A180-731-7M-L180 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION A. B. CONNER, DIRECTOR A COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS i‘ BULLETIN NO. 430 A JULY, 1931 ,. *1 '. V, 5Q‘? A HEAL, é Chemical Composition of Soils of @zifn1xepzpn‘;‘ Coleman, Dallas, Erath, Harris, Reeveis“; Rockwall, and Tarrant Counties AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS T. O. WALTON, President STATION STAFFT ADMINISTRATION: A. B. CoNNER, M. S., Director R. E. KARPER, M. S., Vice-Director CLARIGE MixsoN, B. A., Secretary M. P. HoLLEMAN, JR., Chief J. K. FRANcKLow, Assistant Chief Clerk CHEsTER HIGGs, Executive Assistant ———-—-——-—-—, Technical Assistant CHEMISTRY: G. S. FRAPs, PH. D., Chief; State Chemist S. E. AsEuRY, M. S., hemist J. F. FUDGE, PH. D., Chemist _ E. C. CARLYLE, B. S., Assistant Chemist WALDo H. WALKER, Assistant Chemist VELMA GRAHAM, Assistant Chemist T. L. OGIER, B. S., Assistant Chemist _ ATHAN J. STERGEs, B. S., Assistant Chemist JEANNE M. FUEGAs, Assistant Chemist RAY TREIcHLER, M. S., Assistant Chemist _ RALPH L. ScHwARTz, B. S., Assistant Chemist C. M. PouNDERs, B. S., Assistant Chemist HORTICULTURE: S. H. YARNELL, Sc. D., Chief L. R. HAwTHoRN, M. S., Horticulturist RANGE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: J. M. JoNEs, A. M., Chief _ B. L. WARwIcK, Ph.D., Breeding Investigations STANLEY P. DAVIS, Wool Grader ENTOMOLOGY: . L. THoMAs, Ph. D., Chief; State Entomologist H. J. REINHARD, B. S., Entomologist *5 R. K. FLETcHER, Ph. D., Entomologist W. L. OWEN, JR., M. S., Entomologist J. N. RoNEY, M. S., Entomologist _ J. C. GAINEs, JR., M. S., Entomologist S. E. JoNEs, M. S., Entomologist F. F. BIBBY, B. S., Entomologist CEcIL E. HEARD, B. S., Chief Inspector OTTo MAcKENsEN, B. S., Foulbrood Inspector W. B. WHITNEY, Foulbrood Inspector AGRONOMY: E. B. REYNoLDs, Ph. D., Chief . E. KARPER, M. S., Agronomist _ C. IVIANGELSDORF, Sc. D., Agronomist . T. KILLoUGH, M. S., Agronomist . E. REA, B. S., Agronomist . C. LANGLEY, M. S., Agronomist BLICATIONS: A. D. JAcKsoN, Chief VETERINARY SCIENCE: M. FRANcIs, D. V. M., Chief H. ScHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian F. P. MATHEWS, D. V. M., M. S.,Veterinarian W. T. HARDY, D. V. M., Veterinarian F. E. CARROLL, D. V. M., Veterinarian PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY: " .J. TAuEENHAus, Ph. D., Chief _ . N. EzEKIEL, Ph. D., Plant Pathologist . J. BAcH, M. S., Plant Pathologist , Plant Pathologist M AND RANCH ECONOMICS: . P. GAEEARD, M. S., Chief T . E. PAuLsoN, Ph. D., Marketing . A. BoNNEN, M. S., Farm Management _ **W. R. NIsBET, B. S., Ranch Management **A. C. MAGEE, M. S., Farm Management RURAL HOME RESEARCH: JEssIE WHITAGRE, Ph. D., Chief MARY ANNA GRIMEs, M. S., Textiles _ ELIZABETH D. TERRILL, M. A., Nutrition ‘*1 . oar; 22* SOIL SURVEY: _=i=>|= W. T. CARTER, B. S., Chief E. H. TEMPLIN, B. S., Soil Surveyor A. H. BEAN, B. S., Soil Surveyor R. M. MARsHALL, B. S., Soil Surveyor BOTANY: V. L. CoRY, M. S., Act. Chief _ SIMON E. WOLFF, M. S., Botanist SWINE HUSBANDRY: FRED HALE, M. S., Chief DAIRY HUSBANDRY: O. C. COPELAND, M. S., Dairy Husbandman POULTRY HUSBANDRY: R. M. SHERwooD, M. S., Chief AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING: H. P. SMITH, M. S., Chief MAIN STATION FARM: G. T. McNEss, Superintendent APICULTURE (San Antonio): H. B. PARKS, B; S., Chief A. H. ALEX, B. S., Queen Breeder FEED CONTROL SERVICE: F. D. FULLER, M. S., Chief S. D. PEARcE, Secretary J. H. RQGERs, Feed Inspector K. L. KIRKLAND, B. S., Feed Inspector SIDNEY D. REvNoLDs, J R., Feed Inspector P. A. MooRE, Feed Inspector E. J. WILs0N, B. S., Feed Inspector H. G. WIcKEs, B. S., Feed Inspector SUBSTATIONS No. 1, Beeville, Bee County: R. A. HALL, B. S., Superintendent No. 2, Troup, Smith County: P. R. J0HNsoN, M. S., Superintendent No. 3, Angleton, Brazoria County: R. H. STANsEL, M. S., Superintendent No. 4, Beaumont, Jeflerson County: R. H. WYcHE, B. S., Superintendent No. 5, Temple, Bell County: HENRY DUNLAvY, M. S., Superintendent ————-————, Plant Pathologist H. E. REA, B. S., Agronomist; Cotton Root Rot Investigations SiMoN E. WOLFF, M. S., Botanist; Cotton Root Rot Investigations No. 6, Denton, Denton County: P. B. DUNKLE, B. S., Superintendent No. 7, Spur, Dickens County: R. E. DIcKsoN, B. S., Superintendent B. C. LANGLEY, M. S., Agronomist No. 8, Lubbock, Lubbock County: D. L. JoNEs, Superintendent FRANK GAINEs, Irrigationist and Forest Nurseryman No. 9, Balmorhea, Reeves County: J. J. BAYLEs, B. S., Superintendent No. l0, College Station, Brazos County: R. M. SHERwooD, M S., In charge L. J. MGCALL, Farm Superintendent No. ll, Nacogdoches, Nacogdoches County: . F. M0RRIs, M. S., Superintendent "No. l2, Chillicothe, Henderson County: J. R. QUINBY, B. S., Superintendent _ **J. C. STEPHENS, M. A., Assistant Agronomist. No. 14, Sonora, Sutton-Edwards Counties: W. H. DAMERoN, B. S., Superintendent -——————-———-, Veterinarian _ W. T. HARDY, D. V. M., Veterinarian **O. G. BAEcocK, B. S., Entomologist O. L. CARPENTER, Shepherd No. 15, Weslaco, Hidalgo County: . H. FRIEND, B. S., Superintendent _ SHERMAN W. CLARK, B. S., Entomologist W. J. BACH, M. S., Plant Pathologist No. l6, Iowa Park, Wichita County: . H. McDowELL, B. S., Superintendent No. 17, No. 18, ———————-i—, Superintendent No. 19, Winterhaven, Dimmit County: E. MoRTENsEN, B. S., Superintendent L. R. HAWTHORN, M. S., Horticulturist No. 20, , Superintendent , Superintendent Teachers in the School of Agriculture Carrying Cooperative Projects on the Station: G. W. ADRIANCE, Ph. D., Horticulture S. W. BILsING, Ph. D., Entomology V. P. LEE, Ph. D., Marketing and Finance D. SCOATES, A. E., Agricultural Engineering A. K. MAcKEY, M. S., Animal Husbandry *Dean School of Veterinary Medicine. J. S. IVIOGFORD, M. S., Agronomy F. R. BRISON, B. S., Horticulture W. R. HORLAGHER, Ph._D., Genetics J. H. KNox, M. S., Animal Husbandry TAs of July l, 1931. **In cooperation with U. S. Department of Agriculture. This Bulletin contains detailed analyses of the various types of soils found in Cameron, Coleman, Dallas, Erath, Harris, Reeves, Rockwall, and Tarrant counties. Tables interpreting the analyses are also given, as well as the results of pot experiments designed to test the fertility of the soil. The Bulletin outlines methods for the maintenance of soil fertility, explains the terms used, and interprets the results. The results show the fundamental basis of the soil fertility of the various soil types, indicates their weakness or strength, and their probable needs for increasing or maintaining fertility. The black prairie soils are found to be richest in plant food and well supplied with lime, while the forested upland soils on an average are lowest in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, potash, and lime, and in some cases are slightly acid. The first-bottom soils are usually well supplied with plant food and with lime. The Black Prairie soils of Tarrant county and the first- bottom soils of Dallas county run highest in nitrogen. The alluvial soils of Cameron county and the upland soils of Dallas and Cameron counties are highest in phosphoric acid. The upland soils of Cameron county are highest in active potash. For each county, tables are given showing the analyses of the various types of soils, the pot experiments, and the inter- pretation of the analyses, for each individual soil type. Some tables also contain the results of analyses of the salts found in salt spots or salty areas in some of the counties. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Maintenance of fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Maintenance of humus and nitrogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 Phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7 Acidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7 How to use the analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Explanation of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Saline soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Pot experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 Relation of chemical analysis to production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 Average composition of the soils of the counties studied . . . . . . . . .. 12 Crop-production power of average soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 _Fertilizers for the soils studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16 Use of lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Soils of Cameron county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 Classification of soils of Cameron county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 Condensed description of soils of Cameron county . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Soils of Coleman county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 Classification of soil types of Coleman county . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28 Condensed description of soils of Coleman county. . . .. . . . . . .. 31 Soils of Dallas county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33 Classification of the soil series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35 Condensed description of soils of Dallas county . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38 Soils of Erath county - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40 Classification of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42 Condensedilescription of soils of Erath county . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 Soils of Harris] county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 48 Classification of soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 Condensed description of soils of Harris county . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58 Soils of Reeves county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62 Classification of the soil series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65 Condensed description of soil types of Reeves county . . . . . . . .. 65 Soils of Rockwall county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67 Classification of soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68 Condensed descrip-tion of soils of Rockwall county . . . . . . . . . .. '70 Soils of Tarrant county . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72 Classification of the soil series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '75 Condensed description of soils of Tarrant county . . . . . . . . . . .. '78 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83 BULLETIN NO. 430 - JULY, 1931 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS OF CAMERON, COLEMAN, DALLAS, ERATH, HARRIS, REEVES, ROCKWALL AND TARRANT COUNTIES G. S. FRAPS This Bulletin deals with the composition and fertility of samples of soils collected from eight counties in Texas. It is the twelfth in a series dealing with the chemical composition of typical Texas soils. Most of the samples were collected by field agents of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. De- tailed reports of these surveys with maps showing the location of the different soil types have been published by the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture. Descrip- tions of soils given in this Bulletin have been condensed from these reports. The soil surveys referred to are as follows: Soil Survey of Cameron County, Texas, by M. W. Beck and B. H. Hendrickson. Soil Survey of Cole-man County, Texas, by H. W. Hawker, William T. Carter, M. W. Beck, and R. E. Devereux. Soil Survey of Dallas County, Texas, by William T. Carter, Jr., A. H. Bauer, T. M. Bushnell, et al. Soil Survey of Erath County, Texas, by T. M. Bushnell, H. W. Hawker, and D. B. Pratapas. Soil Survey of Harris County, Texas, by H. V. Geib, T. M. Bushnell, and A. H. Bauer. = Soil Survey of Reeves County, Texas, by M. W. Beck and W. W. Strike. Soil Survey of Rockwall County, Texas, by H. V. Geib. Soil 'Survey of Tarrant County, Texas, by H. W. Hawker, Neal Gearreald, and M. W. Beck. Bequests for copies of these surveys should be addressed to the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. i MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY The following are some of the essentials to the maintenance or improvement of soil fertility: A (1) The supply of nitrogen and humus in the soil should be main- tained. Growing legumes in a proper rotation, and turning these under or grazing them off is usually to be advised. The nitrogen in the soil may be supplemented by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers. 6 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION (2) Deficiency of phosphoric acid in the soil should be corrected by the use of phosphates as a fertilizer. (3) Any acidity sufficient to be injurious t0 the crops being grown, if present, should be corrected by use of ground limestone or lime. Lime and limestone are also used for the improvement of the physical character of the heavy soils poor in lime or for supplying lime for crops which need a quantity of lime. Lime should be used chiefly in connection with a systematic legume rotation. (4) Any deficiency of potash in the soil should be corrected by the use of fertilizers containing potash. (5) Erosion or washing away of the more fertile surface soil should be prevented. Maintenance of Humus and Nitrogen The maintenance of the humus, or partly decayed vegetable matter, in the soil aids materially in maintenance of fertility. Partly decayed vegetable matter, sometimes termed humus, in sufficient quantity, im- proves the capacity of soils to hold a favorable amount of water, so as better to resist drouth. It aids in giving a fine crumbly structure to clay soils and enables them to break up into a good condition of tilth under the action of cultivating implements. It checks the rapidity of the percolation of water through sandy soils, thus decreasing loss of plant food. Humus also contains most of the nitrogen of the soil. ‘Nitrogen in humus is in an insoluble form and cannot be taken up by cro-ps or washed out of the soil. Nitrogen in humus is slowly changed by soil organisms to nitrates or ammonia, in which forms the nitrogen may be taken up by plants. Nitrates may be also washed from the soil. The storing of nitrogen in the insoluble humus com- pounds protects the soil from rapid depletion in fertility as regards nitrogen, either by cropping or by percolating water. Some soils produce good crops for a long time without additions of vegetable matter, but for permanent productiveness on -most soils, veg- etable matter must be added sooner or later. Vegetable matter may be supplied in barnyard manure, which is excellent when suflicient quantities can be secured, but barnyard manure cannot always be se- cured in large enough quantities. Legume crops, which have power to take nitrogen from the air, may be grown in rotation with other crops, and either turned under or grazed off. If the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to become nearly mature before turning it under. To graze off the crop is better than to turn it under, as some of its feeding value is secured when the crop is grazed, while the droppings from the animals, together with the liquid excrement, return to the soil the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. To make the crop into hay, and save the manure from the hay, is not as good for the soil as grazing off the crop, since a large part of the plant food in the hay is lost. When the legume is made into hay to be sold, the land probably gains little nitrogen and actually loses phosphoric acid and THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 7 potash. Crops other than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed off. They are suitable for cover crops t0 reduce losses from leaching or Washing when the land would other- wise be bare, but legumes are the only plants which can fix the nitro- gen of the air and place it into the soil in forms suitable for the use of other crops. For this reason it is best to grow legumes for hay, forage, or soil-improving crops whenever possible. The maintenance of the nitrogen content of the soil is more important than the maintenance of the humus contest. Nitrogen may be pur- chased as a fertilizer, but it is expensive when bought in this way, and ordinarily a farmer cannot afford to buy enough of it to keep the nitrogen content of his land from decreasing. The only practical way to maintain the nitrogen content of the soil when ordinary farm crops are grown is to secure part of the nitrogen from the air by growing legumes. The nitrogen fixed by legume-s can then be utilized for cotton, corn, kafir, or similar crops. The kind of legume best to grow depends upon the climate and other conditions, which vary with different sections of the state and with different conditions of farming. Phosphoric Acid Texas soils are frequently deficient in phosphoric acid. This Bulletin contains information regarding the probable deficiencies in phosphoric acid of the various soils of the counties described. Deficiency of phos- phoric acid may be easily and profitably corrected by the use of super- phosphate as a fertilizer. Potash While many of the soils of Texas are rich in potash, there is some variation and some soils need potash as a fertilizer. In general, potash is the least often needed of the three plant foods. Plants can take up more potash than they need. The needs for potash of the various types of soils here studied are indicated by the tables of analyses and of interpretation of results given later. Some of the soils described are low in active potash compared with other soils of the state, though they are much better supplied with potash than with phosphoric acid or nitrogen. \ Acidity Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids. Some crops, such as clover, alfalfa, barley, and rye do not grow well on acid soils. There are other crops, such as cowpeas, and watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by the use of ground limestone, ground oyster shells, air-slaked lime, or hydrated lime. Few acid soils are found to occur in the counties described in this Bulletin. Legumes and the clovers require more lime than other crops. 8 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the descriptions l of the various types of soil in each county. The interpretation of the analyses is also given so that the strength or Weakness of each type can be ascertained. If a soil Well supplied with plant food does not give good yields, it is obvious that some condition other than plant food controls the yields. The physical condition may be poor, either in respect to cultivation, drainage, or otherwise. It may sometimes contain injurious substances, such as alkali or may supply insufficient amounts of water. Plant dis- eases may also be present. If the soil is well supplied with total plant food, but low in active plant food, attempts may be made to increase the activity of soil agencies Which make the plant food available, by means of additions of manure, of green crops plowed under, or if the soil needs lime, by additions of lime or ground limestone in connection With a legume rotation. If the crop yields are loW and the plant food is deficient, fertilizer should be used. The depth of the surface soil and the character of the subsoil, as Well as the season, influence the yield of crops as much as the plant food. This can be seen by observing the variation of the yield on the same land from one year to another. EXPLANATION OF TERMS T0ta1 PhOSPhOTiC Mid is the entire quantity of phosphoric acid con- tained in the soil. It cannot all be taken up by plants at once, as only a small portion is immediately available. It is made slowly available by natural agencies. A65"! DhOSPhOPiC acid is that part of the total phosphoric acid which is more easily taken up by plants. It is that soluble in 0.2N nitric acid. The relation of the active phosphoric acid to the strength of the soil is shown in the table giving the interpretation of the analyses. As shown in Bulletins 126 and 2'76, there is a relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the amount of phosphoric acid which crops are able to take from the soil in pot experiments. There is a closer relation between the active phosphoric acid of the soil and the needs of the soil for phosphoric acid as a fertilizer, than between the total phosphoric and the needs of the soil. Total Potash represents the entire amount of potash in the soil. A large part of this is locked up in highly insoluble silicates, and may not become available for the use of plants in centuries. The amount of total potash does not indicate how much is available for use by the immediate crop. Add-Siflllble Pfltflsh is the amount of potash that is dissolved, by strong hydrochloric acid. As pointed out by Hilgard, there is a rela- THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 9 tion between the amount of acid-soluble potash of the soil, and the wearing qualities of the soil (Fraps, Principles of Agricultural Chem- istry, page 171). The higher the percentage of acid-soluble potash, the longer the soil can be cropped before it needs potash. Active Potash is the potash which can be readily taken up by plants, as shown by pot experiments in Bulletins 145 and 325. It is the potash that is soluble in _0.2N nitric acid. There is a close relation between the amount of active potash in the soil and the amount which can be used by crops. Total nitrogen is the entire quantity of nitrogen present in the soil. Most of the nitrogen is present in organic matter or humus. As shown in Bulletin 151, there is a relation between the total nitrogen of the soil and the nitrogen which can be taken from it by crops in pot experi- ments. The total nitrogen is therefore an index, to the needs of the soil for nitrogen, although the nitrogen in worn soils is not as available as that in new soils, and a number of conditions affect the quantity of nitrogen made available for the use of crops. Acid-soluble lime is the lime which is dissolved by strong hydrochloric acid. According to Hilgard, the amount of lime found by this method is a valuable indication as to the fertility of the soil. Basioity- The basicity represents the carbonate of lime and other basic materials in the soil. This term is here applied to the bases (chiefly lime) which neutralize the 0.2N' nitric acid in the method for deter- mining active phosphoric acid and active potash. This term is merely used as a convenient one for the determination referred to. If all the acid is neutralized, the basicity is 10 per cent, or 200,000 pounds of base (carbonate of lime) to 2,000,000 of the soil. Acidity is represented by what is termed the pH of the soil. The pH (or hydrogen ion concentration) shows the intensity of the acidity of the soil. _ A neutral soil is represented by a pH value of 7.0. The lower the number below pH 7, the more acid the soil. A soil of pH 6.0 would be ten times more acid than a soil of pH 7.0, and one with pH 5.0 would be 10 times more acid than one of pH 6.0. Numbers higher than 7.0 indicate alkalinity and the higher the number, the more alkaline the soil. In general, a certain reaction is best suited to a given kind of plant. There is much difference of opinion, but the approximate reaction is given in Table 1. In general, applications of lime should be made to acid soils to produce the favorable reaction, but soils do not all act alike in this respect, and sometimes acid soils do not respond to the use of lime in increase in yield of crops. Com Possibility represents the average amount of plant food which is withdrawn by plants in pot experiments from soils containing similar 10 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION amounts of total nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, or active potash. It is based on 2,000,000 pounds of the soil, which is approximately the Weight of an acre of land to the depth of six and two-thirds inches. The corn.possibility is not claimed to indicate the possible yield from the soil, as this depends upon other conditions in addition to the fer- tility of the soil. It is simply a convenient means of bringing out the relative deficiencies of plant food in the soil. The corn possibility is also a convenient Way of comparing amounts of various plant foods in the same soil. For example, with the Lake Charles clay loam of Harris county, the corn possibility for total nitrogen is 28, for active phos- phoric acid is 12, and for the active potash 50. The soil is probably deficient both in phosphoric acid and in nitrogen. This may be com- pared with the Victoria clay loam of Cameron county, Which has a corn possibility of 38 bushels for nitrogen, 55 for phosphoric acid, and 273 for potash. Other comparisons can be made from the tables. Table 1.