served in the Quartermaster's Department.

Stone, E. S. Sergeant

Sharp, Benjamin

Sherck, Louis

Samuels, A.

SCHARFF, B.

Stine, S. E.
Storm, E.

Shrinski,

Sulspacher, Aaron

7th Infantry

1 2th Infantry

1 6th Infantry

17th Infantry

28th Cavalry

Kit Mott's Regiment

Unger, Solomon H 9th Infantry

Ullman, Samuel C 16th Infantry

Wounded at Cross Keys, and again at Sharpsburg;

served gallantly through the war; now Rabbi at Bir-
mingham, Alabama.

Uric, Solomon H 16th Infantry
Killed at Cold Harbor, Virginia.

220

Name.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank. Company.

Van Ronkel, Isaac

Wile, M.

Served four years.

Weiner, Sam i' el
Weil, Charles
Weinberg, Jonas
Wolfe, M.
Weiner, Samuel
Waterman, Louis
Westheimer, Morris
. Served through war.

Wexler, Philip
Wiener, Solomon
Wile, Simon

Promoted from ranks.
Waterman, Leopold

Regimen'

Sergeant

1 8th Infantry
A 1 6th Infantry

A 1 6th Infantry

D 1 6th Infantry

19th Infantry

Vicksburg Sharpshooters

Mississippi Artillery

D 28th Cavalry

Jefferson Artillery

A 1 st Cavalry

Carrol Rangers

Stanford's Battery

Washington Cavalry

MISSOURI.

Name. Rank. COMPANY

Anselm, Albert lieutenant- Colonel

Bender, Samuel
Berkson, S.
Bohn, Herman G.

Bohn, Isaac G. 2nd Lieutenant

Bendel, Herman Captain

Boernstein, Gustav Captain
Promoted from Lieutenant.

Carse, Levi
Cohen, Albert B.
Cohn, L.

Captain

Darmstader, Louis Captain

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Regiment.
3d Infantry

3d Infantry

5th Cavalry

1 1 th Cavalry

12th Infantry

41st Infantry

7th Infantry
nth Cavalry
Home Guard

17th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 221

Name, Rank. Company. Regiment.

Epstein, Max.

Kiseman, Anthony Captain

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Erdman, Adolph Quartermaster

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Kppstein, Francis 2nd Lieutenant
Kppstein, Joseph A. Lieutenant-Colonel

Kdeman, Michael S. 1st Lieutenant

Friedlein, George D. Captain
Falk, Henry 2nd Lieutenant

Frank, Philip Captain

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Frank, Charles 2nd Lieutenant
Friedlein, George G. 1st Lieutenant
Furth, Samuel

1st Infantry
12th Infantry

15th Infantry

48th Infantry

5th Cavalry

1 2 th Cavalry

3d Infantry-

48th Infantry

4th Cavalry

2d U. S. R. C.

4th Cavalry
Home Guard

Gutman, Louis

Served three years.
Greenbaum, Simon

3d Infantry
7th Infantry

HarTman, J. 1 st Infantry

Holzman, Samuel I 1st Infantry

Homburg, S. Adjutant 4th Infantry

Herrman, Theodore Captain 12th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Hess, Ferdinand 1st Lieutenant 4th Cavalry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant; also Adjutant 1st Battery
Hamburger, Henry 2nd Lieutenant 13th Cavalry

Hofman, Joseph 1st Lieutenant 1st Artillery

Hurwitz, Harm an General Lyon's Body-guard

Jacobs, Philip H 1st Infantry

Received Medal of Honor.

Jacobs, Emil K 8th Infantry

Jacoby, Morris 2nd Lieutenant 17th Infantry

222

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namk.

Klein, Moses
Kempinski, A.

Served four years.
Kempinski, Leo
Kaufman, Albert B.

Klein, Bernhart
Koch, Julius

Rank.

Company,

Captain
Captain

| Captain

1 Major
i st Lieutenant
ist Lieutenant

Liebschutz, A. C

Lipman, Louis ist Lieutenant

LOWENTHAL, I. S. G

Lowenstein, Charles 2nd Lieutenant
Levisteine, Isaac M. Lieutenant L
Died from wounds received in action.

Regiment.

13th Infantry
49th Infantry

49th Infantry
nth Cavalry
10th Cavalry

2ndU. S. R. C.

4th U. S. R. C.

2nd Infantry
8th Infantry
1 8th Infantry
2nd Artillery
2nd Artillery

Levi, Solomon I. Captain

Appointed by Governor Clark, of Missouri
the 1 st Militia.

Levi, Jacob J.
Lieberman, Lorenzo

ist Lieutenant

Montzheim, Julius ist Lieutenant
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Meyer, B. F.
Mohsberg, A.
Meyer, Louis

Mann, Charles

( 2nd Lieutenant
{ Major

Quartermaster

Moses, t. W.

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Mandelbaum, Frank
Mandelbaum, John W.
Mandelbaum, S. E.

Newdorf, Julius 1st Lieutenant
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Rosenstein, D. W.
Rindskopf, T.

Captain

, ist Cavalry
(1839), of

6th Cavalry
1st U. S. R. C.

17th Infantry

24th Infantry

41st Infantry

49th Infantry

f nth Cavalry

j 1st Artillery

14th Cavalry

Home Guards
Home Guards
Home Guards

2nd Infantry

ist Infantry
ist Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 223

NAME. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Rindskopf, I. A ist Cavalry

Rosknbaum, H. A. i st Lieutenant 29th Infantry

Raphael, Jacob ist Light Artillery
Served three years.

Singer, David

ist Infantry

Served three years.

Sicher, William

2nd Infantry

Simon, Joseph

2nd Infantry

Solomon, Charles E. Colonel

5th Infantry

Solomon, Frederick Captain

5th Infantry

Schweriner, Theodore

8th Infantry

Wounded in 'Arkansas; totally disabled at

Vicksburg.

Steinberg, O. Captain

12th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Sternberg, E.

17th Infantry

Stein, George W. ist Lieutenant

2 ist Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Steinan, Emanuel

2 ist Infantry

Not being of sufficient measurement his offer to enlist
was refused; but determined to fight for his adopted
country, he followed his regiment in which many
personal friends had enlisted, until finally he was
mustered in.
Sommers, Herman ist Lieutenant 41st Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Slinsky, Louis F 49th Infantry

Simons, A. A 2nd Cavalry

Sinsheimer, A. H. G 2nd Cavalry

Enlisted at eighteen years of age.
Steinman, E. H. Captain 5th Cavalry

Sanders, Frank 2nd Lieutenant 7th Cavalry

Solomon, G. A. M. ist Lieutenant 8th Cavalry

Saltzman, Gustav 2nd Lieutenant ist Engineers

Saltzman, SiEGmund 2nd Lieutenant ist Artillery

Stuger, David D Bender Cadets

Takrzewski, Herman Captain

2nd U. S. R. C.

224

THE A M ERICA N JE W AS

NEVADA.

Name.

Rank. COMPANY.

Regiment.

ISSERMAN, T. W.

ist Cavalry

Jacobs, Simon L.

ist Cavalry

Manhkim, David

Colonel

ist Cavalry

Enlisted as private; promoted step by step.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Cohn, Abraham Adjutant 6th Infantry

enlisted as private; promoted for efficiency and dis-
tinguished bravery to Sergeant and Adjutant;
wounded at Petersburg; the recipient of the Congres-
sional "Medal of Honor;" served until the close of
the war.

War Department, Adjutant General's Office,

Washington, August 24, 1865.
Sir:

Herewith I enclose the "Medal of Honor' 1 which has been
awarded to you by the Secretary of War, under the resolution of
Congress, approved July 12, 1862. To provide for the pre-
sentation of "Medals of Honor" to the enlisted men of the
army and volunteer forces who have distinguished or may
distinguish themselves in battle during the present rebellion.
Very Respectfully,

Your obedient servant,
(Signed) K. D. Townsend,

Assistant Adjutant General.
To Sergeant-Major Abraham Cohn,
6th N. H. Veteran Volunteers,

439, 8th Avenue, New York.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 225

Adjutant General's Office,

Washington, August 14, 1879.
The medal mentioned within was given for conspicuous gal-
lantry displayed in the battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, in
rallying and forming under heavy fire disorganized troops;
also for bravery and coolness in carrying orders to the advance
lines under murderous fire in the battle of the Mine, July 20,
1864.

(Signed) S. N. Benjamin,

Assistant Adjutant- General.

General Headquarters, State of New Hampshire.
Adjutant-General's Office,

Concord, August 17, 1865.

To WHOM IT MAY CONCERN.

I take great pleasure in bearing testimony to the faithful
services of Adjutant Abraham Cohn, both as a private and as
an officer in the late 6th Regiment of New Hampshire Volun-
teers Infantry. His record in connection with this regiment
has been one of great fidelity and ability and his successive
promotions have been well merited rewards. I am also happy
to bear testimony to the untiring industry and literary ability
which Adjutant Cohn has displayed in collecting data for an
official history of the Sixth Regiment, New Hampshire Volun-
teer Infantry.

Very Respectfully,

(Signed) Natt Head.

(Natt Head, subsequently Adjutant, Inspector and Quarter-
master, became Governor of the State of New Hampshire.)

Keene, N. H., November 23, 1865.
This certifies that Abraham Cohn enlisted in the 6th New
Hampshire Volunteers, of which regiment I was the Colonel,
on the 5th day of January, 1864, and very soon after joined
the command in the State of Kentucky. He at once attracted
the attention and won the approbation of his officers by his
soldierly bearing and faithful performance of duty, as well as
15

226

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

by his accomplishments in being able to communicate with
recruits from European countries in their own various lan-
guages.

On the 28th day of March, 1864, he was promoted to the
position of Sergeant- Major of the regiment, and throughout
the great campaign that followed — from the Rapidan to the
capture of Petersburg and Richmond — displayed remarkable
bravery and coolness in action, endurance in the field and
efficiency in his office.

He was wounded at the ' 'battle of the Mine' ' in front of Peters-
burg, July 30, 1864, where he won a "Medal of Honor" for
his distinguished bravery awarded by the War Department.

In appreciation of his meritorious services during this cam-
paign he was promoted to the rank of Adjutant of his regi-
ment, in which capacity he remained until the close of the
war, winning the esteem and admiration of all who knew him
by his gentlemanly and officer-like deportment, his sobriety
and integrity, and by his noble devotion to the cause of the
country of his adoption.

(Signed) S. G. Griffin.

Late Brigadier-General and Brevet Major-General U. S. Vol-
unteers.

S. G. Griffin was subsequently elected Speaker of the House
of Representatives of New Hampshire.

Rome, C. M.

4th Infantry

NEW JERSEY.

Name. Rank.

Ash, Joseph W.

Abraham, C. S. 2nd Lieutenant

Enlisted as private.
Abraham, Aaron
Aaronson, Napoleon
Aaronson, Frederick 2nd Lieutenant B
Adlkk, Hermax
Abrams, Isaac N.

Company.

Rkuimknt.

1 st Infantry

1st Infantry

4th Infantry

mt B

4th Infantry

5th Infantry

7th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLD I Eli AND CITIZEN.

Name, Rank. Company.

Abrahams, Joseph Corporal B

Wounded in action.

Adler, Morris G

Aaronson, Benjamin Corporal I

Adler, Henry B

Died of wounds received at Fredericksburg

Ash, W. H. C

Abraham, Benjamin . K

Alexander, David D

Arnold, Joseph K

Died in the service.
Asch, Myer Brevet Major

Promoted from Adjutant for gallant and meritorious

conduct.

Adler, Leopold Veteran Reserve Corps

Adler, Isidor Battery A

227
Regiment.
ioth Infantry

15th Infantry

23d Infantry

24th Infantry

26th Infantry

33d Infantry

34th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

Buxbaum, William D

Blankenstein, Levi D

Baum, Jacob I

Ball, Abraham S. C

Served three years.

Bachman, Samuel D

Bush, Aaron Corporal E

Ball, Isaac K

Baer, Frederick K

Bernheim, William C

Bachman, William H. A

Bloom, Isaac F

Bachman, Samuel I

Ball, Aaron I

Died in the service.

Bluhm, Jacob B

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

Bien, Alphonse I

Baum, Frederick B

Bauer, Jacob B

2nd Infantry
ioth Infantry
1 1 th Infantry
13th Infantry

13th Infantry
22 nd Infantry
26th Infantry
29th Infantry
30th Infantry
31st Infantry
31st Infantry
31st Infantry
35th Infantry

35th Infantry

39th Infantry

40th Infantry

3d Cavalry

228

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. (

\>MPANY.

Regiment,

Bachman, Samuel

3d Cavalry

Baer, August

Battery C

Baer, Max

Veteran Reserve Corps

Barnett, Morris

■

66th Infantry

Cohen, Thomas

10th Infantry

Cohn, Harris

10th Infantry

Cohn, George

13th Infantry

Cohen, Edward

34th Infantry

Cohen, Isaac

1st Cavalry.

Dannenberger, Joseph Corporal

2nd Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Davidson, David

Sergeant

38th Infantry

Eckstein, Siegmund

8th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Petersburg.

Engel, Jacob

13th Infantry

Erdman, Louis

33d Infantry

Eppstein, Daniel

Sergeant

34th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Ellinger, Emanuel

34th Infantry

Ettinger, Mark

34th Infantry

Elsas, Jacob

3d Cavalry

Wounded at Mount

Jackson, Virginia.

Erdman, Henry

Corporal

3d Cavalry

Enlisted as private.

Frank, Charees

1 st Infantry

Fox, Solomon J.

2nd Infantry

Served three years.

Fox, Jacob

4th Infantry

Feeder, Henry

7th Infantry

Fox, Isaac

Corporal

12th Infantry

Killed near Petersburg.

Frieberg, Henry

15th Infantry

Feeder, Morris

22nd Infantry

Frank, Frederick

35th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

>29

Name.

Rank.

Company.

ReCxTMENT.

Fkeund, Gustav

39th Infantry

Frank, Jacob,

Sergeant

39th Infantry

Falk, Jacob

39th Infantry

Freund, August

39th Infantry

Freund, Theodore

1 st Cavalry

Friedlander, Charles

2nd Cavalry

Captured; died in Anderson ville.

Fuchs, Eugene

Sergeant

3d Cavalry

Enlisted as privat<

Friedman, William

Battery A

Goldsmith, William

2nd Infantry

Captured; died at

Andersonville.

Green, Jacob

5th Infantry

Gluckaul, Jacob

8th Infantry

Goldberg, Charles

1 st Cavalry

Goldsmith, Charles

2nd Cavalry

Died in service.

Goldman, Charles

2nd Cavalry

Haas, Bernhard

1st Infantry

Herzog, Louis

1st Infantry

Hofman, Jacob H.

2nd Lieutenant

: B

2nd Infantry

Hahn, Morris S.

2nd Lieutenanl

: D

2nd Infantry

Herman, Charles

2nd Infantry

Hart, David

2nd Infantry

Herrman, Emil

2nd Infantry

Hofman, Jacob

2nd Infantry

f H

2nd Infantry

Heineman, Herman

15th Infantry

Hirschfeld, Alfred

r K

2d Infantry

14th Infantry

Hirsch, Jacob

4th Infantry

Served three years

Hofman, Samuel

4th Infantry

Hofman, Jacob

4th Infantry

Hofman, Levi W.

7th Infantry

230

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Hofman, Aaron Sergeant

Promoted from Corporal.

Hofman, Abraham

Hofman, Eli as

Hays, David

Haas, Jacob

Harris, Abraham M. Corporal
Enlisted as private.

Heller, Joseph

Hartman, Reuben Sergeant

Hofman, Benjamin

Heller, Adolph

Hahn, Henry

Hart, Joseph S.

Hart, Noah L.

Harris, Abraham C.

Hart, Abraham

Hofman, David

Hamburg, August

Hirsch, Ferdinand

Heyman, Henry

Henman, Joseph

Hess, Joseph

Hart, Jacob

Hart, David

Harris, Abraham Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; served four

Harris, Benjamin

Hirsch, Frederick

Hart, Samuel

Harris, Elias

Hofman, Aaron

Herrman, Gustav

Harris, David

Harris, Samuel

Herzberg, Albert Captain

Hirsch, Louis

Company.

Regiment.

8th Infantry

ioth Infantry

13th Infantry

23d Infantry

24th Infantry

26th Infantry

27th Infantry

28th Infantry

30th Infantry

31st Infantry

33d Infantry

35th Infantry

40th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

1st Cavalry

years.

C •

2nd Cavalry

3d Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

231

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Isaac, Henry

3d Infantry

Jacoby, August

2nd Infantry

Served three years.

Jacoby, Fritz

4th Infantry

Jacobson, Charles

4th Infantry

Joseff, Emanuel

4th Infantry

Joseff, Philip

4th Infantry

Jacobson, William E.

8th Infantry

Served three years.

Jacobson, Israel J.

nth Infantry

Captured; died at Libby Prison.

Jacobus, Abraham

15 th Infantry

Jacoby, Samuel

28th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Jacobson, W. E. Corporal

38th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Jacobson, Louis

40th Infantry

Jacob, D.

1 st Artillery

King, Moses W.

1st Infantry

Kaufman, Adolph

1st Infantry

Kaufman, Frederick

2nd Infantry

Kaminzky, Joseph

2nd Infantry

Katzenberg, Joseph

4th Infantry

Koch, Jacob

7th Infantry

King, Asher Corporal

8th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Klein, Manuel 2nd Lieutenant

1 5th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

King, Abraham G.

15th Infantry

Killed at Spottsylvania.

Klein, Julius

21st Infantry

King, Aaron

25th Infantry

King, Jacob

25th Infantry

Kohn, Eeib

35th Infantry

282

Name.

Klein, Benjamin
Kaufman, Jacob
Kaufman, Samuel
Katz, Jacob
Koch, Gotteieb
koeheer, eeias
Koch, Herman

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Rank

Company Regiment.

G 38th Infantry

B 40th Infantry

5th Hancock's Corps
D 2nd Cavalry

I 3d Cavalry

K 3d Cavalry

Battery C

Lyon, Benjamin

1st Infantry

IvINDEMAN, ADOLPH

1st Infantry

Lowenthal, George

1st Infantry

Liliendall, Gust a v Captain

2nd Infantry

Loeb, Louis

3d Infantry

' Leg amputated.

Lko, Charees

4th Infantry

Leopold, William

5th Infantry

Limburger, Albert

5th Infantry

Died in the service.

Loeb, John E. Sergeant

6th Infantry

Loeb, W. W.

6th Infantry

Lyon, Samuel

7th Infantry

Levy, Joseph

8th Infantry

Leavy, Charles M.

9th Infantry

Levy, William P.

9th Infantry

LlCHTENFELZ, LUDWIG

12th Infantry

Langendorf, Jacob

13th Infantry

Levi, David

13th Infantry

Served four years.

Lehman, Charles

1 14th Infantry

Lowenthal, Lewis

22nd Infantry

Levi, Marcus

26th Infantry

Levi, Morris^

30th Infantry

Levi, Herman J.

34th Infantry

Lyon, Samuel

35 th Infantry

Limburger, David

35th Infantry

Limburger, W. H.

35th Infantry

Levine, William

40th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

238

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Levi, Max

1 st Cavalry

Levi, Morris

1 st Cavalry

Died in the service.

Mendel, Jacob

1st Infantry

Marx, Charles

2nd Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

2nd Infantry

Marx, August

3d Infantry

Mayer, Frank

7th Infantry

Died in the service.

Marx, Martin Corporal

7th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Meyer, Jacob Corporal

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Marks, Emanuel

10th Infantry

Meier, Henry

1 1 th Infantry

Meyers, Jacob Sergeant

nth Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville.

Mayers, Jacob

15th Infantry

Maas, Frederick W.

22nd Infantry

Marks, Joseph

29th Infantry

Died in the service.

Mayer, Samuel

29th Infantry

Mendel, William

30th Infantry

Marks, Joseph C.

38th Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

40th Infantry

Mayer, August

Battery A

Mann, Ferdinand

Battery C

Meyer, Adolph 2nd Lieutenant

1st Regiment, Hancock's

Promoted from Sergeant.

Corps

Marks, Frederick

1st Regiment,

Hancock's Corps

Nauman, Gustav

9th Infantry

Nussbaum, Michael

10th Infantry

Newman, David M.

Corporal

29th Infantry

Nauman, Julius

Corporal

31st Infantry

Enlisted as private.

234

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

NXuman, Julius
Neustadt, Max

Oppenheim, David
Oppenheimer, Jacob

Pincus, Adolph
Pincus, Simon

Rose, Elias M.
Rosenborger, John

Captured; died at Andersonville
Rice, David S.

Captured.

Raphael, William
Died in the service.

Rose, Daniel M.
Rose, Abraham H.
Rose, Samuel
Rose, Henry
Rose, Samuel B.

Died in the service.
Rice, David
Rosendale, George
Rosendale, George
Rubenstein, Samuel
Rosenberg, John
Rose, Benjamin
Rice, Jacob
Rosenberg, Benjamin

Solomon, Charles
Sampson, David

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.
Stein, Gustav
Salmon, Abraham ist lieutenant

Promoted from Sergeant.
Solomon, Samuel D.

Company.

Regiment.

35th Infantry

66th Infantry

1 st Infantry

Battery C

7th Infantry

66th Infantry

ist Infantry

4th Infantry

5th Infantry

8th Infantry

9th Infantry

nth Infantry

14th Infantry

2 ist Infantry

30th Infantry

35th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

3d Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

Veteran Reserve Corps

ist Infantry

orps.

2nd Infantry

3d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

235

Name.

Hank.

Company.

Regiment.

Salzman, Louis

3d Infantry

Sachs, Henry

5th Infantry

Straus, Charles

5th Infantry

Strauss, Jonathan

6th Infantry

Stern, Joseph

7th Infantry

Spannengberg, Moses

7th Infantry

Spannengberg, William

7th Infantry

Sickles, Solomon

14th Infantry

Stein, Jacob

14th Infantry

Salmon, Lewis A.

Sergeant

15th Infantry

Enlisted as Private

Simon, Adolph

21st Infantry

Strauss, William

22nd Infantry

Stink, Isaac

27th Infantry

Steinfeld, Harry

34th Infantry

Simons, Lewis

34th Infantry

Enlisted as Private

Solinger, Lee

35th Infantry

Sachs, Abraham

40th Infantry

Sachs, Noah

40th Infantry

Strauss, Nathaniel

40th Infantry

Stein, Herman

Veteran Reserve Corps

Sacks, David

Battery A

Died in the service.

Stein, Herman

Sergeant

Battery C

Entered as Private.

Wolf, Nathanip:l

1st Infantry

Weiss, Adolph (

Captain

2nd Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Wolf, Charles

4th Infantry

Wolf, Herman

8th Infantry

Wolf, Henry

9th Infantry

Wolf, Joseph

Corporal

9th Infantry

Wolf, Samuel

27th Infantry

Wolf, Ferdinand

Lieutenant

27th Infantry

Wolf, David

Corporal

33d Infantry

Enlisted as Private

236

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.
Weil, Joseph
Wolf, Selig
Weiler, Joseph
Wolf, Joseph
Weiss, Aaron
Wolf, Gustav
Wolf, Frederick
Wolf, David

Hank.

Company.

Regiment.

33d Infantry

39th Infantry

40th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

3d Cavalry

Militia

NEW MEXICO.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Kahn, Emil M. F 7th Infantry

Killed at Fort Laramie by Indians.

Mayer, Adolph A. Inspector-General 4th Infantry

Promoted for efficiency Inspector-General, and by
special appointment of President Lincoln assigned to
Pennsylvania.

NEW YORK.

Name.

Abraham, Edward
Asher, William

ASSENHEIMER, O. C.

Adler, Heinrich
Arenson, Daniel
Ash, Jacob
Apple, Salomon
August, Simon
Adler, Simon
Abrams, William H.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

i st Infantry

3d Infantry

5th Infantry

8th Infantry

9th Infantry

1 3th Infantry

20th Infantry

24th Infantry

25th Infantry

27th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

287

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Arnhkim, Julius

29th Infantry

Abrams, Andrew

30th Infantry

Abrams, John

30th Infantry

Adler, Isidor

31st Infantry

Arnold, David

35th Infantry

Arnold, Kphraim

36th Infantry

Aaron, Lewis

38th Infantry

Arnz, J.

39th Infantry

Alexander, Samuel

39th Infantry

Abrahams, Abraham

40th Infantry

Arnold, H.

41st Infantry

Arnold, Gustave

G .

41st Infantry

Alexander, Joseph

41st Infantry

Asher, Jacob H.

44th Infantry

Arnold, Louis

45th Infantry

Ansel, Jacob

45th Infantry

Altman, Joseph

46th Infantry

Aaron, Gabriel

47th Infantry

Abrams, August

48th Infantry

Alexander, Ephraim

50th Infantry

Aarons, George

53d Infantry

Adder, Joseph,

54th Infantry

AUFANGER, SlEGMUND

54th Infantry

Ascher, Samuel

Lieutenant

54th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Auerbach, Joseph

5 th Cavalry

Killed at Fredericksburg.

Abrahams, Edward

57th Infantry

Arnold, Jacob

64th Infantry

Altenburg, Morris

64th Infantry

Abrahams, Henry

67th Infantry

Asher, Philip

Sergeant

68th Infantry

Asher, Adolph

Sergeant

68th Infantry

Asher, Louis

Sergeant

68th Infantry

Auerbach, J.

68th Infantry

Abrams, James

70th Infantry

Arnold, Aaron

72nd Infantry

Ackerman, Joseph

73d Infantry

238

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank. Company,

Arnold, Frank A

Arnold, David W. A

Ackerman, Jacob B

Arnold, Nathan K. Lieutenant

Ackerman, A.

Abrams, George

Abrams, Edward Corporal

Abrams, W. B.

Arnold, Nathan J.

Alexander, Jacob

Asher, M. S.

Abraham, Joseph

Alexander, Oscar

Abraham, Moses

Abrams, Daniel

Anthony, A.

Ash, Morris

Ash, David

Arnold, Marcus

Arnold, Dnniel W. Sergeant

Abrams, Levi

Abraham, Levy Lieutenant

Abrahams, Joseph S. Lieutenant

Killed at Cold Harbor.
Ackerman, Abraham

A
K
A
F
A
F

Adler, Albert Corporal

Ackerman, Lewis Lieutenant

Adelman, Eugene

Abraham, Henry

Ash, Samuel

Abraham, Theo.

Ackerman, Gustave Corporal

Ababot, David Lieutenant

Abraham, Aaron

Abrams, W. H. Sergeant

Ackerman, David R. Corporal

Adler, Isidor Corporal

Alexander, Ephraim

Regiment.

76th Infantry

78th Infantry

79th Infantry

83d Infantry

88th Infantry

95th Infantry

97th Infantry

100th Infantry

103d Infantry

1 1 2th Infantry

115th Infantry

1 1 9th Infantry

122nd Infantry

131st Infantry

132nd Infantry

142nd Infantry

146th Infantry

151st Infantry

158th Infantry

164th Infantry

170th Infantry

178th Infantry

189th Infantry

5th S. V.

7th S. V.

25th S. M.

4th Cavalry

5th Cavalry

7th Cavalry

9th Cavalry

1 ith Cavalry

14th Cavalry

15th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

239

Name. Rank.

Arnold, Jacob
Arndt, Albert Major

Killed at Sharpsburg.

Abrams, Samuel
Arnold, Benjamin
Abrams, Maurice
Abraham, Moses
Adler, Samuel
Ansbacher, Moses

Company. Regiment.

D 20th Cavalry

i st Battalion Artillery

A i st Mounted Rifles

E 9th Artillery

A 1 6th Artillery

3d Independent Artillery

9th Independent Artillery

24th Independent Artillery

Barnard, Leon

Captain

1st Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant; transferred 9th Infantry.

Blumenstein, J.

4th Infantry

Blumenthal, J.

4th Infantry

Benjamin, Emanuel

4th Infantry

Benjamin, Levy

4th Infantry

Bernstein, Jacob

4th Infantry

Bernstein, Mark

4th Infantry

Barnett, Samuel

4th Infantry

Bacharach, Julius

6th Infantry

Borchard, Newman

6th Infantry

Behrend, William

Captain

7th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Bernhard, Frank

7th Infantry

Bader, Adolph

7th Infantry

Bernhard, Moritz

7th Infantry

Blum, Jacob

7th Infantry

Baruch, Bernhard

7th Infantry

Beisheim, Theodore

1st Lieutenant

8th Infantry

Behrend, M.

8th Infantry

Bernhard, Edward

1st Lieutenant

nth Infantry

Bahr, Frank

12th Infantry

Bernhardt, Alexander

1 6th Infantry

Ball, Felix

1 8th Infantry

Bachman, Joseph

20th Infantry

Behrens, Gustave

20th Infantry

Bien, Martin

23d Infantry

240

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Benjamin, David W.

26th Infantry

Bachman, Siegmund

27th Infantry

Berne, Max IJ

eu tenant

29th Infantry

Brandeis, H.

38th Infantry

Bluhm, Jacob

39th Infantry

Berliner, Siegmund

39th Infantry

Baer, Bernhard

Captain

39th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Behrens, August

39th Infantry

Bernhard, Adam

39th Infantry

Brod, Herman

39th Infantry

Barnett, Daniel

40th Infantry

Behrends, Herman

41st Infantry

Breslauer, Charles

41st Infantry

Wounded in the head and abdomen, killed in action

at 2nd Battle Bull Run.

Bernstein, Louis

Corporal

41st Infantry

Beer, Jacob

42nd Infantry

Barnett, Samuel

42nd Infantry

Baehr, William

45th Infantry

Baum, Joseph

45th Infantry

Blum, Jacob

45th Infantry

Bernhard, Joseph

52nd Infantry

Block, Julius

52 nd Infantry

Block, Louis

52nd Infantry

Bernhard, Joseph

53d Infantry

Bernstein, Joseph

54th Infantry

Block, Emil

55th Infantry

Bruckheimer, Moses

{„

6th Infantry

55th Infantry

Disabled in the service.

Benjamin, Charles

55th Infantry

Boscowitz, C. J.

56th Infantry

Bash, Adolph

Lieutenant

58th Infantry

Baum, Adolph

58th Infantry

Blumenthal, William

58th Infantry

Bernhard, Isidor

62nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

241

Name

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Baach, Jacob

Corporal F 62nd Infantry

(Anderson's Zouaves)
Wounded at Fredericksburg and at the Wilderness.

Berliner, Solomon

62nd Infantry

Bacharach, Max.

63d Infantry

Barnett, Morris

66th Infantry

Bamberger, Joseph

66th Infantry

BlRNBAUM, ADOLPH

Lieutenant

68th Infantry

Benjamin, Gottlieb

68th Infantry

Brunn, Jacob

Captain

70th Infantry

Killed at Williamsburg.

Behrend, A.

72nd Infantry

Benjamin, Isaac, Jr.

75th Infantry

Benjamin, Isaac

78th Infantry

Benjamin, Oscar A.

81st Infantry

Benjamin, Henry

87 th Infantry

Barnett, Isaac

90th Infantry

Severely wounded.

Buxbaum, Julius

91st Infantry

Benjamin, Daniel H.

92nd Infantry

Benjamin, Daniel

93d Infantry

Benjamin, Joel

93d Infantry

Bash, J.

98th Infantry

Barnhart, Benjamin

98th Infantry

Bloomingdale, Alexander

102nd Infantry

Baer, Leopold

103d Infantry

Berliner, Meier

Sergeant

103d Infantry

Berkenmeyer, A.

103d Infantry

Bear, Frank

Sergeant

110th Infantry

Benjamin, Joseph W

117th Infantry

Behrens, L.

119th Infantry

Bachman, Adolph

1 1 9th Infantry

Bloomington, Kmil

1 19th Infantry

Benjamin, Frank L.

121st Infantry

Benjamin, Elisha

124th Infantry

Bloomingdale, Joseph

125th Infantry

Bachman, Jacob H.

Corporal

126th Infantry

242

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company,

Regiment.

Benjamin, Marcus

126th Infantry

Benjamin, A.

Lieutenant

131st Infantry

Killed at Port Hudson.

Blum, Abraham

132nd Infantry

Behrens, Joseph

135th Infantry

Benjamin, David

138th Infantry

Bernhard, Herman

143d Infantry

Baer, Frank

Lieutenant

147th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Bronner, Samuel

Lieutenant

149th Infantry

Bamberg, Frederick

178th Infantry

Benjamin, David

179th Infantry

Bachman, Jacob

187th Infantry

Bernard, Joseph E.

1 88th Infantry

Bernheim, Julius

ist Independent

Blum, Jacob

5th S. V.

Behr, Isaac

7th S. V.

Berliner, Siegmund M.

I., ist Lieutenant

17th S.

V. re-organized

Bernstein, Morris

22nd S. M.

Bachman, Joseph

Corporal

ist Cavalry

Berliner, Emil

1st Cavalry

Behrend, Moritz Battalion Quartermaster

4th Cavalry

Bauer, Moritz

4th Cavalry

Blank, Simon

6th Cavalry

Bachman, Frederick

8th Cavalry

Berkowitz, Leon

13th Cavalry

Berkowitz, Isidor

Corporal

13th Cavalry

BloomingdalE, David

2 ist Cavalry

Bachman, Frederick

22nd Cavalry

Blum, E.

25th Cavalry

Baer, Jacob

ist Artillery

Bernhard, Simon

13th Artillery

Blankenberger, A.

15th Artillery

Benjamin, Aaron

1 6th Artillery

Benjamin, Ferdinand

Marine Artillery

Behrens, August

2nd Independent Artillery

Brill, Joseph

25th Indep

•endent Artillery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 243

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Baer, Simon
Bendell, Herman

30th Independent Artillery
Assistant Surgeon "| 6th Heavy Artillery
Surgeon J 86th Infantry

Brevetted Lieutenant- Colonel for meritorious and
honorable conduct; afterwards Superintendent of
Indian affairs for Arizona.
Brun, Samuel

Calish, Arnold H. I

Cohen, Henry E. Corporal H

Cohen, Herman K

Corpel, Benjamin K

Cohn, Albert

Cohen, Lewis H

Cohen, Isaac H

Cohen, Thomas G

Canter, Leon A. 1

Captured at Harper's Ferry; exchanged

after being discharged at expiration of

21, 1862 — July 20, 1863).
Cohen, Samuel

Conheim, Julius D

Chapman, Harris A. A

Coleman, F.

Cohen, Harris C

Czamanski, Julius C

Cohen, David B

Cohen, Isidor A

Killed at Gettysburg.
Cohn, Isaac A

Cohn, Isidor K

Killed at Gettysburg.
Cohen, Jacob

Corporal

Cohen, Julius
Cohen, John
Cohen, Abraham
Cohen, Joseph

F
F

C
I
B

1st Infantry

5th Infantry

6th Infantry

8th Infantry

10th Infantry

1 ith Infantry

2th State Militia

; re-enlisted

term (May

20th Infantry
20th Infantry
24th Infantry
27th Infantry
31st Infantry
31st Infantry
39th Infantry
41st Infantry

41st Infantry
45th Infantry

52nd Infantry
54th Infantry
62nd Infantry
62nd Infantry
68th Infantry

244 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Cohen, Louis B 68th Infantry

Cohen, Abraham Captain E 68th Infantry

Entered as a Private; for his soldier-like qualities,
strict discipline and gallantry on the battle-field was
promoted in quick succession to Corporal, Sergeant,
Sergeant-Major, 2d Lieutenant, 1st Lieutenant, and
Captain of Company E, acting part of the time as
Regimental Adjutant.

Besides participating in many skirmishes Captain
Cohen took part in the battles at Cross Keys, Port Re-
public, Rappahannock Station, White Sulphur Springs,
Slaughter Mountain, Manassas, Bull Run andChantilly.
Being disqualified for further active duty he was
honorably discharged, as shown by the annexed
official order:

Headquarters of the Army,
Adjutant-General's Office,

Washington, December 23, 1862.
Special Order No. 408.

The following officer is honorably discharged from the
military service of the United States on account of disability:
Captain A. Cohen, Company E, 68th New York Volunteers.
By command Major-General Halleck,

(Signed) E. D. Townsend,

Assistant Adjutant- General.

Headquarters near Stafford, C. H.

February 11, 1863.
I hereby certify that I have known Captain Cohen as acting
Adjutanl and subsequently as Captain in the 68th Regiment,
New York Volunteers, and that I have known him to be an
efficient officer, while- the 68th Regiment was under my com-
mand; I recollect that his name was favorably mentioned in
connection with the battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862.

(Signed) W. Krzyzanowski,

Colonel Commanding 2nd Brigade, 3d Division, nth Corps.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

245

Headquarters 3d Division, iith Corps,

February 11, 1863.
From the reports that have reached me, I take pleasure in
certifying to Captain Cohen's efficiency as an officer and his
good conduct in action.'

(Signed) C. Schurz,

Brigadier-General, Commanding 3d Division, nth Corps.

Headquarters 1st Division, iith Corps,

Stafford, C. H., February 12, 1863.
I take pleasure in stating to all concerned that Captain
Cohen is a very efficient officer and has conducted himself in
action bravely. »

(Signed) Julius Stahel,

Brigadier-General, Commanding 1st Division, nth Corps.

Name. Hank.

Cohf:n, Moses
Cohen, Leopold

Cohen,

Cornelius, Abraham

Cornelius, Jacob

Cohen, David

Cornelius, David

Cohn, Max

Cohn, William

Cohen, Lewis

Cohen, Philip, Jr.

Cohn, Isaac Captain

Cohen, Coleman

Coleman, Samuel

Cohn, Henry

Cohn, Joseph

Cohen, Simon

Cohen, Louis

Cohnheim, Max (the author) Capt

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Caspar, B

Company.

Regiment.

73d Infantry

102nd Infantry

1 1 3th Infantry

125th Infantry

127th Infantry

131st Infantry

134th Infantry

163d Infantry

173d Infantry

174th Infantry

193d Infantry

8th S. V.

13th S. M.

7th Cavalry

1 8th Cavalry

5th Artillery

7th Artillery

1 6th Artillery

ain

41st Infantry

Cohen, Moses S.

1 st Independent Battery
2nd Fire Zouaves

246

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Davis, Samuel

i st Infantry

Davis, David

i st Infantry

Davis, Charles

3d Infantry

Davis, Benjamin

4th Infantry

David, Simpson

5th Infantry

Davis, David P.

5th Infantry

Davis, Henry

6th Infantry

Davis, Gomperts

6th Infantry

Dampf, Meier

7th Infantry

Dantziger,

7th Infantry

Died from wounds received at Fredericksburg.

Davis, G. D. ( Lieutenant

7th Infantry

Dampf, Moritz

8th Infantry

David, Moritz Corporal

8th Infantry

Davison, Gustav

8th Infantry

Dreyfus, Gustav

9th Infantry

Davis, David

9th Infantry

Davis, David M.

10th Infantry

Deutsch, J.

nth Infantry

Davidson, Jesse

13th Infantry

Davidson, Edmond

1 3th Infantry

David, B. Moritz

17th Infantry

Davis, Joseph

1 8th Infantry

Dryfus, Charles

20th Infantry

Davidson, Alfred

22nd Infantry

Davis, Benjamim

24th Infantry

Davis, Oscar C.

26th Infantry

Davidson, William

26th Infantry

Davis, Eugene M.

Sergeant

27th Infantry

Davis, Joseph L.

27th Infantry

Davis, Samuel

28th Infantry

Davis, Joseph

28th Infantry

Davis, Joshua C.

28th Infantry

Davis, Samuel H.

28th Infantry

Dondorf, Edward

29th Infantry

Davids, Samuel

34th Infantry

Davis, L. H.

Lieutenant

35th Infantry

Davis, Isaac H.

38th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

247

Name.

Rank.

COMPANY.

Rkgimknt.

Davls, Isaac

38th Infantry

Dkrndingkr, Leo

Lieutenant

39th Infantry

David, Emile

Corporal

39th Infantry

Davison, Gust a v

41st Infantry

Davis, Henry

42 nd Infantry

Davidson, Samuel

Lieutenant

43d Infantry

Davis, Alexander

44th Infantry

Davis, Lewis W.

44th Infantry

Dessauer, Fr. A.

Captain

45th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant on General Howard's staff;

killed in action.

Davidson, David C.

51st Infantry

Davidson, Charles

53d Infantry

Dreyfus, Henry

54th Infantry

Davis, David C.

56th Infantry

Davis, Moses

56th Infantry

Davidson, Samuel

59th Infantry

Davidmeyer, Lewin

68th Infantry

Davis, Reuben

80th Infantry

Davis, David A.

81st Infantry

Dryfus, Emanuel

Sergeant

83d Infantry

Davis, Frank

87th Infantry

Davis, Moses

89th Infantry

De Wolf, D. C.

94th Infantry

Davis, David

95th Infantry

Davis, David

98th Infantry

Davis, Joseph

102 nd Infantry

Davis, Abraham

105th Infantry

Davis, Julius

1 iotli Infantry

Davis, David

1 nth Infantry

Davis, Abraham L.

1 15th Infantry

Davis, Abraham A.

1 1 8th Infantry

David, Reuben

1 1 8th Infantry

Davis, Israel

1 1 9th Infantry

Davis, Daniel

120th Infantry

Davis, David

120th Infantry

Davis, Isaac

1 20th Infantry

Davis, Simeon

120th Infantry

248

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Hank.

Company. Regiment.

Davis, Simeon J.

120th Infantry

Davidson, D.

Corporal

121st Infantry

Dryfus, Joachim

Sergeant

127th Infantry

Davis, Benjamin

129th Infantry

Davis, Levi C.

130th Infantry

Davidson, Morris

Adjutant

f 130th Infantry
1 176th Infantry.

Lieutenant and Brevet Captain

Davidson, Morris M.,

f 131st Infantry
1 176th Infantry

Quartermaster

Davis, Emanuel

137th Infantry

Davis, Bzekiah

Corporal

144th Infantry

Davis, Joseph A.

Lieutenant

149th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.

Daniels, Joshua

150th Infantry

Danielson, William E.

151st Infantry

Davis, Abraham

153d Infantry

Davis, Isaac L.

156th Infantry

Davidson, Joseph B.

161st Infantry

Davis, Aaron B.

169th Infantry

Davis, Nathan M.

175th Infantry

Durst, Joseph

177th Infantry

De Wolf, Moses

184th Infantry

Davis, David J.

185th Infantry

Davis, Benjamin

189th Infantry

Davidson, David B.

8th S. V.

Davis, Abraham

3d Cavalry

Davidson, Solomon

6th Cavalry

Davison, Alexander

1 2 th Cavalry

David, Samuel

13th Cavalry

David, Samuel

Lieutenant

25th Cavalry

Davis, Eugene M.

1 st Net. Cavalry

Davis, Benjamin

1st Net. Cavalry

Davis, Simon

1 st Mounted Rifles

Davis, Isaac

Sergeant

2nd Artillery

De Silva, Henry

4th Artillery

De Silva, Homer

4th Artillery

Davis, Abraham

7th Artillery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

249

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Dk Souza, W. H.

15th Artillery

Dauzer, Carl

30th Battery

Killed at Gaines'

Mill.

Eckstein, Samuel

1st Infantry

Esau, Ferdinand

5th Infantry

Eichberg, James T.

6th Infantry

Elsna, Carl

7th Infantry

Eppenstein, Carl

8th Infantry

Elsner, Charles F.

i st Lieutenant

29th Infantry

Eisner, Gustav

29th Infantry

Engel, Herman

39th Infantry

Ehrlich, Herman

39th Infantry

Eckstein, David

Corporal

41st Infantry

Engel, Moritz

41st Infantry

Enoch, Leopold

41st Infantry

Eiseman, Louis

Corporal

46th Infantry

Engel, Joseph

46th Infantry

Elias, Benjamin

54th Infantry

Engel, Gilbert

61st Infantry

Elk an, S.

62nd Infantry

Emanuel, Ullman

66th Infantry

Elsas, Jacob

68th Infantry

Ettinger, Joseph

70th Infantry

Ellis, Daniel

94th Infantry

Ellis, Isaac

94th Infantry

Eisman, Felix

100th Infantry

Epstein, David

131st Infantry

Engel, Adolph

185th Infantry

Engel, Herman

Sergeant

7th S. V.

Ellinger, Adolph

7th S. V.

Ephraim Morris

Sergeant

47th S. M.

Engel, Albert

Corporal

13th Cavalry

Ellinger, Charles

1 8th Cavalry

Erlanger, Martin

30th Independent Artillery

Fult, Louis

1st Infantry

Friedenberg, James

1st Infantry

Friedberg, Alfred

Ensign

1st Infantry

250

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Frankfurter, Benjamin E.

5th Infantry

Frank, Emil

5th Infantry

Frank, August

6th Infantry

Freund, August

6th Infantry

Frank, Louis

7th Infantry

Frank, Jacob

7th Infantry

Feder, Max

7th Infantry

Falkenberg, Herman

7th Infantry

Fischer, P. J.

7th Infantry

Friedman, Albert Sergeant

8th Infantry

Frankenstein, L.

8th Infantry

Killed at Fredericksburg.

Frohbach, A.

8th Infantry

Frohbach, Gustav

8th Infantry

Frohbach, Herman

8th Infantry

Friedenthal, Abraham Sergeant

1 2th Infantry

Fix, Max Sergeant

1 2th Infantry

Felsenheimer, Martin

i 2th Infantry

Frankenstein, Philip

20th Infantry

Fued, Moses

20th Infantry

Lost an arm in action.

Featto, Harris

24th Infantry

Friedenberg, Wileiam

24th Infantry

Frank, Henry

26th Infantry

Frank, Julius

29th Infantry

Frankel, Louis Sergeant

29th Infantry

Freund, Louis Captain

29th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Frank, Louis Lieutenant

29th Infantry

Fleischman, William

29th Infantry

Frankel, Herman Corporal

31st Infantry

Promoted from private.

Frankenberg, Julius

31st Infantry

Freudenthal, David

31st Infantry

Freeman, Joseph Sergeant

35th Infantry

Fredenberg, David

35th Infantry

Fredenberg, J.

35th Infantry

Freudenberg, Alexander

39th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

251

Na.mk. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Freeman, Simon

40th Infantry

Freeman, Simon

40th Infantry

Fleischman, Oscar Captain

41st Infantry

Promoted from private.

Freund, Joseph •

41st Infantry

Frank, Joachim J.

41st Infantry

Frank, Jacob

46th Infantry

Fleischman, Carl

46th Infantry

Fleischman, Joseph

46th Infantry

Falk, Joseph

49th Infantry

Friedenfeld, Charles

49th Infantry

Friedenberg, Henry

49th Infantry

Frikdenberg, Abraham

50th Infantry

Frank, William Lieutenant

52 nd Infantry

Frank, Emil Lieutenant

52nd Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Friedenberg, David

52nd Infantry

Friedenberg, Adolph Captain

54th Infantry

Fleischman, August

54th Infantry

Freund, Bernard

54th Infantry

Freudenberger, L.

55th Infantry

Frank, Jacob

57th Infantry

Friedlander, Gottlieb Captain

58th Infantry

Promoted from private.

Fleischer, Julius Lieutenant

58th Infantry

Freeman, Henry

65th Infantry

Feder, Henry -\ (Three brothers)

66th Infantry

Feder, Abraham > Sergeant
Feder, Adolph ) Corporal

66th Infantry

Fischer, Lieutenant

66th Infantry

Friedenberg, Nathan

66th Infantry

Falk, Jacob

68th Infantry

Franke, Herman

68th Infantry

Franke, Julius

68th Infantry

Feldstein, Theodore Captain

68th Infantry

Frank, Gottlieb

68th Infantry

Franz, Eli

68th Infantry

Fraenkel, Moses

72nd Infantry

252

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Co

MIWNY.

Regiment.

Friedman, William

73d Infantry

Frankenberg, William

83d Infantry

Friedenthal, R.

91st Infantry

Firth, Isaac

91st Infantry

Frankfurter, Abraham

E .

91st Infantry

Friedman, Jacob

100th Infantry

Frank, C. P.

100th Infantry

Frank, Julius Lieutenant

103d Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Falk, Joseph

103d Infantry

Freund, Heinrich

119th Infantry

Frankel, Jacob

1 1 9th Infantry

Friedlander, Max

Lieutenant

122nd Infantry

Fix, Julius

122nd Infantry

Friedenberg, Morris

128th Infantry

Friedman, Henry

Corporal

131st Infantry

Freedman, Daniel

Corporal

143d Infantry

Frank, David

Corporal

154th Infantry

Frank, Mosf;s

160th Infantry

Flatte, Harris

Franklin, Marcus

178th Infantry

Friedenthal, Frederick

178th Infantry

Frankel, Friedrich

Captain

187th Infantry

Ferdinandson, Julius

i Lieutenant

191st Infantry

Freund, Joseph 2

nd Lieutenant

1st Independent

Promoted from private.

Friedman, Philip

5th S. V.

Friedman, Joseph

7th S. V.

Friedlander, David

Major

25th S. M.

Friedenthal, Jacob

Captain

25th S. M.

Freeman, Benjamin-

71st S. M.

Freeman, Charles

71st S. M.

Freeman, Abraham

2nd Cavalry

Frank, Gustav

4th Cavalry

Frankenberger, H.

7 th Cavalry

Freund, Jacob

8th Cavalry

Friend, Frank

13th Cavalry

Friend, Isaac B.

13th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

253

Name. Rank.

Frank, Leopold
Frank, Leopold
Frank, Lewis
Friedman, Heinrich
Falk, Jacob
Fleischman, Gustav
Frank, Emil
Frank, Joseph
Felleman, William M.
Falk, Jacob
Fleck, C. C.
Freund, Max.

Gans, Albert
Gumprecht, David
Gottwalt, Herman
Glaubenksly, T. G. Adjutant

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Gutman, Henry
Gumprecht, Henry

Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Gumprecht, Julius

Killed at Fredericksburg.

Gottlieb, Julius
Goldsmith, Lewis
Goldsmith, Isaac
Greenwall, Philip
Greenfield, Albert
Greenfield, Charles
Grunewald, Friedrich
Grunthal, Edward
Grunewald, Gustav
Goldfisch, Adam
Greenffld, Morris
Goodman, Levi

Gans, August Sergeant

Gottschalk, Michael G.
Gottlieb, Henry E. Captain

COMPAN

r. Reg 1 mk nt.

1 8th Cavalry

I i

st Mounted Rifles

2nd Artillery

13th Artillery

14th Artillery

15th Artillery

Marine Artillery

1st Battery

3th Independent Artillery

30th Battery

6th Infantry

7th Infantry

8th Infantry

9th Infantry

1 ith Infantry

1 2th Infantry

19th Infantry

20th Infantry

29th Infantry

31st Infantry

33d Infantry

38th Infantry

39th Infantry

40th Infantry

254

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment,

39th Infantry

40th Infantry

42nd Infantrj T

Gans, Jacob

Goldberg, Samuel

Gotthold, Isaac N. Captain

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Mr. Gotthold was a gifted actor, whose impersona-
tions of leading characters won for him high favor,
and demonstrated his superior histrionic abilities.

Grunbaum, John

45th Infantry

GOLDMAN, FrIEDERICH

46th Infantry

Goldsmith, Abraham

47th Infantry

GOLDSCHMIDT, JULIUS

49th Infantry

Greenwalt, Joseph

50th Infantry

Goldsmith, Carl

52nd Infantry

Goldsmith, Iy.

54th Infantry

Goldvogel, Alexander

55th Infantry

Goodman, Henry

56th Infantry

Goldsmith, Charles

56th Infantry

Goodman, Benjamin Captain

77th Infantry

Promoted from private.

Goodman, Albert

57th Infantry

Gosline, Henry S. Colonel Pinckney's Regiment

Goldman, August

58th Infantry

Goldman, William

58th Infantry

Gans, Bmil

68th Infantry

Gotthold, August

68th Infantry

Goldsmith, A.

70th Infantry

Goldsmith, Leopold

71st Infantry

Goldsmith, H.

80th Infantry

Goodman, H. J.

82nd Infantry

Goodman, Samuel G.

93d Infantry

Goldsmith, William

94th Infantry

Greenfeld, David

97th Infantry

Greenhut, S.

100th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.

Guggenheim, J.

100th Infantry

Killed in attack on Morris Island.

Goodman, Henr^ S.

1 ooth Infantry

Goldstein, Philip

103d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

255

Name. Rank. Company.

Green, S.

Gottschalk, Jacob K

Gans, Louis H

Green, Benjamin H. E

Green, Solomon D

Goldsmith, Joseph W. H

Goodman, Joseph H

Gotthelf, Jacob F

Green walt, Harris K

Greenwat, Marcus K

Green, Oscar G

Goldsmith, Henry B

Gans, Isaac A

Gans, Frederick B

Goldsmith, Abraham A

Goldsmith, G. B. Corporal A

Goldsmith, J. W. Sergeant C

Goldsmith, M. C

Goldstein, A. M

Green, David H

Goldsmith, S. F

Gottlieb, Ludwig Corporal K

Goldsmith, William E

Glaser, Adolph K
Killed in Virginia.

Gumpel, Samuel C
Green, Moses S. Captain

Regiment.

107th Infantry

115th Infantry

1 1 9th Infantry

125th Infantry

126th Infantry

127th Infantry

131st Infantry

146th Infantry

152nd Infantry

153d Infantry

164th Infantry

175th Infantry

185th Infantry

1st Independent

22nd S. M.

2nd Cavalry

6th Cavalry

1 1 th Cavalry

1 8th Cavalry

1 st Artillery

1 6th Artillery

15th Artillery

15th Artillery
15th Engineers

Haas, Philip , 1st Infantry

Harris, Jacob A 2nd Infantry

Hirsch, Andrew K 2nd Infantry

Heyman Philip D 4th Infantry

HESS, Charles G 4th Infantry

Hart, David H. Sergeant F 5th Infantry

Heyman, Nathan F 6th Infantry

Hirschson, Edmund B 7th Infantry

HESS, Friedrich B 7th Infantry

Heimberger, Charles Lieutenant 7th Infantry

256

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namk.

Rank i

Company.

Regiment.

Hartzheim, Charles

7th Infantry

Heimburg, Julius

Captain

7th Infantry
(reorganized)

Heller, Friedrich

7th Infantry

Hochheim, Louis

Captain

7th Infantry

Haas, Leonard J.

7th Infantry

Herzberg, Albert

Lieutenant

8th Infantry

Herzfeld, Joseph

8th Infantry

Heineman, Theodore

8th Infantry

Hoffman, Jacob

8th Infantry

Hirsch, Julius

8th Infantry

Hart, Joseph A. Drum Major

9th Infantry

Hays, Jacob

9th Infantry

Harris, Joseph

10th Infantry

Harris, Daniel

nth Infantry

Hersch, J. S. Corporal

13th Infantry

Harris, Louis

14th Infantry

Hesse, Adolph

14th Infantry

Hays, Michael

15th Infantry

Harris, David

1 6th Infantry

Harris, Joseph

17th Infantry

Harris, David

1 8th Infantry

Hoym, Otto Captain

20th Infantry

Hoffman, L.

20th Infantry

Herrman, August

20th Infantry

Herrman, William

20th Infantry

Heineman, Charles

20th Infantry

Heineman, Henry

20th Infantry

Hess, Jacob

20th Infantry

Lost an arm at Chancellorsville.

Harris, Charles

23d Infantry

Harrison, Samuel

24th Infantry

Lost a leg at the Battle of New Hope Church.

Hart, Benjamin B.

24th Infantry

Herrman, Henry

Corporal

25th Infantry

Harris, Israel

Corporal

25th Infantry

Hamburger, Simon

25th Infantry

Harris, Isaac

27th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

257

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Herrman, Jacob

28th Infantry

Hahn, Jacob

29th Infantry

Hukbsch, Charles

29th Infantry

Hirschbkrg, Charles

31st Infantry

Hirsch, Morris

31st Infantry

Hoffman, Louis

31st Infantry

Hirsch, Jacob

31st Infantry

Hahn, Joseph Sergeant

31st Infantry

Hahn, Ferdinand

31st Infantry

Hahn, George

31st Infantry

Heiman, Henry

31st Infantry

Hart, David

33d Infantry

Hoofman, Eugene

34th Infantry

Hayman, Samuel Colonel

37th Infantry

Hess, Adolph

39th Infantry

Hochheimer, Carl

39th Infantry

Heine, Louis

39th Infantry

Hahn, Charles

39th Infantry

Herzog, Louis

39th Infantry

Hirschfeld, Herman Surgeon

41st Infantry

Hirschfeld, Ernst Lieutenant

41st Infantry

Herz, Jacob

41st Infantry

Hirsch, George

41st Infantry

Hirsch, Jacob

41st Infantry

Hirsch, Seligman

41st Infantry

Hart, Samuel

43d Infantry

Hays, Joel

44th Infantry

Hays, Nathaniel

44th Infantry

Harris, David S.

44th Infantry

Hahn, P.

45th Infantry

Heineman, C.

45th Infantry

Hess, Henry

45th Infantry

Heineman, William

45th Infantry

Hahn, Carl

46th Infantry

Hahn, Carl Moritz

46th Infantry

Hahn, August

47th Infantry

HAys, Michael

48th Infantry

258

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Her'rman, Jacob

49th Infantry

Hammerslaugh, Samuel

54th Infantry

Hammerslaugh, Simon

54th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Chancellors ville.

Heineman, Gottlieb

54th Infantry

Herschfeld, Charles

54th Infantry

Heineman, Heinrich

54th Infantry

Hertz, Alexander

54th Infantry

Hirschfeld, Herman

54th Infantry

Hottheimer, Henry

54th Infantry

Killed in action.

Harris, Isaac C.

56th Infantry

Harris, Joseph

56th Infantry

Herrman, Ferdinand

Captain

58th Infantry

Herzberg, Adolf

59th Infantry

Herschfeld, Elias

59th Infantry

Herschfeld, Jacob

59th Infantry

Hart, David E.

60th Infantry

Hartfeld,

62nd Infantry

Hirschberg, David

62nd Infantry

Herzberg, Friedrich

Lieutenant

66th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Hockster, Mayer

66th Infantry

Hirsch, Julius

66th Infantry

Herrman, Simon

Sergeant

66th Infantry

Hess, Jacob

66th Infantry

Harris, Levi

67th Infantry

Herzberg, Rudolf

68th Infantry

Hays, Samuel

70th Infantry

Hess, Jacob Sergeant

71st Infantry

Color Sergeant and

Commissary.

Hess, Morris

71st Infantry

Harris, Frank Corporal

77th Infantry

Herrman, Alexander

H. Sergeant

80th Infantry

Houseman, N.

83d Infantry

Hays, Jacob

83d Infantry

Hart, Lewis

86th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLD I EH AND CITIZEN.

259

N A M K. ]

iANK. Company.

Regimkxt.

Hkrrman, William

86th Infantry

Hamburger, Simpson

Captain

91st Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Hart, Alexander

91st Infantry

Harris, Joseph A.

95th Infantry

Hays, Oscar A.

97th Infantry

Herrman, Louis

Sergeant

97th Infantry

Hecht, Benjamin

Captain

98th Infantry

Heilbrun, Philip

1 ooth Infantry

Hess, Joseph

1 01 st Infantry

Hays, Abram

1 1 8th Infantry

Hart, Joel

1 1 3th Infantry

Herrman, Jacob

123d Infantry

Hirschler, Nathaniel

124th Infantry

Hays, Daniel

127th Infantry

Heineman, Oscar

132nd Infantry

Hp;ineman, Charles H.

134th Infantry

Herrman, Daniel

136th Infantry

Hart, B.

139th Infantry

Haller, Jacob

140th Infantry

Hays, Joseph

Lieutenant

142nd Infantry

Hess, Joseph

144th Infantry

Heinsfurter, Joseph

149th Infantry

Hyams, Jacob

149th Infantry

Harris, Chapman A.

149th Infantry

Hays, Henry

149th Infantry

Hays, Daniel

149th Infantry

Hays, Sidney

151st Infantry

Hays, Benjamin E.

10th Zouaves

Heyman, R. B.

Corporal

153d Infantry

Harrison, Henry

158th Infantry

Herrman, Alexander

162nd Infantry

Hahn, Louis

163d Infantry

Hahn, Philip

176th Infantry

Herzog, Charles

178th Infantry

Hirsch, Henry

178th Infantry

Hays, Benjamin T.

179th Infantry

Harris, Levi E.

184th Infantry

260

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. s Rank. Compa

NY.

Regiment.

Hess, Jonah

192nd Infantry

Harris, Frank

194th Infantry

Holt, N.

1st Independent

Killed at Morris Island.

Hirsch, John Lieutenant

1 st Independent

Holz, Louis

1 st Independent

Hays, Benjamin J.

7th S. V.

Herzog, Joseph

7th S. V.

Herz, Carl

22nd S. M.

Harris, Samuel F.

37th S. M.

Hirsch, Herman

Corporal

1st Cavalry

Hirsch, Philip

1st Cavalry

Herzfeld, Moritz

1st Cavalry

Heidenheim, Henry

1st Cavalry

Hays, Michael

Lieutenant

4th Cavalry

Herman, Louis

4th Cavalry

Hahn, Henry

8th Cavalry

Hart, Isaac

12 th Cavalry

Hart, Joseph

1 2th Cavalry

Haas, Louis

Lieutenant

12 th Cavalry

Herrman, Charles T.

Corporal

1 2th Cavalry

Hess, Julian

14th Cavalry

Hahn, Adolph

1 6th Cavalry

Hays, Solomon K.

26th Cavalry

HOFHEIMER, SlEGMUND

1st Mounted Rifles

Hays, Isaac C.

2nd Mounted Rifles

Heineman, William

2nd Mounted Rifles

Herrman, Max

3d Artillery

Hart, Eli W.

6th Artillery

Hays, Abraham

7th Artillery

Hays, David H.

13th Artillery

Herzog, Charles

Adjutant

15th Artillery

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Hess, David

15th Artillery

Hess, Herman

15th Artillery

Hess, Julius

Lieutenant

28th Battery

Promoted from private.

Hess, Julius

2nd Lieutenant

1st Engineers

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. . 261

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Hartfield, . K 62nd Infantry

J.XY CIVICS, Ji\^UI3

Isaacs, Charles L.

5th Infantry

Isaacs, Joseph Corporal

9th Infantry

Isenstein, George

24th Infantry

Isaacs, Solomon

40th Infantry

Isaacs, Isaac

44th Infantry

Israels, Lehman Lieutenant

55th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

ISAYAH, E.

59th Infantry

Isidor, Leopold

6 1 st Infantry

Isaac, Julius

De Kalle Regiment

Isaacs, J. J.

76th Infantry

Isaacs, Levi

78th Infantry

Isaacs, Moses M.

83d Infantry

Isaacs, Isaac

83d Infantry

Isaacs, Henry

90th Infantry

Isaacs, Michael

90th' Infantry

Isaacs, Alfred S. Color Sergeant

95th Infantry

Promoted from private; wounded at Gettysburg.

Isaacs, Samuel

132nd Infantry

Isaac, Lewis Captain

5th Cavalry

Promoted from private.

Isaacs, David

5th Cavalry

Isaacs, Benjamin '

1 6th Artillery

Isaac, V.

1 6th Artillery

Jacob, Henry F.

1st Infantry

Jacobs, William C.

3d Infantry

Jacobson, Philip Lieutenant

5th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Jacobs, John

5th Infantry

Joachim, Charles

6th Infantry

Julius, Oscar 1st Lieutenant

7th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Joseph, Gottfried

7th Infantry

262

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company

Regiment.

Jacoby, Friedrich

i st Lieutenant

7th Infantry

Promoted from

private; killed at '.

Fredericksburg .

Jupitz, F.

7 th Infantry

3d (New Jersey)
Infantry

Jacobs, Joseph

8th Infantry

Jacobson, Ivor

Captain

8th Infantry

Promoted from lieutenant.

Jacoby, Joseph

8th Infantry

Jacobs, Edward

9th Infantry

Captured; died

a prisoner of war.

Jacobson, Louis

Lieutenant

9th Infantry

Promoted from

Sergeant.

Jacobs, George A.

17th Infantry

Jacobs, George M.

19th Infantry

Jacobs, Charles E

19th Infantry

Jacoby, Adam

20th Infantry

Jacob, W.

2 1 st Infantry

Jacobs, Hymes

24th Infantry

Jacobs, Morris

25th Infantry

Jost, J.

29th Infantry

Jacobson, Herman

29th Infantry

Jones, Abraham

31st Infantry

Jacobus, Jesse

34th Infantry

Jacobus, Henry

34th Infantry

Jackel, Julius

39th Infantry

Jacobs, Care

39th Infantry

Jacobson, Jueius

41st Infantry

Jacobs, B.

42nd Infantry

Jacobs, Gottlieb

45th Infantry

Jacoby, Samuel

50th Infantry

Jones, Benjamin

51st Infantry

Jacobs, Samuel

51st Infantry

Jacoby, Louis Corporal

52nd Infantry

Jacobs, Benjamin

53d Infantry

Joseph, Henry

54th Infantry

Joachimsen Philip

J. Brevet Brigadier-Gene

ral 59th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

203

A New York paper makes the following remarks concerning
this distinguished officer, under date of January 7, 1890:

"At the breaking out of the Civil War, the high virtues of
this officer showed themselves in their brightest hue. He
organized the 59th New York Volunteer Regiment and,
appointed as its Colonel, was ordered to the front. The Regi-
ment was stationed at Fortress Monroe. While there he was
appointed as United States Paymaster. Subsequently he was
ordered to New Orleans under the command of General B. F.
Butler. While on duty he fell from his horse and was so
severely hurt as to be sent to New York. Rendered disqualified
for further military duty, he was honorably discharged. Gov-
ernor Fenton, of the State of New York, in acknowledging his
eminent services, appointed him Brevet Brigadier-General."

Name.

Rank. Company.

llKGlMENT.

Jacobs, Georgk Albert

6 1 st Infantry

Julian, Theodor

62 nd Infantry

Joseph,

66th Infantry

Jacob, Julius

66th Infantry

Joseph, Joseph M.

Corporal

66th Infantry

Jacobsig, Gustav

67th Infantry

Joseph, J. Adolph

1 st Lieutenant

68th Infantry

Jacobs, Henry D.

70th Infantry

Joseph, Lionel

72nd Infantry

Jacobson, Eugene

P. 1st Lieutenant

74th Infantry

Promoted from

Sergeant.

Jacobs, Benjamin

82 nd Infantry

Joel, Julius

83d Infantry

Jacobs, Jacob

Captain

83d Infantry

Enlisted as priv

ate.

Jacob, Louis

84th Infantry

Jacobs, Israel P.

Corporal

89th Infantry

Jacobs, Benjamin

90th Infantry

Jacobs, Charles

90th Infantry

Jacobs, John

90th Infantry

Jacobs, Henry F.

Sergeant

91st Infantry

Jacobson, Isaac

91st Infantry

Jacobs, J. S.

92nd Infantry

264

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Rank.

Corporal
Sergeant

Name.

Jonas, Daniel

Jacobs, Edward

Jacoby, Max

Jacobson, Herman

Jacobs, Eli

Jacobs, Henry C

Jacobson, Herman

Jones, Joseph

Jacobs, John

Jacobs, John H.

Jacobs, Joseph W.

Jacobs, William S.

Jacobs, Joseph

Jacobs, Daniel T. Captain

Jacobs, Henry P.

Jacobs, Reuben

Jones, Isaac

Jacobs, George C.

Jacobs, Bernhard

Jacobs, Joseph

Jacobs, Aeered

Jacobs, Morris

Jacobs, Charles

Jacobson, A. D.

Jones, Levi

Jacobs, Jacob

Jacobson, Abraham

Jacobson, Herman

Joseph, A.

Jacobson, W. H.

Jacobs, Maurice H.

Jacobson, A. C.

Jones, Abraham

Jacobs, G.

Jacobson, Henry S.

Jacobs, Charles

Jacobs, Carl

Jacobs, Eugene

Lieutenant

Corporal

Company

F
C
A
B
H
H
C
K

Regiment.

iooth Infantry

ioist Infantry

103d Infantry

109th Infantry

110th Infantry

1 1 9th Infantry

124th Infantry

127th Infantry

129th Infantry

133d Infantry

139th Infantry

141st Infantry

147th Infantry

149th Infantry

156th Infantry

162nd Infantry

165th Infantry

173d Infantry

176th Infantry

179th Infantry

185th Infantry

193d Infantry

1 st Independent

5 th S. V.

7 th S. V.

17th S. V,

71st S. M.

1st Cavalry

1 st Cavalry

10th Cavalry

1 2th Cavalry

13th Cavalry

1 8th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

21 >o

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment

G 22 nd Cavalry

M 22 nd Cavalry

H 1st Veteran Cavalry
B 2nd Veteran Cavalry

Jones, Henry
Jacob, Benjamin
Jones, Jacob T.
Jacobson, Henry
Jacobs, Isaac

Jacobson, W. C. 1st Lieutenant
Promoted from 2nd lieutenant.

Jacobs, Joseph

Jones, Isaac

Jost, Jacob

Jacobowsky, Marcus 23d Independent Artillery

Jones, Moses 28th Independent Artillery

4th Artillery
5th Artillery

8th Artillery
13th Artillery
15th Artillery

Klugeman, Nathan E

Also Veteran Mexican War.

Kuhn, Joseph

Kohn, Philip Captain

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Kaiser, William

Kaufman, William B. Sergeant

Koerpel, Benjamin

Kaufman, William B. Captain

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Kuhn, Ferdinand
Krueger, Louis
konigsdorfer, l.
Kaufman, Jules 1st Lieutenant

Konig, August Lieutenant

Kessler, Levi

Wounded at Wilson Creek, N. C.
in Libby Prison.
Kohn, Heyman

Kolb, Jacob

2nd Independent Artillery

I 1st Infantry

5th Infantry

6th Infantry
6th Infantry
6th Infantry
6th Infantry

C 7th Infantry

F 7th Infantry

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

captured; confined

7th Infantry
(reorganized)

266

Name.

Kohn, Joseph

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Rank

Company

Kaufman, Norman

Wounded at Fredericksburg on left leg-,
wound on right hip.
Kaufman, Jacob . A

Kohn, Hyman

Killed at Fredericksburg.
Kaufman, P.

Kahn, Henry q

Koch, Leopold C

Kaufman, William Drum Major

Kaiser, Jacob A

Kaufman, Adolph B

Krauskopf, George B

Kirsch, Jacob K

Katz, Michael I

Kohn, Barnet Corporal C

Kassel, Joseph

kottner, l.

Kaufman, Gustav B

Katz, Louis B

Regiment.

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

and shell

8th Infantry
• (reorganized)

8th Infantry
(reorganized)

8th Infantry
(reorganized)
10th Infantry
(reorganized)
13th Infantry
(reorganized)
20th Infantry
(reorganized)
20th Infantry
(reorganized)
20th Infantry
(reorganized)
2 1 st Infantry
(reorganized)
2 1 st Infantry
(reorganized)
29th Infantry
(reorganized)
31st Infantry
(reorganized)
31st Infantry
(reorganized)
31st Infantry
(reorganized)
39th Infantry
(reorganized)
41st Infantry
(reorganized)

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

267

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Kaufman, Gottlob

41st Infantry

(reorganized )

Kiritz, Michael

42nd Infantry
(reorganized)

Kaufman, C.

Corporal

45th Infantry

Kaufman, Louis

45th Infantry

Kahn, Charles

45th Infantry

Kaufman, Gottlob

Sergeant

45th Infantry

Kaufman, Frederick

45th Infantry

Klingenstein, J.

45th Infantry

Kohn, Julius

46th Infantry

King, Ferdinand

50th Infantry

KOHEN, NlCOEAUS

51st Infantry

KarpeeES, Henry M.

Lieutenant- Colonel

52 nd Infantry

Promoted from Ma

jor.

KarpeeES, R. Lieutenant

52nd Infantry

Killed in action.

Kahn, Care

54th Infantry

Kahn, Charles

54th Infantry

Koch, Lewis

57th Infantry

Kohn, Jacob

57th Infantry

Wounded at Seven Pines.

Kaufman, Alexander

58th Infantry

Kohn, Isaac 2nd Lieutenant

66th Infantry

Kahn, Herman

66th Infantry

Keller, Julius

68th Infantry

Kohn, Adolphus Corporal

78th Infantry

King, Joseph

8 1 st Infantry

King, Jacob

89th Infantry

King, Noah

100th Infantry

King, Joseph

102nd Infantry

Krauth, Herman

Captain

103d Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Kohn, Charles

103d Infantry

Kaufman, Heinrich

103d Infantry

Kaufman, Adam

104th Infantry

Koch, Jacob

1 06th Infantry

Kohnstadt, Isidor

132nd Infantry

268

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank

Kohn, Frederick
Katzenstein, Joseph
King, David

King, Levi Corporal

Kaufman, M.
Kauffman, C.
Katzenberg, Charles
Kohn, Otto
Kohn, Herman
Katzenstein, Charles
Kohn, Jacob
Kohn, Joseph
Kohut, Jacob
Kalish, Herman
Krauss, Henry
Krauss, Joseph
Kaufman, Jacob
Kuhne, Levi
Kaufman, Adolph
Koch, Jacob

Company. Regiment.

F 134th Infantry

F 140th Infantry

B 142 nd Infantry

I 150th Infantry

159th Infantry
163d Infantry
F 163d Infantry

C 173d Infantry

C 178th Infantry

D 178th Infantry

A 1 st Independent

C 7th S. V.

H 7 th S. M.

D 1st Cavalry

I 1 st Cavalry

A 4th Cavalry

K 1st Artillery

3d Artillery
A 15th Artillery

29th Independent Artillery

Leavy, Frederick Sergeant

Enlisted as private.
LlElENTHAL, JOHANN I

Lipowitz, Herman Lieutenant K

Promoted from Sergeant.

Limberger, Augustus Lieutenant
Levy, Max G

LlSBERGER, D. K

Lowenthae, Siegmund Lieutenant

Levy, Joseph F

Leopold, Emil B

Lepman, Charles D

LOWENTHAL, HENRY D

Wounded at White House Landing.
Lowenstein, Julius E

LlCHTENHAHN, GEORGE F

Loeb, Max K

ivSt Infantry

1st Infantry
1st Infantry

3d Infantry
4th Infantry
6th Infantry
6th Infantry
6th Infantry
7th Infantry
7th Infantry
7th Infantry

7 th Infantry
7th Infantry
7th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

269

Name. Rank.

Lester, Simon

LiEbold, Herman Captain

Levi, Carl

Levy, Louis

Lyon, Mark

Lyon, W.

Lazarus, John

Lazarus, Harry Corporal

Lowenthal, Philip

Loeb, Abraham

Ledkrman, William

Levy, Abraham

Lewis, David J.

Lindner, B.

Lorch, Charles Adjutant

Promoted for gallantry.

Lilienthal, Adolf Sergeant

Lehman, V.
Lyons, Joseph
Lyons, David

Company.

Regiment.

8th Infantry

7th Infantry

(reorganized)

8th Infantry

(reorganized)

9th Infantry

(reorganized)

nth Infantry

(reorganized)

nth Infantry

(reorganized)

nth Infantry

(reorganized)

nth Infantry

(reorganized)

1 2th Infantry

(reorganized)

12 th Infantry

(reorganized)

12th Infantry

(reorganized)

12th Infantry

(reorganized)

1 6th Infantry

(reorganized)

1 8th Infantry

(reorganized)

20th Infantry

(reorganized)

20th Infantry

(reorganized)

20th Infantry

(reorganized)

23d Infantry

(reorganized)

23d Infantry

(reorganized)

270

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namb.

Lichtenstein, Oscar

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

29th Infantry
(reorganized)
26th Infantry

Lewis, Edward A. Captain

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Lorch, Rudolph Sergeant C 29th Infantry

Liebman, Frederick F 29th Infantry

Lowenstein, Moritz H 29th Infantry

Lichenstein, Jacob I 29th Infantry

Levy, Herman C 31st Infantry

Leo, Henry G 31st Infantry

Lederman, Joseph H 31st Infantry

Lewis, Mark A. C 34th Infantry

Lewis, Isaac H D 34th Infantry

Lewis, Salomon E 34th Infantry

Losher, Joseph 38th Infantry

Lowenthae, Benjamin D 39th Infantry
Wounded at Cross Keys; also at Bristow Station;
captured at Spottsylvania and taken to Andersonville
Prison.

B 39th Infantry

C 39th Infantry

Sergeant 39th Infantry

Lieutenant G 39th Infantry
Entered as private; twice wounded; promoted for gal-
lantry .

Lion, Simon I

Levy, Adolph K

Lewis, D.

Lewis, J.

Levy, John A

Lowenstein, John B

Levy, Reuben C

Lewis, Moses

Levi, Abraham I

Lippman,

Levy, Benjamin B

Wounded at the Wilderness. U.

awarded him a ' ' medal of honor. ' '

Leibnitz, Ferdinand
Lehman, Heinrich
Lieser, M.
Lederer, Emanuel M.

39th Infantry
39th Infantry
40th Infantry
40th Infantry
40th Infantry
41st Infantry
41st Infantry
42nd Infantry
42nd Infantry

Turner's Infantry
40th Infantry

S. Congress

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 271

Benjamin B. Levy enlisted at the age of sixteen, in the
First New York Volunteers, at the breaking out of the Re-
bellion, as a drummer boy, and while his regiment was stationed
at Newport News, Virginia, he was detailed as Orderly for
General Mansfield. While he was conveying dispatches on
board the steamboat ' ' Express ' ' to General Wool at Fort
Monroe, the steamboat was attacked opposite Norfolk, by
the rebel gunboat "Seabird." The "Express," with all
on board, was in imminent danger of capture, when young
Levy saved the steamboat by cutting loose a water schooner
they had in tow. The water schooner was captured, but the
"Express" arrived safely at Fort Monroe. For this act Levy
was highly complimented by Generals Mansfield and Wool.

On the retreat from Richmond, under General McClellan,
his tent -mate was very ill, and to save him from being taken
prisoner, Levy threw away his drum, and taking his comrade's
gun and equipments, went into the fight with his regiment at
Charles City Cross Roads and saved two of the colors of his
regiment from capture. For this act he was promoted on the
field by General Phil. Kearney to Color Sergeant of his regi-
ment.