—Reaction value (pH) for growth of crops pH for best pH which gives growth good growth Alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.0 7.0 to 8.0 Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 6.0 to 7.2 Clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.4 6.0 to 8.0 Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 6.0 to 8.0 Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 to 8.0 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.6 5.0 to 8.0 Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.0 5.5 to 7.5 Soy beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6.5 5.0 to 8.0 Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.0 5.0 to 8.0 heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7.0 6.0 to 8.0 The experiments on which this interpretation is based are published in Bulletins 126, 145,151, 178, 267, and 355, and the method is dis— cussed in Bulletins 213 and 355. Saline Soils Soluble salts occur in some of the soils of the counties here discussed, in suflicient quantity to be injurious to crops. Salty spots are, of fre- quent occurrence along the Gulf Coast, and also in other parts of Texas. In some instances the soluble salts are of natural occurrence, as in soils along the sides of salty lakes, in spots or even in larger areas. In other cases, ‘the soluble salts accumulate as a result of irrigation or seepage Water coming too near the surface. If the ground water can be brought sufficiently near the surface to evaporate, the soluble salts contained in it are left behind and accumulate. Where the accumulation of soluble salts is greater than the amount Washed down by rain or irrigation water, the soil increases in saltiness, until there is so much salt that crops cannot be grown. Salty spots due to subirrigated areas occur in various sections of Texas. They may also be produced in yards or V CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 11 gardens by frequent sprinkling with irrigation water on lawns or flow- ers. The formation of saline spots may be prevented by drainage so hat the ground water is brought too low to rise and evaporate. Sulfi- zient rain or irrigation water will then Wash out any salt Which may >e present. Saline spots may be recovered by suitable drainage accom- Janied by sufficient applications of water to wash the salts through the ;oil into the country drainage; however, difficulties are met here, as the ;oil may be so heavy that the water does not penetrate readily. The saline salts may also cause the soil particles to defiocculate and close 1p the pores of the soil so as to cause water to penetrate very slowly )1‘ even prevent it from passing through. Saline soils are frequently called alkali soils. The injurious salts 1T8 not alkaline as a rule, usually consisting of sodium chloride (com- rnon salt) and sodium sulphate. The salts are alkaline when sodium zarbonate or bicarbonate are present, when they are called black alkali. Texas soils sometimes contain black alkali, but not frequently. The com- position of some of the saline soils is given in connection with the dis- cussion of the soils of some of the counties (see Tables 8, 18 and. 22). POT EXPERIMENTS The needs for plant food of some of the soils discussed in this Bulletin were studied by growing the plants in pots containing portions of the soils, to which various forms of plant food were added. In making these experiments, 5,000 grams of soil were placed in galvanized iron pots, and to one or more pots a complete fertilizer (NPK or NDK) was added; D is the symbol used for dicalcium phosphate. To one or more pots nitrogen and potash (NK) were added, phosphoric acid being omitted. The difference between this pot and the pot with the complete fertilizer shows the need of the soil for phosphoric acid. To one or more pots, phosphoric acid and potash (PK) Were added, nitrogen being omitted. The difference between this pot and that with the complete fertilizer shows the need of the soil for nitrogen. To a third set of one or more pots, nitrogen and phosphoric acid (NP) were added, potash being omitted. The difference between this pot and the pot receiving the complete fertilizer shows the need for potash. The tables show the weights of the crops secured with the different additions, and also the amounts of phosphoric acid, potash, or nitrogen removed from the pot by the plants grown in the experiments. This is expressed in bushels of corn to the acre. The soil in pot experiments is under favorable conditions and it is possible for the plants to make a greater growth or to take up more plant food from the same quantity of soil than would be the case under field conditions. There might be a considerable difference between the crop receiving the complete fertilizer (NPK), and the crop which had no potash (NP), in the amount of crop- produced in the pot experi- ments, and yet the crop produced in the field without potash might 12 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION be equal to the possibility of production under the climatic conditions prevailing. Thus the soil would appear deficient in the pot experiment, while for all practical purposes it would not be deficient in the field. This is the reason why the plant food withdrawn is expressed in bushels of corn to the acre. It shows the relative possibility of the soil to fur- nish plant food for crops in pot experiments. RELATION OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS TO PRODUCTION Chemical analysis is made on samples of soil taken from the fields. The analysis for plant food represents the capacity of the soil to furnish it. The capacity of the soil to furnish plant food is only one of a group of factors which control production of crops. The chemical analysis is related to the capacity of the soil to supply plant food, but when application is made of the results to field work, other important factors ‘enter into play. The most important of these are perhaps (a) the kind of crop and its ability to assimilate plant food, (by) the depth of the soil and the extent to which it is occupied ' by roots, (c) the water provided by soil and season, (d) the tempera- ture, and (e) the possibility of crop production under the other pre- vailing soil and climatic conditions. It is obvious that a plant having twice the power of another to assimilate phosphoric acid will need only half the quantity in the soil; that a soil furnishing enough phosphoric acid for 30 bushe-ls of corn may not contain enough for 50 bushels; that a soil which can be occupied by roots to a depth of 6 inches fur- nishes only half as much plant food as one that is occupied to a depth of 12 inches; and that a soil may contain enough plant food for 30 bushels of corn and yet not enough for a large crop of tomatoes. Different crops vary in the quantity of food necessary to produce a good yield. These are all illustrations of the factors mentioned above, which affect the ability of the plant to utilize the food offered it by the soil. The interpretations given in this Bulletin refer entirely to the capacity of the soil. No attempt is made to allow for any of the other factors which may affect production. VAVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS OF THE COUNTIES I - STUDIED For the purpose of discussion the soils were divided into three groups: the upland soils, the second-bottom, or terrace, soils and the first-bottom, or alluvial, soils. The average composition of these groups is given in Table 2. The upland soils include both the prairie and the forested soils. The term “forested” refers to the original condition of the soils, regardless ofwhether they are now forested or in cultivation. The upland forested. soils are usually low in nitrogen and in active phosphoric acid. They are a little better supplied with active potash but contain less than the 13 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS fi-§ -.-.....-.-....-...-.-...h@::oU m8 3mm m3 .8 ooN . Nm. mo. 003 033. moo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. m . ..3.550 330303003 o 8 mN. 3 N3“. 3oN 3N. 00. mN 03.0. 88o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3550 3335M 0.0 mo. 3.0. 333 . oN. mo. mm 8mo. 38o. . . . . . . . . . . 30533 53 05530050 3550 5.3303 30.8 3.0.3. 03.3w mNm . 88. mm. 3 303 N33. .303. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30533 53 33333330 3550 535G fi.§ . . . . . . . . - - . . . ¢ . . . . . . . . . . 035m 005.355 3503305 350000 5o 000.3503. mm mm. oN. 8m mN. 3.0. 0 o8o. 03.0. . . . . . . . 305.3533 00050 3250 .3550 3555.3. &~.§ . . . - . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .....-.-. ................-.....-..>.&::OU 3.0 3m. 00. mo3 83. 333E 303 0S. 03.0. . ., . . . . . . . . . . 135533 3035000 35500 035.533 0.... mm. o3. mo 33. om. 33 83o. omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3030003,? 53.5 3550 03050313 m.8 03.8 35.33 om mm. 3.3 2. m8o. moo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11.3550 3355M 8.8 mo 8 38.30 8oN om. 83 N Nom 3.03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303035330 3550 5050550 0330055 500D 30503533 mm 03.. 03.. mm 33. 03.. m 33o. m3o. . . . . 35033533 00050 :25 3550 35050.3. w .0 om. 8m. mm mN. m8. 0 03.0. 33o. . . . . . . . . 305033533 00000 350035500 350.3553. m.8 8m.o 830. 33 3m 83“. mo. 3 mN3 om3. 353. . . . . . . . . . . . . 303555 32:50 35500 50550.3. m.8 o8.N. 3.0 m No 330. No. 3 o 38o. omo. . . . . . . . .303555 333533? 3nd 35500 50550.3. 3.8 300.3“ 88.m 333 mN. m8. 8N Nmo. 38o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 335303003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 8m. No. 3.0 m3. 3.0. m3 NNo. Nmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3553.3 3035000 35:00 030.53 3 .0 o3. N3. 88 oo. 330. m3 83o. 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30002,? 303E 3550 0355i 3N8 3.31.. 3mm 8m3 83% No. 3 mN 8mo. o8o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 3335.30 N.8 8m m 00 mN 003 3m 8m. 3 mo3 8oo. mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3035355 0.305300 3550 535D m8 mm m o3 0 mmN N3\ mN3 o3 03.0. o8o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 5550300 m8 00.0 33 3 m3m 3.0 mo. 3 N3~N o8o. mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303530.35 3550 505550 033003335 3050333 0.0 mN. m3. 3N o3. 3o. N3 m3o. mNo. . . . .30500533 0550 08.5 3550 33555.3. 3 .8 m0. 83 . m8 8o. 3o. oN omo. 3035. . . . . . . . . 305033530 00050 300333035500 3505.53. 3N. 8 03.0 N3.m $3 mm. 33. 3 383 03. N83. . . . . . . . . . . 13035555 0353330 3550 3505.53. 3.8 mNN mo.N om3 3m. 8o. NN m8o. m33. . . . . . . . .303555 55>? .330 3550 35500.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . m8 mm.m m3 .0 mmm 03.. 3N.N 003 moo. m3.o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 00.605 3x0 3N3“. 3m. mo m3. 3m. mN omo. 300. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35533 3.035000 3550 035.533 No mN. m3. mo o3. om. oN mNo. omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.003,? 303.5 3550 035.5313 §.5 flw¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . ..>HC§OU fififlhm m.8 mm m Nmm .003. mm om . 3 om3 mN3. No3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .303555 03053.30 35500 5330C m8 mm m mmm 3&0 mm N3 3 mN £0. mN3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13550 5550300 o8 8m N m3 .3 omm m8 o3 N m8m oN3. Nm3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2.0 3550 5050550 035m 05355 3.503533 3500 505 5033335 .3500 .55 3500 5.3 5033335 3500 55 335 3500 .305 0533 55 335305 335305 .305 .5 .0053 3500 55 50350.3 330353 03335300 335.305 03335300 3530.3. .05 .5335 3530.3. 503305332 30304 02304 30304 03.304 23:00.33 >0 050w 30 503055500 0m500>41lN 03335.3. l4 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 0.0 00.2 “w. I How 2w. $5 3N N5. $0. . . . . 435.00 Efiiwulmomméw 000A Q5300 “.“ 02.. 3%: n: “w. ~“.Q m2 o2. $0. 55.00 =§E~u|=¢m 335m 000A 13230 m.“ 00.2 mm. I w?» 0w. 8a w: “.2. “mo. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3550 mgvofl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mwkhflm w.“ “wd Q25 5m mm: m"; 0m wmo. £0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.500 .3000 . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . .~h#g:oU QQhQENU mmomnsm Q00Q $50300 05¢ .80 Q5512 . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . MQGMHQH .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ZNkrXOOm ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>.~=H:UU wmz/Umwm m6 aw. mm. “ow mm. o“. om “mo. mvo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135000 $501 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . WNZNQ m. .“ 3w 2h m2 “w. $4 “M2 m“? $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3550 005200 @.&.. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..\@HC§°U Hmnvkmvewu wzownsm 250302 35w .50 Q5>55< . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QQNHHNP w.“ 2w.“ £5 2: fix m“. S: 10%. m2. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.55.00 552cm .» . . . . . . - . . . . . . wQn/Unvm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wwhkfim m.“ wmfi SYN NF. vm. ow; m: woH. “I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135000 .3000 . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WN@@NQ m.“ “we 3N mmm “m. mm. Q mam $5. 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.00 005200 “.“ mqiw 3i“ vow mm. mTN wow v2. wI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .;$5._00 005500 26m 0235i A5030: 05¢ 08 Q5554 w.“ . .3; Ea 2w mm. aw. mm £0. $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435.50 5850B - > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . éfi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>ag:oU flaw-um N w 3% om. 0Q Q... 3. .2 $0. £0. . . . . . . . . :35: 5 000000050 5550 @220 m.“ mm.“ “we w: S. n: 0Q N2. 2.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.00 005200 wzomnsm 000G AS0300 0:003. ~00 0000000. m.“ $4 0m} m2 5. “w. 2 m8. E0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S0560 0520a r m.“ M; 0 m: m 5Q m? S; 3 $0. Q0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535.00 .2202. . @§. %R.- flu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..»%#AH5QU gfifi J4 N.“ mm. Q ww. i: w“ ““. 0m E0. $0. . . . . . . . . .65: 5 0022.060 .8560 22:5 “.w £0 M05: H: $1 m0; m: 2:. 2W0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A05: E .55 @5000 8:5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNEUTvU wmownsm Qbofion 0:003 00v QQNAQQP 500 5Q 002:5 0000 5Q 500 SQ 502:5 500 5Q IQ 500 5Q 05: SQ nwfioQ swfioQ 5Q .04 £00m 0000 3Q Qofiumwfl zfiommwm 033cm nmfioQ 053cm 130m. .0< .monm 130E 595:2 . 30¢. 02004 E04 0>S0< UQQGUGOUlmQDOQW ha 23m Q0 02:89:00 0mw$><|d “£20m. ‘THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 15 prairie soils. They are slightly acid in Harris county, but are neutral in the other counties. They are also lOW in lime. The subsoils are like- wise low in plant food and they are slightly more acid than are the surface soils. . The upland prairie soils (Table 2) are much better supplied With plant food and with lime than are the forested soils. All of them are limestone soils, and none are acid. The other upland soils are well supplied with plant food and lime, with the exception of those of Harris county. The second-bottom, or terrace, soils are located above overflow. They are somewhat better equipped with plant food than are the upland for- ested soils, but are not as well supplied as the prairie soils. They are limestone soils and are not acid. Some of the first-bottom soils are subject to overflows. They are usually well supplied with plant food. All of them are well supplied with lime. The groups of surface soils which average highest in nitrogen are the Black Prairie soils of Tarrant county and the first-bottom soils of Dallas county. Next come the alluvial soils of Rockwall county and the upland soils of Cameron county. The soils lowest in nitrogen are the upland West Cross Timber soils of Tarrant county and the upland soil of Reeves county. The groups of surface soils which average highest in total phosphoric acid are the alluvial soils of Cameron county and the upland soils of Dallas and Cameron counties. The upland prairie soil of Cameron county is highest in active phosphoric acid, while the alluvial soils of Cameron a.nd Reeves counties are high. The group of surface soils highest in active potash is the upland soils of Cameron county. Those high in actiye potash include first-bottom soils of Cameron, Erath, and Reeves counties, second-bottom soils of Coleman county, and upland soils of Dallas county. CROP PRODUCTION POWER OF AVERAGE SOILS Table 3 contains the number of crops of 40 bushels of corn that could be produced by the plant food on an acre to the depth of six and two- thirds inches (two million pounds), provided all the plant food could be extracted by the plants, in the groups of soils as averaged in Table 2. The total phosphoric acid of the upland soils could produce 1O to 119 crops of 4L0 bushels of corn, the acid-soluble potash could produce 35 to 365 crops and the total nitrogen 8 to 64 crops. The terrace soils and the alluvial or first-bottom soils average much better, as can be seen in the table. It is seen that some of the soils have limited fertility. As these figures refer only to the top seven inches'of the soil, and the plants may draw on the subsoil, the actual possibility for crops is much greater than is indicated above. 16 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Table 3.——Number of crops of forty bushels of corn which would be produced by the plant food in two million pounds soil (an acre 7 inches deep). Total Acid- Group Nitrogen phosphoric soluble acid potash Upland Surface Soils _ _ Cameron County (prairie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 103 365 Coleman County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 53 175 Dallas County (Black prairie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 101 ' 415 Erath County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 53 220 Harris County (Flat Woods) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 21 50 Harris County (Coastal Plain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 24 75 Reeves County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5O 225 Rockwall County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . 33 56 130 Tarrant County (Fort Worth prairie) . . . . . . . . . 38 58 170 Tarrant County (Black prairie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 119 290 Tarrant County (East Cross timbers) . . . . . . . . . 15 40 35 Tarrant County (West Cross timbers) . . . . . . . . 8 10 50 Terrace (or second bottom) Surface Soils Coleman County . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 42 265 Dallas County (high in lime) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 9O 385 Dallas County (moderate in lime) . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 30 100 Erath County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 38 120 Rockwall County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 95 260 Tarrant County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 40 110 Alluvial (or first bottom) Surface Soils Cameron County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 123 490 Coleman County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 70 285 Dallas County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 81 350 Erath County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 86 270 Harris County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 33 95 Reeves County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 105 315 Rockwall County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 105 225 Tarrant County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 78 170 Coastal land Surface Soil Cameron County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17 104 435 Table 4 contains the corn possibility of the groups, derived from Table 2. In the upland soils the corn possibility of the active phos- phoric acid varies from 12 to.60 bushels, the active potash (from 26 to 1'71, and the total nitrogen from 13 to 48 bushels. These figures show the importance of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in these soils, and that potash is less important. FERTILIZERS FOR THE SOILS STUDIED The soils studied may be divided into several groups With respect to their relation toward fertilize-rs. The upland soils of all the counties except Cameron, Dallas, Reeves, and Tarrant (Black Prairie), on an average are "somewhat low in phos- phoric acid. The upland soils of Harris, Reeves, and the East and West Cross Timbers of Tarrant county are low in nitrogen. The upland soils of Harris county and the East and West Cross Timbers of Tarrant county are low in ‘active potash. The use of fertilizers is generally advisable for field crops on these soils in the eastern part of the state. They are especially needed for truck and fruit crops. Fertilizers sug- gested for use are given in other publications of the Experiment Station. 