After the regiment's two years' service had expired, he re-
enlisted in the Fortieth Few York (Mozart) regiment, and at
the battle of the Wilderness he was distinguished for his
gallantry. Here he was stricken down by a serious wound,
receiving a compound fracture of the left thigh. Left on the
field he was captured by Colonel White's Guerillas. He lay
on the field with no shelter for two weeks, and was then re-
captured by our troops that came from Fredericksburg. He
was one of the first from this State to receive a medal of honor
from Congress.

Mr. Levy is a member of Phil. Kearney Post, No. 8, New
York.

Name. Rank.

Lehman, Arthur Sergeant
Lehman, Samuel
Lowenstein, Herman
Lyons, Henry

Company.

Regiment.

41st Infantry

43d Infantry

272

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Namb.

Lewis Isaac
Lester, Joseph
Levy, Samuel C

Enlisted as private.
LiEbman, Frederick
Lehman, Gottlieb

LUDWIG, B.

LOESCH, S.

Lehman, William
Lewis, Lewis
Lehman, Louis
Lyons, Eugene
Ludwig, Jacob
Lewis M.

Lichtenstein, Philip
Lorch, Henry
Leopold, Louis

Promoted from Sergeant
Leopold, Friedrich
Levy, Leon
Lehman, Charles
Lewis, Abraham
Lewis, Benjamin
Lichtenstein, Theo.
Levyson, Abraham
Levy, Robert
Lowenstein, Henry
Levy, Harry
Lippman, Friedrich
Lyon, David H.

Lawach,

Leo, Frederick P.
Lieberman, John
Lieser, Jacob
Levy, Herz
Leoroldi, Leopold
Loeb, Louis
Lowenstein, Joseph

nk. Company.

Regiment.

43d Infantry
44th Infantry

»ral

45th Infantry

45th Infantry
45th Infantry
46th Infantry

46th Infantry
47th Infantry

49th Infantry

50th Infantry

51st Infantry

Major

52nd Infantry

Sergeant

52nd Infantry

Lieutenant

52nd Infantry

nt.

54th Infantry

55th Infantry

56th Infantry

Major

58th Infantry

60th Infantry

Lieutenant

62nd Infantry

64th Infantry

65th Infantry

66th Infantry

Captain

66th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

273

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Lowenstein, Solomon

66th Infantry

Lowenstein, Seligman Corporal

68th Infantry

Lassner, Otto

68th Infantry

LEHMAN, ADOLPH

68th Infantry

LlEBMAN, GEORGE

68th Infantry

LOEWE, A.

68th Infantry

IyKVI, WlLLIAM

Sergeant

70th Infantry

IyippKRWiTz, Herman

71st Infantry

Lichenstein, Philip G. Lieutenant- Colonel

72nd Infantry

Promoted from

Captain.

Loewe, Max

72nd Infantry

Loeb, Daniel

Adjutant

72nd Infantry

Promoted from lieutenant.

IyOCHTK, DANIKIv

Lieutenant

72nd Infantry

LEWIN, Charles

73d Infantry

LEHMAN, C.

74th Infantry

LEOPOLD, ISIDOR

78th Infantry

Levie, Joseph

82 nd Infantry

Levy, Jamks

87th Infantry

Lyons, Michael

88th Infantry

Levy, John

88th Infantry

Lowe, William

88th Infantry

Lewis, I.

89th Infantry

Ludwig, Jacob P.

89th Infantry

Lewis, M.

96th Infantry

Lehman, Philip

97th Infantry

Lewin, Lewis

98th Infantry

Lewis, Eugene H.

Corporal

101st Infantry

Lewis, Abraham

102nd Infantry

Lyon, David E.

1 02nd Infantry

Lehman, Albert

103d Infantry

Levy, Abraham

103d Infantry

Lewin, Joseph

103d Infantry

Lewis, Samuel

107th Infantry

Lewis, Lewis

1 08th Infantry

Lewis, Samuel

1 1 2th Infantry

Lewin, N.

Lieutenant

114th Infantry

274

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Commissary Sergeant
D
K
E

E
E
H

Name. Rank. Company.

Lederer, Charles D

Lehman, William Corporal E

IvKHMAN, P.

Lyon, David Sergeant B

Landauer, Moses C

Lazarus, Jacob D

Lowenstein, Edward I

ElMBURGER, GUSTAV E

Lazarus, Levi H

Lewis, L.

Leivy, Abraham

Lowenstein, Levi

Lewis, Isaac

Lyon, Abraham

Lester, M.

Leopold, George

Lester, Levy

Lehman, Joseph

Light, Solomon Captain

Paralyzed in service.
Levy, Hyman A

Light, Lewis A

Wounded, at Pine Mountain, Georgia;

wounded at Lost Mountain.

Liebman, Herman A

Lazarus, Newman A

Lauderwitzberg, Louis A

Lehman, Moses A

Lazarus, Harry A

Lowitch, Michael A
Killed in action.

Leopold, Frank Lieutenant C

Enlisted as private.

Lewis, Simon A

Lederman, Frank C

Lewis, Isaac J. D

Loescher, Samuel C

Regiment,
i 1 6th Infantry
1 1 6th Infantry
1 1 6th Infantry
1 1 9th Infantry
1 1 9th Infantry
119th Infantry
1 1 9th Infantry

121st Infantry
125th Infantry
127th Infantry
132nd Infantry
132nd Infantry
132nd Infantry

133d Infantry
134th Infantry
145th Infantry
147th Infantry
148th Infantry
149th Infantry

149th Infantry
149th Infantry
severely

149th Infantry
149th Infantry
149th Infantry
149th Infantry
149th Infantry
149th Infantry

151st Infantry

156th Infantry

161st Infantry

162nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

275

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

LlCHTENFELZ, CHARLKS

162nd Infantry

Lipold, Abraham

1 68th Infantry

Lester, Felix

169th Infantry

Loeb, Abraham

175th Infantry

LEHMAN, A.

176th Infantry

LOEWENTHAL, BARNKY

177th Infantry

Lehman, Joseph

178th Infantry

Levy, Adolph

178th Infantry

Lester, Louis

184th Infantry

Levy, Simon

Colonel

tst Independent

Levy, Ferdinand

Father

Captain

rst Independent

Enlisted as Private.

and

Lieutenan

Levy, Alfred

three

t 1 st Indepen-

Enlisted as Private.

sons

dent

Levy, Benjamin C.

^ >

14th

U. S. Infantry

The following are the records of these men:

Colonel Simon Levy was commandant of Camp
"Sprague," Staten Island, and general recruiting offi-
cer during the year 1863. Afterwards he received his
commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Independ-
ent Battalion, New York Volunteers, and took command
of that regiment at St. Helena Island, South Carolina,
continuing in command of the same until its consoli-
dation with the 47th and 48th New York Volunteers
in February, 1864. The Battalion Regiment partici-
pated, while under the command of Colonel Simon Levy,
in the capture of Folly and Morris Islands, South
Carolina, and in several other engagements.

Captain Ferdinand Levy was in command of the
skirmishing party of General Strong's Brigade at the
capture of Morris Island, South Carolina, July 10th,
1863. This command was the first to land on the
island, being the advance guard. Captain Levy was
honorably mentioned for gallant services in brigade
orders shortly afterwards. He is a well-known Israel-
ite; and has served as Coroner, and is now Register of

276

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

the city of New York; he is also active in Jewish insti-
tutions, secret societies, etc.

lieutenant Alfred Levy enlisted as private in the
i st Independent Battalion; was promoted to Sergeant
and subsequently to Lieutenant for meritorious con-
duct. After the consolidation of the regiment he
joined the 5th United States Artillery and served
until the close of the war.

Benjamin C. Levy enlisted in the 14th United
States Infantry at the breaking out of the war and
served until its close. He participated in fourteen
general engagements and numerous skirmishes. His
bravery on several occasions has been honorably
mentioned.

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Lyons, C. H. Adjutant

7th S. V.

Lowenthae, Hknrv

7th S. V.

Lkvy, Jacob

7th S. V.

Lkvy, Jacob

7th S. V.

Lieboed, Herman

Captain

7th S. V.

Levy, Adoeph

8th S. V.

Levy, Alexander

8th S. V.

Levy, Joseph C.

37th S. M.

Leopoed, David

37th S. M.

Lewis, Ferdinand

2nd Cavalry

Lyon, Isaac

Captain

5th Cavalry

Levy, Bernhard H.

5th Cavalry

Leon, Eeias

5th Cavalry

Lewis, Daniee Quartermaster-Sergeant

9th Cavalry

Lewis, Isaac B.

nth Cavalry

Levi, Charles

1 1 th Cavalry

Leh MEIER, G.

1 2th Cavalry

Ludwig, Emie

14th Cavalry

LOWENSTEIN, FREDE

RICK

14th Cavalry

Liebman, Frederick

14th Cavalry

Loeb, Emie

14th Cavalry

Levi, Frank

1 6th Cavalry

Lazarus, H. Louis

1st Lieutenant

1 6th Cavalry

Lewis, Morris

Captain

1 8th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

277

Name. Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Lazarus, Hknry Captain

25th Cavalry

Lauterman, Hknry

3d Artillery

Lester, Jacob

1 st Veteran Cavalry

Lewis, Charles E.

ist Veteran Cavalry

Loeb, Siegmund ist Lieutenant

7th Artillery

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant

Levy, Meier

7th Artillery

Lewis, Oscar

10th Artillery

Lievy, Jacob

13th Artillery

Lowenstein, Moritz 2nd Lieutenant F

15th Artillery

Promoted from Sergeant.

Levy, Henry

1 6th Artillery

Lowenstein, Moritz

2nd Independent Artillery

Lewis, Samuel Lieutenant

5th In

dependent Artillery

Lowenthal, Leopold

2 1 st Artillery

Lowenthal, Jacob

31st Independent Artillery

Liebman, Newman
Lehman, Moses
Lazarus, Harris
Levy, Hyman
Lichtenburg, Louis

Morningstein, Henry

ist Infantry

Meyers, Joseph

1 st Infantry

Miletinski, Moritz

ist Infantry

Mannheimer, Martin

ist Infantry

Morris, Henry

1st Infantry

Mykrs, Simeon

2nd Infantry

Mann, A. Ensign

3d Infantry

Meyers, Lewis F.

3d Infantry

Myers, Oscar

4th Infantry

Meyer, Frederick

5th Infantry

Marks, William

6th Infantry

Marks, August

6th Infantry

Moser, J.

6th Infantry

Meyer, Henry

8th Infantry

Meyer, Louis

8th Infantry

Meyer, A.

8th Infantry

278

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Marx, George

8th Infantry

Meyer, Ludwig

8th Infantry

May, Marcus

9th Infantry

Meyers, Martin

9th Infantry

Martin, J.

9th Infantry

Morrison, Wolf

nth Infantry

Meyer, Jacob

1 3th Infantry

Meyers, Simeon

13th Infantry

Meyers, Joseph

1 6th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

1 6th Infantry

Morris, Moses

1 6th Infantry

Mencke, Isaac

I st Lieutenant

17th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Maier, J. Jacob

19th Infantry

Myers, Samuel

19th Infantry

Ma as, Jacob

20th Infantry

Meyer, Care

Corporal

20th Infantry

Markowsky, August

20th Infantry

Mann, Max

Corporal

20th Infantry

Masins, Leopold

20th Infantry

Lost an arm in

action.

Mayer, Joseph

Corporal

20th Infantry

Meyer, Martin

20th Infantry

Mayers, Henry

22nd Infantry

Moses, Marcus

Corporal

23d Infantry

May, D.

26th Infantry

Meyers, Jacob

28th Infantry

Moser, Joseph

29th Infantry

Meyer, Louis I.

29th Infantry

Moritz, Joseph

Corporal

29th Infantry

Meyer, Adam

29th Infantry

Meyers, Isaac

30th Infantry

Mayer, Levi

31st Infantry

Mann, F.

Corporal

33d Infantry

Mosier, L.

33d Infantry

Marks, Frank

35th Infantry

Mendel, Sidney

Major

35th Infantry

Promoted from Captain.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Rank. Company. Regiment.

G 35th Infantry

E 36th Infantry

E 37th Infantry

Adj utant-General
Adjutant-General of the 3d Army Corps of the Army
of the Potomac, commanded by General Heintzelman;
participated in the battles of the Peninsular Campaign;
subsequently served with General Banks.

Name.

Marks, Joseph
Myers, David
Myer, Charles
Moses, Isaac

Maier, A.

38th Infantry

Marsin, F.

38th Infantry

Maier, Joseph

38th Infantry

Maier, David

38th Infantry

Moses, David

38th Infantry

May, H.

39th Infantry

Meier, Herman

39th Infantry

Mayer, Carl

39th Infantry

Meier, Friedrich

39th Infantry

Mayer, Wilhelm

39th Infantry

Mentz, S. D.

39th Infantry

Morris, Daniel

40th Infantry

MORGENSTEIN, L-

41st Infantry

Meierson, Max

41st Infantry

Meyerstein, H.

41st Infantry

Meier, Joseph

41st Infantry

May, Henry

Hospital Steward

45th Infantry

Mayer, August

45th Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

45th Infantry

Moritz, Joseph

45th Infantry

Mayer, Carl

Lieutenant

46th Infantry

Mantel, Louis

46th Infantry

Meinhart, Jacob

46th Infantry

Miller, Edward \

46th Infantry

Marx, Carl

46th Infantry

Mandell, J.

46th Infantry

Marks, Joseph

49th Infantry

Moses, August

Sergeant

49th Infantry

Morris, H.

50th Infantry

Meyer, Adolph

Quartermaster

52nd Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

280

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Company,
B
H

Name. Rank.

Meyer, Theodore
Moses, George
Myers, Joseph
Mayer, Frederick
Mayer, Jacob
Moses, Henry
Meyer, Jacob
Meyer, Gust a v
Meier, Isaac
MosEvSSon, Mayer
Marx, Joseph
Marx, Louis

Mendeeson, Gustav Sergeant

Marks, Samuee
Meyers, Levi

Morris, Bernhard ist Lieutenant
Enlisted as private.

Morris, A. Lieutenant K

Meyerstein, H. C

Meyerstein, F

Meyer, Isaac G

Meyers, Simeon G
Mieeziner, Isaac

Killed at Bull Run.

Meyer, Adoeph ist Lieutenant

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

Mannheim, Simon Corporal A

Masius, Leopoed A

Mannheim, Thp:o. C

Moses, J. Henry Captain F

Mandeebaum, S. K

Marcus, Samuee K

Meezheimer, Samuee K

Meyer, Aebert K

Meier, Care A
Morrison, Woef

Meier, Gotteieb B

Moses, Seeig ' B

Regiment.

52 nd Infantry
52nd Infantry
53d Infantry
53d Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
55th Infantry
58th Infantry

58th Infantry
58th Infantry

58th Infantry
58th Infantry
59th Infantry
59th Infantry
6 ist Infantry

62nd Infantry

62nd Infantry
62nd Infantry
62nd Infantry
62 nd Infantry
64th Infantry
Zouaves

66th Infantry

66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infautry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
67th Infantry
Ellsworth Zouaves
68th Infantry
68th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

281

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Mantel, Louis E 68th Infantry

Mkykr, Ferdinand K 68th Infantry

MosES, Israel Lieutenant-Colonel 72nd Infantry

. Was appointed Assistant Surgeon of the U. S. Army
in 1847, and served with the Army of Occupation at
Vera Cruz and Toluca, Mexico, and at Fort Craw-
ford, Fort Leavenworth, in Oregon, Washington Terri-
tory, and Texas until his resignation in 1855. In the
Civil War he was appointed Lieutenant- Colonel of a
regiment attached to Sickles' Brigade, but was soon
compelled, by failing health, to resign. He was ap-
pointed Surgeon of the United States Volunteers and
placed in charge of camp hospitals in the Army of
the Potomac and subsequently served with General
Gordon Granger, in the West. He was mustered out
of service in 1865, after receiving the Brevet of
Colonel for faithful and meritorious services.

Masius, Leopold

20th Infantry

Marcus, Leopold

Lieutenant

72nd Infantry

Meyers, Abraham

74th Infantry

Mann, Gustav

74th Infantry

Morris, P.

77th Infantry

Marks, Reuben

8 1 st Infantry

Moses, Abraham

82nd Infantry

Meyers, Leopold

82nd Infantry

Moses, J. C.

Corporal

83d Infantry

Meyer, Albert

83d Infantry

Moss, B.

90th Infantry

Morris, J.

90th Infantry

Mendes, David

90th Infantry

Mendes, John

90th Infantry

Moses, Samuel B.

90th Infantry

Meyer, Martin

97th Infantry

Menz, Jacob

98th Infantry

Meyers, Marks H.

100th Infantry

Mendel, Frederick

Quartermaster

103d Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Moritz, Friedrich

103d Infantry

282

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name.

Rank

Company.

Regiment.

Meyer, Emil

103d Infantry

Mainsfield, Moses

Corporal

103d Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Mayer, Lippman

103d Infantry

Meyer, Herman

103d Infantry

Moritz, William

103d Infantry

Mayer, Ferdinand

1 08th Infantry

Macey, Judah

110th Infantry

Messenger, Morris

1 1 2th Infantry

Morris, Samuel

Corporal

1 13th Infantry

Myers, Levi

115th Infrntry

Mann, Daniel L.

115th Infantry

Meyer, Isidore

Sergeant

117th Infantry

Meyer, Moses

Corporal

119th Infantry

Morris, J.

120th Infantry

Mannheimer, Israel

122nd Infantry

Myer, Aaron B.

Captain

125th Infantry

Died of wounds received in action.

Moritz, Joseph

125th Infantry

Meyer, Julius

132nd Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

138th Infantry

Meyer, August

Captain

140th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Marks, Daniel

147th Infantry

Mayer, Isaac

154th Infantry

Marks, Samuel N.

157th Infantry

Marks, Joseph

160th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

Sergeant

163d Infantry

Meyers, Benjamin

Corporal

1 68th Infantry

Mayer, Edward

173d Infantry

Mayer, August

176th Infantry

Marks, Abraham

176th Infantry

Mayer, Jacob

177th Infantry

Meier, Jacob

178th Infantry

Meier, Joseph

178th Infantry

Meier, Louis

179th Infantry

Meyer, Abraham

179th Infantry

Marks, Daniel E.

184th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

283

Name. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Marburger, J.

1 88th Infantry

Myers, Isaac 2nd Lieutenant

193d Infantry

Meiers, Jacob

193d Infantry

Morris, Mark

1st Independent

Mayer, Jacques

1 st Independent

Moses, Herman

1 st Independent

Wounded at Fort Wagner and at Petersburg.

Meyer, Gustav

5th S. V.

Mayer, Ferdinand

Captain

5th S. V.

Mayer, Jacob

7th S. V.

Moritz, Edward

7th S. V.

Moritz, David

Sergeant

17th S. V.

Meyer, Louis

17th S. V.

Moses, Nathan F.

Major

7th S. M.

Mayer, Bernard

Lieutenant

7th S. M.

Meier, Jacob

7th S. M.

Meyerson, Frank G.

1st Cavalry

Ma as, August

1st Cavalry

Mayer, Max

2nd Cavalry

Mosier, Levi

Corporal

3d Cavalry

Meyer, Adoeph

Surgeon

4th Cavalry

Meyer, Emie

4th Cavalry

Myers,

5th Cavalry

Minzesheimer, Moses

Adjutant

5th Cavalry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Meier, Eei

6th Cavalry

Meyers, David

8th Cavalry

Maier, Jacob

8th Cavalry

Moak, Jueius

10th Cavalry

Moak, Harris P.

10th Cavalry

Meyers, Moses

12th Cavalry

Mendeeson, Bernard

13th Cavalry

Meyers, Isaac

15th Cavalry

Ma as, Adoeph

1 6th Cavalry

Maas, Jacob

1 6th Cavalry

Marks, Frank

20th Cavalry

Meiers, Isaac, Jr.

21st Cavalry

Moses, Mark E.

Sergeant

22nd Cavalry

284

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Company. Regiment.

E 25th Cavalry

G 1st Veteran Cavalry

Independent Cavalry

Name. Rank.

Meyer, Raphael

Moses, Philip

Mann, Daniel P. Captain

Marks, Samuel N.

Mayer, Alexander

Mayer, Ludwig

Mayer, A

Meier, Herman

Meyers, Joseph

Myer, Joseph

Max, Samuel Corporal

Marks, Samuel

Meyers, Jacob B.

Mendelson, Moritz

Meyers, Nathan

Meyer, Samuel

Mayer, Jacob

Marks, Joseph

Meyers, K.

Marks, Louis Corporal

Meier, Joseph

Meier, Jacob

Mark, Isaac

Metzger, Salomon

Myers, David

Meier, Moses

Meier, Louis

Moses, Joseph (

Mayer, William General

During the Draft Riots at New York City he did
heroic service for which he received an autograph let-
ter from President Lincoln, thanking him for the emi-
nent services rendered by him to our country during
those days of darkness. Subsequently, he devoted
himself to journalism, editing several leading German
newspapers.

15th Artillery

1st Mounted Rifles

1 st Mounted Rifles

2nd Mounted Rifles

2nd Artillery

4th Artillery

8th Artillery

9th Artillery

10th Artillery

13th Artillery

15th Artillery

1 6th Artillery

Marine Artillery

2nd Independent Artillery

9th Independent Artillery

>4th Independent Artillery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

285

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment

3d Infantry

4th Infantry

6th Infantry

8th Infantry

10th Infantry

service again

Nkwman, Abel R. I

Newman, Hknry F

Nathan, Michael F

Newman, August G
Nkustadter, Joseph Quartermaster

Newman, Philip B

Newburg, Joseph Captain G

Wounded at Fredericksburg; joined

after discharge from hospital.

Neuburg, Lionel C. Sergeant H

Entered as private.

NUSSBAUMER, CHARLES C

Noah, David G. G

Noah, Moses D. G

Newman, Lazarus A

Lost a foot in action.

Newman, Leopold C. Lieutenant-Colonel

B
Was mustered in service as Captain;
rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. His term
piring a few days prior to the battle of Chancellor -
ville, May 2, 1863, he expressed a desire to remain at
the front and during that terrible struggle his foot
was shattered by a cannon ball; was taken to Wash-
ington, where he died shortly after. President Lin-
coln visited him at his bedside, and brought his com-
mission promoting him to the rank of Brigadier-Gen-
eral.

10th Infantry

13th Infantry
20th Infantry
20th Infantry
24th Infantry

31st Infantry
he rose to the
of service ex-

Newman, William

31st Infantry

Newman, Levi L.

Corporal

32 nd Infantry

Nieman, Carl

39th Infantry

Neubauer, L.

46th Infantry

Newman, Louis

53d Infantry

Newman, Charles

Lieutenant

54th Infantry

Neuhauser, Ferdinand

54th Infantry

Newman, Adolph

54th Infantry

Nathan, Wolf

55th Infantry

Nussbaum, Abraham

Quartermaster

58th Infantry

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Neuberger, August C

Newman, Isaac Sergeant I

Newman, Charles A

Newman, Samuee A

Newman, Abraham K

Nussbaum Henry F

Newberger, Louis G

Newberger, Ansee D

Nathan, Henry Corporal K

Neelis, Captain

Killed at Port Hudson.

Newman, Abraham D. F

Newman, August Lieutenant D

Died of wounds received in action.
NlEDEREANDER, F.

Nath anson, Nathan B

Newman, Benjamin F. Sergeant B

Newman, Ferdinand G

Newman, Morris D

Newman, Joseph Corporal F

Nieman, GotteiEb Sergeant K
Noah, D.

Newman, Care D

Newman, Oscar K

Newman, Simon F

NlEBERGAEE, JUEIUS

Newman, Abraham F
Numburger, Alexander

Regimental Quartermaster

Neuberger, Meier L

Captured; died in Andersonville Prison.

Newman, Simon G

Oppenheim, Jacob

Oppenheim, Arnoed Adjutant

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Oppenheimer, Louis
Ochs, John

H
D

Regiment.

58th Infantry
6 1 st Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
68th Infantry
70th Infantry
72 nd Infantry
73d Infantry
90th Infantry

95th Infantry
103d Infantry

1 1 5th Infantry

1 1 9th Infantry

137th Infantry

140th Infantry

146th Infantry

162nd Infantry

174th Infantry

1 86th Infantry

7th S. V.

47th S. M.

3d Artillery

4th Artillery

4th Cavalry

7th Cavalry

20th Cavalry

1st Infantry
7th Infantry

8th Infantry
41st Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 287

Name. Rank. Company. . Regiment.

OppEnheimer, Henry
Ochs, Joseph

Oppenheim, David Sergeant
Ostrosky, Leopold

Wounded at Alutra.

Corporal B 42nd Infantry

C 1 6th Cavalry

L 15th Artillery

1 st Independent Infantry

Pinkson, Henry Corporal

1st Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Phillips, Lewis

2nd Infantry

Phillips, Joseph

6th Infantry

Proskauer, Herman

7th Infantry

Phillipson, Ferdinand

8th Infantry

Phillips, Meyer D.

10th Infantry

Phillips, Alfred Quartermaster

36th Infantry

Pollock, Bernhard 1st Lieutenant

39th Infantry

Enlisted as Private ; promoted for bravery at Cross

Keys.

Peck, Louis

40th Infantry

Pisko, Edward

45th Infantry

Proskauer, Adolph Sergeant

52nd Infantry

POTZNONSKY, MORITZ

54th Infantry

Pinkson, Isidor

59th Infantry

Phillips, Henry Corporal

62nd Infantry

Pollock, Joseph B.

83d Infantry

Pollock, David Sergeant

96th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Phillipson,

1 ooth Infantry

Pinkus, L. Sergeant

103d Infantry

Wounded at Stone Creek; promoted

from Private;

captured and sent to Libby Prison

Phillips, L.

1 1 5th Infantry

Peisner, Eli as Colonel

119th Infantry

. Killed at Chancellorsville.

Peisner, Ferdinand Captain

1 1 9th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Peisner, Francis 1st Lieutenant

119th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.

288

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company,

Regiment.

PlNKSON, ISIDOR

119th Infantry

Pinkson, Henry

1 1 9th Infantry

Posner, Jacob

131st Infantry

Phillips, Abraham

132nd Infantry

Phillips, Isaac

132nd Infantry

Platto, Harris

149th Infantry

Poppklstkin, Samuel

149th Infantry

Pollock, Jacob

149th Infantry

Peyser, Nathan

Sergeant

1st Independent

Peyser, M.

Corporal

1st Independent

Peixotto, Moses L.

Captain

7th S. M.

Entered as Private.

Phillips,

5th Cavalry

Rosenthal, John

1 st Infantry

ROSENSTRAUS, SELIGM^

4th Infantry

Reizenstein, Charles

6th Infantry

Rosenthal, Jacob

6th Infantry

Rhein, Moritz

Captain

7th Infantry

Ritter, G.

7th Infantry

Rosenstein, Adolph

7th Infantry

Rosenberg, Samuel

7 th Infantry

Rosenthal, August

7th Infantry

Rosenthal, M.

8th Infantry

Rauscher, J.

8th Infantry

Rosenberg, Herman

8th Infantry

Raphael, Jacob

Corporal

8th Infantry

Reich, Samuel

10th Infantry

Rosenthal, Joseph

10th Infantry

Rosenberg, George

13th Infantry

Rosenberg, Louis

17th Infantry

Rosenberg, Charles

19th Infantry

Rosenfeld, Joseph

20th Infantry

Rosenberg, I.

24th Infantry

Rosenthal, Milo

24th Infantry

Rothschild, Moses

24th Infantry

Killed in action.

ROSENBERGER, L.

25th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

289

Name.

Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Raszhk, Julius

31st Infantry

Rosenthal, Morris

31st Infantry

Rowk, Morris

Corporal

31st Infantry

Reitler, Louis

Sergeant

32 nd Infantry

Killed at Crampton Pass, Maryland.

Rosenbaum, Joseph D.

35th Infantry

Rowe, Samuel E.

37th Infantry

Rosenthal, Lewis

38th Infantry

Rich, George L.

39th Infantry

Rosenthal, Gustav

39th Infantry

Rosenberg, Carl

39th Infantry

Raphael, Alfred Maurice Lieutenant

40th Infantry

Recipient of testimonials for brav

ery at

Gettysburg.

Rachel, August Quartermaster

41st Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Rosenberg, Samuel

41st Infantry

Rosenthal, Jacob

41st Infantry

Rosenberg, Joseph

47th Infantry

Rosenberg, M.

50th Infantry

Rosenberg, Andrew

J-

50th Infantry

Rosenburg, Max

Lieutenant

54th Infantry

Rosenthal, A.

Lieutenant

54th Infantry

Rosenberg, George

54th Infantry

Rosenfp:ld, Henry

54th Infantry

Rosenthal, Daniel

54th Infantry

Rosenthal, Barney

55th Infantry

Rosenberg, Isaac

56th Infantry

Rosenthal, Moses

58th Infantry

Rosenthal, Louis

58th Infantry

Rosenthal, K.

58th Infantry

Reese, J.

62nd Infantry

Seriously woundec

at Gettysburg

Rees,

62nd Infantry

Rosendale, Charles H.

65th Infantry

Rosenberg, Edward

66th Infantry

Rothschild, Moritz

Lieutenant

66th Infantry

It)

290

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name.

Rank. Company

Regiment.

ROSENDALE, SlLAS

Captain

68th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Rosenthal, Joseph

79th Infantry

Rosenthal, Joseph

82 nd Infantry

Rau, Max

90th Infantry

Rowe, Joseph

91st Infantry

Rosenthal, George

Corporal

97th Infantry

ROSENBERGER, FREDERICK

105th Infantry

Rosenthal, Edward

1 1 3th Infantry

Rich, Frank E.

1 1 5th Infantry

Rosenthal, Levy

1 1 7th Infantry

Rosenstein, David

119th Infantry

Rehman, Marcus

1 1 9th Infantry

Rosenstein, Louis

119th Infantry

Regensburger, J.

1 1 9th Infantry

Rich, Aaron P.

125th Infantry

Rosendale, Daniel

131st Infantry

Rosenburg, Adam

Corporal

136th Infantry

Rowe, Moses

137th Infantry

Rose, Isaac E.

141st Infantry

Rothschild, Moses

149th Infantry

Killed -at Lookout Mountain. Far in advance of his

company he tore <

down the rebel

flag,

when he was

killed by bullets.

Rosenberg, Isaac

149th Infantry

Rose, Daniel

149th Infantry

Rosenburg, N. J.

151st Infantry

Rosenburg, Isaac

155th Infantry

Rosendale, Samuel

• Corporal

177th Infantry

Enlisted as private

Rosendale, Charlks

185th Infantry

Rosenberg, D.

1st Independent

Rosenberg, D.

1 st Independent

Rothschild, Samuel

5 th S. V.

Rosenbaum, Louis

7th S. V.

Rosenburg, Adolph

7th S. V.

Rebhun, Jacob

22nd S. M.

Rosenblatt, M.

1 st Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

291

Name.

Rank. C<

OMPANY.

Regiment.

ReissJ Nathan

2nd Cavalry

Richter, Herman

Lieutenant

4th Cavalry

Rosenthal, Isaac

13th Cavalry

Rich, Benjamin

22nd Cavalry

Rosenburg, Joseph

25th Cavalry

Rosenthal, Edward

yth Artillery

Reiss, Solomon

Lieutenant

8th Battery

Rosenburg, August

14th Battery

Rosenthal, Milo

Rosenburg, Israel

Silva, Francis

Captain

1st Infantry

Scooler, Henry

1 st Infantry

Sebesky, Wole

1 st Infantry

Steinhardt,

1st Infantry

Sternberger, J.

4th Infantry

Solomon, James

4th Infantry

SCHWARZSCHILD, HERMAN

4th Infantry

Simon, Jacob

6th Infantry

Scheier, Ignaz,

6th Infantry

Sternberg, Siegmund

Captain

7th Infantry

Stern, Alexander

Lieutenant

7th Infantry
(reorganized)

Sterne, Louis

Captain

7th Infantry

Simons, B.

7th Infantry

Straus, Jacob

7th Infantry

Sachs, Louis

■

7th Infantry
(reorganized)

Schimmel, August

8th Infantry

Captain and Assistant Quartermaster.

Silva, Frank

Lieutenant

8th Infantry

Strauss, Friedrich

8th Infantry

Sternfeld, Philip

8th Infantry

Sobesky, Wole

8th Infantry

Schwartz, Edward

8th Infantry

Strauss, Solomon

8th Infantry

Sporehase, Alexander

8th Infantry

Sachs, Louis

8th Infantry

292

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Steiner, Joseph N. Captain

9th Infantry

Schweizer, Herman P.

9th Infantry

Simons, Harris

9th Infantry

Solomon, Benjamin

10th Infantry

Simpson, Frank H.

nth Infantry

Commissary Sergeant

Seixas, Isaac G. Lieutenant

nth Infantry

Steffter, William

nth Infantry

Strauss, Peter Captain

12th Infantry

Promoted from lieutenant.

Simmons, Jacob Corporal

12th Infantry

Saemon, Leon N.

13th Infantry

Simon, Jacob

15th Infantry

Schoenburger, Napoleon Quartermaster

20th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Sternberg, Moritz ist Lieutenant

20th Infantry

SCHOENTHAE, JACOB

20th Infantry

Sieberstein, Moritz

20th Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville.

Scheesinger, Moritz

20th Infantry

Salomon, Leopold

20th Infantry

Simon, Jueius

20th Infantry

Schwab, Gustav

20th Infantry

Sanders, Herman

2 1 st Infantry

Salmon, David

23d Infantry

Strauss, George

23d Infantry

Strauss, John

23d Infantry

Shalensky, Charles

f 24th Infantry
\ 149th Infantry

Salomon, Henry

25th Infantry

Strausberg, August

28th Infantry

Spear, Jacob

29th Infantry

Seriously wounded.

Sonnenberg, Edward Sergeant

29th Infantry

Salomon, Louis

29th Infantry

Simon, Charles

29th Infantry

Simons, David

31st Infantry

Salomon, S.

31st Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

293

Name,

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Summer, Solomon

31st Infantry

Strauss, Abraham

31st Infantry

SULMAN, S.

31st Infantry

Salek, Adolf

31st Infantry

Straznisky, J.

31st Infantry

Stern, Louis

31st Infantry

Schonfeld, K.

31st Infantry

Steinback, D.

31st Infantry

Simpson, J. ]

lieutenant

35th Infantry

Simons, Henry F.

35th Infantry

Salomon, Cornelius

37th Infantry

Schoenwalt, C.

38th Infantry

Stern, Jacob

38th Infantry

Spiegel, Ludwig

38th Infantry

Simons, Lewis

38th Infantry

Simons, Noah

38th Infantry

Siegmund, Oscar

39th Infantry

Sachs, Leopold

Corporal

39th Infantry

SCHAINBERGER, ALEXANDER

41st Infantry

Schweitzer, Julius

41st Infantry

Schweitzer, Henry

41st Infantry

Simon, Henry

41st Infantry

Strauss, Ferdinand

41st Infantry

Sachs, Friedrich

41st Infantry

SCHOENFELDER, GUSTAV

41st Infantry

Simon, Friedrich

41st Infantry

Strassburger, J.

41st Infantry

SCHLESSINGER, ANTON

Sergeant

42nd Infantry

Sulchman,

Lieutenant

44th Infantry

Simpson, L.

44th Infantry

Strauss, Max

45th Infantry

Susedorf, Carl Frederick Capt;

lin

46th Infantry

Schlesinger, August

46th Infantry

Selig, Jacob

Captain

46th Infantry

Enlisted as Private

Selig, Andreas

46th Infantry

Schiff, Simon

47th Infantry

294

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Simpson, D. Corporal

Stein, Gottlob

Salmon, David

Stkinburg, Samuel

Sickel, M. Quartermaster

Sternberger, Joseph

Samuels, Isaac Corporal

Enlisted as Private. •
Simon, Henry

Stern, Adolph Sergeant

Stern, William lieutenant
Strauss, Abraham Sergeant
Schuler, J. Sergeant

Schuler, F.
Strauss, Daniel

Schuler, Charles Corporal
Silberman, Henry
Schwab, Herman
Simons, Louis

SlLBERBERG, AnSELM

Salomon, Joseph
Steiner, Leopold
Steinberg, Albert
Samuels, Henry
Strauss, Franz
Strauss, Abraham
Samuels, Louis
Salomon, Philip
Silberman, Joseph
Stern, Ferdinand
Strauss, Adam
Strauss, Jacob
Simon, Louis
Spitzer, Louis

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant
Schwerin, Herman Lieutenant
Schweitzer , Emanuel

Company.

B
E
G

A
D

E
I
E
G

Corporal

Sergeant

Corporal

Quartermaster
1st Lieutenant

D
H
H

B
C

Regiment.

47th Infantry
49th Infantry
49th Infantry
51st Infantry
52 nd Infantry
52nd Infantry
52nd Infantry

53d Infantry
53d Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
55th Infantry
(S. M.)
55th Infantry
55th Infantry
55th Infantry
56th Infantry
58th Infantry
58th Infantry
58th Infantry
58th Infantry
59th Infantry
59th Infantry
59th Infantry
62nd Infantry
63d Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
68th Infantry
68th Infantry

68th Infantry
68th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Strauss, William

6 8 tli Infantry

Simon, Emil

68th Infantry

Simon, Louis

Captain

68th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Sinshkim, Gottlieb

68th Infantry

Sternberg, Franz

68th Infantry

Sulzberger, Jacob

68th Infantry

Solomon, Charles

70th Infantry

Solomon, Louis

70th Infantry

Schife, David

70th Infantry

Steinberg, Henry

70th Infantry

Simon, Samuel

72nd Infantry

Solomon, Morris

Sergeant

72 nd Infantry

Silva, Manuel

Captain

73d Infantry

Silberman, Louis

74th Infantry

Salmons, Charles H

ARMON

75th Infantry

Simon, Benjamin F.

77th Infantry

Solomon, A.

77 th Infantry

Stein, Frank

83d Infantry

Strauss, Louis

84th Infantry

Spear, Leopold

87 th Infantry

Simonson, Joseph

Corporal

87 th Infantry

Sommer, Louis

Sergeant

89th Infantry

Sampson, Charles

91st Infantry

Strauss, George

95th Infantry

Steiner, Jacob

101st Infantry

Strauss, G.

Captain

103d Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Steinbach, Friedrich

103d Infantry

Siebert, Julius

103d Infantry

Simon, Lewis

105th Infantry

Salmon, Joseph

105th Infantry

Samson, Levi C.

110th Infantry

Speyer, Morris

Corporal .

1 1 9th Infantry

Schwerin, Henry R

.. Captain

1 1 9th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Sussman, William

Sergeant

1 1 9th Infantry

Sternberger, T.

Quartermaster

121st Infantry

296

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. I

Eank. Company.

Regiment.

Sax, Jacob

122nd Infantry

Simmons, Lewis

128th Infantry

Strass, Moritz

Sergeant

128th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Sachs, Louis

140th Infantry

Schoneman, Henry

140th Infantry

Strauss, John

149th Infantry

SCHOENTHAL, GOTTUIEB

152nd Infantry

Strauss, Simon

Corporal

175th Infantry

Sternberg, Siegmund

Lieutenant

175th Infantry

Stern, Moses

177th Infantry

Steiner, D.

177th Infantry

Solomon, Phineas

Captain

178th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Solomon, Levi

184th Infantry

Sternberg, Abraham

Major

1 86th Infantry

Stern, Moses

191st Infantry

Sommer, Jacob

1st Independent

Seeigman, Louis

Lieutenant

1st Independent

Enlisted as private.

Scooler, Henry

1st Independent

Simon, Jacob

1st Independent

Sebesky, Wolf

1 st Independent

Simon, L-

1 st Independent

Enlisted as private.

Steinhardt,

1st Independent

Sieva, Frank A.

Captain

7th S. M.

SCHLESSINGER, NATHANIEE F.

7th S. V.

Strauss, G. Adam

7th S. V.

Strauss, Salomon

7th S. V.

Stern, Alexander

7th S. V.

Stein, Leopold

17th S. V.

Salowsky, Henry

Adjutant

1st Cavalry

SCHWARZENBERG, J.

1st Cavalry

Sachs, Henry

1st Cavalry

Swaal, T. W.

Lieutenant

2nd Cavalry

Samson, Julius

Lieutenant

4th Cavalry

Sachs, H.

5th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

297

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Solomon, Benjamin
Samuelson, John
Samuelson, Samuel A.
Stern, Charles H.
Schwab, Simon
Sholem, Louis
Schwaab, Frederick W
Strasburger, Joseph
Solomon, Joseph
Stadeker, Julius

Wounded; captured;
Stein, Henry
Stein, Adolph
Simon, Frank
Stein, Gustav
Stein, Julius
Samuels, Alexander R.
Simon, Henry

Solomon M. Sergeant

Schweitzer, Abraham
Shalmek, Charles

Lieutenant

B 5 th Cavalry

F 9th Cavalry

K 1 2th Cavalry

C 13th Cavalry

K 13th Cavalry

1 6th Cavalry
M 1 st Mounted Rifles
D 2nd Mounted Rifles
1st Artillery

died in Libby Prison
L
B
K
H
H

2nd Artillery

8th Artillery

14th Artillery

15th Artillery

6th Independent Artillery

9th Independent Artillery

27th Independent Artillery

30th Battery

Traub, Adolph
Tannhauser, Herman
Tschopick, Adolph
Truefinger, Philip Lieutenant
Thalheimer, Jacob
Thalheimer, Anton

Ullman, Benjamin

E
H

20th Infantry
29th Infantry
45th Infantry
57th Infantry
151st Infantry
8th Cavalry

55th Infantry

ViExelbaum, 1st Independent Infantry

Captured and sent to Andersonville Prison.
Van Etten, David D 23d Infantry

Van Baalen, Henry E 49th Infantry

Killed at the Wilderness.
Veit, Meyer

Van Bosh, Max Lieutenant

Van Etten, Jacob

54th Infantry

3d Artillery

5th Artillery

298

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company

Regiment.

Wolf, Charles

2nd Infantry

Wolf, Joseph

2nd Infantry

Wolf, William

3d Infantry

Wolf, Henry

4th Infantry

Wolf, Max

4th Infantry

Wolf, Charles

4th Infantry

Weil, Oscar

Adjutant

5th Infantry

(Veteran)

Weil, Charles

Lieutenant

8th Infantry

Weiss, Adolph

Lieutenant

8th Infantry
(Veteran)

Wolf, William

Corporal

8th Infantry
(Veteran)

Wild a, M.

8th Infantry

Wolf, William

9th Infantry

Wolf, William

9th Infantry
(Veteran)

Wolf, Edward

12th Infantry
(Veteran)

Wolf, W. W.

1 6th Infantry

Wolf, John

17th Infantry

Wolf, Mark

1 8th Infantry

Wiseman, Samuel

19th Infantry

Wolf, William

20th Infantry

Weiss, Adolph

20th Infantry

Wolf, Adam

20th Infantry

Wenk, Joseph

20th Infantry

Lost an arm; Past Commander of

Colt's

Post No. 32.

Weiss, Julius A.

2 1 st Infantry

Weyman, Nathan

24th Infantry

Wasserman, Ignatius ist Lieutenant

29th Infantry

Mustered out as

Captain.

Weinberg, Theo.

Sergeant

29th Infantry

Wolf, Gustav

Corporal

29th Infantry

Weiner, Gustav

Lieutenant

29th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Wolf, Emil

29th Infantry

Weisheimer, C.

31st Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

299

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

39th Infantry

Surgeon

39th Infantry

41st Infantry

rst Lieutenant

52 nd Infantry

L CICI SUulg,

Captain

54th Infantry

Name.

Wiener, Gustav
Weil, Josfph
Wolf, Friedrich
Wolf, Jacob
Wiener, Gustav
Wolf, Jacob
Wolf, Leopold
Wolf, Louis

Killed at siege
Wertheimer, Edwin

Special mention is made of the heroic conduct of Captain
Wertheimer at the battle on the plains of Manassas: With a
small guide flag in his hands he advanced and cheered the men
to follow him, while the enemy were pouring a perfect hail of
lead into the Union lines. At the Battle of Chancellorsville,
Captain Wertheimer particularly distinguished himself by
gallantly rescuing the State flag during a murderous cross-fire
of the enemy. While severely wounded, he proudly and nobly
defended it until unable to bear up any longer, he placed the
flag in charge of a brother officer.
Wolf, A. B.
Weinburg, Isaac
Wolf, Arthur S. Surgeon

Worms, A. C. Quartermaster

Promoted from the ranks.

Worms, Charles 2nd Lieutenant

Wertheim, Moritz Corporal

Wenk, Aaron

Wenk, August

Wenk, Joseph

Wertheim, Louis

Wolf, David

Wolf, Carl

Woog, Emanuel

Wounded at Bull Run.

Wolf, Simon

Wolf, Adolph

Wolf, Louis

54th Infantry

55th Infantry

58th Infantry

66th Infantry

68th Infantry

71st Infantry

300

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Wasserman, Moses

71st Infantry

Warner, Wieeiam

72nd Infantry

Warner, Phieip

72 nd Infantry

Woefsohn, Charees

74th Infantry

WOEFSKy, Louis

74th Infantry

Weil, Joseph

78th Infantry

W 7 ertheim, Henry

84th Infantry

Waterman, Charees

86th Infantry

Woefsohn, Louis

87th Infantry

Woef, Phieip

87th Infantry

Waterman, Samuee H.

91st Infantry

Woef, Frederick

97th Infantry

Weieer, Joseph

101st Infantry

Woef, Charees H.

102nd Infantry

Woef, Charees

1 1 7th Infantry

Weie, Joseph

119th Infantry

Weie, Lyon

119th Infantry

Wiener, Joseph

119th Infantry

Weinstein, Jacob

119th Infantry

Woef, Herman

127th Infantry

Wise, Soeomon S.

136th Infantry

Woef, Abraham B.

148th Infantry

Woef, Henry

154th Infantry

Woef, Joseph

163d Infantry

Wenzeick, R.

173d Infantry

Woef, Wieeiam Lieutenant

178th Infantry

Woef, Adam

178th Infantry

Woef, Leopoed

1 st Independent

Woef, Henry

1st Independent

Woef, Gabriee

5th S. V.

Woef, C.

5th S. V.

Woef, Joseph

7th S. V.

Woef, Wieeiam

7th S. M.

Wiesbaden, Jueius

7th S. M.

Woef, Louis

1 2 th Cavalry

Weinberg, Morris

14th Cavalry

Woef, Leopoed

14th Cavalry

Woef, Joseph

14th Artillery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

801

Name. Rank.

Woef, Charles
Wkrtheim, Henry
Wolf, Joseph C.
Wise, Theodore

Zoeeer, Otto

Zimmerman, B.

Zabinski, Gabriee Corporal

Company.

Regiment.

F 15th Artillery

32nd Independent Artillery

I 2nd Cavalry

5th Cavalry

7th Infantry

F 7th Infantry

4th Artillery

NORTH CAROLINA.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Aaron, Meyer 1st Infantry
Killed in battle; buried in Jewish cemetery, Rich-
mond Virginia.

Abraham, F. B 6th Cavalry
Wounded at Gettysburg.

Aetman, Nathan G 40th Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Behrends, Iy. C 1 st Infantry

Brandt, Jacob 5th Infantry

Bass, Benjamin H 45th Infantry

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Cohen, E. B.

Lieutenant

1st Infantry

Daniee, Henry F 10th Infantry

Captured; died, and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Danane, Jacob B 53d Infantry

302

THE AMERICAN

JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

ElGENBRUN, I.

ist Infantry

Engel, Jonas

ist Infantry
53d Infantry

Eli as, Louis

Lieutenant

nth Infantry

Eigenbrun, Isaac

35th Infantry

Friedheim, Arnold K 4th Infantry

Wounded at Seven Pines and at the Wilderness.

Goodman, Henry G 26th Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Hyman, S. C ist Infantry

Hofflein, Marcus Captain 4th Infantry

Afterwards on the staff of General Grimes.

Heineman, Morris D 4th Infantry

Harris, Edward G 36th Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Israel, J. E 51st Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Jonas, Daniel D ist Infantry

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Jacoby, Nathaniel

Katz, I.
Katz, Jack
Katz, Aaron

Wounded at Gettysburg.

25th Infantry

ist Infantry
35th Infantry
53d Infantry

Leavy, Charles M.

Appointed Commissary by General Palmer in Special
Order, Number 23.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

308
Regiment.
— Infantry

Name. Rank. Company.

Luria, Albert (Moses) Lieutenant

Promoted from Sergeant. At the age of nineteen
years he was appointed Lieutenant in a North Carolina
Infantry Regiment. He was killed at Seven Pines, in
June, 1862, while rallying his Company, having
seized the colors falling from the hands of the dying
color-bearer.

An incident of this brave officer's career is worth
recording. At the engagement at Sewell's Point, in
May, 1 86 1, an eight-inch shell, with fuse still burn-
ing, fell into the Company's gun-pit, and young
Albert without a moment's hesitation, seized it in his
arms and put it in a tub of water, quenched the fuse and
thereby saved his own and his comrades' lives. The
Company in recognition of his heroism had the shell
engraved with a history of the incident, and adding
the words, "The pride of his Regiment and the
bravest of the brave," sent it to his parents. It now
stands upon a pillar over his grave at the ' 'Esquiline, "
near Columbus, Georgia, as a fitting monument.

Levi, Isaac C.
Leon, L.

Levy, J. C.
Lkwis, Lovet
Lewis, David

Captain

Elmira, New York.

Meyer, Aaron

Killed; buried

Virginia .

Myers, Marcus

Myers, Ezekiel

Myers, William

Oppenheimek,

in Jewish

C ist Infantry

( C ist Infantry

( 53d Infantry

C ist Infantry

D 4th Reserves

C 22 nd Infantry

Woodlawn Cemetery,

cemetery,

ist Infantry
Richmond,

2nd Infantry
Reilly's Battery
Reilly's Battery

ist Infantry
44th Infantry

304 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Ottingkr, L. 2nd Infantry

Killed at Seven Pines.

OppKnhkimer, S. B 44th Infantry

Pheeps, H. M. Sergeant B 1st Infantry

Pinner, I. M. E 3d Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Pinkus, L. D 103d Infantry

Rose, Joseph 3d Infantry

Rice, Ignatius B 8th Infantry

Commissary and Quartermaster-Sergeant

RoESSEER, J. Captain E 13th Infantry

Severely wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness;

promoted.

RoESSEER, Jacob Captain F 13th Infantry

SterngeanTz, D. D 4th Infantry

Southan, Levi A 28th Infantry

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, Mew York.

SEEEERS, J. Sergeant G 36th Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Simon, Jesse C 20th Infantry

Captured; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Simmons, Moses G 20th Infantry

Captured; died, and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

TELEER, E. i 8th Infantry

Woef, G. C 1st Infantry

Died from exposure; buried in Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Weie, Harm an D 4th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 305

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

WeiSEneield, M.

4th Infantry

Wertheimer, Henry

35th Infantry

Wertheimer, George

53d Infantry

Wertheimer, H.

53d Infantry

Died in the service.

OHIO.

Name. Rank.

Abraham, Alexander
Asher, Adbert

Wounded in action.

Company.

Regiment.

2nd Infantry
3d Infantry

Adder, Moses
Arnold, Levi

Served three years.

4th Infantry
4th Infantry

Amburg, Louis C. Sergeant
Promoted from Corporal.

26th Infantry

Appel, Joseph

Aaron, Theodore

Adder, Joseph

Aaron, Herman Sergeant

Aaronson, I.

Abram, Joseph

Died in the service.

28th Infantry
34th Infantry
37th Infantry
37th Infantry
37th Infantry
39th Infantry

Appel, Samuel
Appel, David H.
Killed in action.

39th Infantry
45th Infantry

Abraham, Henry Corporal I
Enlisted as Private; died in the service.

Adder, Joseph

Arnbach, Simon

Auerbach, Henry H. H

Aaron, Louis Sergeant A
Enlisted as Private; served three years.

49th Infantry

58th Infantry

74th Infantry

85th Infantry

108th Infantry

306

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name,

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Baer, Isaac

ist Infantry

Bakr, Samuel

ist Infantry

Served three years.

Branstetter, Abraham

2nd Infantry

Bernheimer, Samuel

4th Infantry

Bachman, Adam

5th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Resaca.

Baer, William

5th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Baum, Isaac

5th Infantry

Blum, Henry

8th Infantry

Bluhn, Ernst

9th Infantry

Baer, Henry

Corporal

9th Infantry

Bachman, Jacob

12 th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Bash, Simon

13th Infantry

Blumberg, Joseph

14th Infantry

Blum, David

1 8th Infantry

Bunzel, W. J.

22nd Infantry

Bernstein, Lewis

24th Infantry

Baer, David

25th Infantry

Baum, Joseph

33d Infantry

Baumgardner, Solomon

34th Infantry

Baer, Herman

37th Infantry

Blau, Emil

37th Infantry

Baum, August

37th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Blau, A.

37th Infantry

Killed in Virginia.

Benjamin, David

Captain

39th Infantry

Baum, J. C.

42nd Infantry

Benjamin, Frank

48th Infantry

Bing, Joseph

56th Infantry

Blout, Henry

56th Infantry

Bachman, Solomon

58th Infantry

Bachman, Joseph

58th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Company

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 307

Regiment.

6ist Infantry
6ist Infantry

Name. Rank.

Blumenthal, Frederick
Bien, Emanuel Sergeant

Enlisted as private.

Blum, Manuel E 67th Infantry

Baer, Abraham A 68th Infantry

Served three years.

Baer, Samuel G 68th Infantry

Benjamin, Samuel F 69th Infantry

Blaut, Henry E 75th Infantry

Benjamin, J. A. C 76th Infantry

Baer, Jonas C 80th Infantry

Baum, Herman C 80th Infantry

Baum, Kaufman C 80th Infantry

Berlin, Jacob Corporal K 80th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; wounded at Mission Ridge.

Berlin, Solomon 80th Infantry

Served three years.

Bush, Jacob Sergeant-Major 82nd Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.

Breyfogel, Israel Corporal C 86th Infantry

Bernheimer, Samuel H 91st Infantry

Bernheimer, William H 91st Infantry

Served three years.

Benjamin, Levi D 97th Infantry

Bamberger, Adam Sergeant E 104th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; served three years

Bamberger, Cyrus

Baer, Jacob Corporal

Served three years.
Bachman, Leopold Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.
Bernheimer, Aaron

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Bien, Mordecai P. Lieutenant
Baumgardner, Emanuel

Served three years.

104th Infantry
106th Infantry

106th Infantry

107th Infantry

1 1 3th Infantry
114th Infantry

308 THE AMERICA N JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment,

Bakr, Joel 120th Infantry
Died in Louisiana.

Barr, Jacob P. 1st Sergeant A 123d Infantry
Enlisted as Private; captured at Winchester.

Bamberger, John G 128th Infantry

Braunschweiger, Jacob G 130th Infantry

Baer, Jacob B 133d Infantry

Breyfogel, C. W. F 9th Cavalry

Cohn, Henry S.

5th Infantry

Served three years.

Cohen, J.

12th Infantry

Cohen, Jacob

1 8th Infantry

COBLENZ, HPHRAIM

19th Infantry

Cohen, Aaron

2 1 st Infantry

Cohn, Bernard

22nd Infantry

Cohen, Jacob C. Lieutenant

27th Infantry

Cohen, Israel

30th Infantry

Died in the service.

Cohn, Joseph

34th Infantry

Wounded at Winchester.

Cohen, Isaac D. Corporal

35th Infantry

Cohn, Henry

38th Infantry

Coblenz, Daniel

41st Infantry

Cobl?:nz, Adam

50th Infantry

Served three years.

Cohen, William F.

55th Infantry

Cohen, J. W.

69th Infantry

Killed at Jonesboro, Georgia.

Coen, Reuben L.

77th Infantry

Killed in Tennessee.

Cohen, Henry Sergeant

1 06th Infantry

Wounded at Hartsville, Tennessee

Cohen, William Corporal

1 1 4th Infantry

Died in the service.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

809

Name. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Coblenz, Noah

115th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Coblenz, Joseph D.

128th Infantry

Durst, Gabriel

1 st Infantry

Served three years.

Davidson, Joshua

5th Infantry

Darley, David

7th Infantry

David, Lewis Lieutenant

8th Infantry

Dryfus, Arthur

9th Infantry

Daniels, Abraham

15th Infantry

De Silva, Manuel Lieutenant

1 6th Infantry

Ezekiel, David J. Brevet Captain

( 7th Infantry
1 U. S. Army

Wounded at Shiloh and promoted from

Sergeant by

order of General Banks for meritorious conduct.

Khrlich, Henry

22nd Infantry

Eppstein, Leopold

24th Infantry

Ephraim, W. H.

25th Infantry

Engel, Samuel Corporal

85th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Eli as, Israel

1 08th Infantry

Eli as, Elijah

1 1 5th Infantry

Erdman, Charles W. Sergeant-Maj

121st Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Engel, David A. Corporal

131st Infantry

Engel, Samuel C.

131st Infantry

ElSENSTAEDT, B.

146th Infantry

Friedman, David Captain

2nd Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Fox, A. 2nd Infantry

Captured at Chickamauga; prisoner at Andersonville.

Frank, Jacob G 3d Infantry

Frank, William D 5th Infantry

Frank, Samuel 5th Infantry

Furst, Joseph F 6th Infantry

310

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name.

Rank

Company.

Regiment.

Franks, Henry

7th Infantry

Killed at Cedar Mountain.

Frank, A.

9th Infantry

Frank, Herman

9th Infantry

Falk, Nathan

Corporal

25th Infantry

Wounded in action .

Falk, C.

28th Infantry

Fox, Levi

31st Infantry

Falk, C.

35th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Friedman, Jacob

37th Infantry

Served three years.

Frankfurter, David

37th Infantry

Served three years.

Fleischman, Moritz

Lieutenant

37th Infantry

Friedlein, Jacob

42nd Infantry

Died of wounds.

Frank, Charles

Corporal

49th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Frank, Benjamin

49th Infantry

Frank, Jacob

57th Infantry

Fleischman, G.

60th Infantry

Fishel, Daniel

Corporal

61st Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Frank, Joel

61st Infantry

Killed in battle.

Frankhauser, D.

63d Infantry

Frankhauser, S.

63d Infantry

Frankhauser, L.

63d Infantry

Frankhauser, Solomon

64th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Frankenfield, Josepi

[

66th Infantry

Died in service.

Frank, Daniel

69th Infantry

Served four years.

Frank, David

69th Infantry

Served three years.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

311

Name. Rank. Com

PANY.

Regiment.

Frankfurt, H-.

69th Infantry

Killed near Atlanta.

Feldheim, Edward

70th Infantry

Frkund, Jacob

80th Infantry

Freiberger, Daniel

83d Infantry

Fleischer, Jacob F.

86th Infantry

Frankfurter, Jacob

86th Infantry

Frankfurter, H.

86th Infantry

Frankfurter, Alexander

90th Infantry

Served three years.

Fishel, Solomon

105th Infantry

Served three years.

Furst, Jacob

107th Infantry

Served three years.

Fees, Joseph Corporal

107th Infantry

Promoted at Chancellorsville.

Franck, C.

107th Infantry

FlEischman, F. i st Lieutenant

1 08th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Frank, David

1 08th Infantry

Friedman, David Captain

1 08th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.

Frank, Jacob

110th Infantry

Fees, Samuee

114th Infantry

Wounded at Thompson's Hill, Mississippi,

Furst, Jacob H.

114th Infantry

Furst, Jacob H.

120th Infantry

Wounded at Jackson, Mississippi.

Frank, Daniee

1 20th Infantry

Friend, Levi

134th Infantry

Frank, C.

137th Infantry

Frank, Joseph

139th Infantry

Furst, Samuel

139th Infantry

GUNTHER, A.

7th Infantry

Killed in action.

312

Name.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Quartermaster

lieutenant

Goldsmith, Joseph

Green walt, D

Goldsmith, James

Guggenheim, Theodore

Gross, Jacob

Gross, D.

Gans, David M. Captain

Gratz, Morris

Wounded at Fort Donelson.
Gratz, Emanuel

Died of wounds.
Goldsmith, George

Died in the service.

Gorrel, Levi
Goldsmith, Jacob
Goldsmith, Henry M.

Enlisted as private.
Geiger, Joshua

Died in the service.
Goldsmith, Leopold

Died in the service.
Goldsmith, Henry

Served three years.
Goldsmith, John

Captured.
Goldsmith, B.
Greenwalt, Abraham

Awarded by Secretary of War "Medal of Honor"

for capturing Rebel Corps flag in the battle of Frank-
lin, Tennessee.
Goldsmith, William C i i 3th Infantry

Died at Nashville, Tennessee.
Goodman, Isaac A 125th Infantry

Died in the service at Franklin, Tennessee.
Greenwalt, Michael K 129th Infantry

Geiger, Jacob G 130th Infantry

B
G

15th Infantry
24th Infantry
29th Infantry
34th Infantry
34th Infantry
34th Infantry
35th Infantry
35th Infantry

35th Infantry

42nd Infantry

46th Infantry
47th Infantry
56th Infantry

72nd Infantry

76th Infantry

77th Infantry

83d Infantry
104th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

313

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Green, Simeon

130th Infantry

Goldsmith, John

133d Infantry

GOTTSCHALK, GuSTAV

138th Infantry

Green, Simon

Corporal

177th Infantry

Gans, Isaac

Corporal

2nd' Cavalry

Received a Congressional "Medal of Honor" for brav-
ery displayed on the battlefield.
Guggenheim, S. S. 10th Cavalry

Hart, Benjamin

2nd Infantry

Harris, Solomon S.

2nd Infantry

Harris, Isaac

3d Infantry

Heller, Blias

4th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hirsch, J.

5th Infantry

Herman, Henry

6th Infantry

Hahneman, A.

6th Infantry

Hofman, Henry

7th Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville.

Hellbrun, Alexander 1st Lieutenant

9th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Herzog, P.

9th Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga.

Heineman, Frederick

9th Infantry

Hessberg, Isaac

9th Infantry

Herrman, Jacob

9th Infantry

Wounded at Chickamauga.

Hirschman,

9th Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga.

HlRSCHBAUM, A.

9th Infantry

Hirsh, J.

10th Infantry

Served three years.

Herzog, Jacob

12 th Infantry

Captured.

Hirsch, William

12th Infantry

Herrman, Henry

17th Infantry

Hess, Isaac

1 8th Infantry

314

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank. Company,

Isaac

Name.
HlRSCHBERG

Died in the service.
Hess, Jacob

Hirschberg, David D

Herrman, Adoeph

Hirschman, Joseph K

Herzog, Adoeph

Heyman, Jacob B

Hecht, Moses H

Hirsch, John W.

Hirschman, John A

Herrman, Ferdinand C

Herrman, Bernhard
Herrman, Joseph K

Died in the service.
Hirsch, Jacob E

Hofman, Levi
Hoffman, S. Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.
Herzog, Benjamin

Hess, Jacob A

Hirschberg, Henry B

Hirsch, Henry D

Herrman, Lewis Sergeant I

Enlisted as Private.

Heeeer, Emie Quartermaster-Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; served four years.
Heineman, Henry
Herrman, Henry

Wounded in action.
Hess, Ferdinand E

Hart, Abram D

Hess, Jacob
Hahn, Levi A

Served three years.
Hahn, Moritz A

Served three years.

Regiment.
19th Infantry

19th Infantry
19th Infantry
22 nd Infantry
22 nd Infantry
24th Infantry
26th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry
28th Infantry
28th Infantry
29th Infantry

32nd Infantry

32 nd Infantry

33d Infantry

35th Infantry

37th Infantry

37 th Infantry
37th Infantry

37 th Infantry
39th Infantry
39th Infantry
40th Infantry

40th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Rank.

815

Name.

Heller, Joseph
Hofman, Reuben

Died in the service.
Heller, Herman

Died of wounds.
Hofman, Levi

Died in the service.
Herrman, Jacob
Herrman, Henry
Hofman, Joseph Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.
Heineman, William

Killed at Stone River.

Heller, Simon P.
Heiman, Jacob
Hahn, William
Herzog, Felix
Hess, David

Died in the service.
Herrman, Adolphus Corporal

Wounded in action.
Hofman, Jacob

Killed in action.
Herrman, Jacob
Heine, Jacob
Hofman, Samuel
Hahn, Reuben
Heller, Eli as

Haas, Moses Corporal

Hirschberg, Samuel
Hess, Abraham
Hofman, Abraham
Heller, Henry Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; received Congressional "Medal

of Honor ' ' for bravery and daring.
Heineman, August B 68th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Champion Hills.

Company.

Regiment.

41st Infantry

46th Infantry

47th Infantry

48th Infantry

49th Infantry

52 nd Infantry

53d Infantry

56th Infantry

57th Infantry

58th Infantry

59th Infantry

60th Infantry

63d Infantry

64th Infantry

65th Infantry

66th Infantry

816

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company,

Regiment.

Herzfeld, Jacob

68th Infantry

Served four years.

Hahn, W. C.

69th Infantry

Served four years.

Hess, D.

69th Infantry

Haas, Joseph

70th Infantry

Served three years.

Hahn, Henry

70th Infantry

Hoeman, Jacob Sergeant

72nd Infantry

Enlisted as Private; captured;

served three

years.

Hahn, Charles

72nd Infantry

Hofman, Jacob

73d Infantry

Hirschman, Isaac Corporal

74th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Heller, William Commissary Sergeant

78th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Hart, Israel

78th Infantry

Herzog, D.

80th Infantry

Served four years.

Herzog, Jacob

80th Infantry

Served three years.

Hess, Moses

80th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hart, Samuel

82 nd Infantry

Hays, Aaron

84th Infantry

Heyman, Frank Adjutant

84th Infantry

Heller, George

84th Infantry

Hirschberg, Henry

86th Infantry

Heller, Charles

90th Infantry

Died at Murfreesboro.

Heineman, Adam

92nd Infantry

Hofman, Levi

96th Infantry

Died at Young's Point, Louisiana.

Hahn, Jacob

1 06th Infantry

Hahn, Henry

107th Infantry

Captured at Chancellorsville .

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 317

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Haas, Jacob A 108th Infantry

Herrman, Charles Sergeant D 108th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; died from wounds at Resaca.

Hofman, Jacob H 108th Infantry

Hart, Levi H noth Infantry

Wounded at Winchester and at Monocacy, Maryland.

Heller, Nathan D i nth Infantry

Served three years.

Hahn, Henry I 1 1 1 th Infantry

Served three years.

Harris, Israel K i nth Infantry

Huhn, Joseph S. Sergeant F 114th Infantry

Promoted Corporal; wounded at Vicksburg.

Heidelbach, Jacob F 1 1 4th Infantry

Heideebach, Henry F 1 1 4th Infantry

Heidelbach, David G 114th Infantry

Died in the service.

Heidelbach, H. 114th Infantry

Hoeman, L. 115th Infantry

Hays, Abraham F 1 1 8th Infantry

Served three years.

Heidelbach, C. 122nd Infantry

Captured; served three years.

Heidelbach, A- 122nd Infantry

Heym an, Samuel Sergeant F 123d Infantry

Enlisted as Private; captured at Winchester.

Heyman, Jacob F 123d Infantry

Haas, Jacob K 123d Infantry

Died at Clarksburg, West Virginia.

Heller, Moses Corporal

Captured at Winchester; served three years.

Herrman, Simon K 123d Infantry

Captured at Winchester.

HESS, David K. F 125th Infantry

Heller, Charles G 125th Infantry

Hart, Marks K 128th Infantry

318

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Hamburger, Francis

131st Infantry

HOFMAN, EPHRAIM

131st Infantry

Herrman, Joseph

137th Infantry

Was honorably mentioned by President Lincoln.

Hess, Nathan

167th Infantry

Israel, P.

Wounded at Chaplin Hills.

3d Infantry

Israel, Alfred
Israel, Elisha
Captured.

19th Infantry
77th Infantry

Israel, David

Died at Murfreesboro.

97th Infantry

Israel, William
Israel, Elias

97th Infantry
1 08th Infantry

Joseph, Joseph

Enlisted as Private.

15th Infantry

Jacoby, Benjamin
Jacobson, Otto
Joseph, Nathan B.
Jacob, Julius
Judell, D.

Jacobson, Daniel Corporal
Enlisted as Private.

F
G
F

35th Infantry
39th Infantry
47th Infantry
47th Infantry
47th Infantry
49th Infantry

Jacoby, David
Jacoby, David H.
Jacoby, Henry

Died in the service.

K
K
K

49th Infantry
49th Infantry
49th Infantry

Jacobs, Ferdinand Corporal
Served three years.

57th Infantry

Jacobs, Jacob
Joseph, Nathan
Jacobs, Joseph Lieutenant
Promoted from Sergeant.

C
C
B

57th Infantry
59th Infantry
67th Infantry

Jacobs, Henry Sergeant
Enlisted as private.

67th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

319

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Jacoby, Frank

69th Infantry

Jacobs, Benjamin

70th Infantry

Jacobs, Daniel

71st Infantry

Jacobs, Lewis W. Sergeant

71st Infantry

Enlisted as private; served four

years.

Jacobs, M. Sergeant

71st Infantry

Jacobs, Alexander

75th Infantry

Wounded at Bull Run.

Jacobs, Henry Sergeant

75 th Infantry

Enlisted as private; died from

wounds

received at

McDowell.

Jacobs, David

75th Infantry

Jacobs, Frank Corporal

76th Infantry

Enlisted as private; served four

years.

Joseph, Jacob

80th Infantry

Wounded and captured.

Jacoby, Henry Lieutenant

82nd Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; killed at Gettysburg.

Jacob, Martin

82nd Infantry

Killed at Gettysburg.

Jacobs, Bernhard

83d Infantry

Served three years.

Jacobs, Henry

86th Infantry

Julian, S.

88th Infantry

Jacobs, Henry

91st Infantry

Served three years.

Jacob, Joshua

94th Infantry

Judah, Emanuel

94th Infantry

Judah, John H.

94th Infantry

Served three years.

Jones, S.

95th Infantry

Jacobs, Henry

99th Infantry

Jacobs, Jacob

107th Infantry

Jacob, Louis Corporal

1 08th Infantry

Jacob, Henry J. Sergeant

110th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; served three years.

320

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Jacobs, Charles

nith Infantry

Served three years.

Jacobs, Michael

i nth Infantry

Served three years.

Jacobs, A.

125th Infantry

Jacoby, N.

1 1 5th Infantry

Jacobs, S.

125th Infantry

Jacobs, Abraham

128th Infantry

Jacoby, Edwin Sergeant

130th Infantry

Jacobs, Gust a v

130th Infantry

Jacobs, S.

135th Infantry

Jacobs, Benjamin T.

135th Infantry

Jacobs, Louis C.

138th Infantry

Kline, M. Lieutenant

1st Infantry

Kline, Moses

2nd Infantry

Captured at Chickamauga.

Kiefer, William

2nd Infantry

Kaufman, David

2nd Infantry

Kaufman, Samuel

4th Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville.

Kohn, SlEGMUND

5th Infantry

Killed at Port Republic.

Kaufman, Joseph

5th Infantry

Served three years.

King, Samuel

7th Infantry

Koch, Michael

9th Infantry

Kuhn, Isidore

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Kuhn, Jacob

10th Infantry

Served three years.

Kaufman, G.

1 2th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Kaufman, Jacob

1 6th Infantry

Served three years.

Kaufman, David

1 8th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

321

Name.

Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Kaufman, Jonathan

2 i st Infantry

Died in the service.

Klein, Moses

Captain

22nd Infantry

Served three years.

Klein, Frank

22nd Infantry

Klein, David

Corporal

24th Infantry

Kahn, Simon

25th Infantry

Wounded at Cross Keys.

Koenigsberger, Hkrman Lieutenant

28th Infantry

Koch, Lewis

28th Infantry

Kaufman, Frank

28th Infantry

Kahn, Lewis

28th Infantry

Kaufman, Frank

28th Infantry

Koch, Jacob

30th Infantry

Kaufman, Solomon

Quartermaster

32nd Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Koch, Samuel

33d Infantry

Died in the service.

Kaufman, Joseph C.

36th Infantry

Klein, Moritz

37th Infantry

Kaufman, Samuel

38th Infantry

Kaufman, Frank

Sergeant

42nd Infantry

Promoted from priv

ate.

King, Emanuel

44th Infantry

Kaufman, Benjamin

44th Infantry

Klein, David

Sergeant

47th Infantry

Enlisted as private;

captured.

Klein, Abraham

48th Infantry

Klein, Jacob W.

Lieutenant

49th Infantry

Enlisted as private;

captured at Stone River.

Klein, David

49th Infantry

Koch, Joseph

Sergeant

50th Infantry

King, Jacob

50th Infantry

Klein, David

51st Infantry

Kaufman, W. H. i

st Lieutenant

52nd Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
21

322

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Koch, Henry

52 nd Infantry

Klein, Jacob

58th Infantry

King, David

62nd Infantry

Killed in action.

Kaufman, Levi Lieutenant

68th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Kaufman, David

71st Infantry

Kaufman, Isaac

72nd Infantry

Wounded at Shiloh.

KlEin, Joseph

73d Infantry

Klein, David B.

74th Infantry

Klein, D. J.

75th Infantry

Wounded and captured at Gainesville.

Klein, Isaac

76th Infantry

Klein, Louis

76th Infantry

Klein, Isaiah Sergeant

77th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; died in the

service.

Klein, Franx

82nd Infantry

Klein, Frank

83d Infantry

Kaufman, Henry

83d Infantry

Served three years.

Koch, Jacob

84th Infantry

Kaufman, David

86th Infantry

Kaufman, Herman S. Corporal

86th Infantry

Kaufman, Frank

87th Infantry

Klein, D.

91st Infantry

Klein, S.

92nd Infantry

Served three years.

Kaufman, Abraham

94th Infantry

Kaufman, Frank

94th Infantry

Klein, Jacob Sergeant

96th Infantry

Klein, Jacob Sergeant

96th Infantry

Enlisted at Private; served three

» years.

Klein, Jonas

96th Infantry

Captured.

Klein, Jacob Sergeant

96th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 323

Rank. Company. Regiment.

Corporal F 96th Infantry

Name.

Kaufman, Jacob J.

Enlisted as Private.
Kaufman, Emanuel Captain

Died at Knoxville, Tennessee.
Kaufman, Daniel

1 ooth Infantry

102 nd Infantry
102nd Infantry

1 06th Infantry
1 06th Infantry
1 08th Infantry

1 08th Infantry

Captured at Athens; died in rebel prison.
Klein, Joseph

Served three years.
Kaufman, Henry A

Kaufman, Louis Captain C

Koch, Henry C

Killed at Hartsville, Tennessee.
King, David Sergeant I

Enlisted as Private; wounded near Petersburg; served

three years.
Kaufman, Philip E 110th Infantry

Wounded near Petersburg.
Kaufman, Henry I 110th Infantry

Captured at Winchester, and wounded at Cedar Creek.
Klein, Jonas L. Corporal

Enlisted as Private.
Klein, Isaac N.
Kahn, Jacob
Kohler, Daniel
King, Solomon Corporal

Enlisted as Private; served four years
Koch, Max
Klein, Emanuel
Klein, Levi J.
Kaufman, Henry
Kaufman, Frank 1st Lieutenant
Krauskopf, Solomon Corporal
Klein, Solomon
King, Levi
Krauskopf, Justis
Klein, Jacob

1 nth Infantry

1 1 6th Infantry

124th Infantry

125th Infantry

ars.

126th Infantry

103th Infantry

131st Infantry

132nd Infantry

133d Infantry

138th Infantry

139th Infantry

324

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

KLIPPSTEIN, MEYER

7th Cavalry

Koch, Moses -\

150th Infantry

Koch, Herman >

(three brothers)

4th Artillery

Koch, Joseph )

177th Infantry

Koch, Jacob

164th Infantry

Levi, Charles

2nd Infantry

Lehman, Lewis

4th Infantry

Loser, Joseph

4th Infantry

Lazarus, Ed.

Sergeant

7th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; wounded at

Winchester;

also at Cedar Mountain.

Lazarus, Martin

7th Infantry

Killed at Antietam.

LOWENTHAL, JACOB

8th Infantry

Died from sickness contracted in

camp.

Landauer, Samuel

Sergeant

9th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Lovenstein, Nathan

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Lowenstein, J.

9th Infantry

Lehman, Joseph

Corporal

9th Infantry

Enlisted as Private;

wounded at Chattanooga.

Levy, Nathan

9th Infantry

Lieberman, William

14th Infantry

Lehman, Benjamin

Corporal

15th Infantry

Killed at Pickett's Mills.

Lowenstein, George

23d Infantry

Leopold, William

23d Infantry

LlCHENFELD, AdOLPH

Corporal

24th Infantry

Loeser, Lewis

26th Infantry

Lehman, Theodore

26th Infantry

Lehman, Jacob

Sergeant

28th Infantry

Lehman, Herrman

28th Infantry

Lehman, Ferdinand

28 th Infantry

Leopold, Frank

28th Infantry

Lehman, Jacob

32nd Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 325

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Lehman, Henry Sergeant

32 nd Infantry

Served three years.

Lyons, Joseph

33d Infantry

Lyons, David

34th Infantry

Levy, William

38th Infantry

Lehman, Daniel

39th Infantry

Lyons, Jacob

40th Infantry

Killed in battle.

Lehman, Alexander

41st Infantry

Died of wounds.

Lehman, Abraham

41st Infantry

Lehman, Samuel

42nd Infantry

Levy, J. J.

43d Infantry

Served three years.

Liebman, Frederick

43d Infantry

Lehman, Joseph

46th Infantry

Served three years.

Levy, B.

46th Infantry

Wounded; served four years.

Lehman, Noah

48th Infantry

Lehman, Alexander

54th Infantry

Ludwig, Benjamin

58th Infantry

Levy, John A.

77th Infantry

Lehman, Isaac

81st Infantry

Served three years.

LOWENTHAL, THEODORE

81st Infantry

Lowenthal, J.

8 1 st Infantry

Lehman, Nathan

83d Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Lewis Sergeant

86th Infantry

Lehman, Samuel S.

86th Infantry

Lichtenstein, Joseph

87th Infantry

Lehman, Daniel

93d Infantry

Lehman, Julius

93d Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Henry M. Corporal

99th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Lowenthal, Theodore

ioist Infantry

Lehman, Henry

102 nd Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Daniel

102nd Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Henry

107th Infantry

Leopold, Gustav

Corporal

107th Infantry

Killed at Chancellors ville.

Lehman, Noah

107th Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Herman

108th Infantry

Served three years.

Lowenstein, Daniel

108th Infantry

Ludwig, Frank

Corporal

1 1 1 th Infantry

Enlisted as private ;

captured

at Stone

Mountain,

Georgia.

Lehman, Jacob

Sergeant

114th Infantry

Lehman, Samuel

1 1 4th Infantry

Died at Vicksburg.

Lehman, Judah

1 1 5th Infantry

Served three years.

Lehman, Jacob

Sergeant

120th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; captured.

Lehman, Salomon

131st Infantry

Lehman, David K.

Corporal

134th Infantry

Levy, W. H.

137th Infantry

Levy, Samuel

139th Infantry

Linderman, J.

1 st Artillery

Levi, Henry I.

2nd Cavalry

Machner, Emanuel

1st Infantry

Moses, William

1st Infantry

Meyers, Samuel

2nd Infantry

Morris, Aaron

2nd Infantry

Served three years.

Michels, Abraham

2nd Infantry

Messner, Levi

3d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

327

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Miller, Jonas Aaron

5th Infantry

Meyer, Bernard

6th Infantry

Mosler, Herman

6th Infantry

Marks, Jacob Corporal

7th Infantry

Wounded at Cedar Mountain and at Dallas

Georgia.

Marks, William

8th Infantry

Killed at Antietam.

Marienthal, Simon

8th Infantry

Maier, Louis

9th Infantry

Mangold, Ad. Lieutenant

9th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Mandel, Charles

9th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Mayer, Henry

9th Infantry

Mayer, Joseph

10th Infantry

Served three years.

Meyer, Jacob

nth Infantry

Marks, Samuel

nth Infantry

Maurice, Isaac

nth Infantry

Mann, Frederick

14th Infantry

Moses, Samuel

1 6th Infantry

Served three years.

Mann, Joseph

1 8th Infantry

Maas, David

1 8th Infantry

Meier, Leopold

22nd Infantry

Died in the service.

Miller, Alexander

22nd Infantry

Miller, William

22nd Infantry

Myers, Abraham

24th Infantry

Meyer, Henry

24th Infantry

Meier, Frank

24th Infantry

Morris, Nathan

25th Infantry

Meyer, Adolph

25th Infantry

Wounded at Cross Keys.

Marx, Emil

•25th Infantry

Meier, Henry

25th Infantry

Menken, Jacob Captain

27th Infantry

328

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Mayer, Louis H. Commissary Sergeant

27th Infantry

Afterwards Corporal of Company

B, 2

7th Infantry;

subsequently detached for staff duty.

Maykr, Adolph Sergeant

27th Infantry

Moak, J. H. lieutenant

28th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Marx, J. H.

28th Infantry

Meyer, Frank

28th Infantry

Meyer, Frank

28th Infantry

Meyer, Herman

28th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Meier, Leopold

28th Infantry

Meyer, Herman

28th Infantry

Mayer, Joseph

28th Infantry

May, David Corporal

32nd Infantry

Marks, Abraham

32 nd Infantry

Killed in action.

Mann, Samuel

33d Infantry

Morris, Israel

34th Infantry

Meyers, Jacob

34th Infantry

Meyers, Noah

34th Infantry

Meyers, Samuel

34th Infantry

Meyer, Edward

34th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph Sergeant

35th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three

years.

Meyers, Jacob T.

35th Infantry

Maier, Isidore

35th Infantry

Died in the service.

Mandelbaum, Solomon

35th Infantry

Mainz, Abraham

36th Infantry

Myers, David

36th Infantry

Moritz, Carl Captain

37th Infantry

May, Jacob

37th Infantry

Died in the service.

Marcus, Frederick

37th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Moritz, Joseph

37th Infantry

Meier, Bernhart

37th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

329

Rank.

Company.

Name.

Maykr, Frederick
Mann, David

Wounded in action.
Moritz, Jacob Sergeant H

Entered as Private; served four years.
Mann, Aaron B. I

Myers, Solomon
Meyer, Jacob Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.
Marks, Samuel Sergeant K

Meyers, Jacob B

Meyer, Samuel
Meyers, Joseph

Mann, Samuel I

Meyers, Alexander I

Captured; died in rebel prison.
Meyer, Jacob Corporal

Enlisted as Private; wounded in action
Mendel, William
Meyer, Henry

Wounded.

Meyers, Jacob

Died in the service.

Marks, Henry
Meyer, Jacob
Marks, Samuel A.

Killed at Petersburg.
Marks, Isaac N.

E
E

Marks, Samuel
Meyer, Herman
Meier, Marcus
Meyers, Joseph
Marks, Jonas S.
Marks, Isaac
Maier, Isaac
Mann, Abraham
Mann, Aaron

Lieutenant

H
H

I
B
H
H
I

A
D

Regiment.
37th Infantry
39th Infantry

46th Infantry

46th Infantry
47th Infantry
49th Infantry

51st Infantry
52 nd Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry
54th Infantry

56th Infantry
56th Infantry

57 th Infantry

57th Infantry
60th Infantry
60th Infantry

60th Infantry
60th Infantry
6 1 st Infantry
64th Infantry
65th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
66th Infantry
68th Infantry
70th Infantry

880

Name.

THE AMERICAN JEW AS
Rank.

Mann, Isaac Lieutenant

Promoted from Sergeant.
Mann, Jacob Sergeant

Promoted from Corporal; served
Maas, Henry

Died in the service.
May, Samuel

Died in the service.
May, Joseph
Mayer, Simon

Killed at Gettysburg.
Mann, Isaac

Served three years.
Myers, Israel

Died in the service.
Meyers, Jacob

Died in the service.
Myers, Frank
Marx, Emil
Mendel, William

Served three years.
Mann, Jacob
Maiers, Solomon
Mp:yers, David

Died in the service.
Mann, Samuel
Meyers, David
Meyers, Lewis H.
Mann, Samuel

Served three years.
Maier, William

Served three years.
Meyer, Seraphim Colonel

Captured at Chancellorsville.
Meier, Joseph

Served three years.

Company

Regiment.

71st Infantry

three y<

^ars.

72nd Infantry

73d Infantry

75th Infantry

76th Infantry

78th Infantry

83d Infantry

98th Infantry

99th Infantry

102 nd Infantry

104th Infantry

105th Infantry

107th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

331

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Mann, Jacob Corporal K 107th Infantry

Died in the service.

Maier, Joseph 107th Infantry

Meyers, Henry Commissary Sergeant 108th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.

Meyers, Jacob, Jr. 1st Sergeant B 108th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three years.

Meyer, Joseph

108th Infantry

Meier, Daniel

1 08th Infantry

Moseer, Max Lieutenant.

1 08th Infantry

Meyer, Henry

1 08th Infantry

Menke, Henry

1 08th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

1 08th Infantry

Mantel, Lewis

1 1 3th Infantry

Mann David

1 1 6th Infantry

Captured at Winchester; died in

the service.

May, Simon Corporal

1 1 8th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three

years.

Mann, Jacob

1 1 8th Infantry

Served three years.

Mann, Samuel

1 1 8th Infantry

Killed at Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia.

Myers, David

1 20th Infantry

Died in the service.

May, Samuel

121st Infantry

Mann, Joseph

121st Infantry

Served three years.

Meyers, Henry

122nd Infantry

Meyers, Joseph

123d Infantry

Wounded at Opequan, Virginia;

served three years.

Meyers, Joseph P. Corporal

123d Infantry

Served three years.

Meyer, Anselm Corporal

125th Infantry

Moses, Henry S. Sergeant-Major

126th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three

years.

Moses, David

126th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Spottsylvania, Virginia.

332

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Myers, David H.

126th Infantry

Captured at Monocacy, Maryland.

Marks, Albert

128th Infantry

Meyers, Jacob

128th Infantry

Myers, Jacob C.

128th Infantry

Marx, Loeb

128th Infantry

Mayer, Albert

128th Infantry

Moses, Frank A.

130th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph

130th Infantry

Mann, Charles

131st Infantry

Meyers, David

132nd Infantry

Died in the service.

Meyers, Jacob

132nd Infantry

Meyers, Samuel

132nd Infantry

MORGENTHAL, HENRY

136th Infantry

Meyers, Michael

136th Infantry

Moses, George

137th Infantry

Meyer, Jacob

138th Infantry

Mann, Joseph B. Sergeant

138th Infantry

Meyer, Henry

138th Infantry

Meyers, Isaac

169th Infantry

Meyers, Samuel

169th Infantry

Neuberger, Frederick

28th Infantry

Neuberger, Samuel

44th Infantry

Neustat, David

58th Infantry

Neuman, Charles

61st Infantry

Nieman, Daniel

83d Infantry

Served three years.

Nussbaum, Frank

88th Infantry

Newhouse, David K.

101st Infantry

Killed at Stone River.

Nussbaum, Frederick Sergeant

107th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; served three years.

Nathans, Henry

107th Infantry

Neuman, Henry

1 08th Infantry

Nussbaum, Henry

1 1 3th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

333

Rank.

Company.

Name.

Nkwbaukr, Jacob B

Served three years.
Nauman, Jacob Corporal G

Enlisted as Private; served three years
Neuman, Jacob H

Neuberger, William M. F

Newman, Joseph Lieutenant

Regiment.
115th Infantry

1 20th Infantry

123d Infantry

1 34th Infantry

4th Cavalry

1 st Infantry

Ochs, Ferdinand Sergeant-Major

Promoted from Private; served three years

Ochs, George K

Oppenheimer, Benjamin

Oppenheimer, J. C

Ochs, John

Ochs, Julius

Orbanski, David B

Was awarded a Congressional ' ' Medal of Honor ' ' for

distinguished bravery at Shiloh, Tennessee, and at

Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Ochs, Henry

Served three years.

Oppenheimer, Alexander

Ochs, Theodore

Killed at Petersburg.
Ochs, Julius Captain

K
G

13th Infantry
19th Infantry
28th Infantry
37th Infantry
52nd Infantry
58th Infantry

82nd Infantry

1 08th Infantry
123d Infantry

Independent Company

Pollock, Henry Corporal A 4th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Pollock, Joseph 7 tn Infantry

Perley, Victor 7 th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.
Passauer, Joseph 9th Infantry

Wounded at Chickamauga.
Paradise, Solomon G 13th Infantry

Killed in battle.
Phillips, Israel I 13 th Infantry

Served three years.

334

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Pollock, William 15th Infantry

Died in the service.

Pollock, David Corporal E 48th Infantry

PeixoTTO, MoSKS L. Captain G 103d Infantry

Brother of Honorable Benjamin Franklin Peixotto.

Pike, Henry C. Lieutenant G 2nd Cavalry

Rheinheimer, Jacob

1 st Infantry

Wounded at Resaca.

Rice, Asher

4th Infantry

Rice, Simpson

6th Infantry

Rosenfeld, William

9th Infantry

Rosenberg, Abraham

10th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Rothschild, David

nth Infantry

Rosen au, G.

13th Infantry

Wounded at Chattanooga; captured; died of wounds.

Rose, Henry

13th Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenberg, David

21st Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga.

Richmire, Solomon

23d Infantry

Rosenthal, Samuel Lieutenant

28th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Rosenberg, Gustav

28th Infantry

Rosenberg, Jacob

29th Infantry

Killed at Port Republic.

Rosenberg, W.

34th Infantry

Rosenbaum, Herman Captain

37th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

Rosenfeld, Gustav

38th Infantry

Served four years.

Rapp, Jacob

49th Infantry

Rosenberg, Gustav

57th Infantry

Rosenfeld, Alexander

58th Infantry

Died in the service.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

335

Name, Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Rosenbaum, William

58th Infantry

Rosenberg, Gustav

61st Infantry

Rubel, William

63d Infantry

Rice, Simon P.

66th Infantry

Died in the service.

Rice, .Isaac L.

67th Infantry

Killed at Winchester.

Rosenberg, Henry

69th Infantry

Rau, Louis

72nd Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenberg, David

76th Infantry

Rose, Gershom Corporal

78th Infantry

Enlisted as private; served three

years.

Rose, Reuben

Rosenbaum , Samuel

82 nd Infantry

Rosenbaum, Isaac

89th Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenbaum, Jacob

89th Infantry

Reichman, Benjamin

8th Infantryg

Served three years.

Rose, Jacob

102nd Infantry

Captured; died in the service.

Rose, Daniel

104th Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenbaum, G. W.

104th Infantry

Served three years.

Rubel, Isaac

1 06th Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenberg, Joseph

1 06th Infantry

Served three years.

Rosenfeld, Siegmund Corporal

107th Infantry

Captured at Gettysburg.

Rose, D.

113th Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga.

Rice, Esau

113th Infantry

Served three years.

336

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company. Regiment.

Rosendale, Charles

1 1 3th Infantry

Died in the service.

Rose, Ezekiel

114th Infantry

Rose, Daniel

1 1 6th Infantry

Captured at Winchester; served three years.

Rich, Solomon

1 1 6th Infantry

Died of wounds at Piedmont, Virg

inia.

Rice, Levi

Sergeant

1 1 8th Infantry

Enlisted as private;

killed at Nashville,

Tennessee.

Rose, Levi B.

1 1 8th Infantry

Served three years.

Rose, Jesse

1 1 8th Infantry

Served three years.

Ruhrman, Abraham

120th Infantry

Rosenbaum, Oswald H

Sergeant

123d Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; captured

.at Winchester.

Scherck, Solomon

1st Infantry

Schane, Abraham M.

1 st Infantry

Summas, Jacob

2nd Infantry

Schwab, Charles

3d Infantry

vSolomon, J. S.

5th Infantry

Sommer, Levi

6th Infantry

Stern, Charles H.

7th Infantry

Killed at Winchester

Stein, David G.

7th Infantry

Strauss, J.

7th Infantry

Killed at Cedar Mountain.

Simon, Lewis

8th Infantry

Stern, William

9th Infantry

Strauss, Ernst

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Sommer, Jacob

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Sommer, Julius

10th Infantry

Served three years.

Susman, Maurice

Lieutenant

13th Infantry

Enlisted as private; 1

three years service.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

337

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Schei/t, Moses

Sergeant

13th Infantry

Straus, Lehman

Corporal

14th Infantry

Served three years.

Sampson, Samuel

Corporal

15th Infantry

SlEGMUND, EPHRAIM

17th Infantry

Schloss, Jacob

17th Infantry

Sachs, Jacob

28th Infantry

Silberman, Charles

28th Infantry

Schwartz, Eouis Henry

28th Infantry

Sampson, Joseph

Corporal

31st Infantry

Schwab, Jacob

33d Infantry

Solomon, R.

33d Infantry

Died in the service.

Sachs, John

34th Infantry

Schwarz, Isaac

34th Infantry

Samuels, Nathan

35th Infantry

Wounded at Chickamauga.

Siedenberg, Henry

37th Infantry

Killed in action.

Schwarz, Adodph

37th Infantry

Wounded; served four years.

Schwab, Adolph

37th Infantry

Served four years.

Simon, August

Sergeant

39th Infantry

Sanger, George

Corporal

41st Infantry

Enlisted as Private:

; served three

years.

Sampson, Samuel

41st Infantry

Served four years.

Schwarz, David

46th Infantry

Stern, Solomon

Sergeant

46th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Sternberg, Henry

47th Infantry

Solomon, J. E.

48th Infantry

Strauss, Edward

51st Infantry

Saltsman, Benjamin

52 nd Infantry

Served three years.
2'2

338

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Sai/tsman, Joshua

52 nd Infantry

Served three years.

Sampson, David W.

53d Infantry

Strauss, William

57th Infantry

Salomon, Joseph

57th Infantry

Seklig, Samuel {

Sergeant

58th Infantry

Enlisted as Private;

wounded.

Straps, Frederic

58th Infantry

Killed in action.

Stein, Jacob

58th Infantry

Samlung, Edward

58th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Shiloh.

Schlesinger, David B

58th Infantry

Served four years.

Straus, David

63d Infantry

Straus, Aaron

63d Infantry

Solomon, Abraham

64th Infantry

Killed in action.

Straus, Frederick

66th Infantry

Captured.

Stern, Isaac

72nd Infantry

Simon, Joseph

8 1 st Infantry

Stern, Jacob G.

82nd Infantry

Wounded at Bull Run.

Schwarz, Abraham

82nd Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville.

Schwarz, Joseph

82nd Infantry

Wounded at Dallas,

Georgia.

Stein, Lewis

84th Infantry

Stein, L.

85th Infantry

Strauss, Abraham

86th Infantry

Stern, John

86th Infantry

Stein, Louis

88th Infantry

Sternberg, Jacob

88th Infantry

Sampson, Samuel

92nd Infantry

Served three years.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

839

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Strauss, George I

Killed at Chickamauga.
Schwab, Solomon A

Scharff, Nathan B

Captured near Lexington, Kentucky.
Solomon, Joseph K

Died in the service.
Stiner, Abraham

Wounded in Louisiana.
Stein, Reuben D. K

Captured at Limestone Station, Tennessee.
Solomon, Isaiah Corporal

Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Sampson, Franklin D

Schreier, Frank G

Stein, Jacob A

Stein, Henry Lieutenant B

Promoted from Private.
Sachs, William K

Strauss, Jacob A

Schwab, Samuel I

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Schipf, Simon
Steinberg, A. Corporal

Enlisted as Private; died at Chattanooga.
Simon, Albert

Died at Rossville, Georgia.
Simpson, Samuel G

Schwarz, Joseph Corporal

Wounded at Resaca; served three years.
Strauss, Philip E

Schwarz, Abraham . B

Strauss, Nathan Captain I

Strauss, Abraham Sergeant I

Served three years.
Schwarz, Levi D

Served three years.

Regiment.

93d Infantry

94th Infantry
94th Infantry

95th Infantry

96th Infantry

1 ooth Infantry

1 01 st Infantry

103d Infantry

105th Infantry

106th Infantry
107th Infantry
107th Infantry

108th Infantry
108th Infantry

108th Infantry

110th Infantry
1 nth Infantry

1 nth Infantry
1 1 3th Infantry
113th Infantry
113th Infantry

1 1 5th Infantry

340

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Sachs, Jacob C.
Sulzberger, Lewis

Enlisted as Private
Stein, Joseph

Served three years.
Spiegel, Marcus M.

Rank. Company,

Corporal C

served three years.
C

Regiment,
i 1 5th Infantry
1 1 6th Infantry

1 1 8th Infantry

1 20th Infantry

Colonel

Enlisted in the 67th Ohio Infantry; was soon pro-
moted to 2nd Lieutenant, Captain, Lieutenant- Colonel,
and for bravery manifested on the battle-field, was
appointed Colonel of the 120th Ohio Infantry. This
brave officer was wounded at Vicksburg, Mississippi,
and notwithstanding entreaties, rejoined his regiment,
but to fall at Snaggy Point, on the Red River, Louisi-
ana. But for his untimely death, Colonel Spiegel
would have been promoted to Brigadier-General, for
which position he had been recommended by his
superior officers. Colonel Spiegel was the son of a
well-known Rabbi, of Oppenheim-on-the-Rhine, and
a relation of the Greenbaum family, of Chicago.

Steiner, Joseph

Served three years.

Strauss, John
Steinberg, Morris

Served three years.

Strauss, Joseph J. Corporal E

Enlisted as private; served three years.

Solomon, Charles D

Served three years.

vSchwab, Jacob B

Sternberger, Mark F

Strauss, David F

Strauss, John F

Sommer, Charles F

Solomon, Edward B. A

Steiner, Harry G

Steiner, Henry G
Strasburg, J.

121st Infantry

121st Infantry
124th Infantry

126th Infantry

128th Infantry

129th Infantry
129th Infantry
130th Infantry
130th Infantry
130th Infantry
131st Infantry
131st Infantry
131st Infantry
133d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

341

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Sternberg, Nathan

138th Infantry

Simon, Isaac

138th Infantry

Strauss, David W.

140th Infantry

Tannhauser, A.

6th Infantry

Served three years.

Tannhauser, Moses

6th Infantry

Tachan, Henry G. Lieutenant

6th Infantry

Tyroler, Sigo

7th Infantry

Trownstein, Philip

Captain

5th Cavalry

Ullman, Joseph

1 6th Infantry

Ullman, Isaac

23d Infantry

Ullman, Frank

28th Infantry

Ullman, August

43d Infantry

Ulman, Isaac

Captain

80th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

UiyMAN, Frederick

80th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Vicksburg.

Vogel, Israel

32 nd Infantry

Vogel, Frank

39th Infantry

Vogel, Klisha

41st Infantry

Vogel, Noah

57th Infantry

Witkowsky, H.

1st Infantry

Served three years.

Wise, Jacob

3d Infantry

Wise, Samuel

4th Infantry

Wolf, Albert

5 th Infantry

Wendelstein, Moritz

5th Infantry

Died in the service.

Wolf, Julius

7th Infantry

Wiesner, Louis

10th Infantry

Wolf, Samuel

17th Infantry

Wolf, David

1 8th Infantry

Weis, Jacob

19th Infantry

Wolf, David

21st Infantry

342

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment,

Wolf, Samuel

2 i st Infantry

Wolf, Max

24th Infantry

Died in service.

Wise, Samuel

25th Infantry

Wolf, Adolph

28th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Wolf, Adolph A.

30th Infantry

Killed at Antietam.

Wise, Joseph

31st Infantry

Watkowsky, Kan.

35th Infantry

Wise, Samuel

36th Infantry

Weiler, Jacob

37th Infantry

Weinberg, Lewis

37th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Wolf, Adolph Sergeant

37th Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Wise, Levi

39th Infantry

Wolf, Aaron

39th Infantry

Wise, Benjamin L.

40th Infantry

Served three years.

Waterman, Henry

46th Infantry

Weil, Jacob

47th Infantry

Wolf, Jacob Lieutenant

49th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; Killed at Chattanooga.

Wolf, Isaac

50th Infantry

Wolf, David

51st Infantry

Died in the service.

Wise, Joseph M.

53d Infantry

Captured; died in hospital.

Wolf, Isaac

54th Infantry

Wise, Jacob

55th Infantry

Died in the service.

Wolf, Israel

57th Infantry

Died in the service.

Weiss, Lewis

57th Infantry

Wolf, Levi

57th Infantry

Died in the service.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Name. Rank. Company.

Waterman, Henry H

Wolf, Jacob I

343

C
A

K
B

K
E

Regiment.
6oth Infantry
67th Infantry

Died in the service.
Wolf, Levi M.
Wise, Abraham
Wien, Alexander

Died in the service.
Wolf, Marcus

Captured .
Weis, Louis

Served four years.
Wolf, Jacob
Wise, Daniel W.
Wise, Henry
Wertheimer, Andrew

Served three years.
Wise, Samuel
Weinstein, Charles W.
Wolf, Jacob

Died of wounds at the siege of Atlanta.
Wise, Levi I

Served three years.
Wolf, Emanuel
Wise, Emanuel Corporal A

Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Wolf, M. I

Wise, Jacob D

Captured at Chancellorsville.
Weinman, Leopold Sergeant F

Enlisted as Private; wounded at Gettysburg.
Weis, Joseph H 107th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Wolf, Jacob Sergeant K 107th Infantry

Promoted from Corporal; captured at Chancellorsville.
Wise, Levi Corporal E 115th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; served three years.

68th Infantry
71st Infantry
71st Infantry

7 2d Infantry

73d Infantry

80th Infantry

82 nd Infantry

82nd Infantry

83d Infantry

87th Infantry
88th Infantry
94th Infantry

1 01 st Infantry

101st Infantry
104th Infantry

104th Infantry
107th Infantry

107th Infantry

344

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Wolf, Jacob

Wentz, Jacob Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; captured

Rebel prison.

Wolf, Jacob Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; captured

Company. Regiment.

G 121st Infantry

G 123d Infantry

at Winchester; died in

K 123d Infantry

at Winchester.

Wormser, Nathan

128th Infantry

Served three years.

Wolf, Levi

128th Infantry

Wise, Joseph A.

lieutenant

131st Infantry

Weiss, Samuel

135th Infantry

de Wolf, Israel

135th Infantry

de Wolf, Simon

Lieutenant

136th Infantry

Wiener, Michael

150th Infantry

Wolf, Solomon B.

Surgeon

165th Infantry

Served through

the war.

Wolf, Leopold

1 st Cavalry

PENNSYLVANIA.

Name.

Rank.

Sergeant

Arnold, Amos

Arnold, Benjamin

Apple, Jacob Corporal

Ash, Solomon

Arnold, Max

Adelsheimer, Jacques Captain

Enlisted as Private; promoted

Captaincy; wounded at Chancellorsville; mentioned

in special orders for gallantry.
AdleR, Noah B 27th Infantry

Captured at Gettysburg; sent to Belle Island.
Adler, Jacob N. B 27th Infantry

Company

Regiment.

14th Infantry

17th Infantry

22 nd Infantry

25th Infantry

27th Infantry

27 th Infantry

I step

step to

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

345

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Alexander, Jastrow Lieutenant H 27th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; promoted to Regimental Adjutant
subsequently Adjutant on staff of General von Stein-
wehr; mentioned in special orders for gallant conduct
at Chancellorsville.

Appel, Francis

Appel, HENRy

Adelsheimer, S.

Alexander, J.

Arnold, Aaron

Abrahams, Abraham

Apple, Samuel A. Sergeant

Served four years.

Allabach, C. H.

27th Infantry

40th Infantry

48th Infantry

51st Infantry

54th Infantry

Army

as Assistant

63d Infantry

69th Infantry

1C1.

71st Infantry

Surgeon.
Arnold, George
Aarons, Solomon

Served through the war.
Asher, Asher

Killed on picket duty near Richmond.
Asher, Morris

Wounded at Gettysburg; Served three years.
Apple, David A. Captain B 83d Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant, Lieutenant and Captain in

Veteran Reserve Corps. Died of wounds.
Abraham, Isaac M. Major 85th Infantry

Promoted from Captain; wounded near Deep Bottom,

Virginia.

Lieutenant A
Captain F

Aarons, Joseph B

Enlisted as a drummer boy while

captured while delivering a dispatch in second Battle

of Bull Run; after release appointed "orderly" on

staff of General Geary, 2nd Division, 12th Army

Corps; served until close of war.
Arnold, Jacob E. Corporal E 114th Infantry

Served three years.

Appel, Charles A,

{

92nd Infantry

109th Infantry
quite young;

346

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name, Rank. Company.

Abel, Jacob W.

Also in Veteran Reserve Corps; served

hospital steward.
Arnold, Henry F

Wounded at Fredericksburg.
Arnold, Eli I

Arnold, Simon G

Killed at Gettysburg.
Arnold, Levi Sergeant F

Regiment.

115th Infantry
as array -

133d Infantry

137th Infantry
140th Infantry

Also Veteran Reserve Corps; served three years,

143d Infantry

Arnold, Simon J. Sergeant- Major

Promoted from Sergeant of Company K;

at Gettysburg.
Arnold, Simon I

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Arnold, Moses P. Sergeant A

Anstein, Jacob D

Apple, Benjamin Corporal I

Alexander, Samuel Assistant-Surgeon

Killed at Dranesville, Virginia.
Allen, Michael Mitchell Chaplain

Aub, Jacob
Armhold, Max

Captured.
Appel, Henry
Altman, Solomon
Arnold, Henry
Asch, Charles J.

Barnet, Moses
Birnbaum, Charles
Blumenthal, Simon
Bach, Louis
Biggard, Isaac
Belsinger, Lazarus

Served three years.
Bp:ar, Abraham K.

Quartermaster

Corporal

K
Battery

151st Infantry
Wounded

151st Infantry

172nd Infantry

194th Infantry

209th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

5 th Cavalry
5th Cavalry
5th Cavalry

5th Cavalry

14th Cavalry

[ 5th Artillery

Independent Battery

1st Infantry
22nd Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry

30th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN

347

Name. Rank. Company.

Bernard, Aaron A. H

Brandon, Isaac M. Corporal K

Benjamin, Oscar H. Sergeant B

Beoom, Nathaniee F. Corporal F
Wounded at Petersburg.

Bachenheimer, Jacob Sergeant

Wounded at Cold Harbor.
Barnett, Phieip A. Corporal B

Bahney, Moses Corporal B

Berkowitz, L,eon Corporal H

Barnett, Nathaniel P. Assistant Surgeon
Bair, Joseph A

Wounded at Chickamauga; Served four y
Bamberger, Henry Corporal E

Died of disease contracted in the service.
Barnett, David A. Corporal B

Died of wounds received at Kelly's Ford,
Beoom, Samuee S. Lieutenant H

Bear, Eeias C

Baer, Benjamin F. Captain F

Served three years.
Benedict, Jacob

Baer, Michaee

Corporal
Major

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Benedict, Joseph Sergeant

Severely wounded.
Bear, Henry
Beum, Aaron
Bush, Asher
Bear, Joseph Sergeant

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Beoom, David S.

Bair, Israee Sergeant

Bachman, Joseph Sergeant

Baum, Samuee Corporal

H
B
B
I

I
F
H
G

Regiment.
30th Infantry
30th Infantry
41st Infantry
45th Infantry

51st Infantry

51st Infantry
54th Infantry
59th Infantry
72nd Infantry
79th Infantry
ears.

79th Infantry

99th Infantry

Virginia.

1 nth Infantry

122nd Infantry

123d Infantry

204th Infantry

126th Infantry

133d Infantry
153d Infantry
153d Infantry
153d Infantry

137th Infantry
195th Infantry
195th Infantry
200th Infantry

Wounded at Fort Steadman, Virginia.

348

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company

Regiment.

Bachman, H. C 2nd Cavalry

Bloom, David H. A 5th Cavalry

Birnbaum, Henry F. Hospital Sergeant H 5th Cavalry
Promoted from Private; served about four years.

Berg, Henry Corporal D nth Cavalry

Enlisted as Private; wounded near Richmond; served
three years.

Blum, Julius Corporal A Independent Battery

Enlisted as Private; served three years.

Cohen, Jacob da Silva Solis 26th Infantry
Assistant Surgeon
Subsequently in United States Navy, in Commodore
Du Pont's expedition to Port Royal.

Cahn, Louis 27th Infantry
Cromelien, Washington Sergeant-Major 27th Infantry

Discharged to accept Commission as Lieutenant 65th

Infantry

~ T f Lieutenant C - _ f

Cohn, Ignatz < _ J . ^ 27th Infantry
( Captain B

Calker, Isaac B 33d Infantry

Died from effects of wounds.

Casner, Abraham I 38th Infantry

Cohen, J. Sergeant 62nd Infantry

Cohen, Lewis F 122nd Infantry

Cantner, Jacob C 126th Infantry

Constine, Lewis C 143d Infantry

Killed at White Oak Church.

Cohen, A. J. Captain A 5th Cavalry
Seriously wounded.

Cromelien, Alfred 1st Lieutenant C 5th Cavalry
Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant; elected to Loyal
Legion U. S. Commandery of Pennsylvania; acting
Recorder of Commandery; titled Major.

Cromelien, James Lieutenant G 5th Cavalry
Also Quartermaster.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

349

Name. Rank.

Cohen, Leon Solis Corporal

Wounded in action.
Coons, Jacob Captain

Company. Regiment.

Keystone Battery

Wyoming Jagers.

Dinbacher, S. B 6th Infantry

Durlacher, S. H 6th Infantry

De Young, Washington R. Lieutenant I 17th Infantry

Bre vetted Captain for bravery.

David, Louis N. B 18th Infantry

Doon, Theodore Sergeant 23d Infantry

Dusch, Abraham C 27th Infantry

Also Veteran Reserve Corps.

Davidson, Joseph Sergeant 28th Infantry

Enlisted as Private; killed at Chancellorsville.

Davidson, Isaac H 122nd Infantry

Died at Falmouth, Virginia, in 1862.

Davis, Evan D 125th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; died of wounds received at

Chancellorsville.

Davidson, Joseph A.

134th Infantry

Killed at Fredericksburg.

Davidson, Eli as B.

136th Infantry

Dasher, Samuel

192nd Infantry

DlNKELBERGER, J. R.

1st Cavalry

De Haan, Aaron

2nd Artillery

De Haan, Henry Sergeant

3d Artillery

Transferred to United States Veterans,

2nd Regiment.

Ellenger, Jacob

26th Infantry

Served three years.
Ellenger, William I 26th Infantry

Einstein, Max Colonel 27th Infantry

Born at Buchau, Wurtemberg, Germany, October 10,
1822; 1 st Lieutenant of Washington Guards, 1852;
Captain of Philadelphia (Flying) Artillery Company,
1853 J Aide-de-Camp (with rank of Lieutenant-
Colonel) to Governor James Pollock, of Pennsylvania,

350 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

and Paymaster-General of Pennsylvania (with rank
of Brigadier-General) 1856; Brigadier- General 2nd
Brigade, Pennsylvania Militia, i860; Colonel of 27th
Regiment of Volunteers (Pennsylvania) 1861. This
Regiment, under Colonel Einstein's command, suc-
ceed in covering the retreat of the Union Army in the
first battle of Bull Run, and won credit by its con-
duct. Colonel Einstein was subsequently appointed
by President Lincoln, United States Consul at Niirem-
burg, Germany, and since then served as United
States Internal Revenue Agent in Philadelphia, where
he still resides.

Name Rank. Company. Regiment.

Ellinger, Emanuel C 27th Infantry

Eppstkin, Daniel 1st Lieutenant D 27th Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.
Eisenman, Jacob H 27th Infantry

Emanuel, Lyon Levy Major 82nd Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant and Captain; distinguished

for bravery; served three years.
Emanuel, Louis Maney Brigade Surgeon 82nd Infantry

Promoted from Surgeon; rendered valuable services;

served three years.
Etting, Charles Edward Captain D 121st Infantry

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant; Regimental Adjutant

on Brigade Staff; assigned to 1st Brigade, 3d Division,

1st Army Corps; served three years.
Eckermann, Jacob B E 139th Infantry

Wounded at Salem Heights and at the Wilderness.
Eisenberg, Daniel f I , _

Transferred to X B 5th CavaIry

Frauentha,., Abraham Corpora , {£ ^VSry

At expiration of service, Lieutenant, Company I, 83d

Infantry. Served nearly four years.
Floersheim, Henry Lieutenant A 27th Infantry

Frankel, Mayer A 27th Infantry

Honorably mentioned by Secretary of War.

Company.

Regiment.

27th Infantry

98th Infantry

122nd Infantry

153d Infantry

167th Infantry

197th Infantry

5th Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 351

Name. Rank.

Fuchs, Jacob

Transferred to 109th Regiment.

Frank, Charles

Frikdheim, Adolph

Fellenbaum, David

Frankenfield, K.

Frankenfield, George

Fromm, Nathan Corporal

Frank, Jacob Corporal

Friedman, Max Colonel

Born in Miihlhausen, Bavaria, Germany, March 21,
1825. He was Major of a regiment in Pennsylvania
Militia before the Civil War; Colonel of 65th Regi-
ment (5th Pennsylvania Cavalry) 1861 ; severely
wounded in battle of Vienna, Virginia, in February,
1862. After his resignation, Colonel Friedman was
commissioned to organize other Cavalry Regiments
in Pennsylvania. He was Special Inspector of the
Revenue Department (1867- 1868); he started the
Union Square National Bank, of New York City, in
1869, and became its cashier. He is President of the
Veteran Corps of "Cameron Dragoons" (by which
title the 65th Regiment has been known). Colonel
Friedman resides in New York City.

Frank, Jacob I 5 th Cavalry

Fishblatt, Lewis Lieutenant E 8th Cavalry

Frankee, Rev. Jacob Chaplain United States Hospital

Gross, J. L. K 1st Infantry

Goodman, Aaron A 14th Infantry

Goldsmith, James F 26th Infantry

Served three years; captured at Gettysburg.
Goedberg, Sampson, Sergeant A 27th Infantry

Gross, Leopold A 27th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Cross Keys, Virginia.
Goodman, Benjamin B. Lieutenant B 27th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant.

352

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank Company. Regiment.

Genter, Nathan B 27th Infantry

Wounded in action.
GassEnheimer, Gus 27th Infantry

Glaser, Adolph 27th Infantry

Transferred to 15th Heavy Artillery, New York.
Goodman, David J. A 33d Infantry

Served three years.
Grossman, Lewis C 40th Infantry

Served three years; lost an arm and leg at Spottsyl-

vania; died from wounds; buried in National

Cemetery, Arlington.

Gross, Abram

41st Infantry

Transferred to 190th Infantry;

served

over three

years.

Gross, Isaac

50th Infantry

Goldstein, Louis

61st Infantry

Gremitz, Captain

62nd Infantry

Goldsmith, Joseph Captain

74th Infantry

Promoted from the ranks.

Goodman, David Sergeant

78th Infantry

Served four years.

Goodman, Isaac Sergeant

•

91st Infantry

Promoted from Private; wounded at

Petersburg;

served four years.

Goldberg, Corporal

91st Infantry

Gassenmaier, Joseph

98th Infantry

GOLDENBERG, C. D.

1 1 oth Infantry

GOLDENBERG, HENRY

noth Infantry

Gallinger, Joseph

123d Infantry

Enlisted at eighteen years of age .

Gisner, George Corporal

142nd Infantry

Goldbacher, Isaac Sergeant

150th Infantry

Gross, Aaron

153d Infantry

Captured at Gettysburg.

Goldstrom, Leopold

5th Cavalry

Quartermaster-Sergeant
Entered as Private; served four years.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 353

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

GerSChel, Adolph I 6th Cavalry

Served three years, until expiration of term.
Goldschmidt, Anton Lieutenant A 12th Cavalry

Promoted from Sergeant; served three years and until

the close of the war.
Goldsmith, James Sergeant H 18th Cavalry

Promoted from Corporal; served three years.

Hays, David

Hirsh, Jacob Lieutenant

Hirsh, Morris Corporal

Hirsch, Isidor Lieutenant

Heller, Henry Surgeon

Heller, Maximilian Surgeon

Heyman, Herman

Harris, B.

Heimburg, Julius Quartermaster

Promoted from Lieutenant.
Herrman, Frank Lieutenant

Promoted from Corporal.
Heller, David
Houseman, Jacob
Herman, Philip
hochstetter, a.
Hirsch, A.
Hertzog, Joel J.

Corporal

Served three years.

Hertzog, Joseph
Henry, B.
Hess, Jacob
Captured.

Hess, Michael

Died of wounds received at Fredericksburg,

Hassler, Augustus Sergeant ( F

Herman, Jacob
23

C
G
G
A

A
B
B

C
B
H

/M
ID

E
D
H

2nd Infantry
1 8th Infantry
1 8th Infantry
22nd Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry

27th Infantry

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry
147th Infantry

29th Infantry
32nd Infantry
36th Infantry

36th Infantry

41st Infantry

190th Infantry

57th Infantry

354

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Hightule, Israel Sergeant

Hoffman, S.

Harris, Benjamin Sergeant

Enlisted as private.
Hamberg, Ansel

Company.

Regiment.
6 i st Infantry
67th Infantry
72 nd Infantry

91st Infantry
44th Infantry
12th Infantry

Lieutenant ( A
Major -)

Colonel

He has been Junior and Senior Vice-Commander of
George G. Meade Post, No. 1, Grand Army of the
Republic.
Hart, Abraham I 73 d Infantry

Captain and Brigade Adjutant-General.
Captain Abraham Hart, at present commander of Kit
Carson Post, Grand Army of the Republic, one of the
large Posts of the District of Columbia, was born in
Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1832. At the age of
eighteen years he came to the United States and was
employed in a large house in Philadelphia, where he
was residing at the outbreak of the Rebellion in 1861.
He volunteered as a soldier in the 73d Regiment of
Pennsylvania Infantry, commanded by Colonel John
A. Koltes; he aided Colonel Koltes in enlisting other
volunteers, and as early as August, 1861, was on his
way with the regiment to help in the defences of
Washington on the Virginia side. While there, Lieu-
tenant Hart — for he had been promoted to a lieu-
tenancy — was frequently sent out on reconnoitring
expeditions, and in one of these he had a sharp brush
with a body of Confederate cavalry which was also
out reconnoitring. Subsequently, Lieutenant Hart
was promoted to a captaincy, and when Colonel Koltes
was elevated to the command of a brigade in General
Blenker's Division of the Army of the Potomac,
Captain Hart was detailed as Adjutant-General of the
Brigade. In this capacity he participated in the
battle of Cross Keys, in numerous skirmishes, and in
the second battle of Bull Run.

At the battle of Cross Keys, the commanding

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 355

General desired information as to the position and
movements of the opposing force under ' ' Stonewall ' '
Jackson, and Captain Hart undertook to obtain it for
him. In pursuance of this undertaking, and in com-
pany with a squad of picked men, he successfully
made the circuit of the rebel camp, obtained the
desired information, and reported it to the General.

At Sulphur Springs he was entrusted by General
Sigel with the command of a force to destroy a bridge
over the Rappahannock which was defended by rebel
artillery, and he succeeded in destroying it. At
another time he had the good fortune to rescue several
hundred Union soldiers who had been captured by
the Confederates.

But perhaps Captain Hart's most important service
was done at the second battle of Bull Run. General
von Steinwehr's (Blenker'sj Division was in ad-
vance, and engaged in the first day's battle, as well
as in the second and third. In the afternoon of
the third day (August 30) of the fight, Koltes'
Brigade was ordered to silence a rebel battery which
was doing us great damage. The Brigade was several
times driven back, but each time rallied, and finally
captured and spiked the guns. It was here that the
Brigade Commander, Colonel Koltes, was killed, and
here that the Brigade suffered the heaviest loss.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Hkrrman, Jacob Sergeant C 98th Infantry

Enlisted as private; wounded at Cedar Creek; served

four years.
Hirsch, M. L. 101st Infantry

Hirsch, August Corporal A 102nd Infantry

Wounded at the Wilderness; three years service.
Herman, Emanukl Captain D 103d Infantry

Hoffman, Leopold C 1 1 3th Infantry

Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant; promoted from

private.

356 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Hyneman, Jacob EzEkiel G 119th Infantry

Wounded at Fredericksburg; also at Brandy Station
and Mine Run; transferred to United States Signal
Corps; served three years (1862- 1865); has served
since during riots in Pennsylvania; has held several
military ranks.
Hoffman, Abraham Corporal E 186th Infantry

Hynkman, Elias Leon Sergeant C 5th Cavalry

A reference to this brave soldier and the sacrifice
which cost him his life is contained in our ' ' Introduc-
tion," page 5, so that little is left to record. Hyne-
maii voluntarily enlisted in the 5th Cavalry, after the
first Battle of Bull Run. He was promoted from
Corporal to Sergeant, and was always eager for active
service, distinguishing himself in several battles, and
being one of twelve skirmishers who advanced on the
enemy in the Battle of Gettysburg. He fought dis-
mounted in the Battle of the Wilderness. His term
expired in 1864, but so anxious was he to serve his
country that he re-enlisted, only to meet so untimely
a fate as recorded. He died on January 7, 1865, at
Andersonville, of starvation and sickness, and his
body was brought for interment to Philadelphia five
months later.

As to Hyneman's course as a soldier, no stronger
testimony than that contained in the following official
paper is required:

' ' I hereby certify on honor that I was well and per-
sonally acquainted with Elias Leon Hyneman, who
was a Sergeant of Company C, 5th Regiment, Penn-
sylvania Cavalry, Volunteers, that the said Elias L.
Hyneman was a thorough and efficient soldier, and a
person of excellent habits, and known and respected
as such by all in the regiment. That he was ever
foremost in the line of duty and at the post of danger,
and vigilant and patient in the prosecution of his
patriotic services. That by his zeal and enthusiasm
to be foremost among the defenders of his flag he was

PATRIOT, CITIZEN. SOLDIER AND 357

unhappily captured by a merciless foe, and consigned
to an ignominious and beastly prison house, there to
suffer for many months and at last to yield up his
noble spirit in death. Even his last life scenes were
worthy of a soldier and full of true manfulness. That
I, being a prisoner of war at the same time with said
Klias L- Hyneman, heard of his many sufferings with
deepest regret. I sympathize sincerely with his
afflicted relatives and all who mourn his loss. He
fought and fell in the glorious cause of freedom and
justice omnipotent

"Given at Camp, Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, near
Richmond, Va., this ist day of May, 1865.
J. Frank Cameron,

" Capt. Com'd'g Company C, Fifth Penn. Cavalry."
" Approval:

"Colonel Commanding Regiment."

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Harris, Abraham B. Lieutenant F 5th Cavalry

Hoffman, David B. G 5th Cavalry

Hasseer, Jacob Sergeant D 9th Cavalry

Served about four years.
Hkrzog, Jacob Captain H 12th Cavalry

Hamburger, Herman Lieutenant L 18th Cavalry

Assistant Adjutant-General, ist Brigade, 3d
Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac; has been
Judge in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, etc., etc.

Israel, Daniel
Isaacs, Henry
Israel, Jacob

Isaacs, Henry

10th Infantry
1 8th Infantry
27th Infantry

72nd Infantry

Josephs, Gustav C 3d Infantry

And one year in Hancock's Veteran Corps; served
three years.

Jacobs, Henry B 4th Infantry

358

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Rank. Company.

Jacobs, Jacob
Jacoby, Henry
Josephs, Aaron
Jacques, Henry

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Corporal K nth Infantry

Corporal I 18th Infantry

F 19th Infantry

Lieutenant G 26th Infantry

Wounded in second Battle of Bull Run, and other
battles.
Jacobson, Augustus A 27th Infantry

Transferred to United States Navy.
Jacoby, Herman A 27th Infantry

Wounded at Missionary Ridge; served throughout
the war.
Jacob, John B 27th Infantry

Josephs, Abraham F 27th Infantry

And one year in Hancock's Veteran Corps; served
three years.
Jacoby, Hugo Sergeant

Promoted from Corporal; transferre I to
Jacoby, H.

Jacobs, Henry

Served three years.
Jacobs, Samuel

Served four years.
Jacobs, Israel

Served three years.
Jacobs, Abraham B.

Subsequently
Jacoby, Moses

Enlisted as Private
Jacobs, Henry

II
V

27th Infantry

109th Infantry

27th Infantry

28th Infantry

f A

Corporal

29th Infantry

30th Infantry

34th Infantry

6th U. S. Cavalry

47th Infantry

Lieutenant F

Promoted from Sergeant;' served four years.
Jacobs, Simon D

Served three years.
Jacobs, Henry H. Sergeant F

Jacobs, Alexander Corporal F

Jacoby, Joseph Sergeant I

Jacobs, Theodore Assistant Surgeon
Jacoby, Simon P. E

51st Infantry

99th Infantry

165th Infantry
165th Infantry
167th Infantry
187th Infantry
3d Artillery

Jacobs, S. H

1 st Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 359

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Koknigsberg, Max Lieutenant A 12th Infantry

Wounded at Gaines' Mills; captured and sent to
Libby Prison.

Kauffman, Isaac B. Lieutenant

1 6th Infantry

Kirschhkimer, Joseph

Sergeant

27 th Infantry

Kuhn, Magnus

27th Infantry

Kuhn, Marcus

27th Infantry

Kohn, Ignaz

Captain

27th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

•

Kuhn, Abraham

27th Infantry

Kahn, Louis

27th Infantry

Katz, Jacob F.

35th Infantry

Served three years.

Kauffman, Samup;l

46th Infantry

Kauffman, Levi H

Corporal

52nd Infantry

Kline, Joseph

61st Infantry

Killed at Fair Oaks,

Virginia.

Karpel, Jacob

63d Infantry

Died of wounds rece

ived at Bull Run.

Kohen, Frank P.

Lieutenant

67th Infantry

Kauffman, Benjamin L

Corporal

90th Infantry

1 ith Infantry

Koshland, Nicholas E

91st Infantry

Kayser, Morris

Captain

91st Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant; served about three years.

Katz, Emanuel

98th Infantry

Kauffman, Jacob

Corporal

101st Infantry

Kline, Nathan

119th Infantry

Served three years.

Kauffman, Solomon B

Corporal

126th Infantry

Kramer, Solomon H.

Sergeant

128th Infantry

Kauffman, Jonas H.

Assistant Surgeon

151st Infantry

Kauffman, Joseph A.

Lieutenant B

154th Infantry

Kauffman, Jacob

Corporal

171st Infantry

Kauffman, David S.

Sergeant

179th Infantry

Kauffman, Solomon B

Sergeant

202nd Infantry

360 THE A MEll ICA N JE \V A S

Name Rank. L'omimny. ■ Ukoimknt.

Kauffman, Isaac B. 2nd Lieutenant H 9th Cavalry

Died of wounds received at Moore's Hill, Kentucky.
Karpei.es, Leo 2nd Artillerv

Livermauli. Moses

Levy, David

Levy, Abraham

Levi, Charles Corporal

LOWENTHAE, SAMUEL

Served four years.

Lazarus, David

Lewenberg, Joseph

Levy, Aaron

Transferred to Signal Corps.

Luescher, Jacob Sergeant

Served three years.

Leo, Charles Lieutenant

Regimental Adjutant.

Lowenstein, M.

Lazarus, Aaron Brevet Captain

Enlisted as Private, and promoted to Corporal, Ser-
geant, rst Sergeant, 2nd Lieutenant, 1st Lieutenant,
Regimental Adjutant, and Brevet Captain, United
States Volunteers; served three years; has since been
Captain and Major; member of Loyal Legion of the
United States (Commandery of Pennsylvania).

I
E
E
G

2nd Infantry
5th Infantry
6th Infantry
7th Infantry
9th Infantry

I
A

23d Infantry

26th Infantry

27th Infantry

27th Infantry
28th Infantry

Lachenheimer, E.

29th Infantry

Lyon, Abraham Corporal

35th Infantry

Lang, Philip

37th Infantry

Lowenthal, Samuel

38th Infantry

Served three years.

Lebengood, Jacob

40th Infantry

So seriously wounded as to be

disabled

for further

service.

Levi, William P. Sergeant

54th Infantry

Lichtenberger, Daniel Sergeant

76th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

361

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Leo, Henry F. Captain B 1 1 5th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; served three years.

Lazarus, Henry C 119th Infantry

Also Veteran Invalid Reserve Corps ; served through
the war.

Levy, Herman 119th Infantry

Lehman, Emanuel D 127th Infantry

Lehman, Jacob D 127th Infantry

Lillienstine, Charles I 127th Infantry

Levi, Joseph Corporal G 129th Infantry

Lazarus, William E 132nd Infantry
Killed at Antietam.

Loeb, Jacob H 151st Infantry

Loeb, Samuel B. H 151st Infantry

Loeb, William C. H 151st Infantry

Died at Fairfax Seminary, Virginia, June 27, 1863.

Long, Isaac H 151st Infantry

Levy, Philip Sergeant G 193d Infantry

Promoted from Corporal.

Lipowitz, Herman Sergeant H 215th Infantry

Langsdorf, Simon Corporal B 5th Cavalry

Discharged for injuries received at Williamsburg.

Levy, Meyer S. C 5th Cavalry

Levy, Samuel C 5th Cavalry

Levy, Theodore C 5th Cavalry

Lang, Ernst E 5th Cavalry

Levi, Simon I 5th Cavalry

Lindheimer, Barney 6th Cavalry

Lang, Morris 12th Cavalry
Captured at second Battle of Bull Run.

Levy, Benjamin J. Brevet-Major 21st Cavalry

Promoted from Commissary of Subsistence.

LiEbschutz, Adolph Lieutenant 2nd Artillery

Promoted from the ranks for gallantry; served three
years.

362

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Miller, Jonas K 5th Infantry

Served three years.

May, Samuel F. K 8th Infantry

Mayer, Louis H. Sergeant C 13th Infantry

Also in Ohio Infantry, and staff officer in Regular Army.

Myers, Solomon Lieutenant A 16th Infantry

Miller, Moses K 19th Infantry

Miller, Samuel K 19th Infantry

May, Solomon W. 19th Infantry

Meyer, C. B 21st Infantry

Miller, Alexander H 22nd Infantry

Mayer, Jacob Corporal B 23d Infantry

Mitchell, M. F 23d Infantry

Moritz, Joseph C 26th Infantry

Moss, John j E 26th Infantry

Served three years. Transferred to I 99th Infantry

Meyer, Joseph I 26th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg; transferred to 99th Infantry;

served four years.
May, Louis

Sergeant

Moser, Leo

May, Meyer

Mayer, Herman

Meyer, Moses

Meyer, Kmil Lieutenant

Marx, David

Maier, Jacob

Moser, David

Died at Winchester, Virginia.
Max, Jacob
Meyer, Max
Myers, Simon P.
Marks, Emanuel

Died at Rectortown, Virginia.
Miller, Aaron

Served three years.
Myers, Levi

Served three years.

C
D
D
E
G
G
H
H

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry
28th Infantry

36th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 363

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Moses, Joshua I

Miller, Jacob A

Killed at South Mountain.
Moses, Daniel Corporal K

Moses, David Lieutenant K

Promoted from Sergeant; served until the

war.
Miller, Soeomon C. Sergeant A

Served three years.
Mieeer, Jacob C

Miller, Jacob Corporal H

Disabled at Malvern Hill.
Myers, Emanuel Sergeant

Mazur, F.
Myers, Israel Corporal E

Enlisted as Private; served three years.
Moss, William Surgeon

Surgeon United States Volunteers.
Myers, Isaac Corporal G

Myers, Sigmund Corporal I

Served three years.
Mayer, Jacob Sergeant . F

Promoted from Corporal.
Myers, Solomon Captain E

Served over three years.
Moser, Henry Corporal F

Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

Moss, Jacob

Myers, Henry H

Myers, Daniel S. I

Myers, Albert Sergeant H

Miller, Aaron F

Myers, Benjamin F. C

Myers, Jacob A

Also Veteran Reserve Corps.

Marks, Israel E

42 nd Infantry
45th Infantry

48th Infantry
52nd Infantry
close of the

57th Infantry

61st Infantry
61st Infantry

62nd Infantry

63d Infantry

67th Infantry

70th Infantry

74th Infantry
76th Infantry

82nd Infantry

87th Infantry

107th Infantry

119th Infantry
122nd Infantry
127th Infantry
128th Infantry
129th Infantry
1 30th Infantry
150th Infantry

151st Infantry

364

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Regiment.
153d Infantry

F
E
H

Lieutenant
Corporal
seriously wounded at Cold Har-

155th Infantry
162nd Infantry

165th Infantry

169th Infantry

178th Infantry

183d Infantry

Myers, Aaron J. Sergeant I

Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.

Myers, Herman Corporal A

Served three years.

Moyer, Kmanuel Sergeant H

Killed at White House, Virginia.

Myers, Emanuel Sergeant-Major

Marx, Aaron J.

Myers, Levi

Myers, David

Enlisted as private
bor.

Miller, Aaron Corporal K

Enlisted as Private.

Michaels, David Lieutenant I

Promoted from Corporal and Sergeant

Menken, Nathan D. Captain

At the outbreak of the Civil War he organized a body
of cavalry and was chosen Captain. At the Second
Battle of Bull Run his horse was shot under him. As
commander of General Pope's body-guard, he won
the esteem and admiration of his brother officers for
his bravery, courtesy and firmness. In 1878, during
the yellow fever scourge in Memphis, Tennessee,
Captain Menken refused to quit that city, but re-
mained at his post, attending to the suffering until
the terrible plague made this hero also a victim.

Mieeer, Jacob 3d Cavalry

Died of wounds received at Mine Run, Virginia.

190th Infantry

210th Infantry

Cavalry

Moss, Joseph L. Major

Lieutenant-Colonel 12th Cavalry
Moss, Jacob

Myers, Emanuee
Max, Charles
Moeler, Max
Meyer, Leopold

Lieutenant
Captain

5th Cavalry
served three years.

J ^ 5 th Cavalry

K 5th Cavalry

E 6th Cavalry

E nth Cavalry

C 1 2th Cavalry

Served over three years.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

865

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Miller, Moses Corporal H 14th Cavalry

Moser, Henry Quartermaster- Sergeant 19th Cavalry

Served three years.
Marks, Simon Custer's Division of Cavalry

Mendel, Herman Sergeant L j 3d Artillery

Subsequently in United States Army. \ 4th Cavalry

Messing, Bernhard Sergeant

3d Artillery

Transferred 62nd Regiment, U.

S. V.

Nathans, Oscar S.

1 8th Infantry

Nathans, Theodore

1 8th Infantry

Nathan, Lewis

51st Infantry

Neyman, Jacob

Signal Corps

Ottenheimer, Solomon

19th Infantry

Ostheimer, Nathan

62nd Infantry

Killed at Harrison's Landing.

Ochs, Joseph

5th Cavalry

Oppenheimer, Louis

5th Cavalry

Pinheiro, Solomon G 26th Infantry

Enlisted quite young as a drummer boy; subsequently
entered United States Navy; served there three years
and took part in a number of engagements.

PlCKARD, M.

27th Infantry

Pollock, A.

27th Infantry

Proskauer, A.

27th Infantry

Phillips, Isaac W.

29th Infantry

Captured.

Phillips, Isaac H.

36th Infantry

Phillips, David J.

Adjutant J
Captain I I

8 1 St Infantry

Podolsky, Theodore

Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant,

101st Infantrv

etc.

Rosensteel, Jacob I nth Infantry

Wounded at Rappahannock Station; served four
years.

366

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Rosenfelt, Nathan Sergeant D

Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.
Rosenthal, Max j D

Transferred to 1

Rosenstein, William F

Rosenthal, Arndt Major

Roedelsheimer, Solomon Captain

ROSENGARTEN, HENRY

Corporal
Sergeant

Ringetstein, Jacob
Rosenheim, Bernard
Roth, Lewis
Reinhard, Francis
Rosenberg, Maurice Sergeant
Wounded at Lookout Mountain.

Rosenthal, Abraham
Reinhart, Nathan F. Corporal
Rosenstein, David
Rosenstock, Jacob

A
A
K
A
A
A
B
C

E
F
I
A

Regiment.
26th Infantry

26th Infantry
99th Infantry
26th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry

27th Infantry

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
28th Infantry

Wounded at Chancellorsville; served three years.

Rosenbaum, Michael F

Rashke, Moritz Sergeant

Killed at Chancellorsville.
Rosenfelt, Nathan A

Wounded and captured at Antietam;

transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps.

29th Infantry
63d Infantry

72nd Infantry
when released,

74th Infantry

Rothschild, Samuel Sergeant I

Enlisted as Private.
Rosenberg, Louis Corporal K

Rothschild, Lewis K

Rosenberger, L. A. Lieutenant D

Enlisted as Private; captured at Gloucester Point,

Virginia; served three years.
Rosengarten, Joseph George D

Lieutenant

Major on staff of General John F. Reynolds, Army

of the Potomac; Brevet Captain in United States

Volunteers; served three years.

82 nd Infantry

99th Infantry

104th Infantry

121st Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

367
Regiment.
122nd Infantry

Name. Rank. Company.

Rowe, Samuel W. Captain B

Promoted from Lieutenant.
ROSENBERGER, SAMUEL G

Rich, Isaac B. Sergeant B

Promoted from Corporal.
Rosensteel, Jacob Sergeant F

Enlisted as Private; wounded at the

served three years.
Rinehard, Alfred A. Captain D

Promoted from Sergeant; wounded at Po River, Vir

ginia; served three years.
Rosenstein, Michael Lieutenant K
Rosensteel, Tobias Lieutenant

Served three years.
Rowland, Adolphus Major

Promoted from Lieutenant for distinguished bravery.
Rosenthal, Leopold Captain A 5th Cavalry

Wounded at Fort Magruder.
Rhine, Michael G 5th Cavalry

Rosenthal, Ephraim Sergeant A 12th Cavalry

Enlisted as Private; served three years, and until close

of war.

Reubenthal, Elias Sergeant I 12th Cavalry

Served over three years.

Rosengarten, Adolph G. Major 15th Cavalry

(Anderson Troop)
Promoted from Sergeant; killed at Stone River, Ten-
nessee .

ROSENBERGER, S.

126th Infantry
129th Infantry

139th Infantry
Wilderness;

148th Infantry

173d Infantry
4th Cavalry

5th Cavrlry

Assistant Surgeon

2nd Artillery

vSontheimer, Bernard

Schwarz, S. F.

Schoneman, Abram P. Lieutenant

Stern, Abram E

Corporal

6th Infantry
1 6th Infantry
19th Infantry
65th Infantry
Keystone Battery
19th Infantry

368

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Company.

Regiment.

19th Infantry

2 1 st Infantry

26th Infantry

99th Infantry

27th Infantry

Name. Rank.

Stern, Charles

Sternberger, Charles

Stein, Jacob Corporal

Seligman, Marcus

Transferred to

Salinger, B. Lieutenant

Enlisted as private.

Schloss, Abraham

Schoneman, Emanuel

Spaeth, Henry Sergeant

Sheier, Moses

Siedler, Joseph

Silberberg, Max

Enlisted at eighteen years of age; took part in battles
in Pennsylvania, incuding Gettysburg; served twice as
Commander of August Willich Post, G. A. R.; also
as President of Employment Bureau of Grand Army
of the Republic Association of Hamilton County,
Ohio.

Straus, Jonas
Stein, Louis
Schoen, David
Stern, Julius
Schloss, Moses

Served three years.
Schloss, David
Selker, Adolph
Strouse, Cyrus Major

Killed at Chancellorsville.

Snowberger, Elias
Stern, David
Snellenburg, Isaac

Killed at Charles City Cross Roads, Virginia, buried

on the battle-field.
Strous, Jacob G 34th Infantry

Served three years.

Sergeant

B
D
G
H

27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry
27th Infantry

27th Infantry
27 th Infantry
28th Infantry

29th Infantry

32 nd Infantry

33d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 369

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Stein, Jacob A 37th Infantry

Sigmund, Albert M. Assistant Surgeon 38th Infantry

Stein, Lewis K 41st Infantry

Served three years.

SiivBERMAN, Marx Corporal A 51st Infantry

Raised a company of men in three days and became

Corporal of the company; started the company by

signing first.

Stine, Jacob C 54th Infantry

Steiner, Jacob G 55th Infantry

Also Veteran Reserve Corps.

Strouss Eleis C. Captain K 57th Infantry

Entered as private; wounded at Charles City Cross

Roads and at Wilderness; served four years.

Strouse, Henry Corporal D 76th Infantry

Stern, Henry Captain G 77th Infantry

Enlisted as private.
Stern, Herman B 83d Infantry

Soeomon, Augustus Sergeant B 93d Infantry

Promoted from private; also in Veteran Reserve Corps.
Steinbrun, J. D 98th Infantry

Snowberger, Aebert Leopold 99th Infantry

Born in Philadelphia, April 4, 1845. He was sent to
the Military Academy, at Portsmouth, Virginia, when
but fifteen years of age. When the war broke out he
enlisted in the Union Army, despite his youthful age.
He took part in a number of engagements with the
enemy, but at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia,
December 13, 1862, he was mortally wounded, yet
even in his agonies this young hero ' ' waved his cap
and urged his comrades on to victory." He died
January 6, 1863. Of this gallant boy the lad's com-
mander wrote to his mother that ' ' his bravery and
heroism were remarkable for one so young."
Saeisburg, David S. Corporal B 102nd Infantry

Strauss, Henry Surgeon 115th Infantry

370

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Stine, Daniel

126th Infantry

Strouse, Lehman K. Corporal

128th Infantry

Stern, Jacob

133d Infantry

Salisburg, Samuel B. Sergeant

138th Infantry

Wounded at Monocacy, Maryland

; served three years.

Strouse, Ferdinand K.

151st Infantry

Strause, Joel S.

151st Infantry

Strause, Salomon

151st Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Strause, William S.

151st Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Strause, William T.

151st Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Simon, Michael

151st Infantry

Sternberger, Levin

151st Infantry

Sulzbach, Milton Quartermaster

1 66th Infantry

Straus, Daniel Corporal

167th Infantry

Silva, David Corporal

181st Infantry

Simon, Jacob Corporal

183d Infantry

Promoted from private.

Steiner, Levi A.

194th Infantry

Schlesinger, Morris Adjutant

210th Infantry

Promoted from Sergeant; died from wounds received

at Gravelly Run, Virginia.

Schloss, Henry Corporal

5th Cavalry

Wounded near Richmond; served four

years.

Schloss, Abraham

5th Cavalry

Wounded before Richmond.

Sontheimer, Morris

1 1 th Cavalry

Served four years.

Schoenfeld, J.

15th Cavalry

Stein, Jacob Corporal

3d Artillery

Salzman, Adam Corporal

5th Artillery

Strassman, A.

2nd Battery

Wounded twice.

Schoneman, R. A.

Keystone Battery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 371

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Thalheimer, Albert B 23d Infantry

Captured at Cold Harbor; served about four years.

Tschopkk, Joseph

Tafel, Adolph

Teller, Michael,

Served three years.

Trautman, Jacob
Served four years.

[yieutenant

D
H
K

27th Infantry

1 1 9th Infantry

Sergeant

5th Cavalry

Sergeant

27th Infantry

75th Infantry

Captain

5th Cavalry

Ulman, John

Served three years.

Ullman, Jacob

Served four years.

Ullman,

Was noted for his bravery; served throughout the
Civil War; he was also engaged in the war with the
Sioux Indians in 1876, and was one of those in the
command of General Custer on that fatal day in June ;
in which the entire command was surrounded by the
Indians, every man being slaughtered.

Vogel, Iv. Captain

27th Infantry

Wimpfheimer, Max F 19th Infantry
Wolf, Jacob Corporal H 19th Infantry
Wohl, Samuel Lieutenant B 27th Infantry
Weinberger, Paul B 27th Infantry
Transferred to 29th Infantry, New York Volunteers.

Warburg, Sigmund
Weinstock, Bernard
Weil, Jacob
Warburg, Moses

Wetzlar, Morris Lieutenant
Promoted; wounded at Pea Ridge;

D 27th Infantry
D 27th Infantry
H 27th Infantry
27th Infantry
K 37th Infantry
disabled.

Waterman, Israel

Transferred to United States Regu

ars.

40th Infantry

372 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank.

Wolf, David Sergeant

Served nearly four years.

Wolf, Morris

Served three years.
Weinbach, Abraham

Quartermaster-Sergeant A

)MPANY,

Regiment.

89th Infantry

3d Cavalry

12th Cavalry

Name.

Froinsohn, Samuel

RHODE ISLAND.

Rank.

Company. Regiment.

2nd Infantry

Harris, Bknjamin

10th Infantry

Phillips, Joseph S. 2nd Infantry

On staff of Commander General Sexton, of the Grand
Army of the Republic.

SiEGEL, M.

3d Infantry

SOUTH CAROLINA.

Name.

Rank.

Company

Regiment.

Alexander, Isaac

10th Infantry

Alexander, Isidore

10th Infantry

Alexander, S.

10th Infantry

Altman, James P.

21st Infantry

Captured; died and buried

at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Elmira, New York.

Asher, Henry

Hampton Legion

Ascher, Abraham

1st Cavalry

Asher, Harris

Washington Artillery

PATRIOT, CITIZEN. SOLDIER AND 373

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Abrahams, E. H.
Abrahams, Thkodork H.

Reserves
Sumter Guards.

Bowman, Louis
Baee, Barney

Lost his life at Port Royal.

i st Infantry
2nd Infantry

Baum Manus
Baruch, H.

Enlisted a mere lad.

A
K

7th Infantry
7th Infantry

Brown, Mendel Sergeant F ioth Infantry
Wounded at Murfreesboro, Tennnessee, and mortally
wounded at Griffin, Georgia; died in Griffin Hospital.

Benjamin, Solomon L
Brown, Joseph
Brown, Simon
Baum, Marx

Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness.

ioth Infantry
ioth Infantry
ioth Infantry
15th Infantry

Baruch, B. S.
Baruch, Herman

G
A

1 6th Infantry
7th Cavalry

Courier to General Robert E. Lee.
Beankensee, D.

Killed at Manassas.
Beeitzer, Jacob

Mortally wounded.

Beeitzer, Theodore
Killed in action.

Hampton Legion

Washington Artillery

German Hussars

Cashby, A. 3 d Infantry

Cohen, Morris 7 th Infantry

Enlisted when not quite sixteen years old.

Ceark, H. IQ th Infantry

Cohen, Gratz I0 th Infantry

Killed at Malvern Hill.

Cohen, Lawrence L. 2nd Cavalry

Enlisted 1861.

Cohen, Asher D. Hampton's Cavalry

Enlisted 1861.

374

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Cohen, Isaac

Killed in action

mond, Virginia.
Cohen, McDuff
Cohen, Ansley D.
Cohen, Philip I.

Enlisted 1861.
Cohen, Gustavus
Cohen, Henry

Killed at Savage Station

buried in Jewish cemetery,

Rank. Company. Regiment.

Hampton's Cavalry
buried in Jewish cemetery, Rich-

Hampton's Cavalry

Walter's Battery

Washington Artillery

Washington Artillery
Washington Artillery
Virginia, June 29, 1864;
Richmond, Virginia.

f Washington Artillery

Washington Artillery

10th Infantry

Hampton's Cavalry

Jefferson Rangers

I Six brothers;
three serving in
South Carolina,
one in North Car-
olina, and two

Washington Artillery

Cohen, Aaron
Cohen, Jacob H.
Cohen, Julius
Cohen, C. S. \

Cohen, Fishel

Cohen, David D. ^ in Virginia

Enlisted 1861.
Cohen, Dr. Marx E., Jr.

One of the heroes of the Civil War was Dr. Marx E.
Cohen, Jr., of Charleston. He enlisted at the age of
twenty -one. At the battle of Bentonville, North Caro-
lina, towards the close of the the war, some shells
containing explosive material were thrown into the
Confederate lines from the guns of the Union forces.
The captain of Hart's Battery called for volunteers to
hurl them aside before they should burst and cause
destruction to the command. Three men volunteered
to undertake the task; Dr. Cohen being one of them.
He and his companions were successful, but while
returning to their own lines all three were shot dead
by Federal bullets.

Daniels, L. B 15th Cavalry

Captured ; died and buried in Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Dreyfus, Herman Cameron's Battery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

375

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Emanuel, Edwin Sergeant A ioth Infantry

Died from exposure contracted in service.
Emanuel, J. A ioth Infantry

Emanuel, Solomon A ioth Infantry

Emanuel, Washington A ioth Infantry

Enlisted when a mere boy; died from wounds received

at Atlanta, Georgia.
Emanuel, H. ioth Infantry

Ellbaum, G. 14th Infantry

Esdwa, Arthur A. Culpepper Battery

Fox, William K

Wounded at Gettysburg and captured

Fox, M. Sr. A

Friedman, Benjamin A

1 st Infantry

3d Infantry
3d Infantry

Gundhaus, S.
gundhaus, j. l.
Goldsmith, Isaac

Killed in action.
Goldsmith, Michael
Goldsmith, Isaac P.

Died in the service.
Goldsmith, A. A.

Wounded at Antietam.
Goldsmith, M. M.

I
I
G

4th Infantry

6th Infantry

1 6th Infantry

1 6th Infantry
24th Infantry

Kershaw's 2nd

Regiment

Reserves

Heyman, I. F 6th Infantry

Wounded at Owensboro, North Carolina.
Hornet, J. D. 2nd Battalion

Hammerslough, A. 3d Battalion

Hammerslough, H. 3d Battalion

Hartz, H. 10th Battalion

Hirsch, Melvin J. Beauregard Infantry

Commissary Sergeant

Promoted from Private; served throughout the war.
Holzhauer, C. Washington Artillery

376

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Hoffman, Julius

Hirsch, I. W.
Wounded.

Joel, Julius

Lost an arm in the battle of the Wilderness.

Jacobs, Isaiah Lieutenant D 2nd Infantry

Promoted from the ranks; killed at Knoxville,

Tennessee.

Joskphus, Joseph 1st Cavalry

James, — — Surgeon . 7th Battalion

Company.

Regiment.

Kershaw's 1st

Regiment

Kershaw's 2nd

Regiment

1st Infantry

Promoted to Brigade Surgeon.

Jacobs, Emanuel
Jacobus, J. J.
Jacobs, Frederick
Jacobs, Reid

Wounded in action.

Jacobs, A. L.

Called " Little Jake; " wounded at Sharpsburg; killed

in Tennessee.
Jacobs, Abraham Hampton Legion

Killed in action.

Washington Artillery

Palmetto Artillery

Palmetto Guards

I Hampton Legion

Jacobs, Louis
Jacobs, Mitchell
Jacobs, H.

Killed in battle;

mond, Virginia.

Hampton Legion
Hampton Legion

buried in Jewish cemetery, Rich-

Kaphan, Theodore Hagood 1st Infantry

Kahn, David 8th Infantry

Kaminski, H. Sergeant B 10th Infantry

Kahn, Isaac 12th Infantry

Kohn, Theodore F 25th Infantry
From a newspaper clipping: "Theodore Kohn of
Orangeburg, a veteran of the Bdisto Rifles, 25th

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

377

Regiment, South Carolina, will carry to his grave the
wounds he received at Drewy's Bluff while gallantly
righting for his adopted country."

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Kohn, August

25th Infantry

Served throughout the war.

Levi, Leopold

5th Infantry

Levin, G. W.

15th Infantry

Levin, Samuel

15th Infantry

Killed at Sharpsburg, Maryland.

Lowenberg, David Sergeant

1 6th Infantry

Served three years.

Levy, Moses

23d Infantry

He is spoken of by his former Colonel Benhon as one
of the bravest, truest and most devoted men in his
command; he was captured at the last battle at Peters-
burg, Virginia.
Levin, L. C. 2nd Cavalry

Levin, L. J. Wheeler's Cavalry

Levy, Lionel C. Jr. Fenner's Battery

Lazarus, M. H. Walter's Battery

Lazarus, B. D. Washington Artillery

Lazarus, Benjamin Washington Artillery

Lazarus, Marx Washington Artillery

Lazarus, Solomon Washington Artillery

Enlisted 1861; served until the close of the war.
Levy, Lionel L. Washington Artillery

Promoted to Judge Advocate.
Lopez, John

From 1 86 1 until the close of the war.
Lopez, Moses

From 1 86 1 until the close of the war.
Levin, S. M.

Wounded at Secession ville.
Lyons, J. C.
Lehman, A.

Killed; buried at Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Palmetto Guards

Sumter Guards

Company Cadets

Regiment.
2nd Infantry
wounded at

2nd Infantry

2nd Infantry
27th Infantry

378 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank. Company.

Moses, H. C. 1st Lieutenant

Promoted from Private, Lucas Battalion;

Manassas.
Moses, Perry D

Killed at Malvern Hill, aged 17 years.
Moses, Claremont K •

Wounded in action.
Moses, P. K

Seriously wounded.
Moses, Meyer
Moses, Edwin L.

Captured; died prison, Camp Chase.
Mordecai, J. Randolph Washington Artillery

Lieutenant and Assistant Quartermaster.

Promoted from the ranks.

MoiSE, Camiixus Washington Artillery

Served four years.

Mordecai, G. L. Washington Artillery

The father of this soldier, the late Benjamin Mordecai,
was the first contributor to the Southern cause, donat-
ing $10,000 to South Carolina.

Moses, Joshua L. 1st Lieutenant
Wounded at Manassas; killed
at Mobile, commanding Bat-
talion.

Moses, Jackson

Moses, Horace

Entered service at 17 years ; V
captured at Mobile.

Moses, Perry, Jr.

Wounded at Mobile.

Moses, I. Harby

Graduate of Citadel Academy;
served throughout the war.

Moses, Daniel
Moses, David L.

<'
n

r-r-
CD

Culpepper Battery

Culpepper Battery
Culpepper Battery

Culpepper Battery
6th Cavalry

Culpepper Battery
Culpepper Battery

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 379

Name, Rank. Company. Regiment.

MOSES, I. L. Culpepper Battery

Wounded at Manassas; killed at Fort Blakely

Moses, M. P.
Moses, T. J. Jr.
Moses, Z. P.
Moses, Meyer B.
Mordecai, Thomas W.

Killed at Brandy Station, Virginia.

Manning, Jacob

Killed at Brandy Station, Virginia.

Moses, A. D. L.

Wounded at Seven Pines.

Moses, A. J. Sr.

Culpepper Battery
Culpepper Battery
Culpepper Battery
Culpepper Battery
Hampton's Cavalry

Hampton Legion
Hampton Legion

Moise, Edward
Enlisted 1861

Moise, Isaac

Enlisted 1861

Mellet's Regiment
Palmetto Guards
served until the close of the war.

Palmetto Guards
served until the close of the war.

Oppenheimer, Edwin

Sergeant

1 6th Infantry

Oppenheimer, Julius H.

Sergeant

1 6th Infantry

Oppenheimer, Samuel

Sergeant

1 6th Infantry

Oppenheimer, H. D. H.

1 6th Infantry

Pollock, B. C.

1st Infantry

Pollock, Clarence

1st Infantry

Killed at Spottsylvania

, Virginia.

Pollock, J. L.

1st Infantry

Pollock, T. M.

1st Infantry

Peixotto, S. C.

1st Infantry

Phillips, Isidore

Hampton Legion

Phillips, Michael A.

Hampton Legion

POSNANSKI, GUSTAVUS

Sumter Guards

Robertson, Abraham

3d Infantry

Robinson, Charles C.

7th Infantry

Served throughout the war.

380 THE AMERICA N JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment,

Richards, Meyer 21st Infantry

Rosendorf, Jacob 1st Cavalry

Rothschild, Benjamin Hampton Cavalry
Killed at Gaines' Mills, Virginia.

Soeomon, J. L. 2nd Infantry

Summers, Ad. 2nd Infantry

Drowned near Port Royal.

Suezbacher, Wileiam K 3d Infantry

SpiEGEEBERG, Morris 16th Infantry

Seixas, B. M. 20th Infantry

Soeomon, J. F. 20th Infantry

Schileer, Louis ist Cavalry

Sommers, Isaac Heavy Artillery

Killed at Siege of Fort Moultrie.