17 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS MvOOM UOOM wwmw wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . QmQGQOQ GOQQENQ mom ouwfnm 9H3 32x00 @00W wvOOW w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~fi a2 2% 2% 2. a“ wm ........................................... . éwmwwnxuwwhwmm $00M UOOW www Om. WN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QWMQUOU wOPUQm 000w 100m 000m fiw flwfl mm . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JmwGEOU wfiwm Jwmfl UOOW Ucow wwfl mdw mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qmwfiflomv mimumm flwmfi 000M 000w fifiw 6v wv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . JnQQSOU mmima @00% wvOnvm . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . .>#C5.QU flflaOzQu 000m @0O@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>%HF:AOU CQHUEGU mmom 33.5w AEoSon 02¢ .60 iwt/sz/w UOOM UOOW $00M fiN M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ln a: new 2a 5 2 mm ........................ . . .. ............... . éwwwwueawwhwww Uocw UOQW wvOQw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>.wr-50U fiwfihm vowom 26w uoow 3 wm mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13E: E wfifivuofiv 3550 wwzmfi 5 wvOnvw @O0@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hi WQCQOU WNZQQ UOOM 000w hmdw auON CM. MM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §flwifl0mv QGEMJOU wzom ouflism Qcofion vcooww gov wumEuP H.@N% aow 2/0.? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AWHU§AFEH WMQQU Hmmuaw Hqmwhkfik ma.“ B2 ha“ mm NH M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AwZQES 3E0 2N8 05550 053.3% $00M UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Awfifihfl %\~CS.OU HCNQMNP a E 26w 8% MK M: mm . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ihumbmhn 55>? 3on3 >fi5oU Emubwh. flwwfl 000w 000w “um OM wN . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jwwiw-OU Sw>>v~00m $00M $00M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QwHGUO-U wwk/Qwm $00M >>0_ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iwwwflnvug ~nwfl50w wTwhflm kfifiw 30* >?0— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMUOO; ~flHH~50U WT~&N.T@ finvnvw UOQW , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~WMQ5OU Swflkfl $5 95w 96w owfl mv mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . . 855E xuwdmv @550 wmzwfl 300w @00W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . QmHQQOU AHNEMZOU MvOOW UOOW UOOW. . . . O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .OTIN.~QV ~fiwfl5oo QOhQENU wmow vuwism wcEQD l. £53 Bow .55 2230a You 2/304 uiosmmosn cumobmZ 223cm 033cm uiosnmosa @3004 ©€< v64 @333 E3,» when 5m fluzmsn E mfigzfifimwoa E00 dmom oumfinw 0o maniacs owmkP/w we GOMQGaQuQuQQflHIJN Hawk. 18 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION In general, the light soils are likely to need more potash than the heavier soils. The black calcareous prairie soils, especially the Houston soils, do» not respond well to fertilizers, and at present We cannot recommend fertil- izers to be used on them, but recommend legume rotation and manure. Climatic conditions may interfere with the profitable use of fertilizers in the western part of the state no-t under irrigation, and they are not recommended in the absence of favorable field experiments. The first-bottom soils are well supplied with plant food and generally do not need fertilizers so much as the upland soils. Where they pro- duce a heavy growth of stem and leaves but do not fruit well, applica- tions of superphosphate may correct this condition. Where the fertility has begun to decrease, due to cultivation over a period of years, fer- tilizers will probably be of advantage. Fertilizers would be of advantage on vegetable crops. USE OF LIME Few of the soils described in this Bulletin are acid. Contrary to local opinion, lime is not needed on many of these soils. If lime is needed, it will be mentioned in the discussion of the soils of the county concerned. The use of lime on sandy soils which are well drained, such as Norfolk, Ruston or Orangeburg soils, is not to be advised except in connection with a legume rotation, for the reason that application of lime is likely to stimulate the production of nitrates and cause loss of nitrogen of the, soils during the winter months. The acidity of these surface soils is usually not high enough to be injurious to crops ordinarily grown. SOILS OF CAMERON COUNTY Cameron county is in the extreme southern part of Texas. Fifteen soil types belonging to" 10 series have been mapped in this county. The soils of the delta region, chiefly derived from deposits made by‘ the Rio Grande, are classed as the Laredo, Harlingen, Cameron, and Rio Grande series. The upland soils in the northern part of the county are included in the Victoria and Tiocano- series. The soils along the coast belong to the Lomalto or Point Isabel series, or are classed as dune sand. Lomalto clay is the most extensive soil type, occupying 22 per cent of the area; Victoria clay comes second with 19.9 per cent, and Harlingen clay third, occupying 17.9 per cent of the area. Laredo silty clay loam, 11.8 per cent, comes fourth. Composition of Soils- Table 5 gives the analyses of the different soil types and Table 6 an interpretation of the analyses; these analyses show the strength or weakness of the various soils. The soils of this county are well supplied with plant food. The potash and nitrogen con- tent are high. All the soils examined were ‘high in lime and no appli- cations of lime are likely to be needed. Nitrogen is likely to be the plant food needed first, because it is used in large quantities by the crops and is more readily washed from the soil than other plant food. 19 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 0022022 230G OMDBtOMDQOFQOBOiBBEBM®OOOLOPQOBC§OOOOLO€WOfiYFB€fKQ l\0Ol\0Ol\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\l\0O0Ol\00l\l\l\l\l\l\l\Chl\‘l\l\l\l\l\l\ 2222 20220092 oo . H nH . H onm oo. 2.2 . H 022 ooo. Noo. . . . . . . . . . . . .2202 >020 >2.2200 02.20202> o2 . H oo. ooN oo. 00.0 02.... nno. 002. . . . . . . . . . .2202 >020 >2.2200 0220.202> 02...... 2:. noN oo n2.N Noo 2.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2202 >H.200 022.2 2202022/ on. no. Nov 2... 00.0 oN2 ooo. 000. . . . . . . .2202 >2.2200 022.2 220002> oo. oo. 020 n2. 02.. N oHN ono. noo. . . . . . . . . . . . .22002 >2.200 0222.2 220202> 00.0 oo. H Noo No NoN 002. 202. noo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2202 >20 22o202> 02.0 Ho. Non 2o oo.H 000 002. 002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2202 >020 0220202.? 00.2. E0 000 00 no.2 @222 ooN. 002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . .>020 0200022 oo.nH noo 022 om 20o. 2 om moo. oNo. . . . .22002 >2.200 02c >20> 02.22020 2M2 00 .02 00.0 ooN no on. H 202. o22. ooo. . . . .2202 >2.2200 02222 >20> 02.22020 2M2 No.o 2o.o oNH 00 no.2 02. ooo. Noo. . . . . . . . . ..22002 >020 >220 02.20.20 2M2 oo.o onoH n20 2.0 22.N 02. nNH. noo. . . . . . . . . ..22002 >020 >220 2.2020 2M2 nN.o oo.oH 022. No noN onH 002. No2. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .>020 2.20.2.0 0P2 nn.o 00.02 2.0 oo. 22.N 02.0 ooH. on2. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . >020 2.20.2.0 2M2 on.N2 2.2 .oH oNN 00. 20. H oHN 002. 22.0. . . . . . . . . . . ......>020 2022002 222002 oo.oH no . 22 2o2 oo n0. H 2.0 NN2. ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>020 022022012 oo.oH onNH 002 oo oo. H 00 002. Noo. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . >20 022022012 00 . o 2n . oH 02. 00 on. H 2N n22. omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22002 >20 >220 02.0202 no . o NN. 22 oNm 2.0 no. H oNH 002. Nno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2202 >020 >220 02.0202 oH .0 2.0 02.0 2o.N n2 .N ooo NoH. 0E. ... . . . . . . . . . .2202 >20 >220 02.02012 oo.oH 2\N.o no2 om. oo.N oo .m22. omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..22002 02.02012 oo.oH oN.o2 oHN n2. 2o.H 00 022. ono. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2202 02.0.2012 oo.o Nob Hnv ov mozN onm nmH. ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12202000202 5.0 00.0 2n oo. 22~.N 02.2 ono oNo. ...... . . . . . . .2202 >2.200 02222 02.0202 oo.oH 02.2.2 ooH 0N 2.0.0 o2 no2. 5.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .22002 >2.2200 022.2 02.0202 2.0.0 20.2. 2.0 00 No. H 022» NHH. ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . .22002 >20200 0222.2 02.0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......>N_U AZUUENQ 00.0 2.0.2.. ooH no 00.2 202 N202. 002.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. ..>020 02.0202 02.4.. n2 .0 000 oo 22.N noo ooN. 2o2. . . . . . . . . . . ..>020 02.0202 2.0.0 2.0.2. $2. 00 00.2 2.00 . . . . ... 202. . . . . . . . . ...§0 =00=22§2 00s 00.2. R... 00 2.2.0 000 002. 022. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.220 22000022022 00.0 oo.oH 202 22.2 oN.N n22 002. Hoo. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .... .>020 20202200 NN.o on.o ooH 00. 2 00.0 000 on2. ooH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . >20 20.202200 2200 .202 202222.22 2200 .2022 22200 2022 202222.22 2200 20.2 2200 .2022 02222 .2022 22002022 22000022 .2022 .00 00222 2200 2022 >220200m 022222200 22002022 02222200 20202. .00 0022.2 2000.2. 220002.22 2.204 0.22204 2.204 0>2204 >222200 20.202200 20 02200 o0 00030241120. 02220.2. 20 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Phosphoric acid is likely to be next in importance and potash last. Saline soils occur in this county and the area is likely to increase where underdrainage is not suflicient and the water table occurs too near the surface of the soil. Pet experiments are given in Table 7. Attention is directed to the high quantities of potash furnished to the crops, and the failure- of the crops to respond to applications of this element. A number of the soils responded to applications of nitrogen, and some to phosphoric acid, though the number responding to phosphoric acid is smaller than for nitrogen. The second crop frequently shows a greater need of nitrogen or phosphoric acid than the first crop. Fertilizers- Although these soils are rich and well supplied With plant food, some of them are heavily cropped. Two or three crops may be grown a year. Truck crops are also grown, which require good supplies of readily available plant food. Fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphoric acid are needed on some of the older soils, especially on truck crops. Potash is less likely to be needed. The soils contain an abundance of lime and do not need liming. Saline Soils- The soluble salts contained in some saline soils found in Cameron county are given in Table 8. . An examination of the table shows that the largest part of the salts are chlorides, especially when much salt is present. The estimation of the chlorine, which can be readily and rapidly carried out, thus offers a quick method for estimating the quantities of salts present. Citrus trees seem to be injured by about 600 parts per million of saline salts (see analyses 30898, 33773, and 31744). This is a comparatively small amount. Soil irrigated with salty water is converted into a salty soil. Soils 31750-1 before irrigation may be compared with soils 31744-9, inclu- sive, after irrigation with salty water. The salty water caused salt to accumulate in these soils. Soils along a salty resaca may contain salt layers of subsoil, 90 feet or more from the resaca. This is shown by analyses 31756-61, inclu- sive. The samples were taken approximately at the level of the water of the resaca. The water of the resaca has penetrated into the soil, evaporated, and left a highly salty layer, at depths of 3 to 6 feet under the surface. This ismuch too salty to allow roots of trees to penetrate. Under irrigation, the salt is likely to rise to the surface, and accumulate sufliciently to destroy vegetation. The salt ca11 be prevented from rising only if the irrigation water passes through the soil and out in the sub- soil in sufficient amounts to keep the salts washed out and prevent them from accumulating. Seepage of water from irrigation canals may produce a high water table a11d give rise to saline soils. 21 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS UOOM wvOOw UOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86»: %N~D ~flmvfiflw flT~OuU~> Es» woow woow mmm 3 wm _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . 4 . . . . . . . . O . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Emo_ >32 0cm wiofiv; UQCW wvOOm @QOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EGO@ >N_U fimhcanvaQW fiwmn fiOOw UOOw EWN mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . Jnm? OdmoowJ i2 3% 25m mfi om wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i252 35:3 0cm ~39» owcmhU 9K @QQM fiCOm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IEGA: %N~U QUQGMU UOOM wvQOwJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . , . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%G—U ®@Qfl.~u UOOW UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>%Q~O Tvfiflma wHJOHm @OCM wvQQM . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . I . . I . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%N—U NHQNEOJ wvOOw wvCOW m-u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . I . . . . . I . . I . . . . . . . . . .ENO— »flfl—0 ofi0hfliw Qwmz UOOw UOOw w»: Om. wN . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ENE OfioumJ fiwmfi UOOM UOOM fill mm wN . I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . I . . . . . . IEQAZ ~n©flmw vim“ OUQQNJ vcnvm %voow _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. >NTw otmwhflq JQJ UOOW $00M mwfl Cm . mm . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ma? Gwwflfium: Jwmn UOOM UOOw wm Om wN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (C30 GOuuEmU swmaoa Bum o8: 53cm Eon @234 uiosnwosn cwmobmZ 033cm “i238 uionnmonm @334 E04 v64 wiiom n64. 96w 5n wmwzmsn E wwimzaflwwon EoU ~AQQSOQ GOHQENU wO wmow oomism m0 mowing“ uO cofimwoungoifilhw 0719M; 22 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1\|x 11¢ Stilt \A0 ...0000 0 .0 0 I000 00||0000 > 00000 0000 00 0 0A . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000||200000||0000_ >0000 002 020000200 .0000 00m _000000I|0000000I.S00A >0000 002 02000020» . .0000 00m .0200A||000.0000.|0000_ >0000 002 2000020» .0000 00A .000 |.002000|l0000_ >0000 002 200005 . . . . . . .0000 00m .000000|.200000|0000A >020 2000020» . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0000AI.200200||0000A >20 2000020» . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000.I200Q00|E00A >20 2000020» . . . . . . .0000 00m .000000||0000000|S00A >20 0.0000020» . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0000A|000.A000||0000_ >20 2000020» . . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000I002000|E00A >020 020000200 . . . . .0000 00m .0002w000..|200200|0000A >20 2000020» . . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000|200200|l0002 >20 2000020» . . . . .0000 00m .0000w000l0000000||0002 >20 20000:» . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000|0000000||0000_ >20 2000020» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 000. .00=2w000||200200|00000A >20 >020 000006 020A .0000 00m .0000||200200|0000A >20 >020 00000.0 0200A . . . . .0000 00m ..0000000|=00000l00000 >20 >020 000006 020A 0000 00A .0000|200000|0000A >000 >020 00000.0 0E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0002w000|200n00:|0002 >20 >020 000006 020A .0000 00A .0000|200Q00I|0000A >20 >020 000006 0E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000.00m .0000m000||0000000|E00A >20 >020 000000 02m 0000 00A .0000|002000|0000_ >20 >020 00000.0 02m .0000 00m .0002w000|200000||0000A >20 >020 00000A . . . . .0000 00A .0000|.200000|0000_ >20 >020 00000A . . .0000 00m .0002m000|000.0000|:0000_ >20 >020 00000A 0000 00A .0000|1002000|0000A >20 >020 00000A . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0002w000||200n00||>20 000500000 . . . . .0000 00A .0000'|AA00200||>20 000000000 . 1.0000 00m .0000w000||00000000|>0_0 000000000 . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000|002000||>20 0000000000 . . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .000000|200000||>20 000000000 . . . . . .0000 200. .0002w000||200200||>0_0 00000000 . . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0000|.200000|>0_0 0000000000 . . . . . . 10000 00m .0000m000||200000|>20 0000000000 . . . . .0000 00A _0000||200200|>0_0 000.0000 . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0000w000||000.000 ||>20 00M0200AA . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 00A .0000|002000|>0_0 000000000 . . . . . .0000 000. .0000m000|l200000|>0A0 00000000 . . . . . .0000 000 .0000|200000|>20 00000000 . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .0000m000|200n00|>20 0000500 . . . . . . . . . . . Z0000 000 .0000.|200200||>0A0 0000000O . . . .0000 00m .0000w0001200000|>0A0 00000000 . . . . . . . . .0000 00m .00000000|200000|>0_0 00000000 . . . . . . . . . . . . .0000 00A _0000|200000|>20 00000000 0.2. 0.0m 0.0 0.00. m.Am 50A Adm 0.0.0 oAm Adm 0mm 0.00 0.2. 0.2 0.00. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 mQA 020A . . . . . . . . .. mmA 0.0. 0.00 0.0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0 00A 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Aimm 0.0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.0.0 0AA 0.00 . . . . . . . . .. 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 . . . 0.00 010A 00A 00A . . . . . . . . .. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 02$ 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. mm 0.0m . .. .. . . . . .. m.» mmm . .. . o.» 0.0m . . . . . 0.Am 0mm 0.00 0.0. 0.0. 0.: 0.00 0.0. 0.0. 0AA 0.00 m.om 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 mm 0.00 A.mm AA. 0.0 00A 0.0.0 0.00 m.mA 0.00 m.mm m.Am 50A 0.00 . . . . . . . . .. mm 0A . Aim mAA 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0.0 0.00 0.0m . . . . . . 0.0m 0.0m . . . . 0.0m 0mm . m.mm mdv . . . . . . . . mmm mmA .. mm . 0.00 00A 0.00 0.00 .. . 0.0 0.00 . . 0.0. mmm . . . . . . . . 0.mA 0.Am . . . . . . . . .. . mmA m0 . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. wAA 0mm 0.0m ... . .. .0 Am A.m Am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AA. A.0m 0.0m 0.0m. 0200 000000 0200 00000020 00022008 000000 0200200000 00000022 00000220 0000000000 00000205 000A00000 00000000» 02.5 0000 000 00.0002 02 08000028 000.0 00000 00 >02220000 0000 000000 02 00000 0220? 00000 00>.A. A0000 000.00 00000 00000 00000 00000 R000 302m 00:0 00000 .20 .03 >0000O 00000000 00 0200 00 0000002000000 00ml.» 030E 23 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 8N N725 Hpfpp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32m 5: 9T3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9K5 m5 film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 >22 .22 $2M - . . - - - . . . . - - - . . » ‘ . - - . m2 97$ . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .228 $2 E95 5a 2.. 52m mam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222: 312 6.5 $2 8 £2», 9% . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1K5 MEN NI. 4.8.25.2 82 $2». 8m $15 ....¢5.:25 256 .52» >:2 5E @852: 32m 9.5 ~T¢ .....28S_5 256 .232» 52:2 5E wmzwwc: M525 mam £15 ....¢E:o__m. 2E6 83E 32 5E @2525: $2.0, 3N NTG .....2::Q_5 25:6 522E >22 5E @822: @525 Em 5&5 ....Q:9s_5 £56 52E E52 5E v8.2a: 5&3 EN mTo . . . aspszs 2E6 .522 IE2 5E 5.82mi: 3R5 m2 2A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32m n: h 1o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......E% 235 2E6 mRmm 2N £18 . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. R53 ANN NTQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . $55 8m wTfi 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 5H5 m? N1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... M28 8N NTQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55. 22.2.. 256 wmwom Qmm mTo ....