Shapira, L. D. Hampton Legion

Sampson, Henry Stuart's Command

Sampson, H. J.

Killed on June 27, 1864; buried in Jewish Cemetery,

Richmond, Virginia.

Triest, Maier 24th Infantry

Vaeentine, Jacob Captain Infantry

Served while a mere youth in the Palmetto Regiment
during the Mexican War and was wounded in the
storming of Cherubusco. He was believed to be the
youngest pensioner of the United States Government.
He lived in Philadelphia at the passage of "Seces-
sion," and immediately went to Charleston, offering
his services to his native State. He was appointed
Lieutenant in the first South Carolina regular in-
fantry and took part in the bombardment of Fort
Sumter, in April, 1861. He served in this regiment
from that time continuously until December, 1863,
when he was severely wounded while in command of
Fort Moultrie. This wound was of so serious a

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

381

character as to prevent him from performing any fur-
ther active service. He was detailed to the recruiting
department in which he served until the close of the
war. During the Mexican War he received two
medals; one for bravery on the battle-field, and
another for being the youngest soldier in the regiment.

Rank.

Name.

Valentine, Isaac R.

Killed at Secession ville.
Valentine, H. M.

Wounded at Secessionville
Valentine, Herz

Wounded in action.

Valentine, I.

Seriously wounded.

Company. Regiment.

Sumter Guards

Palmetto Guards

Witkowski, Adolph 2nd Infantry

Severely wounded at the Wilderness.
Wachtel, M.
Wertheim, Herman Lieutenant

Killed at Spottsylvania.
Wertheim, Berthold G

Wetherhorn, Solomon H

Wolf, D. G

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,

Klmira, New York.
Wertheim, Levi
Wertheim, Julius
Wilson, J. C.
Wolf, W. M. Lieutenant

Killed; buried in Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.
Warner, Henry Colleton Rifles

Wertheim, Heyman Kershaw's Command

Killed at Gettysburg.

4th Infantry
7th Infantry

1 6th Infantry
25th Infantry
25th Infantry

German Artillery

Hampton Legion

Hagood's Brigade

Zach arias, David

Killed at Mechanicsville.

5th Cavalry

38^

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.
BlKBKR,

Burg, Felix

TENNESS

Rank.

Company.

I
I

Regiment.

15th Infantry
15th Infantry

Cook, Joel K 63d Infantry

Captured; died and buried at Woodlawn Cemetery,
Elmira, New York.

Dahlsheimer, M.
Danhkiskr, Charles

Corporal I

15th Infantry
15th Infantry

Freed, Julius I 15th Infantry

Wounded at Perry ville, Chickamauga, and Dallas.
Foltz, Benjamin 15th Infantry

Killed at Shiloh.
Foltz, Leon 15th Infantry

Lost a leg in battle
Foltz, Moses 15th Infantry

Lost a leg in battle.
Freeman, Max 15th Infantry

Killed at Murfreesboro.

Gutmann, Emanuel

3d Infantry

Hirschberg, Simon

Hober, G. Major

Taken prisoner at Port Hudson.
Hansman, Samuel
Hecht, Samuel

1st Infantry
8th Infantry

15 th Infantry
15th Infantry

Jacoby, Emil G.

Killed at Shiloh.

3d Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

383

Name

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Kuhn, Max

Killed at Shiloh.

15 th Infantry

IyiEBscHUTz, Jacob
Killed at Resaca.

8th Infantry

Liebschutz, Joseph
Killed at Franklin,

Tennessee.

8th Infantry

Lang,

Lenbril, L.
IyOEB, Jacob

I
I
I

15th Infantry
15th Infantry
15th Infantry

Minkus, J.
Martin, Mordecai

1 st Infantry
15th Infantry

Nassauer, Louis
Nathan, Julius
Promoted.

Sergeant

1 st Infantry
15th Infantry

Paraire, Isaac

1st Infantry

Schiffman, Simon
Sanders, Mark
Seelig, Simon
Straus, S.
Seesel, Henry, Jr.

Simonson,

Killed at Shiloh.

Lieutenant

I
I

3d Infantry

4th Infantry

15th Infantry

Wronker, Morris
Wolf, Frederick
Wasseman, Charles

Wachenheim, S.

Corporal

I
I

4th Infantry
15th Infantry
15th Infantry
40th Infantry

Zucker, Simon

10th Cavalry

384

THE AMERICAN JE W AS

TEXAS.

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Alexander, A. S. Captain

ist Infantry

Commander Oswald's Battalion;

served until close of war.

Angel, A.

5th Infantry

Killed at Manassas.

Auerbach, Doctor J.

5th Infantry

AUERBACH, B.

5th Infantry

Killed at Wilderness.

Ash, Henry

5th Infantry

Benedict, Jacob

ist Infantry

Killed at Malvern Hill.

Bacharach, WOLF

5th Infantry

Billig, Isaac

5th Infantry

Buck, Robert

ist Artillery

Cohen, Henry L ist Infantry

Cramer, Joseph ist Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg; served until close of war.

Cobman, Louis

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Cohen, S.

Killed at Gettysburg.
Coleman, Louis

Wounded at Gettysburg.
Cramer, A. Lieutenant

Coleman, Meyer

5th Infantry
5th Infantry
5th Infantry

8th Infantry
(Flourney's Regiment)
A 26th Infantry

Dreyfus, Samuel B

Deutsch, Solomon

Wounded; served until close of war.

ist Infantry
ist Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 385

Name. Rank.

Company. Regiment.

Davidburg, David D.

6th Infantry

Davidson, David H.

6th Infantry

Dkutsch, S.

6th Infantry

Daniels, J.

8th Infantry

Davidson, Henry

26th Infantry

Dreyfus, Charles

26th Infantry

Dannenbaum, Joseph

Cook Regiment

Elsasser, I.

5th Infantry

Frank, J. W.

1st Infantry

Enlisted 1861; killed at Sharpsburg.

Frank, ly.

Elmore's Infantry

Friedburger, G.

9th Cavalry

Killed at Corinth.

Friedlander, N.

26th Cavalry

Friedberger, Gabriel

Terry's Cavalry

Friedberger, Samuel

Terry's Cavalry

Fischel, Leon

Wirt Adams Cavalry

Fox, Allen

Heavy Artillery

Fox, A.

Waul's Legion

Glaser, Wolf

1st Infantry

GOLDSTICKER, J.

4th Infantry

Killed at Sharpsburg.

Goetz, Julius

14th Infantry

Wounded and taken prisoner.

Gans, Samuel

26th Cavalry

Wounded at Cane River.

Gans, Leon

Parson's Cavalry

Hines, A. B 4th Infantry

Lost an arm at Gaines' Mills; wounded at New Hope
Church.

Hief, Charles B 6th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; captured.
25

386

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Heller, Louis

6th Infantry

Holdstein, Isidore

8th Infantry

HlRSCHBERG, J.

26th Cavalry

Hyams, S.

26th Cavalry

Harby, Henry J.

26th Cavalry

Enlisted at the age of sixteen years; served until close
of war.
Hirschfield, H. Parson's Brigade

Jacoby, Max

1st Infantry

I^ost right leg at Gains' farm.

Kaufman, Edward

1st Infantry

Kemper, H.

1st Infantry

Keller, Theodore Colonel

2nd Infantry

Promoted; wounded at Corinth.

Klopman, L.

8th Infantry

Killed at Jenkins' Ferry, Arkansas.

Kohlman, M.

26th Cavalry

Leave, R. B.

1st Infantry

Wounded at Malvern Hill.

Lazarus, S. S.

1 st Infantry

Wounded at Chickamauga.

Lazarus, B.

4th Infantry

Levy, Robert

5th Infantry

Lewis, Isaac

5th Infantry

Lachman, E.

5th Infantry

Wounded at Manassas.

Lasker, M.

2nd C2valry

Leopold, W.

1st Heavy Artillery

Levy, Isaac

Light Artillery

Levison, A

Waul's Legion

Levison, Paul

Waul's Legion

Morris, Lehman Sergeant D

Killed at Gettysburg.

1st Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

387

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment

MAAS, IyOUIS

5th Infantry

Killed at Manassas.

Michel, Henry

15th Infantry

Melaski, J.

26th Cavalry

Meyer, Joseph

Heavy Artillery

Oppenheimer, J.

2nd Infantry

Oppenheimer, A.

22nd Infantry

Oppenheimer, Benjamin

22nd Infantry

Oppenheimer, S.

22nd Infantry

Oppenheimer, D. Captain

3d Cavalry

Pickard H.

5th Infantry

Pepper, Iy. S.

8th Infantry

Pepper, Samuel

8th Infantry

Pohalski, G. D.

nth Infantry

Served throughout the war.

Pohalski, P.

nth Infantry

Served until the close of the war.

Rosenfield, Alexander

26th Cavalry

Rosenfield, Henry

26th Cavalry

Rosenfield, Michael

26th Cavalry

Rich, Louis M.

Cook's Cavalry

Showlski, Charles

5th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Samush, J.

8th Infantry

Wounded at Sabine River.

Siegel, Joseph

8th Infantry

SlLBERBERG, GEORGE

9th Infantry

Served four years.

Sampson, Edward J.

10th Infantry

Killed at Hanover Court House

; buried

in Jewish

cemetery, Richmond,, Virginia.

Solomon, Joseph A.

nth Infantry

388 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Stein, Isaac Colonel Marshall's Regiment

Lost his right arm at second battle of Manassas.
Steiner, Victor Texas Rangers

Seeligson, Hknry Lieutenant Cavalry

[See record in Mexican War Lists.']

Teah, Abraham 8th Infantry

Promoted to Corporal, Sergeant-Major, and Aid-de-
camp to Colonel Overton Young, commanding ist
Brigade, Walker's Division.

Teah, Abraham 22nd Infantry

Walker, A.

1 st Infantry

Wolf, Simon

4th Infantry

Killed at Manassas.

Wolf, A.

5th Infantry

Wounded at Seven Pines.

Wolf, A. F.

5th Infantry

Killed at Sharpsburg.

Wolf, Benjamin

5th Infantry

Wetmore, James

8th Infantry

Weis, Albert

2nd Cavalry

Weis, Leopold

2nd Cavalry

Wiener, Solomon

Terry's Scouts

VERMONT.

Name. Rank.

Seligson, H. A. Colonel

Company.

Rkgiment.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

389

VIRGINIA.

Name. Rank. Company.

Regiment.

Adler, Henry j E

1st Infantry
14th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; killed at Roanoke Island

buried in

Jewish Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia.

Abrams, Isaac G

1st Infantry

Archer, Lewis H

1st Infantry

Enlisted 1861; honorably discharged on

account of

wound.

Angle, Meyer D

12th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; captured at Sailors' Creek.

Angle, M. E

46th Infantry

Angle, Buck

46th Infantry

Angle, Joseph

59th Infantry

Adler, A. A

1 st Artillery

Bear, Alexander Lieutenant D

4th Infantry

Subsequently Surgeon.

Bacharach. M.

Killed before Richmond; buried at Jewish Cemetery,

Richmond, Virginia.
Bacarach, S. —

Killed before Richmond; buried at Jewish Cemetery,

Richmond, Virginia.
Baach, Siegmund

Captured by Union troops.
Baach, Seligman

Captured.
Baach, Solomon H.

Killed in battle at Salem Church

burg, Virginia.

Longstreet's Corps.

Longstreet's Corps

Longstreet's Corps
near Fredericks-

390

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Bernhkim, Samuel Sergeant- Major City Battalion

Barnett, B. J. Engineer Corps

Cohen, Jacob
Cohen, David
Cohen, Morris

B 1 2th Infantry

Richmond Hussars
Richmond Hussars

Davis, Benjamin B 6th Infantry

Killed before Richmond; Buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Daniel, Joseph B 12th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg; served until surrender.

Degen, Samuel

19th Infantry

Dreyfus, Leon

10th Cavalry

Davis, Ansley S.

Reserves

Deichs, William

Norfolk Blues

Detailed on special service.

EzEKlEL, E. M.

ist Infantry
46th Infantry

Served until the close of the war

Ezekiel, Joseph K.

46th Infantry

Killed at Petersburg.

Eiseman, Louis

Wise's Brigade

Ezekiel, Jacob

ist Militia

Ezekiel, Moses J. Lieutenant

Cadets Virginia Institute

Promoted from Private.

Frankenthal, Simon B 46th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; honorably discharged for disability on

account of wounds.

Friedenwald, Isaac A 53d Infantry

FriEdland, A. Richmond Light Blues

Goldstein, Bernard E 46th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; disabled by wounds; honorably dis-
charged.

Guggenheim, Simon E 4 6tn Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 391

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Gunst, Michael
Goldstein, J.
Gunst, Henry
Gersberg, Henry

46th Infantry
46th Infantry
Cavalry

Killed June 2nd, 1864; buried at Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Hirschberg, Joseph

HUTZDER, SlEGMUND L.

Hexter, Simon

Hessburg, Julius

Killed at Gaines' Mills; buried
Richmond, Virginia.

Heilbroner, Henry

Wounded at Port Republic.

Hesser, S.
Hirsch, Herman

Enlisted 1861; assigned to 12 th
Hessburg, M.
Harris, Moses

A ist Infantry

j E ist Infantry

1 A 46th Infantry

3d Infantry

at Jewish Cemetery,

27th Infantry

46th Infantry

Infantry.

ist Cavalry

Cavalry

Richmond Hussars

Isaacs, Abraham E 46th Infantry

Enlisted 1 861; wounded at Petersburg; served through -
the war.

Kuh, E. S.
Kulx, M. E.
Kayton, N. N.
Keyton, Louis
Kadden, A.
Kalten, Aaron

8th Infantry

1 2th Infantry

46th Infantry

10th Cavalry

Wise's Brigade

Lichtenstein, Isidore H ist Infantry

f ist Infantry
LOWENSTEIN, WILLIAM j 46th ^^

Enlisted 1861; detailed to Medical Department; a
member of the State legislature, November, 1892.

392 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

LEVY, LEWIS

12th Infantry

Lowenstein, Isidore

12th Infantry

Wounded at Malvern Hill.

Lorsch, Henry

19th Infantry

Seriously wounded at Seven Pines

Levy, Ezekiel J. Captain

46th Infantry

Promoted for gallantry; served four years.

Levy, Isaac J.

46th Infantry

Killed at Petersburg.

Levy, Alexander H.

46th Infantry

Served four years.

Levy, Joseph

46th Infantry

Enlisted 1861; wounded at Petersburg, and disabled.

Levy, Emanuel G.

46th Infantry

Lyon, Thomas

46th Infantry

Levy, Leopold
Levy, Sampson

G 1 st Cavalry

G 1st Cavalry

Levy, Solomon

> (Three brothers) «

23d Infantry

Died of wounds.

Lichtenstein, K.

19th Reserves

Levy, E. Captain

Richmond Blues

Lowenstein, I.

Richmond Grays

Literman, Simeon

Young's Battery

Myers, William

1st Infantry

Myers, Marks

12 th Infantry

Killed at Manassas.

Myer, Max

12th Infantry

Disabled in action.

MlDDLEDORFER, CHARLES

12th Infantry

Myers, A.

17th Infantry

Myers, Solomon

1 8th Infantry

Moses, J. C.

46th Infantry

Seriously wounded.

Myers, C.

46th Infantry

Disabled in servic*

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 393

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Myers, Lewis

46th Infantry

Myers, Herman

1st Cavalry

Myers, Benjamin

Wise's Brigade

MlDDIvEDORFER, Max

Fayette Artillery

Newman, Joseph

20th Infantry

Captured; died of wounds;

buried

in Woodlawn

Cemetery, Hlmira, New York.

Newman, Isaac

46th Infantry

Newman, Jacob

59th Infantry

Obermayer, H.

2nd Infantry

Oethenger, David

1 8th Infantry

Oberndorfer, B.

Young's Battery

Pyle, Hardy

1st Infantry

Plaut, Hugo

46th Infantry

Rosenberg, M.

6th Infantry

Specially detailed at Richmond

Rosenfeld, Simon

12th Infantry

Reinach, A. S.

12th Infantry

Reinach, Isadore

12th Infantry

Rosenheim, Henry

46th Infantry

Rosenberg, Michael

Norfolk Blues Infantry

Reinach, Morris

Petersburg Grays

Seldner, Isaac Lieutenant 6th Infantry

Promoted from Private for bravery; killed at Chan-
cellorsville, May 3, 1863; buried in Jewish Cemetery,
Richmond, Virginia.

Schwartz, — —

Semon, Jacob S. E

Schoenthai,, Joseph E

Son, Jacob E

Strauss, David

Simon, Isaac

17th Infantry
46th Infantry
46th Infantry
46th Infantry
7th Cavalry
Richmond Hussars

394 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment,

Simon, Nathan Richmond Hussars

Smith, Henry Otoy's Battery

Killed in first battle.

Seligman, H. Petersburg Grays

Triesdorfer, G. B 14th Infantry

Tucker, I0 th Cavalry

Unstadter, M. A 6th Infantry

Wounded at Gaines' Mills; discharged for being dis-
abled for service.

Whitlock, P. A 1 2th Infantry

Discharged for being disabled for service.
Wilzinsky, Lewis H 12th Infantry

Wolff, W. M. lieutenant 25th Infantry

(Hagood's Brigade)

Killed before Richmond; buried in Jewish Cemetery,

Richmond, Virginia.
Wasseman, Levy K 46th Infantry

Wounded and captured at Roanoke; when discharged

served on hospital duty.

Wambach, Leopold Norfolk Blues Infantry

Killed at Vicksburg.
Whitehead, Henry Wise's Brigade

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Steinberger, Justus Major

Captain and Assistant Adjutant-General, Major and
Paymaster.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

395

Name.

Eddelman, G. H.

WEST VIRGINIA.

Rank. Company.
K

Heidelsheimer, W. H. Lieutenant G

Kraus, Samuel Captain B

Promoted from the ranks.

Regiment.
6th Infantry

7th Infantry
7th Infantry

Mayer, Daniel

Captain

5th Infantry

The following letter is of interest:

State of West Virginia,

Wheeling, May 30th, 1866.

Adjutant-General's Office.

Doctor Daniel Mayer, Charleston, W. Va.

Sir:

I am directed by his Excellency, the Governor, to present to
you the enclosed medal in accordance with a joint resolution of
the Legislature of the State of West Virginia, adopted Feb-
ruary 1st, 1866, as a slight testimonial of the high apprecia-
tion by the State of your devotion, patriotism and services in
suppression of the late rebellion.

Very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

J. H. Duval,
Adjutant-General.

Rausch, C. M.
Rose, Abraham

Stein acher, Wilson
Wounded.

nth Infantry
1 st Light Artillery

{

2nd Infantry
5th Cavalry

396

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

WISCONSIN.

Name, Rank. Company.

Abrahamson, Martin B

Ash, Rkubkn, i st Lieutenant E

Enlisted as Corporal; wounded at Bull Run

at Gettysburg.

auerbach, gustav
Abrahamson, Martin

Served four years.
Abraham, August
Arnstei'n, Emil
Aaron, Jacob
Abrahamson, Jacob
Abrahamson, Jacob
Alexander, Jacob
Aaron, Michael

F
H

Wounded at Prairie Grove, Arkansas.

Abrahamson, John

Served three years.
Alexander, Levi
Adler, Frederick
Abel, Herman
Adler, Max

Corporal

G
G

Regiment.

i st Infantry
2nd Infantry
captured

3d Infantry

21st Infantry

6th Infantry
6th Infantry
8th Infantry
13th Infantry
15th Infantry
1 6th Infantry
20th Infantry

21st Infantry

43d Infantry

45th Infantry

48th Infantry

2nd Battery

Blum, Ferdinand E 1st Infantry

Bear, Isaac C 3d Infantry

Birnbaum, Charles I 6th Infantry

Killed at Gainesville, Virginia.

Bernhard, Julius B 7th Infantry

Baum, Charles F. E 8th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Bahr, Julius H 8th Infantry

PATRIOT, CITIZEN. SOLDIER AND 397

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Blum, Jacob
Benjamin, Cyrus
Benjamin, Samuel

Wounded; served four years.

Baer, Aaron
Benjamin, Ephraim

Behrend, Joseph
Baer, Herman
Blum, Ferdinand

Wounded in action.
Baum, Daniel
Behrens, S. Behrend
Blum, Jacob

Enlisted as Private; wounded in action.
Baumgarten, Henry K

Captured.

Blum, Samuel D

Blum, Charles G

Served three years.
Benjamin, Ephraim G

Blumenstein, Charles F. Lieutenant I

Enlisted as Private.
Bernhard, Max
Bernhard, Carl
Bachman, Jacob
Baum, Julius
Baum, Jacob
Bahrent, Joseph
Baum, Oscar
Benjamin, Isaac
Baum, Julius

Captured.

Bamberg, Carl

Behrend, Gustav

Benjamin, Dana Corporal

Enlisted as Private; served three years.

G 9th Infantry

H nth Infantry

I nth Infantry

A 14th Infantry

D 1 6th Infantry
(reorganized)

C 17th Infantry

D 17th Infantry

B 2 1 st Infantry

G
G

D
C
M

22nd Infantry
26th Infantry
26th Infantry

26th Infantry

27th Infantry
28th Infantry

32 nd Infantry
E 34th Infantry

35th Infantry
35th Infantry
42nd Infantry
44th Infantry
45th Infantry
45th Infantry
48th Infantry
51st Infantry
1st Cavalry

Milwaukee Cavalry

1st Heavy Artillery

9th Battery

398 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Cohen, William D 49th Infantry

Davison, Nathan S. 1st Lieutenant B
Promoted from Sergeant, 20th; wounded
burg and at Weldon Railroad.

Davis, Isaac H

Davis, Levi F

Davis, Isaac H

Died in the service.

Davison, Joseph E

Danielson, Jacob A

Davis, David A. K

Davis, David G

Davis, David F

Davis, Levy P. K

David, Alexander Captain B

37 th Infantry
at Peters-

38th Infantry

40th Infantry

43d Infantry

44th Infantry
48th Infantry
49th Infantry
50th Infantry
51st Infantry
52nd Infantry
3d Cavalry

Erdman, Herman Commissary-Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.
Erdman, Gottlieb C

Wounded at Spanish Fort.
Erdman, Theodore C

Eiseman, Jacob E

Wounded at Decatur, Georgia.
Erdman, Henry Sergeant

Enlisted as Private; wounded at

served three years.
Essljnger, Emanuel Corporal

Served three years.
Esslinger, Samuel

Served three years.
Erdman, Gottlieb Sergeant

9th Infantry
(reorganized
[4th Infantry

14th Infantry
25 th Infantry

C 26th Infantry

Bentonville, N. C;

K 33d Infantry

E 34th Infantry

Falkenstein, Charles
Freund, Joseph
Frank, Salomon S.

H
F
C

1st Infantry

6th Infantry

nth Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN

399

Name. Rank. Company.

Frank, Simon C

Falk, Jacob

Died in the service.
Frank, Joseph S. F

Captured.
Flesh, Moses I

Wounded at Vicksburg and at Carrion Crow
Frohlich, Julius Corporal B

Enlisted as Private.
Feldman, Philip I

Died of wounds received at Gettysburg.

Regiment.

i 6th Infantry
1 7th Infantry

Feanke, Herman B

Friedland, Frederick D

Frieberg, Heinrich H

Furst, Ludwig H

Falkenburg, Eli as Sergeant M

Frank, Oscar E
Frank, Gust a v

Veteran; served four years.

1 8th Infantry

23d Infantry

Bayou.

26th Infantry

34th Infantry
2nd Cavalry
2nd Cavalry
2nd Cavalry
2nd Cavalry
4th Cavalry
8th Battery

Gans, Adam
Gans, Isaac
Captured.

Grunewald, Heinrich
Goodman, Joseph
Gans, Arnold

Died in the service.

II
K

F
I
K

6th Infantry
2 2d Infantry

34th Infantry
45th Infantry
58th Infantry

Horwitz, Philip
Hart, Benjamin
Hess, David
Herrman, Gottlieb

Lieutenant

H
D
B
A

1 st Infantry
2nd Infantry

3d Infantry
5th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg and at Fredericksburg.

Haas, Jacob

Served three years.
Heineman, Frederick

Served three years.

9th Infantry

400

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Herrman, Albert

9th Infantry

Hess, Adolph

9th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Hirsch, John

9th Infantry

Harris, Isaac

10th Infantry

Herrmanson, Herman

10th Infantry

Harris, Simon

nth Infantry

Harris, Joel

nth Infantry

Herrmann, Jacob

14th Infantry

Hirschman, Ferdinand

1 6th Infantry

Hirsch, William

19th Infantry

Herrman, Henry

19th Infantry

Herzberg, August

20th Infantry

Died in the service.

Herrmanson, Herman

2 1 st Infantry

HEINBERG, L/OUIS

23d Infantry

Served three years.

Hahn, Herman

24th Infantry

Horwitz, Phieip

Major

26th Infantry

Hubschman, Francis

Surgeon

26th Infantry

Herrman, Herman

26th Infantry

Died of wounds at Chancellorsville.

Hirsch, Frederick

26th Infantry

Captured.

Heineman, Joseph

27th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hart, Levi

27th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hart, Benjamin

29th Infantry

Died in the service.

Hart, Daniel

Sergeant

32nd Infantry

Enlisted as private.

Hart, Benjamin

32nd Infantry

Herrman, Jacob

32 nd Infantry

Heineman, Joseph

33d Infantry

Died in the service.

Heineman, August

37th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

401

Name. Rank.

Harris, Erwin W.

Hirschman, David Captain

Hukbsch, Joseph

Haas, Jacob

Hkrrman, Leopold

Hart, Frank J.

Died in the service.
Harris, Simon
Herzfeld, John

Served three years.
Hkinkman, Joseph
Heyman, William

Served three years.
Herzberg, Ernest F. Captain
Hess, Henry B.

Captured; died in the service.
Hofman, Joseph

Served four years.

Company.

Regiment.

39th Infantry

44th Infantry

45th Infantry

46th Infantry

48th Infantry

1st Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

2nd Battery

3d Battery

5th Battery

Israel, Abrahams Sergeant A 14th Infantry

Enlisted as private; Veteran; served four years.
Isaacson, Isaac D 15th Infantry

ISRAELSON, J. G. K 50th Infantry

Isaacson, Lewis C. 4th Battery

Killed at Darby Road, Virginia.

Jacoby, Adolph

9th Infantry

Jacobson, Jacob

15th Infantry

Wounded at Chickamauga.

Jacobson, Salomon

15th Infantry

Served four years.

Jacobson, Jacob L.

15th Infantry

Wounded at Hope Church.

Jacobs, Justin

1 6th Infantry

In Veteran Reserve Corps;

served four

years.

Jacobson, Martin

1 8th Infantry

2(5

402

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank

Jonas, Eli as
Jacobson, John

Killed at Peach Tree Creek.

JOACHIMSTHAL, JOSEPH

Wounded at Chancellorsville; served three
Jacobson, Jacob

Served three years.

Jacobson, Julius

Served three years.
Jacobs, Lyman C. 2nd Lieutenant

Promoted from Corporal.
jacoby, frederick
Jacobson, Adolph
Jacobson, David
Jacobson, Jacob

Klauber, Charles
Kohn, Jacob

Kohn, Julius

Kauffman, Benjamin

Kaufman, Joseph

Kaufman, Eli M.

Kaufman, Benjamin

Kohn, Martin Corporal

Wounded at Resaca, Georgia.
Kaufman, Joseph L.
Kaufman, Michael
Kaiser, Felix
Kohn, Rudolph
Kaufman, Frederick
Kaufman, Eli
Kahns, Frederick
Kohn, Frederick
Kaufman, Julius

Died in the service.

Company.

Regiment.

C '

19th Infantry

22nd Infantry

26th Infantry

srved three

years.

27th Infantry

28th Infantry

36th Infantry

45th Infantry

2nd Cavalry

4th Cavalry

1st Infantry

5th Infantry

(reorganized)

9th Infantry

12th Infantry

1 8th Infantry

20th Infantry

25th Infantry

26th Infantry

33d Infantry

43d Infantry

44th Infantry

45th Infantry

50th Infantry

1 st Cavalry

1st Cavalry

2nd Cavalry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

Name. Rank.

Klein, Adolph
Kohn, Franz
Kaufman, Jacob A.

408

Company

Regiment.

3d Cavalry

2nd Battery

Permanent Guard

Lowenstein, Charles D

Liebenstein, William B

Lisner, Henry F

Killed at Petersburg.

Loebe, Michael C

IylEBMAN, IyOUlS I

Wounded at Hatchers' Run.
Levy, Theodore

Levi, Isidore I

Levison, Isaac H

Died in the service.
Lewison, Lewis E

Lyon, Benjamin A

Died in the service.
Lyons, Moses J. G

Liebenstein, Philip B

LiebensteinJ W. B

Lippman, Henry

Commissary Sergeant F

Died of wounds.
Loeb, Henry C

Loeb, Lewis E

Langstaat, Gotfried 1st Lieutenant H

Re-enlisted as Veteran ; promoted from

served four years.

Livermore, Joseph L. L

Wounded and captured.
Lichtenberg, Frederick Corporal M

Served three years.
Loeb, Isaac C

Died in the service.

1st Infantry

3d Infantry

5th Infantry

6th Infantry
7th Infantry

10th Infantry
14th Infantry
1 8th Infantry

22nd Infantry
23d Infantry

24th Infantry
26th Infantry
26th Infantry

26th Infantry

35th Infantry
36th Infantry
2nd Cavalry
Sergeant;

2nd Cavalry

3d Cavalry

4th Cavalry

404

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank. Company,

Regiment.

Marx, Frederick

i st Infantry

Marks, Jacob

1 st Infantry

Metzler, Jacob

2nd Infantry

Wounded and captured at Gainesville.

Moses, Edgar

7th Infantry

Served four years.

Marx, Jacob

9th Infantry

Marks, Joseph B.

10th Infantry

Died in the service.

Moses, Albert

10th Infantry

Ma as, Marton

nth Infantry

Meyer, Simon

nth Infantry

Meyer, Bernard 2

nd Lieutenant

17 th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Meyer, Emanuel

17th Infantry

Maas, Frederick

17th Infantry

Ma as, William

17th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Marx, Philip

1 8th Infantry

Captured.

Moses, Richard

21st Infantry

Moses, John

21st Infantry

Marx, Jacob

21st Infantry

Mayer, Joseph

24th Infantry

Mayer, Louis

Corporal

24th Infantry

Enlisted as Private;

killed at Resaca, Georgia.

Mayer, Jacob

24th Infantry

Moses, Martin

25th Infantry

Mann, Nathan

25th Infantry

Died in the service.

MetzEL, Alexander Sergeant- Major

26th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

Meyer, Leopold

26th Infantry

Served three years.

Mangold, Nathan

26th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

40;

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Mandee, Theoeork

27th Infantry

Served three years.

Mandel, Heinrich

27th Infantry

Wounded; captured; died as prisoner.

Mandee, Frederick

27th Infantry

Served three years.

Marx, Henry P.

33d Infantry

Served three years.

Maier, Jacob

48th Infantry

Maier, Herman

50th Infantry

Ma as, Fritz

51st Infantry

Moses, Alfred

52nd Infantry

Marcus, Bernard

1st Cavalry

Mayer, John T.

1st Cavalry

Marx, Frederick

2nd Cavalry

Served three years.

Moritz, Oscar

2nd Cavalry

Marks, Theodore

3d Cavalry

Moses, Reuee K.

4th Cavalry

Marks, Henry 2nd Lieutenant

1 2 th Battery

Enlisted as private; served three

years.

Mayers, Jacob

13th Battery

Maier, David

C 1st

Heavy Artillery

Mann, Jacob

C 1st

Heavy Artillery

Nauman, Moritz Corporal

9th Infantry

Captured; served three years.

Nauman, Frederick

9th Infantry

Served three years.

Newman, Care

17 th Infantry

Nathan, Daniee

24th Infantry

Newstadfor, Nathan

24th Infantry

Killed at Chickamauga, Georgia.

Nussbaum, George

33d Infantry

Served three years.

Nathan, Adoeph

41st Infantry

406

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name.

Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

NEWBAUM, MlCHAEL

44th Infantry

Nussbaum, Daniel

51st Infantry

Neuberg, Jacob

2nd Cavalry

Died in the service.

Perlewitz, Herman

1st Infantry

Perlewitz, H.

Sergeant

26th Infantry

POLASHAK, ADOEPH

26th Infantry

Pollack, Frederick J.

B
<

3d Cavalry

Died in the service.

Rice, Morris S.

1 st Infantry

Richtenstein, Julius

Corporal

1 st Infantry

Entered as Private.

Rose, Alexander

5th Infantry

Rothschild, Max

5th Infantry

Rosenberg, Henry

6th Infantry

Rice, Jacob

7th Infantry

Captured; died at Andersonville.

Rosenbach, Charles

8th Infantry

Veteran; served four

years.

Rosenthal, Rudolph

9th Infantry
(reorganized)

Rothschild, William

10th Infantry

Rosen au, Charles B.

21st Infantry

Rosenbaum, Arnold

24th Infantry

Died of wounds received at Kenesaw Mountain.

Rosenthal, Henry

26th Infantry

Wounded at Gettysburg.

Rosenthal, William

26th Infantry

Wounded in action.

Rosenthal, Eugene

31st Infantry

Rosenau, Charles

35th Infantry

Died in the service.

Rosenberg, James

36th Infantry

Rosenberg, Frederick

Corporal

45th Infantry

Rosenfeld, Leopold

Corporal

48th Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 407

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Rosenthal, August

48th Infantry

Rosenthal, William

50th Infantry

Rosenheim, Max

2nd Cavalry

Wounded at Grand Gulf, Missouri.

Rice, Simon

1st Battery

Rice, Nathan P.

5th Battery

Veteran; served four years.

Rose, Moses

6th Battery

Rice, Nathan B.

12 th Battery

Steiner, Henry

1 st Infantry

Steiner, Frederick

1 st Infantry

Steinberger, Jacob

1 st Infantry

Sampson, Samuel

2nd Infantry

Captured.

Schwab, Simon

3d Infantry

Samuels, Alexander

3d Infantry

Commissary-Sergeant

Enlisted as Private.

Samuels, Alexander

Quartermaster

5th Infantry

(reorganized)

Schoeneeld, Joseph

5th Infantry

Samuels, David

5th Infantry

Schoneman, August

Corporal

9th Infantry

Enlisted as Private;

served three

years.

Solomon, James F.

1 2th Infantry

Seligman, Louis

13th Infantry
24th Infantry

Sampson, Samuel

15th Infantry

Died in the service.

Solomon, Edwin A.

1 6th Infantry

Steinman, Jacob

1 6th Infantry

Captured.

Simon, Jacob

17th Infantry

Solomon, James

17th Infantry

Stein, Samuel

17th Infantry

Died in the service.

408

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Name. Rank.

Company.

Regiment.

Solomon, G. W.

19th Infantry

Samson, Joel J.

21st Infantry

Semisch, Julius

26th Infantry

Stein, Julius

26th Infantry

Killed at Chancellorsville.

Solomon, Levi H.

29th Infantry

Sampson, Reuben

33d Infantry

Stern, William

33d Infantry

Served three years.

Stern, Charles

33d Infantry

Wounded; captured; died of wounds.

Selig, Ludwig

45th Infantry

Schoeneman, David

49th Infantry

Sachs, Lewis

49th Infantry

Salmon, Joseph

1st Cavalry

Captured.

Seidenburg, Henry

1 st Cavalry

Sachs, Louis

2nd Cavalry

Served three years.

SCHLESINGER, WlLLIAM

3d Cavalry

Sachs, William G.

4th Cavalry

Steinman, William

1 st Heavy Artillery

Simon, Charles

1st Heavy Artillery

Sachs, Samuel

9th Battery

Served four years.

Vogel, Carl

34th Infantry

Vogel, Julius Sergeant

45th Infantry

Wise, Solomon

1st Infantry

Wolf, Victor Captain

8th Infantry

Promoted from Lieutenant.

Weiss, Jacob

10th Infantry

Served three years.

Wolf, Jacob

nth Infantry

Wolf, Abraham

nth Infantry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 409

Name. Rank. Company. Regiment.

Wolf, Frank Sergeant D 12th Infantry

Enlisted as Private.

WETZEL, AlKxandkr Major B 26th Infantry

Enlisted as a Private in the 20th Wisconsin Volunteers;

promoted to Corporal, Sergeant and Major for

bravery at Chancellorsville ; he was mortally wounded

at Gettysburg.

Wolf, Albert G 26th Infantry

Died of wounds.

Wolf, Abraham I 38th Infantry

Leg amputated.

Wknk, Theodore H 45th Infantry

Wolf, Samuel A 51st Infantry

Wolf, Adam A 51st Infantry

Wolf, Jacob C 51st Infantry

WYOMING TERRITORY.

Name.
JUDELL, H.

Rank.

Company.
D

Regiment.
i st Infantry

410

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

SOLDIERS OF THE CIVIL WAR UNCLASSIFIED
AS TO COMMANDS.

Absent from their respective places in the foregoing rolls are
the names of a large number of men whose participation in the
Civil Conflict is found of record, but of whom the connection
with their respective commands remains unnoted. These
names are printed in the following list — a supplement to the
ample quota of Jewish soldiers who did duty during the Civil
War.

ALABAMA.
Brisk, Isaac

Adeer, Benjamin

ARKANSAS.

Feist, .Marcus
Feist, Samuee

GEORGIA.

Alexander, Joseph
Bren, Robert
Brand, Herman
Bush, George

Killed in action.
Beankensee, J.

Killed in action.
Cohen, Isaac G.
Cohen, Isaac S.
Cohen, M.
Cohen, M. S.
Frank, Isaac
Goodman, A.
Heyman, A.

Hiezheim, Alexander
Killed at Missionary Ridge.

Kraus, Wieeiam

Levy, Aebert

Levy, Abraham

Levy, W. B.
Killed in action.

MoiSE, B. W.

Marcus, M.

Minis, P. H.

Magnus,

Rose, George

Russee, W.

Soeomon, W. C.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

411

Solomons, L-

Weiss, H.

Weil, E. A.

Weiss, L.

Weil, Henry

Died of wounds; buried at

Weiss, S.

Richmond.

Buried at Richmond.

Weiss, Henry W.

ILLINOIS.

Cahn, Al.

Jones, Levi

Cass,

Jones, Henry

Fruhling,

King, Asa

Hirsch, Wolf

Karlenbach, Morris

Hecht,

Kahn, S.

Heldman, Moritz

Lederman, Moses

Hefler,

Lederman, David

Klein,

Lippold, Julius

Kahn, S.

Lester, Joseph

Jones, Benjamin

Lederman, Daniel

Jones, David

Lederman, Solomon

Jones, Abraham

Lester, Marcus

Jones, Adolph

Lippold, Gottlieb

Jones, Isaac

Lester, Simon

Jones, Joseph

Lilienfield,

Jacobs, Bernard

Lederman, Joseph

Jones, Moses

Lester, Isaac

Jones, Solomon

Menke, Herman

Menke, Henry

INDIANA.

Abrahams, J.

Davis, Moses

Anchutz, G.

Davis, Abraham

Anspach, Noah

Frank, Gottlieb

Ackerman, Frank

Friedman, Frank

Ball, Levi

Freeman, Nathan

Davidson, Eli as

Frank, David

Davis, Nathan

Frank, Isaac

Davis, Isaac

Green, Aaron

Davis, Levi

Green, Jacob

Davis, Aaron

Goodman, Isaac

412

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Green, Heyman
Haller, Nathan
Hauler, Joseph
Hart, Isaac
Hammersley, Moses
Hammersley, Jacob
Haller, David
Harris, Levi
Heineman, Chari.es
Israel, Joseph
Isaacs, Philip
Isaacs, Simpson
Isaacs, Reuben

Wise,

Israel, Elijah
Isaacs, M.
Judah, Andrew
Jacobs, Isaac
Jones, Israel
Lehman, B.
Lehman, Jacob
Pollock, J.
Rosenberg, D.
Sanders, Isaac
Sanders, Samuel
Sanders, Aaron
Wallach, B.
Louis

Davis, Abraham

KANSAS.

Cohn; David
Frank, Harry I.

Davis, Isaac
David, Abraham
Khrlich, Mayer
Ehrlich, William

KENTUCKY.

Moses, Abraham
Mayer, Jacob
Mayer, Isaac
Wolf, Abraham

LOUISIANA

Aaron, Isaac
Aronstein, Moses
Blum, Moses
Baer, Herman
Cohen, Joseph
Kaufman, Morris

Lkon, Alexander

Lfvenson,

Rosenau, Herman

Ried,

Rosenau, Sip:gmund
Wolf, Abraham

Kaufman, Isaac
Moses, Joseph

MARYLAND.

Newgarten, Harry
Wolf, Jacob

PATRIOT, SOLDIEB AND CITIZEN.

413

MASSACHUSETTS.

Arnold, O.
ackkrman, joskph
Arnold, Isaac
Ackkrman, Daniel
Benjamin, Mark
Bender, Jacob
Benjamin, Samuel
Benjamin, Joseph
Coleman, Joseph
Coleman, Moses
Daniels, Marcus
Davis, Moses
Davis, Levi
Friedman, Gottlieb
Frank, Gustav
Freeman, Abraham
Freeman, Nathan
Green, David
Goldsmith, Joseph
Green, Levi
Green, Aaron
Harris, Isaac
Hartman, Moritz
Haller, David
Jacobs, Jacob
Jacobs, David

Jacobs, Daniel
Lehman, Frederick
Lehman, Daniel
Meier, Joseph
Maier, Herman
Moses, Samuel
Mann, Benjamin
Mann, Isaac
Manuel, Frank
Meyers, Isaac
Meyer, Ludwig
Mayer, Frederick
Newman, Frank
Phinney, Isaac
Phillips, Samuel •
Rice, Moses
Rich, Samuel
Rice, Oscar
Rice, Jacob
Samuel, Solomon
Sanders, Lewis
Simons, Benjamin
Sanger, Daniel
Sanger, Theodore
Sanders, Nathan
Wiesenbach, Gustav
Wise, Joseph

MICHIGAN.

Ackerman, Samuel
Arnold, Lewis
Arnold, Marcus
Ackerman, Abraham
Ackerman, Jacob
Ball, David
Benjamin, M.

Benjamin, K.
Coleman, Levi
Coleman, Isaac
Coleman, David
Davis, Oscar
Davis, David
Davis, Isaac

414

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Davis, Aaron
Davidson, Isaac
Freeman, Phineas
Fuchs, David
Freeman, Levi
Green, Isaac
Green, Benjamin
Green, Nathan
Hart, Isaac
Hart, Samuel
Harris, Israel
Harris, Abraham
Jones, Jacob
Jones, Abraham
Jones, David
Jones, Isaac

Jones, Henry
Jacobs, Lewis
Kaiser, Jacob
King, Aaron
King, Jacob
Karlenbach, Joseph
King, Marcus
Lehman, Gottlieb
Meyers, Joseph
Myers, David
Newman, Moses
Newman, Joseph
Phillips, J. •
Rose, David
Rich, Levi
v s anders, j.

Levy, Meyer

Killed in action.
LlCHTENSTElN, S.

MISSISSIPP

Morse, Charles
Rosenau, Marx
Weil, J.

Died of wounds.

MISSOURI

Adler, George
Adolph, Philip
Arnold, Nathan
Baer, Isaac
Baer, William
Block, David
Ball, Leon
Baum, Louis
Cline, Charles
Cline, Henry
Clifman, Asa
David, Daniel
Davidson, Isaac
David, Ephraim

Davis, Emanuel
Gottschalk, Louis

GOTTSCHALK, FREDERIC

Green, David
Green, Adolph
Hammer, Isaac
Hartman, Jacob
Holzinger, Charles
Jacobson, A.
Joel, E.
Joel, Benjamin
Jones, Isaac
Jones, Henry
Lehman, M.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

415

Leibold, Gustav
Leupp, Jacob
Meyers, Joseph

Newman, G.
Nogel, B.

Rexinger, Moses
Ria, Morris
Segal, Benjamin
Triburg, Eugene
Wolf, Charles
Wolf, Joseph

NEW JERSEY.

Ackerman, Joseph
Alexander, Adolph
Abraham, Jacob
Ackerman, David
Ackerman, Aaron
Alexander, Charles
Adler, William
Adler, Henry
Arnold, Jacob
Ackerman, Joseph
Ackerman, Morris
Abrams, Blias
Ackerman, Aaron
Ackerman, Abraham
Abrams, Jacob
Arnold, Michael
Abrams, Charles
Buxbaum, William
Baer, Joseph
Behrens, Charles
Bauer, Joseph A.
Ball, Abraham
Bachman, Jacob
Bauer, Jacob S.
Brill, Jacob
Bauer, Morris
Bachman, William H.
Coleman, Moses
Coleman, Reuben
Davis, Isaac
Davis, Nathan

Diaz, Henry
Davis, Isaac C.
Davison, Lewis
Freeman, Morris
Freeman, Alexander
Freeman, Aaron
Freeman, Samuel
Fuchs, Jacob
Fuchs, Michael
Franks, Henry P.
Green, Aaron
Green, Moses
Geiger, George
Geisinger, Jacob
Geisinger, Isaac
Geisinger, Frederick
gottschalk, samuel
Green, Aaron S.
Geiger, Jacob
Green, Joseph
Goodman, Marcus
Harris, David
Hardendorf, Jacob
Harris, Isaac
Holzman, George
Harris, David
Harris, Benjamin
Herrman, Henry
Hahn, Martin
Hess, Charles
Hess, Samuel

416

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Hahn, Charles
Harris, Abraham
Hofman, Lewis
Hahn, Morris
Hofman, David
Harris, Samuel
Hofman, Benjamin
Hofman, Isaac
Hart, David
Hofman, Jacob
Harris, Joseph
Hartman, Gustav
Harris, Jacob B.
Hart, Isaac
Hart, Jacob C.
Isaac, Henry
Jacobs, Henry
Jacobs, William
Josephs, Frederick
Jacobs, Joseph
Jacobs, Charles
King, Moses
Koenig, Maximilian
Kuhn, Theo.
Kohler, Henry
Kuhn, Ferdinand
Klein, Ludwig
King, Isaac
King, Isaac M.
King, Joseph
Konig, Gustav
Klein, Joseph
Koch, Frederic
King, Alexander
Kuhn, Jacob
King, Abraham
King, Lewis
Kohler, Jacob

Klfin, Samuel
King, Jacob
Kohler, Klias
Loeb, Benjamin
Lozier, Alexander
Lyon, Ebenezer
Lyon, Lfwis
Lehman, Joseph
Myers, Julius
Meyer, Alexander
Meyer, Henry
Meyer, Frank
Meyer, Joseph
Meier, Charles
Meyfr, Joseph
Meier, Charles
Meyers, Samuel
Meyer, Jacob
Moritz, George
Meyers, Adolph
Meyer,- Isaac
Meyers, Joseph
Meyers, Louis
Marx, Charles
Meyer, Joseph P.
Moses, William
Moses, A.
Marks, Joseph
Meier, Herman
Meier, Lewis
Newman, Joseph
Newman, Jacob
Newman, Julius
Nauman, Julius
Newman, David
Newman, Levi
Newman, Joel
Newman, David

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

417

Sominson, Frederick
Sanger, Care
Simons, Joseph
Sigae, Benjamin
Simon, Samuee
Simons, Levi
Simons, Joseph
Stein, Louis
Simonson, Jesse
Steinbach, Joseph
Simons, Isaac

Woef,

Simon, Henry
Stahe, Leopold
Vogee, Ferdinand
Vogee, Louis
Vogee, Joseph
Vogee, Lewis
Woef, August
Weiss, Adoeph
Woef, Charees
Woef, Frederick
Woef, Joseph
Wieeiam

Asher, Moses
Asher, Isaac
Assenheimer, Isaac
Adeer, Moses
Asher, David
Adeer, Marcus
Ash, Isaac
Arnheim, Oscar
Adeer, David
Aaron, David
Ash, Moses
Arnheim, Gustav
Ash, Lewis
Aaron, Louis
Aaron, Moses
Arnoed, Frank
Aetman, Isaac
Auerbach, Gotteieb
Ackerman, Adoeph
Aetman, Charles
Ackerman, Gustav
Auerbach, Moses
Bunstein, Moses
Bacharach, Marcus
Beumenstein, Mayer

NEW YORK.

Bacharach, Moritz
Bernstein, David
Blum, Adoeph
Briee, Henry
Beum, Isaac
Baruch, M.
Baer, Abraham
Bale, Simon
Bachman, Abraham
Baer, Moses
Bien, Moritz
Berliner, A.
Breslauer, Alexander
Bauer, Julius
Baum, C.

Blumenthal, Charles
Baum, William
Bacharach, Simon
Bamberger, Louis
Cohen, Moses
Davidson, Jacob
Davidson, Isaac
Davidson, Oscar
David, Moses
David, Isaac

418

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Eppenstein, Morris
Ehrlich, J.
Elseman, Max
Friedbkrg, H.
Friedman, Isaac
Fleischman, M.
Friedman, Adolph
Fleischman, George
Goodman, Mayer
Gottlieb, Moses
Goodman, M.
Gottlieb, A.
Goodman, Lewis
Goldsmith, I.
Harris, M.
Harris, George
Harris, Adolph
Heineman, Adolph
Hochheim, M.
Jacobson, M.
Jacobson, A.
Jones, David
Jones, Meier
Jones, Oscar
Jones, Adolph
Jones, Martin
Kohn, Mayer
Kohn, Alexander
Kaufman, Isaac
Kahn, Oscar
Koch, J.
Katz, Jacob
Kong, Isaac
Loeb, Jacob
Loeb, Moses
Lichtenstein, Jacob
Limburger, Isaac
Levy, Bernhard
Lippman, Moses

Lazarus, Edward
Lowenthal, Simon
Lederman, Moritz
Lowenstein, Isaac
Landauer, Joseph
Mannheimer, Moses
Mann, Joseph
May, Adolph
Maas, Frederick
Mantel, Lewis
Mendelson, Joseph
Marcus, Oscar
Mandelbaum, Isaac
Nathan, Simon
Nathanson, Jacob
Nussbaum, Moses
Oppenheimer, Maier
Ochs, Moses

PlNKSON, GUSTAV

Proskauer, Jacob
Pollock, Isaac
Pollock, Moses
Posner, Joseph
Rosenbaum, Josp;ph
Rothschild, Meyer
Rothschild, Jacob
Rosenfeld, Abraham
Raphael, Joseph
Rosenblatt, Julius
Strauss, Moses
Strauss, Oscar

SlNZHElMER, GUSTAV

schoenthal, george
Selignan, Joseph
Schoenberg, Mayer
Schoeneman, Harry
Silberman, Moses
Spiegel, Louis
Schiff, Daniel

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

419

schonewai/t, moritz
Schwab, Adolph
Schwab, Henry
Stern, Frederick
Sachs, Lewis
Schlessinger, Eli
schwarzschild, henry

Weinberg, Julius
Wiener, Moritz
Weil, Julius
Wasseman, Morris
Wasseman, Simon
Weinstein, Joseph
Wise, Simon

Abraham, S.
Cohen, Moses
Mayer, Nathan

NORTH CAROLINA.

Meyer, Samuel
Oppenheim, David
Wolf, Joseph
Killed in action.

OHIO.

Aaronstein, I.
Altman, Frank
Abraham, Alexander
Ackerman, Henry
Alexander, Jacob
Alexander, Isaac
Ackerman, Joseph
Alexander, David
Altman, Samuel
Altman, Solomon
Bauer, Gustav
Ball, Lewis
Bauer, Jacob
Ball, Abraham
Bash, Moses
Brill, David
Ball, Solomon
Bash, Bernard
Baer, Isaac
Baum, Charles
Blau, Emil
Blau, A.
Cline, Jacob

Coleman, Abraham
Coleman, Jacob
Coleman, David
Davis, Joseph
Davis, Asa
Davis, Samuel
Davis, Frank
Davis, David
Davis, Henry
Davis, Levi
Davis, Abraham
Davis, Oscar
Davis, Eli
Davis, Isaac
Davis, Lewis
Davis, Benjamin
Davis, Jacob
Davis, Israel
Davis, Nathan
Ehrlich, Adolph
Ehrlich, Charles
Ehrlich, Lewis
Fix, Bernard

420

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Franks, Gustav
Frank, Heyman
Friedburg, Philip
Fix, Lewis
Fuchs, David
Freund, Daniel
Freeman, Abraham
Freund, Jacob
Freeman, Samuel
Fuchs, Salomon
Friedman, Jacob
Fuchs, Jacob
Frank, David
Green, Isaac
Green, Jacob
Goodman, Joseph .
Goodman, David
Green, Levi
Green, David
Green, Abraham
Harris, Solomon
Harris, Levi
Hart, Isaac
Hofman, Henry
Harris, Kphraim
Hays, Alexander
Heller, Charles
Harris, Abraham
Haller, Benjamin
Harris, Simon
Hochstedter, Hugo
Heine, Henry
Hart, Frank
Harris, Benjamin
Harris, Samuel
Hart, Benjamin
Harris, Lewis
Heller, Jacob
Hays, David

Hahneman, J.
Isaacson, Henry
Isaacs, Moses
Israel, Elias
Jones, Isaac
Jones, Henry
Jones, Jacob
Jones, David
Jones, Aaron
Jones, Benjamin
Jones, Julius
Jones, Levi
Klein, Jesse
Klein, Lewis
Koch, Charles
King, Benjamin
Klein, Charles
King, Joseph
Klein, Henry
konigsburger, henry
Lippold, Jacob
Ludwig, Lewis
Lederman, Joseph
Ludwig, Jacob
Lester, Benjamin
Ludwig, Isaac
Lederman, Samuel
Ludwig, Daniel
Lester, David
Ludwig, Samuel
Lippold, Frederick
Ludwig, Noah
Lowenstein, J.
lowenthal, i.
Levi, Nathan
Levi, Henry I.
Moses, Henry
Marks, Lester
Mangold, Henry

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

421

Moses, Perry
Mann, Lewis
Marienthal, Simon
Michels, Abraham
Moses, Asa
Mangoed, Jacob
Marks, Jacob

MlTNZ, GOTTEIEB

Moses, Charees
Manuee, James
Metzger, Jacob
Mangoed, George
Moses, James
Marx, J. H.
Moses, Enoch
Mangoed, Joseph
Mann, Alexander
Moses, Wieeiam
Moak, J.
Moses, Enoch
Nieman, Theodore
Nieman, Charees
Ochs, Jueius
Orbanski, Abraham
Phieeips, Emanuel
Phieip, Noah
Phieeips, Lewis
Phieeips, Daniee
Pike, H.

Pereey, V.
Rapp, David
Rich, Charees
Rapp, Adoeph
Rose, Aaron
Rapp, Jacob
Rose, Nathan
Rose, David
Rubd, Wieeiam
Schweitzer, Jacob
Switzer, Henry
Sampson, Frank
Schenk, Salomon
Schwarz, Gottlieb
Schlosser, S.
Schief, Simon
Tachan, Henry G.
Tannhauser, A.
Utz, Jacob
Utz, Joseph
Utz, Samuel
Yost, Ephraim
Yost, David
Yost, Charles
Yost, Daniel
Yost, Henry
Wisner, Henry
Wittkowsky, H.

WlTTKOWSKY, K.

PENNSYLVANIA.

De Young, Charles

Fleisher, Moyer

32nd Regiment of Penn-
sylvania State Militia.

Highhill, Israel

Highhill, Solomon

Lehman, Solomon

Levy, Eli as
Lewi, David
Samuel Abraham
Stern, Israel W.

Served four years and three

months.
Stern, Simon

422

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

SOUTH
Baruch, D.
Cohen, O.

Killed in action.
Cohen, Henry

Buried at Richmond.
Goldsmith, Abraham
Hirsch, Isaac
Jacobs, Henry

Killed in action.
Lehman, Abraham

Killed in action.
Leopold, Jack

Wounded in action.

CAROLINA.

Lyons, Isaac L.

Seriously wounded.
Moses, A. I.
Moses, Isaac C.
Menken, Nathan
Miller, Ezra B.

Killed in action.
Moses, Dr. Frank J
Nathan, Julius
Simon, A.
Solomon, H.
Weiss, Samuel

Killed in action.

FELSENTHAL

TENNESSEE.

| (Brothers)

Felsenthal, - ) ,„ .„ Frauenthal, M.

Solomon, Ernst

Fleischel, Captain
Kaufman, C.
Kaufman, K.

Bacharach, M.

Buried at Richmond.
Bacharach, S.

Buried at Richmond.
Eichel, Jacob
Eichel, A.
Falk, Emanuel
Fleischman, Solomon
Goldberg,

Gans, Leon

TEXAS.

Mayer, Leo E.
Captured.

VIRGINIA.

HOLZINGER, E.

Hessberg, I.

Killed in action.
Kayton, Herrman
Kromer, C. H.
Levin, Solomon M.
Moise, Wilborn
Marcus, Madison
Miller, Charles
Weil, Charles

WEST VIRGINIA.
Blondheim, H.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 423

ADDENDA TO LISTS OF SOLDIERS.

[Additional names received after printing of lists, and before close of
present form.]

Charles Baum served in the 8oth Ohio Infantry, during
the Civil War. Mr. Baum is now a resident and a leading
merchant of Washington, D. C.

Solomon Polock and Louis Polock, two brothers, served in
the Army during the Mexican War.

Lieutenant Lauchheimer, serves as Judge Advocate-General
in the Regular Army of the United States.

Jacob Lyon enlisted in June, 1854, in Battery E, 2nd Regi-
ment, United States Artillery. He re-enlisted in June,
1859, and was honorably discharged in June, 1864. Par-
ticipated in eighteen engagements.

Charles Stein enlisted in the United States Marine Corps,
June 22nd, 1864, at Philadelphia, Pa., became sergeant
and was honorably discharged, June 22nd, 1868. He died
on March 6th, 1881, from disease contracted while in
the service.

Moritz Augenstein served in Company E, 52nd Regiment,
New York Infantry, during the Civil War.

Simon Fleisher served in Company A, 18th North Carolina
Infantry, during the Civil War.

Morris M. Katz served in Company A, 18th North Carolina

Infantry, during the Civil War.
Abraham Mayer served in Company A, 18th North Carolina

Infantry, during the Civil War.
Aaron Stern served in the Regular Army before and during
the Civil War. Now attached to the Record and Pension
Division of the War Department, at Washington, D. C.
Charles Katzenstein, Regular Army, now connected with
the Record and Pension Division of the War Department.
Benjamin Jacobs, Regular Army, now in Adjutant General's
office, at Washington, D. C.

424 THE A MEEICAN JE W AS

STATISTICAL.

Number of Jewish Soldiers who Served in Different Wars
of the United States.

In the Continental Armies (including patriots) 46

In the War of 1812 44

In the Mexican War 58

In the United States Regular Army 96

In the United States Navy 78

In the Civil War.

Staff Officers in the Union Army 16

Staff Officers in the Confederate Army 24

Officers in the Confederate Navy 11

Soldiers classified in Regiments from different States who served
in the Union and Confederate Armies during the Civil

War 7038

Soldiers unclassified as to States who served during the Civil

War 834

Other Soldiers (indicated in Addenda) 12

Total in all wars 82,

■ u

IN THE CIVIL WAR.

Number of Soldiers Classified According to States.

Alabama . . . , 135 Nevada 3

Arkansas 53 New Hampshire 2

California 28 New Jersey 277

Connecticut 17 New Mexico 2

District of Columbia .... 3 New York 1996

Florida 2 North Corolina 58

Georgia 144 Ohio ... 1004

Illinois 702 Pennsylvania 527

Indiana 475 Rhode Island 4

Iowa . . 12 South Carolina 182

Kansas 9 Tennessee 38

Kentucky 22 Texas 103

Louisiana 224 Vermont 1

Maine 1 Virginia 119

Maryland 7 Washington Territory .... 1

Massachusetts 174 West Virginia 7

Michigan 130 Wisconsin 331

Mississippi 158 Wyoming Territory 1

Missouri 86

Total 7038

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 425

JEWISH PATRIOTISM IN CIVIL LIFE.

The foregoing lists of Jewish soldiers in the armies of the
Civil War may well be supplemented by a review of Jewish
activity in civil walks in connection with that momentous
struggle. In the political movements for the abolition of
slavery there were not lacking many Jews who took an active
and at times a leading part in the moulding of public opinion,
and the fact that the influence of these men did not become
more widespread may be regarded as almost wholly due to their
having been but recent immigrants from foreign lands and
therefore comparative strangers in the communities in which
they settled. Such men were Michael Heilprin, the scholar and
philanthropist whose devotion to liberty had previously been
attested by his activity as a member of Kossuth's civil staff
during the Hungarian Revolution; Dr. Kdward Morwitz, then
a writer and afterwards publisher of the "Demokrat," a
German newspaper of Philadelphia, and Rev. Dr. Sabato
Morais, then and still at present the Rabbi of a Philadelphia
congregation. Dr. David Einhorn's ardent advocacy of the
abolition of slavery led to his removal from Baltimore; and in
New York, Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs, then Rabbi of a congrega-
tion of that city and editor of the "Jewish Messenger," took
an earnest part in the movement.

In the West, among the pioneers of the Jewish community, are
to be named in this connection Dr. James Horwitz, of Cleveland;
Rabbi Iyiebman Adler, then of Detroit; Henry Greenebaum,
then a member of the City Council of Chicago Edward Salomon,
afterwards County Clerk of Cook county and subsequently
Brigadier-General in the army, and Leopold Mayer and Michael
Greenebaum, likewise of Chicago. In an article on the German
pioneers of Chicago, published in a late issue in the " Times-
Herald " of that city (June 9th, 1895), are printed some

426 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

interesting reminiscences of ante-bellum times, wherein Mr.
Mayer is quoted as follows :

' The fugitive slave law set us at loggerheads with the
powers that were. It was sometime in 1853 when a United
States Marshal, on the corner of Van Buren and Sherman
streets, arrested a poor devil of a negro as a fugitive. A crowd
of citizens, led by Michael Greenebaum, liberated the prisoner
and on the same evening a big meeting was held to ratify this
act. The enthusiasm in this meeting reached its highest pitch
when Long John Wentworth entered the hall and publicly
declared from the platform that he would be with us in resist-
ing the enforcement of the barbaric law. From that time we
slowly but steadily marched up hill. The first official call for
a German mass meeting to join the Republican party appeared
in the ' Staats Zeitung ' signed by George Schneider, Adofph
Iyoeb, Julius Rosenthal, a cigar dealer by the name of Hanson
and my humble self. ' '

Here we find four Jews among five leaders of the German
population of Chicago in a great political movement.

In another portion of the same article another of the old
pioneers, William Vocke, Esq., referring to the record of the
24th Illinois regiment, is quoted as follows:

"Our regiment served three years and three months. With
recruits taken in from time to time, fully 1200 men had joined
it. Only 240 of us returned. One company of this regiment
consisted exclusively of Hebrews. It was led by Captain
Uasalle, who stuck it out with us to the last."

Another striking incident of the forcefulness of Jewish senti-
ment in the great agitation that preceded the outbreak of the
war is recorded by Rear Admiral George Henry Preble,
U. S. N., in his "History of the Flag of the United States of
America," (Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, fourth edition,
1894.) We quote as follows: (Page 406).

"On the nth of February, 1861, Mr. Lincoln, the President-
elect of the United States, left his home in Springfield, Illinois,
for the seat of government, accompanied by a few friends.
His fellow-citizens and neighbors gathered at the railway
station to wish him God-speed. He was visibly affected by

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 427

this kind attention, and addressed the assembly of his friends
in a few words, requesting they would all pray that he might
receive the Divine assistance in the responsibilities he was
about to encounter, without which he could not succeed, but
with which success was certain. Before leaving Springfield, he
received from Abraham Kohn, city clerk of Chicago, a fine
picture of the flag of the Union, bearing an inscription in
Hebrew on its folds. The verses being the 4th to 9th verses
of the first chapter of Joshua, in which Joshua was commanded
to reign over a whole land, the last verse being: 'Have I not
commanded thee? Be strong and of a good courage; be not
afraid, neither be thou dismayed; for the Lord, thy God, is
with thee whithersoever thou goest.' "

In a recent speech at Ottawa, Kansas, on June 20, 1895,
(quoted in the Reform Advocate, of Chicago, July 13, 1895,)
Governor William McKinley, of Ohio, referred to this incident
as follows:

1 ' What more beautiful conception than that which prompted
Abraham Kohn, of Chicago, in February, 1861, to send to Mr.
Lincoln, on the eve of his starting to Washington, to assume
the office of president, a flag of our country, bearing upon its
silken folds these words from the first chapter of Joshua: ' Have
I not commanded thee ? Be strong and of good courage. Be
not afraid, neither be thou dismayed, for the Lord, thy God is
with thee, whithersoever thou goest. There shall not any man
be able to stand before thee all the days of thy life. As I was
with Moses so shall I be with thee. I will not fail thee nor
forsake thee. '

''Could anything have given Mr. Lincoln more cheer, or
been better calculated to sustain his courage or to strengthen
his faith in the mighty work before him? Thus commanded,
thus assured, Mr. Lincoln journeyed to the capital, where he
took the oath of office and registered in heaven an oath to save
the Union. And the Lord, our God, was with him, until every
obligation of oath and duty was sacredly kept and honored.
Not any man was able to stand before him. Liberty was the
more firmly enthroned, the Union was saved, and the flag which
he carried floated in triumph and glory from every flagstaff of
the republic."

428 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

In reply to a letter addressed to him by the daughter of
Abraham Kohn, Mrs. Dankmar Adler (whose husband, the
architect of the Auditorium building and one of the architects
of the Columbian Exposition, had fought through the war and
been wounded at Chickamauga), Major McKinley wrote: "The
incident deeply impressed me when I first learned of it, and I
have taken occasion to use it, as in my speech at Ottowa, to
which you refer.

1 ' I am very glad to have been able to give publicity to this
striking incident, and I am sure that the family of Mr. Kohn
should feel very proud of his patriotic act."

The patriotism of the Jewish people in the support of the
soldiers in the field was no less positive than their participation
in the fray itself. The various bodies organized at the North
for the support of the government, such as the Sanitary Com-
missions, counted a full quota of Jewish citizens among their
membership everywhere.

Prominent in the West among these earnest co-workers in the
cause of the Union was the lamented Benjamin F. Peixotto,
of Cleveland, who severed the affiliations of an active political
career and took an earnest part in arousing the patriotic senti-
ment of the people. He contributed largely of his means to
the furtherance of the civil movements in support of the men
at the front and attained a recognized position as a leader.
When in 1872, the Jews of Roumania were subjected to perse-
cutions by the Government of that principality, Mr. Pexiotto
was selected as Consul of the United States at Bucharest,* in

* The appointment of Mr. Peixotto to the Roumanian Consulate
was initiated and brought about by Hon. Simon Wolf, who after-
wards made a tour among the lodges of the Order of B'nai B'rith
for the purpose of raising funds to strengthen the Consul's position
at Bucharest and to enable him to more effectively exert his influence
in behalf of the persecuted Roumanian Jews.

In this connection mention may well and properly be made of Mr.
Wolf's untiring efforts, both in his early home in Ohio and later in
Washington, in behalf of the Union cause. The movements
organized by Mr. Wolf in Washington for the systematic aid of the
sick and wounded in the numerous hospitals then established in and

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 429

which capacity his services were of marked importance to the
cause of humanity and won for him the gratitude of the Jewish
people at large, as well as the confidence and support of our
government. Other Jewish patriotic leaders in the West during
the war were Isidor Busch, of St. Louis; Henry Mack, of Cin-
cinnatti; Nathan Bloom, of Louisville, and others that ought,
perhaps, to find mention here.

Notable in this connection at the East was Hon. A. S. Solo-
mons, now the General Agent of the Baron de Hirsch
Trust in the United States. Before the war and during
its early years he was a leading Jewish citizen of Wash-
ington and enjoyed the confidence and esteem of President
Lincoln, of Secretaries Stanton and Chase, and of many other
leading spirits of the time. His home was a centre of patriotic
activity and he made heavy sacrifices of his personal interest in
behalf of the Union cause.

In the South, during the dark and trying days of the Con-
federacy, the Jewish citizens of that section displayed to the
full their devotion to the cause which they held at heart. The
Jewish Southerners were as zealous in their efforts as were their
neighbors all about them, and however mistaken was their
contention, they adhered to it tenaciously. A Jew, it is said,
fired the first gun against Fort Sumtner, and another Jew
gave the last shelter to the fleeing President and Cabinet of
the fallen Confederacy.

Throughout the country, North and South, the earnestness
of the Jewish character found expression through an active
participation by Jewish citizens in the great movements of the
time. A closer examination of this feature of our subject
would involve a detailed reference to the leading members of
the various Jewish communities throughout the land, and carry

about Washington gained for him the recognition of the Government
and the friendship of General Grant. In this work Mr. Wolf enlisted
the support of the mass of the Jewish citizens of the District and
especially the active co-operation of the women of the Jewish com-
munity. General Grant, when he became President, appointed Mr.
Wolf Recorder of the City of Washington and he was subsequently
appointed by President Garfield to the mission at Cairo as Diplo-
matic Agent and Consul General in Egypt. — Editok.

430 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

us into fields beyond our present scope, which have already
received the careful attention of other writers.*

One specially significant example of American Jewish citizen-
ship and manly worth yet claims our attention. In New
York, foremost in every patriotic movement, were the brothers
Joseph and Jesse Seligman. The place that they filled in
the affairs of that time and since has become a part of our
country's history. Their influence in maintaining the financial
credit of the Government during the war was of far reach-
ing import for the cause of the Union, and the recognition
of their services led President Grant to offer to Joseph Selig-
man, who died in 1880, a place in his Cabinet as Secretary of
the Treasury. The universal esteem in which Joseph and
Jesse Seligman were held, not alone as men of affairs, but as
patriots, citizens and philanthropists, was well betokened by
the expressions given to the public feeling when Jesse Selig-
man died. Some of these expressions may well be cited here,
for Jesse Seligman was, par excellence, as perfect a type of the
American Jew as he was typically an American citizen. He
died in April, 1894, an d from among the innumerable tributes to
his worth, we cite a few of the expressions of some of the lead-
ing men of the metropolis, whose stations are a guarantee of
their judgment and sincerity, and most of whom had known
him through a generation of years.

Lengthy, comparatively speaking, in view of the necessary
limitations of this volume, as are these several presentations,
they yet command our full consideration by reason of their
great significance.

Hon. Carl Schurz, on the occasion of the Memorial Services
at the New York Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Decoration Day,
May 30, 1894, painted for his audience in the following deeply

*See Marken's "The Hebrews in America," New York, 1888;
Judge Charles P. Daly's "Settlement of the Jews in North America,"
edited by Max J. Kohler, New York, 1898; " History of the Jews of
Boston and New England," by A. G. Daniels, Boston, 1892;
" Eminent isralites of the 19th Century," by Henry 8. Morals, Phila-
delphia, 1880; "The Jews of Philadelphia," by the same author,
Philadelphia, 1894, and the publications of the American Jewish
Historical Society.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 431

thoughtful utterances a vivid picture of a model Jew and a
model man :

' ' It is most fit that the memory of Jesse Seligman should be
celebrated here, on this very spot. I see him now, as he stood
here years ago, when the corner-stone of this magnificent build-
ing was laid, and when, owing to his friendly invitation, I en-
joyed the privilege of taking part in the dedication ceremonies,
I see him, his face beaming with joy over the good that had
been accomplished, and with glad anticipation of the greater
good still to be done, for his whole heart was in this noble
work. And here, where his monument stands — not a mere
monument of stone or brass, but a living monument in grateful
human hearts — here, where he still lives and will not die, the
lessons of his life may be most worthily learned, not to be for-
gotten.

" Indeed, the legacy not only of benefactions, but of lessons
which that life has left behind it, may be, especially to the
young among us, if they understand well and treasure them
up to inspire and guide their hearts and minds, of far greater
value than any amount of his money that Jesse Seligman might
have bequeathed to them. Some of us may, perhaps, have
envied him while he lived, as an eminently successful man.
But do we consider him worthy of envy now, since he is
dead? Why do we honor his memory, and wish that, when we
shall be gone, we should, in many respects, be remembered as
he is ? Because he was a rich man ? Certainly not ; for that is
in itself nothing to be proud of. The ambition to be merely
rich is only a small and vulgar ambition. It may be gratified
by the accident of birth or of good fortune; it may be gratified
by the diligent and constant exertion of faculties, which do not
by any means belong to the higher attainment of human nature.
Of those who, in the history of mankind, left most fragrant
memories behind them, only very few were distinguished by
great wealth, and the mere possession of that wealth never con-
stituted their title to affection and reverence.

' ' Are we honoring Jesse Seligman because he was a success-
ful, self-made man? This is especially in our country of great
opportunities, not in itself a distinction deserving uncommon
esteem. I know, and no doubt you know, self-made men so
inordinately puffed up with their own success, so forgetful of
the merits of others in comparison with their own, so oppres-
sive with the ostentations and unceasing display of their riches
as their self -appreciation, that they rank among the most dis-
agreeable members of human society, making us wish that they
had made anything else but themselves.

" Or do we admire Jesse Seligman above others because he

432 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

was a patriotic man? No, for under ordinary circumstances it
is only a natural thing to be patriotic. Especially a citizen of
this Republic is more apt to attract attention and to be blamed
when he is not patriotic, than to be praised when he is.

' ' All these things, therefore, are in themselves not sufficient to
make a life valuable as a memory, and as an inspiration. Jesse
Seligman's life, as we look back upon it, is such a valuable
memory and inspiring lesson because he was above the ordinary
level of the merely rich, self-made, liberal and patriotic men.

"The ideal rich man is he, who not only has come by his
wealth honestly, but who uses his riches in such a fashion as to
silence the voice of envy, and to make those who knew him
glad and grateful that he was rich. To reach this ideal com-
pletely is given to but few. But it may truly be said that
Jesse Seligman approached it. No doubt, he wished to be
rich and worked for it. He valued the acquisition of wealth,
but he valued it most as the acquisition of opportunities for
something larger and nobler. He saw his business success but
not his higher ambition and his happiness in his balance sheets.
He felt himself greater and happier in this orphan-home than
in his bank. He made his wealth a blessing to others; he en-
joyed it the more, the greater the blessing to others it became,
and there were many who wished him to be much richer, know-
ing that his greater wealth would only have become to in any
others greater relief and comfort. He was such a self-made
man as it is a joy to meet. In a high degree he had the self-
made man's virtues and was remarkably free from his faults.
He never fargot his lowly beginnings, but never boasted of
them, to contrast his success with other people's failures. His
recollections only stimulated his sympathy with those less for-
tunate than himself. He did not in his affluence affect the
rough simplicity and contempt of refinement in which upstarts
sometimes demonstratively please themselves and which is only
a coarse form of vanity; and still less was he an ostentatious
swaggerer bent upon letting the world perceive that he posses-
sed his millions. He lived with his family in a style becoming
his means, but with the modesty becoming a gentleman. There
was no gaudy display of riches, no obstrusive flashing of
diamonds on hotel piazzas, and no flaring exhibition in opera
boxes. But there was nothing mean about him or his. The
hospitality of his house was hearty and most generous, but it
abstained from anything that might have made one of his
guests feel poor or small. Nor was there anything in him of
that superciliousness not unfrequently met with in rich men
which claims for them much wisdom, because they have much
money.

"In all my experience I have never met a rich man, more

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 433

modest, more generous more tolerant of adverse opinion, or a
self-made man less overbearing, less vain-glorious, and less
conceited, more sympathetic and more helpful. As a matter of
fact, he was thought much richer than he really was — richer
not because of his display, but because of his benefactions.
To judge from the good he did, his wealth should have been
much greater. He was a liberal giver, but he gave much more
than money. That rich man only manifests the true spirit of
benevolence who not only gives to the needy, but who also
thinks for them and works for them . It was by this that Jesse
Seligman proved the genuine gold of his humanity, and no-
where did this gold shine more brightly than on this very spot.
There was indeed no charitable enterprise within his reach that
did not feel the generosity of his open hand, and, when needed,
the kindly thoughtf illness of his counsel, from the hospital and
the home for the aged up to that remarkable triumph of
wisely directed energy, the Hebrew Technical Institute, which
not only successfully demonstrates that the Jew, when well
guided, will take to skilled handicraft with enthusiasm and with
the whole force and ingenuity of his nature, but which also in
its plan, organization and conduct may serve as a noble model
of its kind to the educators of any country and of any creed.
" All such endeavors could count upon Jesse Seligman' s
bountiful aid; and when his last will was opened and the com-
munity saw the list of the benevolent institutions to which he
had left bequests, without regard to religion or nationality,
with unsurpassed catholicity of spirit, people asked with
wonder, not what opportunities for doing good he had thought
of, but whether there was any he had failed to remember.
It was, however, here in the Orphans' Home that his heart
found its favorite field for beneficent work. Here he lived on
the best of his nature. It was truly touching to see this man,
loaded down with the enormous responsibilities and cares of a
vast financial business, at least once a week, every Sunday
morning, wend his way to this house, forget all about bonds
and stocks and syndicates and chances of gain and financial
crises in which fortunes might be lost, and to give all his
thoughts to the little ones who are cast upon the mercy of the
world, and study and scheme and work — as indeed he did
often also when he was not here to turn sunshine upon their
bereaved existence— to arm them for the struggles of life, and
to enable them to become useful, self-reliant, self-respecting
and happy citizens of a free country. This was the work he
loved most, which satisfied his fondest ambition and in which
he found the most genuine happiness. In the best sense of the
word he was the father of the fatherless and it was his active,

434 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

untiring and unceasing care for the welfare of these children,
more than any other of his benefactions, that stamped him as a
truly benevolent man, a genuine friend of humanity and there-
fore this is the noblest and most enduring of his monuments.

u He was a patriotic man — not in the sense merely that he
cheerfully performed all his duties as a citizen, or that he gave the
government valuable advice and aid as a financier whenever
called upon — but that he ardently loved his adopted country,
was proud of it and was not only willing but eager to serve it.
Some gentlemen of high standing among us here have in their
published tributes to Jesse Seligman's memory, regretfully
mentioned the fact that he and his son, too, have been struck
at by anti-Semitic hostility, by that narrow-minded, contemptible
spirit which revived the prejudices of dark ages and which seeks
in barbarous persecution the remedy for evils, for which popu-
lar ignorance, sloth and improvidence are in the largest manner
responsible; a spirit so utterly abhorrent to justice and enlight-
ened reason, that it is difficult to understand how a person of
self-respect can share it or behold it in others without shame
and indignation.