<§@ 252.5 WmQN o? NTQ .....i§o 25cm fitvw 2.: filo . . . . . .6812? >52 05.023 52w 3N NTQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >35 3N NTQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5&5 QOHQU Qiflw .950 QOMJU 835w .230 QQJJU £35m .950 R505 MQQEQZ 45w Em Em 222 .32 .22 .220 22o .220 .595 22225 535E 3Q 5:3 E .3580 50.6580 mo wmow E 82$ 95mm Mo flOWZwOQEOU|Kw vEwP 24 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Classification of Soils of Cameron County Coast Plain Soils- Surface soil, ashy-brown to dark-brown. Subsoil, below 10 inches ashy-gray clay. Lomalto series. Surface soil, ashy-brown to broWnish-ashy-gray, thin layers of ashy- gray sandy clay and yellowish-brown sandy loam, but not much change to 1O feet 0r more. Point Isabel series. Rio Grande Delta Soils (Alluvial Soils). Surface $011, ashy-gray color to 3 0r 4 inches. Subsoil, below l inches dark gray plastic clay. Har- lingen series. Surface soil, brown-slightly lighter subsurface layer and below this pale brownish-yellow subsoil. Laredo series. Surface soil, very dark-brown or nearly black. Subsoil, brownish- yellow containing whitish lime concretions. Cameron series. Surface soil, light-brown to brown. Subsoil, layers of light-brownish- yellow’, lighter textured material interstratified with heavier textured layers of heavier material. Subject to overflow. Rio Grande series. Upland Sflils- Surface soil, very dark-brown to black. Subsoil, at 12-14 inches lighter-colored and at 720-24 inches a yellowish-brown. Victoria series. Surface soil, dark ashy-gray clay extending to 3 or 4 feet without change. Very tough when dry and plastic when wet. Tiocano series. Condensed Description of Soils of Cameron County Cameron 61a)’ is a nearly black clay, ashy-gray when dry’, below which is a dark-brown clay, grading into yellowish-brown silty clay loam or silty clay and this into a sticky, plastic brownish-yellow or light yel- lowish-brown clay. It occurs in large areas south of the Arroyo Colorado. The surface has a gentle slope, with poor drainage. A very small pro- portion is under cultivation to cotton and corn. Hflrlillgell dflyis ashy-gray to dark ashy-gray clay which passes into lighter ashy-gray, plastic, sticky clay. It is extensive. The surface is flat to nearly level, and the drainage is imperfect. In some places the water table is only two feet below the surface. About 2O per cent is under cultivation, chiefly “to cotton and corn. Citrus fruit tried has not done well. Laredo clay is a brown clay which passes into yellowish-brown stifl’ clay containing white lime material, then into yellowish-brown friable silty clay loam succeeded by yellowish-brown friable very fine sand. It occupies only small areas, the largest of which is southeast of San Benito. The surface is very gently undulating and the surface drainage and underdrainage are fair to good, where not retarded by seepage water. About 5 per cent of the soil is under cultivation, chiefly’ to cotton, corn, and cabbage. Under irrigation, a large acreage has become impregnated THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 25 with water-soluble salts. There is also a deep phase, about 25 per cent of which is cultivated t0 cotton, cabbage, lettuce, corn, and citrus fruit. Laredo fine Sandy loam is a brown to dark-brown fine sandy loam, grading into lighter-brown fine sandy loam, below which is yellowish- brown fine sand or loamy fine sand. It occurs in small areas south of the Arroyo Colorado. Its surface is very gently undulating to billowy with good drainage. About 25 per cent of the soil is under cultivation to cotton, corn, and citrus fruit, with some vegetables. An excess of irrigation water sometimes accumulates in the subsoil because of inad- equate drainage outlets. Owing to the open texture and structure of this soil, artificial drainage should be comparatively easy and work efficiently. Laredo Silt)’ olay loam is of a brown heavy silty clay loam pass- ing into slightly lighter brown silty clay, which grades into grayish- yellow or pale brownish-yellow, friable or rather chalky silty clay loam. Below this is a pale broyvnish-yjellow very fine sand, passing into brown- ish-yjellow silty clay loam, which is underlain by dark-brown clay. It occupies a position higher than the adjacent soils. The surface is smooth with a gentle slope and good drainage, but it is subject t0 “subbing” and consequent injury by accumulation of alkali salts. The principal crops are cotton, cabbage, lettuce, and citrus fruit, with a small acreage devoted to all the other crops. ' Lomfllio oloy is of dark-brown clay, grading into brownish ashy-gray’, tough plastic clay. This passes into yelloyvish-browrn, tough, plastic clay, containing some whitish concretions. It is of wide extent on nearly all of the coastal prairie section in the eastern part of the county. The surface is flat and level, there is practically no drainage, and the soil is wet through the greater part of the year. It is utilized for pasture only. Point Isabel Clay is an ashy-gray clay with a decidedly brownish cast immediately below the surface. It occurs in the coastal prairie country as clay dunes in the eastern part of the county. The surface is ridge-like. The surface drainage is excessive but underdrainage is slow. None of it is under cultivation. Rio Gfalido Clay is a brown silty clay. It occurs as small areas in first bottoms of the Rio Grande. The surface is flat to slightly de- pressed. iDrainage is good. The greater part is under cultivation "to cotton and corn. Rio Gramlo Silt)’ clay loam is light-brown silty clay loam, passing into light-brown to grayish-yellow very fine sand or very fine sandy loam. It is the chief type in the first bottoms of the Rio Grande. The surface is fiat and nearly level. The drainage is good. The water table usually stands at about the average level of water in the river. The 26 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION land is subject to overflows except Where protected by levees. The greater part is under cultivation, mainly t0 cotton, corn, potatoes, and vegetables. Ri0 Grande Very fine Sandy 10am is yellowish-brown to grayish-yel- low very fine sandy loam, underlain by pale-yellow or yellowish-gray very fine sandy loam. The area is very small. The drainage is good. It is used for potatoes, cotton, corn, and vegetables. Ti0ean0 elay is a dark ashy-gray to black clay. When dry the soil is extremely tough, and When Wet it is very sticky and plastic. It occurs chiefly in small areas in the region occupied by the Victoria soils. The surface is flat and the drainage very poor. It is used only for pasture. Vieteria elay 10am is very dark brown clay loam or heavy clay loam With an ashy-gray cast, Which passes into ashy-gray or dark ashy-gray stiff clay, below Which is dark yellowish-brown stiff clay. When Wet the soil is almost black. This is an extensive soil, principally in the section north of the Arroyo Colorado. The surface is flat, and the sur- face drainage is poor. The underdrainage is good in most places. This is one of the most important agricultural soils of the region, cultivated chiefly in cotton, corn, citrus fruits, potatoes, and cabbage. Vieteria fine Sandy 10am is a dark grayish-brown to dark-brown fine sand or fine sandy loam below Which is a yellowish-brown fine sandy clay. It occurs chiefly north of the Arroyo Colorado. The surface is very gently undulating. The drainage is good. It is considered locally to be the best citrus-fruit soil in the county. Cotton is also grown. Viemria Sandy ¢1ay10am is a dark-brown sandy clay loam below which is a yellowish-brown or cream-colored, highly calcareous clay loam to clay. It occurs almost entirely north of the Arroyo Colorado. It has a flat to gently undulating surface. The surface and internal drainage are fair to good. About 5 per cent of the type is under culti- vation to cotton, corn, citrus fruit, and a smalllacreage of vegetables; the remainder is used for pasture: SOILS OF COLEMAN COUNTY Coleman county is located in the Rolling Plains, near the geograph- ical center of Texas. Eighteen types, in nine series, are mapped in this county. The upland soils are included in the Valera, Crawford, Wind- thorst, and Vernon series. The Abilene, Roscoe, and Miles soils occur in smooth nearly flat to undulating areas. The first-bottom soils are in the Frio and Yahola series. The Abilene clay occupies 42.8 per cent of the area, the Valera stony loam 27.4 per cent, the Valera clay 6.4 per cent, and the Frio‘ clay 5.5 per cent. . C0InP0Siti0n 0f Seils- The chemical composition of the soils is given in Table 9 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 10. The 27 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS mmlmH m.8 3m H04» 3m mm. mH|0 m8 0m.mH m08 m3 mm. Hsnim 8.8 0H5 mmm m3 8m. mowtsm 8. 8 8m . m. mm . m m3 3 . momnnw #8 M08 mm . m mm HQH . 8|0 m8 mmHm HmmH m8 mm. Im mm mm. 3. 0mm Hi». w10 m8 m? mm. mmm mm. H6215 8 . 8 0H am mm . mH 8w mm. m|0 m.8 mmmw wmmH 00H 8m. momfim 8.8 mfim HmmH wwm i. 835m m. . 8 mm . m 8m .8 m? mm. lw m.8 mmm 8mm. mom Hm w|0 m8 00.0H 0m.H mom Hm. mmlmH . . . . . . . .. 0H.H mm. H8 m? mH|0 0.8 mm. 0m. H0m ma. Emfim m8 mm . m Q . m Ham mm . Qvwtzm m . 8 0H“. H m8. mm». Hm. 0m|m m8 mmm m0.m mm mm. m|0 m. 8 m0. H mm . 0mm 8m. =3m=m 8.8 0H . m 5 . m mmm Q . mH10 Hi8 mom mm; i? m? mmlw Hi8 0mm mmm mmH mw. w|0 m8 mHim mm; H8H m0.H mFm 0.8 0m.H m8. omv 88 m|0 mm mm. m? 0m8 8w. =¢E=m nuofl Hi8 mmm mm 8Hm H}. .625 m . 8 mm . m m8 . m 0mm mm. mombisw m . 8 mm. H .6. H m3 0m. mmlmH m8 0mm: mm.» 0mH mm mHlm m8 5m HH.m mmm Hm m10 m8 08m 0mm H88 mm Emu mum coHHHHE Emu 3Q mwnoi THQ 36o .50 0E: SQ ammmoa Jfiflom coSowoMH hfioHmwmH 223cm smmmom oHQsHom v64. o>$u< E04 hmcsoU HHNEOHO-U m0 wZOm wO mvmhHmc/wlkm QHQNm-w m HHi H mmm mm0. mm0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . AbmoH ha? 3mm “Bfiw 0m.H 0mH 0mH. mmH. ........Ewo_>mHo 5mm “Hmfiw mm. H 0mm . H80. mmm. . . . . . . . . . . . AbmoH mus...” Em 225w .3“. H mmm 0w0. $3. . . . . . . . . . . . . AnmoH 35mm 3m 2.58» 0m. 8 mm0. MfiO. . . . .EmoH 35am mam 53mm mmmosmwcrz/ mm. vH mm0. 880. . . . .232 35am 05H mqomm Eofimi? mm. mH mm0. mmo. . . . . . . . .EmoH 325m oEH mmazsmmm? m8. mm mm0. $6. . . .EwoH >Hmcmm o5 mmmofimfi? a . . . . . . . . . . Qflflfiv COMM QCHPHQ> ..... ...-..-..-.>%G@U >QQHW QQAHkQ> . . . . ...... . . . . . ..>N_U fih®iw> - - . - - ' - - . . - ---.--.-¢%@?Q . . - - » - - . . . ' . . .-.-.-->.N@o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........>N»U QOUWOm mm; 0H 8m0. mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . AnmoH 35mm 05m mwHQ/H m? H wH mm0. 0&0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 35mm 2E mmHHH>H wmH wH mm0. owo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....EaoH 51v mmmH>H % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EWQ@ >NHU M0182 m0. H 0m mm0. mm0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .EmoH .253 ocHH oirvH @@. . . . . . . . . . . . .ENQ@ ~%wvcfiw mafia Owhm wHH 80m m80. mm0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gcwoH >30 oih 0v. H mom Hwo. mm0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIEmoH 82o oih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>NHU QTMFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........\flfl—U X ~ . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . - -.>“.Tw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @.HQ%>I.N.HU @4? .? m . - . - . . ‘ - . - . . . . - . . . . . 80.H mm mm0. woH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 23o ocoHE< HNH . H H8 mm0. mHH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IEwoH >20 mammal» M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%W_U QQ®$Q< % .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\@NHO U§mvm@< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>N@U Emu SQ QBHHHE ps3 $2 nmwmon 3n 6w mona ammo mom 130M. 6w moan H30? comoSHZ v>iu< 28 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION upland soils, on an average, are low in active phosphoric acid, some- what better supplied with nitrogen, and still better With active potash. These upland soils will probably need nitrogen and phosphoric acid first, and potash last. The terrace and first-bottom land are better sup- plied with plant food of all kinds than the upland soils, and should. be more productive and durable. They Will probably need nitrogen first, ~ phosphoric acid second, and potash last. None of the soils of Coleman county are acid and none of them seem to need lime for legumes or other crops. There are many of them which are high in lime. P011 EXDerimentS- The results of some pot experiments are in Table 11. The plants respond to applications of nitrogen and phosphoric acid but not to potash. F ertililers- The supply of moisture is probably the controlling factor in the production of crops in this section. Fertilizers containing nitro- gen and phosphoric acid may be tried, but in the absence of field experi- ments they cannot, at present, be recommended for general use. They would probably give results on some of the upland soils under favorable seasonal conditions. Lime- The use of lime is not recommended, since the soils are not acid and many are high in lime. Saline Soils- The composition of some salty soils is given in Table 12. Chlorides predominate. Comparison with the salts in a dead spot from Wise county shows that the quantity of alkali is sufficient to be dan- gerous. Classification of Soil Types of Coleman County Bottom-land Soils- Surface soil, brown to rusty black. Subsoil, brown to dark-brown color. Soil is calcareous. Frio series. Surface soil, calcareous, purplish-red to reddish-brown. lighter-textured, purplish-red or light purplish-red, calcareous. series. Upland Soils-v Surface soil, brown to dark-broyvn. to broyvnish-vellowv, generally calcareous. Valera series. Surface soil, red, dark-l>rovvnish-rcd or reddish-brown. red‘ or reddish-brown clay. Crawford series. Surface soil, sandy with grayish-brown to reddish-brow11 color. Sub- soil, stiff red clay in some places mottled with yellow. Not calcareous. Windthorst series. Surface soil, brown to chocolate-brown. lighter in the lower part. Soil is 1iot calcareous. Abilene series. Surface soil, purplish-red to re-ddish-broxzvn. Subsoil, of a similar color but stiffer in texture. Soil not (j-alcareous but subsoil is gener- ally so. Vernon series. A Subsoil, Yahola Subsoil, brown Subsoil, stiff Subsoil, brown becoming 29 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 26w 26w S: Q ww swi 26w 26w of 3. ww wwz 22w 26w ww fi a 26w 26w 26w wfi § ww wwfi 68w 26w 5 M2 ww =wE 26w 26w w“: ww ww 26w 26w 26w www 3 ww 26w 26w a2 m2 Q MI 26w 26w 26w H: Q ww 26w 26w a2 m2 Q ww 26w 26w 22w w“: 3 ww nwi 22 26w ww 2L. ww 26w 26w 26w www w; ww 26w 26w 26w wwfi fin ww wwi 25w 26w fiw Q 2L. zwfioa v18 it: .6866 Eon 9/504 uiosawosn 52:22 wiizom 223cm 6262x256 o>Su< 22 22 2638 E04 32w 5Q w-oswsn E mvtfifiiwom EoU . 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1662 >26 3% 662s» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO— ~W GMm Qflmw flfiufiflw . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . IENA: ~mfififlw Qimw fiOww wmhnuflwwvwi; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO~ wflwviflm Oflg Mmhnvfiwmvwia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .»%N@O »%QQPW QOQHU> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-......>N@O NhQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-......%N@U Ucnvmom . . . ~ . . - ~ . . . . . . . . ‘-.¢..._......-..-.-.-...>ENO?hdnwwQawmviig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO~ wnfiiflm QCQ OTnrvm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .Emwo» »%N@U Qwhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fwmflfiv Ownrrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QmNTv UhOwRKQMU . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . .ENO_ %N~U OGQzQ< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%N%U UQUZ§< 3560 cwfifioU “o wzow wuwfisw Mo wowfwcm Ho cofimfifinwofiflnldfi wZwP 30 BULLETIN NO. V430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION gm 0mm owfl owm aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hmwom mmw omofl mnm hlo . . . . ......woawvmowcficsonvowt’? wmwom m? .. 0mm 2N mam 2i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . woman Gwm wwm m. IO . . . . . . . . . . . _ . imwfliOmv QwEQTvQ mOMON QoEU dim .930 .330 dBm 5E0 QQEU 92w A30 $52: H2352 gm .25 e8 $2 .22 $2 .25 .25 .25 ifiUO maxi?‘ cczmfi 5Q 818m E 6235.0 0&3 wan cmEfioU Ho wmom E 32$ ocsmw we coflfiomfioUlamfi oEmF kl wm E 9mm mam ma. 9mm . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 v5. .isam.~owlbowwksmlfiwo_ mwamw 2E “v2.2 3.2m NN fiv N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amouo umfi .G.~O0||Qo_ww.~Dm||8dO_ ~mfindm Oimw @012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O .m.NUQ~$OO.|€Om@5m||%‘N@O Owhri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QOHO @.~m .COQQOOI|ZOmQDmI%NQO O+.~'% ©.V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QOhO fiiN §€fimT|iOwfiiml~fiflfiD O~..~'% m. ON w.v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RmOho umfl “infivvlfiogdmlhfifio O~.~@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qouo Jaw .mfimQ>PO¢|||®0d%~5m||-\md~o 3.7% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . .QOHO fihmw .GOGQOOI|QO_N%MQm|I%.N@O O~.kr% m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q95 UGN ».~@_wM|'®uNw.~Dm|~m.fio Gina mww . Nv Om N. fim 5mm mdw N.Om . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Awopo a3 .G.~0o|w0.m.w.=~m||%d_o owfim Nvmofi . . . . . . . . . aw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N.h . . . . . . . . . . %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Q.O.~O wvhfi JMOQQOUIIZOmD§mNQHGO1~QNTv ®G®TQ< Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q95 UQN .E§£w.~OmI|ZOmn_5mladO— kafiv viwifl< wfim m Ow NA: ‘m. mdfi N.w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMOMQ umH dpoollflcmflflmllsmg ha? 251.94 wmwom - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~U fikm JMOaQOONZOMQDQISGAZ xfiwfiu QQUQQQ MN w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q95 USN .ESJM.~OmIIZOwQUmIEGO~ ~md~v 2.51.34 AwNN- - . C @ .@ N .®fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . QOMO um§ J~kOOIIZOmQM~mIIENO~ ~AG~O 0G0§£< - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O wvnm ~iOueOO||0Od.T~Dm||GHfiO~ 520 QHQIQ< Q. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QOMO @QN iflflwgfihnvmlwflflTiwmlafig xfiflfiv Q§®iQ< %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO¢~O QMM .-.~OQI®O‘N.?~DQJ|IEGO@ %_N_O U-QZEHD< E3 @222“ E3 nwwobmc ~3=s~£ 153cm oionnwonm came“: Z fizit? uicaamona “smirk, SQEEQQ “Essa, as» 25E 3S. dz wké 5Q Bangs E dknkwnfiak mfisum E RS8 gamma? can woo“ “ESQ we zfiummmom P60 3560 GNHQEU we mmom no mpcwfimhwaww womluS flask THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 31 Surface soil, black. Subsoil, dark brown to dark-ashy-gray. Roscoe series. A " Surface soil, reddish-brown to purplish-red. Subsoil, red or purplish- red. Soil not calcareous. Miles series. Condensed Description of Soils of Coleman County Abilene Clay is a brown to dark-brown clay, which grades into lighter- brown, chocolate-brown or buff-colored clay ranging from moderately friable to fairly stiff. It occupies terrace-like areas with nearly level to undulating surface and fair to good drainage. It is a strong, pro- ductive soil, plastic when Wet with a tendency to clod if plowed when too Wet or too dry, but breaks up on exposure and forms a good tilth. Wheat, oats, milo, kaflr, feterita, corn, cotton, Sudan grass, and Johnson grass are grown. AbilCIIC Clay 10am is a brown, dark-brown or chocolate-brown clay loam, underlain by brown or chocolate-brown clay, which becomes slightly lighter in color with depth. It occurs upon the outwash and terrace plains of the county, in small areas. It has a gently sloping to undulating surface, with slightly excessive drainage. About one- half of the type is under cultivation to wheat, oats, grain sorghums, corn, cotton, and Sudan grass. Crawford Clay is reddish-brown or brownish-red clay, passing into stiff, red clay, underlain usually by limestone at about 15 to 36 inches. It occurs on the upland in small areas. Most of the type is under culti- vation to Wheat, oats, and cotton. CYaWfCYd Sway Clay is reddish-brown or brownish-red clay under- lain by rock at a very shallow depth and With limestone fragments strewn abundantly over the surface. The acreage is small. It is valu- able only for pasture. FFiC Clay is brown to dark-brown, rather silty clay, which passes into somewhat stiffer clay of light-brown to yellowish-brown color. It is highly calcareous. It is an important soil. It occurs in the first bot- toms of the larger streams and is subject to overflow. The surface is flat but fairly Well drained. A large part is under cultivation to corn and cotton, Johnson grass, Sudan grass, and the sorghums. It is adapted to pecans. Fri0 Clay 10am is a brown to dark-brown clay loam, ranging to a silty clay loam, passing into brown or light-brown clay loam or clay. The total area is not large; chiefly along Jim New and Hords Creeks. In first-bottom positions subject to overflow the surface is nearly level but the drainage is good. About 50 per cent is under cultivation. It is adapted to the same crops as the Frio clay. 32 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Frie fine sandy 10am is grayish-brown, brown or dark-brown, heavy fine sandy loam to fine sandy loam, overlying grayish-brown, broW11 or light-brown clay 10am to clay. It occupies narrow strips in the first bottoms of drainage Ways and is subject to overflow. Some of the type is under cultivation, chiefly‘ to cotton and corn. Miles elaY 10am is reddish-brown clay loam, grading into reddish- brown, fairly stifi clay or clay loam. The surface ranges from nearly level to slightly sloping or undulating with good drainage. It is found in many parts of the county, and the total area is considerable. The greater part is under cultivation to oats, Wheat, grain sorghums, corn, and cotton. Miles fine sandy leam is light-brown, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam, underlain by a thin layer of red clay loam or fine sandy clay loam, before passing into the subsoil proper, Which consists of red to dull-red, or sometimes dark-red clay loam to clay, generally fairly stiff. It has a nearly level to gently undulating ' surface With good drainage. The greater part occurs in the northern half of the county. Most of it is under cultivation to milo, kafir, corn, cotton, oats, peanuts, Watermelons, and cantaloupes. The soil is Well adapted to the growing of peaches and of vegetables; pears, apples, blackberries and dewberries appear to do Well. Miles sandy loam is a reddish-brown to brownish-red or light pur- plish-red, slightly loamy sand to light sandy loam, xivhich grades into red or purplish-red friable sandy clay loam to sandy clay, passing quickly into clay loam. It occupies a small area on a high terrace of the Colorado River. The topography is undulating to gently rolling. Drainage is good. It is adapted to the same- general crops as the Miles fine sandy loam. The soil drifts somewhat during dry spells. Reseee elay is very dark-brown to dark-gray or black clay, Which in places extends without change to depths 0f 36 inches; usually slightly lighter in color in the lower portions. It occupies smooth, nearly fiat are-as. Drainage is restricted by the flat surface and the heavy subsoil. The total area. is not large. It occurs mainly about the heads of streams and along the channels of sluggish drainage Ways. Small grains are inclined to lodge, especially in wet seasons. Corn, cotton, and the grain sorghums do Well. Valera elay is brown, chocolate-brown, or dark-brown clay, grading into brown, light-brown, or choeolate-brovvn, rather stiff clay. _When wet the soil is sticky and plastic, but on drying out it assumes a friable, crumbly character. It occurs on the true uplands. The chief areas lie southwest of Coleman. The surface varies from nearly level to gently undulating. The drainage is fair to good. While it is of small extent, it is an important agricultural soil, and the major part is under culti- vation to the small grains, corn, the grain sorghums, and cotton. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 33 Valera St0ny elay is the same as Valera clay except that large and small fragments of hard and soft limestone and chert are on the sur- face t0 such extent t0 make agricultural utilization impossible. This is an upland soil of large extent. ' Vern0n St0ny ¢1ay is chocolate-reddish-brown to’ dark-brownislnred clay, underlain by purplish-red clay, containing stones. The greater part is in the vicinity of Red Bank School. It used only for grazing. WiHdthOPSt fine Sandy 10am is grayish to reddish-brown fine sandy’ loam to loamy fine sand, underlain by red, stiff clay, With some yellow mottling. The surface is nearly level to gently rolling. Drainage is good. This type is scattered in small areas over the eastern part of the county Cotton, corn, and peanuts are the leading crops grown. WindflwYSt St0ny fine Sandy 10am is a grayish-brown to reddish- brown fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand, heavily covered with small, large and even massive, fragments of reddish sandstone. This passes into a thin layer of red clay loam, and this into red, stiff clay, which rests upon rock at a depth of less than three feet. The surface is roll- ing to hilly, and drainage is good to excessive. The type has no value for farm crops, its chief value being for grazing. Ya1\01a fine Sandy 10am is a purplish-red to dark reddish-brown fine sandy loam, grading into light-reddish-browrn or light-purplish-red fine sandy loam, which passes into a light-reddish-brown to pur- plish-red loamy fine sand. It occupies first bottoms in the Colorado River and is liable to overflow. The surface is nearly level to gently sloping, and the drainage is good. The type retains moisture for a long time after the heavier types have become drouthy. At least half of it is under cultivation to cotton, chiefiyr, but also corn, and the grain sorghums. Yah01a S1111)’ ¢1ay 10am is reddish-brown to chocolate-brownish-red silty clay loam, underlain by purplish-red or light-purplish-rerl fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam. lt occurs in narrow strips. in the bottoms of the Colorado River and is subject to frequent overflow. It is used for pasture. SOILS OF DALLAS COUNTY Xineteen types of soil were mapped in Dallas county, grouped in 13 series. The upland soils are classed asthe Houston and Ellis series. The terrace soils include the Bell and Lewisville series, which are high in lime, and the Cahaba, Amite, Kalmia, Leaf, and Irving series, which are low in lime. The alluvial or first-bottom soils include the Trinity, Catalpa, Frio, and Ochlockonee series. The Houston black clay is the most extensive soil and occupies 24.5 per cent of the county. The Houston clay covers 16.2 per cent, the Trinity clay 15.3 per cent, the Bell clay 9.3 per cent, and the Cahaba fine sandy loam 4.6 per cent of the county. 34 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . - . - - 825m N.S 00.0 0N0 00m HS. 0H . H .6 NmH . 00H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .066 0106B =o3=m 0.S 00.0 N0.mN 00 6.... mm. H 60 00N. H00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .026 6E>mr$6wH _.%m6%0mm=m 0S 00.0 00.0 N00 N0. N0. H HmH 00H . 00H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $66 6Hz>mHB6A 066D S . 0 00. Nm. 0HH N0. Hm. HH 6N0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 000mm 65H 066d 67m 0.S 00. H6. mNH 6N. 60. 0 mmo. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 356m 60c 066A 6625mm H.S 3. 0N. S0 00. m? 6N 666. 000. . . . . . . . . . .062 3.06m 6:0 .664 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 0.66 . . . . . . . . . 00N N0. HS N0. 0S. mH 0N0. 000. . . . . .562 Em mEZH wlo N.0 00H Hm. HNH 0H. 0m. 0N 0N0. S00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 20m 0530 0m|NH H .S N0. Hw. mNH HN. 0w. HN 0N0. n00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i066 mEZH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - ¢ 3.23m NS 6S .0 00 . 0N 0HH SH“. 66. 60H 00H. 3.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $66 022p 0326i $2.5m 0S 0N. 0 wH .0H 00N 2.. 0S. 66 00H. 0NH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $66 x665 0325i 010 0S 06.0 m0 .0. 6H0 mm HS. H 00N 00H. 00N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .066 0326i 0m|NH mS 00.0 0N.S wHH m0 0N. H Hm NNH. 0NH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I066 oinH NH|0 H.S 00.0H S60 $6 NS. m6. H SmH 00H. 0HN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I026 06.0 womnsm H.S 00.0w . . . . . . . .. 00N HNH . H 0N.N N0H 000. H00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4966 mEM w|0 0.0 00.0 HNHH m8. wHH wNN 0H 000. SmH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......>6H6 2:0 0m|NH 6s 0S.0H 06.0 2. 00. HH“. H N0 0HH. 00H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .066 601360 iowhyHm HNS 0SQH . H00 00N H60. 6m. H 00 00H. SmH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z1066 601360 066D S .0 Sm. SN. wNH Hm. 00. H HNH S60. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . .562 000mm 600 606.066 186m NS mm. m6 .H 0HH HN. 00. N0 000. SNO. . . . . . . . . . . . .562 360mm 6E0 6296C 9.25m H..S SN. 0H. 6m NH. m6. m6 000. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 000mm 650 606060 132m S.S 06S 66mm mNH 00m 66H 0NH 000. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I066 =60 6660.20 m S 0H m. SH m SON N0 60 H 0HN H000. SmH. . 0:66 60 062:5 0066 .60 0066 60 00:15 066 .60 66E E0 .266 .60 6E: .60 066000 c2300 .60 .66 .mon0 266 60 J$06Q 00366600 3666M 653cm H6300 653cm H6005 .66 .mon0 H6000. 06mobI/H 064. 6>H6< H66< 6364 30:00 mwzmfl 0o mHHom 0o m6m>H60<|amH 636M. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 35 COIIIDOSitiOII 0f SOiIS- The analyses of the various soil types are given in Table 13 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 14. The soils of Dallas county are in general well supplied in plant food with the exception of some of the terrace soils lo-w in lime, which are low in phosphoric acid and nitrogen. These include the Cahaba fine sandy loam, the Irving clay, Irving silt loam, and the Leaf fine sandy loam. The Houston black clay, which is the typical black prairie soil, is Well supplied with plant food. None of the soils are acid and many of them are high in lime. POt EXPerimentS- Pot experiments With soils of Dallas county are given in Table 15. Responses in plant growth to additions of phos- phoric acid and of nitrogen are made by a number of the samples of soils, including the Bell clay, Cahaba fine sandy loam, Houston black (alay, and Irving clay. These experiments indicate that the soils would respond to these fertilizers in the field if other conditions (such as moisture) did not limit the growth to less than the amount which can be produced by the plant food in the soil. If these limiting con- ditions could be removed, the Houston black clay, to judge from the pot experiments, would respond to fertilizers. As previously pointed out, the plants grown in the pot experiments may show deficiencies in the soil which are not so apparent in the field, on account of the more "favorable conditions for plant growth in the pot experiments. Fertililers- Commercial fertilizers are probably needed by the Cahaba fine sandy loam, the Irving clay, Irving silt loam, and Leaf fine sandy loam. The other soils may not respond well to fertilizer until they have been under cultivation for some time. The Houston black clay usually does not respond to fertilizers, even when cultivated so long that yields are low, probably on account of other limiting conditions. Lime. The soils are not acid and there seems to be no need for lime at the present time. Many of the soils contain large percentages of lime, but some of the terrace soils contain only moderate amounts. Classification of the Soil Series Bottom-land Soils- Surface soil, dark-brown to black. Subsoil, is sim- ilar in color and texture. Soil is calcareous. Trinity series. Surface soil, brown. Subsoil, a little lighter in color. Soils cal- careous. Catalpa series. Surface soil, grayish-brown or brown. Subsoil, lighter in color. Soil strongly calcareous. Frio series. Surface soil, grayish-brown to brown. Subsoil, brown to yellow. Soil not calcareous. Ochlockonee series. ' Upland Soils- Surface soil, grayish to brownish; subsurface soil, brown to yellow; Subsoil, red. Oahaba series. 36 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION wvQOm wvOow . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%®—U kwwfiihh @COW @Oom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QANTv QZTIwTR/UQ fivOOw RIQ~ Uocw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO@ »fl.wvflflw Qflwpv %NQJ v09“ wuocm %vocw .-. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~.... .... . . . . . . . ... - . . . . . . . . . . . ..%N@Q woom woom 33 3 wfi M3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....Ewo_¢:mwE>S finvmvw t°°@ wucow --.- . . . . . . . . - . . . . . ...co.........-. . . . . . ...............>@@Uwfim@>h% .@Q°® wvoom . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .»@N@U ¥UN@Q cofimfiwcm Unvom toom .-......- . . . . . . _ ......-...... . . . . . ... . . . . . . ..........>%.N@UQQQW:QT§ @Qow UOQW ..-.... . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~.....\flfl_UO.T~m UOOW wvonvw vonvw -.-. . . . . . . . . . . . . .......-............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......-..>%fi__.vw@=m nmE woow woow wm ow mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I122". QQREU b3 hm hm om vm mH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............IEwo~ 3E3 2E mnwamU avoo wvOQ -..- . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......~AN—Q c930.» Eva . 0E: nflfion Eva @334 uiosnwonn cumobwz ‘Enfiom @333 oioanmonn o>$o< E04 39% mEEom v64 whom 5Q Evian E wufimznmwwoa FSU insoU mwzwQ we wmom v3.25 Mo mowfimcm “o nofifiohioficfilfil Snap. 37 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS ... . .. .... .. .. .. .. ...... . ... ......QOhO wvq-M -®OTn|.ZOB.g|l%N@O~m@imT~r? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . QOhO wvflfl .aDJNhOm|l$Ow£5m||%d~O hfixfiur? ... . . . . .. ... ..q.. .. .. .. . ...........QOh0$m.@ J~MOOIZOB§T%_N@O Ex. 3 2 N? m2 w . a m. z. . . . . . . . . d3» EN .a2NsIQNraT>qs Nxxnib cNNNN 2a 3 fi. f: W? m. E o. 2 . . . . . . . . . doav a2 dNoo|o¢NN5m|>Nxo 55.5. oNNmw S. . . . . . . . . . . S a. xN .2. o. xN Y3 . . . no.6 xEN d5xmhom|zofism|maxu New’; mNNww 2: .. . . . . . . . mN o.mN m4: 9: NNN . .. . . . . . . dob 5x éhvolmcwssmlmfio wciix mNNww 3x . . . . .. .. 3 oNm m; Q2 92 . . . . . . . . .95 EN .a§_NqoI§§mlNqs NEEH vNNww NS .... . ... NN NNN g T2 3N . .............N.E E asOLQNNETNNz Natx NNNNN -q...qq.- .-q ..q. q-qqq . . - . ‘.-q-.-.....q..4.N_» x35 coiaofl 5E. u: qq 001010100 v q q-qq qq . >ilininngoho . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . NQN . . .195 xEN isxwhomlouawémlmwxu x22; coamnofl 5E. q-q qq.» , qqq~ .q .-q. q. . .......q-QQMQ€E? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O »QOHQOOI$ODQ5TENO@ %@fldm 0E Nfifififlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QQOQO Uum NWNQQBOTZOEQGIENAZ Nmwvflfim 0§@ fififlfifio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QOMO wvflfl NEEwhOQIIZ-Qmnaawfafim; %@Q.Nm QQ@ Bdfldo ...: . .. . .. OAQQOIQOHQ Hum éhOTfiOfifiwlladg %@Gdm 0.9% dfldfido . .. .. . ......... . .. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . ZQOMO fium NmGOQBOOIIOONwHDM|ENHJ %@ifim Q§@ dQflQ-no w» mm S 9E w; W... w. mm . . . . . . . . d9; xEN .a=NNq¢@l8%=mIsN¢_ I252 2a Newfio 3Q: m3 3‘ Nx @.NN NQN 2 wNN . . . . . . . . Q95 fix éhoioaiwTamox zucam 2E NQENO 3N2 m2 ...... E c.NN max mQN oaN .... . . . . . . . I 4 . . . . . 4 . . . O , . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . 13.5 EN iaxwhomioowwzflTzwxo =vm NNNNN 8N . .. 5 i: m.» NNH 9w- .. Q95 x2 aNQQIQQ€=QINNNQ=Qm mNNwn wNN . . . . . . E mtwN ¢.@N 2N N . Nm E95 EN .8=xw.6N|~2NNB@|bN€ =5 NNNw- N? i" NNN “.3 “NH wNN 148.5 a2 ..:¢v|@¢Nr=m|NN_o=@m NNNNN E3 x233 Eon cowobx: SE58“ xmwaom , oioxnmoxm nvmobxz Nsoxfi? Qioxnwoxm Qsoxfi? v2.38? 22am? .28 25a ma? dz bNA .23 5a mExmnn E .G>P.N.~UJ..SB woo“ ENE No mfizmimoa =80 mifiw E. 32o Emma? N/JEQOQ mdZdQ *0 mmom i0 Bcofiiunnu wOnwlHmm 33GB 38 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Surface soil, brown to reddish-brown or red. Subsoil, red. Amite series. Surface soil, grayish or brownish. Subsoil yellow. Kalmia series. Surface soil, grayish-brown 0r brown; subsurface yellow; gray sub- soil. Leaf series. , Surface soil, ashy-gray to black. Subsoil, asliy-gray, dark-gray, 0r black stiff plastic clay. Irving series. Surface soil, black subsoil, black or bluish-gray soil and subsoil. Cal- careous. Bell series. Surface soil, brown to dark-brown. Subsoil, light-brown to yellowish- brown. Lewisville series. _ Surface soil, black or brown. Subsoil, brown, yellow, grayish 0r dark- bluish-gray. Soil and subsoil calcareous. Houston series. Surface soil, brown to greenish-brown. Subsoil, gI'€0IllSll—l)I‘O\Vl1 to olive-dusk. Ellis series. Condensed Description of Soils 0f Dallas County Bell e111)’ is black or dark-ashy-gray clay, which either shows but little change in the 3-foot section or passes into ashy-black or dark- ashy-gray clay having a faint bluish cast. It is very sticky when wet, but easily cultivated at the proper time. It is of extensive occurrence in all parts of the county, on old stream terraces high above the stream bottoms. The surface is almost level with poor surface drainage. Nearly all is cultivated. Cahaba fine Sand is a grayish-brown to brownish-gray loamy fine sand grading into yellow loamy fine sand. It occurs in small areas on the low terraces of the Trinity River, West Fork, and Elm Fork bottoms. Nearly all is in cultivation. Cotton, corn, and sorghum are grown but the soil is too light for them. It is well suited to vegetables, peanuts, sweet potatoes, watermelons, and fruit, such as peaches, grapes, plums, and other small fruits. Cahabfl fine Sandy 1031111 is a brown, grayish-brown, yellowish-brown, or pale~yellow friable fine sand to loamy fine sand below which is a red to reddish-yellow friable fine sandy clay. It occurs in several areas of more than a square mile in extent around Irving, in the western part of the county. The surface is gently rolling with good drainage. The soil holds moisture well in dry seasons. Most of this soil is in cultivation to cotton, corn, and vegetables. Catfllpa e18)’ is a brown clay passing into light-brown to yellowish- brown or grayish clay. It occurs as bottoms along Mountain Creek and some of its tributaries. The surface is nearly level and the drainage is imperfect. Cotton and corn, with some sorghum, are the main crops. Chalk represents are-as where the chalk—“white rock”——comes to the surface or is covered by not more than 2 or 3 inches of grayish soil. None of this is in cultivation, but is in pasture. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 39 Ellis Clay is a brown or slightly greenish-brown, waxy, heavy clay, underlain by greenish-yellow or light-greenish-brown, plastic, sticky (when wet),vheavy clay. The surface is very rolling to hilly, and many of the slopes are very steep, and subjected t0 severe erosion. The soil is mainly used for pasturage. Fria clay is a brown or grayish-brown silty clay with a subsoil lighter in color. The surface soil crumbles on drying and becomes very mellow and loose with cultivation. The area is small. This is a first-bottom soil. Most of it is cultivated to cotton andcorn. Fri0 10am is a grayish-brown loam below which is a brown, yelloxvish- brown, or yellow loam or fine sandy loam or in some places silty clay. It occurs in a few small areas in the western part of the county along the West Fork of the Trinity River and along Denton Creek. The sur- face is flat’ and is covered by overflows occasionally, but the drainage is fair. Most of it is under cultivation. HOIIStOn black 61a)’ is a very dark-bluish-gray to black clay with dark- bluish-gray or black clay subsoil. It is the most extensive soil type, occurring in large bodies throughout the northern, northeastern, and southern parts of the county. The surface is gently rolling to rolling. The soil holds water well in dry weather. Practically all is in culti- vation to cotton, corn, and grain. HOHStOII clay is a brown or grayish-brown to dark-brown or dark-gray- ish-brown clay, which grades into lighter-colored grayish-brown or brown clay which abruptly passes into grayish-yellow clay containing whitish limo material. It ‘occurs in a large number of small areas principally in the southern and northeastern parts of the county. The surface is- rolling, with many rather steep slopes. Most of it is in cultivation. Irving clay is a dark-ashy-gray to ashy-black or very dark-ashy-brown clay, underlain by very tough, dark-gray, black, or bluish-gray clay. It is not a very extensive soil. The surface is nearly level, with slow drain- age, though usually sufficient for crops. Most of it is in cultivation, chiefly to cotton, corn, oats, sorghum, and some wheat. Irving fine Sandy loam is a dark-gray or ashy-gray to brownish-gray, heavy fine sandy loam, below which is a dark-gray, heavy clay. It occurs in numerous small fiat areas, with poor surface drainage. Most of it is in cultivation to cotton and corn. Irving Silt 10am is a gray or ashy-gray silt loam passing abruptly into an ashy-gray, sticky, plastic clay. It occurs on old terraces. The area is small but most of it is in cultivation to corn, cotton, oats, and sorghum. Kallnia fine Sand is a gray or brownish-gray, loose, fine sand, under- lain by pale-yellow, loose, fine sand. It is nearly level and has good 4O BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION drainage, water passing downward through the loose subsoil. Most of it is cultivated to early vegetables, grapes, and berries. The soil drifts badly where unprotected. Leaf fine Sandy 10am is a brown fine sandy loam grading into a yel- lowish-brown, brownish-yellow, or pale-yellow fine sand or fine sandy loam below Which is a yellowish-brown sandy clay loam, which passes into heavy, stiff, plastic clay, mottled red, yellowish-brown, and gray. It is extensive. The topography is flat to gently rolling. Most of it is cul~ tivated to cotton, corn, and sorghum. The better drained areas are ivell suited to vegetables and fruits. Leaf grayelly Sandy 10am is a brown to dark-brown sandy loam, below which is a stifi, plastic red clay or a mottled red and yellow or red and yellowish-brown, stiff, plastic clay. It is of slight extent. Nearly all of it is cultivated to cotton, corn, wheat, and oats. ‘ Lewisville day is a brown to rather dark-brown clay, light-brown to yellowish-brown clay subsoil. It occurs in nearly all sections of the county. The topography is mainly gently rolling, with good surface drainage. Most of it is in cultivation. It is considered to be a pro~ ductive soil. It has good internal drainage and dries out and warms up early in the spring. Qchlockonee ¢1ay 10am is a brown or dark-brown clay loam or sandy clay loam, underlain by yellow or brownish-yellow sandy clay loam or clay. It occurs in two small areas in the bottoms along Bear Creek and Delaware Branch in the western part of the county. Although nearly level, it has fair surface drainage. Part of it is utilized for pasture and part in growing cotton, corn, and sorghum. Trinity day is a very dark-brown to black clay, which grades into light-brown, brown; or black clay. It is an extensive type and occupies the bottom lands along most of the rivers and smaller streams. The sur- face is flat. It is subject to overflows that destroy crops. Most of it is in cotton and corn. It is a very rich and productive soil, and is com- paratively ‘easy to cultivate when the moisture conditions are right. SOILS OF ERATH COUNTY Twenty types of soil were mapped in Erath county, included in 13 series. The residual upland soils are classed in the Windthorst, Nimrod, Denton, Erath, San Saba, and Brackett series. The alluvial terrace soils or the‘ second bottoms are classed as Lewisville and Bastrop series. The first-bottom soils are included in the Frio and Trinity series. ‘he Windthorst and Nimrod are classed as non-calcareous, while the Den- ton, Erath, San Saba, and Brackett are calcareous. The alluvial soils are all calcareous, though the Bastrop soils are not calcareous in the upper part. The Windthorst fine sandy loam is the most extensive typo occupying 29.5 per cent of the area and is also extensively cultivated. 41 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS mownsm QQQQ Efinm ouflinm 2.3% MI. Nmlw M w Tm MI. =03 2w ooflinm =9€m “Sufism zofiew Qowfl mafia 335m =¢E=w n25 zomnsm 335m MEI: w Tm mlo 103cm n25 103mm oumfinm $.13 m. To wmém §$ wlo Maori =¢3=w 33.5w wwl: 24.. alo =8?» QwwD =¢E=w 335m firm E E25 uumfsm £1 To wmém $1. wlo hhhhhdfl o>Nmommmmo>~ Smuhbhhn hhbhfib vs“ hwhhh IYDLO O$©%N@Q Hm-monfihtfiza --|-¢.u..»--u-u.-.--%wimw%€ickaflhl .--.-..u-.hwénvhirgkhh~ .. .. ......~@G~O>.~@Q@HP . . . $20 wnmm cam . . . SEQ anmm amm 6.5m 9E was: Z 65$ 2E no.5: Z ...-..........-.- . 4E2: 32:3 3E >55 oih . . . . . . E52 hvcmm 9E 50> oih . . . . . . .Emo_ 325w 3E 50> cit .452: ma? 5mm aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ewo_ an? 2% 2E . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5.82 >2» 32m oih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ifimnzoim . . . . . ...........Ewo_ow~m .......E~o_ aim . . . . . . . . . . 4E2: 3E3 2E aim . . . . . . . . . . . .55: 32:3 vcE 0CD . . . . . . . . .......Ewo_>@=ww@nEoCm ........................%W—O fififlhm . . . . a»¢¢--u--oao-¢0O.>~?o:\5fl1%m . . . . #52 235G .Emo_:ofi$Q .Ewo~co~=on_ . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ewo_ 3E3 occ QQEQQ . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ewo_ 35mm 2E soififl . . . . . . . . . . .85.: human vsE QoEQQ ...-........QI...ENO@>N@UHMOHQQQ . . . . . . . . . ....Emo_>w_o nogcofl . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .Ewo_ ha? cofiEQ . . . SEQ EESQ . . . . . ..................>w_u:ofi$Q ' . . . - . - » . . . . - - . - . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . £83 53o hi? “Ewxowpm . . . . . . . . . .252 52o >36 uaoxowhm . . . . . . . . . . . .252 >2“. 3mm fioxoahm . . . - . . . . . . . . .ENQ@ >zw>flkm HHUXUGHm . . . . . . . . . . . . .55: >=v>w~m Soxowhm . . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >32 2E QPSwmM . . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 35mm 9E Qobmmm . . . . . . . . . . . 4cm“: 355w 2E @9225 3:2: AEQQ E3 .50 swfioa MZQS-Om E04. 