' ' I have heard it said that a Jew cannot be a patriot because
he has no fatherland. Those who say so do not want the Jew
to have a fatherland and would, if they had their way, make it
impossible for him to be a patriot. A country can hardly
expect those of its inhabitants to be ardent patriots whom it
treats as aliens or outcasts. In the same measure as an anti-
Semitic spirit prevails, a Jew is a patriot under difficulties. If
he is a patriot under anti-Semitic persecution, that patriotism is
in him a virtue of especial merit. And this virtue Jesse Selig-
man possessed in the highest degree. I saw him and spoke
with him when the smart he had suffered was fresh. I know
how keenly he felt it, but I know also that had at that moment
the country, or what he understood to be the public interest,
demanded of him any service or any sacrifice he would have
offered it with the same enthusiastic devotion that ever had
animated him. He would have remained a patriot in spite of
any difficulty — a shining example for his own race to follow,
putting to shame its revilers; indeed, an example to every
citizen of whatever creed or origin.

" And now he lies in an honored grave, and by it stand with
sadness, but also with pride, his dear ones whom he loved so
much, and who so warmly returned his love. And you all
have come, rich and poor, native and foreign born, Christian
and Jew and Gentile, with hearts full of respect and affection
for the man who understood the great truth, and whose life has
taught the greatest lesson, that our truest and most enduring
happiness springs from the contributions we make to the hap-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 435

piness of others — a lesson that every one may follow according
to his means and opportunities, each in his sphere and in his
way, to win the same happiness and to deserve the same honor.
It may well be said that he had not lived in vain whose life has
left its mark in the advanced well being of his kind; and there
are multitudes of human beings whose tears he has dried,
whose distress he has relieved, whom he has helped to make
strong for the struggle of life who now and ever will gratefully
affirm and proclaim that Jesse Seligman has surely not lived in
vain, and who will never cease to bless his memory."

Ex -Postmaster General Thomas L. James, President of the
Lincoln National Bank of New York City, wrote the following
graphic and affecting tribute : —

" I have received the news of the death of Jesse Seligman with the
shock which comes only with the announcement of the sudden
loss of an old and valued friend. My acquaintance with him com-
menced away back in the sixties; and I dearly learned to value his
sturdy honesty, his integrity, untiring industry, and his genial,
warm-hearted friendship. Moreover, I was impressed, in those dark
days when I first knew him, with his sterling patriotism, he being
one of those men of foreign birth who seemed to go beyond those
of us of native birth, in the all-consuming zeal and devotion for
our common flag. I think that is what particularly attracted me
towards Mr. Seligman; and I soon found that he really did under-
stand more fully and completely, perhaps, than many of us did,
what the war meant and what the result would be. He was one of
those men, too, who, when some were anxious, speaking hesitat-
ingly about the outcome, gave by his courageous faith and heroic
example, a grand impulse of which we afterwards saw the results
in that impressive tender by the financiers of New York of their
credit and thair gjld to the government in its extremity.

" He had undying faith in General Grant, too, in those dark hours.
He was one of the few men in New York who knew him personally,
and he never wavered in his confidence in the great commander's
ability to carry the war through to a successful issue. Later on
we learned the grounds of his faith; tor he was probably the oldest
acquaintance of General Grant in New York, having become ac-
quainted with him in Watertown, N. Y., where Grant was then
stationed as a Second Lieutenant; and he had afterwards renewed
the friendship, when General Grant was sent as First Lieutenant
to the Pacific Coast, where he found his old friend Seligman one of
the argonauts of California.

"It was given to me, in an especially affecting and touching man-
ner, to see some of those traits in Mr. Seligman 's inner life and
his family surroundings, which made his home one of the most

436 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

delightful in New York, and gave to him unusual charms in social
and friendly intercourse. I saw those qualities displayed in that
sad, sad summer of 1881, when General Garfield, stricken with an
assassin's bullet, lay on his deathbed in a cottage at Elberon. Mr.
Seligman ? s summer home was at Long Branch; and, with that
thoughtful consideration and tenderness which distinguished the
man he showed the official family of the dyiug President courtesies
and kindnesses that were very grateful and which can never be for-
gotten. A more pleasant family circle than Mr. Seligman 's I never
met; and I will never cease to remember the charm of that fireside.
There, perhaps, Mr. Seligman was seen in the highest display of the
beautiful qualities of head and heart that made him not only fore-
most as a great financier, but as a faithful friend

* * * * * * *

. . . "Of course, I do not need to speak of his genius as a
financier. His name and fame in that particular are secure; and his
achievements will become traditions in the history of those influ-
ences which have made this country the great financial power among
the nations of the earth."

Ex-Judge Noah Davis wrote as follows :

" By the death of Jesse Seligman our country loses a loving and
faithful citizen and friend. He loved America, though not his native
land, with all the ardor of a native, enhanced by a keen and tender
sense of gratitude for what it had done for his race and for him and
bis brothers ever since they became its adopted sons.

" 1 have never met any foreign-born American citizen more prompt
to express warmly and gratefully this sentiment; and yet it will be
rare to find one who has so amply and generously repaid it. His
gratitude was not confined to words. His deeds preceded his words;
and if it had ever been necessary, he would have staked his whole
fortune and his life as well, for our country and its institutions.

" 1 recall an occasion, when he and 1 left the Union League Club
together, at a late hour one evening, and walked arm in arm up the
avenue to our homes. 1 listened as he gave me some happy reminis-
ences of his busy life. When we reached the street, I stopped to part
with him. " No," said he, "I will walk further with you," and he
kept on till he reached my home on 50th street. "Now," I said, "it
is my turn to walk with you, sir," and we walked slowly back to his
own street, where we compromised by his walking half way back
with me. In that delightful walk he developed to me his loving
nature toward our country, its government and its people. I was
chiefly a listener, but a deeply interested and pleased one, for 1 could
see and feel that a pure-hearted and patriotic man was talking from
the inmost bosom of a noble and tender nature.

"A few days before General Grant sailed on his tour around the
world, the brothers Seligman gave him a farewell dinner at Delmo-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 487

nico's. There were forty or fifty people present. General Grant was
then fully relieved from all public cares, and felt that the honors
shown him on that occasion were the tribute of pure and disinter-
ested esteem and affection. He talked with me as I sat near him of
the services his hosts had rendered the government during the war
and to himself during his administration, with a warm sense of what
was due to their genuine patriotism. It happened afterwards, and
after his return from his Eastern tour, that I met with General Grant
in Paris. He spoke on that occasion of that dinner and his great en-
joyment of the evening, and gave a warm expression of his esteem
for the Seligmans and for their services to the country and himself.

" Tt was a merited tribute of a noble man to worthy citizens and
friends, and I am glad to lay it now where General Grant would have
placed it — on the bier of Jesse Seligman, his devoted friend. . . .

. . . "With all his skill, ability and success in business, with
all his love for his country, his devotion to order and good govern-
ment, his deep and tender attachment to his family and friends,
I think his chief virtue was ' Charity, 7 and that most comprehensive
and beautiful word should be inscribed on his tomb.

From General Horace Porter:

"The news of the death of Jesse Seligman has fallen upon many
of the most prominent business men in New York with something
akin to the quiet of a personal bereavement. Few of our citizens
have been more generally known or more highly esteemed. His sud-
den removal from the company of his friends and from the active
walks of business life brings a deep regret to many hearts and recalls
the admirable traits which adorned his character. My personal ac-
quaintance with him began a few years after the war. I had before
that time heard officers of the army and others speak in admiring
terms of him during his sojourn on the Pacific Coast, where he had
displayed so much public spirit and such indomitable courage at the
time the law-abiding citizens were trying to redeem that community
from the domination of the criminal class. I found him displaying
the same qualities in the metropolis which had commended him to
his fellow-citizens in the West. He had been loyally devoted to the
cause of the Union in the great struggle for the preservation of its
integrity, and was always an ardent laborer in all great works. He
was never known to be anything but fearless in the advocacy of the
principles he believed to be right, and always manifested his faith by
his works.

*********

" His death removes a foremost figure in our national and business
life; and we shall long look for one to take the place of this man,
who by his genius as a financier, his broad liberal charity, and his
loving kindness towards suffering humanity, will long be remem-
bered; for Mr. Seligman's life and work have made him one of the
benefactors of mankind."

438 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

From E. B. Harper, President Mutual Reserve Fund Life
Association:

11 Few names in the financial and business world of New York:
are better known than that of Jesse Seligman, financier, banker,
philanthropist, and citizen. Jt may truly be said of Mr. Seligman
that he attained one of the highest positions of good citizenship in
the metropolis of the nation. While, strictly speaking, a financier,
he was ever ready to bring capital, business experience and financial
ability into the broader industrial enterprises of the nation which, in
their building up, employ labor, pay out vast sums in wages, add
comfort to the masses, and bring prosperity to the country. He was
not a mere banker, but closely identified with sound enterprises,
which have built up the Empire State and developed the resources of
the republic. He was a man to be respected, to be looked up to, and
his career, as it seems to me, is one that may well be studied to ad-
vantage by the youth of his race and his country. The Hebrew race
has undoubtedly given to the world more of the most extraordinary
instances of great wealth, but at the same time it has produced many
of the greatest philanthropists the world has ever known.

u It is difficult to sum up in a few words such men as Mr. Selig-
man. He was a man who, by his example, as well as his action
benefitted the community of which he was an honored member, and
his death will be greatly regretted, not only by those who knew him
intimately, but the whole community, because his demise will be a
real loss to them. Our wealth of humanity is not so great, even in
this great city, that we can afford to lose many such citizens."

From Henry G. Marquand, Esq., President, Metropolitan
Museum of Art:

"I was not brought in contact with the late Jesse Seligman as
often as some others, but during twenty years or more I saw enough
of him to form a very high opinion of his work as a citizen of this re-
public. His views were always of the broad and generous stamp.
They were not confined to the various schemes of philanthropy, but
extended to the enterprises relating to high culture at home and
abroad, and by contact with him it was easy to see how quickly his
sympathies were aroused in favor of everything good "

Ex-Mayor Abram S. Hewitt, expresses himself as follows:
"The story of Jesse Seligman's life should be produced as the best
commentary on his career, and as an encouragement to all young
men who are starting out on the journey of life.

Perhaps the most admirable point of his character was his catholic
charity for the opinion of others and his willingness to co-operate in
every great movement without regard to creed or race."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 439

From Cornelius N. Bliss :

. . . . " No truer friend, once in Jesse Seligman's confidence did
mail ever have. With his partners, his brothers, he has been of inesti-
mable service to the United States Government from the time of the
Civil War.

U A believer in Republican principles, he was a quiet but all-impor-
tant influence in the councils of his party. Sagacious in counsel,
always for peace and unity, liberal in view, rendering to all their
just dues, he will be sorely missed in all circles— social, charitable,
business and political.

The foregoing may be fitly supplemented by the following
extract from a sermon delivered by the late Henry Ward
Beecher, June 14, 1877. Mr. Beecher's pointed references to
the absurd prejudices which so frequently manifest themselves
at summer resorts have not yet lost their force or application:

" I have the pleasure of the acquaintance of the gentleman whose
name has been the occasion of so much excitement — Mr. Seligman.
I have summered with his family for several years. I am acquainted
with him, with his honored wife, and with his sons and daughters;
and I have learned to respect and love them. During weeks and
months I was with them at the Twin Mountain House; and not only
did they behave in a manner becoming Christian ladies and gentle-
men, but they behaved in a manner that ought to put to shame many
Christian ladies and gentlemen. They were my helpers and they
were not only present at the Sunday services at the Twin Mountain
House, but they were present at the daily prayer meetings on week
days, volunteering services of kindness. I learned to feel that they
were my deacons and that in the ministration of Christian service
they were beyond the power of prejudice and did not confine them-
selves to the limitations which might be prescribed by their race."

Hon. Carl Schurz makes reference, as the reader will have
noted, to the " unsurpassed catholicity of spirit" manifested
by Jesse Seligman's "bequests without regard to religion or
nationality." Among the beneficiaries of his concluding
bounty were numbered no less than thirty-six different non-
Jewish institutions, the aggregate of these legacies amounting
to a very large sum. Unsurpassed as was this breadth of liber-
ality , it was by no means the first time when a Jew gave signal
evidence of the supreme catholicity of Judaism and the Jewish
spirit. Adverting but passingly to the story of Hyam Salo-
mon's liberality, we may stop to remember that Judah Touro,

440 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

whose patriotism had been attested with his blood in the
defense of New Orleans, in 1815, left in his last will and testa-
ment in 1854, an example of catholic munificence unequalled
before his time and unsurpassed since. Over and above the
various bequests made by him to Jewish institutions in
different cities of the Union, he left amounts averaging $5000
to fourteen charitable institutions under the control of various
Christian denominations, besides $80,000 to the municipality
of New Orleans for the poor of that city, and $10,000 to the
city of Newport, R. I., for a public improvement. This latter
formed the nucleus of the public park of that city, which has
commemorated in its "Touro Avenue" the public spirit of this
Jewish citizen, who has yet another memorial on Bunker Hill
monument, to the erection of which he so largely contributed.*
Michael Reese, of San Francisco, who died in 1878, be-
queathed amounts aggregating $70,000 to a number of non-
Jewish charities, besides $50,000 to the University of Califor-
nia, and left provisions which eventuated in the establishment
of the non-sectarian Michael Reese Hospital of Chicago. Ro-
senna Osterman, of Galveston, and Isidor Dyer, of the same
city, divided their estates among charitable institutions without
distinction of creed.

Miss Ellen Phillips, of Philadelphia, whose long and useful
life, constantly devoted to the cause of charity, closed on Feb-
ruary 2, 1 89 1, after aiding the cause to which she was devoted
by her unceasing munificence during her lifetime, bequeathed
the bulk of her property to various charitable institutions.
She left the large collection of paintings and statuary which
she inherited from her brother, the late Henry M. Phillips, to
the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, as an addition to the
collections in Memorial Hall, and divided a very large sum of
money among numerous charities, naming ten different non-
Jewish institutions among her beneficiaries.

The will of Dr. J. D. Berndt, of Pittsburg, Pa., divides a
considerable estate almost equally between Jewish and non-
Jewish institutions, over twenty of the latter class being named,
and the residuary estate of nearly $35,000 is equally divided

* See pages 63-4.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 441

between the American Hebrew College of Cincinnati and Car-
negie Library of Pittsburg.

Simon Mnhr, of Philadelphia, whose untimely death in
February, 1895, was mourned by Jew and Gentile alike, after
making certain personal bequests and devoting a fund of
$10,000 for the support of scholarships in the University of
Pennsylvania, left the residue of his large estate to be divided
into three parts, one part to be allotted among Jewish chari-
ties, one part among non-Jewish charities, and the third part
for the improvement of the public school system of Philadel-
phia.

The Philadelphia Times concluded an editorial reference to
the death of Simon Muhr as follows:

" It was his broad and simple tolerance, his unfailing charity of
heart as well as hand, his willingness and even eagerness to take
personal trouble, not only to relieve distress, but to right wrong, and
to defend the victim of oppression, however humble or disreputable,
that gave Simon Muhr a peculiar position in the community and a
peculiar usefulness. He was an example in this way to many a
professing Christian, whose reading of the parable leads him only
to condemn the priest and the Levite, and not to imitate the Good
Samaritan."

The instances of Jewish citizenship and catholicity here
cited are but the more prominent examples of that spirit.
Only less conspicuous, but with equal breadth and depth of
feeling are many more that would likewise point a moral for
us all.

442 THE A M ERICA N JEW AS

JEWS IN LATIN AMERICAN SETTLEMENTS.

The preceding pages have dealt with various aspects of Jew-
ish influence in Anglo-Saxon America, and we have yet
to consider the extent of that influence in the Latin
American settlements. Here in this Western Hemisphere,
where the Jew has sought an asylum from the historic oppres-
sions and repressions of Old World prejudices, and where, in
the very year that saw him expelled from Spain a new future
was opened for him and all humanity, here the Jew has been at
the fore from the very landing of Columbus to the present day.*

In the following pages is presented a review of Jewish
activity and influence in the South American Colonies and the
West Indies, which has been collated for this volume by Mr.
George Alexander Kohut. His careful studies and scientific
investigations in this hitherto almost untrodden field of histori-
cal research have resulted in the development of many highly
interesting facts, and his work affords a most welcome contribu-
tion to our general subject. It will be found to command very
justly the space accorded to it.

*See Dr. M.Kayserling's " Christopher Columbus and the Partic-
ipation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries."
Translated, from the German by Charles Gross, Ph. D., Assistant
Professor of History in Harvard College. New York, 1894.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 443

SKETCHES OF JEWISH LOYALTY, BRAVERY AND

PATRIOTISM IN THE SOUTH AMERICAN

COLONIES AND THE WEST INDIES.

By George Alexander Kohut, New York City.

Services Rendered to the Dutch by the Jews oe Brazil

(1628-44).

In 1624, when the Dutch conquered Brazil, several Jews, de-
sirous of joining their co-believers in the newly acquired Dutch
dominions, where our brethren nourished for many decades
previously in the guise of New Christians or Marranos, enlisted
in the Hollandish fleet as volunteers. Encouraged by this show
of patriotism on the part of their newly arrived co-religionists,
who, under the reign of the United Provinces, enjoyed all the
blessings of peace and equality, many Nuevos Christian os
openly renounced their sham faith and re-avowed Judaism,
happy once more to breathe the air of freedom without suffer-
ing persecution. It is said that the Jewish soldiers in the navy
displayed so much zeal and courage in the taking possession of
Brazil that the government protected them ever after. 1 Even

1 See H. J. Koenen's prize essay, Geschiedenis derJoden in Neder-
land (Utrecht, 1848), pp. 277-78: "Machtig breide zich deze bevolking
uitals de Nederlanders omstreeks net jaar 1624 Brazilie veroverden.
Op de Hollandsche vloot hadden verscheiden Joden vrijwillig dienst
genomen, om zich in net te vermeesteren gewest met hunne geloofs-
genooten te vereenigen. Deze ontmoeting, en de voor hen aanlichteDde
vrijheid onder Hollandsche Bestuur, maakten, dat vele Braziliaansche
Nieuwe Christenen wederom opentlyk net Jodeudom beleden; en dat
zij eerlang eene tweede volkplanting hunner geloofsgenooten te Cayen-
ne stichtedeu, waar David Nassi, een geboren Braziliaan, zich met
goedkeuring der West-Indische Compagnie nederzette. Inmiddels
hadden de Joden, die met 's lands vloot in 1624 naar Brazilie overgesto-
ken waren en de Neder landers dat land hadden helpen vermeesteren,
aan hunne te Amsterdam woonachtige broederen geschreven, en hen
uitgenoodigd om zich in het nieuw veroverde gewest op den pas
outgonuen koophandel te komen toeleggen ; waartoe eene ruime

444 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

before putting to sea, remarks a French historian of Brazil,' 2 the
Dutch admirals obtained much useful information concerning
the political situation of Brazil, from the Israelites there settled,
and who were all eager to remain, or rather, to pass over to the
Dutch, whose liberal spirit and religious tolerance seemed much
more inviting to them than the cruel sceptre of Spain or Portu-
gal. This is furthermore corroborated by another (English)
writer, Mr. Robert G. Watson, in his excellent work: Spanish
and Portuguese South America during the Colonial Period
(London, 1884), Vol. II, p. 1, where we read: "The religious
intolerance from which the Dutch had themselves so terribly
suffered at the hands of their Spanish rulers had taught them
to be tolerant in such matters towards others, and to this
circumstance they were now (1623-2^) indebted for much valuable
information respecting Brazil, which they received from the fews
u 'ho had taken refuge amongst them . ' '

It is apparent from these and other items to be mentioned
later that the Jew T s rendered not only military and naval service
to the Dutch in their struggle against Portugal in Brazil, but

gelegendheid was, sedert de Hollanders, ua net sluiten van eenen
wapenstilstand met de Portugezen, eene publicatie hadden afgekon-
digd, dat het den Joden voortan volkomen zoude vrijstaan, zich in
Brazilie te vestigen, etc."

We have copied this in full, as Koenen, whom recent historians all
follow, is the only authentic source, although in this case no authori-
ties are given. This point, and others in connection with the early
Jewish settlements in Brazil were discussed by the present writer
in two papers: Early Jewish Literature in America, in Publications
of the American Jewish Historical Society {=P. A. J. H S.), No. 3
(IHOo), pp. 108-47 (cf. esp. pp. 104, 105, 134-40) and Jewish Martyrs of
the Inquisition in South America, to appear simultaneously with this
volume, in the same place, No. 4.

2 See Pieter Marinus Netscher's Les Hollandais au Bresil, Notice
Historique sur les Pays-Bas et le Bresil au XV IP siecle (La Haye,
1853), p. 14: " Avantdemettre en mer (1623?), les amiraux Hollandais
obtinrent sur la situation politique du Bresil les informations les plus
utiles par V intermediaire des Juifs qui s'y etaient gtablis, et qui
presque tous, desiraient avec ardeur passer sous le gouvernement des
Provinces-Unies, a cause de sa tolerance en matiere de religion."
Cf. also J)e Beauchamp's Histoire du Bresil, vol. II, p. 159 ; Southey's
History of Brazil (2nd ed.) I, pp. 477, 479, 495, supplem. note 135 ; vol.
II, p. 241 ; Judge Daly's Settlement of the Jews in North America
(2nd ed. New York, 1893) p. XVII.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 445

diplomatic counsel of no little weight, by means of which Hol-
land could conquer the American possessions and establish her-
self most firmly there. The inhabitants of Brazil at about that
time (1623-38) were not very yielding. In fact R. Southey, the
reliable and painstaking historian, says" that "The Portuguese
were held in subjection only by fear, but many Portuguese
Jews from Holland had taken their abode in a country where
they could speak their own language as well as enjoy their own
religion. These were excellent subjects; they exercised the
charitable industry of their original nation secure of enjoying
its fruits under a free government." The Dutch, upon taking
possession of Brazil, issued a proclamation, no doubt with a
view of attracting the Jews, whose accession would prove
beneficial to the interests of the government, whereby they
offered full possession of their property, and freedom of worship
to all such as would submit. Amongst those who were thus
brought under Dutch rule were two hundred Jews. (cf.
Watson, /. c. } II, p. 2.) This liberal charter of religious
freedom lasted as long as the Dutch supremacy until the Portu-
guese re-conquest of Brazil in 1654, with more or less privileges,
according to the whim of the public whose dictates even the
government had to obey, as we may see from what took place
in 1638, as recorded by Southey (/. c, Vol. I, p. 566): " Some
of the Portuguese-Brazilians also, gladly throwing off the mask
which they had so long been compelled to wear, joined their
brethren in the synagogue. The open joy with which they
now celebrated their ceremonies attracted too much notice; it
excited horror in Catholics, and even the Dutch thou selves, less
liberal than their laws, pretended that the toleration of Holland
did not extend to Brazil; the senate conceded to, and perhaps
partook of the popular feeling, and hence arose the edict, by which
the Jews were ordered to perform their rites more in private."

Under Count Maurice's gentle reign our coreligionists lived
in peace and they appear to have benefited by this temporary
respite and acquired much wealth, for we find on record a

3 History of Brazil (London, 1810), Vol. I, p. 560; cf. also the
quotation in 11. G. Watson's Spanish and Portuguese South America,
etc., op. eit., Vol. II, p. 29.

4 See also Netscher's Les Hollandais au Bresil, etc., (La Haye,
1853), p. 94: " Les synagogues furent fermees, et les Juifs durent se

446 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

petition from the Jews of Mauritsstad , dated May i, 1642,
offering an annual present of 3000 florins to Count Maurice if
he would be induced to remain as their Governor in Brazil. 5 In
1642, at the urgent invitation of their coreligionists (cf. Koenen,
/. c. , p. 278), 600 Jews, headed by Moses Raphael de Aguilar
and Ishac Aboab de Fonseca, came from Amsterdam 6 and
formed a prosperous colony in Recife, which gave promise of
glorious development, had not the wars between Holland and
Portugal, in which our brethren took noble part, destroyed
their hopes. In 1642, it must be noted, they again were per-
mitted to worship publicly, a privilege which did not remain
unrewarded, for we soon hear of certain state services rendered
by the Jews in 1644 and later, when many mean conspiracies
against the government were afoot, concocted, no doubt by the
Portuguese under Dutch rule. Watson (Spanish and Portu-
guese South America, etc., London, 1884, Vol, II, p. 47) says:
"At length, however, the time came when his (the chief con-
spirator's, Fernandes) practices could no longer be ignored by
the government, who were set on their guard chiefly by the Jews.
These are certainly not to be blamed for wishing a continu-
ance of the status quo; since, in the event of an outbreak, they
were certain to be plundered by both parties with complete im-
partiality; whilst, in the event of a victory on the part of the
Portuguese, they had before them the image of the fiendish
agents of the Inquisition, ' ' which, as we have elsewhere shown, 7

borner k c£16brer leur culte dans 1' interieur des maisons. Le mal
fut d' autant plus sensible qu' un grand nombre de comniereants
respectables et d'autres habitants du Br6sil-Hollandais otaient des
Juifs, qui depuis nombre d'annees s'etaient r6fugi£s au Recife on qui
recemment y avaient 6te" attire's par Ja tolerance du comte Maurice."
Cf. also ibid., pp. 128, 202, note 82 ; and Judge Daly's work, op. cit ,
p. 6. On the subject of religious freedom enjoyed by. Jews in Brazil,
more at another time.

5 Cf. Netscher's work, op. cit., p. 127. The document is preserved
in Le rapport detaille de Tolner, contresigne" par le Comte, avec tons
l 'es appendices, se trouve aux Arch, du Roy., Liasse Ind. Oca, 1 (>4 1 —
1644. The contents of this letter will be communicated elsewhere.

6 See Dr. M. Kayserling's article in P. A. J. II. S., No. 8, (1895),
p. 14 sq. Geo. A. Kohut, ibid., pp. 103, 105, 137 sq.

7 Proofs for these statements may be found in my study on The
Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America, P. A. J. H. S.,
No. 4, (1895.)

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 447

they had good reason to fear. We read later (/. c, p. 48) that
Fernandes could not be captured and summoned troops. Many
obeyed the call and fell upon such Dutchmen and Jews as
happened to be within their reach.

The loyalty of the Jews in the matter of revealing the vari-
ous state conspiracies is thus alluded to by Pieter Marinus
Netscher in his admirable work Les Hollandais au Brest I, (La
Haye 1853), p. 145: "Fortunately, national and religious
fanaticism did not smother the sentiments of humanity and
justice in the hearts of all the conspirators. Two Portuguese
[Jews?] Sebastian Carvalho and Fernando Vale, with five Jews ,
fearing that their lives and fortunes were at stake, resolved to
disclose the secret of the plot to the Grand Council. 8 Another
conspiracy was brought to light and denounced to the govern-
ment by a Jew named Moise Accoig?ies, who, against his will,
was forced to become an accessory to the plot. 9 He is no doubt
alluded to by Prof. H. Graetz, who, in his History of the Jews
(English version, Philadelphia, 1895, Vol. IV, p. 693. Jewish
Publication Society of America) writes: "Of course, the
Brazilian Jews enjoyed perfect equality of rights with other
citizens, for they rendered the Dutch essential services as advisers
a?id warriors. When the native Portuguese, who bore the
yoke of the Dutch impatiently, formed a conspiracy to get rid
of the Dutch authorities at a banquet in the capital, and attack
the colony bereft of government [?], a Jeiv gave ivaniing, and

8 We give the text in full: " Heureusement le fanatisme national
et religieux n'avait pas £toufT£ les sentiments d'humauite et de loy-
aute dans les coeurs de tous les conjures. Deux Portugais, Sebastian
Carvalho et Fernando Vale, avec cinq Juifs, craignant d'ailleurs aussi
pour leurs jours et leur fortune, se deciderent en commun a reveler le
secret de la conspiration au grand conseil."

9 Cf. Montanus Arnoldus, De nieuwe en onbekende ivereld of
beschrijving van Amerika enH Zuidland, Amsterdam, 1671, fol. 81;
Netscher, I. c, p. 144, says: " Un Juif, Moise Accoignes, qu'on avait
force a. prendre part k cette conspiration le dononca au grand
conseil." N. G. van Kampen, in his Oeschichte dec Niederlande, vol.
II, p. 118 and Frankel in Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863) p. 328-824,
record, that the ringleader in this conspiracy was Joan Fernandes
Vinira (?), who intended to poison the government officials at a din-
ner given at his own home, and the plot would have succeeded had
not a Jew raised the alarm.

448 THE AMEBIC A N JEW AS

saved the colony from certain destruction." Southey, whom at
the present writing we are unable to consult, (cf. his History
of Brazil, Vol. II, pp. 60-70), and Koenen, also chronicle the
the timely intervention of a faithful Israelite, 10 who, at the risk
of his life, for the conspirators would not have scrupled to put
him out of the way, informed the authorities of the impending
calamity to the state.

We also know that a Jew in Lisbon proved instrumental in in-
tercepting some official papers in reference to the revolt in Brazil. 11

The execution of one, Jacob Rabbi, an agent of Holland,
who must have been a Jew, is mentioned by Netscher in
the following terms: " The cause of this deser-
tion [from the Portuguese troops ?] was that the Lieutenant-
Colonel, Garstman, had been sufficiently impolitic to put to
death (in 1645 or 1646 ?) for a real or supposed crime, a certain
Jacob Rabbi, German by birth, of a ferocious character. He
had lived for many years among the savages as agent of the
Hollandish government." 12

It is evident that the Dutch Government and especially the
Governor, Count Maurice de Nassau, was not backward in
appreciating the services of the Jews. An ordinance from the
States-General reads:

" . . . The persons, goods and rights of the Jews in
Brazil are taken under the special protection of the Govern-

10 Cf. Oe8chiedenis der Joden, p 279: De terugroeping van Julian
Maurits, wiens edele afkomst en schitterende eigenschappe zelfs den
Portugezen eerbied inboezemden, en wiens ongt lookige opvolgers,
meestal kooplieden (merchants), leden de Westiiidische Maatsehap-
pij, door hnnne bekrompenheid, hebzucht en onmenschelijkheid
algenieenen afkeer vervvekten, deed onder de Portugesche ingezetenen
een sluw beraamde zanienzweriug tegen de Hollanders onstaan, die
op het punt was van te gelnkken, toen een Joodsche geneesheer haar
door het schrijven van een naamloozen brief aan den dag bracht," etc.

"Netscher, /. c. p. 153. : " Mais on parvint enfin en

Hollande, <\ se procurer, par un Juif qui demeurait a Lisbonne, le
moyen d'intercepter quelques lettres du roi, qui prouverent au sou-
lavement dans le Bresil." (Ces lettres se trouvent aux Arch du Roy.,
Liasse Ind. Occ. 1647 et 1648.)

12 Cf. ibid, I. c, p. 154 ; See also Lettre de Jtistif. de Garstman aux
Etats-generaux en date du 27 Septembre, 164<>. Arch, du Roy., Liasse
Ind. Occ. 1645 et 1646.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 449

ment, because of the fidelity and courage which that nation had
on every occasion displayed toward the said Government.'' ' l3

II.

Brave Defense of the Jews in Brazil in 1645-1646.

The best evidence of Jewish loyalty to their lenient Dutch

rulers was given at a time when the Hollandish Government

was contending with the Portuguese for the possession of

Brazil. The numerous conspiracies years previous were only

a foretaste of what followed and when at last, in the year 1645,

war actually broke out, our co-religionists lost no time in

siding with their generous patrons, regardless of consequences.

Among those that distinguished themselves for their noble

patriotism and whose co-operation in behalf of the needy and

distressed won all hearts, was a wealthy Israelite, Abraham

Coen by name, whose fame is recognized in the following

verses written in his honor by one of the greatest Portuguese

Jewish poets of Holland, Don Miguel Levi de Barrios, who

visited Cayenne 14 in 1 660 and remained there until 1 662 :

Abraham Coen en el Brasil remoto
del prineipe Mauri cio hallo el agrado
prospero y noble, y oy del Rey Empireo
goco la luz en ideal palacio.
Cerco al Brasil el luso balicoso
en nueve ailos continuos, que empeqaron
en el de mil seiscientos y quarenta
y cinco, contra el valeroso Holandio.

Y en todos con magnanima grandeza

el grande Abraham Coen sustento h quantos

Judios y Cristianos de su auxilio

en la miser ia atroz necesitaron.

Entonces los Senoras del Supremo

Consejo sobre el Pueblo Brasiliano

vieron del ftel Coen la piedad grande. Xb

13 Cf. Dr. A. Hahn, in American Jews 1 Annual for 1888-1887,
p. 35; see also Isaac de Costa, Israel und die Voelker (Frankfort o.
M., 1855), p. 319 ; and Dr. Z. Frankel, in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII,
(1863), p. : J ,23.

w Cf. Kayserling's Sephardim, Romanische Poesien der Juden
in Spanien (Leipzig 1859) p. 266; P. A. J. H. S.; No. 3, p. 18.

15 P. A. J. H. S., I. c, p. 15, note. Jacob Coen, Abraham's eldest
son, was afterwards appointed "Contador Mayor," Receiver— General
of Duke Moritz of Nassau. Cf. ib. I. c.
29

450 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Dr. Harm informs us that " in the perilous times of 1645 and
1648 great services were rendered to the government by the
Portuguese family of Cohen in furnishing ammunition and pro-
visions." 16

The Portuguese besieged Recife, near Pernambuco, which
boasted of a large Jewish population (among them several fine
scholars: David Senior Coronel, Dr. Abraham de Mercado,
Jahacob Mucate, Ishac Castanho and others) 17 and the inhabit-
ants thus deprived of every possible communication, endured
much suffering. The Jews, encouraged by their learned and
eloquent Rabbi Isaac Aboab, the friend of Menasse ben Israel,
bore their tribulations bravely, and though almost famished for
want of nourishment, defended the fort with such remarkable
skill and heroism, as to evoke the praise and gratitude of the
Government. Had it not been for the dauntless resistance
offered by them, the garrison would have been compelled
to surrender.

Aboab commemorated his thrilling experiences of war in
the introductory chapter of his Hebrew version of Abraham
Cohen Herrera's Porta Coeli (Sha'ar Ha'shamayim) which
he began to translate in June, 1655 (22nd of Siwan 5415).
Besides this, he wrote nine years before (anno 1646) a poetical
-account of the siege in a work entitled Seeker Pab; 18 Prayers
and Confessions a?id Supplications, which were composed for
appealing to God in his trouble and in the distress of the Con-
gregation, when the troops of 'Portugal overwhelmed them during
their sojourn in Brazil in the year 5406 \_1646']. A?id I have
caused the "wonderful works of God to be remembered in songs
and praises, when he released them from the hands of their
enemies. It is written in Hebrew. The Ms. is still extant in
Amsterdam, in possession of the "Arbol de las Vidas" Theo-

16 Cf. American Jews 1 Annual for 1886-1887, p. 35; Isaac de Costa,
/. c, p. 318; see also Hon. Oscar S. Straus's address in P. A. J. H. &'.,
No.3, p 3.

17 See Kayserling in P. A. J. II. S., /. c, p. 14 ; Graetz, History
of the Jews (Engl, transl.) vol. IV, p. 693.

18 See full particulars concerning this work in our study on Early
Jewish Literature in America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 105, 106
139, No. 9, and Dr. Kayserling's paper, ibid. I. c, p. 16.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 451

logical Society. 19 The part played by the Jews in the defense
of the colony is described by eminent Jewish and Christian
historians. 20 Dr. Kayserling's and Prof. Graetz's accounts are
worth citing in ex ten so. The former, who is engaged in copying
this earliest specimens of American Jewish literature, the work
of Isaac Aboab, for the American Jewish Historical Society,
writes as follows: "Aboab became Chacham (Chief) of the
congregation in Recife, which would have become one of the
largest and richest, had it not been hindered in its develop-
ment by the disturbances of war; it was dissolved after a short
existence. The new settlers enjoyed tranquility only for a
few years, for already in 1645 the sanguinary struggles, for
the possession of the colony, between the Portuguese and the
Hollanders began. The Jews stood faithfully on the side of
the Hollanders, who had granted them perfect equality, and
distinguished themselves by courage and heroism, as well as
by succor to the distressed. During the war Abraham Coen,
a rich and high-minded man of Amsterdam, who was in great
favor with Duke Moritz of Nassau, supported Jews and Chris-
tians in such a magnanimous way that the Supreme Council
of the Brazilian people looked with admiration at the great
work of mercy. Isaac Aboab faithfully discharged the duties
of his office; he ordered days of fasting and prayer, and his
fiery speeches encouraged his co-religionists to perseverance
and devotion. It was a fierce struggle of nine years which
brought much suffering on the Jews. Recife was besieged
and the garrison decimated by hunger. ' Many of the Jewish
immigrants were killed by the enemy, many died of hunger.
The remainder were exposed to death from similar causes.
Those who had been accustomed to delicacies were glad to be
able to satisfy their hunger with dry bread; soon they could
not obtain even this; they were in want of everything, and
were preserved alive as by a miracle.' "

1! 'Cf. Z. c, p. 16, No. 8.

20 Cf. Van Kampen, Geschichte der Niederlandc, vol. II, p. 120 ;
apud Frankel, Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863), p. 324; Koenen's
Gesehiedenis der Joden in Nederland (Utrecht, 1843) p. 280 sq.;
Isaac da Costa, Israel und die Voelker (Germ. ed. by K. Mann,
Frankfort, A. M., 1855) p. 318 ft.; Graetz's History, I. c, p. 693-4;
Kayserling, ib., I. c, pp. 17-18.

452 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Prof. Graetz, still more explicit, writes to the following effect :
''In 1646, when open war broke out between the Portuguese and
the Dutch, and the garrison of Recife, exhausted by famine,
was on the point of surrendering unconditionally, the Jews
encouraged the governor to brave resistance. A fanatical war
of race and religion between the Portuguese and the Dutch
devastated fair Brazil, and a famine ensued. The Jews vied with
the Dutch in suffering and bravery. Isaac Aboab, the Chacham
of the Brazil community, paints the suffering of the war,
which he himself endured, in lurid colors: ' Volumes would
not suffice to relate our miseries. The enemy spread over
field and wood, seeking here for booty and there for life.
Many of us died, sword in hand, others from want; they now
rest in cold earth. We survivors were exposed to death in
every form; those accustomed to luxuries were glad to seize
mouldy bread to stay their hunger. '

"At last, the States- General were compelled by European
wars to surrender the colony to the Portuguese. The devoted
zeal of the Jews for the political welfare of the Dutch was a
firm band, never afterwards dissolved, between them and the
Republic. The toleration and equal position of Jews in the
Netherlands were ensured forever."

Southey relates (History of Brazil, Vol. II, p. 241; apud
Koenen's Gcschicdenis, p. 281), that when the Dutch in Recife
were besieged the second time, 21 the Jews manifested much
courage and bravery in its defense. One of the Pintos (Jewish
stock also in Surinam, where Isaac Pinto, a member of this
family, likewise displayed zeal and heroism in resisting the
enemy), is said to have manned the fort Dos Affrogados single
handed, until, overwhelmed by superior force, he was com-
pelled to surrender.

" In the wars of the Dutch against the Spaniards," says Dr.
A. Hahn, "one of the Pintos was killed at his post while
bravely defending one of the fortresses." His death is nowhere
else recorded, however. 22

21 Cf. Southey 's History of Brazil, Vol. II, pp. 202-230; Van
Kampen, Oeschichte der Niederlande , Vol. II, pp. 120-122; also the
same writer's Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa; Isaac
de Costa, op. cit., p. 319.

22 See the American Jews 1 Annual for 1886-1887, p. 35.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 453

The supremacy of the United Provinces now came to an end
in America. On the 23d of January, 1654, Recife, together
with the neighboring cities of Mauri tsstad, Parayba, Itamarica,
Seara, and other Hollandish possessions, was ceded to the
Portuguese conquerors, with the condition that a general
amnesty be granted. (Koenen, /. c, p. 282). Although, as
Netscher 3 remarks, this stipulation was agreed upon, and the
Jews, who were loyal supporters of Holland, were promised
every consideration, the Portuguese governor, heeding the
treacherous advice of jealous persons, ordered the Jews to quit
Brazil at once. It must be admitted, in justice to Portugal,
that he treated them kindly , inasmuch as he placed at their dis-
posal sixteen vessels to carry them and their property any-
where they chose, and furnished them with passports and safe-
guards. Thus after a residence of several decades, Aboab,
Aguilar, the Nassys, Pereiras, the Mezas, Abraham de Castro,
Josua Sarfati, both surnamed e/ Bras//,' u returned to Amster-
dam, and many others went to New York, where they formed
the nucleus of a prosperous colony. They arrived in safety,
although one of their vessels, attacked by pirates, was rescued
by the French and escorted to New Holland. 25

23 Les Hollandais au Bresil, p. 168, ad ann. 1653-1654: " Une
amnistie pleine et entire etait accordee aux Portugais et aux Juifs,
qui avaieirt pris cause pour le gouvernement Hollandais, et les Juifs et
autres personnes non-eatholiques qui resteraient au Bresil y seraient
traites de la meme maniere, qu'au Portugal (ce qui caehait une arriere-
pensee digne de Tintolerauce relfgieuse de ces jours-la." Here he adds
a note which is hardly correct: " Aujourdhuiil ne se trouventpresque
pas des Juifs au Bresil."

24 Cf. Koenen, I.e., p. 282; Kayserling, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3,
p. 17.

26 See the Measseph for 1784; ap. Jost, Ge8chichte der Israeliten,
Vol. VIII, pp. 241-242; Da Costa, Israel und Die Voelker, I. c, pp.
321-322; Dr. Hahn in The American Jews 1 Annual (1886-1887) p. 36;
Kev. E. M. Myers' The Centurtal (New York, 1890), p. 105; P. A. J.
H. S.j No. 2, p. 99. More fully in our paper on Early Jewish Litera-
ture in America, I. c, p. 138-139.

454 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

III.

Samuel Nassy of Surinam.

Not all the Jews, who were by royal order expelled from
Brazil in 1654, when the Dutch possessions in South America
were ceded to Portugal, left their adopted country, where they,
for a brief span of years enjoyed all the privileges of their
fellowmen. Many were so much attached to American soil
that they dared remain, despite the edict of banishment, in
Brazil and elsewhere.

In Dutch Guiana, a thrifty colony was formed as early as
1644, 26 two years after the influx and settlement of Amsterdam
Jews in Brazil under Aboab and Aguilar. These were un-
doubtedly the original colonists of Brazil. This colony soon
increased by a second settlement of Jews hailing, likewise, from
Brazil, who were undoubtedly persuaded to migrate thither by
their Dutch coreligionists in Cayenne. The President of the West
Indian Company, recognizing their influence as a commercial
and political body, granted a most liberal charter of rights 27 in
J 659 (September 12th), wherein freedom of thought, and
liberty of conscience and worship were duly accorded to them
through their able representative, David Nassy, a native Bra-
zilian, who, by force of his personality, culture and intelligence,
was destined to play a most important part in the political and
social development of this and other colonies subsequently
formed in the Guianas. So enticing was this generous pro-
gramme, that already in the following year, 1660, 152 Jews

26 Cf. Koenen's Oeschiedenis der Joden in Nederland, p. 283;
Dr. M. Kayserling, Sephardim, Romanische Poesien der Juden in
Spanien, (Leipzig, 1859), p. 265.

27 The Dutch text of this valuable document is published in the
Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam, Paramaribo 1788 [Amster-
dam 1791], Vol. II, pp. 113-122 and in Koenen's work on the History
of the Jews in Holland, I. c, pp. 460-466. The present writer intends
to reprint the original text with an English translation in the P. A.
J. H. S. ; cf. his paper on Early Jewish Literature in America in the
Publications No. 3 (1895), p. 104, 136, 137.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 455

of both sexes, 28 embarked at Livorno, Italy, 29 bound for the
land of freedom, where they arrived in the ship Monte del
Cisne, having set sail on the memorable 9th day of Ab (August)
1660, in order to build up their temple under more favorable
auspices in another hemisphere. 30

Among their number was the famous Spanish poet and
historian De Barrios (see above), to whom we owe many
important items of early American Jewish history. His visit
to America was not a happy one, for shortly after his arrival
his wife, Deborah, died in Tabago (West Indies). 31

The continuous wars between Holland and Portugal caused
the colonists no little grief and annoyance. The frequent
devastations of the French, too, who were equally zealous and
greedy for conquest, gave them so much anxiety that they
decided to transplant the colony to Surinam — a plan which was
carried out on May 15th, 1664. 32

As the writer is engaged in compiling an extensive work on

28 Cf. Kayserling Sephardim, etc., I. c, p. 266; his paper on the
Earliest Rabbis arid Jewish Writers in America, in P.A.J. II. S.,
No. 3, p. 18; Koenen, I. c, pp. 283-284.

29 From this it would appear that the Jews in South America
were corresponding and perhaps commercially connected with their
brethren in Italy. We have elsewhere proven that the Marranos in
Hispaniola were carrying on an extensive trade between various large
sea-ports of Italy (see our forthcoming paper on The Jewish Martyrs
of the Inquisition in South America, to appear in P. A. J. II. S., No.
4, 1895), and that the Jews of Brazil as early as 1636 wrote to Rabbi
Chayim Sabbathai, of Salonica, in reference to disputes arising in their
midst concerning Jewish customs and ritual Cf. the notes in our
study quoted above, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 104-105, 137.

30 Cf. Barrios' reference at the end of his Opuscula: "EnTisa
beab (sic) sali de Liorne alio de 1660 con 152 Almas de Israel en la
nave llamada Monte del Cisne para ir apoblar a Cayana conquista de
Holandeses en America." Koenen, I. c, p. 283, numbers only 112
passengers, which is evidently erroneous. Cf. also Kayserling,
Sephardim, etc., p. 266, note 1 ; 355, n. 402; P. A. J. H. S., No. 3,
p. 18.

31 Cf. Kayserling Sephardim, I. c, and P. A. J. H. S., 3, p. 18; see
more fully in my paper on a Contribution to the History of the Jews
in the Islands of St. Thomas, Jamaica and Barbadoes, to appear in
P. A. J. H. S., No. 4.

32 See Koenen's Oeschiedenis, p. 284. The date 1654, there given is
probably a misprint for 1664.

456 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

the Jews of Surinam he refrains now from entering into details
concerning their early career. Suffice it to say that the spirit
of their Dutch masters followed them thenceforth for more than
a century and a half. The English government then ruling
the colony, true to their traditional standard of tolerance ever
since the days of Cromwell and Menasseh ben Israel, endowed
them with equal civil rights and granted them not only full
exercise of their religion, but excused them from public and
military service on the Sabbath day. The document is a
precious chapter in the history of religious liberty in America.
It was published recently by the present writer. 38 Without
further prolegomena, we desire to introduce one of the members
of the famous family of Nassy, all of whom fully deserved the
distinction of nobility implied in their name, 34 for their bravery
and statesmanship.

History records the estimable services of Samuel Nassy, who
but for some unlucky circumstance would have occupied the
highest official position in Surinam. De Barrios, who probably
knew him personally, remembers him in the following words:
" Del pueblo de Sarinam Samuel Nasi (si'e) SeTwrea El eoracon
eon los dones y et estudio con la eiencia. ,,3 ° Dr. Kayserling, in a
recent article says: " Of great influence upon the free develop-
ment of the colony, as on the condition of the Jew r ish inhabi-
tants, was the activity of Samuel Nasi, a talented and scientific-
ally trained man, who is designated as ' Citizens' Captain,' and
was a candidate for the position of governor." 36 It is said that

33 Cf. Appendix II to my paper on Early Jewish Literature in
America, D. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 145-147, cf. also pp. 125-132 where
some points in their history are given.

34 Dr. E. Carmoly, in his essay on Don Joseph Nasi, Due de
Naxos (Brussels, 1855), traces the relationship of this eminent person-
age even to American shores, where the Nasis flourished. The word
Nasi in Hebrew indicates chief, or prince. See also Fuerst's Orient,
XTI (1851-2), p. 335; Stemschueider's Hamiixtskir, II (1859), p. 33.

35 See Don Miguel Levi de Barrios, Arbol de las Vidas, p. 90;
apud Kayserling, in /\ A. J. H. >S'., No. 3, p. 18, note 2.

M Cf. Kayserling, lb., 1: c; and his article: Die Juden in Suri-
nam, published in FrankePs Monatsschrift fur die Geschichte und
Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Vol. VIII, (1859), p. 207; also Van
Sijpenstein, Besehrijving van Suriname, historisch-geographischen
statistisch overzigt. Uit officlele Bronnen bijeengebragt ( Graven hage,
1854,) p. 22.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 457

Governor Aerssens, with whom the Jews of Surinam had some
little difficulty, 87 sealed a treaty of peace with the Indians, who
molested the early settlers quite often, and in order to make it
of a more durable character, he formed an alliance with the
chieftain's daughter. 38 While he lived there was no disturb-
ance at all, but almost immediately after his death, the savage
tribes returned to their former aggressive attitude and made a
furious onslaught on the colony. With the help of the Jewish
inhabitants, who were headed by Captain Samuel Nassy, the
Indians were promptly repulsed. 39

Nassy soon acquired influence and prominence among his
co-religionists in particular. He strove to introduce a few
necessary reforms in ritual and ceremony — the first traces of
the reform movement in America — especially in the abrogation
of certain festivals which were perhaps too burdensome to the
community. It seems, however, that in this he met with con-
siderable opposition, although he had the sanction and support
of the Rabbis in Amsterdam, with whom he corresponded. 40
The authority with which he was vested by reason of his
executive ability and earnest zeal soon diminished with the
arrival of the newly appointed governor, Heer Van Scherpen-
huizen, the successor of Aerssens, 41 a fact which tended much to
embitter his days and aroused sharp controversy between him
and his rival. He had the satisfaction of being instrumental
in his recall soon after his accession. 42

:{T See Koenen 's Geschiedenis der Joden, etc., pp. 291-92.

:! * Cf. ibid, I. c, p. 293; Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam,
etc., Vol. I, p. 42.

38 Koenen, l.c, u 7A] werden vooral door de Joden, aan wier hoofd
zich als Kapitein Samuel Nassy bevond, teruggedreven."

40 Koenen, I. c, says: " Deze Nassy verkreeg van tijd tot tijd veel
invloed onder zijne geloofsgeuooten, en trachtte eenige hervor-
mingen bij hen tot stand te brengen, in zonderheid met opzicht tot
huune zoo menigvaldige feestdagen; doch hij vond daarin niet weinig
tegen werkin g, ofschoon hij door brieven der Amsterdamsche Iiabbi-
jnen werd ondersteund."

41 Koenen, I. c: " Zijn gezag verminderde zeer, toen de Kolonie op
nieuw een Bewindhebber verkreeg in den Heer Van Scherpenhuizen,
die Aerssens in het bestuur opvolgde."

42 See Kayserling, in Monatsschrift, I. c, Vol., VIII, p. 207:
"Samuel {Cohen) Nasi wird als Biirger-Capitaen bezeichnet und trieb

458 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Nassy flattered himself that his personal influence was neces-
sary to the welfare and prosperity of the colony. And he was
right. The Jews relied so implicitly upon his counsels and
were so certain that he would be proclaimed governor, for he
enjoyed the esteem of Jew and Gentile alike, that it was an
unpleasant shock to them all when quite another person, com-
paratively unknown, was chosen in his stead. It is, therefore,
not surprising that Samuel Nassy, seeing the loss of his public
prestige, thought fit to betake himself to Amsterdam, unwilling
to remain in a country which owed all its present affluence to
his sterling honesty and wise management, and was yet so slow
in showing its gratitude to the able statesman. His disappoint-
ment and dissatisfaction in not succeeding Heer Van Sommels-
dyk as governor infected the whole Jewish community. The
rupture which eventually followed between the Jews and
Governor Scherpenhuizen resulted in the latter's removal. 4 ' 5
This was chiefly occasioned by the unfriendly treatment of the
Jews at the governor's hands, who, seeing in them only the
partisans of his former rival, took care to harrass them with
unjust taxation. This exasperated them so much that they
lodged a complaint against him with Baron de Belmonte and
their " Citizens' Captain " Samuel Nassy, both in Amsterdam,
and demanded the immediate recall of their prejudiced governor
from the State-Council. Strangely enough, Nassy 's influence

nicht allein die stets wieder neueinbrechenden Indianer mitstarkern
Arm zuri'ick, sondern bewirkte auch, dass der neu ernannte
Gouverneur Jan (Johami) van Scharphuisen von seinem Posten
abberufen wurde." Cf. also Isaac de Costa's work, op. cit., p. 321.

4i See Koenen's Geschiedenis, etc., p. 294: " Ongelukkig ontstond
er een seherpe naijver tnsschen den nieuvven Gouverneur en Samuel
Nassy, die v66r zijne komst bijkans alle gezag in zich vereenigd had,
en wellicht had gehoopt den Heer Van Sommelsdyk in het bestuur
te zullen opvolgen; ten gevolge waarvau hij goedvond de nieuw
wereld te verlaten, en zich onder zijne broederen te Amsterdam te
gaan nederzetten. Ook na zijn vertrek bleef de spanning tnsschen de
hoofden der Israelitische bevolking en den Heer Van Scherpenhuizen
voortduren, zoodat de eersten zich bij den Baron de Belmonte en
Samuel Nassy te Amsterdam over hem beklaagden, hun bijstand
verzochten, en de terugroepiug van den Bewindhebber op die wijs
wisten te bewerken. Hij werd in 1696 vervangen door Paulus Van
Der Veen, en deze op zijne beurt in 1706 door Willem de Gooyer."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 459

was still powerful, for he was replaced, in 1696, by another
governor, Paulns van der Veen by name, shortly after the
petition was filed. Scherpenhuizen embarked for Holland.
Having been taken prisoner by the French on his way thither,
he arrived there only after several months. Hardly had he
landed at Amsterdam, before he was arraigned by Samuel Nassy
before the civil court and he was compelled to vindicate his
conduct. 41 The record of that trial and defense, in which Nassy
took a leading part, is still extant, published in 1697. 40

IV.

Defense of the Jews in Surinam Against the French in

1689 and 1712.

The loyalty of the Jews to their new settlement is un-
paralleled in American history. Every emergency found them
ready to show their allegiance to Holland. Thus, when in
1689, a French fleet, under Admiral Cassard, made a sudden
attack on the colony, they were met with brave resistence by

44 Cp. Dr. M. Kayserling's sketch on "The Jews of Surinam, " in
Monatsschrift, I. c, p. 207: " Ehe noch Scharphuizen auf Surinam
landete, hatte Samuel Nasi die Kolonie verlassen. Nasi konnte es
nicht ertrageu, einen andern Mann in der Stellung zu sehen, welche
er selbst zu erlangen hoffte und welche er, vermoege seiner dem Lande
erwieseuen Dienste und Fahigkeiten mit llecht beanspruchen konnte.
Er verliess Surinam und schirT'te sich nach Amsterdam ein. In
Folge der Mitbewerbung des Juden urn die Gouverneurstelle hatte
Scharphuizen die judischen Kolonisten mit weniger Freundlichkeit
behandelt und sie hoeher besteuert als die uebrigeu Bewohner der
Kolonie, so dass jene bei dem Grafen de Belmonte und ihrem Bi'irger-
Capitan Samuel Nasi Klage fuhrten und die Riickberufung des
Gouverneurs aufs dringenste von der Regierung verlangten. Wirk-
lich wurde ein anderer Gouverneur in der Person des Paulus vail der
Veen bestellt. Scharphuizen schifTte sich nach Holland ein ; unterwegs
von den Franzosen zum Gefangenen gemacht, gelangte er erst nach
mehreren Monaten in die Heimat. Kaum aber in Amsterdam
angekommen, wurde er von Nasi vor Gericht gefordert und gezwungen
sich oeffentlich zu vertheidigen."

45 Punten en articulen, und Bericht en antwoord van den Gou-
verneur Jan van Scherpenhuizen. (Amsterdam, 1697.) It would be
very interesting to have a copy of this important trial, in which
Samuel Nassy figured so prominently.

460 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

the Jews. Van Chattillon, son of the previous governor, dis-
played great heroism on this occasion. 46 Two Dutch historians
make mention of the valor of the Jews. Verburg and Fr.
Holf. Merkurius relate in their Histories of the East and West
Indies, that "after the death of Governor Aersen {sic) and the
arrival of the new representative Scherpenhuizen, word was
received that a French fleet was nearing Surinam. All soldiers
and sailors were ordered out and summoned to appear at the
fort. The call was obeyed by the Jews, of whom there were
many in Surinam, and despite the fact that it was a Sabbath-
day, they fought valiantly for their colony. Two letters
eulogizing their action in the matter were sent to the Society
Felix Libertate, by a worthy citizen, H. L,. Bromet, who lived
for many years in Surinam." 47

4H Cf. Koenen, I. c, p. 293-294: "De Joden van Surinam
bewezen de Kolonie wederora groote diensten. toen zij in den jare
1689 eenen aanval te verduren had van net Fransche Eskader, on der
bevel van den vlootvoogd Cassard; in welke verdediging de Heer Van
Chatillon, zoon van den vorigen Bewindhebber, zich bijzonder on-
derscheidde." See also Isaac de Costa's Israel unci die Voelker (1855),
p. 321; Frankel in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1863), p. 362. Revue
des Etudes Juives, Vol. IV (1882), p. 131.

47 Dr. E. Carmoly, in a brief note entitled: " Patriotismus der
Juden in Surinam," published in Dr. Leopold Loew's journal, Ben
Chananja (Szegedin, 1861), Vol. IV, No. 20, p. 178, n. 37, writes:
"Niemand wird ihnen den Ruhm streitig machen, nicht nur ihre
Soldatendienste zu thun, sondern auch bei Zuegen gegen ihre in die
W alder geflohene Sklaven ihre Religionsgesetze den Interesse ihrer
Buergerpflichten nachzusetzeu; sogar abergliiubische Juden werdeu es
ihnen nicht als Suende anzeichnen. Man sehe davon einen Beweis in
Verburg's O [st] en W\esf\ Did. Geschied [em's], 11 D. 8, Cydbestek, 35
hoolild. 2 45, v. d. J. 1689, und Fr. Holf. Merkurius 40 D. wo erzjib.lt
wild, dass,da nach dem Tode des Gouverneur Aersen (sic) der Bevoll-
mkchtigte Scherphuizen bei seiner Ankunft in Surinam die Nach-
rieht von der Annnherung der franzoesischen Flotte erhalten habe,
sogleich alle Soldaten, nebst den Matrosen und den Burgern auf das
Kastell erboten und diesem Befehl (Tehorsam geleistet worden sei,
selbst von den Juden, deren viele in Surinam wohnen, ungeachtet
es Sabbat war. Auch hat man darueber zwei sehr schoene Briefe an
die Gesellschaft: Felix Libertate von dem kuendigen Burger H. L.
Bromet der 20 Jahre lang in Surinam wohnte." These letters may
yet be extant in the State library at Amsterdam, where many
documents on Surinam are preserved.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 461

The colony, unmolested by strife and war, soon began to
thrive and prosper. Their respite was of short duration, how-
ever, for already in in 17 12, Admiral Cassard, at the head of
another powerful squadron advanced upon the settlement. A
fierce attack made in June, 17 12, was manfully repulsed. In
October of the same year, Cassard \s fleet again appeared on the
coast, and endeavored to sail up the Commawine River. The
inhabitants, and particularly the Jews, under Captain Isaac
Pinto 48 offered a stubborn resistance, and although they fought
valiantly, they could not prevent the enemy from landing,
bombarding the city of Paramaribo, and devastating the country.
The treaty of Utrecht sealed soon after between the French
and Dutch put an end to these vagaries. 49

A recent writer on American Jewish history says: " In the
war against the French in 1689, members of the families Pinto
da Fonsera (read Fonseca), Arias, Naar, De Brito and D'Avilar
fought valiantly." 50

48 See my paper hi the P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 121, note 1; al
Rtvuedes Etudes Juives. Vol. IV (1882), p. 131.

49 See Van Kampen, Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Eu-
ropa, Dl. II, bl. 416-420; apud Koenen's Geschiedenis, etc., p. -J94-49o:
" De Kolonie was van jaar tot jaar in bloei en welstand toegenomen,
sedert de heilzame hervormingen van Aerssens hare talrijke vruchten
begounen af te werpen. Geen wonder, dat ire opkomende welvaart
de Franschen, die op dat pas met de Republiek in oorlog waren,
geweldig in de oogen stak. In Jnnij des Jaars 1712 waagden zij
een vrij hevigen aauval, die echter manmoedig werd afgeslagen.
In October verscheen de Fransche vlootvoogd Cassard op nienw voor
de kust, en trachte de rivier Commawine binnen te zeilen. De in-
gezetenen, in zonderheid de joden onder hun Kapitein Isaac Pinto,
boden een hardnekkigen wederstand, doch konden niet beletten,
dat de vijaud het land afliep, de stad Paramaribo bombardeeide, en
de volkplanting op een grnwzame wijs brandschattede. Kort daarop
werd de vrede van Utrecht gesloten, waardoor de Kolonie van dezen
vijand gelukkig voor het vervolg verlost werd." See also Dr. Kay-
serling, in the Monatsschrift, I. c, p. 208. His remarks being substan-
tially the same, we forbear citing in full.

50 Cp. Dr. A. Hahn's article on Primitive Jewish Settlements in
America, in the American Jews 1 Annual for 1886-1887, p. 36; also
Isaac de Costa, op. cit., p. 821; Revue des Etudes Juives, Vol. IV (1882),
p. 181. We are inclined to think that the families mentioned, dis-
tinguished themselves in subsequent engagements in Surinam, during
the negro revolts of which we shall speak in the next rubric.

462 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

Suppression of Negro-Revolts by the Jews of Surinam
(1690-1772.)

Hardly were the colonists freed from the depredations of the
French before danger menaced them from another direction.
An anonymous writer, cited by Hannah Adams, 51 says: "The
great check to the prosperity of Surinam has arisen from the
inhabitants being exposed to the invasion and lawlessness of
the Maroons, or runaway negroes, who have formed several
communities in the inaccessible parts of the woods, and were
the most implacable and cruel enemies of the colonists. 77/ c
Jewish militia have ofte?i sigrialized themselves against them,
a?id have been of great use to the colony; one-third of whom
were of this (Jewish) nation."

Already in the }^ear 1 690 the negro slaves on the plantation
of a wealthy Jewish landowner, Machado, rebelled against their
master and murdered him. Governor Scharphuizen, who en-
tertained bitter feelings against the Jews, refused to lend them
the slightest assistance, so that they were thrown entirely upon
their own resources. 52 More than once the Jews, exasperated

61 Cp. a review of the Essai Historique sur la Colonie Surinam,
etc., quoted often in this essay, in the Monthly Review for 1792;
Frankel in his Monatsschrift, vol. XII (1868), p. 362; and Hannah
Adams' History of the Jews (Boston, 1810) p. 457. On pp. 455-458,
a fair resume of the History of the Jews in Surinam is given.

52 Koenen, I, c, p. 295: "Heeds in het jaar 1690 waren de slaven
op de plantagie van eenen rijken Israeliet, Machado genaamd,
opgestaan, en hadden hun meester vermoord. Van toen af waren
de Negers, die kans zagen om zich van hunne heeren te ontslaan,
begonnen naar de binnenlanden te vluchten, alwaar zij zich in de
bosschen nestelden. De Gouverneur Van Scherpenhuizen vond niet
goed, den Joden bij dergeiijke gelegenheden eenigen bijstand te ver-
leenen, maar beval hun, om up hunne eigene verdediging bedacht
te zijn. Dit was een groote misslag ; want, eensdeels leerde hij
daardoor de Israelitische be vol king zich onderling tot hare eigene
handhaving te verbindeu, hetgeeu lichtelijk voor de Christenen
bij eenige botsing gevaarlijk had kunnen worden; anderdeels liet
hij daardoor langzamerhand eene macht opkomen, die gelijk de
ervaring geleerd heeft, niet slechts voor de rust en veiligheid,
maar voor het bestaan der volkplanting zelve hoogstgevaarlijk moest
worden." Cp. also Kayserling, I. c, p. 208.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 463

by the governor's neglect, took matters into their own hands,
and defended themselves with great success. The negroes,
nothing daunted by this spirited show of resistance assumed a
still more threatening attitude, their numbers, and hence their
audacity, increasing more and more each day. The natives
knowing full well that their advantage lay in their endurance
of climate and similar local circumstances, understood how to
utilize the fact to their benefit, and during the following years
harassed the colony very much. This state of affairs, how-
ever, could not last long. In 1730 a desperate effort was made
by the Jewish militia, which was determined to punish the
slaves, under the lead of an under-officer followed by fourteen
volunteers and thirty-six negroes. They exhibited no little
courage and bravery in the taking possession and guard of an
important post situated in the vicinity of the devastated negro
villages. 53 This determined stand of the Jews did not, by any
means, intimidate the lawless hordes who were intent upon re-
bellion and plunder. On the contrary it only roused their anger
all the more. In 1731 it was again deemed imperative to check
their depredations. The Citizens' Captain Boeye and the
spirited David Nassy, (who more than any one else before
and after him worked for the prosperity of Surinam) were
chosen leaders of this campaign. David Nassy is described by
historians as a man of power and integrity. He is said to have
drilled the negro slaves on his plantation so thoroughly for such
enterprises, that his co-operation was of the utmost ne-
cessity. He was the nephew of David Nassy who first settled
in Surinam and received (in 1659), the famous charter of
privileges to settle in Cayenne. 54 (See above.) It seems that
he entertained friendly relations with his negro slaves who, in
17 17 were offered perfect freedom by the Political Council

53 Koenen, I. c, pp. 295-296: " De Joden verdedigden zich meer

dan eenmaal net goed gevolg Evenwel deed men in 1730

eene krachtvolle poging, bij welke zich eene Joodsche compagnie,
onder aanvoering van een Onderofficier met veertien blanken en zes-
en-dertig Negers, onderscheidde door net bezetten en bewaken van
een belankrijken post, na net verwoesten van de gehuchten der Bosch-
negers." Cp. also Kayserling, I. 0., p. 208.

54 Cp. Kayserling in Monatsschrift, I. c, p. 208.

464 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

(Raad van Politic) if they volunteered to fight against the Ma-
roons, who made frequent assaults on the colonists. Already
in the year 1718, Nassy enlisted in the Jewish Corps, com-
manded by Captain Jacob D'Awlar, and distinguished himself
in a combat of a similar nature. So impetuous and brave was
he in battle that he was speedily promoted from a regular to
the office of Lieutenant, and later to that of Captain of the
Jewish Citizens' Company {Kapitcin der Joodschc burger com-
pagnie). He was, therefore, well qualified by dint of personal
bravery and diplomatic skill to take so important a part in the
expedition against the Maroons.

In the present campaign he was not less fortunate and
heroic. Undaunted by the treacherous trick of Boeye, who
abandoned him in the middle of the fray, he attacked the foe
in their own retreats, killed several and took as many more
prisoners. Boeye, who was his envious rival, fearful perhaps
of the consequences of his own cowardice, accused Nassy of
indiscretion and disobedience, but so universal was the esteem
and sympathy felt for the latter, who had before earned laurels
on the field and was thought incapable of such folly, that he
had but little difficulty in proving his innocence. The result
was that Nassy was honorably acquitted, whilst his jealous
rival, the real culprit, was duly punished. He added to his
fame most decisively by this new stroke of bravery and military
prowess and had the honor of being praised and glorified by the
Spanish- Jewish poetess Benvenida Belmontc^ who composed a
fitting eulogy in verse on his deeds of valor/' 6 Nassy was the

55 Koenen, /. c, p. 297, has erroneously Ben Venida del Monte — a
name unknown in Spanish-Jewish literature. Dr. Kayserling, /. c,
p. 208, note 6, corrects the mistake, and identifies him with the same
authoress, who wrote in praise of the Spanish translation of the
Psalter by Daniel Israel Lopez Laguna, of Jamaica. Cp. the present
writer's papers on Early Jewish Literature in America, in
P. A. J. H. &, No. 3, p. 110-112; 140-141; and Jewish Martyrs of the
Inquisition in South America, in P. A. J. II. S., No. 4, (1895) where
full references are given on this famous American-Shephardic poet.

56 See Koenen 's Geschiedenis I. c, p. 296-297: "

Reeds in 1718 had hij, (David Nassj') onder bevel van den Joodschen
Kapitein Jacob d'Avilar, aan een welgelukten aauslag van dien aard
deel genomen: ten gevolge van welken hij van Onderofficier tot
eersten Luitenant, straks tot Kapitein der Joodsche burger-compag-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 465

second South American Jew, whose nobility of character and
state services were commemorated in Spanish- Jewish literature.
(Cp. supra, rubric II, on Abraham Coen of Brazil.) His gen-
eralship and scientific tactics were called into requisition about
two decades afer his above detailed victory, in another expe-
dition against the marauding band of negroes, who troubled
the peace of the colony for nearly a century at various inter-
vals. As previously noted, in the case of Machado, anno 1690,
the slaves of another wealthy Jewish planter, Manuel Pereirx,
rebelled against their master, in 1738, and, thinking to shake
off the yoke of slavery, cruelly murdered him. Hereupon,
Isaac Arias, a former officer of the Jewish militia, who lived
in the victim's neighborhood, sent out a detachment of Jewish
volunteers, headed by David A T assy and Abraham De Brito,
to wreak vengeance upon the rebels. The troops remained
away for six weeks in the enemy's camp, 57 and it began to be
feared that they were utterly routed and destroyed, when the
company returned, bringing with them the trophies of a most suc-
cessful onslaught made against the Maroons, namely six hands
severed from fallen negroes, and forty-seven prisoners of war.
As a reward for their bravery every officer received from the
Council (Raad) 75 f. (florins?); every citizen (Jewish regular)
36 f. ; each armed negro 20 f. ; and each colored man who was
in needy circumstances, 5 f. 58

nie, benoemd was. Thans was hij niet minder voorspoedig; en of-
schoon door Boeye verlaten, trof hij den vijand in zijne woningen aan;
versloeg er velen, en nam een aantal andereu gevangen. Boeye, die
den Israelitischen Hoofdman wegens gebrek aan ondergesehiktheid,
had aangeklaagd, werd zelf gestraft, en Nassy oogstte van dezen
tocht zoo groot eenen naam in, dat hij door den Spaansch-Joodschen
dichter (sic) Ben Venida del Monte (sic) in fierlijke lofdichten werd
bezongen en gevierd." See also Kayserling, I. c, p. 208. His notes
based on Koenen'sare not as full.

57 Van Kampen, in his Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Eu-
ropa, Dl. Ill, bl. 116, says, curiously enough, that they were away
about six months instead of six weeks.

58 Cp. Koenen, I. e., p. 297: " In 1738 standen de Negers der plan-
tagie van den Joodschen eigenaar Manuel Pereira op, vermoorden
hunnen meester. Hierop zond Isaac Arias, voormalig Orficier der
Joodsche compagnie die zijne bezittingen in de nabuurschap had,

466 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Five years later, in 1743, brave old Captain David Nassy,
who had conducted thirty like expeditions against the Maroons,
sallied forth for the last time to fight for his people and, ac-
cording to some, to die on the battlefield the death of a hero. 59
This time he was arrayed against the Creoles, who by reason
of their more acute intelligence and culture (having been long
associated with Europeans) were yet the most dangerous of all
their foes. Endowed with a noble Macabbean spirit, he fell like
his ancestor Matathias, in the moment of victory. It was on
the Day of Atonement that the venerable sage and warrior
sallied forth to war. It must have been urgent indeed, for
David Nassy regardless of the solemnity of the festival put
himself at the head of his trusty men, crossed over the Suri-
nam River; penetrated further inland; pursued the enemy, set
their huts ablaze; tore their fruits out of the ground; killed
many on the spot and dragged about forty slaves along with
them as captives. Nassy, who had already passed his three
score years and ten, fell a victim to the treachery of his foes.
It was told him that the negroes had poisoned all the wells in
the village, so that he was compelled to turn homeward, in
order to quench the burning thirst which afflicted him and his
troops,, without awaiting the orders of the Council. This most

eenige, vrijwilligers van zijne natie, onder aanvoering van David
Nassy en Abraham De Brito, tegen de Boschnegers uit. Zes weken
lang bleef deze bende op vijandelijken grond, zoodat niemand wist
wat van haar geworden was; doch bij hunne terugkomst bleek het,
dat zij een allervoorspoedigsten aanval hadden gedaan terwijl zij de
afgehonwene, handen van zes gesueuvelde Negers, en zeven-een-veer-
tig krijgsgevaugenen medevoerden. Jeder Officier ontving daarop
van den Raad voor dezen tocht f. 75 ; jeder burger f. 36; elk gewapende
Neger f. 20, en jeder zwarte die met levensmiddelen belast geweest
was, f. 5 ter belooning." See also Dr. Kayserling, I. c, pp. 208-209.
He does not state what the rewards were.

59 Cf. Dr. Hahn's article on Primitive Jewish Settlements in Amer-
ica, in The American Jews 1 Annual for 1886-87, p. 36, who says that
" among those who fell on the battlefield was David Nassi, in 1743,
at the age of seventy. That was his thirty-first campaign against
the French." We are inclined to believe that this is wrong, for
earlier historians (see the following note) state that he died of a
broken heart— a victim of slander. Furthermore, he did not fight
against the French, but the Maroons. See also Isaac de Costa, op. dt.,
p. 321.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 467

natural step gave his opponents a good excuse for lodging a
complaint against him with the authorities, who are usually
ready to listen to malice and dispute. His defense was scarcely
heard and he was pronounced guilty. Such wanton ingrati-
tude the good old soldier hardly expected as a reward for his
services for the welfare of his fellow-men. Bitter disappoint-
ment and grief undermined his health. He was seized with
fever, and soon after at the age of seventy, or thereabouts,
death released him from his sufferings. With him died the
flower of the Jewish colony, an Israelite indeed, in whom there
was no guile. His co-religionist, Isaac Carvalho, was chosen
Captain of the Jewish Citizens' Company, in his place. 60

A few years later, a treaty of peace was made with the
Western Maroons, who were getting more and more perilous to
the safety of the colonists. But a new danger threatened them
from another side. In 1749 the Maroons in the east, known
as Tempati (?) Negroes {Tempati-?iegers), broke forth in
mutiny, plundered a plantation completely and carried off all
the negro slaves who lived there. This plantation (as in fact

60 Cf. Kuenen, I. c, p. 297-98: Vijf jaren later deed dezelfde on-
vermoeide Israelit (David Nassy), die wel dertig tochten tegen de
Boschnegers heeft oiidernomeo, ofschoon reeds bejaard, nog eenen
aanval op het dorp der kreoolsche Negers, die door hunne meer dere
beechaving en hun omgang met de Europeers de gevaarlijkste van
alle waren. Deze strooptocht had plaats op den grooten Verzoendag
der Joden. Zonder dat zij zich door de heiligheid van het feest lieten
terug houden, trokken deze, de rivier Suriname langs, het binnenland
in vervolgden den vijand, staken zijne hutten in vlam, roeiden de
veld vruch ten uit den grond, brachten een aantal Negers om, en
voerden viertien krijgssgevangenen met zich. Doch Nassy werd het
slachtoffer van een list desvijands. Men maakte hem diets, dat de
waterbronnen door de Negers vergiftigd waren; een hij, door gebrek
aau de noodige verversching gedwongen, neemt op zich om terug de
keeren, zonder den last of de orders ven deen Raad af te wachten.
Zijne benijders en tegenstanders wisten hem deswege bij den Raad in
een kwaad gerueht te brengen; zijne verdediging werd naauwelijks
aangehoord; zijn proces opgemaakt. Bit krenkte den wakkeren man
zoo geweldig, dat hij door eene koorts werd aangetast, die hem in
den ouderdom van zeventig jaren ten grave sleepte. Na zijnen dood
werd zijn geloofsgenoot, Isaac Carvalho, in zijne plaats tot Kapitein
der Joodsche burger — compagnie benoemd." Cp. also, Kayserling,
I. c, p. 209.

468 THE A MERICA N JEW AS

all others in Surinam) belonged to a Jewish land- owner, and
was called Auka. Henceforth the insurrection which origi-
nated there was named after the Auka-negroes. Against these
marauders, an expedition, partly under the Christian chief,
Rijsdorp, and parly in command of the Jewish captain, Moses
Naar, was organized and dispatched in 1757. It deserves to
be mentioned, by the way, that this was Naar's seventeenth
campaign against the Creoles. The result of this undertaking
was likewise favorable. Naar burned down a whole negro-
village, made a number of captives, among them being a
certain Corydon, the leader of the insurrection. For his
bravery and skilful capture he was presented with a worthy
gift by the Council. 61

We are informed by David J. C. Nasi (or Nassy), the third
descendant of the original settler of Surinam, who compiled
with other intelligent men of his age, an exhaustive and com-
prehensive chronicle of the Jews in Surinam in French, 62 that

61 See Koeueu, I.e., p. 298-299: "Eenige jaren daarna werd een
verdrag van vrede met de meer en meer gevaaiiijk wordende westelijke
Marrons gesloten. Doch 1111 vertoonde zich en nieuw gevaar van den
kant der oostelijke of Tempati-negers, die in het jaar 1749 eene plan-
tagie plonderden, en de Negerslaven die zich aldaar bevonden, met zich
voerden. Deze plantagie behoorde eenen Joodschen eigenaar, en heette
Auka; van daar bleef aan deze opstandelingen de naam van Anka-
negers. Tegen dien vijand was het, dat in 1757 een tocht werd onder-
nomen, gedeeltelijk onder den Christenoverste Rijsdorp, gedeeltelijk
onder den Joodschen Kapitein Naar, die reeds vroeger zestien malen
tegen denzelfden vijand opgetrokken was. De uitslag 00k van deze
onderneming was allergunstigst. Naar verbrandde een groot Neger-
dorp, maakte een aantal gevangenen, waaronder zich zekere Corydon,
de belhamel der opstandelingen, bevond, en werd voor zijn manmoedig
bedrijf door den Raad met een aanzienlijk geschenk begiftigd." See
also Dr. Kayserling, /. c, p. 209: " Im Verein mit dem obersten
Rijsdorp bekriegte Naar die noch immer Verheerung anrichtenden
Neger. Er verbrannte eine ihrer groessten Doerfer, nahm ihren
Hiiuptling gefangen und wnrde wegen seiner an den Tag gelegten
Tapferkeit ansehnlich belohnt."