42 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION The Denton stony clay occupies 18.7 per cent, the Denton clay 5.7’ per cent, and the Frio fine sandy loam 5.1 per cent. COIIIPOSitiOII 0f SOiIS- The composition of the soils of Erath county is given in Table 16 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 17. The upland and first-bo-ttom soils on an average contain fairly good supplies of phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and are well supplied with potash. The terrace soils are not so well supplied with phosphoric acid and nitrogen. The Bastrop fine sandy loam, Brackett gravelly loam, Denton fine sandy loam, Nimrod fine sand, Windthorst clay 10am, and W indthorst fine sandy loam have a corn possibility of 12 to 24 bushels to the acre for active phosphoric acid, which indicates a need for phos- phoric acid as a fertilizer. With the exception of the Denton fine sandy loam, the nitrogen is also low, the corn possibility being 18 to 28 bushels. None of the samples examined were acid, and many of them are high in lime. Pot Experiments» The results of some pot experiments o11 soils of Erath county are given in Table 18. Applications of phosphoric acid and nitrogen caused increased growth of the plants in all the pot experi- ments. Applications of potash resulted in little or no increase in, growth. The corn possibility of the plant food taken up by the crops is shown i11 the table. Fertilizers- The soil types mentioned above which are low in nitro- gen and active phosphoric acid, may respond to phosphatic and nitrog- enous fertilizers when the rainfall and other climatic conditions are favorable to an increase in yields. Fertilizers are being used in Erath county at the present time, and about 450 tons was sold in the county in 1930. Lime- No need for applications of lime is indicated by the analyses. No acid soils were found; the soils were either neutral or slightly alkaline. Classification of Soil Types Bottom-land Svils- Surface soil, brown with a broxvn silbsoil, calca- reous. Frio series. Surface soil, black with brown or gray subsoil, calcareous. Trinity series. Upland SOiIS- Surface soil, grayish-brown. Subsoil, stiff red clay and gray below 2O inches generally, non-calcareous. Windthorst series. Surface soil, light-grayish-brown. Subsoil, light-brown or yellow, showing gray rnottling in wet places. Soil non-calcareous. Nimrod series. Surface soil, brown with a light yellowish or grayish-brown chalky subsoil, soil is calcareous. Denton series. Surface soil, brown or light-brown. Subsoil, heavy a11d variegated, 43 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS woow wvoow ._UQO@ . - . . O . OO > i i O 2 O .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emwoé >tgflw Ugmpv dmhogwwunhw>?? cmi 95w 95w wmowm NW mom . . . . . ............pxxxmmHxxxnnnwwflwwnfiflx:5%Eofiofi; UOOM $00M Mm. mpmm. MM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {nwivm-Wv OQMGOOF omwm woow 32 MN M: wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doom Mona nwfiomocihmwfi wvQQw wvOOm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E®O~ ~fiwvfiflw UQ€ ~fih0> OAR“ a h ooo woow IN mv mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IEmo woo k» 2 o? 1W5 doom Uoom wm: m6 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p. .E~u@o, oih ooom ooom ooow m2 mm wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IIENO a on” oou oih smE ooow ooom 3i ow mw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. Sm o w mph swfi ooow ooow S: om mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582M cwwooow- JO WOO UOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~CNO_ ~mUG~ww Qfla GOQCQQ w o woom ooow owfl om no .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IEmo I? o no co JOMS UOOM 100w mNw Ow ma» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ITITLQGOOGQM UOOW UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO~ %N_O kflwfim uavinvflum I UOOW UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO ~m Mf/Nhw O Uflu voom 26w ooow m2 m2 mm .... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4on2 Wwzmmw oocowovwomaw smwooa Eow o5: £223 goo @334 oioaawonn comoofiZ @333 oSEom oioaowona . @334 . Eo< Eo< oEZom . v64 ooom ova floswsn E wogmfiwwon EoU @1500 53M “o mmow oowfiom Mo womfimca wo :oSwoooQoooc~|.h~ 22mm. 44 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION En N. “N w . I o4: EEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A88 2E .8:Ew~o.T|=omn=m|E~o~ 3.53 2E EEQEEEB gNwfi 1 a - - . . - - . . .%.X% ¢. X @ .1? n - - . - . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . ~ cNN 2E mdN NEE .. . . .455 2E éaakowlwowwsmladfi; 228w 2E 022522“? ENE 2». 23 5S N? .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 48.6 i: .F~ool&oé._sm|fl@o_ 3E3 2E #2223255 Mam: Q3 2 QNN Q2 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . don. 2E .a=gwsml=..fiwmlaflo_ 3E5 2E 2:22.58 BN2 3.5 Wm o. S n. EN .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3212 ._=.=.|=¢B=m|aa.~ >223 2E EBQEEEEB 8N3 NAN Q3 EEN w? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . d3» 2_N .a=nwkowl=ofi5lsdo_ 35S 2E 9222.2? ENE “EN m5 Q2 mQN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9.8 E5 .EoQ|=cEET|Eao_ 325m 2E EEQEEEE? woNwfi o. 5 2D N . x a . 5 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . no.6 2E .aa~wsmloo.wralafio_ 35$ 2E 620E825,» 3N2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amps amm ,F~OO|QO.fl.t5m|awO_ EUGNQ 05% amunvflawflig “EN . . . . . . . . PNN . . . . . . . ..1.288EmEofioolzomnsmlmwfinnamgm fiNwfi X . . - - - ¢ . - n - 1 . . . . . . @. - - . . . - . . - . . . . . . . - . . . - . . - - . mdm . .. . . . EEN .. . ..............:Qo.6_._mE"Eovlzomnumlafiowpwmcam 2N3 ... -- w .»-.¢...-...-...».-...'-.-.Qc-=v Nut“ N.NN 53$ . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . ..........ao$ a2 éwcoluuwuhsmlnwfio 3E sum NENwH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TNw . . A88 E3. d5mwkom|amofinmlwcwm 2E wobiz Mfimm . . . . . . . . . .. . . 2 Nm . . . . . . 11.2.6 Em .Eo9.|=omn=w|wn§_ 2E EAEEZ 5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ma: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926 2E .E:Ew._om|mo@n=mlw=¢m 2E 2552 wgm . . . . . . . .. »-.-..'¢- -- -- ¢..... . . . . ..- . . . - . . . . . ¢ . . . | . . ..- . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. ma“. I . . . . . .. W? . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Q96 n? _mwwnkovlmomnsmliwo_ 3.5% 2E aim 2N2 . 22.. .. . . . . E . . .. 2mm ....do$ Eméofioolzomnzwlfiwfi;>2EQQHE aim ENE . 5cm . . . . . . o. on . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . .95 2E .E=Ew~om|=omn_a|8@o_ 3E5 2E aim SNwH . . .. . oEN .. Z . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d2» BE d~oolmownswliwoTmvcaw 2E 01m SNNH .. NA: MNE oQN YNN . . . . . . . . . .do$2~N.E=Ew.~omlao£ba|n§o_mwswmvcmoih ENE kw n15 ... ... .. ... .................QO.~Q_umm _CQOO|IQO_N%MDQ‘EGQ~%wviflm®~w@.nv@hn% 3 NEE. fiNN mEN f: . .. . . . . . . . 1.38.6 2E .a2_w:.?1:e§m|§_o 202:5 ENE ..-..-.- ..-....-... - ..- ...-~.<...._..-....QQ.~Q5W€ 22» e325 23 cwwobwn 35min.» Emflom oioanwonm =§£z 222E? 02.22am.“ 9223MB @3388 322B é? ma? ma? .2 . w. E3 =5 @1525 E 652225.; 38w E 396 GENE? n A 2.3 £83 we armfimmom F80 3560 23.2w we E8 no 2225512222» “Elm: £23.. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 45 red, maroon, purple, gray, brown and loright-yellow (aolors are found. Soil is calcareous. Erath series. Surface soil, black. Subsoil, dark-gray or brown to a lighter grayish or yellowish-brown. Soil calcareous. San Saba series. Surface soil, very light“ grayish-brown or yjelloudsh-broxvii to almost white. Soil is calcareous. Brackett series. Surface soil, brown to dark-brown. Subsoil, light-brown to yellowish.- brown. Soil is calcareous. Lewisville series. Surface soil, brown to reddish-brown. Subsoil, red more or less mot- tled with yellow. Bastrop series. Condensed Description of Soils of Erath County BaSiIOD fine Sandy 10am consists of brown to reddish-brown fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand, underlain by red stiff clay mottled with yellow gray. It occurs in the Paluxy, Armstrong, and Bosque Valleys, on benches not subject to overflow. It has good surface and underdrainage. The area is small and most of it is under cultivation. Brackait gravelly 10am is a light-gray, grayish-brown, or brownish- gray friable gravelly loam or gravelly clay loam, passing into grayish- yellow or cream-colored gravelly, marly clay or silty clay loam with some layers of gravelly clay loam. It occupies gently to rather steep slopes and in places is gullied. The surface drainage is adequate. The area is small and very little is cultivated. Braakett Silt)’ clay 10am consists of light-gray or pale-yellowish-l)rown silt loam to silty clay loam, passing into light-grayish or pale-yellowish silty clay to clay containing varying amounts of white limy material. The area is small. None of it is cultivated and it furnishes only poor pasturage. Dent0n 01a)’ is a brown to dark-brown clay passing into lighter clay and then into yellowish-brown friable clay, which contains limy material. it occurs most extensively in the prairies from Selden to Chalk Moun- tain, and scatteringly on the high divides. The surface drainage is ade- quate. The underdrainage is moderately good. It is a strong, produc- tive soil and practically all cultivated. Dent0n 01a)’ 10am is a brown to dark-brown friable clay loam, i11 places ranging to nearly black, underlain by a light-brown or yelloxvish-broizvn friable clay loam or clay, with some whitish limy material. It is widely distributed over the county. The surface is gently to moderately sloping, and seldom gullied. It is important because it is the best soil on many farms partly consisting of rough and stony soils. Most of it is planted to cotton, corn, oats, and the grain sorghums. This soil is rather droughty, and it is most productive in seasons of good rainfall. D0nt0n fine Sandy10aln consist of brown to dark-brown, friable, fine sandy loam, underlain by lighter-brown or yellowish-brown friable clay 46 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION loam to clay. It occurs in many areas scattered through the central and southern parts of the county. It has a gently sloping t0 moderately sloping surface, and is Well suited to farming operations. Good surface drainage is provided by nunnnerous draws and streams. It produces very Well in average seasons, but crops do not succeed on it so Well in dry seasons. Dent0n 10am consists of a brown to (lark-brmvn friable loam passing into lighter brown or }'C‘llO\VlSlI—lJI‘O\N'II friable silty clay loam or clay. Its principal use is for pasture. Dent0n S¢0nY 01a)’ consist of dark-brown clay underlain by grayish or yellowish-brown, friable, calcareous clay resting on marl or lime- stone at depths varying from about 10 to 30 inches. Limestone frag- ments are scattered over the surface and through the soil and subsoil. It is almost entirely in pasture. Efath 01a)’ is a brown to light-brown clay, passing into heavy clay of various colors. In places this subsoil clay is in the upper part dark red mottled with purple and i11 the lower part gray or yellow; in other places the layers are reversed. The surface is gently sloping and eroded in places. The drainage is good. It is of small area, little cultivated, but used for pasture. F 1'10 fine Sandy 10am is a brown or grayish-brown to dark-brown fri- ble fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand passing into lighter-brown fine sandy loam, which continues with variations to considerable depths. The largest areas are along the Bosque River. The surface is flat, but both surface drainage and internal drainage are good. This is the most extensive alluvial soil in the county, although its total area is not large. About 90 per cent of it is cleared and cultivated. F r10 10am consists of brown to dark-brown loam passing into lighter- bro\vn or grayish-brown friable loam to silty clay loam, underlain by light-gray or light-yellowish-brown, moderately calcareous loam to clay loam. This soil does not occupy a very large area, but is important as one of the best soils in the rougher sections of the county. F 1'10 S1113’ 01a)’ 10am consists of a brown to dark-brown friable silty clay loam or silt loam passing abruptly into brown silty clay loam, underlain by brown or dark-brown silty clay, which grades into grayish- brown friable to slightly dense silty clay. It is first-bottom land. The surface is flat or gently sloping, with good surface drainage. The larger part is planted to cotton, corn, and oats. Fri0 very fine Sandy 10am consists of brown to dark-brown, smooth, friable, very fine sandy loam, passing into dark-brown loam to silty clay loam or silty clay, which grades into lighter brown, grayish-brown, or yellowish-brown friable clay loam. It occurs in the Paluxy, Arm- strong, and Bosque bottoms. It has a fiat surface and is subject to THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 47 overflow. While total area is small, it is prized as good farming land, productive in all but extremely dry seasons. Lewisville clay 10am consists of brown to dark-brown clay loam to a silty clay loam passing into brown clay, and this in turn into yellowish- brown friable clay to clay loam. It occurs chiefly along South Paluxy and Richardson Creeks. The topography is flat to sloping. Surface drainage is excellent, and the porous substratum provides good under- drainage and aeration. The area is too small to be of much importance, but the soil yields well. Nimr0d fine Sand is a gray or light-grayish-brown, loose fine sand, below which is a very light-yellowish or grayish-yellow, incoherent fine sand. It occurs in scattered areas on flattish divides, swales, and hill- sides with very gently to rather steep slopes. The soil remains cold and wet late in the spring. It is relatively unimportant because of its small extent and its natural deficiencies. The principal crops are cot- ton, corn, and peanuts. San Saba 6133' consists of black heavy clay, underlain by dark-brown clay, passing beneath into grayish or yellowish-brown friable clay con- taining white, soft, limy material. The topography is nearly flat, slightly sloping or basinlike. This is one of the most productive soils in the county and practically all of it is cultivated. In dry years crops fail except in seepy spots. Trinity clay consists of very dark-brown toblack clay, underlain by dark-brown, dark-ashy-gray, grayish-brown, or yellowish-brown calcare- ous clay. It occurs in the bottoms of streams in all parts of the county. The surface is faintly sloping to flat. The drainage is fairly good but the land is subject to overflow. 1t is not very extensive, but it is prac- tically all under cultivation, and is regarded as one of the best soils in the county. Willdthflrst clay 10am is a reddish-brown clay loam to brown sandy clay loam, passing into red or brownish-red heavy clay, which in places is mottled with yellow and gray in the lower depths. The clay subsoil is usually quite stiff. This type is small in extent, and little of it is cul- tivated. Its principal use is for pasture. WiIIdthOYSt fine Sandy 10am consists of brown to grayish-brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam, underlain by stiff red clay or fine sandy clay, mottled with yellow. The topography ranges from nearly flat and gently undulating or sloping to rather steeply sloping and gullied. The subsoil is impervious and rather unfavorable to underdrainage and aera- tion. It is the most extensive and important soil type in the county. It is Well suited to growing crops under the prevailing climatic condi- tions, and is easy to cultivate. Most of it is cultivated to cotton, corn, and peanuts; it is also suitable for orchards. 48 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Willdthflfst Stony fine Sandy 10am consists of reddish-brown to brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam, underlain by red or brownish-red fine sandy clay to stiff clay with lenses of yellowish sandy material. It usually grades into partly weathered sandstone, underlain by solid sand- stone, within three feet of the surface. Angular fragments of the red- dish or brownish rock are present on the surface and in the soil. Prac- tically none- of it is cleared or cultivated. SOILS OF HARRIS COUNTY The soils of Harris county are separated into series on the basis of common origin and similarity of color, topography, and drainage. Twenty-nine soil types representing 15 series have been mapped. The Coast Prairie region occupies the main part of the county. The i11terior Flat Woods region is found in the northern part, though it ex- tends to some other parts. The soil types of the Coast Prairie are classed as Lake Charles, Edna, Morse, Acadia, Harris, Katy, and Hockley series. The upland soil types of the interior Flat Woods are classed as Norfolk, Orangeburg, Susquehanna, Lufkin, Caddo, and Kalmia series. The bottom-land soils are of the Ochlockonee and Trinity series. The Lake Charles clay occupies 24.6 per cent of the county, the Lake Charles clay loam 16.8 per cent, the Katy fine sandy loam 11 per cent, the Acadia very fine sandy loam 7.4 per cent, and the Acadia clay 5.2 per cent. The other types occupy relatively small percentages of the county. COIIIPOSitiOII 0f Sflils- The average analyses of the soils of Harris county are given in Table 19 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 20. The soils of this county are, on an average, somewhat low in nitrogen, active phosphoric acid and active potash though better supplied with potash than with the. others. The Flat Woods soils of the upland average the lowest, the Coastal Plain soils come next, a11d the first-bottom soils are the best, on an average. The corn possibility (Table 20) for active phosphoric acid is 12 to 21 bushels per acre, with the exception of the Harris fine sandy loam, which is 30, and the Trinity clay, which is 4:5. The total nitrogen has a corn possibility of 13 to 28, except the Acadia clay, which is 33; the Harris clay, which is 58 3 the Lake Charles clay, which is 38; the Ochlockonee clay, which is 38, and the Trinity clay, which is 63. The active potash is also low in many of the samples, being less than 62 in all except six of the soil types. Many of the samples of Harris county soils are slightly acid, having a pH slightly lower than 6, but most of the samples with an acidity lower than pH 6 (Table 19) are subsoils. The surface soils which are acid, include Acadia clay, Lufkin clay loam, Norfolk fine sand, Och- lockonee sand, Susquehanna clay loam, and Susquehanna fine sandy 9 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 22002250 500D n._0 0020 0020 002 002 0m. N2 0N0. 02.0. ............ . . . . 2.2020 00200220 0.202 22002250 N.0 00. m0. 0N2 mm. Nn. m2 0N0. mno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5020 00200.20 0.2012 00025.0 n 0 m2 2 .0m 2m2 .20N 00. NN N00. 2N2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5020 00220220 00202 .. ... . 220 500D N.0 om. 02. 0n 00. N0. 0 2020. 02.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 22.500 05¢ 52002 00.300 2.0 2.2.. 2N. 0n 02. 00. 22 020. 2m0. ...............5002>2500 05¢ 30M 000250 N . 0 020. m2 . N0 N2. 00. 02 2N0. 3.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 022.500 05¢ 050$ 22o0225m 2.0 no. 00. 20. . . . . . m20. m20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..250002520v2 000205m 2.0 .. mo. . . . . N2. nm. . . . . . . . .. 2N0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12500025202 22o2002m2|mm2 n . m m0. mN. m0 02. nm. 02 m20. m20. . . . . . . . . . . . I502 520500 05¢ 02520v2 .. 500D n.m o0. 0N. 0n 02. 2m. m2 0N0. 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 52.500 05¢ 02520! 22002250 0 . m 02.. 02 . 0.0 0o. 0m. n2 NNo. omo. . . . . . . . . . . . . .5002 02500 05¢ 0252002 000250 0.0 0.... 02. 002 00. 02.. mN 0200. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 52.500 05¢ 0252002 0m|0N 0m 0N. 2.2. 0n 02. 200. n 0N0. mmo. .. . . . . . . . . . .5002 52500 05¢ 0202020022 25.0.5.0 n.m 22. 22. 02. no. 02. 02 22o. n00. . .. . . . . . . . . . .5002 52500 05¢ 0202020002 000225w 20.0 n2. n2. 0m n0. 02. 0N NNo. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . .502 02.500 05¢ 50202005 0m|02 m .0 02.. 00. 0N2 00. 00. 02 n20. 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5002 022.500 05¢ 0220022 02lo N.0. 22. m2. 0N2 02. Nm. mm 2200. 2.00. ..... . . . . . . 150252.500 05¢ 0200002 1-%& 0O . - - - .. - . . . ... | - . . . . . -. . - . ~ - . -..--.-» ' . - - . - @|@ .... .. . . . . . . . . .. .......... . . . . . .....%N—Uw2h.:wm 500G 0 .0 00. 2N. 20 m0.. mm. m2 220. mNo. . . . . . . . . . . . 002 52.500 05¢ 50> 052.0 22002250 0.0 Nm. 02. m0 mo. 0m. 202 N20 0N0. . . . . . . . . . .5002 22500 05¢ 50> 052.222 220055.10 0002.50 m .0 mN. m2. 2.... 00. 0m. 02 22o. n20. . . . . . . . . . .5002 02.500 05¢ 50> 052.0 0012.0 Nm 0m. N2 0N2 o2. o2 .2 o2 020. 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 .2500 05¢ 02.2.00 2.002 0.0 mN. N2. 002 mo. 00. 0 2020. 0N0. ....... . . . . . .502 222500 05¢ 02.2.00 0T... 0.0 02. 22. 00 00. 00. 22 020. m20. .............5002%2.50005¢o2.2.00 mlo 0.0 m2. 02. 2m2 00. 2w. o2 mNo. 2.00. .............502%2.50005¢ 2.2.00 0m|m2 0.m 02. 2 02.. 002 2N. mn. 22 2.20. 000. . . . . . . . .5002 5.2.500 05¢ 50> 022.004 2.0200 0.0 00. N2. mm 00. n20. 22 020. 0N0. . . . . . . . . .5002 >2500 05¢ 50> 022.004 8250 20.0 00. mN. Nn 00. Nm. 2~N nN0. n20. . . . . . . . . .5002 52.500 05¢ 50> 022.004 0m|w2 N.m 02.. NN. m22 02. 00. 0 02o. 2.200. .............50o2>2.500 05220220004 w2|0 0.m o2. 00. 00 22. N0. 02 05.. 200. . . . . . . ..... 1500252500 05¢ 022.004 0:0 2 .0 mN. 200. mN2 n0. 00. 0N NNo. 2.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . .5002 022.500 05¢ 022.004 0m|02 0.n No.2 20. 02» 02. 02.. m2 N20 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 .2020 022.004 22002250 n.0 n0. 02». 00 m2. 2.2.. 0 m20. 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5002 >020 022.004 0002050 0.0 NN. 2.2.. 0N 202. 2.2.. N2 n20. 020. 1.5025020 022.004 00|0 m0 No.2 0n. n0 2.2. 2.2.. 0N m20. 002. . . . . 022.004 0I0. n.m o2. 0m. Nn 22. 0.... 22 N00. 002. . . . . . . . . >020 022.004 2500 .205 5022225 2500 .205 0500 .205 5022225 .2500 .205 005052 225 2500 005 0522 .205 . 2200205 2200205 .205 .00 .0525 2500 .205 525002 522000.02 >220200m2 02225200 2200205 02225200 2020.2. .00 .0525 2020.2. 5000.52 72 2.204 0>2204 2.204 00/2204 ~fl222220mv 020.2022 m0 02200 wO 000>2054Ia02 025GB 50 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION wwlwH wéh. mv HN. ww NH. v0. wN 0v0. 55v. .... . . . .552 355m vac $558230 wH|w 5.... 0w. wH. w0H w0. 00. wH 555. “v0. . . . . . . . .552 355m vac vvaoxvoEvC w|0 5.5 0w. wH. w0H w0. ww. 0N 0m0. 0w0. . . . . . . . .552 355m vac vvaozvocAvC wwlwH N.w mN. Nw. 0“ w0. wH. vH wH0. Hwc. ....... . . . . . . 255m vac vviévsaoav wHlw v.w 0N. “0. vm HN. N“. NH NHO. 0H0 . . . . . . . . .. . . . .Hva5m vac vvaoxvoccvO w|0 N.w vw. wH. ww “0. v“. 0H HNO. mv0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255m vac vvaoAvoEvO wwlmH w . w 0v. H m0. wwH NN. N“. vN Hm0. 0w0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S53 8.652.230 comnam 0.“ 5m . H w0. NwH wH. “w. Nw 0M0. Nw0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $53 8.658200 v2.55 N.“ wHN Hm. H wNH “H. 0w. 0v “v0. wwH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . (n53 52658200 wwlwN H .5 0N. w0. ww HH. wv. 0H 0H0. v8. . . . . . . . .552 £55m vac >av> 5.282 wNlwH 5.... 0N. w0. 55 “0. 0v. 0H 0N0. NNO. . . . . . . . .552 355m vac ab... £882 wH|0H H.w wH. “o. ww HH. 0w. 0H wH0. “H0. . . . . . . . .552 >H55m vac >av> V2252 0H|v w .w wH. w0. vw w0. 0m. mH wH0. “N0. . . . . . . . .552 355m vac 53> 5562 v|0 “.w mm. wH. vvH 0H. vw. 0N wN ww0. . . . . . . 1552>H55m vac wav> £262 owlw ww 0H. “0. ww 00. 0N. wH wH0. 0H0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..H.a5m vcocaoz w|0 N.“ wN. wH. ww v0. vw. wN vNc. 0v0. . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ..H.a5m x3324 wmlwH v.w NH. w0. m: 0H. wN. wH HHO. wH0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Hva5m vac 5.9.2.2 588m N.w 0H. “0. “w w0. HN. mH vH0. HNO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ava5m vac 56:34 825m 5.... wN. vH. m“ m0. wH. “H “N0. w“0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £55m vac 5.2.62 551W 5.... w0. 0w. 0NH vH. wv. mH vN0. “n0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 355m vac vmaov/H 25mm: §-m mw. §m¢ $7. ow. ~ . - . . ¢ . 1 . . - » - - » I - - . » . . 5°35 H.w 0v. 55. “HH 0H. Hv. wH vN0. mvo. I... . . . . . . . . .552 555m vac 3S2 $2.5m mtw wv. Nm. mNH “H. Nv. “N 0m0. 0w0. . . . . . . . . . . . . I552 355m vac vmaov/H 625m QQQQ ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..%N—O OwkO—\4 .ZQwQH~@ fimw... $3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\@NAU Uwkmv: -- - - . . . - - . ...... - - - - - . mn avvO H.w 55. NN. “w “N. 0N. NH HHO. NNO. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .552 >53 525A comnam 5.5 0N. 0N. vw 00. wm. wH NHO. 0N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 >53 5505A $9.5m “w wH. HN. 00 0H. “N. wN wH0. wv0. ..................~55o_>53 525A 5.5% H.“ 55. 0v. ww w0. wH. wH 0H0 “H0. . . .552 355m vac >av> m25cU 35A comma avvQ v.w 55. Nm. mw HH. wN. NH wH0. wv0. . . .552 355m vac hav> 822v 35A 522m “ w 55. mN. w“ 0H. NN. 0N wH0. Nv0. .. .552 355m vac 93> 825.6 35A $3.5m mw 0v. wN. w0H 0H. 0N. ww HNO. 0“0. . . .552 355m vac >Uv> @256 35A com aw nQvvQ v.“ ww. H mN. H “w HH. vN. wN vHo. wNo. . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 ~53 3:86 35A iomnam ww w0H vm. v“ wH. “w. vN 0N0. “v0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 >53 8:26 25A 85am “ . w “0. Nv. ““ vH . 55. 0N Hw0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 >53 $28.6 35A wN|0N w. “ vN. mm. H 0w mv. m“. mN wH0. mv0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 8226 35A Aavv .55 522:5 Aavv avm Aavv $5 52:25 Aavv ava £235 Ea wavv 8a v5: 5Q 558a 255m 5a d4 .mocnH Aavv 5Q cAavQ a235vMH 2225M 252cm cmvwom vEaAom 55H d4 mocm 55F avmoacZ we... 9134 A2v< v>$v< AvvaafiaoUlhcaaoU $255 co mcom co mvmfi5a553 o2“ m55wnvsvmsm . . . . . . . é5m2 53.553 05¢ w55msosvmsm . . . . . . . 5E2 >553 05¢ m55aavsvmsw . . . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >25 m55mnosvmsw . . . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >20 w55msvsvmnw . . . . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >25 Ecgfiwsvmsw . . I . . . . . . . . . 5E2 >20 m55msosvmzm . . . . . . . . 5E2 3.5mm 55¢ wEQvmEEO . . . . . . . . 5E2g€5wm QGG wuflfivwiwuQ . . . . . . . . 5E2 355mm o2“ w55now5E5O . . . . . . . . 5E2 35mm o5.“ m55Qww5E5O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55am 350250500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55mm ov5o2ooEoO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AXEw 0050200200 52 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION boo% fiQow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~%N~Q %voox wvnvnvm Qocw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ZWHNE 2252 32 32 wm m2 m2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m 2222 52222522222525 . ~ . . . . . . u n . - . . . . - - . . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . ~ . . . - . . . . .2252 32 32 wm m2 m2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z2252 22225.2 222.2 m22222vm252O 100W >902 2502 6N Nw M2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222mm 00222220022206 2252 32 32 2w m2 m2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m 2222 552292522200 rvoo@ H@N% 3C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .%v=Nw Un~€ QUEQXUQ@ZOO .IN|@ wvOow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~%N@U UQQQXUAZHTvO 2252 32 32 2H m2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22252 225m 2222 2229/ 22222072 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220m 32 32 2w 22m mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m @2222 25> m22522U 3252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tocw .:N% %uQQ@ - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>N@U WQTMNSU QXNQ .2252 .2252 32 . om. m2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2225o2 225m 222.2 2225M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . - ~ 2252 32 2252 2w m2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122252 225m @2222 52222252 2252 32 32 mm m2 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m 02222 22222022 2252 32 2252 2H on mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . Z2252 225m 222.2 m222522 . - . . . . . . - . . - . . a . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . - ~ . » - . . - 2252 32 32 wn m2 x2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122252 225m 2222 2222/ 52222 32 32 32 22w w . w2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122252 22225m 2222 c2250 25.25 32 32 wm m2 w2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m 2222 25> 5222554 32 32 32 2w 222 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 225m 222.2 52225224 too@ .~@N% >?o— . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .EWQ% xfiflénv flmtmnv< UOOW 3Q_ wuOOm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~AN_O fl2wvflpv< 2252022 255 522222 2252022 205 52/2204 u22o2222mo2222 22umo22272 v222222om 222cm u22o2222mo2222 52222224 204 254 222cm 2.24 5205 222 m222m2222 222 m22222222mmo22 222oU .2222222oU 225E 2o m22om 3522mm 2o mwm2225225 2o 22o2252o2222o2222ldm 2225B THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 53 loam. The soils of the Lake Charles series, which occupy large areas, are not acid, but neutral, and contain good amounts of lime. Pot EXPerimeIltS- The results of pot experiments on some samples of soil from Harris county are given in Table 21. Most of the samples respond to applications of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, as is shown by the increased weights of the crops grown with the complete fer- tilizer compared with the weight of the crop which did not remove nitrogen or phosphoric acid. For example, the sample of Acadia very fine sandy loam gave 41.7 grams of corn with complete fertilizer, and 22.7 grams when phosphoric acid was not supplied. The amount of phosphoric acid removed by the 22.7 grams of corn was equivalent to 33 bushels of corn per acre. Lower quantities of crop were produced in subsequent crops. A deficiency in crops also occurred when potash was the missing plant food on some of the soils, but many of the samples gave up enough potash for large crops. Potash may be deficient in these soils after they have been under cultivation. Fertililers- The analyses indicate that nitrogen and phosphoric acid in fertilizers are needed 011 many of the soils, for staple crops such as corn or cotton, and especially for truck crops. Potash also is needed on some of these types, such as Acadia clay loam, Hockley fine sandy loam, Ochlockonee fine sand, and Susquehanna fine sandy loam. After these soils have been in cultivation a few years, the need for fertilizer will be correspondingly increased. The use of superphosphate even on grazing land is advisable when the cattle chew bones or suffer from loin disease. Lime. Lime is not needed for soils of the Lake Charles series. The analyses indicate little need for lime for cotton or corn, on any of the soils. Applications of lime would be advisable on soils with a pH be- low 6, where alfalfa, clover, or peanuts are to be grown. Saline SIJOiS- Small spots due to alkali are of frequent occurrence on some of the soil types in this county. Some of the spots are due to causes other than alkali. Analyses of some of the salty spots are given in Table 22. The predominant salts are chlorides, but some sodium carbonate, a black alkali, is also present. Classification 0f Soils COaSt Prairie Regivll- Surface soil, dark-brown to black. Subsoil, dark-brown to blaek—deeper subsoil, ashy-gray, no limestone present. Lake Charles series. ‘Surface soiL-grayish-brown and ashy-gray. Subsoil, stiff and heavy of light ashy-gray or mottled ashy-gra_v' or pale-yiellow. Iron concre- tions present in subsoil in some areas. Acadia series. 54 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION . . mtom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2298 22m .82.22m22.m|.o5222.w|>_25n2.222 >522. 2.225220 2.52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QOAO Qmw JFHOQIQOG+~HHmI2§QGQOaQ (@230 mQTHNEO UXQQ o. mm. . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 2222. .8=22222oml352225|>2225no222 .522. 2.5225220 35A c. 2w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.20 2.2m .2222.2.|w5222.m|1>_2522o222 >520 2225220 @252 2.2.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 22m .8:22w22.w|2.25222511225222222 >52» 2225220 2.52 o. 2H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.5 22.2 .2222.2..I...5..22:m|>22522o222 >522. 2.22220 2.2.2.3 2.3 2.2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 2222. .2.....22|222.w22=w|852: >252. 2E 33H © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.HO Uhw... JHOawOO‘:Om@Dm||SflO@ ~mfiiflm ®HH@ 2 . 2. m6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2298 22m .2225:|=2.2..222.m|.85o2 >252 2E 33H 2mm 22.5. . . . . . . . . .2296 2m2..222o2..1222.m2:2.w|852.2 >252. 2E >23H n22 9mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2232. 2222. .2:2||2.o522:w|2252.2 >252. 2E >23H 9mm 5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 2.2m .222.3o2.|¢2.25.22:m||2252.2 >252. 2E >23H mrmm 22.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........222.22. 22m.222522|¢o5222.22|l2252.2>u25w 2E >23H 2.2m 22.22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 2w: .2222.2.|2.25.22:m||2252: >252. 2E >223H m . 2. Ywm . . . . . . . . .2296 22m .82.22m.2om|222.m222.w|852: >252. 2E >23H 22.2. 2.22m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295 22.2 .2222.2.|_22.m222.m|225o2 >252 2E 33H 2.222. 2.22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 22222 .2.22||2.2.22:m.l>2225222.222 .852 >252. 2E >23H wwm c.2222 . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 222w .8=22w22.m|2.5222.2T|>225222.222 .852: >252. 2E 35M 2.2m 221$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.8 2222 _222.22.@|@n5222.m|>22522o222 .852: >252. 2E 33H 22.2. w . mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 22E .2..52.228o2.|ou522=m||>_225no222 .852: >252. 2E >23H 2.5. m. E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.20 222m .2222.@I32.2225|>225222.222 .852: >252. 2E >23H m. m 22w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 22$ .8:22w22.m|3522:w||>222522o222 .852: >H.222.m 2E >23H w: 2 . m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.5 2.2m .2222.o|2.25222.m|>2222.222.222 .852: >252. 2E >23H 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 22m .82.22w2omlw5.22sml|>_25222.222 .2252: >252 2E >223H m. m2 N . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 22.2 .2222.Q|2.522:2.|>222E2.222 .2252: >25... 2E >23H w . 22. o. mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22 2222. .822|222.m222.2..|852: >252. 2E >2228HH @222 22. mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295 2.2m .222.....o2.|22o2..22m|225o: >252 2E >2::2.2.HH awn s. 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 22m ..E2\..:|222.2..222.m.lq5o_ >252. 2E >2222.HH mam 2...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2298 22.2 .222o2.|:om22:w|2252: >252 2E >222uoHH w .02. 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2296 2222. .2.22|2.2.222.m|2252: >252. 2E >2::2.2.HH e25 o. 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.5 H.222 _222.2.2o2.|@522:m|2252: >252. 2E >222ooHH 2.22m 2.222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 22w .E52T|25222.m|852.2 >252 2E >2223HH 9E. 2.2m .............. . . . . . . .... 1...... .2962: .2222.2.|u..5222.2.|225o2>2.25w 2E >222ooHH 2 . m 22.2w . . . . . . . 222.22. 2222. .82.22w22.m|222.m222.m|.>2252_2.222 .2252: >252. 2E >222 52232.2 NEH o. mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295 2.2m .2222.2.I|:2om2::m|>_252:o222 .2252: >252. 2E >22» 253.. m5 N222 . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .2296 22m .82222w22.m.|222.m2226|.>22522o222 .852: >252 5E >222 2532 2.22m 2.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . 222.22. 22.2 ..222.2.||222.2.222=2|>225222.222 .852: >252 2E >22; 522.532 . . . . . . can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229... 2222. .82.22w22.2..|2522=m|>225222.222 .2252: >2.252.,2.22E >22, 22.3.. . . . . m. 2m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2295 2.2m .2222.=|35.222.m|>_25222.222 .852: >252. 2E >222 522.32 . . . . . . . . o. w: . . . . . . . . . .2222. 22m .82.:w22.m||2.2.22:m|>2225222.222 .852: >25» 2E >225 5222.32 . . . . 2 . 22.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2225 22.2 .2222.2.l|@2.222.@|>2225222.222 .2252: >252. 2E >222 52252.22 225 222522.22 2.2.5 82.22.2222 232222.22: 22232.2 2220222220222 82.2.2222 22.2.2222? 22202222282222 22.2.2222? 2.2222826 22.2.2223 22223 2.822 22>.H. 2.25 222 22.222222 222 .22>>2.22.2222B 2.2.2 2225222 22. >Efi2wmo22 2222.0 2.2255 222 2222.22. 22.2285 .22 .25 >222:2.O $2.5m 22. 22222.2. 222. 2222.82.22.22. 22.21.22 225.2. 55 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS v-q <0 . . . .2020 222. .0022|0002200|8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .2202200|00022220|18002 >020 0022020 0202 . . .2020 202m .22202|00022220|8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . .2020 202 .22200||00022=0||8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 222 .00221r22002=0|>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 222. .802w200.l22002=0|>2202022 .8002 >20 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m ._2200|22002=0|>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8222w200|22002=0|>2202022 .8002 >20 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|22002:0|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . .2020 222. 8020200|00022220|>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .22200|00022220|>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 200m .8222w200|00022220|>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|00022220|>2202022 8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 22222 .802w2001|22002220|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 2222 .22200.l22002:0|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 22w .8222w2o0l22002220l>2202o22 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 22» .22200|22002:0|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 2220 .8222w200|22002220l>2202o22 r8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 222 ._2200|22002220|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 220 .8820200|22002=0|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .2020 202m .22200|220022.20|.>2202022 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8222w200|22002220l>2202o22 .8002 >020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|,22002:0|>2202022 .8002 >020 02.2020 0202 . .2020 220 .8222w200|00022220|>2202022 .8002 >20 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .22200|00022220|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 28m .802m200|0002220|>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . .2020 202 .222o0|0002220.l>2202022 .8002 >020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 20 202m .22202l22002220|>020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QmOhO nwww .22.~OOI$OQD5M|I>G2O QQTfiNSO 03.00% . . . . . . . .2020 202m .2202|00022:0|>020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QQMO Qmw .G.~OO’QON.T2UW'2AN2O WQTHNSO QMQQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.2O @QN »2..2H§5w.~nvm'ZOw§5m|||~md2O wmviflflo QMNQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|22002:0|>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8222w200|22002:0|>020 02202 0 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @020 8mm .Q.2OO||.ZOmQDmIP2m.N2O mwifififiw QMGQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .822w200|00022220|>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|0002200|>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 222. .822w200|2200220||>2202022 .>20 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .22200l22002=0||>2202022 .>20 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8222w200|22002220||>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|2200220|>2202022 .>20 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 222. .22200|00022220|>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .22200|00022220|.>2202022 .>020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8:2m200|00022:0||>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200|00022:0|>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202w .22200|22.002220.|>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202m .8222w200l\22002220|>2202022 .>020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2020 202 .22200||22002220|l>2202022 .>020 022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . . .2020 220 .8222w200|0022=0§>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . 12020 22m .22200|~00022:0|1>2202022 .>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . .2020 22.2. .82220200|00022220l>2202022..>020 0022020 0202 . . . . . . . . . .2020 22m .22200|00022220|>2202022 .>20 0022020 0202 ODO>U>IQ©CIOC>P< KD@W*@\QQO5CO OINOICQIOIOCQCQ 01v‘ COl\v-4'c=oo<~0m~ wanoocowm v-dv-uv-u-n-wqw SP<@U>@@U>COCOQFOO 000100090101mwnm0103mmfimmmmcwcqv-uwcomcovv-enramflflmmfifi 56 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION mm . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 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NA N. m mam . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 AEN ..£E2|l=cm2:m|EEoA EB m¢1E20 QEA ow mA 3A fa 5w 3w “i? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A58 “mA .Eou|=ow2:m|EEoA EB m2E20 SEA 2E 2932A AUBE 52:22 “$=A“._2 253cm 21222.22 52.122 “A6223 BAS22wo2~A “A6223 v22 S3 “A6223 22.5 wuEa ~98. 98E $2 2222252 2A 582E222; A63 “=22 .3 $52225 F80 3E5 E @295 “QB? @~Am~ @~Am~ @~AmN nmAm~ nmAmw v~Amw v~Amw ANA@~ mmAmm Nmficw -~¢N Ramon -2QN omfiom @N>¢~ wwmom @~“@~ Ammow ANNQN A~N¢m _-¢N .2 fig voA-AiacoUihaAAA-OU 2.22m 2o n23 no miofiwAflAww “PAILAN oAQdF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 57 Surface soil, brown. Subsoil, mottled brownish-red and yellow with iron concretions present. Morse series. Surface soil, light-gray faintly mottled with grayish-brown or dark-r gray. Subsoil, light-gray almost white, some with pale-yellow or gray- ish-yellow mottlings. Edna series. Surface soil, dark-brown finely mottled with dark-bluish-gray and light-brown. Subject to overflow from Gulf. Harris series. Table 22.—Composition of saline spots in soils of Harris County, parts per million Depth, Cale. Mag. Sod. Sod. Sod. Analysis Number inches Carb. Carb. Carb. Sulp. Chlor. 11283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0—10 128 336 19 119 148 11284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10—18 136 288 541 112 333 22110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0-1/4 48 90 48 97 314 22111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1/4-4 114 188 62 331 718 22112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-12 147 312 35 267 957 22113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-36 224 403 158 325 1023 30578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-12 111 61 . . . . . . . . . . 98 954 l Surface soil, light-brown or brown, with light-gray mottled with light-brown, yellow, yellowish-brown subsurface. Subsoil, clay of heavy clay mottled gray and yellow. lleddish-broyvn and yellow-brown con- cretions. Katy series. Surface soil, brown with yiellowish-brmvn or light-brown subsurface. Subsoil, mottled yellow and gray or ashy-gray' heavy clay. Hockley series. BOttOIH-lalld SOiIS- Surface soil, dark brown. Subsoil, light soil is calcareous. Bottom-land. Trinity‘ series. Surface, brown with light or yellowish-brown subsoils mottled with gray. Ochlockonee series. Surface soil, light-gray with pale-yellow’ subsoil occurring on river terraces. Kalmia series. Upland Soils of Interior Flat Woods. SuffaQe soil, gray or grayish- brown with red friable subsoil. Orangeburg series. Surface soil, light gray with yellow or pale-yellow friable subsoil. Low in lime occurring on flat land. Norfolk series. Surface soil, brownish-gray or brown with heavy dense clay subsoil mottled with red and yellow or red, yellow, and gray. Susquehanna series. . Surface soil, ashy-gray or gray. Subsoil and substratum heavy dense clay, light-gray with some pale-yellow or yellow mottling. Lime con- tent low. Lufkin series. Surface, brownish-gray or gray’. GrayYish-yellow or pale-yellow sub- surface and pale-yellow subsoil, lower portions mottled with gray and yiellow. Caddo series. 