62 See the Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc., (Para-
maribo, 1788; Dutch version, Amsterdam, 1791), Vol. I, p. 123. Of
this rare and valuable work, which was called forth by the writings of
Dohm on the Emancipation of the Jews, only one copy (in the British
Museum) is known to be in existence. The writer of these lines is
having the volumes copied in view of his History of the Jews in

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 469

already in 1750, Moses Naar and Gabriel de La Fatte, in recog-
nition of their active zeal in suppressing a revolt of the negroes
in their colony, were presented with silver cups and a vote of
thanks from the government. 63

The fame achieved by his co-religionist, Naar, so enthused
and electrified the young and ambitious Isaac Nassy that he
was eagerly anticipating another outbreak on the part of the
Maroons, in order to show his courage and reckless heroism.
The impetuous youth met with a noble, but pathetic end:

Thinking that against a well-regulated army, however small,
no valor or charge of the negroes could possibly prevail, he
hastily collected twelve of his followers upon the rumor of their
approach; armed his and their most trusty slaves; provided
himself with the barest necessities of war, sufficient for about
ten or twelve days, and pursued the retreating foe with an
ardor which, if imprudent, is at least a virtue in one so young
and war- thirsty. He was, however, suddenly confronted by a
much more considerable number of negroes than he reckoned
upon. His little band stood ground but for a short while.
Nassy himsely displayed great bravery, and although severely
wounded by a rifle shot in his right limb, he began to fight
with a still more marvelous energy in order to rally his terrified
men and to re-arouse their fleeting courage. But in vain. He
was captured alive by the sanguinary horde and brutally
murdered. Two of their chief officers and twenty soldiers fell
with him on the battlefield. 64

Surinam. See for further references his paper in the P. A. J. H. S.,
No. 3, pp. 126-30. It is worthy of mention that this is the first work
published in Paramaribo.

63 Cf. Rev. E. M. Myers' Centurial (New York, 1890), p. 117, ad
ann. 1750.

04 Cp. Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc. (Para-
maribo, 1788), Vol. I, pp. 98, 99; Kuenen, I. c, pp. 299, 300 gives a
graphic account: " Zoodanige belooning, de eerzucht 00k van den nog
jeugdigen Isaac Nassi/ prikkelende, berokkende dezen moedigen
jongeling zijn ondergang. Naijverig op de onderscheiding, door
zijnen geloofsgenoot verworven, en wanende, dat de Boschnegers
tegen een' geregelden aanval geen moed noch kracht wisten over te
stellen, verzamelt hij in haast een twaalftal zijner vrienden, wapent
hunne beste slaven en de zijnen, voorziet zich met een onbeduidenden
voorraad van krijgsbehoeften en levensmiddelen voor tien of twaalf

470 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

At last, the authorities saw that it was advisable and impera-
tive again to make a treaty of peace with the relentless Ma-
roons, or fugitive negroes, (gevluchte Negets) whose ravages
for over half a century spread ruin and terror throughout the
land. Accordingly, on the 23d of May, 1761, peace was es-
tablished, to last for a good many years, apparently. 65 It was
not long, however, before hostilities were resumed. In 1772
the State Council found it imperative to call in the aid of the
mother country against the Maroons, who grew more audacious
in proportion as they advanced in culture and education. 66
The State General, roused to action by the serious state of
affairs in the colony, sent a company of 500 men, under com-
mand of Captain Forgeoud, who had previously shown much
courage and ingenuity in suppressing a revolt of negroes in the
Barbary States. Two years later, a series of military posts
was established, beginning from the Savannah of the Jews to
the banks of the Commawine River and from there to the sea.
Forts, strengthened by means of palisades were constructed
from plantation to plantation, and when finally peace was
enforced, the colony was spared from any further molesta-
tion at the hands of the unruly negroes. 67 Koenen, though very

dagen en vervolgt alzoo den op de vlucht gedreven' vijand. Doch hij
stutte op een veel grooter aantal dan hij berekend had. Eenen tijd
lang hielden de blanken zieh nog stande. Nassy leide groote dapper-
heid aan een dag, en ofachoon hij een geweerschot in net rechter-
been bekomen had, deed hij nog groote moeite orn zijne lieden te
hereenigen en nun zinkenden moed weder aan te wakkeren. Doch
te vergeefs. Hij vverd levend door de Negers gevat, en wreedaardig
vermoord. Wellicht zouden zij hem nog net leven gespaard hebbeu,
ten einde de voldoening te smaken van zich door een' blanke te laten
dienen; maar de wraakzucht, die al te hevig in nun woesten boezem
blaakte, liet nun zelfs deze wreede barmhartigkeid niet toe. Zij
verloren echter bij deze gelegenheid een tweetal hunner opperhoof-
den, en nog wel twintig gemeenen." See alno Kayserling, iwMonats-
schrift, I. c, pp. 209, 210.

65 Cf. Koeneu, I. c, p. 800-801: " Den 28 sten Mei, 1761, werd er
een vrede met hen gesloten, die thans een einde maakte aan de
gewapende tochten," etc., etc.

66 See Essai Historique sur la Colonie de Surinam, etc., Vol. I,
p. 180.

67 Cf. Essai Historique, etc., Vol. I, p. 185; Koenen, I. c, p. 301-
302.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 471

fair and just to the Jews in his History, sees fit to reproach them
for their unkind treatment of slaves, 68 which, he opines,
was the chief cause of the rebellion, lasting over seventy years.
We are inclined to think that this rebuke is unwarranted, inas-
much as the rigid Mosaic and Rabbinic laws regarding them, were
always strictly followed by the Jews and those in Surinam,
who had men like the family of Nassy at their head, could not
have trespassed these ordinances. He admitted, however,
in his summary, that the colony in her defense was always
deeply indebted to the Jewish militia, and in social and. com-
mercial matters especially beholden to them, for the Jews were,
the cultivators of the marshy and often dangerous soil and the
masters of commerce, the chief factors of the welfare and pros-
perity of the settlement, 69 since its foundation. Not desiring
to anticipate our conclusions in a larger work, we content our-
selves with saying that nowhere else in the history of America
is such devotion, disinterestedness and loyalty on the part of
Jewish citizens so marked, and let us add, so gratefully
recognized as in the little Dutch Province of Surinam. And
nowhere else in the New World did the Israelites thrive more
in culture, learning and religion than in the Jewish Savannah.
of Guiana, as their community was called. Small wonder,
then, in view of their attachment to their Hollandish masters,
when we hear that in 1785, on the occasion of the reconsecra-
tion of their synagogue, then 100 years old, the Governor
Wichers, with all the provincial magistrates and other eminent
citizens, attended in a body the impressive ceremonies, which

68 See Koenen, I. c, p. 800: " . . . De afkeer des verdrukten
Negers was veel grooter voor den Israelitischen meester dan voor den
Christenplanter; en de Jood was harder tegen den armen slaaf, dan
zijn landgenoot van verschillend geloof." etc.

69 Cf. Koenen, ibid., I. c, p. 300-301: " .... Haasten wij
ons intusschen, tegenover deze treurige bedenkingen de aangenamer
opmerking te maken, dat de volkplanting wegeus hare verdediging
niet minder verplichtingen aan hare Joodsche bevolking in die dagen
gehad heeft, dan vroeger wegens de oorbaarmaking harer woeste
gronden, of als het moederland door de herlevendiging van deszelfs
handel; en dat dus de Jood in de kolonien door het beoefenen van den
landbouw en het waarnemen der landsbeveiliging, die verdiensten
verworven heeft, die hem in het Gemeenebest zelve nog schenen te
ontbreken."

472 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

are graphically narrated in a little volume published by an eye
witness. 70 And that two Christian philo-Semites wrote beautiful
verses in Dutch in honor of these festivities, republished by the
writer, elsewhere. 71 Nor does it now seem strange that the Jews
loved to glorify their governors, J. G. Wichers, 72 Sir Chas. Green, 73
and Abraham De Veer, 74 in pretty songs and hymns, written in
Hollandish and Hebrew. These were but poetic tokens of their
patriotism. As late as 1853, the records inform us of their
prosperity and constantly growing activity and interest in the
colony. In that year we find them in the courts (Ellis, Juda,
Fernandes, and others); among thirteen advocates, notaries,
and procurators, there were seven Jews (Heilbronn, Colaco,
Belmonte, de Granada, Abendanon, etc.); many served in the
army as captains, lieutenants, colonels, majors, and chaplains.

70 Beschrijving van de plechtigheden, nevens de lofdiehten en gebe-
den uitgesproken op het eerste Jubelfeest van de Synagogue der Por-
tugeesche Joodsche gemeente, op de Savane in de Colonie Suriname,
genaamd Zegen En Vrede. [Berakha Ve-Shaloiri] op den 12 den
van Wijnmaand 1785. (Amsterdam, Hendrik Willem en Cornells
Dronsberg, 1786). The volume is described at length in my paper on
Early Jewish Literature in America, P. A. J. H. S., No. 8, pp. 126-
129. where the Hebrew title is also given.

71 See the writer's Literary Gleanings on American Jewish His-
tory, No. II, in the Menor ah Monthly for September, 1895 (Vol. XIX),
pp. 149-152.

72 See S. J. Rudelsom's Lofzang op den bleyde dag der inhuldiging

van J. G. Wichers, gouverneur-generaal ovtr de colonie v.

Suriname, 2 Juni, 1785. The Ms. of this interesting pamphlet will
soon be printed, with other works of Surinam Jews, in the
French Jewish periodical, Revue des Etudes Juives, published in
Paris. See also P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, p. 127.

73 Plechtigheden, vreugde gezangen en gebeeden in de Hoogd. Jood-
sche Synagogue Neve Salom, te Suriname, op d. dag d. dinhuldtg. van
Sir Charles Green, Gouverneur-Generaal over Suriname, opgesteld en
gezongen d. J. M. De Vries, Voorzanger. (Paramaribo, 1804.) See
also P. A. J. H S., No. 3, p. 180.

74 See Plechtige Vreugde Gezangen, en Gebeden, Verricht in de

Hoogduitsche Israelitische Sinagogue Neve Salom te

Suriname, ter gelegenheid, en op den blydendag der Inhuldiging
van Zynen Hoog Edelen Gestrengen, Heer Abraham De Veer, Gou-
verneur-Generaal der gemelde kolonie, — Gezongen door den Erwaar-
den Heer Tobias Tall. The Hebrew title and other particulars are
given in the writer's paper, P. A. J. H. S., No. 3, pp. 130-131.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 473

In fact they minister to the public weal in every conceivable
capacity. 70 In their hands the colony still prospers. Recent
reports, made by a correspondent of the Jewish Chronicle in
London, are aglow with enthusiasm for the prosperity of their
now thrifty and intelligent colony, and reassure us of the vigor
and tenacity of our faith in that distant land.

VI.

Extracts from a Letter of David Ebron (dated 1597) to

King Philip II, Giving an Account of his Discoveries

and Services to the State, in South America.

Among the numerous letters, documents and registers of the
Albaic archives, 76 which bear special reference to the dis-
covery and colonization of America, is particularly noticeable
the culture -historic, perhaps valuable memorial address of
David Ebron from Constantine, Algeria (dated December 9th,
J 597)> to the Emperor, Philip II. The writer introduces him-
self in the preliminary note as an Israelite, who, at a tender
age, fled to Africa, and rendered important services to the King
of India and other personages of rank in various sections of
Africa.

He enumerates many items of surprising significance,
apparently anxious to array them as an overwhelming evidence
if his abilities and reliability, and eager to impress upon the
august reader the great amount of gratitude due him for his
achievements. He prepared accurate sketches of distant

75 Cf. Dr. Kayserling, Monatsschrift, I. c, p. 213.

76 For completeness' sake we reproduce this chapter from a
recent sketch in the Menorah Monthly (Vol. XIX), for September, 1895,
pp. 145-148, entitled: A 16th Century document written by David Ebron,
a Jewish financier in America. This newly discovered letter is perhaps
the most important evidence yet furnished of the services rendered by
the Jews in the discovery and financial improvement of America, and
deserves to be incorporated in this work. The book containing a
copy of this document was lately published in Madrid (1891), under
the title: Documentos Escogidos del Archivo de la Casa di Alba. See
for other particulars the above quoted article in Menorah, note. We
intend publishing Ebron 's letter soon in the orginal.

474 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

regions and established settlements, dependent upon his
generous bounty ; he discovered countries and conquered them ,
and whatsoever had been attempted in Santa Marta, South
America, within the last five years, may be safely attributed
to his energetic activity and perseverance. Thence he repaired
by land to Peru, and enlisted in the service of the monarch in
Huancabelica. The last remarkable harvest in quicksilver,
which was so advantageous to the king, was chiefly due to his
judicious management. By careful husbanding of material
and laudable zeal he was instrumental in not only saving sixty
and some odd thousand pesos (!) involved in the annual trans-
portation of small fleets from Lima and Panama but equally as
much by causing galleys to be constructed there.

Through the personal malice and mean manceuvers of two
officials, the well-merited reward for the last mentioned benefits
was withheld from him. " But," affirms the abused victim of
ingratitude with a dignified emphasis, which seemed to restore
his confidence, ' ' my accomplishments in this regard may easily
be ascertained by application to Gutierrez Florez, the Indian
minister of commerce in Seville."

" I do not bring these facts to your notice, ' ' continues the
self -vindicator in haughty terms, "in order to obtain reward
from your Majesty, but that your serene highness might per-
ceive how zealously and indefatigably, I, a secret Hebrew, 11
travelled everywhere, despite harassing circumstances, obstacles
end even imminent perils, and have forsaken your realm out of
pure fear to die outside of my faith, which, according to my
conception is the only true creed appointed by the Almighty,
the Creator of heaven, sun, moon, sea and all things therein,
you, gracious Sire included. I do not revive these recollec-
tions in order to deplore my ill-fortune or petition for the proper
remuneration and recognition denied me for the various favors
rendered, for such great and weighty benefits I am yet in a
position to offer from here, without necessitating my residence
there; only out of simple attachment to your royal highness,

77 On the Marranos in Hispaniola and South America, Dr. Kay-
serling has published some interesting data in the P. A. J. H. S. } No.
2; see also his Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the
Jews in the Discovery of America (New York, 1894).

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 475

whom I desire to' serve and in order that the memory of this
Israelite and his faithful acts be not wholly eradicated from
your heart, I am quite satisfied to continue the diligent execu-
tion of projects confided to my trust. O, would it please the
Heavenly Father, that the Jews in your dominion could enjoy
the same liberties and privileges accorded to them by the
exemplary toleration of the Pope in Rome, Venice Milan,
Naples, in the whole of Apulia, Ragusa, Florence, Pisa,
Ferrara, Mantova and Italy and here in Constantine and the
Barbary States.

Would that they were permitted to migrate from one portion
of your realm to the other and live under the same circum-
stances as elsewhere. Then I would not resign from the office
I so loyally occupied, and your countries would considerably
increase in commercial opulence — it is inconceivable why your
Grace should not participate in the profits reaped by others —
then your armies, military exploits and campaigns against
Lutherans, heretics and other enemies would be much more
successful than they have been heretofore.

' ' And as regards the Spanish Inquisition against the Jews, ' ' '
further declares this remarkable champion of the Mosaic faith,
' ' I have absolutely no objection to urge, if it is directed against
such as voluntarily embrace Christianity and secretly profess
the ancient religion." He calls the King's attention to the
fact that within two months he could at command transport
200,000 pesos cash money into the state treasury without injur-
ing anyone; in a similar manner he is able in one single day,
whenever the King willed it, to obtain more than one million
pieces of gold from Santa Fe in the new kingdom of Granada.
Other treasures are spoken of as accessible to the all -conquer-
ing genius of David Ebro7i, and obtainable by him for the
King, whom he is intent on reconciling to his Jewish subjects.

78 The writer of these pages, in another paper, treats of the suffer-
ings of the Marranos or New Christians in Mexico, Peru and Brazil
from 1570 to 1750. Bee his article on " The Jewish Martyrs of the In-
quisition in South America," in P. A. J. H. &, No. 4, (1895). Dr.
Cyrus Adler furnishes in the same Publications, No. 4, a valuable
sketch on the "Trial of Jorge de Almeida by the Inquisition in
Mexico," 1590-1609, which sets forth the social condition of the secret
Jews in that country at the end of the sixteenth century.

476 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

His eloquence reaches the fever heat of indignation, however,
when he alludes to the thievish officials in the King's employ.
" What a pity, your Majesty, that so much money is stolen in
India and Spain. I could aggravate myself to death when
I contemplate upon the mass of wealth wrongfully acquired by
your representatives and ministers. Were I to enumerate all
the outrageous robberies committed against you, O mighty
Sovereign, in Seville, and apprise you of the doings of that
infamous horde there stationed, and admitted into your court!
. . . O lips, if only you would divulge the secrets which
oppress the heart! O tongue! why not reveal what you know
and feel?" In concluding his remarks, he places himself at the
disposal of the government as confidential agent in the affairs
of Portugal, the marriage of the Oranian, and similar matters,
and enjoins upon the King to communicate with him under the
seal of strictest privacy, should he require his co-operation or
assistance at any future time. " The God of Abraham, Isaac
and Jacob," says he, "who created the universe, protect and
exalt your Majesty and inspire you to deal leniently and
indulgently with your Hebrews, whom God never totally
ignores or forgets, but inflicts with penalties and disasters only
to try their fortitude and allegiance!"

This quite forgotten explorer and financier, whose eloquent
plea in behalf of his race can not fail to appeal to every one,
and whose only demand for the enormous service rendered to
his king is more tolerance toward his people, deserves an
honorable place in the annals of American Jewish History as a
loyal, patriotic subject.

VII.

Enterprise and Influence of the Gradis Family in the
West Indtes, and Dubing the Canadian Wars.

This is not to be a series of biographical sketches on the
Rothschilds of the Eighteenth Century, for neither the space
nor the scope of this work would permit of such an elaborate
history. This chapter aims merely to set forth the political

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 477

prominence attained by the family of Gradis, 79 to whose hands the
fortunes of two continents were entrusted, and whose labors of
love and patriotic services during the war-times of France in
America, deserve to be chronicled in our annals. Reserving
the elaboration of the family's antecedents, and other interest-
ing particulars for another large paper on the History of the
Jews in Martinique — the seat of their chief activity — we shall
here detail those fo *.i which concern our topic the most.

We may begin with David Gradis, who, in 1731 , was natu-
ralized in Bordeaux, 80 and who died in 1751. Already in 1696
he founded the great mercantile house which had commercial
connections with England, Holland, Paris, southern France
and the West Indies. The exports were linen, wine and alco-
hol. In the year 17 15, David Gradis tided over the financial
crisis under Louis XIV. , after paying a draft of 150,000 francs,
which his house endorsed. In fact the hard times did not
affect him much, for we know that only two years after he con-
ducted all the transatlantic commerce. He fitted out three
ships, one bound for Cayenne and two for the Island of Martin-
ique (or Martin ico). His cargo consisted of wine, alcohol, meal
and pickled meat, which he exchanged for sugar and indigo in
the West Indian ports. Another money -crisis in 17 19, passed
without materially injuring his prospects, although he lost
heavily. In spite of it, however, he again undertook foreign
expeditions and was, as before, successful. In 1724, his busi-
ness expanded to such an extent that he opened a branch on
the island of St. Domingo. His name and fame grew in pop-

79 The sources whence the materials contained in this chapter are
taken, being for the most part accessible, and, as in a forthcoming
essay on the Jews of Martinique, all the references will be incorpo-
rated in full, the writer merely quotes the following authorities:
Notice sur la famille Gradis et sur la maison Gradis et fits de
Bordeaux, par Henri Gradis (1875), apud Graetz, " Die Familie
Gradis," in his Monatsschrift, etc., Vol. XXIV (1875), pp. 447-459;
XXV (1876), pp. 78-85; his Geschichte der Juden, Vol. XI (Leipzig,
1870), pp. 190, 200, 202, 223; see also Ad. Thierry: Dissertation sur cette
quest, est-il des moyens de rendre les juifs plus heureux et plus utile
en Fiance — (ouvrage couronng) Paris, 1788; and several books on the
history of the Jews in Bordeaux. In our narrative of the career of
the Gradis family we follow Prof. Graetz, in his Monatsschrift, I. c.

80 Of. also Dr. Graetz, in Monatsschrift, Vol. XXIV, p. 557.

478 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

ularity and opulence, and French America was glad to acknow-
ledge the enterprise of this energetic man who passed under
the name of the Portuguese Merchant. And, although Jews
were not tolerated in the French colonies, by the stern and
scheming Jesuits, as we shall have ample occasion to show
elsewhere, the government was constrained to overlook his origin
and belief, in view of his vast influence and commercial import-
ance. So universal was the esteem felt for the house of David
Gradis that when his son Samuel, who conducted the interests
of the business in St. Pierre, Martinique, died there in 1732,
his remains were interred in the garden of the freres de la
Charite, and masses were held in the cloisters for the repose of
his soul. True, the monks dared not erect a monument to
mark the spot. The lieutenant of the colony urged in argu-
ment of their expulsion the fact that were any of the members
of the house of Gradis, there established, to die, their property
would have to be confiscated, for Jews were not permitted to
have possessions. Nevertheless he shut his eyes on their pro-
longed residence on the island. Abraham, eldest son of David
Gradis, succeeded his father as senior member of the firm, of
which he was previously a partner. He achieved even more
fame than his predecessor. Endowed with wonderful ability
and speculative genius, he also controlled the trade of France
with the West Indies. He received important official contracts
from the government; became intimate with personages of the
highest political rank; obtained the protection and friendship of
M. Maurepas, the confidant of Louis XVI., and added much
to the glory and renown of the house of "David Gradis, et
His. ' ' His extensive correspondence with the greatest men of
the reign of Louis XV. and XVI., is still extant.

Through the friends who were influential in his behalf at
court, his ships were fitted out at the cost of the government,
and this gave him further opportunity to enlarge his business
connections. Nor was he ungrateful for these privileges and
for the consideration shown him by his royal patron. Thus
we hear of remarkable exploits undertaken in behalf of his
country. In the wars between England and France for the
possession of Canada, he displayed extraordinary activity. In
order to expedite matters, he fitted out ships to Canada,

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 479

although the insurance on the cargo, because of the war then
pending, was most exorbitant. If his freight vessels were
captured by the armed cruisers of the enemy, he built and
replenished new ones, without caring for losses thus incurred
for France. In 1748, he organized the society of Canada, under
the auspices of the government, in order to test the possibilities
of the land, and thereby again widened the sphere of his
mercantile activit}\ Important missions were entrusted to him.
His ships carried valuable cargo (presumably military ammuni-
tion, etc.), always at the expense of the firm. He even erected
magazines in Quebec. Later on the goverment defrayed these
costs, but David Gradis et fils had no little share in the success
of these projects.

After his father's death in 1751 , Abraham Gradis' financial
interests were still more extended. To give an idea of the
scope of his commercial activity we will cast a momentary
glance into the private accounts of the firm. In 1758, the com-
merce of the house with the French colonies alone, amounted
to 2,369,326 francs. In the following year, the firm received
the commission to forward 4500 tons of goods and ammunition
for the French troops in Canada. Twelve ships, among them
eight of his own were called into service for the purpose. From
x 759 to 1763, when Canada ceased to be a French possession, the
export trade of the firm of Gradis was worth nine million francs.
These merchant vessels, on account of the war, had to be
manned by a goodly company of soldiers, who had frequent
occasion to defend themselves from attacks on the sea, and
saved quite often the honor of their flag by their fearlessness
and bravery.

During the struggle between England and France for the
occupation of Canada, the house of Gradis dispatched thither
many heavily laden ships at the order and expense of the
French Government, which was their debtor to the amount of
several millions on more than one occasion. Of course these
obligations could not be liquidated for some time. Gradis &
Co.'s drafts were not promptly paid, for France was impover-
ished by the American wars and had no means at her disposal.
Although these noble financiers suffered heavy losses from the
capture and detention of richly cargoed vessels sent out in the

480 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

name of France, they did not lose faith and preserved their
balance with a skill and energy which is remarkable. Far from
fearing to sacrifice too much for the fatherland, they strove
more and more to merit the good will and esteem of the king
and the aristocracy. It was indeed a work of charity and
patriotism on their part to ransom French captives. 81 Abraham
Gradis, we are told, authorized an influential business friend in
London, to supply the captains and commanders held as
prisoners in England with everything necessary to ease and
comfort their condition. 82

He more than once was compelled to appeal to the govern-
ment for the necessary funds due him, in order to carry on his
trade with the colonies, which was increasing in dimensions
every year. The road to the audience-chamber of the King-
was not always clear to even so influential- a personage as Abra-
ham Gradis. On one occasion, being hard pressed for money
to fill a large order received from the West Indies, he presented
his claim to Minister Berryer — w r ell known for his harsh and
imperious demeanor. The latter, hesitating to comply, Gradis
assured him that unless his demands were soon satisfied he would
be prevented from accomplishing his duties. Whereupon the
stern minister cuttingly replied: ' ' That will not be such a great
misfortune ; you mcrchayits are accustomed to such tilings ; in fact
you become rich through them ! " Abraham Gradis straightened
himself up at this insult, and looking steadily at the great man,
said: "The name of Gradis, better known in four quarters of
the globe than that of the Minister of France, is free from dis-
honor. No taint of any kind covers its escutcheon ! ' ' With

81 This important fact is thun recorded by Prof. Graetz: (Ge-
schichte der Juden, vol. XI, p. 190) " Gradis aus einer reichen und
angesehenen Familie in Bordeaux, die grosse Bank- und ueber-
seeische Geschaefte fuer die franzoesischen Colonien betrieb, eigene
Schiffe ausruestete und dem franzoesischen Staate in den entfernten
Besitzungen durch Ausloesung franzoesischer Gefangener aus den
Haenden der Englaender Dienste geleistet hatte." See also the fol-
lowing note, which is still more explicit.

82 Cf. Graetz, in Monatsschrift, vol. XXIV., p. 452: " . . Abra-
ham Gradis gab einem Geschaeftsfreunde in London den Auftrag,
den gefangenen franzoesischen Capitaenen und Commandanten auf
seine Bechnung Alles zu verabreichen, was sie noethig haben sollten,
um ihre Lage zu erleichtern. 11

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 481

this he urged the minister with even greater persistence to ren-
der him satisfaction by appealing to the King in his behalf.
Berry er, unused to such show of courage and firmness, could
not but comply with his request, and Gradis' claims were duly
honored.

It was no conceit that prompted his reply to the haughty
representative of King Louis XV. His sovereign gave fre-
quent sign of his favor and gratitude for the diplomatic skill
and rare tact as well as noble devotion with which Gradis
managed the business affairs of the empire in these revolution-
ary days. The minister once wrote in the following strain to
Gradis & Co. : "I considered it my duty to remind his Majesty
that your conduct was both unselfish and zealous for the wel-
fare and services of the state on all occasions and under all cir-
cumstances. His Majesty commissions me to express to you
his utmost satisfaction and recognition. "

As a reward for his untiring interest in behalf of the French
nation, exceptional privileges were granted to him (Abraham
Gradis), and his family in the colonies. The right of owning
real estate and civil equality in common with the other citizens
of France on the Island of Martinique, were accorded to him
in 1779. It is interesting to note that he was associated with
the Superior of the Jesuit Missionaries in Martinique — the
famous pater Lavalette , who had charge of the largest and most
influential congregation there, and who conducted an immense
business with foreign countries. Gradis once advanced him
400,000 francs. He often received him in his own home socially,
and was charmed by the personal merits of the enterprising
Jesuit. This did not prevent Gradis— a shrewd and careful
merchant who knew just how much to risk — from severing all
connections with him, for he rather early suspected the utter
collapse of Lavalette 's colossal undertakings, and thus avoided
the bankruptcy which would inevitably have resulted, had he,
like other careless firms, allowed himself to be drawn into the
vortex of speculation. Similar causes of self-preservation
prompted him to withdraw from further commercial relations
with the State, as another financial crisis warned him of the
outbreak of the Revolution.

Much more of interest might be told of Abraham Gradis and
31

482 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

other members of the same stock. Thus for instance of his
acts of kindness during the famine in the French Colonies, at
which time he sent seventeen ships laden with nourishment
and merchandise for the relief of the suffering— a fact used by
the Abbe Gregoire as a plea and an argument in favor of the
emancipation of the Jews.

A rebellion in St. Domingo and in Martinique where the
Gradis family (among them David II, Benjamin, Moses
Gradis, etc.), owned extensive territory, together with the
losses in the mother country during the French Revolution,
caused the downfall of this princely house. Their possessions
in St. Domingo, valued at three million francs, were utterly
ruined. The slaves in their employ were (unknown to them)
misused by their representative, hence the " habitation," as
his property was called, began to yield but sad results. The
younger brother, Moses, saved at least a meagre portion of the
vast wealth once commanded by the house of Gradis, by visit-
ing the island and caring for the negroes, who, in gratitude
for his kind treatment of them — eulogized by the abolitionist
Schoelcher — strove to make good their former losses. The
family of Gradis is immortalized in the history of the com-
merce of two continents. ' ' Their works are their monuments."

VIII.

The Civil and Military Status of the Jews in Jamaica.

In the West Indies, the Jews, though debarred from public
office until late, contributed much to the public good. Their
constancy and restless activity in behalf of the Government
under which they served are chronicled by many historians. It
were useless to give an elaborate account of their influence for
good in the islands. It would lead us much too far to recount
them, and in fact many things have been recorded of this
nature by the present writer elsewhere. 83 If we mention the
case of Daniel Cordoso, who was killed while ^defending Cura-

83 Cf. G. A. Kohut's article on Jews in St. Thomas, Jamaica and
Barbados, in the P. A. J. H. S. } No. 4.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

483

cao, from an attack of the English in 1805, 84 it is because his is
the only one referred to by name in the history of that island.
No doubt other researches will be made by the active members
of" the American Jewish Historical Society, in this direction, which
will silence all calumny against our patriotism. As a fitting
epilogue to these pages, we subjoin a " I^ist of Jews appointed
to civil and military offices in Jamaica, since the act of 1831,' '
extracted from the official gazettes of the island, and presented
by Sir F. H. Goldsmid, in his Arguments advanced against the
enfranchisement of the Jews, considered in a series of letters,
Second Edition, Iyondon 1833, pp. 39-40 (First Ed., London,
183 1), arranged in the following chronological order:

1831.
October 15th

October 24th

October 27th

November 2nd

December 13th

December 31st

1832.
January 19th

March 8th

Mykr Benjamin, Gent., to be a Quarter-
master.

Moses Gomes Silva, Esq., to be a Provost
Marshal- General. 85

Alexander Bravo, Esq., to be a Magistrate
and Assistant Judge of the Court of Com-
mon Pleas for the Parish of Clarendon.

Philip Lucas, Esq., to be a Magistrate and
Assistant Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the Parish of Kingston.

Aaron Gomes Dacosta, Gent., to be an
Ensign.

Daniel Jacobs, Gent., to be an Ensign.

Alexander Joseph Lindo, Gent., to be a
Quartermaster.

Jacob De Pass, Esq., to be a Magistrate and
Assistant Judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the Parish Port Royal.

84 See Koenen's Geschiedenis, etc., p. 307-8: " Toen

in 1805 de Engelschen een vruchteloozen aanval op dit eiland deden,
de Joden, aldaar woonachtig, hun plicht ter verdediging van hetzelve
moedig betracht hebben, zoodat een van hen, zijnde Daniel Cardoso,
geboortig van Amsterdam, bij die gelegenheid gesneuveld is." Cf.
also Van Hamelsveld, Geschiedenis der Joden, p. 363.
85 This is analogous to the English office of Sheriff.

484

THE AMERICAN JEW AS

1832.
March 9th
April 27th

Samuel Deusser, Gent., to be an Ensign.

Isaac Gomes Dacosta, Gent., to be a
Quartermaster.

George Isaacs, Gent., to be a Quarter-
master.

Barnet Isaacs, Gent., to be an Ensign.

David L,opez, Gent., to be a Lieutenant of
Artillery.

Abraham Isaacs, Esq., to be a Magistrate
and Assistant Judge of the Court of Com-
mon Pleas for the Parish of St. Ann.

Moses Q. Henriques, Gent., to be an
Ensign. 86

It is evident from this brief and insufficient summary of our
subject, that the Jews on American soil, north and south, east
and west, were loyal, law-abiding citizens, noble philanthropists
and exemplary patriots.

86 This list was already published by the writer in an article on
The Civil and Military Status of American Jews, in Menorah
Monthly, Vol. XVIII, No. 4, pp. 256-7.

May 1 st

May 5th
July 6th

July 26th

August 4th

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 485

JEWS IN THE ARMIES OF EUROPE.

The purpose of the present volume, as its title indicates, is a
review of the record and the status as patriot, soldier and citi-
zen of the American Jew. But the Jew is co-extensive with
civilization, not only historically but geographically as well,
and wherever civilization makes its way, there the Jew will be
found exerting a positive influence in furthering its progress.
He will be found at the nucleus and core of conservatism and
order wherever order is akin to right, but he has never been
wanting at the front of Revolution when wrong could no longer
otherwise be righted.

Avoiding more than a passing advertence to Jewish military
achievements in the beginning of Israel's history, in the later
struggles against the Greeks and subsequently against the
Romans; stopping but a moment to remember Joshua, and
Gideon, and Deborah, the successive Maccabsean heroes, and
the last desperate struggle for freedom that was led by Bar
Cochba against Hadrian ; passing down through all the martyr-
doms of the Dark Ages to the present " nineteenth century,"
we come face to face with the fact that Jews have been present
in European armies since the time of the Napoleonic wars.
They were to be found in the ranks of all the combatants
during that bloody prelude to the great political regeneration
that is yet going on before us, and they have risen as far above
the ranks as the prejudices of the Christianity-professing
majority would admit.

In the successive Polish uprisings, in all the great political
upheavals of 1848, and especially in tne Hungarian revolution
of that time, the Jews of their respective nationalities took a
vigorous and aggressive part.* Their position in this regard

* . . . " It is a gratifying proof of progress that the President of
the Magyars (Kossuth) has promised freedom to those who equally
with himself are struggling for the independence of their country,

486 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

was so positive and unmistakable that when those great socio-
political disturbances- had been quieted through the partial
concession of popular rights by the monarchies of Europe, the
Jews of Germany and Austria had reached a position where
they could logically demand their political enfranchisement
and the abolition of the mediaeval restrictions which remained
imposed on them. That they did not obtain a full measure of
citizenship until after the establishment of the German Empire
in 1 87 1, is indeed true, and even yet the spirit of the Dark
Ages is so far prevalent in Germany and in Austria (leaving
Slavic Europe out of consideration as not yet modernized) as to

since it is said that there are no less than 35,000 Israelites in the Hun-
garian army." Extract from a French newspaper reprinted in " The
Occident, 11 August, 1849. Phila.; Edited by Isaac Leeser.

. . . . '. "It cannot be denied that already at that time the
majority of the Magyar Jews were patriotically inclined towards
the country which they called their home. As by magic, they
felt themselves drawn towards the man who preached liberty
and eqality, and at whose hands they were expecting redemption
from the Ghetto and from civil and political degradation. As a mat-
ter of fact, thousands of Jews, among them a general, fought in the

Magyar army The contribution which the notorious

Haynau levied upon the Jewish congregations was but a consequence
of the loyalty to the man of the New P^ra, attributed to the Jews."
Dr. Adolph Kohut on u The Relations of Kossuth to the Jews," in
the American Hebrew, N. Y., March, 1894.

To the above may be added the following testimony of General
Julius Stahel, one of the active participants in the Hungarian Revo-
lution, and who subsequently made a distinguished military record
in our civil war.

New York, May 22d, 1895,
Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C,
Dear Sir:

I know from personal knowledge that many Jews fought in the
battles for the independence of Hungary in 1848, with as much
bravery and gallantry as the American Jew fought here during the
late strife between the North and the South, and I also know that
the late humane and illustrious apostle of liberty, Louis Kossuth,
always fully appreciated the patriotism, loyalty and devotion of the
Jews to the cause of Hungary during that great struggle for freedom.

Patriotism and bravery are not the birthright of one nation or race,
but of all mankind.

Very sincerely yours,

J. Stahel.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 487

preclude the advancement of Jews to the higher posts of the
army. In France, however, since the French Revolution, and
in Italy since the consolidation of the Kingdom, Jews have been
advanced to the highest military commands. In both countries
and especially in France, several Jewish soldiers at present hold
the rank of General of Division, and quite a number, propor-
tionately, that of Brigade and Regimental Commander.*

The part played by the Jews of Europe in all the various
avenues of progress need not detain us here. The recurrent
ebullitions of unreasoning prejudice against them which become
manifest from time to time, are ultimately traceable as but dis-
torted expressions of the unrest which the European social
organism is suffering under its abnormal political and economic
conditions. What there is left of this spirit on American soil
is but a reflex of that of Europe, but there, as here, the record
made by the Jewish people in politics and in war, in commerce
and in industry, in science, art and literature, has placed
beyond question their position as patriots, soldiers and citizens.

* Referring to a newspaper item regarding the rumors of a duel
between Capt. Cremieux Foa, a French cavalry officer, and a certain
anti-Semite editor of a Paris newspaper, General Franz Sigel wrote as
follows:

New York, May 31st, 1892.
Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C,
Dear Sir:

Not knowing whether you have seen or will see the inclosed item,
I send it to you. It shows at least that there are no less than 300
Jewish officers serving in the French army, probably the highest
number in any of the great European armies, which speaks well for
France and her republican government.

Hoping that you are well, I am,

Truly yours,

Franz Si gee.

488 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

THE JEWISH PEOPLE BEFORE THE WORLD.

As already noted by the author in the introduction to this
work, it was in December, 1891, that another of the number-
less public villifications of the Jewish people which have
appeared from time to time had demanded a no less public
refutation of its falsities. It has furthermore been noted that
this refutation was dictated not by anything specially remark-
able in the nature of the slander itself, nor of its source,
inasmuch as the former was commonplace and the latter
obscure, but that the reply had been called forth wholly by
reason of the extraordinary condition of the public mind with
regard to the subject at that particular juncture. It was the
time and the occasion that gave the slander prominence, rather
than any peculiarity of its own.

It has been so for a long time past. From the time, nearly
1900 years ago, when Philo of Alexandria appeared before
Caligula in defence of his people, down along the centuries to
the date of Menasseh ben Israel's appeal to Cromwell in
1656, there were repeated occasions for such defenses and
appeals, and there have been many since. These contingencies
have repeatedly arisen in the course of the slow process of pop-
ular enlightenment which makes up the history of Man, and
as that process is yet far from accomplishment it is not at all
unlikely that they may be repeated in the future.

It is, however, more than passingly remarkable that in the
closing decade of the 19th Century, when

11 the thoughts of men have widened with the process of the suns,"

an occasion of this nature should have arisen. That such
exigencies occur but rarely in the midst of our Western civili-
zation, and that rare as they are, their occurrence is always
traceable to foreign impulses, only renders more apparent the
liberalizing influences of our free American institutions, while
on the other hand further emphasizing the lessons taught us

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 489

by the spectacle of Monarchic Europe. There the remnants of
the mediaeval system, political, ecclesiastic and social, that
remained as historic debris after the cataclysm of the French
Revolution, still clog the advance of true enlightenment. In
Germany and in Austria a considerable portion of the populace
is still affected by a taint of monkish fanaticism, and in Russia
only a comparatively few individuals appear to be free from it.
Schools are numerous in Austria and universities flourish in
Germany, but the prejudices which form the obverse side of
folly find still some teachers in the schools and preachers in the
pulpit.

u Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers,"

and the dictates of reason, the teachings of political and
economic science, the lessons of history, will have to be yet
more than once repeated before that umbra of the Dark Ages,
the so-called " anti-Semitism ' ' of Slavic and Teutonic Europe,
and its penumbra in America, will have been lost in historic
space.

These lessons have been learned and these teachings taught
by the foremost minds of every epoch and latterly of every
generation. From the time of Reuchlin's defense of the
Talmud and Jewish literature generally against the fanatics of
his day, a defense which caused a religious and political agita-
tion that became the prelude to the Reformation, down to our
present time, there have not been wanting Christian men of
learning and of understanding who strove successfully in the
defense of Jewish polity against the prejudices of ignorance.
The great Renaissance of German letters in the latter half of
the 1 8th century afforded numerous instances of men of this
character, among whom need but be cited I^essing, Herder,
Schiller, and Goethe. These writers and thinkers carried on
their polemics in the domain of idealism, in poetry and phi-
losophy, and their thoughts were soon re-echoed in the out-
givings of the succeeding generation of scientists, students and
statesmen. We will not attempt here to adduce all the great
array of leading minds who have been impelled to express
themselves on this theme, but will limit our citations to a few
of the most authoritative thinkers and a quotation of the most
positive utterances on the subject.

490 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

In marked contrast with the accusation of the passing school
of anti-Semitic writers against Judaism as materialistic in its
tendencies, there may be cited an expression by the great
German and cosmopolitan philosopher, ALEXANDER von
HUMBOLDT. In a letter to a Jewish friend regarding the
natural idealism expressed in Hebrew literature, he refers him
to the following passage in his Cosmos ( Vol. Z/Z, p. 44), and
closes his letter as below.

" It is a characteristic sign of the natural poetry of the Hebrews,
that, as a reflex of Monotheism, it always comprises the whole of the
universe in its unity, both life on earth and the bright realms on
high. It seldom dwells upon single phenomena, but rejoices in the
contemplation of great masses. Nature is not described as self-exist-
ent, or glorified by a beauty of her own; to the Hebrew singer she
always appears in connection with an over-ruling spiritual power.
Nature to him is ever a thing created and ordained, the living utter-
ance of God's Omnipresence in the works of the world of matter.
Therefore, the lyrical poetry of the Hebrews, by reason of its subject,
is grand and grave in its solemnity."

11 Stand fast by your brethren who have accomplished so remarkable
a course of martyrdom through centuries and now stand on the
threshold of their liberation ; devote all the energies of yonr intellect to
the spiritual labor wherewith your millennial history is instinct; suc-
cess cannot, will not fail you and the rich results that you, my young
friend, will obtain from the mines of science, will calm and comfort
you in many a sad experience in the dull and cloudy present, that
is but the precursor of the bright dawn of the day of liberty."

Another world-famous scientist, ALPHONSE L. P. PYR-
AME De CANDOLLE, in his Histoire des sciences et des
savants depuis deux siecles, Geneva, 1873, makes the following
very remarkable observations:

" If Europe had been peopled by Jews only we might have
witnessed a curious spectacle. There would no longer be any wars;
hence the moral sensibility would be violated much less and millions
of people would not be torn away from useful occupations. Public
debts and taxes would decrease. The cultivation of science, of litera-
ture, of fine arts, especially music, for which the Jews have a great
predilection, would be furthered to the highest extent. Industry and
commerce would flourish. Few crimes of personal violence would be
committed, and those against property would but seldom be accom-
panied by violence. The wealth of the community as a whole and
of individuals would largely increase by the effect of intelligent and
regular labor, combined with economy. This wealth would have a

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 491

beneiicent effect. The clergy would not come in collision with the
State. Perhaps there would be less corruption among the officials and
greater firmness."

The above passage is approvingly quoted by another great
leader in the world of science, Professor Carl Vogt, in an
article published in Westennan's Monatsheftc, wherein ttte
writer, treating of the habits and qualities acquired by
European peoples through hereditary transmission, speaks of
the Jewish people as having attained the highest civilization
notwithstanding their having lived for ages under oppression.

On the occasion of the centennial anniversary, in 1891, of
the political enfanchisement of the French Jews, the celebrated
leader of the French Liberal Catholics, PERE HYACINTHE,
addressed to the Grand Rabbi of Paris the following express-
ive commtmication :

"Monsieur le Grand Rabbin: — You will have seen from the
papers that our Gallican Catholic church intends to commemorate
the centenary of the emancipation of the Jews by the Constituent
Assembly. The 27th of September, 1791, is a date of even greater
glory to France than it is to the Jews. It was a day that witnessed
the reparation of a long and cruel injustice; it inaugurated for the
whole world an era of liberty and brotherhood from which no evil
disposed person has since been able to make us swerve. We are too
enlightened and too liberal-minded to become anti-Semites. Besides,
we are Christians, and as such we must not forget that it is from
Irael's bosom that we have sprung. Israel, the grand old olive tree

from which we have been grafted. For the French Jews the inter-
regnum which commenced with Sedecias ended with Napoleon.
Napoleon it was, who boasted of being the King of the Jews, and

the Jews accordingly treated him as their political Messiah. Than

him they could not have had a greater.
"But Napoleon's empire, like the kingdom of David, is no more,

and the French Republic now has the keeping of these two illustrious

necropoles, that at Jerusalem wherein reposes the race of David, that

at Paris wherein rests the hero who was in himself his own sole

dynasty.

" But none the less, France has remained, as Bonaparte remarked,

the new tribe of Judah, where Frenchmen and Jews constitute one

people.
"Republicans by virture of the Mosaic legislation, I would almost

say socialistic, in the best sense of the term, before they became

monarchists by Samuel's dispensation, the traditions of the Jews

comprise all the essentials for the service of France.

492 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

iU Hear, Lord, the voice of Judah and bring him unto his people;
let his hands be sufficient for him, and be Thou a help to him from
his enemies.'

11 These are my wishes, Monsieur le Grand Rabbin and may the
God of the Jews, who is also the God of the Christians, cause them
to^be fulfilled speedily.
" Accept, monsieur, the assurance of my fraternal friendship.

Hyacinthe Loyson,
Priest."

As focussing effectively the most salient aspects of this gen-
eral subject, we will here cite a thoughtful statement from a
strictly orthodox Roman Catholic source, the French clerical
journal, Le Monde:

11 The immortality of the soul has been repudiated by the Academie
des Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres. The Jews had to serve as the
occasion. The Old Testament, however, was vindicated. But in how
many feeble minds was not an uncertainty left? How many will
take the trouble to read over the Sacred Books, when the reading of
the daily papers absorbs all their time? Voltaire knew well enough
that to sustain his iconoclastic views he had to discredit the Jewish
people, to falsify their history, and to take up again the pagan theory
of presenting them as the most degraded of people.

"Such, indeed, was the opinion of the Greeks and Romans in
regard to the Jews. The Greeks, given over to all conceivable turpi-
tude and tyranny, to an anarchy without bounds and without end,
incapable of even simulating a defence against Rome, despised the
Jewish people, and the Romans entertained the same feelings. They
despised them for the same reason that the economists, the capitalists,
the modern free-thinkers, despise the Catholics. The Jews did not
worship idols; they alone did not prostrate themselves before nature;
they condemned, despised that pantheism, that idol- worship, which
sanctified the vices and the passions and which the Greeks and
Romans embraced with such ardor. The dignity and regularity of
their habits formed a striking contrast to pagan dissipation. They
opposed in their individuality, the beauty of their rigorous law to the
impure teachings of paganism. They never presented a disgraceful
spectacle in the time of their prosperity ; they never participated in
the bloody games of the ring; they held human sacrifices in horror.

" The Jews did not profess the principle of equity, of which the
Greeks and Romans boasted so much — themselves absolute partisans
of Slavery. They simply upheld the institution of family hiearchy,
the paternal authority. Their habits and institutions, inspired by
the parental sentiment — were they not full of kindliness and fore-
sight? Could they overlook the feeble and the poor? Amongst them

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 493

brothers could not know contention and strife, because they were
equals in reality. Without the parent, fraternity would disappear.

" In order to subsist it is necessary that children should always
have before them the image, the memory, the principle of the
paternity from which they emanated, which formed the bonds of
their friendship. Their unity proceeds from thence, a unity, sweet,
lively, inculcated in infancy, formed by the heart before the mind
could grasp it. The law-giver had no occasion, therefore, to enjoin
fraternity, but needed only to submit it to that law of nature which
organizes the paternal authority. The Jews were ignorant of those
social ideas that desolated the ancient cities and that spring up again
iu modern times. The poor had no demands to make upon the rich.
The Jews never forget, and had they done so, the law reminded them
that the earth belongs to the Lord and that in God they are all
brothers. The constitutional wars between the poor and the rich in
Rome and Athens were caused by extortion. This question of extor-
tion fills Roman history with its pale shadow; it is at the bottom of
all the troubles, dissensions, periodical massacres and revolts. It has
again taken possession of society with the reform of the Nineteenth
Century. Only in 1789 France passed from under the yoke of extor-
tion. The Jewish fraternity condemned extortion as a principle of
tyranny.

"This fraternity, so powerful a principle, led the Jews to love
their fellow-beings, to see in them colleagues and brothers ; they
received the stranger willingly, extended to him their hospitality,
even a share in the benefits of their law — something that was foreign
to all other nations. With these other nations the stranger was
regarded simply as an enemy; "enemy" and "stranger" were
expressed by one and the same word. Pantheism, denying the
principle of unity, as indicated in the Divine origin, left men in a
continual state of war. And war never ceased; the cities fought with
each other, until the strongest had subdued the others, and in their
turn were conquered and absorbed by a greater. This is the invari-
able history of Greece and Rome. The dogma of Divine creation
exhibited to the Jews all men as brethren. They did not treat the
stranger therefore as a barbarian. They, the Israelites, alone of all the
nations of antiquity, did not carry on aggressive wars; once estab-
lished upon their soil, they had no other desire than to live in peace
by living out their laws. This is the object of all their institutions.
They do not make war upon the stranger, because they had no hate
against him.

" Their God, greater than the gods of the Olympus, neither flattered
nor served their passions. He was a jealous God, who exacted the
submission of the heart. He chastised his rebellious children. And
this people purified by persecution and misfortune, returned to the
laws of their fathers, to the observance of their precepts. No city in
ancient, no people in modern times could have passed through like

494 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

vicissitudes and recovered again. It is not through progress that
they endured and were capable of resistance, but by holding fast to
the past; by rallying around the law, which they had never abandoned
and which they never modified, hard as it was. It often became
irksome, it never bargained with its conscience. What else existed,
before the laws of Moses, than that paganism which legalized all
vices? The Jews defended their law with their lives; they fought
for it against the Greek kings of Syria; they preferred to be buried
under the ruins of Jerusalem to making a compact with Roman pagan
ism The Greeks and Romans never had the idea that one can die for
one's religion.

" By their habits in the government of the State the Jews were
separated completely from Greece and Rome. They never brooked
the insults of the ancient or modern mobocracy, because they
respected the principle of the family, the foundation of their political,
judicial, administrative and military organization. They alone in
antiquity repudiated slavery. They practiced a national brotherhood
which the Christian people are hardly capable of comprehending; it
is so sublime, and almost beyond human nature. The institution of
the jubilee, of the seventh year, the seventh day, was the perfection
of social order; but even with Christianity these institutions could
not maintain themselves. Dispersed, reduced to direst need and to
the humiliation of exile, the Jews have never abandoned these first
principles. Tacitus remarked the close ties of brotherhood that united
them in his time. Inter ipsos obstinata fides. Since then and up to
this time is it not the same sentiment ? Are there many dissensions
amongst them ? This moral greatness of the Jewish people made
them the target of pagan enmity. The policy of Rome was to be
enforced upon all nations. The Jews share with the Christians the
honor of having been singled out as the victims of utter extermi-
nation.

" The Jewish nation has survived all its victors; it alone, says Jean-
Jaques Rousseau, withstood the power of time, fortune and defeat.
Greece and Rome were enveloped in a system of superstition which
weighed heavily upon the actions of public and private life. The
Jews lived beyond the pale of that ignominy. The causes of this intel-
lectual and moral superiorit} 7 became the subject of jealous deprecia-
tion generally."

The essential spirit of the Jewish polity has seldom, if ever,
been more effectively portrayed than by Rev. Dr. HENRY M.
FIEL,D, in his scholarly work, 0?i the Destrt, published by
Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1883. It deals with the
system of law instituted by Moses, which became ingrained in the
Jewish people through long centuries of victorious contention

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 495

against barbarism in all its historic forms, and which remains
to-day the guiding principle of Jewish life in all the relations
of man to man.

We quote from Dr. Field's work as follows:

Theocracy and Democracy.

11 Perhaps it does not often occur to readers of the Old Testament
that there is much likeness between the Hebrew Commonwealth and
the American Republic. There are more differences than resem-
blances, at least the differences are more marked. Governments
change with time and place, with the age and the country, with
manners and customs; yet at the bottom there is one radical prin-
ciple that divides a republic from a monarchy or an aristocracy; it is
the natural equality of men— that " all men are born free and equal »
—which is as fully recognized in the laws of Moses as in the Declara-
tion of Independence Indeed the principle is carried further in the
Hebrew Commonwealth than in ours; for not only was there equality
before the laws, but the laws aimed to produce equality of condition
in one point, and that a vital one— the tenure of laud— of which even
the poorest could not be deprived, so that in this respect the Hebrew
Commonwealth approached more nearly to a pure democracy.

" Of course the political rights of the people did not extend to the
choice of a ruler, nor did it to the making of the laws. As there was
no king but God, it was the theory of the State that the laws
emanated directly from the Almighty and his commands could not
be submitted to a vote. No clamorous populace debated with the
Deity. The Israelites had only to hear and to obey. In this sense
the government was not a popular, but an absolute one.

" But how could absolutism be consistent with equality? There is
no contradiction between the two, and indeed, in some respects, no
form of government is so favorable to equality as a theocracy.
Encroachments upon popular liberty and the oppression of the people
do not come trom the head of the State so often as from an aristo-
cratic class which is arrogant and tyrannical. But in a theocracy the
very exaltation of the Sovereign places all subjects on the same level.
God alone is great and in His presence there is no place for human
pride. Divine Majesty overawes human littleness, and instead of a
favored few being lifted up above their fellows, there is a general feel-
ing of lowliness and humility, in the sight of God, in which lies the
very spirit and essence of equality.

" As the Hebrew law recognized no natural distinctions among the
people, neither did it create any artificial distinctions. There was no
hereditary class which had special rights; there was no nobility
exempted from burdens laid on the poor, and from punishments
inflicted on the peasantry. Whatever political power was permitted

496 THE A MERICAN JE W AS

to the Hebrews belonged to the people as a whole. No man was
raised above another; and if in the making of the laws the people
had no voice, yet in the administration of them they had full power,
for they elected their own rulers.

11 Moses found soon after he left Egypt that he could not administer
justice in person to a whole nation, so he directed the tribes to choose
out of their number their wisest men, whom he would make judges
to decide every common cause, reserving to himself only the more
important questions. Here was a system of popular elections, which
is one of the first elements of a republican or democratic state.

"In the administration of jusiice a Theocracy is an ideal govern-
ment, for it is Divinity enthroned on earth as in Heaven, and no
other form of government enforces justice in a manner so absolute
and peremptory. In the eyes of the Hebrew lawgiver the civil
tribunal was as sacred as the Holy of Holies. The office of the judge
was as truly authorized, and his duty as solemnly enjoined, as that
of the priest. The judgment is God's, said Moses, and he who gave
a false judgment disregarded the authority of Him whose nature is
justice and truth. The judgment seat was a holy place, which no
private malice might profane. Evidence was received with religious
care. Oaths were administered to give solemnity to the testimony.
Then the Judge, standing in the place of God, was to pronounce
equitably, whatever might be the rank of the contending parties. 'Ye
shall not respect persons in judgment, but ye shall hear the small as
well as the great; ye shall not be afraid of the face of man, for the
judgment is God's.' He recognized no distinctions, all were alike to
him. The judge was to know no difference. He was not to be biased
even by sympathy for the poor. 'Neither shall thou countenance a
poor man in his cause. Thou shalt not respect the person of the
poor, nor honor the person of the mighty; but in righteousness shalt
thou judge thy neighbor.' Magistrates were not allowed to accept a
gift; 'for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the
righteous.'

"The humanity of the Hebrew code is further seen in its mitigation
of slavery. This was a legal institution of Egypt, out of which they
had just come. They themselves had been slaves. Their ancestors,
the patriarchs, had held slaves. Abraham had over three hundred
servants born in his house. The relation of master and slave they
still recognized, but by how many limitations was this state of
bondage alleviated! No man could be subjected to slavery by
violence. Man-stealing was punished with death. The more com-
mon causes of servitude was theft or debt. A robber might be sold
to expiate his crime, or a man overwhelmed with debt might sell
himself to pay it; that is, he might bind himself to service for a term
of years : still he could hold property, and the moment he acquired
the means might purchase back his freedom, or he might be
redeemed by his nearest kinsman. If his master treat him with

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 497

cruelty; if he beat him so as to cause injury the servant recovered his
freedom as indemnity. At the longest his servitude came to an end
in six years. He then recovered his freedom as a natural gift; ' If
thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve, and in the
seventh he shall go out free for nothing. 7 A Hebrew slave was there-
fore merely a laborer hired for six years. Nor did the law permit the
servant to go forth in naked poverty, and with the abject feeling of a
slave still clinging to him. He was to be loaded with presents by his
late master — sheep, oil, fruits, and wine — to enable him to begin
housekeeping. Thus for a Hebrew there was no such thing as hope-
less bondage. The people were not to feel the degradation of being
slaves. God claimed them as his own, and as such they were not to
be made bondmen. Every fiftieth year was a jubilee, a year of
universal emancipation. Then 'liberty was proclaimed throughout
all the land to all the inhabitants thereof.' This was the time of the
restitution of all things. Though a man had sold himself as a slave,
his right in the land was not alienated. It now returned to him free
of encumbrance. At the 3 T ear of jubilee all debts were extinguished.
His native plot of ground, on which he played in childhood, was
restored to him in his old age. Again he cultivated the paternal
acres. He was not only a free man but a holder of property. Says
Michaelis: 'The condition of slaves among the Hebrews was not
merely tolerable, but often extremely comfortable.'

" That the sympathies of the law were with the oppressed appears
from the singular injunction that a foreign slave who fled to a
Hebrew for protection should not be given up: ' Thou shalt not
deliver unto his master the servant which is escaped from his master
unto thee. 7 No Fugitive Slave Law remanded the terror-stricken
fugitive to an angry and infuriated master and to a condition more
hopeless than before.

Such was the democracy of Theocracy — a union in which one
sprang out of the other. Men were equal because God was their
Kuler — a Kuler so high that before him there was neither great nor
small, but all stood on the same level. But the Hebrew Law did not
stop with equality; it inculcated fraternity. A man was not only
a man, he was a brother. That law contains some of the most beauti-
ful provisions ever recorded in any legislation, not only for the cold
administration of justice, but for the exercise of humanity. The spirit
of the Hebrew law was broader than race, or country, or kindred.
What liberality, for example, in its treatment of foreigners. Against
racehatred Moses set up this command, 'Thou shalt not oppress a
stranger,' which he enforced upon the Israelites by the touching
remembrance of their own bitter experience, ' for ye know the heart
of a stranger seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.' But not
only were foreigners to be tolerated ; they were to receive the fullest

498 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

protection. ' Ye shall have one manner of law as well for the
stranger as for one of your own country.'

11 In several requirements we discern a pity for the brute creation.
Long before modern refinement of feeling organized societies for the
prevention of cruelty to animals, Moses recognized dumb beasts as
having a claim to be defended from injury. Birds' nests were pro-
tected from wanton destruction.

" But perhaps the most beautiful provision of the law was for the
poor.

11 ' When ye reap the harvest of your land, thou shalt not wholly
reap the corners of thy field, neither shalt thou gather the gleanings
of thy harvests. And thou shalt not glean thy vineyard, neither
shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt have them
for the poor and the stranger.' If the reaper dropped a sheaf in the
field, he might not return to take it, Whatever olives hung on the
bough, or clusters on the vine, after the first gathering, were the
property of the stranger, the fatherless and the widow. Under the
shelter of this law came many a Ruth, gleaning the handfuls of
golden corn to carry home to her mother, who was thus saved from
utter destitution. By these means the law kept the poor from sink-
ing to the extreme point of misery. At the same time, by throwing
in their path these wayside gifts, it saved them from theft or vaga-
bondage. As a proof of its successful operation, it is a curious fact
that, in the five books of Moses, such a class as beggars is not once
mentioned. The tradition of caring for those of their own kindred,
remains to this day and it is an honorable boast that among the
swarms of beggars that throng the streets of the Old World or the
New, one almost never finds a Jew.

" The law took also under its care all whom death had deprived of
their natural protectors; ' Ye shall not afflict any widow or fatherless
child.' They were sacred by misfortune. God would punish cruelty
to them. " If thou affict them in any wise, and they cry unto me, I
will surely hear their cry; ' and your wives shall be widows and your
children fatherless.'

" Thus the Hebrew law took the poor and the weak under its
special protection; death, sorrow, widowhood, orphanage, all threw a
shield of protection over the desolate and the unhappy. By this
spirit of humanity infused into the relations of life, all the members
of a community — the rich and poor, the strong and the weak — were
united in fellowship and fraternity. One sacred tie bound them still
closer; not only were they of the same race and nation, but they had
the same religious inheritance; all w r ere fellow-citizens with the
saints and of the household of God."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 499

As a supplement to Dr. Field's effective presentation of his
subject we add here an extract from the Christian Union, on
" Moses and his Laws," by HARRIET BEECHER STOWE:

"The strongest impulse in the character of Moses appears to have
been that of protective justice, more particularly with regard to the
helpless and down-trodden classes. The laws of Moses, if carefully
examined, are a perfect phenomenon ; an exception to the laws of
either ancient or modern nations in the care they exercised over
women, widows, orphans, paupers, foreigners, servants and dumb
animals. No so-called Christian nation but could advantageously
take a lesson in legislation from the laws of Moses. There is a plaint-
ive, pathetic spirit of compassion in the very language in which the
laws in favor of the helpless and suffering are expressed, that it seems
must have been learned only of superhuman tenderness. Not the
gentlest words of Jesus are more compassionate in their spirit than
many of these laws of Moses. Delivered in the name of Jehovah,
they certainly are so unlike the wisdom of that barbarous age as to
justify of them to Him who is Love."

Another woman of commanding authority, GEORGE
ELLIOT, speaks on this topic as follows:

11 Unquestionably the Jews, having been more than any other race
exposed to the adverse moral influences of alienism, must, both in
individuals and in groups, have suffered some corresponding moral
degradation ; but in fact they have escaped with less abjectness, and
less of hard hostility toward the nations whose hands have been
against them, than could have happened in the case of a people who
had neither their adhesion to a separate religion founded on historic
memories, nor their characteristic family affectionateness. Tortured,
flogged, spit upon, the corpus vile on which rage or wantonness vented
themselves with impunity, their name flung at them as an oppro-
brium by superstition, hatred, and contempt, they have remained
proud of their origin. Does any one call this an evil pride ? The pride
which identifies us with a great historic body is a humanizing, elevat-
ing habit of mind, inspiring sacrifices of individual comfort, gain, or
other selfish ambition, for the sake of that ideal whole ; and no man
swayed by such a sentiment can become completely abject. That a
Jew of Smyrna, where a whip is carried by passengers ready to flog
off the too officious specimens of his race, can still be proud to say, ' 1
am a Jew,' is surely a fact to awaken admiration in a mind capable
of understanding what we may call the ideal forces in human history.

"And again, a varied, impartial observation of the Jews in different
countries tends to the impression that they have a predominant kind-
ness, which must have been deeply ingrained in the constitution of
their race to have overlasted the ages of persecution aud oppression.

500 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

The concentration of their joys in domestic life has kept up in them
the capacity of tenderness ; the pity for the fatherless and the widow,
the care for the women and the little ones, blent intimately with
their religion, is a well of mercy, that cannot long or widely be pent
up by exclusiveness, and the kindness of the Jew overflows the line
of division between him and the Gentile.

"On the whole, one of the most remarkable phenomena in the
history of this scattered people, made for ages ' a scorn and a hissing,'
is that, after being subjected to this process, which might have been
expected to be in every sense deteriorating and vitiating, they have
come out of it (in any estimate which allows for numerical proportion)
rivaling the nations of all European countries, in healthiness and
beauty of physique, in practical ability, in scientific and artistic
aptitude, and in some forms of ethical value. A significant indication
of their natural rank is seen in the fact, that at this moment the
leader of the Liberal party in Germany is a Jew, the leader of the
Republican party in France is a Jew, and the head of the conserva-
tive ministry in England is a Jew.

THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULEY (afterwards Lord
Macauley) delivered a celebrated oration in the British House of
Commons on April 1 7, 1 833, in support of the bill for the removal
of the disabilities of the Jews. After a destructive criticism of
the arguments and reasons which were then being advanced by
the opponents of liberalism, arguments which have since then
been so completely outlived as to be no longer, in any Anglo-
Saxon community, deemed worthy of consideration, the great
statesman concluded his masterly presentation in a lucid state-
ment and eloquent peroration, as follows :

" Whatever the sect be which it is proposed to tolerate, the peculi-
arities of that sect will, for the time, be pronounced by intolerant
men to be the most odious and dangerous that can be conceived. As
to the Jews, that they are unsocial as respects religion is true; and so
much the better; for surely, as Christians, we cannot wish that they
should bestir themselves to pervert us from our own faith.

" But that the Jews would be unsocial members of the civil com-
munity, if the civil community did its duty by them, has never been
proved. My right honorable friend who made the motion which we
are discussing has produced a great body of evidence to show that
they have been grossly misrepresented; and that evidence has not
been refuted by my honorable friend, the member for the University
of Oxford.

"But what if it were true that the Jews are unsocial? What if it
were true that they do not regard England as their country? Would

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 501

not the treatment which they have undergone explain and excuse
their antipathy to the society in which they live? Has not similar
antipathy often been felt by persecuted Christians to the society
which persecuted them?

11 While the bloody code of Elizabeth was enforced against the
English Roman Catholics, what was the patriotism of Roman Catho-
lics? Oliver Cromwell said that in his time they were Espaniolized.
At a later period it might have been said that they were Gallicised.
It was the same with the Calvinists. What more deadly enemies
had France in the day of Louis XIV, than the persecuted Hugue-
nots?

" But would any rational man infer from these facts that either the
Roman Catholic as such, or the Calvinist as such, is incapable of
loving the land of his birth? If England were now invaded by
Roman Catholics, how many English Roman Catholics would go
over to the invader? If France were now attacked by a Protestant
enemy, how many French Protestants would lend him help? Why
not try what effect would be produced on the Jews by that tolerant
policy which has made the English Roman Catholic a good English-
man and the French Calvinist a good Frenchman?

" Another charge has been brought against the Jews, not by my
honorable friend, the member for the University of Oxford — he has
too much learning and too much good feeling to make such a charge
— but by the honorable member for Oldham, who has, I am sorry to
see, quitted his place.

u The honorable member for Oldham tells us that the Jews are
naturally a mean race, a money-getting race; that they are averse to
all honorable callings; that they neither sow nor reap; that they have
neither flocks nor herds; that usury is the only pursuit for which
they are fit; that they are destitute of all elevated and amiable senti-
ments.

"Such, sir, has in every age been the reasoning of bigots. They
never fail to plead in justification of persecution the vices which
persecution has engendered. England has been, legally, a home to
the Jews less than half a century, and we revile them because they do
not feel for England more than a half patriotism.

" We treat them as slaves, and wonder that they do not regard us
as brethren. We drive them to mean occupations, and then reproach
them for not embracing honorable professions. We long forbade
them to possess land, and we complain that they chiefly occupy
themselves in trade. We shut them out from all the paths of
ambition, and then we despise them for taking refuge in avarice.

" During many ages we have, in all our dealings with them, abused
our immense superiority of force, and then we are disgusted because
they have recourse to that cunning which is the natural and universal
deiense of the weak against the violence of the strong. But were
they always a mere money-changing, money-getting, money-hoard-

502 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

ing race? Nobody knows better than my honorable friend, the
member for the University of Oxford, that there is nothing in their
national character which unfits them for the highest duties of
citizens.

"He knows that, in the infancy of civilization, when our island
was as savage as New Guinea, when letters and arts were still
unknown to Athens, when scarcely a thatched hut stood on what
was afterward the site of Rome, this contemned people had their
fenced cities and cedar palaces, their splendid temple, their fleets of
merchant ships, their schools of sacred learning, their great states-
men and soldiers, their natural philosophers, their historians and
their poets.

" What nation ever contended more manfully against overwhelm-
ing odds for its independence and religion? What nation ever, in its
last agonies, gave such signal proofs of what may be accomplished by
a brave despair? And if, in the course of many centuries, the
depressed descendants of warriors and sages have degenerated from
the qualities of their fathers, if, while excluded from the blessings of
law and bowed down under the yoke of slavery, they have contracted
some of the vices of outlaws and slaves, shall we consider this as
a matter of reproach to them ?

" Shall we not rather consider it as a matter of shame and remorse
to ourselves? Let us do justice to them. Let us open to them the
door of the House of Commons. Let us open to them every career in
which ability and energy can be displayed. Till we have done this,
let us not presume to say that there is no genius among the country-
men of Isaiah, no heroism among the descendants of the Maccabees.

"Sir, in supporting the motion of my honorable friend, I am, I
firmly believe, supporting the honor and the interest of the Christian
religion. I should think that I insulted that religion if I said that it
cannot stand unaided by intolerant laws. Without such laws it was
established, and without such laws it may be maintained.

" It triumphed over the superstitions of the most refined and of the
most savage nations, over the graceful mythology of Greece and the
bloody idolatry of the northern forests. It prevailed over the power
and policy of the Roman Empire. It tamed the barbarians by whom
that empire was overthrown. But all these victories were gained,
not by the help of intolerance, but in spite of the opposition of
intolerance.

11 The whole history of Christianity proves that she has little
indeed to fear from persecution as a foe, but much to fear from perse-
cution as an ally. May she long continue to bless our country with
her benignant influence, strong in her sublime philosophy, strong in
her spotless morality, strong in those internal and external evidences
to which the most powerful and comprehensive of human intellects
have yielded assent, the last solace of those who have outlived every

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 503

earthly hope, the last restraint of those who are raised above every
earthly fear !

11 But let us not, mistaking her character and her interests, fight
the battle of truth with the weapons of error, and endeavor to sup-
port by oppression that religion which first taught the human race
the great lesson of universal charity."

Here is an utterance on this subject by OTTO von BIS-
MARCK. This man, whose iron hand puddled the smelt of
the furnace wherein, with fire and blood, the German people
were fused into political unity, was — or rather, is, for he is yet
living, and will long remain a power — this man is no friend of
the Jews. His spirit crystallized, and his nature drew its inspira-
tion out of the time when " Polen,Juden und Franz o sen " were
a trinity of bugbears for the worshippers of royal divinity in
Europe. Bismarck never fully recovered from that nightmare
of his youth and early manhood, but he towered above his fel-
lows, and he had the faculty of perceiving the truth and a habit
of telling it which, notwithstanding his diplomatic training, he
was wont to indulge. In a notable debate in the Prussian
Landtag during the session of 1 871, he expressed himself as
follows:

" In my position as President of the Ministry I must repudiate any
obligation to fill the places in the civil service with Roman Catholics
according to their proportionate number in the population of the
country. . . . The existence of a distinctively religious body in
a political assembly is in itself a monstrous phenomenon. . . This
tends to make religion the subject of parliamentary debates. . . I
adhere to the principle that every religion should be allowed perfect
freedom, without considering it, for that reason, necessary that it
should be represented in the executive departments in the same
ratio as in the population. Every religious body would have as much
right as the Catholics to claim this; the Lutherans as well as the
Jews, and I have found that it is the latter particularly who are most
distinguished by their special intelligence and capacity for admin-
istrative functions.' 1 ''

As an estimate of Jewish citizenship by a man whose life
experience has afforded him a rare insight into social and
political conditions on both sides of the Atlantic, we quote the
following expression by CARL SCHURZ, on the occasion of

504 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

the dedication of the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids,
in New York City:

11 Honor to the men and women who have accomplished this and
who are bound to accomplish still more. They do honor to the com-
munity which calls them its own; for any community, whatever its
pretensions, will be honored by citizens who take so high a view of
their duties to humanity.

11 And who are these citizens? They are Jews. This is not the only
monument the Jews of New York have planted to their benevolence
and public spirit. There are others — some even far exceeding this in
costliness and grandeur. But none — none of their own and none
instituted by any other class of citizens excells it, nay, perhaps none
equals it in beauty of sentiment and devotion. And for whom is this
done? Hear the noble words of the President of the Society as found
in last year's report: ' As Israelites we are compelled, both by
circumstances and inclination, to provide for the needy of our own
faith; but this must not induce us to exclude any human being be-
cause of his religious belief from the benefit of an institution charged
with the improvement of bodily ailment.' Thus it is done for the
brotherhood of men. This is the true spirit, worthy of him whose
name this edifice bears. It is the spirit, too, which more than any
other, has created the brightest, the most stainless glories of our great
American Republic — the spirit which, without any governmental
action, out of the spontaneous initiative of the patriotic citizen,
through private munificence, through individual solicitude for the
welfare of all, has covered this land all over with educational institu-
tions and enterprises of benevolence. In our school days we read of
the Roman matron Cornelia, who, when other noble ladies exhibited to
her their stores of pearls and precious stones, called in her children,
and pointing to them, said: ' These are my jewels.' So when the Old
World shows to us the magnificence of its baronial halls and royal
castles, the American Republic may point to her colleges and hos-
pitals and asylums founded by the patriotic generosity of simple
citizens, and say, ' These are my palaces.'

" And to entitle the American people to this proud distinction, the
Jews have done as much as any other class of citizens — nay, I may
repeat in their presence what I have frequently said in the presence
of others — the Jews have, in proportion to their numbers, done far
more. I repeat this with all the greater willingness, as I have
recently had occasion to observe the motive springs, the character
and the aims of the so-called "anti-Semitic" movement, a move-
ment whose dark spirit of fanaticism and persecution insults the
humane enlightenment of the 19th century; whose appeals are
addressed to the stupidest prejudice and the blindest passion, whose
injustice affronts every sense of fairness and decency and whose
cowardice— for cowardice is an essential element in the attempt to

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 505

suppress the competing energies of a mere handful of people — whose
cowardice I say, should provoke the contempt of every self-respecting
man.

" In the face of this movement, which for years has stirred some
European countries, and thrown its shadows even across the ocean,
upon our shores, it is most grateful to the human heart to hear the
President of the Montefiore Home say, that while this roof is to
shelter the neediest of Israel, no human being because of his religious
belief shall be excluded from its protection. He might take the
clamorous anti-Semic by the hand, show him the hospitals, orphans
homes, charity schools, founded and sustained by Jewish money,
Jewish labor, Jewish public spirit, benevolence and devotion and say
to him: ' If you have any sick, any aged, any children who cannot
find help elsewhere, here we shall have room for them, and they are
welcome.' What has the anti-Semite to answer? No, no, that move-
ment cannot survive. It must perish in shame. It will be consigued
to an ignominious grave by the generous impulses of human nature
and the civilization of this age. And what will remain will be the
beneficent influence and the sweet memory of such good actions as
yours, and the brotherhood of mankind."

On the same occasion as that noted above, the opening of the
Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids, Hon. ABRAM S.
HEWITT, Mayor of New York City, spoke as follows:

" No other people, so far as I have observed, no sect or denomination
or party have done so much as the Jews, to relieve distress, give
education and elevate the standard of morality in our midst, and I
make that statement after a good deal of observation and attention,
particularly that part of it concerning the subject of education.

"I have never found the Jews lacking in public spirit. It is said
of them that they have the art of getting wealth. If but a part of
what is said of them be true, they understand well the use of wealth
when once acquired. They are found among the first admirers of art,
they love music and have since the daughters of Judah hung their
harps on the willows by the waters of Babylon.

"This charity is unique, and it is a link in the chain of Jewish
institutions. So long as there are calls by suffering humanity, the
Jews will year by year add new links to their beautiful chain until it
embraces every need of society regardless of race and religion.

"I have read at the door as I entered, that the Israelites erected
this building to the chronic sick in honor of Moses Montefiore, a Jew,
who for nearly a hundred years set an example to other people and
creeds of a broad charity that affects all people and all lands.

" This institution was one long wanted in New York for a class for
whom there is no hope save such offered by the poor-house or Black-

50(5 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

well's Island. They were here given instead a home in which love
reigned and religion presided, religion which opened the portals of the
other world where all must go, rich and poor, Jew and Christian,
where reigns the Heavenly Father whose chosen people have proven
steadfast amid all oppression and persecution, and who has so long
preserved them, but who nevertheless knows no difference between
His children.

From a deeply thoughtful address before the Young Men's
Hebrew Association of Philadelphia, by Judge F. CARROLL
BREWSTER, on the Valley of Baca as referred to in Psalm
lxxxiv, we quote the following as the expression of a Nestor
among jurists:

"Perhaps, then, the very dreariness of this barren place was
intended as a prophecy of the woes which God's chosen people should
encounter on their march through the history of many ages. And
the water to be found in the midst of this desolation might prefigure
the refreshing deliverance which the centuries were to bring. Of
bitterness and of persecution, of suffering beyond man's power to
describe, of its depth, of all that is sad and sorrowful, the history of
the Jewish nation bears tearful testimony. The student has two
marvels, as he turns these weary pages of the very monotony of
cruelty. He wonders how the ferocity of man could ever enact this
horrible tragedy, and then he wonders how the race survived.

11 It would be a vain and painful task to recite here the thousandth
part of what history tells us, and it is certain that history does not, in
this case as in many others, falsify the facts. These narratives were
all written by the actors who took a horrid pride in recounting their
own infamy. The man who has but a moderate installment of feel-
ing in his breast must cry out with indignation as he reads of these
outrages. To the jurist they are especially repugnant, for they tell
not only of the slaughter of human beings, but of the murder of
justice."

The following is from the pen of GEORGE WILLIAM
CURTIS, the life-long editor of ' ' Harper's Weekly" and « ' Har-
per's Magazine. " As a prominent actor in the stirring events of
his generation he has left a marked impress on our national life,
but great as was his influence in the councils of the nation he
was yet best known- to the large mass of the American people
as the genial, persuasive writer of the "Easy Chair" in the
magazine which he so ably edited. The extract which we print
is from that department of Harper's Magazine, where it
appeared in July, 1877, vol. 55, p. 300.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 507

What We Owe to the Jews.

"One beautiful June evening in Paris the 'Easy Chair' strolled
with a friend into a cafe on the Boulevard. They had been to hear
' Robert le Diable » at the French Opera, and gaily humming and
gossiping they sat upon the broad walk that was still thronged on
the still summer night. Presently a dark-haired man came quietly
along and seated himself at a table near by. He was alone, and
seemed not to care for recognition. He was simply dressed and was
entirely unhoticeable except for the strong Jewish lines of his intel-
lectual face. The * Easy Chair's ' companion whispered, ' That is the
man to whom we owe the delight of this evening; that is Meyerbeer.'
After a little while he added with feeling, ' How much we owe to the
Jews and how mean Christendom is ! '

"It was remarkable how much of the conspicuous work and
influence on that evening was due to the genius of a people whose
name is so constantly used as a word of reproach. A few months
before, Mendelssohn had been buried in Leipsic, and in Berlin the
1 Easy Chair ' had heard the memorial concert of his music at the
Sing-Akademie. Rossini was still living, and Verdi was writing
operas, but Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer were the recognized masters
of music. The evening before, the ' Easy Chair' had seen the Jewess
Rachel in ' Phedre " — the one woman who contests the laurel with
Mrs. Siddons, and who was then the great living actress. Beyond
the channel, Disraeli, the child of Spanish Jews, was just about to
kiss hands as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and to become the politi-
cal leader of the British Tories. In the vast city in which they were
sitting, the ' Easy Chair ' knew that the Jewish Heine was liviug,
breathing his weird and melancholy song, while in Paris and London
and Frankfort and Vienna the great masters of the mainspring of
industrial activity, the capitalists, who held peace and war in their
hands, and by whose favor kings ruled, were Jews. The philosophy,
the arts, the industry, the politics of Christendom were full of the
Jewish genius, the gayety of nations, the delight of scholars, the
scepters of princes, the movements of civilization, hung in great
degree upon it. It is as true to-day as in that long summer night,
and the words of the ' Easy Chair's' friend are still as shamefully
true. ' How mean Christendom is !'

" Recently in New York an estimable and accomplished gentleman
was rejected as a member of the Bar Association ' for no other reason
that can be conceived,' indignantly said one of the leading members,
1 except that he was a Jew.' Doubtless a few votes would procure the
rejection. But the Association is not a social club, and presumptively
a man who is an honorable member of the Bar is a fit member of the
Association. The few hostile votes, however, represent the prejudice.
It is very old and very universal. To the audience of to-day there is
nothing in Shakespeare more vital and intelligible than the fervent

508 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

appeal of ' Shylock ' to the common humanity of the world around
him. The Jew is still separate, and the prejudice which has pursued
him for generations is but slightly relaxed. The lines of demarcation
are fine. They are often almost invisible. But they are deep, and
apparently absolute. It is one of the most common and most tenacious
of the objections to " Daniel Deronda " that it deals with Jews and
Jewish life and character. The fact is sometimes almost resented as
an offence to the mass of readers. Even in ' Ivanhoe,' although tor-
rents of Christian tears have flowed over the closing pages, where the
noble and beautiful ' Rebecca ' asks to see the face of the fair
'Rowena,' yet such is the fell and weird outlaw of the Jew from
general sympathy, that the catastrophe seems to be an inevitable
fate. There is no doubt that this prejudice is as cruel in its effects as

it is unreasonable in its origin

" The legend of the ' Wandering Jew ' has a pathos beyond the
usual interpretation. The story is told that the Jew, who refused to
comfort Christ as he toiled under the weight of the cross, was con-
demned to tarry until he came, and so wanders around the world
until the second coming. But it is the symbol also of the restlessness
of the race, roaming through Christendom, homeless and rejected. It
is the curse, says many a Christian heart, of the people that crucified
the Redeemer. This is the common theory of the origin of the
traditional antipathy to the Jews, and, undoubtedly, this is with
many persons a vague justification of the feeling with which a Jew is
regarded. But should it be nothing to such persons that when, as
they believe, the Creator would incarnate himself, He became a Jew?
Or, again, do they reflect that if it was in the eternal decrees that the
sins of men were to be atoned and condoned by the innocent
sacrifice, those who accomplished the sacrifice were but the agents of
the Divine will? Are all such ingenious speculations other than
devices to explain and justify a mere prejudice of race, such as some
African tribes cherish against people of white skins? Those who find
in such prejudice a profound significance will continue to plead the
feeling as its own sufficient reason. But honorable men will be care-
ful how they carelessly use the name of a race to which the religion,
the literature, the art, the civilized progress of humanity, are so
greatly indebted, as a term of utter derision and scorn. 7 '

Mr. Curtis in his reference to Shakespeare's "Shy lock" truly
says that "there is nothing in Shakespeare more vital and in-
telligible than the fervent appeal of Shylock to the common
humanity around him." Much has been said and written con-
cerning this remarkable creation of the dramatist's genius, and
often and again it has been remarked that Shakespeare's Jew
was not the real Jew, not even the Jew of his own imagination,
but the Jew as mirrored in the distorted consciousness of

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 50£

mediaeval Europe. The great pathologist of human feeling
only then failed in his diagnosis when he sought to realize the
Jew, the real Jew and his attributes were beyond his ken.

One of the grandest and most cherished of our poets, WIL,-
LIAM CULLEN BRYANT, long the editor of the New York
Evening Post, in a trenchant criticism of the character of Shy-
lock on the occasion of a presentation of the drama by Edwin
Booth, wrote as follows: *

" In terming Shylock 'the Jew whom Shakespeare drew,' there is a
perfect logic, for Shylock is, of all Shakespeare's characters, the only
one untrue to nature. He is not a Jew, but a fiend presented in the
form of one; and whereas he is made a ruling type, he is but an ex-
ception, if even that, and the exception is not to be met with either
in the Ghettos of Venice or of Rome. Shakespeare holds up the love
of money that marks the race, although he does not show that this
passion was but the effect of that persecution which, by crowding the
Jew out of every honorable pursuit, and thus cutting off his nature
from every sympathy with the world around, sharpened and edged
the keen corners of his brain for the only pursuit left to him.

" It is true that money-changers once spat on in the Ghetto are now
hugged in the palace. But we fear that it is not so much that the
prejudice against the Jews has ceased, but that the love of money
among the Christians has increased. Shakespeare was not true in
the picture he has drawn of the Jew's cravings for revenge, and in
the contempt with which he is treated by his daughter, lievenge is
not a characteristic of the Jew. He is subject to sudden fits of passion,
but that intellect which always stands sentinel over the Hebrew soon
subdues the gust. However strong in Shylock's time might have
been the hatred of the Jew towards the Christian, the lust of lucre
was more strong, and Shakespeare might have ransacked every
Ghetto in Christendom without finding a Jew, or a Christian either,
who would have preferred a pound of flesh to a pound sterling; and
Jews also shrink from physical contests. Their disposition is to tri-
umph by intellect rather than violence. It was this trait more than
any other that rendered them, in the Middle Ages, so repulsive to the
masses, who were all of the Morrissey and muscular Christianity
school. The contempt of a daughter for her parent is equally unchar-
acteristic of the Jew. The Jews are universally admired for the
affections which adorn their domestic life. The more they have been
pushed from the society of the family of man the greater has been the
intensity with which they have clung to the love of their own family.

"No one can ever have visited the houses of the Jews without
having been struck by ihe glowing affection with which the daughter
greets the father as he returns from the day's campaign and the

* See note, next page.

510 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

slights and sneers his gaberdine and yellow cap provoke, and with-
out observing how those small, restless eyes that sparkle and gleam,
shine out in a softened, loving lustre as they fall upon the face of
Rebecca, or Jessica, or Sarah, and how he stands no longer with
crooked back, but erect and commanding, as he blesses his household
gods with an exultation as vehement as the prejudices which during
the day have galled and fretted his nature. To do justice to the
grandeurs of the Jewish race, and to brand with infamy its infirmities,
it is not enough to produce a repulsive delineation of the latter. It
would only be just to give expression to the former, and to exhibit
that superiority of intellect which has survived all persecution, and
which, soaring above the prejudices of the hour, has filled us with
reluctant admiration on finding how many of the great events which
mark the progress of the age or minister to its improvements, or
elevate its tastes, may be traced to the wonderful workings of the soul
of the Hebrew, and the supremacy of that spiritual nature which
gave to mankind its noblest religion, its noblest laws, and some of its
noblest poesy and music."

Treating the same subject the great German critic, ROBERT
BENEDIX, writes as follows: *

" Let us look at this Shylock closer. Antonio calls him an usurer;
the proof he fails in. Shylock takes high interest; so did all the
merchants of Venice. Shylock deals in money; to-day we call him a
banker. Why does he deal in money ? Because it is the only trade
permitted. He does not carry on an industry, has no agricultural
pursuits, no official station — only trade. If the Jews, under centuries
of restriction, ostracised from social life, did cling to money and its
uses, whose fault was it ? No one can say anything dishonorable of
Shylock. He is penurious; in no law-book of the world is that
denominated as a crime. What is against this man ? Simply nothing
more than that he is a Jew. But for the poet, who, enthroned on
Olympian heights, there should exist only the man, not the Jew.
Shylock is revengeful. Well, who has instigated it? Only they who
have despised him. After persecuting and deriding him, they crown
their infamy by asking him to turn Christian. That is the very depth
of baseness. What is left to the poor Jew, whom you have trodden
under foot, when you rob him of his faith? It is the bond that binds
him to his fathers, to his home. It has been his solace in persecu-
tions a thousand times repeated. To this faith Israel clings with
devoted love, and from this faith shall Shylock turn to become a
Christian? No wonder he turns with abhorrence from those who

* These citations are gleaned from the notable lecture by Hon.
Simon Wolf, on "The Influence of the Jews on the Progress of the
World," delivered before the Schiller Bund in Washington, April 1st,

1888.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 511

torture him so cruelly. Christians they may be. Men they are not.
And is there no feeling for a father? To exalt a daughter who
absconds and robs him whom she should honor ? Is that Jewish or
Christian? The grand speech, 'Has not a Jew eyes,' etc., is the
exclamation of a martyr people who for centuries had been the
victims of debauched, bigoted priests.

" It is impossible to acquit Shakespeare of the prejudice of his age.
He has morally sinned; artistically erred. Contrast Lessing; and he
wrote in an age of equal intolerance. His ' Nathan the Wise ' is an
embodiment of morality and and sublime virtues; his figures are
apostles of true humanity. Nathan is an evangelist of true worth;
and Lessing, taking for his hero a Jew, made thereby the amende
honorable in the name of humanity."

As a veritable anti- climax to these utterances of poet and
critic, we may here consider the views of the representative
proletary of America, who deals with the Shylock theme from
an entirely different standpoint. This dissertation is by Mr.
TERRENCB V. POWDKRLY, long the leader of the organi-
zation of wage-earners known as the Knights- of Labor, and as
such will command the attention of the reader. Under the
caption of " The Real Shylock," he writes in the Journal of
the Knights of Labor as follows :

" Flings at the Jews are flying about promiscuously on every hand,
and it seems to me that this practice is neither just nor manly. Turn
the pages of history backward to the dawn of Christianity and notice
how the Jew has been persecuted by those who professed to be
actuated by Christian charity. Notice how he has been driven from
country and home, how he has been driven ahead of the advanced
guard of Christianity, and then pause for a moment to ask if the
Christian is not in some small measure to blame for the money-lend-
ing characteristics of the Jew of this day and generation. Driven
from all other branches of trade, with a price on his head, and his
home at the mercy of others, how could the Jew protect himself? It
is well enough to single out Rothschild and to point to him as a fit
representative of an usury-taking class, but when he is pointed to as
' Rothschild the Jew,' the bounds of propriety are overstepped and
common justice is violated.

" What right has a Christian to drive a man from every walk in
life but that of money-lending and then insult his race and religion
because of that fact, in sneeringly calling him a Jew. It is proper to
call a money-lender a 'Shylock,' for that is a term that is applicable to
men of all races and religions if they practice usury, but to single the
Jew out as the only one who should wear that appellation is an out-
rage. I know Christians, and the reader knows them, who on every

5V2 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Sunday morning will walk slowly down the middle aisle in the
Christian church, and with sanctimonious mien bend the knee before
the altar of God with no more of Christianity in their hearts than
may be found in the stone steps leading up to the church door. If a
living representative of ' Shylock > is to be singled out, one whose
talon-like fingers itch for usury and stretch out toward your pocket
for the principal as well, let us be honest enough to admit that we
can throw a stone into any of our temples of Christianity and hit
such a sinner. Do not lay it all to the Jew. I admit that he knows
how to deal in money, but who gave him points in the game of
usury? Look over the United States to-day. Contrast the acts of
pretended Christians with the principles of Christ, and then dare to
lay the blame of all the wrong that usury has wrought, to the door
of the Jew. Look at our American Congress and tell us if those who

obey the voice of greed in that body are all Jews Are

all who have cornered lands, railroads and homes Jews ? Let the
reader whose home is mortgaged inquire who it is holds the mortgage,
and if he happens to be a Christian, as in nine cases out of ten he will
be, ask him to be lenient with you, and you will learn that he wants
his ' pound of flesh,' and will be anxious to go old Shylock one
better, by sucking the blood along with it."

The Jewish Question and the Mission of the Jeivs, published
by Harper and Brothers, New York, 1894, contributes a valu-
able addition to historical literature. The work ably elucidates
its comprehensive subject matter and deserves the careful
perusal of every student of whatever creed. A few character-
istic extracts are collated in the following : —

u If we turn to Europe, in which we are chiefly interested, we find
that the Jews were settled there as early as Roman times, and lived
on terms of perfect equality with all their neighbors, until religious
intolerance set itself to repress them or directed and intensified the
jealousy which their success elicited. When the west of Europe was
raised out of its barbarism by Charlemagne, this great leader of
modern civilization also took account of the valuable civilizing influ-
ence of the Jews, especially as regarded commerce and learning. He
granted them privileges, and even made use of them for diplomatic
services ; and as he transplanted learned men from Italy into France
and Germany in order that their wisdom might be diffused among
those people, so he also desired to engraft the learning of the Jews in
these districts. He encouraged them to found Talmudic Schools and
transplanted from Lucca the learned family Kalonymos to Narbornne
about the year 787, gave them a large tract of land, where the chief of
the family and his successors were called princes, while the part of
the town where they lived was called 'The Court of the King of the

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 513

Jew.' The position which the Jew, Isaac, held .in the embassy of
Charlemange to Haroun al Rashid is a matter of history."

******** *

" As to the pluck and courage of the Jews it certainly did not die out
with the Maccabees and the Zealots. I will not mention the spiritual
courage it required for the whole race to survive at all during the
persecutions which might have been avoided by the simple act of
conversion, or of the thousands that burned at the stake singing. I
should say, even numerically, more than the whole Christian mar-
tyrology has to show. The numbers who heroically during the
Spanish Inquisition, and at other times and places, preferred burning
at the stake to baptism, the perfidy which often met their heroic
resistance, would fill volumes. In the history of the Spanish Jews
more than in that of any other of their numerous communities do we
meet with heroism, courage and chivalry. They fought in the Span-
ish battles as the bravest knights. Alfonso X of Castile, rewarded
them en masse for their war-like assistance against Seville and gave
them, when the enemies' land was divided, a village whieh was called
"Aldea de los Judeos." They fought desperately for Dom Pedro,
even after the Black Prince had forsaken him, defended Burgos to
the last man, so that even their opponent, Dom Enrico, recognized
publicly their valor."

******** *

11 Even in Germany during the Black Death and the butchery of
Jews, and in Poland, the spirit of the Maccabees and the Zealots had
not forsaken them. It very often met with the basest treachery on
the part of their enemies and allies. One instance is a striking, if not
a typical one. During the onslaught of the Cossacks into Poland in
the Thirty Years' War the Jews were brave defenders of the Polish
territory. When a horde of Hadamaks attacked the town of Tulczyn,
six thousand Christians and about two thousand Jews retreated to
the fortress. Nobles and Jews pledged themselves by oath to defend
the fortress to the last man. The Cossacks resorted to a stratagem,
and assured the Nobles that they were only fighting against their
real enemies, the Jews. If they were handed over to them they
would withdraw. The nobles asked the Jews to give up their arms ;
and when they complied, they opened the gates to the Cossacks.
When the Cossacks had plundered the Jews, they proposed to them
the alternative of death or baptism. Not one of them accepted the
latter, and they were put to the sword. But the nobles suffered the
same fate, as the Cossacks held that there was no cause to hold faith
by the faithless."

# * * * * ' * * * *

"The late James Russell Lowell was wont to say that a large
proportion of the great families of the English aristocracy had some
33

514 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

admixture of Jewish blood, while some of the great names were in a
direct line to be traced back to Jewish ancestors. So, for instance, he
believed, and he must have had good grounds for his belief, that the
families of the Cecils and the Russells were originally Jewish. Of
course such conversational statements must not be taken literally.
Many years ago I met a Russian scholar, deeply read in literature
and science — the pure Russian, without any associations with Jews —
who told me he was engaged upon a work which set itself the task of
tracing the origin of most of the great men in letters and science that
were then living in Germany, and that he was coming to the conclu-
sion that, not only were a great many of them actually Jews, but
that a large proportion of the best known among the Christian digni-
taries had also some admixture of Jewish blood."

Our symposium could not be more effectively and fitly
rounded out than by a quotation of the Preface to M. Anatole
Leroy Beaulieu's celebrated work, " Israel chez les nations"
and of the Preface written by the author for the English trans-
lation by Mrs. Theodore Hellman, which has just been
announced as soon to be published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
Son's, New York. M. Leroy Beaulieu, whose mastery of the
philosophy of history has commanded universal recognition,
makes clear his standpoint in the preface to the original work,
and in the preface to the English translation he evinces his
thorough insight, not only into his general subject, but further-
more into its American phases especially.

We copy these extracts from the columns of the American
Hebrew, New York, September 13, 1895, and from its editorial
reference to the subject we gladly quote the concluding para-
graph, as follows:

"The publication of M. Leroy Beaulieu's work in its English dress
will be timely for two reasons: Its Jewish readers will find it an
eloquent appeal for renewed devotion to the noble cause of Israel's
mission; its Christian readers, recognizing the important part Juda-
ism has played in the production of our present-day civilization, will
recognize how baseless is the prejudice that reigns against the Jew.
May the book find many readers."

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 515

ISRAEL AMONG THE NATIONS.

The Prefaces to M. Leroy-Beaulieu's "Israel chezles nations. 11

[Copyrighted, 1895, by G. P. Putnam's Sons.]

I. Preface to the Original Work.

The author of this book is a Christian and a Frenchman. As a
Christian, he is one of those who believe that a spirit of intolerance is
repugnant to Christianity, and nothing appears to him less consistent
with the Gospel than race-hatred. Be it a war of races or a war of
classes, popular jealousy can never screen itself behind the robe of
Christ. Be it Aryan or Semitic, a nation should never purchase its
salvation at the cost of another's rights.

As a Frenchman, the author is one of those who are convinced
that France ought to remain true to her traditions of justice and
liberty. They are the only glory, and the only wealth which the
fortunes of war cannot wrest from her. The more severe the trials
that she has undergone, the more menacing the dangers that await
her, the more essential is it to her honor that she should remain her-
self and not belie, in the eyes of the nations, those great ideas which
she was the first to proclaim. To abjure them would be not only an
act of apostasy, but a forfeiture of her place in history. A France that
should stoop, more than a century after 1789, to abridge religious and
civil liberty and to establish among her inhabitants distinctions
based upon name or birth, would no longer be the France that the
world has thus far known.

The inheritance of the Revolution, which we have come to regard
with so much reverence, may possibly include rash postulates and
exaggerated inferences that tend to intoxicate, almost to madness, a
people infatuated with its title of sovereign; but surely neither
religious liberty nor civil equality is likely to produce such effects;
neither the one nor the other can have any tendency to turn the
people's heads; and, after having been the first to preach these
principles to Europe, France will not disavow them now, when,
thanks, to our propaganda or our example, they have conquered
almost all the countries of both hemispheres. On others be the shame
of such a recantation !

Anti-Semitism is consistent with neither the principles nor the
genius of our nation. It came to us from the outside, from countries
which have neither our spirit nor our traditions. It came to us from
across the Rhine, from old Germany, always ready for religious quar-
rels, and always imbued with the spirit of caste; from new Germany,
all inflated with race-pride and scornful of whatever is not Teutonic.

Anti-Semitism may be traced also to Russia, to that huge and
shapeless Russia, which, with its steppes and forests, has remained
isolated from the great currents of modern life; to holy, Orthodox

516 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Russia, half Oriental, half Asiatic, which endeavors to find its
national unity in its religious unity, and which regards the Catholic
and the Lutheran with little more favor than the Israelite; to that
autocratic Russia, which differs from us in all its institutions, as well
as in all its conditions, be they economic, political, religious or social.
Whatever sympathy we may feel with the Slavonic mind or the
Russian spirit, the Russians, who so often emulated us, would be
greatly surprised to see us copying them; as well might one propose
to the Czar to model the government of his moujiks and cossacks on
that of the French Republic.

Men of my age, who have grown up under the Second Empire and
in the worship of liberty — it was fashionable then among the young
— have witnessed many distressing sights. How often was the lie
given to our youthful faith in right and justice ! How many truths
which we thought established forever were again called into question
by the selfish passions or the ignorant claims of new generations !
How many of the conquests won by reason and liberty were we un-
able to maintain against the encroachments of power or the delusions
of political sophistry ! Popular rights trodden under foot in the name
of the principle of nationality, everywhere heralded as a principle of
emancipation; European states transformed, for half a century, into
entrenched camps and separated once more from each other by
custom-house barriers and ramparts of prejudice almost as high as
the Wall of China; freedom of thought and religious toleration cynic-
ally overridden or hypercritically evaded by those very political
parties that professed to be their champions; laws passed to the detri-
ment of special persons; decrees of exile or confiscation promulgated
in the name of liberty, within so-called free countries and by self-
styled liberals; appeals to secular power, demands for legal restric-
tion, for paternalism, addressed to the government by all manner of
clashing interests and passions. And all this, not only in Eastern
Russia, buried neck-deep in the Middle Ages or rather in the ancien
regime, but in the West, in France, in Germany, among nations said
to be the most advanced of ancient Europe. Oh, how old she is,
this ancient Europe, and how difficult it is for her to slough her skin
and regain her youth ! What an effort it is for her to strip off her old
prejudices and practices and clothe herself in the spirit of a new age !

And this new age, the age that we have so ardently invoked, what
will it bring us and how will it fulfil its boasted promises ? To judge by
the methods and the teachings extolled by those who proclaim them-
selves its representatives, this new age is in great danger of reviving
the worst practices of the past. Men who boast of being the pioneers
of the future openly praise deeds of absolutism, and smile sancti-
moniously at legal brutalities borrowed from the ancien regime by
the jurists of the Revolution. Visions of the future and mediaeval
prejudices; Utopias conceived by dreamers deluded with misty ideals
and belated memories of a superannuated past; unceasing race-corn-

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 517

petition and ever-recurriDg class jealousies, all these have become
confused and entangled in the minds of the learned as well as in
those of the masses. And something of all this is contained in anti-
Semitism; something of the old and of the new, of the far-off Middle
Ages and of visionary socialism, of reactionary instincts and of revo-
lutionary passions; and it is because of this that anti-Semitism finds
an echo in such different quarters, from the drawing-rooms of society
to the grog-shop of the working-man.

Let us confess it once again: we have presumed too much on
reason, and relied too confidently on civilization. This brilliant civil-
ization, which inspires our idlers with such ludicrous pride, is often
shallow and unsound, even in the most advanced countries of the
continent. In our proudest capitals it is barely thicker than a light
veneer, underneath whose surface, if we scratch it ever so little, we
shall find all the ignorance and savagery of the ages that we deem
barbarous. Thus, in Paris, Vienna and Berlin, the close of our
century suffers the disgrace of seeing measures of proscription and
confiscation advocated by people who are really good-natured and
ordinarily harmless.

It must not be inferred from what has been said that the com-
plaints of the anti-Semites are wholly imaginary. By no means.
Whether they attack our private or our public morals and customs,
many of their complaints are but too well founded. Abroad, as well
as at home, and most especially, perhaps, in our republic France,
they are right, these noisy anti-Semites, in loudly denouncing certain
governmental methods, certain practices which seem about to take
root in the life of modern nations. Anti-Semitism may have been,
in its time, a protest, on the part of public conscience, against culp-
able concessions of men in office, against the venality of politicians,
and the domination, at once mysterious and contemptuous, of stock-
jobbing interlopers. Despite its excesses and outrages, anti-Semitism
is within its rightful province when it assails the worship of money,
the scandalous barter of political influences, and the shameless
exploitation of the people by the men whom they have elected; or,
again, when it unmasks the hypocritical intolerance of inconsistent
free-thinkers, who have erected irreligiou and corruption into a
method of government.

Modern society is ailing indeed, more ailing that the most honest
anti-Semite imagines. The error of anti-Semitism lies in its mis-
apprehension of the origin and the seat of the evil. It sees, or'is will-
ing to see, but one of the symptoms, and it calls this symptom the
cause of the disease. Anti-Semitism is essentially "simple-minded,"
in the literal sense of the word. It fails to grasp the complexity of
social phenomena. But this failure, which should prove its ruin, is
largely the cause of its success with the masses, who in their
simplicity are always carried away by that which they deem simple.

Even if the Jews had all the vices and all the power which the

518 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

hatred of their enemies sees fit to ascribe to them, it were none the
less childish to discover in a handful of Semites the source of the
evils that afflict modern society.

It is not true that, in order to restore it to health, we need but to
eliminate the Semite, as the surgeon's knife eradicates a cyst or a
malignant excrescence. The extent and gravity of the evil are of a
different nature. The evil is in ourselves, in our blood, in the very
marrow of our bones. To cure us, it will not be enough to remove a
foreign body from our flesh. Though every Jew be banished from
French soil, though Israel be swept from the face of Europe, France
would be not one whit more healthy, nor Europe in any better state.
The first condition of a cure is a knowledge of the nature of one's
malady. Now, anti-Semitism deceives us; it blinds us to our con-
dition by trying to make us believe that the cause of the evil is
external, instead of internal. There is no more dangerous error. We
are afflicted with an internal trouble, due to our constitution and our
entire mode of living; and the anti-Semites insist upon telling us,
over and over again, that it is but a superficial ailment, brought on
by chance, and foreign to our race and blood. Even when they
boast of exposing our secret wounds, they misconstrue their nature;
consequently, instead of furnishing a cure for them, they are in great
danger of inflaming them still more.

Such will be, I doubt not, the feeling of every reader who is
sufficiently thoughtful and independent to base his opinions upon
reflection, and not upon the antipathies of the mob. Anti-Semitism,
even when most justified in its complaints, is mistaken as to the
source of our evils. It would be easy for me to prove this conclusively,
could I, in this volume, have treated of finance, capital, and the ascend-
ancy of the stock-exchange. Unfortunately, I have been obliged, for
the present, to omit a part of my subject — that which in these days
of subserviency to material interests so completely engrosses the
public mind — the money question. I had intended at first to devote
one or two chapters to it. But this money-question has assumed so
prominent a place in our democratic society; it so easily takes the
lead everywhere, it is so complex, and so liable to give rise to con-
fusion, that it seemed to me worthy of separate treatment. Therefore
this volume will be followed by another, in which I shall attempt to
define the role played by money among the nations of to-day. On
that occasion I shall take up again some of the views set forth in my
book on Papacy, Socialism, and Democracy . There may, perhaps,
seem to be no connection between these two subjects. That is a
mistake, for anti-Semitism, too, is a social question. And as for
myself, in studying the influence of the Jew and of modern Israel, as
well as in examining the teachings of the Pope on socialism and
democracy, I have always the same object in view: religious liberty
and social peace. Caritas et Pax, such is ever my motto; and, if I
mistake not, it is a Christian motto, not unbecoming a Frenchman.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 519

II. Preface to the English Version.

Our age will constitute a critical, a supreme epoch in the long
history of Israel. To-day the prophecies of the seers are at last
approaching fulfilment, and Israel is really being scattered to the
ends of the earth. We are witnessing a new diaspora, the great and
final dispersal.

The tree of Israel, the ancient vine of Judah, transplanted to the
Sarmatian plains, has again been rudely shaken by the blast of
persecution ; its branches have fallen and its seeds have blown afar,
over the hills and across the deserts and oceans.

As in earlier times, the wrath of their persecutors is forcing Jews
and Judaism into countries where the Sabbath-lamp has never yet
been lighted. The spectacle witnessed during the Renaissance and
at the end of the fifteenth century, in consequence of the edicts of
Isabella of Castile— the exodus of a people driven forth, without
means of existence, from the land of its ancestors because it clung to
the faith of its fathers — this spectacle disgraces the closing years of
our nineteenth century, in consequence of the ukases of a Russian
czar.

What will be the verdict of history as to the effects upon Judaism
of the harsh policy of Alexander III ? Possibly in years to come,
when the tears of her exiles and their present sufferings shall be
forgotten, the historians of Israel may affirm that the Russian
autocrat contributed, more than any other man, to the expansion
and renovation of Judaism.

The Jews who are driven from Slavic soil by the law or by their
own poverty, are forced to begin a new life under kindlier skies and
in freer lands. They are torn from the old Jewries where, closely
herded together, they had barely air enough to breathe; and this
painful expatriation may well prove of equal benefit to their souls
and their bodies.

The majority of these exiles have gone to America, and especially
to the United States. To their brethren already established between
the Atlantic and the Pacific this sudden influx of a whole people, in
the main poor and ignorant, who demand from them shelter and
support, must indeed prove a very heavy burden. The Jews of the
United States have been confronted here with an enormous task, to
which, however, they have shown themselves equal. Fortunately,
the most trying years seem to be over. The accession of the young
emperor, Nicholas II, to the throne of Russia gives rise to the hope
of some mitigation of those antiquated laws which, under Alexander
III, had furnished official intolerance with the means of hypocritical
persecution. The stream of emigration, whose volume is already
lessening, will probably slacken. It will not wholly cease, for free
America will long continue to attract the victims of persecution.

520 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

I, for one, do not believe that the United States ought to view this
Jewish immigration with any disquietude; I cannot see what there
is to fear from it. Among all the races and nations that have
furnished the United States with colonists and have thus helped to
advance its marvelous growth, I can find none more intelligent or
more industrious; nor can I find any that is more capable of assimi-
lating American civilization and of introducing into it a useful com-
petition.

I am told that one of the charges brought against the Jews of
America is that they frequently manifest leanings toward socialism;
or rather toward anarchism. This may be the case with many
Russian and Roumanian Jews — we have some in Paris who show
such tendencies — but the fact is due less to the racial character of the
Jews than to the conditions under which they have long been forced
to live in Europe, and to which they are still subjected in Russia and
Roumania. If Lassalle and Karl Marx were the prophets of German
socialism, one of the causes of their revolt against the old social order
lay in the sort of life which that order imposed upon the sons of
Israel, even in Germany. This is still more evident in the case of
the Jews who have been infected in Russia by the germs of nihilism
and anarchy. The Jew of the old secluded Jewry is — as I have shown
in this book — essentially conservative. If, in the past twenty or
twenty-five years, a certain number of young Jews and Jewesses have
joined the ranks of the nihilists, if some of them have been concerned
in the conspiracies against the person or the authority of Alexander
II and of Alexander III, this is due to the social conditions imposed
on the Jews by the Russian laws. This I think I have conclusively
proved, both in my present volume and in my larger work: "The
Empire of ihe Tsars. ' '

Only the most systematic vexations and humiliations could have
aroused the children of Abraham to this spirit of revolt, to these
political conspiracies, so opposed to Jewish ideas and traditions. A
further proof of this, which ought to appeal to the most furious anti-
Semites, is that in Russia conspiracy can lead to nothing, as yet, but
transportation or the gallows.

Moreover, I have often noticed that all the Israelites implicated in
political trials were what I call " de-Judaized " Jews — that is to say,
Jews who have renounced the beliefs and practices of Judaism. It
was Christian contagion that gave the Jews their revolutionary ideas.
Some of the Jewish emigrants from Russia and other parts of Europe
have been obviously degraded and corrupted by centuries of
oppression. Many years — perhaps one or two generations — will be
needed to raise their moral plane, to imbue them with a sense of
honor and dignity. It is a great mistake to believe that this moral
uplifting can be facilitated by detaching them from their religion.
On the contrary, the least praise-worthy Jews that I have met have
generally been " de-Judaized " Jews, those who had ceased to observe

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 521

the Mosaic law. The Jew— such, at least, is my opinion — stands in
even greater need of religious support than the Christian; and, as a
rule, he can find that support only in the faith of his fathers. There
are indeed, Israelites who become converts to Christianity. But, in
order to be morally efficacious, such conversion should be genuine
and disinterested. Its object should be to find favor, not in the eyes
of society or of man, but of God. Now, it is well known that such
true conversions are rare, and this accounts for the fact that the
baptized Jews are often the least commendable.

I must confess that, in many cases, the Christian missionaries are
to blame. They are too often satisfied with purely external, nominal
conversions, and, for the winning of souls, they too often employ
means that are neither holy nor honest. I have been told that there
are missionaries — mainly of the Protestant faith — in London, New
York, and the East, who angle for Jewish souls with the coarse bait
of worldly benefits, taking unfair advantage of the poverty, abandon-
ment, and loneliness of immigrants driven out of their country by
want or persecution, to lead them to the Christian font. These con-
versions by seduction, if I may venture so to call them, are not a
whit less odious than conversions by force. Such proselytizing is
unworthy of the Christian ministry and is a disgrace to the churches
that encourage it. It can result only in making bad Christians and
in educating bad citizens.

I need say little, in addressing my English-speaking readers, of the
fear entertained by some persons, that the Jewish newcomers are
likely to monopolize the national wealth. Although these appre-
hensions are quite common among the simple souls of the old world,
I do not imagine that they have crossed the Channel or the Atlantic.
Englishmen and Americans have too much faith in themselves to
share such visionary fears. However great may be the commercial
talents of the Jews, the Anglo-Saxons feel themselves by no means
inferior to them; and when it comes to "making money," the Yankee
does not fear the competition of the Semite.

Nor do I believe that, in extending hospitality to the sons of Israel,
the United States, or Australia, or even old England herself, has
reason to apprehend what German anti-Semites call the "judaizing "
of modern society.

This expression is often used in Europe to indicate the growing
ascendancy of material interests and the encroachment of the mer-
cantile spirit. I do not think that the Jew can be held responsible
for this tendency, and I shall attempt to show this in my forthcoming
work: " Le Regne de V Argent." What the anti-Semites call the
"judaizing » of society might, as I have taken the liberty of asserting,
be more correctly called the "Americanizing » of morals. I trust that
this remark will not bring down the resentment of my American
readers. That would be unfair, for I am, in many respects, a sincere
admirer of their great Republic. If I have ventured to speak of the

522 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

"Americanizing" of modern society, it is simply because the typical
characteristics of democratic industrial society were first revealed in
the United States, and have there been developed on a larger scale
than in any other country. This form of social organization, new to
history, is gradually becoming dominant in all parts of the old world,
as well as the new. If it has its advantages, it has also its faults,
which we are all in duty bound to correct. The ascendancy of
material interests, the greed for money, the frantic race for wealth,
are the most deplorable characteristics of our modern industrial and
democratic society. These are not social characteristics; they are
peculiar neither to the Yankee nor to the Jew, although they some-
times seem to be most pronounced in the Jew and the Yankee. They
are the result of our social conditions, and it is not by proscribing any
particular race or any faith, but only by appealing to moral forces and
by bringing all such forces to their highest development that our
modern democracies can escape from the practical materialism that
threatens to engulf them.

Paris, April, 1893.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 523

RUSSIA'S CRIME AGAINST THE JEWS AND
CIVILIZATION.

The closing citation in the symposium of general opinion
which we have presented under our preceding rubric, the pre-
face to the English translation of Leroy Beaulieu's work on
11 Israel among the Nations, ' ' may serve almost without further
comment as an effective introduction to our present subject. It
deals directly with the great wrong committed by the govern-
ment of Russia against Israel and Humanity, and it deals with
it from the vantage ground of an impartial authority.

The proscriptive policy adopted by Russia against the Jewish
people, a policy whose animus appears to be a mixture of
political and religious fanaticism, has erected the provinces
along the Western frontier of the Empire, on the German and
Austrian borders, into a " Pale of Jewish Settlement" and thus
created a Ghetto- country, into which the Jews of the interior
provinces have been driven, to live as best they may. Even in
these confines they are forbidden to apply themselves to agri-
culture and forced into various towns and cities, there to
huddle and if need be to starve.

It has been held that this seemingly inexplicable policy has
been deliberately directed to the end and with the purpose of
crowding a mass of helpless and impoverished population on
the Western borders of the Empire, to be utilized as an abattis
against a foreign foe or as a cushion against foreign invasion,
but it seems incredible that Russian fanaticism, shortsighted
and ruthless as it is, should reach such a degree of turpitude
and folly. It would seem, on the contrary, to be persisted in
notwithstanding the manifest political and military dangers
which the unreasonable procedure harbors and which, since
its inception in 1879-80 has not ceased to bring about wide-

524 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

spread economic and social disorganization, not to speak of the
political disturbance of the Empire. The ' 'russification" of the
Empire, the retaining of "Russia for the Russians" (as though
the Jews who are conscripted in disproportionate numbers into
the army, who fought valiantly for their native land in the
Crimea and on the Balkans, were not to be regarded as Russians),
is the ostensible purpose of the proscription. With this purpose
the ruling power of Russia continues to drive out its Jewish
subjects; the historic tragedy wrought out by Spanish bigotry
and fatuousness 400 years ago is being re-enacted by Russia at
the present day, and the political and economic lessons taught
by that example, not to mention the admonitions of humanity
and the protests of an outraged civilization remain unheeded.
The end of this wicked folly is apparently still afar, and seems
likely to be brought nearer iri point of time only by a political
explosion. It were difficult to arrive at a conclusion as to
which prospect is the worst.

The facts concerning the persecution of the Russian Jews
have constantly been belied by the Russian authorities, in con-
formity with the historic methods of Russian diplomacy, but
have for some years past been placed beyond question through
the efforts of our own government. In view of the positive
contradictions between the Russian official statements and
the constantly reported and seemingly well-established facts, it
was deemed expedient by the administration of President Har-
rison, in 1 89 1, to send an official American Commission to in-
vestigate the condition of affairs in Russia, and the report of
this Commission, referred to below by Ambassador White, gave
official confirmation to the previously published details of the
relentless and heartrending cruelties practiced by the Russian
officials in the name of the Czar. Into these details we will not
here enter. The Commissioners' Report has been widely pub-
lished and has become historic*

* This Commission was appointed, under direction of the President,
by Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster, by virtue of authority of
the act of Congress (Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill) of March 3, 1891,
and its Report was transmitted by the Secretary to Congress, Febru-
ary 25, 1892. The Commission consisted of Hon. John B. Weber, Com-
missioner of Immigration at the port of New York, Chairman, and
the following named special immigrant inspectors : Judson N.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 525

A statement of the general subject has, however, been form-
ulated in another official report, made subsequently to that noted
above, by our Ambassador at St. Petersburg, Hon. Andrew D.
White, in a despatch to the Secretary of State, the late Walter
Q. Gresham. In this document Mr. White summarizes the
conditions relating to the persecution of the Russian Jews in a
manner so concise and lucid, and in a spirit so entirely dis-
passionate, that it may properly be cited here as a statement
whose authority is entirely beyond question.*

Cross, of Minnesota ; Walter Kempster, M. D., of Wisconsin ; Joseph
Powderly, of Pennsylvania, and Herman J. Schultheis, of Washing-
ton, D. C. The investigations with which the Commission was
charged were made in the various countries of Europe by the Com-
missioners in severalty, those relating to Russia and the persecution
of its Jewish subjects being made by the Chairman, Col. Weber, with
the assistance of Dr. Kempster.

Col. Weber's report on the condition of affairs in Russia affords the
most detailed and exhaustive statement of the subject that has been
given to the world. It followed closely upon the publication in the
New York Times, (Sept-Dec, 1891,) of the masterly review of Russian
affairs generally, by Harold Frederic, in a series of articles entitled
"An Indictment of Russia," and these two publications finally dis-
posed of the glossing with which Russian diplomacy had attempted
to hide the facts.

*This subject had on frequent occasions previously received the
attention of our State Department. In a despatch under date of July
29, 1881, Secretary of State Jas. G. Blaine directs our minister at St.
Petersburg. Mr. John W . Foster, to demand of the Russian Government
the due rights of American Jewish citizens travelling or temporarily
sojourning in Russia, in compliance with treaty obligations. From
this document we quote the following salient paragraphs:

" From a careful examination of the causes of grievances heretofore
reported by your legation, it appears that the action of the Russian
authorities toward American citizens, alleged to be Israelites, and
visiting Russia, has been of two kinds:

11 First. Absolute prohibition of residence in St. Petersburg and in
other cities of the Empire, on the ground that the Russian law permits
no native Jews to reside there, and that the treaty between Russia
and the United States gives to our citizens in Russian jurisdiction no
other rights or privileges than those accorded to native Russians. The
case of Henry Pinkos may be taken as a type of this class.

11 Second. Permission of residence and commerce, conditionally on

526 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

belonging to the first guild of Russian merchants and taking out a
license. The case of Rosenstrauss is in point.

"The apparent contradiction between these two classes of actions
becomes more and more evident as the question is traced backward.
The Department has rarely had presented to it any subject of inquiry
in which a connected understanding of the facts has proved more
difficult. For every allegation, on the one hand, that native laws, in
force at the time the treaty of 1832 was signed, prohibited or limited
the sojourn of foreign Jews in the cities of Russia, I find, on the other
hand, specific invitation to alien Hebrews of good repute to domicile
themselves in Russia, to pursue their business calling under appro-
priate license, to establish factories there, and to purchase or lease
real estate. Moreover, going back beyond 1832, the date of our treaty,
I observe that the imperial ukases concerning the admission of for-
eigners into Russia are silent on all questions of faith; proper pass-
ports, duly vised being the essential requisite. And, further back
still, in the time of Empress Catharine, I discover explicit tolerance of
all foreign religions laid down as a fundamental policy of the empire.
" It would be, in the judgment of this government, absolutely
inadmissible that a domestic law restraining native Hebrews from
residence in certain parts of the empire might operate to hinder an
American citizen, whether alleged or known to profess the Hebrew
faith, from disposing of his property or taking possession thereof for
himself (subject only to the laws of alien inheritance) or being heard
in person by the courts which, under Russian law, may be called upon
to decide matters to which he is necessarily a party. The case would
clearly be one in which the obligation of a treaty is supreme, and
where the local law must yield. These questions of the conflict of
local law and international treaty stipulations are among the most
common which have engaged the attention of publicists, and it is
their concurrent judgment that where a treaty creates a privilege for
aliens in express terms, it cannot be limited by the operation of
domestic law without a serious breach of the good faith which governs
the intercourse of nations. So long as such a conventional engage-
ment in favor of the citizens of another state exists, the law governing
natives in like cases is manifestly inapplicable.

" I need hardly enlarge upon the point that the Government of the
United States concludes its treaties with foreign states for the equal
protection of all classes of American citizens. It can make absolutely
no discrimination between them, whatever be their origin or creed.
So that they abide by the laws, at home or abroad, it must give them
due protection and expect like protection for them. Any unfriendly
or discriminatory act against them on the part of a foreign power
with which we are at peace would call for our earnest remonstrance
whether a treaty existed or not. The friendliness of our relations with
foreign nations is emphasized by the treaties we have concluded with
them. We have been moved to enter into such international compacts

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 527

by considerations of mutual benefit and reciprocity, by the same con-
siderations, in short, which have animated the Russian Government
from the time of the noble and tolerant declarations of the Empress
Catharine in 1784 to those of the ukase of 1860. We have looked to
the spirit rather than to the letter of these engagements, and believed
that they should be interpreted in the broadest way ; it is, therefore,
a source of unfeigned regret to us when a government, to which we
are allied by so many historical ties as to that of Russia, shows a
disposition in its dealing with us to take advantage of technicalities,
to appeal to the rigid letter and not the reciprocal motive of its inter-
national engagements, in justification of the expulsion from its terri-
tories of peaceable American citizens resorting thither under the good
faith of treaties and accused of no wrong-doing or of no violation of
the commercial code of the land, but of simple adherence to the faith
of their fathers."

OFFICIAL DISPATCH OF AMBASSADOR WHITE TO
SECRETARY OF STATE GRESHAM.

Legation of the United States,
St. Peters burgh, July 6, 1893.
(Received July 27.)

Sir: — Your telegram, presumably of May 17, was received
on the morning of May 18, and answered at once.

Since telegraphing you I have made additional inquiries with
reference to your question, and am persuaded that there has
been no new edict banishing Israelites from Poland, as was
stated in some of the papers of Western Europe; but for some
time past the old edicts and regulations against them have
been enforced in various parts of the Empire with more and
more severity.

Soon after my arrival at this post it was rumored that there
was to be some mitigation in the treatment of them, but the
hopes based on this rumor have grown less and less, and it is
now clear that the tendency is all in the direction not only of
excluding Israelites more rigorously than ever from parts of
the Empire where they were formerly allowed on sufferance,
but to make life more and more difficult for them in those parts
of the Empire where they have been aHowed to live for many
generations.

As you are doubtless aware, there are about 5,000,000 Israel-
ites in Russia, forming, it is claimed, more than half of the
entire Jewish race, and these are packed together in the cities
and villages of what was formerly Poland and adjacent govern-

528 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

ments, in a belt extending along the western borders from
northwest to southeast, but which for some years past has been
drawn back from the frontier about forty miles, under the
necessity, as it is claimed, imposed by the tendency of the
Israelites in that region to conduct smuggling operations. In
other parts of the Empire they have only been allowed to reside
as a matter of exceptional favor. This alleged favor, under the
more kindly reign of Alexander II, was largely developed and
matured into a sort of quasi right in the case of certain classes,,
such as Israelites who have been admitted to the learned pro-
fessions, or have taken a university degree, or have received
the rights of merchants of the first or second guild, paying the
heavy fees required in such cases. Certain skilled artisans
have also been allowed to reside in certain towns outside the
Jewish pale, but their privileges are very uncertain, liable to
revocation at any time, and have in recent years been greatly
diminished. Besides this, certain Israelites are allowed by
special permits to reside as clerks in sundry establishments, but
under the most uncertain tenure. This tenure can be under-
stood by a case which occurred here about a month since.

At that time died an eminent Israelite of St. Petersburg, a

Mr. , who had distinguished himself by rescuing

certain great companies from ruin by his integrity and skill in
various large operations, and by the fact that, while he made
large and constant gains for those interested in these companies
and operations, he . laid up for himself only a moderate com-
petence. He had in his employ a large number of Jewish
clerks, and it is now regarded here as a matter of fact that at
the expiration of their passes, say in a few months, all of them
must leave St. Petersburg.

The treatment of the Israelites, whether good or evil is not
based entirely upon any one ukase or statute; there are said to
be in the vast jungle of the laws of this Empire more than one
thousand decrees and statutes relating to them, beside innumer-
able circulars, open or secret, regulations, restrictions, exten-
sions, and temporary arrangements, general, special, and local,
forming such a tangled growth that probably no human being
can say what the law as a whole is — least of all can a Jew in
any province have any certain knowledge of his rights.

From time to time, and especially during the reign of Alex-
ander II, who showed himself more kind to them than any
other sovereign had ever been, many of them were allowed to
leave this overcrowded territory, and, at least, were not
hindered from coming into territory and towns which, strictly
speaking, they were not considered as entitled to enter; but for
some time past this residence on sufferance has been rendered
more and more difficult. Details of the treatment to which

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 529

they have been subjected may be found in the report made by
Mr. J. B. Weber and his associate commissioners entitled,
"Report of the Commissioners of Immigration upon the Causes
which incite Immigration to the United States, ' ' Government
Printing Office. I must confess that when I first read this
report its statements seemed to me exaggerated, or at least,
over-colored, but it is with very great regret that I say that
this is no longer my opinion. Not only is great severity exer-
cised as regards the main body of Israelites here, but it is from
time to time brought to bear with especial force on those
returning to Russia from abroad. The case was recently
brought to my notice of a Jewish woman who, having gone
abroad, was stopped on her return at a frontier station, and, at
last accounts, had been there three days, hoping that some
members of her family in Russia might be able to do something
to enable her to rejoin them.

Israelites of the humbler classes find it more and more
difficult to re-enter Russia, and this fact will explain the case
of Mrs. Minnie Levin, referred to in Mr. Wharton's dispatch
No. 60 as being refused a visa at the Russian Consulate-
General in New York, and it will also throw light on various
cases we have had in which the legation has been able to
secure mitigation of the application of the rules.

On this latter point we have been successful in obtaining
such mitigation in cases of many Israelites who have been sub-
jected to annoyance by over-zealous local authorities.

It may appear strange that any nation should wish to expel
a people who, in other parts of the world, have amassed so
much wealth. The fact is that but a very small fraction of
them in Russia are wealthy; but few even in comfortable
circumstances. The vast majority of them are in poverty, and
a very considerable part in misery — just on the border of
starvation.

Nearly forty years ago, when, as an attache of this legation,
I was for seven days and nights on the outside of a post coach
between St. Petersburgh and Warsaw — there being then no
railway to the frontier — I had an ample opportunity to see
something of these Israelites and of the region in which they
live. They exist for the most part in squalor, obliged to resort
to almost anything that offers, in order to keep body and soul
together. Even the best of them were then treated with con-
tempt by the lowest of the pure Russians. I myself saw two
Israelites, evidently of the wealthier class and richly clad, who
had ventured into the enclosure in front of the posthouse to
look at the coach in which I was, lashed with a coach whip and
84

530 THE AMEBIC AN JE W AIS

driven out of the enclosure with blows by one of the postilions
— evidently a serf.

A very few millionaire Israelites are to be found among the
merchants of the first guild in some of the larger cities, but
there is no such proportion of wealthy men among them as in
the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. In the
smaller towns, in some of which they form the majority of the
residents, their poverty is so abject that they drag each other
down, making frequently a ruinous competition with each
other in such branches of business as they are allowed to
pursue. This is now even more the case than ever before,
since recent regulations have swept the Israelites living in
many rural districts into the towns.

A case was a few days since mentioned to me in which a
small town of 8000 or 10,000 inhabitants had recently received
into its population nearly 6000 Israelites from the surrounding
country.

The restrictions are by no means confined to residence; they
extend into every field of activity. Kven in the parts of the
Empire where the Israelites are most free they are not allowed
to hold property in land, or to take a mortgage on land, or to
farm land, and of late they have even been, to a large extent,
prevented from living on farms, and have been thrown back
into the cities and villages.

As to other occupations, Jewish manufacturers have at times,
even under the present reign, been crippled by laws or regula-
tions forbidding them to employ Christian workmen, but these
are understood to be not now in force. They are relics of the
old legislation which, in the interest of the servant's soul, for-
bade a Jew to employ a Christian servant under pain of death,
and which, in a mitigated form, remained on the statute book
until 1865, when it was abolished by Alexander II.

There are also many restrictions upon the professions con-
sidered more honorable. A few Israelites are allowed to
become engineers, and they are allowed to hold 5 per cent of
the positions of army surgeons, but no more; and this in spite
of the fact that from the Middle Ages until now their race has
been recognized as having a peculiar aptitude for medicine and
surgery. As a rule, also, they are debarred from discharging
any public functions of importance, and even as to lesser
functions, a Jew can not be elected mayor of a village or even
member of its council.

Not more than one man in ten of those summoned to do jury
duty can be a Jew, and even in the cities within the pale,
where the Jews form the great majority of the population, they
can not hold more than one-third of the places on a municipal
council.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 531

Perhaps the most painful of the restrictions upon them is in
regard to the education of their children. The world over, as
is well known, Israelites will make sacrifices to educate their
sons and daughters, such as are not made, save in exceptional
cases, by any other people. They are, as is universally recog-
nized, a very gifted race, but no matter how gifted a young
Israelite may be, his chances of receiving an education are
small.

In regions where they are most numerous, only 10 per cent
of the scholars in high schools and universities are allowed to
be Jews, but in many cases the number allowed them is but 5
per cent, and in St. Petersburgh and Moscow only 3 per cent.
Out of the seventy-five young Israelites who applied for
admission to the University of Dorpat in 1887 only seven were
allowed to enter. A few days since the case was brought to
my notice of a well-to-do Israelite who wished to educate his
son, whom he considered especially gifted, but who could not
obtain permission to educate him in St. Petersburg, and was
obliged to be satisfied with the permission to enter him at one
of the small provincial universities remote from the capital.

To account for this particular restriction it is urged that if
freely allowed to receive an advanced education they would
swarm in the high schools, universities, and learned profes-
sions; and, as a proof of this, the fact is mentioned that some
time since, in the absence of restrictions, at Odessa from 50 to
70 per cent of the scholars in sundry Russian colleges were
Jews.

As to religious restrictions, the general policy pursued seems
to an unprejudiced observer from any other country so illogical
as to be incomprehensible. On the one hand great powers are
given to the Jewish rabbis and religious authorities. They are
allowed in the districts where the Israelites mainly live to form
a sort of state within the state, with power to impose taxes
upon their co-religionists and to give their regulations virtually
the force of law. On the other hand, efforts of zealous
orthodox Christians to proselyte Israelites, which must provoke
much bitterness, are allowed and even favored. The prose-
lytes, once brought within the orthodox Russian fold, no
matter by what means, any resumption of the old religion by
them is treated as a crime.

Recent cases have occurred where Jews who have been thus
converted and who have afterwards attended the synagogue
have been brought before the courts.

So, too, in regard to religious instruction it would seem to
an unprejudiced observer, wishing well both to Russia and to
the Israelites, that the first thing to do would be to substitute
instruction in science, general literature, and in technical

532 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

branches for that which is so strongly complained of by
Russians generally — the instructon in the Talmud and Jewish
theology. But this is just what is not done, and indeed, as
above stated not allowed.

The whole system at present in vogue is calculated to make
Talmudic and theological schools — which are so constantly
complained of as the nurseries and hotbeds of anti- Russian and
anti- Christian fanaticism — the only schools accessible to the
great majority of gifted young Israelites.

As to the recent interferences of which accounts have been
published in the English newspapers and especially as to a
statement that a very large number of Jewish children were,
early during the present year, taken from their parents in one
of the southern governments of Russia and put into monastic
schools under the charge of orthodox priests, this statement
having been brought to my notice especially by letters
addressed to me as the representative of the United States, I
communicated with our consuls in the regions referred to and
also obtained information from other trustworthy sources, and
the conclusion at which I arrived was that the statement
was untrue; it probably had its origin in the fact that much
anxiety has recently been shown by certain high officials, and
especially ecclesiastics, to promote education in which orthodox
religious instruction holds a very important part.

In justification of all these restrictions various claims are
made. First of all it is claimed that the Jews lend money to
peasants and others at enormous rates of interest. But it is
pointed out, in answer to this, that sundry bankers and indi-
viduals in parts of Russia where no Jews are permitted have
made loans at a much higher rate than Jews have ever ventured
to do; while it is allowed that ioo per cent a year has not
unfrequently been taken by the Israelites, there seems to be
no doubt of the fact that from 300 to 800 per cent, and even
more sometimes, has been taken by Christians.

This statement seems incredible, but it is unimpeachable.
In a general way it is supported by the recent report of a
Russian official to Mr. Sagonof ; and a leading journal of St.
Petersburg, published under strict censorship, has recently
given cases with names and dates where a rate higher than the
highest above named was paid by Russian peasants to Christian
money lenders.

Those inclined to lenity towards the Jews point to the fact
that none of them would dare take any such rates of interest
as Christians may freely demand; that to do so would raise
against the Israelites in their neighborhood storms which they
could not resist, and it is argued that, as their desire for gain
is restricted in this way, their presence in any part of Russia

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 533

tends to diminish the rate of interest rather than to increase it.
On the other hand it is claimed that they will not work at
agriculture and, indeed, that they will do no sort of manual
labor which they can avoid.

As to the first of these charges, the fact is dwelt upon, which
has so impressed Mr. Mackenzie Wallace and other travelers,
that the Jewish agricultural colonies founded by Alexander I,
in 1810, and by Nicholas I, in 1840, have not done well.

But in answer it may be stated as a simple matter of history
that, having been originally an agricultural people they have
been made what they are by ages of persecutions which have
driven them into the occupations to which they are now so
generally devoted; that in Russia they have for generations
been incapacitated for agricultural work by such restrictions as
those above referred to; that even if they are allowed here and
there to till the land, they are not allowed, in the part of the
Empire which they most inhabit, to buy it or even to farm it,
and that thus the greatest incentive to labor is taken away.

As to other branches of manual labor, simply as a matter of
fact, there are very large bodies of Jewish artisans in Poland,
numbering in the aggregate about one-half the entire adult
male Israelite population. Almost every branch of manual
labor is represented among them, and well represented. As
stone masons they have an especially high reputation, and it is
generally conceded that in sobriety, capacity, and attention to
work they fully equal their Christian rivals.

Complaint is also made that they, as far as possible, avoid
military service. This is doubtless true, but the reasons for it
are evident. For the Jewish soldier there is no chance of pro-
motion, and when he retires after service, he is, as a rule,
subject to the same restrictions as others of his race. In spite
of this fact the number of them in the conscription of 1886 was
over 40,000.

I find everywhere in discussing this subject, a complaint
that the Israelites, wherever they are allowed to exist, get the
better of the Russian peasant. The difficulty is that the life of
the Israelite is marked by sobriety, self-denial and foresight;
and, whatever may be the kindly qualities ascribed to the
Russian peasant, these qualities are rarely, if ever, mentioned
among them.

It is also urged against the Israelites in Russia that they are
not patriotic, but in view of the policy pursued regarding them
the wonder is that any human being should expect them to be
patriotic.

There is also frequent complaint against Jewish fanaticism,
and recently collections of extracts from the Talmud have been
published here as in western Europe, and even in the United

534 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

States, to show that Israelites are educated in bitter and undy-
ing hate of Christians, and taught not only to despise but to
despoil them; and it is insisted that the vast majority of the
Israelites in Russia have, by ages of this kind of instruction
and by the simple laws of heredity, been made beasts of prey
with claws and teeth especially sharp, and that the peasant
must be protected from them.

Irately this charge has been strongly reiterated, a book
having appeared here in which the original Hebrew of the worst
Talmudic passages, with translations of them, are placed in
parallel columns. It seems to be forgotten that the Israelites
would be more than human if such passages did not occur in
their sacred writings. While some of these passages antedate
the establishment of Christianity, most of them have been the
result of fervor under oppression and of the appeal to the
vengeance of Jehovah in times of persecution; and it would be
but just to set against them the more kindly passages, especially
the broadly and beautifully humane teachings which are so
frequent in the same writings.

An eminently practical course would be to consider the
development of Judaism in the United States, Great Britain,
and other countries where undeniably those darker features of
of the Talmud have been more and more blotted out from Jew-
ish teaching, and the unfortunate side of Talmudic influence
more and more weakened.

But this charge of Talmudic fanaticism is constantly made,
and Russians, to show that there is no hatred of Israelites, as
such, point to the fact that the Karaites, who are non-Talmudic,
have always been treated with especial kindness.

To this the answer would seem to be that the Karaites are
free from fanaticism because they have been so long kindly
treated, and that this same freedom and kindness which has
made them unobjectionable to Russian patriotism would, in
time, probably render the great mass of Israelites equally so.

There is no need of argument, either in the light of history
or of common sense, to prove that these millions of Israelites in
Russia are not to be rendered less fanatical bj^ the treatment to
which they are subjected.

To prove that the more bitter utterances in the Talmud com-
plained of do not necessarily lead Israelites to hate Christians,
and indeed to show that the teachings which the Israelites
receive in countries where they have more freedom lead to a
broad philanthropy of the highest type, I have been accustomed,
in discussing the subject with Russians, to point to such
examples of the truest love for human kind as those shown by
Judah Touro in the United States, Sir Moses Montefiore in
England, Nathan de Rothschild in Austria, James de Roths-

PATRIOT; SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 535

child and Baron Hirsch in France, and multitudes of other
cases, citing especially the fact of the extensive charities carried
on by Israelites in all countries, and the significant circum-
stance that the first considerable contribution from the United
States to the Russian famine fund came from a Jewish syna-
gogue in California, with the request that in the use of it no
discrimination should be made between Jews and Christians.
Cases like these would seem to do away effectually with the
idea that Jewish teachings necessarily inculcate hostility to
people of other religious beliefs.

There is also a charge closely connected wtth the foregoing
which undoubtedly has much to do with the present severe
reaction. It is constantly repeated that, in spite of the fact
that the late Emperor Alexander II had shown himself more
kindly toward the Israelites than had any of his predecessors —
relaxing the old rules as to residence, occupation, education,
and the like, and was sure, had he lived, to go much farther in
the same direction, probably as far as breaking down a mass of
the existing barriers, and throwing open vast regions never
before accessible to them — the proportion of Israelites implicated
in the various movements against him, especially in the Nihil-
istic movement, and in the final plot which led to his assassina-
tion, was far beyond the numerical proportion of their race in
Russia to the entire population. This feeling was certainly at
the bottom of the cruel persecutions of the Israelites by the
peasants just after the death of the late Emperor, and has no
less certainly much to do with the prejudices of various person-
ages of high influence as well as of the vast mass of the people
w r hich still exist.

The remarkable reaction now dominant in Russia is undoubt-
edly in great measure, if not entirely, the result of the assassi-
nation of Alexander II; it is a mere truism to say that this
event was the most unfortunate in its effects on well-ordered
progress that has occurred in this Empire; but, so far as the
Israelites are concerned, the facts at the bottom of this charge
against them can be accounted for, without imputing anything
to the race at large, by the mass of bitterness stored up during
ages of oppression, not only in Russia, but elsewhere. The
matter complained of must certainly be considered as except-
ional, for it cannot hide the greater fact that the Jews have
always shown themselves especially grateful to such rulers as
have mitigated their condition or even shown a kindly regard
for them.

I was myself, as minister at Berlin, cognizant of innumerable
evidences of gratitude and love shown by the entire Jewish
population toward the Crown Prince, afterwards the Emperor
Frederick III, who, when Jew-baiting was in fashion, and

536 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

patronized by many persons in high positions, set himself
quietly but firmly against it. And this reminiscence leads me
to another in regard to the oft-repeated charge that the Israelite
is incapable of patriotism, is a mere beast of prey, and makes
common cause with those of his race engaged in sucking out
the substance of the nation where he happens to be. It was my
good fortune to know personally several Israelites at Berlin,
who as members of the Imperial Parliament showed their
patriotism by casting away all hopes of political advancement
and resisting certain financial claims in which some of their
coreligionists, as well as some leading and very influential
Christians, were deeply engaged. There is nothing nobler in
recent parliamentary history than the. career of such Israelites
as Iyasker and Bamberger during that period, and at this
moment no sane man in Germany hesitates to ascribe to the
Israelite Simson all the higher qualities required in his great
office, that of chief justice in the highest court of the German
Empire.

The same broad and humane characteristics have been shown
among the vast majority of Israelites eminent in science, phil-
osophy, literature and the arts. Long before the Israelite
Spinoza wrought his own ideal life into the history of philosophy,
this was noted, and it has continued to be noted in Russia.
During my former residence here there were two eminent
representatives of the proscribed race in the highest scientific
circles, and they were especially patriotic and broad in their
sympathies; and to-day the greatest of Russian sculptors, Antok-
olski, an Israelite, has thrown into his work not only more
genius, but also more of profound patriotic Russian feeling, than
has any other sculptor of this period. He has revived more
evidently than has any other sculptor the devotion of
Russians to their greatest men in times past, and when-
ever the project of erecting at St. Petersburg a worthy monu-
ment to the late Emperor shall be carried out, there is no
competent judge who will not acknowledge that he is the man
in all Russia to embody in marble or bronze the gratitude of the
nation. This is no mere personal opinion of my own, for when
recently a critic based an article against Antokolski's works,
evidently upon grounds of race antipathy, a brilliant young
author, of one of the oldest and most thoroughly Russian
families in the Empire, Prince Sergius Wolkonsky, wrote a
most cogent refutation of the attack. It is also charged that in
Russia, and, indeed, throughout Europe, an undue proportion
of Jews have been prominent in movements generally known
as ' 'socialistic, ' ' and such men as Ferdinand Lasalle and Karl
Marx are referred to.

When this statement has been made in my hearing I have

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 537

met it by the counter statement of a fact that seems to me to
result from the freedom allowed in the United States, namely,
the fact that at a meeting of the American Social Science
Association in 1891, in which a discussion took place involving
the very basis of the existing social system, and in which the
leading representatives of both sides in the United States were
most fully represented, the argument which was generally
agreed to be the most effective against the revolutionary and
anti-social forces was made by a young Israelite, Prof. Seligman,
of Columbia University, in the city of New York. Here, again,
results are mistaken for causes ; the attitude complained of in
the Israelites is clearly the result of the oppression of their race.

But there is one charge which it is perhaps my duty to say
that I have never heard made against Israelites even by Russians
most opposed to them — the charge that they are to be found in
undue or even in any considerable proportion among inebriates
or criminals. The simplest reason for this exception in their favor
is found in the official statistics which show that in the Govern-
ments where they are most numerous diseases and crimes re-
sulting from the consumption of alcoholic drinks are least
numerous, and that where tne number of Israelites is greatest
the consumption of spirits is least. It is also well known, as a
matter of general observation, that the Russian Israelites are,
as a rule, sober, and that crimes among them are comparatively
infrequent.

Yet, if in any country we might expect alcoholism to be
greatly developed among them it would be in this Empire,
where their misery is so great and the temptation to drown it in
intoxicating beverages so constant ; and if we might expect
crime to be developed largely among them it would be in this
Empire, where, crowded together as they are, the struggle for
existence is so bitter. Their survival under it can only be
accounted for by their superior thrift and sobriety.

It would be a mistake to suppose that religious hatred or even
deeply religious feeling is a main factor in this question. The
average Russian believes that all outside the orthodox Greek
Church are lost; but he does not hate them on that account,
and though there has been of late years, during the present
reaction, an increase of pressure upon various Christian organi-
zations outside the established church, this has been undeniably
from political rather than religious reasons ; it has been part of
the ' ' Russifying process, ' ' which is at present the temporary
fashion. The rule in Russia has always been toleration, though
limited by an arrangement which seems to a stranger very
peculiar. In St. Petersburg, for example, there are churches
for nearly all the recognized forms of Christian belief, as well
as synagogues for Hebrews, and at least one Mohammedan

538 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

mosque; but the only proselytism allowed is that between them-
selves and from them to the established church; in other words,
the Greek church may proselyte from any of them, and, within
certain limits, each one may proselyte from its orthodox neigh-
bors, but none of them can make converts from the Greek
Church.

This regulation seems rather the result, on the whole, of
organized indifference than of zeal, its main purpose being un-
doubtedly to keep down any troublesome religious fervor. The
great body of the Russian peasantry, when left to themselves,
seem to be remarkably free from any spirit of fanatical hostility
toward religious systems differing from their own, and even
from the desire to make proselytes. Mr. Mackenzie Wallace,
in his admirable book, after showing that the orthodox Russian
and the Mahommedan Tartar live in various communities in
perfect peace with each other, details a conversation with a
Russian peasant, in which the latter told him that just as God
gave the Tartar a darker skin, so he gave him a different re-
ligion ; and this feeling of indifference, when the peasants are
not excited by zealots on one side or the other, seems to prevail
toward the Roman Catholics in Poland and the Protestants in
the Baltic provinces and Finland. While some priests have
undoubtedly done much to create a more zealous feeling, it
was especially noted during the fierce persecution of the Jews
early in the present reign that in several cases the orthodox
village priests not only gave shelter to Israelites seeking to
escape harm, but exerted themselves to put an end to the
persecutions. So, too, during the past few days the papers
have contained a statement that a priest very widely known
and highly esteemed, to whom miraculous powers are quite
generally attributed, Father John, of Cronstadt, has sent some
of the charity money, of which he is almoner, to certain Jewish
orphanages under the control of Israelities.

The whole present condition of things is rather the outcome
of a great complicated mass of causes, involving racial anti-
pathies, remembrances of financial servitude, vague inherited
prejudices, with myths and legends like those of the Middle
Ages.

But, whatever may be the origin of the feeling toward the
Israelites the practical fact remains that the present policy
regarding them is driving them out of the country in great
masses. The German papers speak of large numbers as seek-
ing the United States and the Argentine Republic — but especi-
ally the former — through the northern ports of that Empire,
and, as I write, the Russian papers state that eight steamers
loaded with them are just about leaving IJbau for America.

It is, of course, said in regard to these emigrants that they

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 539

have not been ordered out of the country, that they can stay
in Russia if they like, and that Russia has simply exercised her
right to manage her own internal affairs in her own way ; but
it is none the less true that the increasing severity in the en-
forcement of the regulations regarding the Israelites is the
main, if not the only, cause of this exodus. In order that this
question may be understood in its relations to the present con-
dition of political opinion in the Empire, there is need to make
some additional statement.

There has never been a time, probably, when such a feeling
of isolation from the rest of the world, and aversion to foreign
influence of every sort, have prevailed in Russia as at present;
it is shared by the great majority from the highest to the
lowest, and it is echoed in the press. Russia has been, during
the last ten years, in a great reactionary period, which now
seems to be culminating in the attempted " Russification" of
the Empire, involving such measures as increasing pressure
upon Poland, increasing interference with the Baltic provinces
and the German colonies, in the talk of constitutional changes
in Finland, in the substitution of Russian for German names of
various western towns, in the steadily increasing provisions for
strengthening the orthodox Russian Church against all other
religious organizations, in the outcry made by various papers
in favor of such proposals as that for transferring the university
at Dorpat into the Muscovite regions of the interior, for chang-
ing the name of St. Petersburg, and for every sort of Russify-
ing process which the most imaginative can devise.

In this present reaction, connected as it is with bitter dis-
appointment over the defeat of Russian aspirations in the
Berlin treaty and since, reforms which were formerly uni-
versally considered honorable and desirable for Russia are now
regarded with aversion ; the controlling feeling is for ' ' Russi-
fication."

Peter the Great is now very largely regarded by Russians as
having taken a wrong road, and, while monuments are erected
to Alexander II, his services as emancipator of the serfs are
rarely alluded to, and the day formerly observed in. remem-
brance of the emancipation has ceased to be publicly noticed.
This reaction shows itself in general literature, in paintings, in
sculpture, in architecture, in everything. Any discussion re-
garding a change in the present condition of things is met by
the reply that strangers do not understand Russian questions,
and that these questions are complicated historically, politically,
economically and socially to such a degree that none but those
having personal experience can understand them. If the
matter is still further pressed and the good effects of a different
policy in the United States, Great Britian, and elsewhere are

540 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

referred to, it is answered that in those countries a totally dif-
ferent state of things exists, and that no arguments can be
made from them to Russia. Any continuance of the discussion is
generally met by the statement that Russian questions are
largely misrepresented by the press of western Europe; that
there is a systematic propaganda against Russia in England,
Germany, Austria, and Italy; that England does or allows worse
things in her Irish evictions and in her opium traffic, and the
United States in lynch law proceedings and treatment of the
Chinese, than any done or allowed in Russia; that, in short,
Russia is competent to take charge of her own internal policy,
and that other powers will do well to mind their own business.
This feeling is closely akin to that which was shown sometimes
in the United States before the civil war toward foreign com-
ments upon our own "peculiar institution," when representa-
tations by such philanthropists as the Duchess of Sutherland,
George Thompson, M. P. , and others were indignantly repelled.
This condition of opinion and the actions resulting from it
are so extreme that it naturally occurs to one who has observed
Russian history that a reaction cannot be long deferred.

The progress of Russia thus far has been mainly by a series
of reactions. These have sometimes come with surprising
suddenness. In view of that which took place when the
transition was made from the policy of restriction followed by
the Emperor Nicholas to the broadly liberal policy adopted by
Alexander II, of which, being connected with this legation at
that time, I was a witness, a reaction at present seems by no
means impossible or even improbable. It is by no means
necessary that a change of reign should take place. A transi-
tion might be occasioned as others have been, by the rise of
some strong personality bringing to bear upon the dominant
opinion the undoubted fact that the present system of repression
toward the Israelite is from every point of view a failure, and
that it is doing incalculable harm to Russia.

This dispatch ought not, perhaps, to close without an apology
for its length; the subject is one of great importance, and it
has seemed to me a duty to furnish the Department, in answer
to the Secretary's question, with a full report regarding the
present stage in the evolution of the matter concerned as my
opportunities have enabled me to make.

I am, etc.,

Andrkw D. White.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 541

Note: — The attitude of our Government with regard to the
general question here involved has respeatedly been manifested
through our State Department. On the occasion of the
Mohammedan outrages against the Jews in 1840, and under
date of August 19th of that year, Secretary of State John
Forsyth addressed to our Minister to Turkey, David Porter, a
dispatch as follows:

Sir: In common with the people of the United States, the President
has learned with profound feelings of surprise and pain, the atrocious
cruelties which have been practised upon the Jews of Damascus and
Rhodes in consequence of charges, extravagant and strikingly similar
to those, which in less enlightened ages, were made pretexts for the
persecution and spoliation of these unfortunate people. As the scenes
of these barbarities are in the Mohammedan dominions, and as such
inhuman practises are not of infrequent occurrence in the East, the
President has directed me to instruct you to do everything in your
power with the Government of his Imperial Highness, the Sultan, to
whom you are accredited, consistent with discretion and your
diplomatic character, to prevent or mitigate these horrors, the bare
recital of which has caused a shudder throughout the civilized world,
and in an especial manner to direct your philanthropic efforts against
the employment of torture in order to compel the confession of imputed
guilt. The President is of opinion that from no one can such generous
endeavors proceed with so much propriety and effect as from the
Representative of a friendly power whose institutions, political and
civil, place upon the same footing the worshipers of God, of every
faith and form, acknowledging no distinction between the Moham-
medan, the Jew and the Christian. Should you in carrying out these
instructions find it necessary or proper to address yourself to any of
the Turkish authorities, you will refer to this distinctive characteristic
of our government, as investing with a peculiar propriety and right
the interposition of your good offices in behalf of an oppressed and
persecuted race among whose kindred are found some of the most
worthy and patriotic of our citizens. In communicating to you the
wishes of the President I do not think it advisable to give you more
expicit and minute instructions, but earnestly commend to your zeal
and discretion a subject which appeals so strongly to the universal
sentiments of justice and humanity.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

J. Forsyth.

In 1870, when the persecution of the Roumanian Jews,,
which had been started in 1868, was growing from bad to worse,
our government, at the instance of the Order of B'nai B'rith,
(as noted on page 428), established a diplomatic agency at

542 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Bucharest. On this occasion President Grant furnished Consul-
General Peixotto with a special authorization, as follows:

Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C,
December 8th, 1870.
The bearer of this letter, Mr. Benjamin F. Peixotto, who has
accepted the important, though unremunerative, position of United
States Consul to Roumania, is commended to the good offices of all
representatives of this Government abroad.

Mr. Peixotto has undertaken the duties of his present office more
as a missionary work for the benefit of the people he represents than
for any benefit to accrue to himself — a work in which all citizens
will wish him the greatest success. The United States, knowing no
distinction of her own citizens on account of religion or nativity,
naturally believes in a civilization, the world over, which will secure
the same universal views.

U. S. Grant.

President Grant's interest in the subject was furthermore
evinced when, in 1871, at the earnest request of Hon. Simon
Wolf, he called a special Cabinet meeting to consider the
reported expulsion of the Jews of Russian Bessarabia. This
meeting resulted in the sending of a cable dispatch to Minister
Andrew G. Curtin at St. Petersburg, protesting against the
ukase of banishment. The protest was heeded by the Czar
and the ukase was rescinded.

As a further indication of the position taken by our Govern-
ment in regard to the matter, we quote the following dispatch
from Secretary of State Hamilton Fish to Consul General
Peixotto:

Department of State,

Washington, D. C, April 10, 1872.
Sir: — Among the large number of Israelites in this country there
are probably few whose sympathies have not been intensely excited
by the recent intelligence of the grievous persecutions of their
co-religionists in Roumania. This feeling has naturally been aug-
mented by the contrast presented by the position of members of that
persuasion here, who are equals with all others before the law, which
sternly forbids any oppresion on account of religion. Indeed, it may
be said that the people of this country universally abhor persecution
anywhere for that cause, and deprecate the trials of which, according
to your dispatches, the Israelites of Roumania have been victims.

This Government heartily sympathizes with the popular instinct
upon the subject, and while it has no disposition or intention to give
offence by interfering in the internal affairs of Roumania, it is deemed

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 543

to be due to humanity to remonstrate against any license or impunity
which may have attended the outrages in that country.

You are consequently authorized to address a note to the Minister
of Foreign Affairs of the Principality in which you will embody the
views herein expressed, and you will also do anything which you can
do discreetly, with a reasonable prospect of success, toward preventing
a recurrence or continuance of the persecutions adverted to.

I am, Sir, etc., etc.,

Hamilton Fish.

As a plain and unmistakable summary of the attitude of the
American people with regard to the brutalities deliberately
perpetrated by Russia, we close these citations with that of the
Resolution of Congress, introduced by Representative Amos
J. Cummings of New York, December 19th, 1890, and
adopted unanimously by the House.

Resolved, etc.: "That the members of the House of Representatives
of the United States have heard with profound sorrow and feelings akin
to horror the reports of the persecutions of the Jews in Russia, reflect-
ing the barbarism of past ages, disgracing humanity and impeding
the progress of civilization ; that our sorrow is intensified by the fact
that such occurrences should happen in a country which has been,
and is now, the firm friend of the United States, and in a nation that
clothed itself with glory, not long since, by the emancipation of its
serfs and by its defence of helpless Christians from the oppression of
the Turks; that a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary
of State with a request that he send it to the American Minister at
St. Petersburg and that said Minister be directed to present the same
to His Imperial Majesty Alexander III, Czar of all the Russias."

544 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

THE RUSSIAN JEWISH REFUGEES IN AMERICA.

CONSIDERED IN CONNECTION WITH THE GENERAL
SUBJECT OF IMMIGRATION IN ITS HISTORICAL
AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS.

(Note. — In the preparation of the following article the editor has
utilized the contents of a paper read by him before the Board of Presi-
dents of the National Societies of Philadelphia, as a member of that
body, December 12th, 1891).

A review of the subject of American Jewish citizenship
necessarily involves a consideration of the recent accretions to
the Jewish population in this country through the immigration
of those of the expatriated Russian Jews who have found and
are yet finding their way to our shores. The influx and settle-
ment here of this practically new element of the population has
attracted a large measure of public attention, notwithstanding
the fact that it comprises an average of not over 8 per cent, of
the total immigration. This has been due not only to the
extraordinary causes of the influx, but also to the fact that the
settlement of a large number of the newcomers in the seabord
cities has caused some disturbances in the labor market at those
points.

The influence of this movement on the future development
of American Judaism is beyond our immediate purview, and its-
present bearing on the Jewish community need be considered
but incidentally. In view, however, of the repeated changes
in our immigration laws since 1882, when the immigration of
the Russian Jews began to reach its present marked proportions
by reason of their expulsion from their homes, and of the agita-
tion for such further legislation as will result in a practically
complete disbarment of these and other unfortunate victims of
European oppression, we may here properly proceed to a brief

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 545

consideration of the social, political and economic aspects of the
question, both as regards the Russian Jewish immigrants and
immigration in general.

The earliest immigration movement of which a record has
come down to our day is that which carried the Hebrew Abram
from ' 'Ur of the Chaldees' ' westward to the plains of Canaan. It
carried with it the latent energy whose force has been the most
potent in the world's affairs; which has become the moving
spirit of the Caucasian race, and which afforded the vehicle of
development for Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The far-
reaching consequences of that first of recorded immigrations
need not be dwelt upon; it forms the prologue to the history of
civilization, a history whose epilogue is yet to be enacted, and
whose processes are not only still a living reality in the present,
but are proceeding towards an infinitely greater compass in the
future.

The migration of Abraham is to be regarded, not only from
the historic standpoint, but in the most abstract scientific sense,
as a force, resulting as all forces must, from some cause of equal
or greater potentiality, and moving, as all forces do, along the
lines of least resistance. The movement proceeded, as we
know, from the East, away from, if not out of, the cradle of the
Caucasian race; from where expansion was hemmed and devel-
opment was hampered, towards the West and South where the
possibilities of both were greater and the requisite conditions
more favorable. This was forty centuries ago; from that time
to the present the movement has still been westward and south-
ward, and by virtue of the same natural law that operated in
the early dawn of history, its course is manifestly destined to
trend in the same direction for some time longer.

In the meantime, throughout all the course of the historic
past, migration after migration has successively marked the
greatest epochs in the annals of mankind. The migration of
Abraham was followed by many others, none indeed of more
far-reaching significance, but all or nearly all of greater magni-
tude, and not a few of them of vast importance as factors in the
history of man. Some centuries after Abraham's time the

546 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

migration of the Canaanite Cadmus westward to the Isles of
Greece, or perhaps the migration of the Pelasgic tribes west-
ward from Asia Minor, opened the first chapter in the history of
Europe. Still later, through the great migrations at the close
of the Roman period, and in the early Middle Ages, the bar-
barians of Europe became imbued with the leaven of Jewish
ideals in the form of Christianity, and further still in the course
of time the migrations of the hunted Jews from Germany to
Poland, and from Spain to Holland and to England, influenced
permanently the current of the world's affairs. Subsequently,
the migration of the Pilgrim Fathers to North America left an
indelible impress in our modern civilization, and finally the
migrations of yesterday and to-day, trending still westward
to the Pacific, and the offshoots of the current to Australia, to
New Zealand and to South America, have opened in the history
of mankind a chapter which the Twentieth Century will not
complete.

It is remarkable that of all these notable migrations, that of
Abraham may be considered as not only first in point of time,
but also as altogether normal in its character. In all the later
historic movements of this kind, the element of force is more or
less definitely manifest, but Abraham's migration was a peaceful
one, and when he took up the sword at all, it was only to
benefit the people among whom he dwelt. We find him
earnestly pleading the cause of his adopted countrymen, not-
withstanding their great wickedness; he bought and paid for
even his last resting place rather than accept it as a gift, and in
general he figures on the historic horizon as in all respects not
only a typical but a model immigrant.

Had the great migrations of later times been as peaceful as
that of Abraham, the annals of humanity would have been less
troubled than we find them. But the subsequent movements of
population were migrations of masses of people, forced from their
native soil by extraneous pressure or lured away by the incite-
ments of conquest, or by both agencies combined, and such
movements must in their very nature, be violent and sanguinary.
The earliest peoples required for their sustenance far more
space than do equal numbers in a more civilized state. They
had no developed means of subsistence; the most primitive

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 5 47

inhabitants relied solely on the products of unaided nature, and
these they found mainly in the chase. As this became more
difficult, or its produce scarcer, they betook themselves to herd-
ing, a culture in itself, the first step in civilization, and the
first expedient to support an increasing population. In this
respect the inhabitants of the Eastern plains were far in advance
of their Western contemporaries; the Asiastic herdsman was
more favorably situated than the huntsman in the forests of
primeval Europe, and hence we find both culture and population
first evolved in the East and flowing thence by natural sequence
towards the West. Culture, the outgrowth of population, was
first planted in the East; there it rooted and there it blossomed,
and there humanity gathered its first fruits, but its ripened
products have fructified upon its Western grafts. Westward
indeed the star of Empire has made its way, and here on our
Western Continent, under the aegis of our great Republic, under
the influence of American liberty and freedom, it seems destined
to reach its ascendant.

In the upbuilding of this Republic the decendants of the first
great emigrant have taken, as we have recorded in the preceed-
ing pages, an ample share, and among these descendants the
compatriots of the present victims of Russian barbarity were by
no means wanting. The emigration of the Slavic Jews to
America had been going on in a normal manner, and therefore
to a limited extent, for a long time before the present exodus,
and in fact, so to speak, from the beginning. After each of
the successive uprisings of Poland against the barbarous tyranny
of its Russian oppressors, from the time of Pulaski, who after
leading his countrymen vainly against the Russian hordes in
1768, came to America to die in the struggle for liberty here;
from the time of Kosciuszko, who came here to fight success-
fully for the independence of our country and then returned to
fight vainly for the independence of his own, there have been
Polish emigrants to America and among them were many
Jews. Haym Solomon, who afforded one of the noblest ex-
amples of devotion to American liberty that is recorded in our
annals, was as we have seen* a Polish Jew and an intimate of
the two patriots named above, and on Pulaski's staff was a
*Page 15.

548 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Jewish officer* and others of his Jewish countrymen were doubt-
less serving in his command.

Down to the bloody outbreak of Russian fanaticism in 1879-
1880, followed by the officially decreed expulsions of the suc-
ceeding years the influx of the Slavic Jews, was, as we have
noted, a normal tide, like that which brought to these shores
millions of immigrants from every European country. Nor-
mally, without being forced, and of their own volition they
had come, as had the Sephardic Jews from England and
Holland during our Colonial period and in the early decades of
our independence, and as the German Jews came with the
stream of German immigration after the beginning of steam
navigation and the Revolution of 1848. The English Sephardim
ceased to emigrate after their enfranchisement in 1850; the
German Jews have ceased to emigrate since their enfranchise-
ment in 187 1, and the Polish and Russian Jews would come in
fewer numbers if they were not driven from their homes, and
would scarcely come at all if but the boon of unhampered domi-
cile, not to mention political liberty, were accorded to them
there.

The calamitous condition of general suffering into which the
Russian Jews were plunged by the proscriptive policy of their
government, appears to have passed its acute stage. While the
expulsion of the Jews from the interior of the Empire and their
settlement, permanent or temporary, in the "Pale" of the
Western Russian provinces, including Poland, was in the
height of its progress a few years ago, the number of those
who were eventually forced to emigrate was very large,
aggregating, it is estimated, nearly two hundred thousand in a
single year. The newcomers in the Pale, nearly all of them
utterly impoverished through pillage by the low element of the
populace and by the extortion of the officials, disorganized the
economic condition of the older settlers in the district and
caused a most excessive competition for the means of liveli-
hood. The emigration of some of the surplus population and
the gradual reorganization of the remainder, has tended to
render the general condition less acute, and while a considerable

* See page 51.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 549

emigration from the Pale must, in the nature of things, be
looked for until the existent conditions are fully ameliorated,
the great exodus that marked the years 189 1-2 is not likely to
be repeated unless further measures of oppression and repression
are adopted by the Russian government.

Meanwhile the world looks on while the Jews of Western
Europe and America are laboring to help those of their Russian
brethren who, unable to gain a foothold in the Pale, are forced
out from their wretched surroundings. The world looks on
while the philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch, emulating the
spirit of Montefiore, is devoting his wealth to the succor of his
co-religionists and striving to found an asylum for them on the
plains of Argentina. It looks on while the Alliance Israelite
Universelle, from its headquarters in Paris, is establishing and
maintaining primary schools for the Jews throughout the
Orient, and agricultural schools for the Russian refugees in
Palestine; while this educational work is being seconded by both
the American and European branches of the Order of B'nai
B'rith, and while Edmond de Rothschild is fostering agricul-
tural colonies near Jaffa and Jerusalem and aiding Russian
Jews to gain a foothold in the land of their forefathers.

In our own country agricultural colonies of Russian Jews
have been founded, educational institutions built up, distribu-
tion of the refugees effected, through the efforts of Jewish com-
munal organizations or by means of the funds devoted for the
purpose by Baron de Hirsch, or by both in unison. The de
Hirsch Trust dispenses in this manner the income of $2,500,000
donated for this purpose by the great-hearted and open-handed
philanthropist, supplementing to this large extent the charit-
able efforts of the American Jews in their work of succor.
That work is carried on by independent local organizations
both in Europe and America, ramifying from the Vistula
westward to the Golden Gate ; centering in Konigsberg,
Memel, Lemberg and Brody, in Berlin and Vienna, Hamburg
and Bremen, in Paris, London and Liverpool, in New York,
Philadelphia, Boston and Baltimore, in Chicago, San Francisco
and Portland, and at other intervening points. These organiza-
tions are apart from the great movement organized by Baron
de Hirsch and chartered in England under the title of ' ' The

550 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

Jewish Colonization Association." That institution, which
the Baron has endowed with the sum of $10,000,000, has its
headquarters in St. Petersburg and affiliated centers through-
out the Jewish Pale, and is devoted exclusively to furthering
the Jewish emigration to the Argentine Republic. The Rus-
sian Jewish emigrants to other lands proceed wholly by dint
of their own means or those of their relatives already in the
haven of rest, and these wayfarers are frequently impoverished
and always in need of protection and counsel. Onerous as has
been the burden which the wickedness of Russian folly has
imposed on the Jewish people at large, they have thus far coped
with a reasonable degree of success against the almost over-
whelming difficulties of the situation.*

During the progress of this movement a hue and cry has re-
peatedly been raised all along the roads which the Russian
refugees have taken in escaping from their oppressors and in
seeking an asylum and resting place. Here in our country,
where many of our State governments have made organized
efforts to induce immigration into their borders, where numer-
ous towns and hamlets in the interior are organizing " booms"
to increase their population, here, where the single State of
Texas, with less than two and a half millions of population,
extends over an area greater than Germany and England to-
gether, where a state like Montana, larger than England, Scot-
land, Wales, and Ireland combined, has a population of but
132,000, only half as many as the single English town of Leeds,
here there have not been wanting those who have constantly
urged in Congress and in the press, that European immigration
should be not only regulated, but largely restricted and even
entirely debarred. All this because in the metropolitan centres
and at times at other points, a surplus of wage workers in one
or two industries was causing friction and disturbance.

This agitation, by reason of its obvious causes, may well
claim our attention in connection with our present subject.

The effort towards better material conditions which has
formed the main impulse of all emigration movements, has, as
we learn from history, been always fraught with suffering and

* See note, p. 559.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN 551

misery for the populations first effected, and frequently for
several of the succeeding generations, but, in the end, improve-
ment has resulted to the greater number at least. Even when
the natural surroundings of a migrated population are not more
favorable than those of their previous experience, the mere
change of environment has generally furthered an improve-
ment of their social arrangements. The change of their loca-
tion may disappoint an immigrant people in their hopes of
material betterment, but they never fail to take advantage of
their new beginnings to eliminate from their new organization
such conditions as their previous experience had proved objec-
tionable. Migrations, whether peaceful or otherwise, and for
that matter sudden changes of material conditions generally,
inevitably consume a large part of the existing powers of those
effected, but where those powers are not totally exhausted and
destroyed, where enough energy remains to form a nucleus of
recuperative force, and especially where the new material sur-
roundings are more favorable than those which were left be-
hind, there a marked improvement of all the conditions of life,
physical and intellectual, material and social, becomes developed.
It would be superflous to cite the proofs of this proposition ; the
history of civilization is a record of its examples, and its latest
annals are but statements of this fact.

Palpable as is this fact, and nowhere is it more so than on
this Western Continent, and especially in our own country, there
are yet many who regard an immigrant with the narrow preju-
dice of mediaeval ignorance, and to whom a stranger is still, as
to the barbarians of old, an enemy. Over and over again in
the course of the great new departure which the establishment
and growth of these United States has made in the world's
history, over and over again in the course of our development,
has the debarment of immigrants been proposed and advocated.
At times the opposition to the new comers has been born of Old
World animosities, at other times of religious prejudice, and
latterly we hear most frequently of restrictions proposed on
political and economic grounds.

That political reasons may justify a restriction', or even
dictate the entire debarment of certain defined classes of immi-
grants, is to be admitted. Thus the exclusion of Chinese

552 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

immigrants may be defended on the grounds of a broad public
policy, with reasons which cannot logically be adduced with
regard to any branch of the Caucasian race. The most cogent
of these reasons, and the one that has afforded the only rational
basis for the policy adopted, is not the economic element of the
subject, not that the Chinese live cheaply and work cheaply,
but that their assimilation with the rest of the population is
practically impossible. To what extent the theoretical possi-
bility of their being merged in the general population could be
realized, to what extent its realization would be desirable or
the contrary, to what extent a mixture of the Caucasian and
Mongolian races would enhance or deteriorate their respective
qualities, physical and psychical, we need not here stop to in-
quire. Suffice it to re-state the fact that political, or per-
haps ultimately ethnological reasons may here be considered as
prompting a course which could not reasonably be adopted en
any other ground. But in the case of immigrants of the Cau-
casian race, such opposition as has been made from time to
time, though frequently insisted upon as a political necessity,
can only, in the absence of any broad ethnological basis, be
argued on economic grounds.

The discussions engendered by propositions to restrict immi-
gration have recurred at various periods of our history and
have been factors in our politics from the beginning of our insti-
tutions. There was indeed already in the old Colonial times
an anti-immigration or Nativist Party, almost before there were
any natives to make it np. In fact, the subject has cropped
out whenever some slight occasion offered, and particularly
whenever politicians on the in- or the outside needed a new string
to harp upon. Some of us are old enough to remember some-
thing of the native American agitation which began as far back
as 1835, and which took shape in the so-called " American "
party, afterwards generally known as the "Know-Nothings,"
about 1844. In that year the Know-Nothing Party carried the
city of New York on a mayoralty election by a large majority,
and for a time the movement spread widely throughout the
country. It developed strong religious prejudices, and was
marked by the memorable anti-Catholic riots in Philadelphia.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN.

553

The odium which those disgraceful outrages brought on the
' ■ American " party was attempted to be overcome by making it
a secret organization, and in the political confusion resulting
from the breaking up of the old Whig party, the former grew to
such proportions that in 1855 it carried no less than nine state
elections. That the movement then had no vital force, but was
only a political stalking-horse for partisan purposes, became
manifest in the Presidential election of 1856, when the Know
Nothing candidates carried only the State of Maryland, and
that only by aid of the remnant of the Whig party and the
bludgeons of the ' ' Plug-Uglies. ' ' The outcome of the whole
movement, politically considered, was the complete extinction
of the party organization which had fostered, and the perma-
nent discredit of the party leaders who had promoted it.

But the lessons of the past, the arguments and considerations
which have repeatedly led to the rejection of a proscriptive
policy, have now to be gone over again in this later generation,
and the reason for this is plain enough . The economic aspect of
the question is more permanent than the political, and the
economic argument more plausible than the other. The objec-
tionable features inseparable from a considerable influx of new-
comers into a community, large or small, are palpable and on
the surface, while the inestimable value of these newcomers,
by virtue of the added material and social forces with which
they endow the community, becomes perceptible only upon a
closer investigation of the subject. It thus happens that when
an unusually large number of new arrivals disturbs for a time
some existing economic condition, the community is startled
by those immediately affected with an outcry against the intrud-
ing force, and it is then only on investigation that it becomes
apparent that while indeed a comparatively few individuals suf-
fer, and even they but temporarily, the new element is of far-
reaching benefit to the community at large.

A quite parallel instance, as far as it goes, is the effect of the
introduction of machinery in substitution of hand labor. The
history of inventions is burdened with the details of opposition
which gathered at every step of the process through which Man
has brought to his service the forces of Nature. So too, the
practical aid of immigration in subduing the domain of Nature

554 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

on this Western Continent has often been decried as inimical to
the interests of those native to the soil, notwithstanding that
even a cursory analysis of the question proves clearly the fact
that the immigrant not only does not travail against the native's
interest, but on the contrary, aids and enhances that interest
beyond all computation. Just as the throng of new inventions
temporarily disarranges existent conditions of commerce and of
industry, with the immediate result of causing economic dis-
tress to some groups of individuals, so the tide of immigration
temporarily affects existent conditions in the centers of popula-
tion, but the eventual benefit of the new force is as certain to
be felt in the latter case as in the former.

Let us for a momemt consider the character and extent of the
impulses which the influx of the newcomers imparts to the
social organism. The nature of these impulses is two-fold ;
the increase of numbers adds power to the community, and the
diversity of interests which is an inevitable concomitant of in-
creased population, brings wealth, culture, and all the higher
gains of human effort.

To elucidate these propositions we cannot do better than
here quote the carefully considered statements of the foremost
of American publicists, Henry C. Carey, himself an American
of Americans, and the great expounder of the protective system
of political economy. As Chairman of the Committee on In-
dustrial Interests and Labor, in its report to the Constitutional
Convention of Pennsylvania in 1873, referring to the Immigra-
tion question, he writes as follows:

" Closing their eyes to the important facts which have been thus pre-
sented, very many of our working men look with jealous eyes at every
measure tending toward bringing those of other countries to take a
place side by side with them, believing, as they do, that the more the
supply of labor the lower must certainly become the price. Neverthe-
less, could they but be pursuaded to study carefully the facts of even
the last twenty years the}' could not fail to become impressed with the
fact, that growth of wages has always kept even pace with growth of
immigration ; the reward of labor on the contrary declining as immi-
gration has been arrested or destroyed. At no previous period had the
demand for labor, or its reward, grown so rapidly as in the early years
of the great California one, say from 1850 to 1854, when immigration
grew to 400,000. At none, has labor been more in excess of the de-
mand than in the years that followed the great crisis of 1857, when

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 555

immigration declined to figures scarcely greater than had been attained
20 years before; and when, as in 1860-61, not one out of* five of the
skilled workmen of the country was steadly employed. Here, in
Philadelphia, when it was desired to build a street railroad they ad-
vertised for two hundred and fifty hands at but sixty cents a day,
and had more than five thousand offered, a majority of whom were
skilled artisans who were wholly out of work. In the neighborhood
of one great establishment, a rolling mill, the number of unemployed
men was so great that the county authorities, to save its skilled work-
men from open pauperism, determined to build a turnpike, employ-
ing experienced hands at breaking stone, for fifty cents a day, rather
than supporting them as paupers. At no period of our history has
the reward of labor grown so rapidly as in the last ten years, when
the exodus of European working men has so rapidly increased that
the states of Central and Western Europe now find themselves forced
to consideration of the measures required for retaining their country-
men at home ; and when the highest German authorities admit that
the pecuniary loss resulting from training and educating men for ex-
port to this country has now already more than counterbalanced the
French indemnity of $1,200,000,000. To all appearance the immigra-
tion of the present year will closely approach to half a million ; and
yet it is at this moment, in face of so wonderful an addition to our
stock of working men and women, that we have a determined agita-
tion for bringing about a reduction of time and increase of wages.
In the years prior to the rebellion, when immigration so largely de-
clined, the agitation was for employment at almost any price. Why
is this ? Why is it that, contrary to the rule elsewhere observed, de-
mand for labor goes ahead of supply when this latter is great, and
falls behind it when the supply is small ? To this the answer is, that
the power to compel nature to labor in man's service increases almost
geometrically as numbers increase arithmetically ; as employment
becomes diversified ; and as men are more enabled to combine their
efforts for attainment of that object."

* * * * * * # ' * * * tt

"Asa consequence of the great increase in the power of combina-
tion that has thus been brought about, we find the manufacturing
product of the country to have grown in the period 1860 to 1872, from
1800 to 5000 millions, the mere increase having been almost twice the
total amount to which the country had attained in the centuries that
had preceded the war of the rebellion. Adding to the figures the
foreign manufactures consumed, we obtain for the first — a period
when immigration was rapidly declining — a total consumption of
about $65 per head ; whereas in the period which since has passed,
and in which immigration has so greatly gown, it has risen to more
than $130 per head. So far, therefore, is the working man from
having occasion to dread the competition of the immigrant, that he
needs, night and morning, to pray for maintenance of that policy

556 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

which is now making demand on Europe for so much of its half fed
and half clothed population, thereby compelling both landed and
manufacturing capitalists to the adoption of measures tending so to
improve the condition of them who are left behind as to induce them
to forego the idea of abandoning their native land. Never in the
world's history has there been furnished such conclusive evidence of
the fact, that measures tending to benefit the working man any-
where tend toward raising his condition everywhere ; and that, there-
fore, there is a perfect harmony in the real and permanent interests
of mankind at large."

As still more directly bearing on this subject, I quote from
the same report as follows:

"Less than a dozen years since, our working men looked jealously
upon the negro, believing that any measure tending toward his
emancipation would certainly be followed by such an influx of cheap
labor as must seriously affect themselves. Directly the reverse, the
negro migrates to Texas and there becomes a customer for manu-
factured products of a class greatly higher than that of those which
his master had been accustomed to purchase for his slave."

Carey here reaches the very pith of the question. Every
newcomer becomes a customer for those already on the ground,
for all that he needs for his maintenance, just as the new born
babe furnishes a new customer for the dry goods store, the milk
man, not to mention the doctor and sometimes the lawyer.
The baby, it is true, does not, as the phrase goes, " enter into
competition' ' for a living, while the immigrant does, but in
this respect the latter is the more valuable acquisition, for un-
less the immigrant is supported by charity, he has to produce
at least as much as he consumes, and thus the community is
an inevitable gainer by his presence. Inasmuch as a very large
proportion of the immigrants produce more than they consume,
in other words, save something of their earnings, it is mani-
fest that the community gains doubly by their presence. It
gains through the increase by the immigrant of the general
social force, in his contribution to the total of the community's
traffic and exchange, and also gains through the newcomer's
addition to the general capital stock.

But, it is urged on the other hand, this may all be true of
some kinds of immigrants, and not be true of others who are
low in the scale of moral worth and of physical and intellectual

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 557

capacity, and it is these whose coming should be restricted.
Be it so; we may safely admit this proposition, and proceed
thence to the sole remaining problem of drawing the line.

Where shall this line be drawn ? The native American agita-
tion proceeded on the very ground we have postulated, and
grew to the proportions of carrying a majority in no less than
nine states. It grew to these proportions as the result of an
agitation that arose from the influx of impoverished Irishmen
after the famine of 1847, and of their followers from Scotland
and England in the succeeding decade. Has the agitation been
justified by time? Have the prophecies of the Know Nothings
that our people could not possibly assimilate the great mass of
foreigners who were then thronging hither, whose proportion
to the native population was even greater than it is now, who
were alien to our institutions and our laws, in habits and in re-
ligion at variance with the great majority of the citizens, been
fullfilled ? Of course not ; the facts have but developed what
the common sense of the people soon perceived to be true.
These immigrants have all been assimilated. Those of them
that survive, and their children assuredly, have become thor-
oughly Americanized and effectually welded into the com-
monalty of our republic.

How was it with the Germans who came hither in such
swarms under the allurements of the great gold finds in the
West, and the growth of steam navigation on the ocean after
1850? They too have been assimilated, notwithstanding that
through their variance in language they were even more differ-
entiated from the native inhabitants than the immigrants from
the British Isles. How about the Scandinavians and the Hol-
land Dutch, the French and Italians ? Has the grafting of
these scions on the rooted stem degenerated the stock ? We
have ample evidence to the contrary, sufficiently palpable to
need no citation in detail.

Where then shall we draw the line ? We have seen that the
immigrant, though he arrives penniless as tens of thousands of
them have done and do, does certainly not impoverish the com-
munity. We have seen, on the contrary, that though he ar-
rives penniless, he enhances the wealth of the community by
bringing with him the germ of all commodities, Labor. Where

558 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

then shall we draw the line? Shall we exclude the poor
Roman Catholic Pole, who is driven from his home by the
vindictive policy of his barbarous conquerer ? Does he not
bring energy and labor ? Shall we exclude the Russian Jew,
who is driven from his native soil by the stupid villany of the
same Tartar barbarism ? Is his thrift and industry likely to
impoverish our community ? The pious fools who, four hun-
dred years ago, drove three hundred thousand of such people
from the Iberian Peninsula had a bigger majority than the
Know Nothings of later date who wanted to do as much for
the Roman Catholics fifty years ago, and they had their way.
They diminished the population according to their wish, but
they wrought the ruin of the then richest nation of Europe, a
ruin from which it has even to this day not yet arisen.

No ; let the immigrants come, as they have come. Let us
but guard ourselves against the preventable evils which are
likely to attend their coming, by the careful enforcement of the
laws that are enacted to that end. Let us draw the line so as
to exclude the habitual paupers, the habitual criminals, the in-
curably insane ; the rest will take care of themselves and add
to our well being and our wealth by filling up the waste stretches
of the great expanse behind us ; they will but follow in the
way trodden by the immigrants who landed two hundred and
seventy years ago at Plymouth Rock, and will work out their
salvation as did their predecessors by making the desert to
blossom as the rose.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 559

Note: — Various movements for the relief of the Russian
refugees have been organized independently from 1882 on by the
Jewish communities throughout the country and especially in
the seabord cities. The renewed severity of the Russian perse-
cutions in 1890 called forth a general movement for the relief of
the sufferers which was focused at a convention held in Phila-
delphia, February 16, 1891, and which resulted in the forma-
tion of the ' ' Jewish Alliance of America. ' ' 1 This organization
was composed in the main of Russian Jews already settled in
this country, but the increasing demand on the Jewish people
by the extraordinarily large influx of the refugees during 1891
necessitated a more general organization of the measures for
their relief. To that end the Trustees of the Baron de Hirsch
Fund issued a call 1 ' for a general convention of representatives
of the Jewish organizations throughout the country, which
accordingly met in New York City on September 23, 1891.
This convention 3 resolved itself into ' ' The American Committee
for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian Refugees," and

1 The officers of this organization were as follows:
President: Simon Muhr, Philadelphia.

Vice Presidents: Hon. Ferdinand Levy, New York; Rev. Dr. H. W.
Schneeberger, Baltimore; Dr. Chas. D. Spivak, Philadelphia.

Secretary: Bernard Harris, Philadelphia.

Treasurer: Hon. Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C.

Board of Directors— Philadelphia : Louis E. Levy, Chas. Hoffman,
Dr. Solomon Solis-Cohen ; Baltimore : Jacob J. H. Mitnick, Joseph
Eisner, 8. L. Auerbach ; New York : Daniel P. Hays, Dr. Henry M.
Leipziger ; Chicago : Dr. A. P. Kadison, A. Bernstein ; Boston : David
Blaustein; Pittsburg, Par. Wm. Hoffman; Albany, N. Y: Louis
Aronowitch ; Troy, N. Y.: H. Kuschevsky ; Omaha, Neb.: B. Kohn.

2 The call was signed by the officers of the Baron de Hirsch Fund as
follows:

President: Myer S. Isaacs.

Vice President: Jacob H. Schiff.

Treasurer: Jesse Seligman.

Honorary Secretary: Julius Goldman.

Trustees: Oscar S. Straus, Henry Rice, and James H. Hoffman, of
New York; Mayer Sulzberger, and Win. B. Hackenburg, of Phila-
delphia.

General Agent: Adolphus S. Solomons, Washington, D. C.

3 The convention was organized with the following named officers:
President: Lewis Seasongood, Cincinnati; Vice Presidents: Lazarus

Silverman, Chicago, Joseph Fox, New York; Secretaries: Adolphus
S. Solomon, Washington, and Bernard Harris, Philadelphia.

560 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

elected an Executive Committee 1 to carry out its plans. With
this organization the Jewish Alliance of America was merged
in February, 1892, but with the diminution of the influx in the
course of that year the united organization devolved its
functions on a " Central Committee ' ' composed of members of
the American Committee, the Baron de Hirsch Trust and the
United Hebrew Charities of New York.

The several organized movements above noted elicited earnest
expressions of sympathy from many leading men in our com-
munity. A number of these are so pointed and revelant to our
present subject matter as to dictate their citation in this
connection.

On the occasion of the movement for the formation of the
Jewish Alliance, CARDINAL GIBBONS wrote as follows,
under date of Baltimore, Dec. 15th, 1890.

"Every friend of humanity must deplore the systematic persecution
of the Jews in Russia.

"For my part, I cannot well conceive how Christians can entertain
other than kind sentiments towards the Hebrew race, when I consider
how much we are indebted to them. We have from them the in-
spired volume of the Old Testament, which has been a consolation
in all ages to devout souls. Christ, our Lord, the Founder of our
religion, His blessed mother, as well as the Apostles, were all Jews

1 The Executive Committee thus elected, in addition to the general
officers, was composed of representatives of various organizations in
different sections of the country, as follows:

New York: Henry Rice, Julius Bien, Jacob H. Schiff, Morris
Tuska, Ferdinand Levy, Isaac Hamburger, M. Warley Platzek;
Philadelphia : Simon Muhr, Louis E. Levy ; Baltimore : Aaron
Friedenwald; Boston: Jacob Hecht; Cincinnati: Julius Freiburg;
Chicago: Adolph Loeb, Julius Rosenthal; Peoria, III.: Samuel
Woolner; Washington, D. C: Simon Wolf; Milwaukee: Bernard
Gross; St. Louis, Mo.: Marcus Bernheimer; Portland, Or.: David
Solis-Cohen; Detroit, Mich.: Martin Butzel; Minneapolis, Minn.:
Emanuel Cohen; Atlanta, Oa.: Aaron Haas; Galveston, Tex.:
Leo. N. Levi; Memphis, Tenn.: Elias Loewenstein; Ex-Officio, Myer
S. Isaacs, New York.

The Committee organized by electing as Chairman, M. Warley
Platzek, of New York, and as Vice Chairman, Julius Freiburg, of
Cincinnati, the Secretaries of the General Committee acting in the
same capacity on the Executive Committee.

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 561

according to the flesh. These facts attach me strongly to the Jewish
race "

The call for the convention which resulted in the organization
of the American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of
Russian Refugees, elicited the following letter from Judge
DILLON to Mr. Seligman :

Dear Sir: Coming to this place (Saratoga) on the train from New
York, I saw in the Evening Post a statement that prominent Hebrews
in all parts of the United States have been invited by the Trustees of
the Baron de Hirsh fund to meet in this city on Wednesday, Septem-
ber 23rd in the building of the Hebrew Educational Alliance at East
Broadway and Jefferson streets, for the purpose of co-operating in the
formation of an American Relief Committee to make the best possible
disposition of the exiled Russian Jews coming to this country.

The persecution of your people with mediaeval cruelty, whereby
they are exiled without cause, suddenly and en masse, with all the
multiplied and nameless hardships and sufferings which must
necessarily attend such an exodus, from a country in which they had
lived for generations and had the right to peacefully remain, has
awakened among all right-thinking persons sympathy for the victims
and indignation against their oppressors. This is not a matter that
appeals alone to the people of your race. It appeals to every man
with a heart of flesh in his bosom. There remains no longer any place
for prejudice or selfishness. Reports are made that some Jewish
refugees have already been sent back from this country for fear that
they may become a public charge. This must not be. Without
shame w r e cannot remain idle and cold spectators and see this done
under our very eyes. Ever since the establishment of our nation, it
has been its just boast that it was the asylum of the toiling and
oppressed people of all other countries, who in good faith sought our
shores with a view of permanent residence and citizenship. I am not
criticising necessary or provident defensive modification of this
policy, but the former considerations have a rightful application to
your fugitive people, who in their necessity come from preference to
this land of freedom to find and make themselves homes.

I would as soon shut my door against a benighted wanderer seeking
refuge from the merciless blizzard as to shut our national ports against
those of your people, who, stricken like wild beasts, are driven here
in the stress of the raging storm which threatens their destruction.
Let us receive them with welcome and hospitality. Let us show to
the nations of the world that there is one spot on God's earth where
these unfortunate exiles may rest their tired feet, set up again their
household goods, reconstruct their ruined homes and worship in peace
the God of their fathers.

I notice in the article referred to that it is proposed "to appeal to

562 THE AMERICAN JEW AS

the Jews of the United States to unite in a co-operative plan to rind
homes and employment for Russian immigrants." I beg to suggest
that this concerns not your people alone. It quite as deeply concerns
the good name of the American people to see that no refugee shall be
returned for poverty, or for any cause, save for crime, or shall be
allowed to suffer until he can find work.

I do not rest these sentiments upon the unfeigned respect I feel for
the immemorial traditions and glorious history of your people, who
in theology, ethics, philosophy, arts, literature, jurisprudence and
legislation have either led the thought of the world or kept abreast
with it. I prefer to rest them upon the broader, higher and truer
ground, that these exiles are men, with all the inprescriptable rights
that belong to men because they are men, irrespective of religion,
race or nationality, rights which governments do not create or confer,
so they cannot rightfully deny or destroy. I enclose my check for
the cause (would it were more), and in doing so, I could not refrain,
before resting my head upon my pillow, to thus state the reasons why
I did it.

With great respect, I am as ever,

Very truly yours,

John F. Dillon.

To Jesse Seligman, Esq.

On the same occasion as that noted above, Hon. CHAUNCEY
M. DEPHW expressed himself as follows:

"We behold to-day in Russia with horror the amazing spectacle in
the nineteenth century of the whole power of the government
brought to bear upon three millions of Hebrews to treat them as
aliens and enemies. They have been for three hundred years the
subjects and the citizens of the Russian Empire, and yet the whole
power of the state, of its army, of its civil force, is brought to bear to
deprive them of the opportunities of employment and to refuse them,
except within certain limits, the right to live in the country where
their ancestors have lived for ten to twenty generations. It is because
monarchical institutions, autocratic institutions, class institutions do
not possess the power of assimilation and of homogeneity.

" In the past fifty years, fifteen millions of people have come to
this country from abroad. They belonged to every race, they spoke
every language but our own. They worshipped in every form, under
every symbol and in every creed. But American liberty solved the
problem. These people did not know about our institutions, or
understand them. They had been taught to believe that liberty was
license, and yet the solvent power of American liberty made them
citizens and gave to the immigrants of a few years ago, the same

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 563

rights before the law and in making the law that is possessed by the
descendants of the Pilgrim Fathers. These fifteen millions of people,
under the operation of this glorious principle, have become bone of
our bone, flesh of our flesh. They have aided in the development of
the country; they have assisted in increasing its wealth, its power
and its glory, and have marched with equal step and equal love
under the old flag for the preservation of the glorious Republic which
had made them free."

Following is an extract from a letter written to Hon. Simon
Wolf by Father Sylvester Malone, of St. Peter and Paul Church,
Brooklyn :

I have listened to St. Patrick's Day discussions in time past in
which your co-religionists were likened to the Irish. Both suffered
because of their holding with such tenacity to what was their belief.
This was true in the case of the Hebrew in his own native land and
in every other land whither tyranny forced him to emigrate. The
Irish have been the victims of cruel persecution in their own native
laud. Here, however, they are free, and are always successful when
they do not by some fault of their own mar their best hopes of success.
The Jewish people too have had great success in America, but the
later emigration, directly from Russia, has not been acceptable to
many of our citizens. They have run the gauntlet, as my countrymen
had to do some fifty years ago. They must learn wisdom and
patience."

As an instructive conclusion to our present subject we add
the following extract from the New York Sun of September
ist, 1894. It needs no further comment:

" In the Jews, Judaism is deeply ingrained. As many as 10,000 or
12,000 of the Jewish tailors of this city were on a strike for higher
wages all last week ; and day after day they loitered in the streets, or
congregated in their hall, or sat down any where to talk in their
jargon. But upon the forenoon of Saturday last the strikers, who had
been highly excited the day before, were not to be found at their
usual places of rendezvous. Nearly all of them had gone to their
synagogues. They were engaged in Divine worship. They were at
prayer. They were listening to the voice of the rabbi. They were
following a custom established by Moses, and kept up through all the
ages ever since his time. In the hundreds of garrets, rear halls,
and rickety old edifices which are used as synagogues in what is
called the "ghetto," on the east side of New York, the Jews on strike
celebrated the everlasting name of "Jahveh " last Saturday forenoon,
the holy Sabbath.

"This is Judaism in New York and the world over.

II Lots of workingmen, who are called Christians, go on a strike from

564 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

time to time, but who is there that ever heard of any body of strikers
other than Jews, giving heed to the ceremonies of their religion
during the heat of a strike ? We are told that nearly all of these Jew-
ish strikers are orthodox, and all wore their hats in the synagogues.
Many of them, we are assured, are familiar with the Torah and the
Talmud, and can quote Ben Ezra and Maimonides

"Judaism is in the bones of the Jews, and of all Jews, from the
equator to the poles.

11 Was there ever any crowd of Presbyterian strikers, or of Baptist,
Methodist, or Unitarian strikers, or of Roman Catholic strikers, who
made it their business to go to church in a body, for the purpose of
engaging in worship and prayer, during a strike? Let us ask Rev.
Dr. John Hall, or Bishop Simpson, or that learned and mirthful
priest, Father Flattery, not to speak of the eminent Dominican, Father
O'Neil, or our three Universalist preachers.

" The Jews of New York, like the Jews of all the rest of the world,
believe in Judaism, and are rooted and grounded in it.

" Oh, that we couldfsay that the people who call themselves Chris-
tians believe in Christianity and practise it, either at work or when
on strike !"

PATRIOT, SOLDIER AND CITIZEN. 565

CONCLUSION.

The project of the present volume had contemplated a
lesser number of pages than it now includes, but it has been
restricted to its present bounds only by eliminating much that
was germane to its subject. The grand fabric of Jewish charity,
whose broad expanse extends throughout the land, compassing
every element of society, responsive to every call of humanity,
expressive of every trait of civilization and conducive to every
avenue of culture, has been adverted to but incidentally. In
the field of philanthropic effort the Jewish citizens of the
American Union may unhesitatingly claim to have built for
themselves monuments more numerous and larger by far than
their proportionate share; in this field the historic spirit of
Judaism continues even increasingly to manifest itself. In this
field and in this alone the Jewish spirit has been materialistic.
Its forces have been directed not to saving souls by a change
of creed, but by bettering the conditions of human existence.
The great ideals of Judaism, the universal fatherhood of God,
the universal brotherhood of men, and the direct responsibility
of every human being to the Maker of all, have steadfastly
been upheld, but its forces have not been exerted in striving
to make good the seeming shortcomings of the Divine nature,
but in striving to make good the essential shortcomings of
our human nature, by alleviating the distresses arising from
the constitution of society and by lessening the sufferings that
are inevitably incident to the conditions of life. To this end the
American Jewish citizens have organized a widely diversified
system of relief for the sick and the needy, and while so doing
have not restricted their efforts within denominational bounds,
but have opened their doors and stretched out their hands to all
humanity. Not alone, however, in dealing with conditions that
are inseparable from the social system, but furthermore in deal-
ing with such as are removable, in educating and lifting up those
of the community who are in need of fostering care, in further-
ing the spread of intelligence and in raising the standard of

566 THE AMERICAN JE W AS

citizenship, the Jewish people have been unceasingly active, and
especially so in free America, where, as the foregoing pages have,
recorded, they have stood from the very beginning " shoulder
to shoulder" with their fellow citizens of every creed, in every
movement that has made for freedom and for liberty, for
culture and for charity. And well they might. To no others
of the Old World denizens was the New World more com-
pletely new; for no other people has the promise of the Colum-
bian epoch been more completely fulfilled than for the Jews.

And, therefore, more especially while the closing years of the
nineteenth century have seen its brilliant promise darkened by
a broad shadow of the Middle Ages; while the ghastly tragedy
that marked in Spain the opening year of American discovery
is being rehearsed in Russia with all the effects of modern
aggrandizement, we may not better close this book than with
the grand apostrophe of the Columbian year that has been left
us by the Jewish poetess, Emma I^azarus:

Thou, two-faced year, mother of Change and Fate,
Didst weep when Spain cast forth with flaming sword
The children of the prophets of the Lord.
Prince, priest and people spurned by zealot hate,
Hounded from sea to sea, from state to state,
The West refused them and the East abhorred,
No anchorage the known world could afford,
Close locked was every port, barred every gate.
Then smiling, thou unveil'dst, O two-faced year,
A virgin world where doors of sunset part,
Saying, ' Ho, all who weary, enter here !
Here falls each ancient barrier that the art
Of race or creed or rank devised, to rear
Grim-bulwarked hatred between heart and heart.'

INDEX.

Aboab, Ishac, de Fonseca, 446, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454

Abraham, Lewis, two papers by, 53-66

Accoignes, Moise, 447

Adams, Charles Francis, 91-96

Adams, Hannah, referred to, 462 (note 51)

Adams, Professor Herbert B., paper by, 14-26

Adams, John, 61

Adams, John Quincy, 64

Addenda to Lists of Soldiers, 423

Adler, Dr. Cyrus, referred to, 475 (note 78)

Adler, Rabbi Liebman, 425

Aguilar, Moses Raphael de, 446, 453, 454

Ains worth, Colonel F. C, referred to, 11

Alabama, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 117-122

Alexander I, of Russia, 533

Alexander II, of Russia, 528, 530, 535, 539, 540

Alexander III, of Russia, 519, 543

Alliance, Jewish, of America, 559, 560

American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian

Refugees, 559, 560
American Party, 552, 553
Antokolski, Russian sculptor, 536
Appel, Alexander M., Sergeant Major, 187
Appleton, William, 63
Arias, Isaac, 465

Arkansas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 123-124
Argentina, Emigration to, 538, 550

Baltimore Jewish Patriots, 38-40

Bamberger, Dr. Ludwig, 536

Barrios, Don Miguel Levi de, 449, 455, 456

Beaulieu, M. Anatole Leroy, quoted, 515-522

Beecher, Henry Ward, quoted, 439

Belmonte, Benvenida, 464

Benedix, Robert, quoted, 510-511

Benjamin, Judah P., 102

Berndt, Dr. J. D., 440-441

Bismarck, Otto von, quoted, 503

568 INDEX.

Blaine, James G., letter to John W. Foster, on rights of American

Israelites in Russia, 525-527
Bliss, Cornelius N., quoted, 439
Bloom, Nathan. 429

Blumenberg, Leopold, Brevet Brigadier-General, 199-200
Brackenridge, H. M., quoted, 67 (note)
Brewster, Hon. F. Carroll, quoted, 506
Brito, Abraham de, 465
Bromet, H. L., 460
Brothers-in arms, 109-111

Cohen (6), North Carolina, 109

Jonas (5), Mississippi and Illinois, 109

Moses (5), South Carolina, 109

Moses (4), Georgia, 110

Cohen (3), Arkansas, 110

Goldsmith (3), Georgia and South Carolina, 110

Levy (3), Virginia, 110

Moses (3), Alabama, 110

Wenk (5), New York, 111

Feder (3), New York, 111

Levy (4), New York, 111

Emanuel (3), Pennsylvania, 111

Koch (3), Ohio, 111
Bryant, William Cullen, quoted, 509-510
Bunker Hill Monument, 63-64
Bush, Isidor, 429
Bush, Mathias, 13

California, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 125-126

Carey, Henry C, quoted, 554-556

Carmoly, Dr. E., refered to, 456 (note 34), quoted, 460 (note 47)

Carvalho, Isaac, 467

Carvalho, Sebastian, 447

Castanho, Isaac, 450

Catharine II, of Russia, 526, 527

Chase, Miss Kate, 89

Chase, Hon. Salmon P., 89, 97

Chittenden, L. E., 87, 90, article by, 91-97

Civil Life, Jewish Patriotism in, 425-441

Clinton, Sir Henry, 16

Coen, Abraham, 449, 451

Coen, Jacob, 449

Cohen, Abraham, Captaiu, 244-245

Cohen, Benjamin, 44

Cohen, Dr. Marx E., 374

Cohen, Brothers (six), 374

Cohn, Abraham, Adjutant, 106 (medal of honor); 224-226.

INDEX. 569

Colonies, Jewish Agricultural ; in America, 549; in Argentina, 550; in

Palestine, 549; in Russia, 533
Colonization, the Jewish, Association, 550

Commission to investigate condition of affairs in Russia, 524-525
Connecticut, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 127
Confederate Army, Jewish Staff Officers in the, 114-115
Confederate Navy, Jewish Officers in the, 116
Continental Armies, Jewish Soldiers in the, 44-52
Cooper, General, 103
Cordoso, Daniel, 482
Coronel, David Senior, 450
Costa, Isaac de, referred to, 449, 451 (note 20), 452 (note 21), 453 (note

25), 458 (note 42), 460 (note 46), 461 (note 50)
Cullum, General George W., referred to, 35
Cummings, Representative Amos J., introduces a resolution about

the Jews in Russia, 543
Curtis, George William, quoted, 506-508

Daly, Hon. Charles P., referred to, 33, 41, 444 (note), 446 (note)

D 'Angers, David, 62

Daniels, A. C, referred to, 430 (note)

Davidson, Solomon, 125

Davis, Jefferson, 93

Davis, Ex-Judge Noah, quoted, 436—437

De Candolle, Alphonse L. P. Pyrame, quoted, 490-491

Depew, Hon. Chauncey M., quoted on Russian Jews, 562-563

Dexter, Franklin, 64

Dillon, Hon. John F., letter on Russian Jews, 561-562

District of Columbia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 128

Dyer, Isidor, 440

Ebron, David, Letter to Philip II, 473-476

Einhorn, Dr. David, 425

Einstein, Max, Colonel, 349-350

Eliot, George, quoted, 499-500

Etting, Solomon, 44, 67

Europe, Jews in the Armies of, 485-487

Everett, Edward, 64

Field, Rev. Dr. Henry M., quoted, 494-498

Fish, Hamilton, Secretary of State, letter by him to Consul General

Peixotto, of Roumania, 542-543
Florida, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 128
Forsyth, John, Secretary of State, letter by him to David Porter,

Minister to Turkey, on outrages on the Jews, 541
Frank, Mayer, Captain, 141
Frankel, Dr. Zachariah, referred to, 447 (note 9), 449 (note 13), 451

(note 20), 456 (note 36), 462 (note 51)

570 INDEX.

Franklin, Benjamin, 30, 65

Franks, David, 13

Franks, David 8., 15, 27-32

Franks, Rebecca, 27

Frederic, Harold, referred to, 525

Frederick III, of Germany, 535

Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, referred to, 25, 27, 30

Friedbeim, Herman, 191

Friedman, Max, Colonel, 351

Fnerst, Dr. Julius 456 (note 34)

Gans, Isaac (medal of bonor), 107

Garfield, President James Abram, 429

Georgia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 129-135

Gibbons, Cardinal, about the Russian Jews, 560

Goldsmid, Sir Francis H., referred to, 483

Goldsmith, M., 103, 104

Gordon, General J. B., referred to, 11

Gradis Family, enterprise and influence of, in the West Indies and

during the Canadian Wars, 476-482
Grant, General U. S., referred to, 6, 429, 430;

official paper by, 542
Graetz, Professor Dr. H., quoted, 447, 451, 452, 477 (notes 79 and 80),

480 (notes 81 and 82)
Gratz, Barnard, 13
Gratz, Michael, 13
Greenebaum, Henry, 425
Greenebaum, Michael, 425-426

Greenhut, Joseph B., Captain, sketch of and address by, 143-149
Gregoire, Abbe, 482

Gross, Charles, Ph.D., referred to, 442 (note)
Grunwalt, Abraham (medal of honor), 107

Hackenburg, William B., referred to, 6

Hahn, Dr. A., referred to, 449 (note 13), 450, 452, 453 (note 25), 461

(note 50), 466 (note 59)
Hancock, John, 63
Harby, Isaac, 67
Harper, E. B., quoted, 438

Hart, Abraham, Captain and Brigade Adjutant-General, 354-355
Hart, Isaac, 33-34
Hart, Jacob, 38
Heilpriu, Michael, 425
Heller, Henry (medal of honor), 106
Hendricks, Herman, 35
Herrera, Abraham Cohen, 450
Hewitt, Hon. Abram S., quoted, 438, 505-506

INDEX. 571

Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 535, 549

Hirsch, Baron de, Trust, in the United States, 559

Historical Society, American Jewish, referred to 430 (note)

Hollander, Dr. J. H., annotations by, 14-26

Horwitz, Dr. James, 425

Howe, General William, 41, 46

Humboldt, Alexander Von, quoted, 490

Hyacinthe, Pere, quoted, 492-493

Hyneman, Elias Leon, Sergeant, sketch of, 356-357

Illinois, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 136-171

Immigration, Historical and Economic Aspects of, 544-564 ; from
British Isles, 557; Chinese, 551-552; German, 548, 557; Polish, 547:
Report of Commissioners on, 524, 529 ; Sephardic-Jewish, 548 ;
Slavic-Jewish, 519, 548

Indiana. List of Jewish Soldiers from, 172-186

Iowa, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 187

Isaacs, Rev. Samuel M., 425

Jacobs, Benjamin, 26

Jacobs, Joseph, 13

Jamaica, Civil and Military Status of the Jews in, 482-484

Jamaica, List of Jews appointed to Civil and Military office since the

Act of 1831 in, 483-484
James, Thomas L., ex-Postmaster General, quoted, 435-436
Jastrow, Professor Morris, Jr., referred to, 27
Jay, John, 30

Jefferson, Thomas, 59-60 ; statute of, 62-63, 65
Joachimsen, Philip J., Brevet-Brigidier-General, 262-263
Josephsen, Manuel, 58
Jost, Dr. I. M., referred to, 453
Judah, Samuel, 34

Kansas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 188

Karpeles, Leopold, Color-Sergeant, 106 (medal of honor), 204-206

Kayserling, Dr. M., referred to, 442, 446 (note), 449 (note 14), 450 (note
17), 451 (note 20), 453 (note 24), 454 (note 26), 455 (notes 28 and 32),
457 (note 42), 459 (note 44), 461 (note 49), 462 (note 52), 463 (notes 53
and 54), 464 (note 55), 465 (Dote 56), 466 (note 58), 467 (note 60), 468
(note 61), 473 (note 75), 474 (note 77)

Kentucky, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 188-189

Knefler, Frederick, Brigadier-General, 179

Know-Nothing Party, 552, 553, 557

Koenen, H. J., referred to, 443 (note), 444 (note), 462, 453 (note 24),
454 (notes 26 and 27), 455 (notes 28 and 31), 456, 457 (notes 37, 38, 39,
40, and 41), 458 (note 43), 460 (note 46), 462 (note 52), 463 (note 53),
464 (notes 55 and 56), 465 (note 58), 467 (note 60), 468 (note 61), 469
(note 64), 470 (notes 65 and 67), 471 (notes 68 and 69), 483 (note 84)

572 INDEX.

Kohler, Max J., referred to, 11 ; article by, 27-43, 480 (note)

Kohn, Abraham, 427-428

Kohut, Dr. Adolph, quoted, 486 (note)

Kohut, George A., referred to, 11, 442 ; article by, 443-484

Kosciuszko, General, 16, 547

Kossuth, Louis, 485, 486

Labatt, David Cohen, Captain, 195

La Fatte, Gabriel de, 469

Lafayette, General de, 38, 39

Laguna, Daniel Israel Lopez, referred to, 464 (note 55)

Lasalle, Ferdinand, 536

Lasker, Eduard, 536

Latin- American Settlements, Jews in, 442

Lawrence Amos, 63, 64

Lazarus, Emma, her poem, " 1492" cited, 566

Leeser, Rev. Isaac, article quoted, 40, 485-486 (note)

Le Monde, quoted, 492-494

Levi, Leo N., 100

Levis, Chevalier de, 32-33

Levy, Benjamin, 13-26

Levy, Benjamin, 270-271

Levy, Benjamin B. (medal of honor), 106

Levy, Eugene H., referred to, 11

Levy, Hayman, 34

Levy, Hyman, Jr., 13

Levy, Samson, 13

Levy, Uriah Phillips, Commander, 62, 63, 81, 84

Levy, father and three sons, sketches, 275-276

Lichtenstein, L., referred to, 11

Lincoln, President Abraham, 87, 107, 427, 429

Lopez, Aaron, 33

Louisiana, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 190-199

Loyalty, Sketches ef Jewish, etc., 443-484

Luria, Albert (Moses), Lieutenant, 303

Lyon, General, referred to, 7

Lyon, Samuel, 26

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, quoted, 500-502

Mack, Henry, 429

Madison, President James, 17, 18 (note), 25, 60

Maine, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 199

Malone, Rev. Sylvester, letter on Russian Jews, 563

Marion, General, 26

Markens, Isaac, referred to, 11, 39, 430 (note)

Marquand, Henry G., quoted, 438

INDEX. 573

Maryland, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 199-200

Massachusetts, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 201-209

Maurice of Nassau, Count, 445, 448, 449 (note 15) 451

Mayer, Daniel, Captain, letter to, 395

Mayer, Leopold, 425

Mayer, William, General, 284

McDougall, General, 16

McKinley, Governor William, quoted, 427-428

Medals of Honor, Jews who received, 106-108

Menken, Nathan D., Captain, 364*

Mercado, Dr. Abraham de, 450

Mexican War, Jewish Soldiers in the, 72-75

Michelbacher, Rev. M., 102, 103

Michigan, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 209-214

Mississippi, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 214-220

Missouri, List of Jewish Soldiers from. 220-223

Mohammedan Outrages on the Jews, 541

Montefiore, Sir Moses, 534, 549

Morais, the Rev. Dr. Sabato, 425

Morais, Henry S., referred to, 11, 20, (note 6), 430 (note)

Mordecai, Alfred, Major, 78-79

Mordecai, Alfred, Jr., Colonel, 79

Mordecai, Moses, 13

Morris, Robert, 17, 22, 30, 38

Morton, Governor Marcus, 64

Morwitz, Dr. Edward, 425

Moses, Isaac, 26

Moses, Isaac, Adjutant-General, 279

Moses, Israel, Lieutenant-Colonel, 74, 281

Moses, Jacob, 34

Moses, Five Brothers, 378

Mucate, Jahacob, 450

Muhr, Simon, 441

Myers, Rev. E. M., referred to, 453, 469 (note 63)

Myers, Isaac, 44

Myers, Jacob, 34

Myers, Nathan, 35

Naar, Moses, 468, 469
Napoleon III, 88

Nassy, David, 454, 463, 465, 466, 468
Nassy, Isaac, 469
Nassy, Samuel, 454-459
Nations, Israel Among the, 515-522
Navy, Jews in the United States, 81-86

Negro Revolts, Suppression of, by the Jews of Surinam (1690-1772),
462-473

574 INDEX.

Netscher, Pieter Marinus, 444 (note 2), 445 (note 4), 446 (note 5), 447, 448

Nevada, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 224

New Hampshire, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 224-226

New Jersey, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 226-236

Newman, Leopold, Lieutenant-Colonel and Brigadier-General, 285

New Mexico, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 236

New York, Jewish Patriots, 34-35, 38

New York, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 236-301

Nicholas I, of Russia, 533, 540

Nicholas II, of Russia, 519

Noah, Manuel Mordecai, 26, 35

Noah, Mordecai M., 14, 59, 60

Noah, Samuel, 35-38

Non-Importation Resolutions, Signers of, 13

North Carolina, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 301-305

Obkanski, David (medal of honor), 106

Official dispatch of Ambassador White to Secretary of State, Gresham,

527-540
Ohio, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 305-344
Osterman, Rosanna, 440

Pale, the Russian-Jewish, 523, 528, 548, 550

Palmer, John \V., referred to, 39

Patriots aided by Hyam Solomon, 17

Peixotto, Hon. Benjamin Franklin, 428, 542

Pennsylvania, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 344-372

People, The Jewish, before the World, 488-522

Pereira, Manuel, 465

Peter the Great, 539

Phillips, Miss Ellen, 440

Phillips, Henry M., 440

Phillips, Jonas, 34

Pinto, Isaac, 452

Polack, Cushman, 41

Porter, General Horace, 437

Powderly, Terrence V., quoted, 511-512

Preble, Rear Admiral George Henry, quoted, 426-427

Pulaski, General, 15, 547

Question, The Jewish, quotation, 512-514

Rabbi, Jacob, 448

Randolph, Edmund, 18 (note)

Reese, Michael, 440

Regular Army, Jews in the United States, 76-80

Religious Liberty, Statue, 65-66

Rhode Island, a List of Jewish Soldiers from, 372

INDEX. 575

Rosecrans, General, referred to, 7

Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 549

Rothschild, Baron James de, 534

Rothschild, Baron Nathan de, 534

Roumania's Oppression of the Jews, 542

Rudelson, S. J., referred to, 472

Russia, Instances of foreign Jews who were maltreated in, or expelled

from, 525, 526, 529, 530, 531
Russia's Crime Against the Jews and Civilization, 523-543
Russian Jewish Refugees in America, 544-564

Sachs, Max, Lieutenant, 184

Salomon, Edward S., Brigadier-General, a Sketch, etc., 164-170, 425

Salomon, Haym, 13, 14-26, 39, 43, 87, 439, 547

Salomon, Haym M., 15, 20 (note), 21 (note), 23, 24, 25, 39

Sarfati, Joshua, 453

Schurz, Hon. Carl, quoted, 165, 430-435, 439, 503-505

Scott, General Win field, 36

Seddon, Mr., 103

Seixas, David G., 71

Seixas, Isaac, 34

Seixas, Moses, 56

Seligman, Jesse, tributes to, 430-439

Seligman, Joseph, 430

Seligman, Professor, 537

Sheftall, Levi, 54

Sheftall, Mordecai, 40-43

Sheftall, Sheftall, 41

Sherman, General, William T., referred to, 6

Sigel, General Franz, 487

Snowberger, Albert Leopold, a sketch, etc., 369

Sola, Rev. Meldola de, 27

Soldiers named in Introduction, 2-5

Solomons, Hon. Adolphus S., 429

South Carolina Jewish Patriots, 40

South Carolina, a List of Jewish Soldiers from, 372-381

Sparks, Jared, 15, 54

Spiegel, Marcus M., Colonel, 340

Stahel, General J., letters by, 99, 486

Stanton, Hon. Edwin M., 167

Statistical, 424

Steinschneider, Dr. M., referred to, 456 (note 34)

Story, Joseph, 64

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, quoted, 499

Straus, Hon. Oscar S., referred to, 450 (note 16)

Sumner, Hon. Charles, 62

Sumner, Professor, 22 (note)

576 INDEX.

Sun, New York, about the Jews, 563-564

Surinam, defense of the Jews in, against the French, in 1689 and 1712,

459
Swift, General Joseph G., 36

Texas, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 382-283
Touro, Judah, 63, 64, 71, 439-440, 534

Ullman, Captain, 371

Unclassified List of Soldiers in Civil War, 410-422
Union Army, Jewish Staff Officers in the, 112-113
United Hebrew Charities, of New York, 560

Vale, Fernando, 447
Valentine, Jacob, Captain, 380-381
Vermont, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 388
Virginia, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 389-394
Yogt, Professor Carl, quoted, 491

Wallace, Mackenzie, 533, 538

War of 1812, Jewish Soldiers in the, 67-72

Washington, President George, 16, 23, 26, 46, 63

Correspondence between him and Hebrew Citizens, 61-65
Washington Territory, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 394
Watson, Robert G., referred to, 444-445, 446 (note)
Waul, General T. N., letter by, 100-101

Weber, J. B., Chairman of Commission on Immigration, 524, 525, 529
Webster, Daniel, 64
Wertheimer, Edwin, Captain, 299
West Virgina, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 395
Wheaton, Henry, letter by, 17 (note)
White, Andrew I)., official dispatch to Secretary of State, Gresham,

527-540
Wisconsin, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 396-409
Wolf, Simon, 8, 11, 20 (note), 22 (note), 66 (note), 89, 90, 99, 428-429 ;

letters to, 486, 487, 542
Wolkonsky, Prince Sergius, 536
Wood, William P., a letter by, 200
Worthington, Colonel W. G., 67 (note)
Wyoming Territory, List of Jewish Soldiers from, 394

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
6t8-690-69f Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Pennsylvania Academy
of The Fine Arts

Album of [Reproductions of ^elected \\/orks
prom the Permanent Collections

A highly artistic Livre=de-Luxe, 66 pages, large quarto, enamelled paper, bound
in card=board covers, cloth back. Price, $1.00

This standard publication of thf> Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts contains 28 faithfully
copied reproductions of selected and typical works in the Permanent Collections of the
Academy, together with a view of the exterior of the building; and one of the interior of
the gallery. The pictures selected for compilation in this album, comprise characteristic
works of every epoch, from the Renaissance (Bennozzo Gozzoli's "Virgin and Child," ca.
1450) down to the present time.

The successive subjects are elucidated by brief but comprehensive references to the various
painters and their notable works, collated under the direction of the Academy, and are prefaced
by a compendious history of the institution.

Engraved and Printed for the Academy by the Levytype Company, Philadelphia

Forty Works of Art

FROM THE

Sixty-Third Annual Exhibition

OF thi-:

Pennsylvania Academy of the pine Arts

OCTAVO, 44 LEAVES; 88 PAGES: ARTISTICALLY PRINTED

AND BOUND IN HFAVY PAPER COVERS.

PRICE. 2s CENTS.

These reproductions of art works from the Sixty-third Annual Exhibition of
the Fine Arts were collated with the view to affording a souvenier of the most
notable exhibition of distinctively American art productions held within recent
years. From the large collection of famous subjects, many of them fresh from
the walls of the Art Palace of the World's Fair, a series of works were selected
for illustration as embodying in a due measure the representative character
of this special exhibition.

1'ahlished untler the Auspices of the Pentutj/lvania Academy of the
Fine Arts, Philadelphia

For Sale \>y all Booksellers

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTTPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
6*8-630-638 Chestnut Street, ('or. Seventh Street

Catalogue «■ t HE .

W. P. Wilstach Collection

Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia

Edited toy CAROL H. BECK

104 PAGES, 12 MO., BOUND IN HEAVY PAPER COVER, CLOTH BACK

Full Descriptive Catalogue of the Wilstach Art Gallery, illustrated, with 28
autoglyphic engravings on India tint, sumptuously executed throughout.

Engraved and Printed for the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, Philadelphia,
by the Levytype Company, Philadelphia

Price, 25 Cents

Washington ££ ralCity

An Illustrated Guide Book for the City of

Washington, Descriptive of its History,

Official Life, Points of Interest, and

Environs

By EUGENE HURRAY AARON

Illustrated by ico Photo-engravings of principal objects of interest in
the Capital City and two maps, 88 pages, 12010, paper covers, cloth back,
Levytype Edition. Price 25c.

This is the most compendious and accurate guide book to Washington,
Mount Vernon, and the District of Columbia thus far published. A com-
plete historical and topographic encyclopaedia of its subject.

FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

THE UNION NEWS COMPANY

NEW YORK CITY, GENERAL AGENTS

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LKVYTYPE COMPANY, J'lTTLADELPHTA

r,2R-e,3< >-<;;;:> Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Golden Day

And Miscellaneous Poems

By WILLIAM T. DUMAS

Hroful Octavo. 144 PP- Clotli. F»rice, #i.tx>

"The Golden Day," the first portion of the work, i.s a series of poems begin-
ning with "Cock-Crowing" and leading the reader through various scenes to
the evening. The design of this portion is to portray the day in the Sunny South,
as is evinced by such titles as "The Fox Hunt," "The Dinner Horn," "Corn Husk-
ing." etc Interwoven with these are sonnets and longer pieces on a variety of
themes, sentimental, humorous, lyrical.

Of the miscellaneous poems, undoubtedly the finest, in phrasing, meter and con-
ception is "The Cyclone," It is in a strong dactylic verse and is a gem. "Joy : an
ode" is of a different type, but full of fine expression. In this portion of the work
is also contained an "Ode on the death of Jefferson Davis" and a tribute to Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston entitled '* From the Valley of the Shadow." A number of the
author's earlier poems are also ineludcd in the volume.

This production, taken as a whole, stamps the author as possessing in a high
degree the true poetic spirit, and his renditions cannot fail to find an appreciative
audience, not only throughout the South, but wherever the memories of its former
times are harmonized with the realizations of to-day. The. book is a well bound
and superbly printed octavo of 141 pages. Price $1.00. For sale by all booksellers.

The Dinner Horn

By WILLIAM T. DUMAS

Illustrated by PAUL T. HILL

An Album of 24 leaves, embracing a pictorial title page and the 16
stanzas of "The Dinner Horn," admirably illustrated, each stanza and illu-
stration on a seperate leaf.

AN ARTISTIC LIVRE=DE=LUXE

sumptuously printed and bound, gilt edges. Long octavo, album style.

Price, ~ - - One Oollar

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

(>28-680-682 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

From...
Independence Hall

Around the World

BY
F. CARROLL BREWSTER, LLD.

216 Pages, l2mo., Copiously Illustrated, Enamelled Paper, Fine
Cloth Binding. Price, $1.50.

PHIS itinerary of Judge Brewster's recent tour
around the world contains the notes of his
journey from San Francisco to Brindisi, and records his
impressions of the countries and people of Hawaii,
Japan, China, Mallacca, Ceylon and India. The report
of such a journey by so trained and unprepossessed
an observer as Judge Brewster will be welcomed by
all who have become acquainted with the accurracy
of his observations through his other published works,
and will be read with interest by the public generally.
The book is fully illustrated with over 70 photo-
types of salient and interesting subjects, which have
been selected especially with the view to supple-
menting the traveler's narrative to the fullest possible
extent.

FOR 5ALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS

PUBLICATIONS OF 11 IE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

698-690-68* Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

IN PREPARATION.— To be Published December, 1895

Quba and the Cubans

RAIMUNDO CABRERA

MEMBER OF THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE
AUTONOMIST PARTY OF CUBA, Etc., Etc.

Author of " MIS BUENOS TlEMPOS," " LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS," " IMPRESIONES DE VlAJE "

Etc., Etc.

Translated from the Eighth Spanish Edition of
"Cuba y Sus Jueces"

By LAURA GUITERAS
Revised and Edited by

LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

ILLUSTRATED WITH 91 LINE ENGRAVINGS OF PORTRAITS AND LOCALITIES.
AND 16 LARGER PORTRAITS IN PHOTOTYPE.

396 Pages, 12 Mo., Bound in Cloth .... PRICE $1.50

This translation of Seiior Cabrera's masterly work on Cuba renders accessible to English
readers the most authentic, comprehensive and thorough statement of the Cuban question that
has emanated from the press. It has the advantage of presenting the subject in a spirit free
from the rancors of the present armed conilict between the Cuban colonists and the mother
country, the original work having been published in Cuba and throughout Spain some years
before the present struggle began. It commanded the universal attention of the Spanish-
speaking world from its first publication in 1887, since which time it has gone through eight
editions in the Spanish, successively amplified by the author with notes, appendices and
illustrations.

Sefior Cabrera deals with his subject-matter from the vantage ground of an acknowledged
leadership of the Autonomist party of Cuba, and his work, although voicing the demands of
the Cuban people for reforms which Spain has constantly postponed or absolutely refused, has
commanded the recognition and the respect of Spanish statesmen of the first rank.

With scholarly insight and a thorough analysis, Sefior Cabrera traces the existing social,
political and economic condition of Cuba and its people with an impartial pen, in brief but
effective outlines and in a lucid and trenchant style. No other contribution to the literature of
this important subject compares with this work as an authoritative presentation, and as such it
appeals to the attention of the American public.

For Sale by all Booksellers. Price $1 50

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPM COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

6t8-690-6$g Chestnut Street, (',,,: Seventh Street

The Jewish Year

Illustrated by Pictures of Old-Time Jewish Family Life, Customs
and Observances. From the Paintings by

PROFESSOR MORITZ OPPENHEIM

With Historical and Explanatory Text by
LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

An Imperial Folio Volume (17x21;

Containing 20 Levytype Autoglyphic Reproductions of the
original Paintings, mounted on boards, and some 50 folio pages
of superbly printed text, securely bound in heavy half Russia
covers.

In addition to the 20 Autoglyphs of Oppenheim's cele-
brated paintings, this sumptuous volume contains a line repro-
duction of a notable work by Leopold Horovitz, and the text
itself is furthermore embellished and illustrated by numerous
effective relief etchings representing various incidents and acces-
sories of Jewish religious observance.

The twenty-one impressive compositions are collated in
illustration of the Jewish year; they represent the successive
festivals, fasts and holidays of the religious year, the various
aspects of the Sabbath, and the distinctive customs and observ-
ances of Jewish family life.

The following is a list of the subjects : —

1. Passover, the Feast of Unleav- II. Sabbath Rest.

ened Bread. tt% n . ._ .. ..

1 eu„h..,uu tu r 4. * »ai 1 ,2 - Close of Sabbath.

2. Shabuoth, The Feast of Weeks.

3. Tisha B'Ab, The Feast of the ,3 - The Rite of the Covenant i.B'rith

Ninth Day of Ab. Ml,ah) -

4. Kal Nldre, Eve of The Day of ,4 - The First Birthday.

Atonement.

15. The Rabbi's Blessing.

5. Succoth, The Feast of Taber-

nacles. 16. The Examination.

6. Hanukah, The Feast of the Dedi- ,7 - The Confirmation (Bar Mitzva.)

cation - 18. The Wedding.

7. Purim, The Feast of Esther. ,9. Tne village Vender.

8. Beginning of Sabbath. 20. The Anniversary of Mourning

9. Sabbath Eve. (Minyan.)

10. Sabbath Afternoon. 21. The Return of the Volunteer.

The complete cycle of Oppenheim's masterly Pictures of
Jewish Life is included in this work, the original paintings being
reproduced with all the fidelity and effectiveness of the most ad-
vanced reproductive art.

The text has been written with a special regard to its edu-
cational import. Each subject is elucidated by a brief citation
of the historic data bearing on it, and by a consideration of
those of its features which are directly or indirectly traceable
in their origin and development. The various articles thus make
up a succession of historic monographs, each one presenting,
so to speak, a different cross-section of the outline perspective
of Jewish history which the text in its entirety affords.

In the preparation and arrangement of this work the Pub-
lishers have endeavored to maintain for its various elements,
artistic, literary and mechanical, a standard commensurate with
the dignity of the subject. They believe that they have meas-
urably succeeded in their purpose, and they bring the work
before the Jewish public with a confident reliance on its support.

The Oppenheim Album of the Jewish Yeans furnished at $20,

a price which, while necessarily greater than that of ordinary
books, is far below the usual cost of art books of equal magnitude.
This has been rendered possible through the economies resulting
from the concentration of all the requisite facilities for its pro-
duction and the compassing of all the latest advances in the
heliographic and typographic arts. The work forms a magnifi-
cent livre de luxe. The pictures are mounted on artistically
matted boards, hinged on guards, and bound in heavy covers
with fine cloth and half Russia leather binding. It may be
ordered through any bookseller, and if ordered direct it will be
sent by express prepaid to any address in the United States or
Canada on receipt of the subscription price.

LEVYTYPE COMPANY, Publishers,

7th and Chestnut Streets,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA
6t8-650-MM Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The Jews of Philadelphia

THEIR HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS
TO THE PRESENT TIME

By Henry Samuel Morais

Author of "Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," Etc., Etc,

This work describes the history of the Jews in America from
their earliest arrival with Columbus, and their subsequent settle-
ment in Pennsylvania and Philadelphia ; their growth in the chief
city of the Keystone State in every sphere of Congregational, In-
stitutional and Communal activity. Every religious corporation
and society existing among the Jews of Philadelphia is traced
from its beginning up to the date of publication of this work.
Many rare historic subjects are introduced. Biography is a
special feature of the work.

Part I, treats of history and biography. Part II deals with
biographical and miscellaneous data, subdivided into sections
as follows: In Communal Affairs; In Literature, Science and
Journalism; In Art; In Music and Drama; In Politics; In Law;
In Medicine, Dentistry, etc.; In the University of Pennsylvania
and In Old Philadelphia. Part III treats of Pennsylvania Jews in
the United States Regular Army; In the United States Navy; In
Pennsylvania Volunteers during the Civil War, embracing Field
and Staff Officers, Company Officers and Privates; In Other
Regiments and in European Armies, etc., etc.

A copious index is supplied. The volume is handsomely
printed and substantially bound. It comprises 592 pages, large
octavo. The price has been set at $2.50 per volume; the edition
is limited and only a fraction of the edition remains for disposal.
Those desiring copies should send in their orders without delay.

FOR SALE THROUGH ALL BOOKSELLERS

PT PLICATIONS OF THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA

C28-630-6S2 Chestnut Street, Cor. Seventh Street

The American Jew

Patriot, Soldier and Citizen

By HON. SIHON WOLF

Edited by LOUIS EDWARD LEVY

'"PHIS timely work on a timely topic, called forth by recent magazine discus-
* sions regarding the position of Jewish citizens as patriots and as soldiers,
contains an alphabetical register and numerous detailed notices of American
citizens of the Jewish faith who have been enrolled in the armies of the country
from the earliest period of American history to the present time, including those
in the Confederate armies during the War for the Union.

In elucidation of this subject there are included in this volume, besides a pre-
fatory introduction by the author, a number of historical papers on the part taken
by American Jews in the upbuilding of this Republic, and a special contribution
on the same subject in relation to the South American Countries, the West Indies
and Canada. The book furthermore contains a carefully collated series of
articles, discussions and letters bearing upon the question at issue, from
eminent Christian writers and publicists of Europe and America, and a brief but
comprehensive review of the subject of the Russian Jewish immigrants.

The various matters are successively prefaced with introductory references
by the editor, and the book affords a thorough and complete refutation of the
falsities and misstatements regarding Jewish citizenship which have been put
forth from time to time through ignorance, bigotry or selfish interest.

This work has been undertaken by the author in response to suggestions
arising out of recently published contentions on this subject, and THE NET
PROFITS OF ITS SALE ARE DEVOTED WHOLLY AND EXCLUSIVELY
TO THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEBREW ORPHAN'S HOME, ESTAB-
LISHED IN ATLANTA, GA., under the auspices of the Order of B'nai B'rith,
of which Mr. Wolf is President.

The work contains 592 pages large octavo, bound in cloth, blue back and
gray sides, and is offered at the lozv price of $2.00 per copy.
For sale by all booksellers.

La Compania Levytype de Filadelfia

Editores, Impresores y Grabadores

CHESTNUT 628, 630, 632
ESQUINA DE SEPTIMO

Obras de Raimundo Cabrera

CUBA Y SUS JUECES

(RECTIFICACIONES OPORTUNAS)

SEPTIMA EDICION, 8 VO. AUMENTADA CON NOTAS Y UN

APENDICE

Ilustrada con 91 Grabados en linea, de retratos y edificios, y con 16 grandes
retratos foto-autoglyficos. 344 paginas. #1.80

LA MISMA OBRA, 12 mo. Octava y Novena Ediciones, reproducida en
pequeno temano. Con todas las ilustraciones. 50 c.

MIS BUENOS TIEMPOS

Memorias de Estudiante

Secunda Edicion, 12 mo. Ilustrada con 82 Grabados autoglyficos, y lujosamente
impresa. 320 paginas. Si. 00

Obra de Rafael Montoro

Diputado a Cortes, 1878-1893

Discursos Politicos y Parlamentarios, Informes y Disertaciones. Grande 8vo.
634 paginas, con retrato, lujosamenta impresa. $2.50

RETURN ^Kr^^aa^^ "

JAO^AEJJ^ 5

4 I

— -rb^T^ 7 ° AYS _ te the doe date.

RETURN TO the circulation desk of any
University of California Library
or to the

ALL BO<
Renewc
Books i

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILIP

Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station
— TYtJt^ University of California

Richmond, CA 94804-4698

•!** ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 D>
2-month loans may be renewed by calling
- N0^ (510)642-6753

h ^ 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing bo
"* s£ to NRLF

# x y Renewals and recharges may be made 4 d

— prior to due date

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

MAR 2 9 1993

Returns

ap r i b om

JUN 7 199:

AUG 2 5 2003

Santa Cruz Jitne 1

f@_

SCTfrONlLL ®& l A W 2

DEC 1 9 1996

U . C . BERKELEY

NOV 1 7 1998

U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES

CODSSbESlM

<j5\A/8

217019