58 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Condensed Description 0f Soils of Harris County Acadia 01ay is an upland Coast Prairie soil with brownish-gray, ash-gray, or mottled clay surface, bluish-gray or light-gray stiff clay’ subsoil, is of small extent, occurring 0n flats. A0adia 01ay 10am is dark-gray clay loam or shallow very fine sandy loam, gray fine sandy clay loam, faintly mottled with yellow, gray, or dark-gray clay’, mottled with light-gray, underlain by tough gray 0r light-gray clay, in many places showing yellow mottling and here and there some red mottling in the- upper part of the subsoil. It is all forested. Little is under cultivation to corn, cotton, sorgo, and some truck crops. Aaadia fine Sandy 10am consists of brown loamy fine sand underlain by light-brown or pale jyellowish-broxvn loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, below which is a stiff gritty clay mottled with gray, yellow, bluish-gray, and yellow. The surface is nearly flat, drainage deficient. This is a forested soil of small extent, and little cultivated. Acadia Very fine Sandy 10am is a. light-gray or light-brownish-gray loamy very fine sand or very fine sandy loam with some mottlings of pale-yellow underlain by very light-gray or pale yellowish-gray very fine sandy loam, below which is the subsoil, which is a mottled yellow and light-gray compact impervious clay or a yellowish-brown tough clay. The surface is nearly flat; drainage is slow. It is a forested soil little cultivated. Cadd0 fine Sandy 10am is an upland soil with grayish-brown or brown- ish-gray loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam surface, underlain by pale- yellow or grayish-yellow fine sand or loamy fine sand, which grades into mottled gray and yellow friable fine sandy clay loam material, below which occurs gray or grayish-yellow gritty clay mottled with yellow and some red, and containing enough fine sand to render it fairly fria— ble. It occupies flat or gently undulating areas. It is a forested soil of small extent, and occurs in the extreme northern part of the county. Cleared areas are usually utilized for pasture. Edna very fine Sandy 10am is a Coast Prairie upland soil, with brown- ish—gray or ashy-gray very fine sandy loam surface, underlain by gray very fine sandy loam with yellowish-brown or pale-yellow and bluish- gray mottlings, below which is tough bluish-gray fine sandy clay mot- tled with yellowish-brown clay. Drainage is poor. The surface is flat or billowy, with numerous mounds and depressions. Practically none of the land is cultivated. HarriS 01ay is a Coast Prairie upland soil with a dark bluish-gray, dark-brown or black clay surface soil, underlain by a plastic and sticky dark bluish-gray clay. It is a marshy soil, salty in places and on the higher outer area of tidal marshes, sometimes subject to overflow by THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 59 wind-blown salt water. It is of slight extent. None of it is in culti- vation. Harris fine Sand is a grayish-brown or dark-brown fine sand under- lain by pale-yellow, pale brownish-yellow or brownish-gray fine sand or loamy fine sand. It lies between areas of tidal marsh and the higher prairie soils and is subject t0 overflow by wind-blown salt water from the Gulf. The surface is fiat, the drainage poor, and none is in cultivation. Heekley fine Sand is a Coast Prairie upland soil. The surface is a light-brown or grayish-brown loamy fine sand underlain by brownish- yellow fine sand, below which is pale-yellow fine sand‘, followed by a mottled yellow and gray tough clay containing reddish-brown ferrugi- nous concretions. The drainage is good or excessive. The area is small. Heekley fine Sandy 10am is a light-brown, brown, or dark-brown fine sandy loam underlain by light-brown or yellowish-brown fine sandy loam, which becomes heavier with depth. Below this is a yellow heavy fine sandy loam followed by a stiff pale-yellow clay. It is a prairie soil of considerable extent in the northwestern half of the county. The soil surface is fiat or gently undulating. Drainage is usually deficient. Corn, cotton, rice, and vegetables are grown. Kalfnia fine Sandy 10am is an interior Flat Woods terrace soil. The surface is a brownish-gray or grayish-brown fine sandy loam, underlain by yellowish or pale-yellow loamy fine sand, which grades into a friable ' yellow or pale-yellow, fine sandy clay loam. None of it is tilled. The surface varies from fiat to gently undulating, and drainage is usually good. - Kallnia Sand is a grayish-brown or gray loose medium sand, under- lain by loose yellow or pale-yellow‘ sand. It is a terrace soil of small extent. Drainage is good. None of it is in cultivation. Katy fine Sandy 10am is a rich-brown fine sandy loam grading into ‘yellowish-brown or pale-yellow and gray fine sandy loam, and under- lain by mottled bluish-gray and yellow plastic clay with reddish-yellow or red mottling. It is an extensive prairie soil. The surface is flat or billowy. The surface drainage is poor. About 10 per cent is under cultivation. Corn, cotton, potatoes, and sweet potatoes are grown. Vegetables do fairly well. Lake Charles elay is a prairie soil, with a dark ashy-gray or black clay surface soil changing into ashy-gray, bluish-gray, or dark-gray heavy clay, with brown or yellowish-brown mottlings. It is very sticky when wet, but crumbles when dry. It is an extensive and important soil occurring particularly in the southeastern half of the county. The principal crops are corn, cotton, and rice. 60 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Lake Charles 01ay 10am is a black non-effervescing fine sandy clay loam‘ merging into dark-gray or gray clay or fine sandy clay, which changes abruptly into light-gray’ or pale-yellow stiff clay with yellow or gray mottling. It is a prairie soil with a flat surface and of small area. The main cultivated crops are corn and cotton. Lake Charles fine Sandy 10am consists of gray or dark brownish-gray mellow friable fine sandy loam underlain by a light-gray or light-brown- ish-gray loam or clay loam, below which is an ashy-gray mellow friable clay loam material which passes into an ash-gray or whitish-gray friable clay, which contains an abundance of lime particles and concretions. Alkali spots are numerous. The drainage is usually poor. It is a prairie soil of small area and occurs chiefly in the central and north-central parts of the county. The main crops are corn, cotton, and sorgo, with some potatoes and other vegetables. Lake Charles Very fine Sandy 10am is a dark-brown loamy very fine sand or very fine sandy loam, underlain by brown sandy clay loam, which grades into brown or mottled brown and yellovzvisli-browui tough clay. lt occurs as level areas with poor drainage. It is a prairie soil, small in extent and of minor importance. Most of it is utilized for pasture and hay land. Lnfkin 01ay 10am is a light-gray or mottled white and gray clay loam, which grades into a11 ashy-gray’ clay with yellow mottling. It is of small extent, occurring in the northern part of the county. It is a forested soil, none of it being under cultivation. M0I'Se e1ay is a brown or (lark-brown stiff clay, underlain by rich~ brown sticky clay, below which is a plastic clay varying in color from bluish gray with mottlings of pale yellow, grayish-yellow, and some red, to yellow or yellow with gray mottlings. In a few places the surface soil is nearly black. It 1's a forested soil of very small extent. It occurs principally in the eastern part of the county. Practically none of this soil is tilled. MOYSe fine Sandy 10am is a brown or grayiish-broyrvn friable, mellow, loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, underlain by light brownish-gray or pale-yellow loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, below which is gritty clay loam, mottled with gray, yellow, and some rerl followed by a stiff plastic clay mottled with yellow, gray, and red. It occurs mainly on gentle slopes which border streams. The principal areas are in the northeastern part of the county. It is a forested soil, and pffiCtlCfilly none of it is under cultivation. M0I‘Se Very fine Sandy 10am consists of brown loamy very fine sand which grades into light-brown loamy very fine sand and then into yel- lowish-brown, pale-yellow, or grayrish-yellow loamy very fine sand, under— lain at a depth of 18 or 22 inches by stiff, plastic clay mottled red and THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 61 yellow’, With some gray. It occurs principally in the e-astern part of the county on slopes and on some nearly flat areas near the streams. It is of small extent, chiefly forested, and little cultivated. N0rf01k fine Sand is a grayish-brown fi11e sand overlying a pale-yrellow’ fine sand. It is forested. The surface varies from gently undulating to rolling and hillockyx It is confined entirely to the northern part of the county. None of it is in cultivation. 00111001<0ne0 61a)’ is a brown silty’ clay grading into lighter-brown silty clay with some bluish-gray mottling, the bluish-gray increasing with depth and dominating the color of the lower subsoil except for some yellowish-brown mottlings. This is a first-bottom land which is sub- ject to overflow, and occurs along many of the streams of the county. Drainage is usually- veryr poor. None of it is in cultivation, practically all of it being covered by forest. Ochlackonee fine Sand is brown fine sand, loamy in places and grading downward into yellowish-brown fine sand and below this into pale-yfellow loose fine sand. It is a first-bottom soil subject to frequent overflow. It occurs along the larger streams of the county. The surface is nearly flat to uneven with small mounds and low ridges with good drainage. None of it is farmed. 901110¢1<0n00 fine SandY10aln varies from a brown to dark-brown or grayish-brown fine sandy loam, which grades into brown clay loam with faint mottlings of rusty brown or yrellowrish-brown, below which is bluish- gray or ashy-grayr stiff plastic clay with some mottlings of rusty brown and pale-yellow’. It is a first-bottom soil, subject to frequent overflow, and occurs along the larger streams of the county. The drainage is fairly good when the soil is not inundated. It is an inextensive forested soil of low agricultural value, and none of it is farmed. 0¢11l0¢k0nee Sand on the surface, may be brown, yellowish-brown, or grayish-brown loose medium sand, usually carrying considerable fine sand, below which is a pale-yellow or pale-yellowish-brown incoherent sand. This is a first-bottom soil subject to overflow; is not in cultiva- tion, but forested. Qrangebnfg fine Sandy 10am is a grayish-brown loamy fine sand under- lain by brownish-red loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, below which is red, friable, fine sandy clay loam, below which is red, friable gritty clay. It occurs in the northern part of the county. The surface varies from sloping to undulating or gently rolling, with good drainage. This is a forested soil, with small areas in pasture or crop. Snaqllehanna clay 10am is a grayish-brown or brownish-gray clay loam, underlain by brownish-gray loam or clay usually faintly mottled with yellow, which grades into mottled bluish-gray, yellow and red clay followed by a stiff plastic clay mottled with red, yellow, and bluish-gray. 62 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION It occurs in the northern part of the county. It is a forested soil and . none of it is cultivated. Susquehanna fine Sandy 10am is a grayish-brown or light-brownish- .2 gray very fine sandy loam, grading into a very light-gray or pale-yellow e very fine sandy loam, usually mottled with pale-yellowish-brown and . underlain by a light-yellow clay loam material mottled with yellowish-- i brown and dark-gray, followed by a stiff, plastic clay mottled with red, yellow, brown, and gray. This is a forested soil of small area and none- of it is in cultivation. It occurs in the northern part of the county. The surface is flat, gently undulating, or sloping. Trinity Clay is a dark-brown or nearly black clay grading down- ward into a calcareous brown clay, below which is a stiff plastic dark- brown or black clay, usually calcareous. It is a first-bottom soil subject to overflow. It occurs along streams in the southeastern part of the- county. None of this type of soil is cultivated. SOILS OF REEVES COUNTY Eighteen types of soil Were mapped in Reeves county, divided into» eight series. The upland soils are grouped in the Reeves, Verhalen, and Ector series. The alluvial soils include the Balmorhea, Toyah, Arno,. Pecos, and Patrole series. The Reeves silty clay loam with the deep phase is the most extensive soil, occupying 33.2 per cent of the area. Next comes Reeves gravelly loam, 27.0 per cent; Verhalen clay, 12.1 per cent, and Verhalen gravelly loam, 6.9 per cent. The land used for cultivation is chiefly the Reeves silty clay loam, deep phase, Verhalen clay, Balmorhea clay, Toyah loam, Toyah silty clay loam, and Pecos silty clay loam. The other soils are chiefly used for grazing. The land in cultivation is irrigated. Alkali occurs in some soils where under- drainage is deficient or the ground water has been allowed to risc near the surface. It may become a serious problem where the irrigation is not accompanied by suitable underdrainage, or on heavy impervious» soils. Cfllnlwsitifln 0f $0ilS- The chemical composition of the soils of Reeves county is given in Table 23 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 24. The soils on an average are well supplied with phosphoric acid, are high in total and active potash, but are somewhat less well supplied with nitrogen. They are all well supplied with lime, and none of them are acid, but some are inclined to be alkaline in reaction. The analyses indicate- a probable need for nitrogen, especially for soils under irrigation and cultivated to truck crops. Alfalfa and other legumes would not need nitrogen, as they can take it from the air. Fertililers- Fertilizers will be needed for crops under irrigation, especially nitrogen for crops other than alfalfa or legumes, and phos- phoric acid with nitrogen for truck crops. No definite recommendation. ()3 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 0010 0.0 00.v2 00.0 002 0N. 00N 00 000. NNO. . . . . . . . . . . .2022xw 02222 >222x2 2202x2220> 010 0.0 0v.0 n2.n 200 0N. 2n.N 0n2 0v0. 0v0. . . . . .... . . .2022xw 0222.2 >222x2 2202x2220> 00102 N.0 . . . . 00.N . . . . 0v. 0N0 000. 200. . . . . . . . ..222xo2>x20>220>x.2m 2202x2220> 0210 N.n 00. 00. 2 000 00. 20.0 0n nv0. 0v0. . . . . . . .222x2 >x20 >220>x2w 2202x2220> 00102 2.n 0v. 2 vn.0 000 0n. 2n.0 00N 000. 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>x20 2202x2220> 002022220 2.n 00.N 00 . 2 0N0 v0.2 00N v0v 0n0. 0v0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>x»0 2202x2220> 00102 n.n 00.0 00.0 000 00. 0v.0 00v 002. 000. . . . . . . . . .222x2 >x20 222w 22x>orr 0210 N.n 02.0 20.2 000 0n. 0v.0 020 002. 002. . . . . . . ... .222x2 >x20 >222w 22x>o12. 00102 v.n n2 .n 00.n 0vn 00. 00N 00v 022. 000. . . . . . . . . . . .222x2 >022xw 0222.2 22x>o.2. 0210 0.n 00.02 0N.0 Nn0 00. vN.0 00 0N2. N00. ._.I........222xo2>202.2xw0222222x>o12. 001N2 0.n 0n .v N0.N 000 00. 00.0 200 0N2. 0v0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....222x2 22x>o12. N210 0.n 00.0 00.0 020 00. 00.0 000 022. N00. . M . . . . . . ............222xo222x>o12. 001vN ...... 00.0 00.v2 0n 0v. . . . . .... v0 0v0. 0N0. . . . . . . . 222x02 >x20 >222w w0>00M2 222.35 0.n 00.n 0n.02 22N v0. .2 N02 000. 000. ~..........Exo2 >x20 >022w 3.60m 00.022220 0.0 Nn.0 0v. 0 000 00. .N 2v0 0v2~ 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222x02 >x20 >022w @9203» 0010 0.n 02.0 N2.n 0 02. .2 002 000 n20. . . . . . . ..2022xww0>00.n2 0010 0.0 0v. 02 n0.n 0nN 02 . .2 002 0v0. 000. . . . . 222x02 >2022xw 0222.2 >220>x2m w0>00M2 010 n.n ....... n00 . . . . . . . .. 0N. .2 . . . . .. . . 0v0. 0v0. . . . . ..222xo2 >2022xw 0222.2 >220>x20 w0>00m2 2202225 2.0 00.02 n0.0N 002 0N. .2 00 n00. 0v0. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222x02 >220>x20 8.28m 0022220 0 .0 00.02 00. 02 0NN v0. .N 0n nn0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222x02 >220>x2w w0>00M2 0010 N.0 00.0 vN.0 n02 0v.. .2 222 v00. 200. .. ....222xo2 >2022xw 0222.2 $2.0m 010 v.0 n0. 0 0v.N NON 00. .2 002 2v0. 000. . . M . . . . . . .222xo2 >2022xw 02222 w0>00M2 0010 2.n 02.2 Nn.0 0 00. . 0v n20. 0N0. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022x220 032E 00100 0.n 00.02 n0.02 20N 00. 2 .N 002 002. 000. ... .... . . . . . .222xo2 >x20 >222w wo00n2 0010 0.n 00.n2 20. 22 00N 00. .N v0 0v2. 000. . . . m . . . . . . . . .222x2 >x20 >222w wo00n2 010 0.0 00.02 0v.0 v0N 0n. .N 0n2 0v2. N00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222x02 >x20 >222w wo00n2 001vN 0.n 00.02 nn.22 00N 02.2 .N 002 0n2. 0v0. . . . . . . . . . . . ..>x20wc00n2 vN10 0.n 00.02 00.N2 00N 00.2 .N 0n 0v2. 0n0. . ................>x20wo00n2 00102 0.n 00 .02 00. 22 000 v0. .N 20 002. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . 25x2 >x20 >222w 02o22xn2 0210 n . n 00 .v2 N2 . 22 20N 00. .2 00 N00. 020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222x02 >x20 >222w 02022202 010 0.n 0n.0N 20. v2 002 02. .2 202 . 0n0. v00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222x2 >x20 >222w 02o20xm2 $11G . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ......>N2O~€H22Q®¥NQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......2WN_OUQQOMNI~ ©ml1© . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....>%N—O wvQQ QMNJ 00102 v.0 00v 0v.0 000 v0. n0.N 00v 002 2v0. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>x20 x0222o2222xm2 0210 v.0 00.02 00.N2 00v 00. 0N.N Nv2 0n2. 00N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>x20 2x02285222 00102 0.n 00.02 0n. 22 00N 00. N0.N 20 002 . v00. W . . . . . . 222x02 >2022xw 02222 >20> 02224 0210 n.n 00.0 00v 0n N2. 00.2 vvN 0n0. v20. .._......Exo2 >2022xw 0222.2 >20> 022.24 0010 0.0 00.n2 v0.0 NNO N2.2 N0.N 002 002. 200. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>x20 c2224 010 N.0 0n.N 00.0 2nv 00.2 N02 00v 002. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..>x20 022.24 22200 222 222222.222 02200 .2022 22200 2022 222222222 22200 2022 w022022_. 2222 22200 .2022 022222 2022 222222 22wx2o22 .2022 .0x .8220 02200 2022 2222002 22o220x0r2 >2202wxm2 022223 22wx2o22 0222222ow 2x202. 0x 002222 2x292. 2200022272 20204 02004 20204 03204 .>22222oU w0>00r2 2o w22ow 2o w0w>2x224110N 0222x121 64 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION nwE woom voom m“: mv wfi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ficww 2E >552 cfiwinfw 95w 95m 96w m4» mm. M: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ammo h.“ o h 222m cw w .6 w. . . . . . . . _ _ = _ a > woom woow uoom wwm mm M2 _ j. Y... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......>m_o c2ma$> 36w woow woom 5m mw mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Ewo_>m_u~$:waw>oh. =9; voom woom mwfi ow mm . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . iiwoTnwcwwoccsmmok an“: woom uoom Em ow wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zane-smack. as 2.0m 23 s. a a ..... ..ea.;si._.m:>@@m a? 18m 8% a . Q. . . . w ................................................... . Tea :25 cw“: 96w woom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w“ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 zwcmm one hzozfim mo>oofl aw“: toow woom m2 mm mm .........................._....I...IIKT..Ewo_>=u>m~ww@>@or~ a: 23 Ea 5 Q 2 E... ...................... A . . . , . . . . . . .. . ..aa.._..%=s 0a.. “v2.5; fie as E. 3 § 2 A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 52s $2.0m fir: voom woom ma: mw wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QFE >20 >26 woowm ai 8% 8% a: 2 a . . . . . . Qsioam . - - . . .m€. . - . . . . . . . - ~ - ~ . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . I . . . . . - . . . - . .....~.ma . . . . ..H..A.=..w.LHHHH¥.nunpwfluLw... M.“ fiz woow 8% wwfi Q Ms. HmHmMUHHHKHHHHHHHHHHMHQHxmxum ............. ..>2§@_:oeam smfi b3 95w om om w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~cmo_ 35mm Qua K32, 0E4 @U°o% tonv@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .»AN@U C=H< nmmwon Eon v5: A2300 Eon o>$o< uionmwosa comobmz 223cm mznfiom oiosmmosn 3/304 v34 20¢. 033cm 30¢. 3am 3Q 20:25 C@ mQMZZQMmWOQ flhOmw ficnoU mo>ovfl Lo wmom wowinw .3 wowfimnm Mo ccfimwohiwuc~‘.wm QEmH THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 65 can be made in the zibsence of fertilizer experiments on which to base these recommendations. Lime is not needed. Alkali will occur on poorly drained soils under irrigation when the ground water is allowed to rise too near the surface. Classification of the Soil Series BOttOm-lflnd Sflils- Surface soils, chocolate-brown to chocolate-red in color. Subsoil, contains whitish gypsum. Arno series. . Surface soil, very dark-brown to black. Subsoil, brown to yellowish- brown. Balmorhea series. Surface soil, ashy-gray mottled with rusty brown. Subsoil, bluish to greenish-gray chalky material containing gypsum. Patrole series. Surface soil, (lark-brown to black. Subsoil, chocolate brown to choco- late red with gypsum. Pecos series. Surface soil, brown of mellow consistency. Subsoil, at 8 to 14 inches chocolate-brown, stiffer material. Toyah series. Upland 5038- Surface soil, brownish-gray to light-brown. Sub- soil, light-buff, pale-salmon, or whitish material of chalky consistency. Reeves series. ' ' Surface soil, chocolate to reddish or dull-red color underlaid at various depths by whitish to light-pinkish material of chalky consistence. Ver- halen series. Surface soil, brownish-gra_y' to whitish containing abundance of lime- stone fragments. Subsoil, cream-colored loam to light-buff-colored clay loam. Ector series. Condensed Description of Soil Types of Reeves County Arno clay is a chocolate-red to dark chocolate-red clay, which passes into salmon-(zolored fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, loamy fine sand or even fine sand. The soil is very plastic and sticky when wet, and cracks on (lrying. Alkali content is too high for production of crops. The surface is flat and subject to overflow and the drainage is poor. It is used exclusively for-pasture. Arno Very fine Sandy 103111- is light chocolate-red very fine sand or loamy very fine sand, overlying chocolate-red clay. It is found on flat to billowy or hummocky land in the Pecos River bottoms. The surface drainage is good, but the- underdrainage is deficient, owing to the im- pervious clay. Following irrigation the water table rises in places to within three and one-half or four feet from the surface. A small por- tion is under cultivation to cotton. r Ballnfirhea 61a)’ is black clay, rich in organic matter, underlain by greenish-yellow, yellowish-brown, or grayish, soft, chalky, calcareous material. The surface is flat but drainage is fair. The two areas in r66 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION the Balmorhea district are entirely in cultivation. The area south of Pecos is used for pasture. Eellel‘ gravelly 10am is light-brown or yellowish-brown gravelly loam or gravelly silty clay loam, grading into cream-colored t0 light-buff or light yellowish-brown gravelly silty clay loam. It is not extensive. The surface is smooth to steeply sloping. The drainage is good. It is used for pasture. Palifele Silly clay 10am is an ashy-gray silty clay loam, passing into light-gray silty clay loam mottled With yellow and rusty brown, below Which is chocolate-red, stiff clay. It occurs only in the Pecos {iver flood plain, and is used exclusively for pasture. It has a high alkali content. PeeOS elflY is a dark-gray or grayish-brown clay, Which dries to an ashy cast, underlain by chocolate-red clay. The soil is very sticky and plastic When Wet, but crumbles on drying. It occurs in the Pecos River bottoms. The surface is fiat and the drainage poor. It is used almost exclusively for pasture. Only patches are cultivated to cotton and alfalfa. PeeOS Silt)’ elflY loam is a dark-gray or grayish-brown silty clay loam, grading into dark-gray or olive-brown clay. The soil is sticky and plastic When Wet but crumbles on drying. It is not extensive, and occurs only in the Pecos River bottoms. The surface is fiat. Most of it is under cultivation to cotton and alfalfa. Reeves chalk is light cream-colored chalky material, composed largely of gypsum, With some hard layers or lenses. This soil is used entirely for pasture, but its value for this is loW. Reeves fine Sandy 10am is light-brown to light-buff fine sandy loam, often rather heavy, underlain by yellowish-brown to brownish-yellow, heavy fine sandy clay loam. It is not very extensive. The surface is mainly gently undulating, and the drainage is good. It is used exclu- sively for pasture. With irrigation, it is suited to vegetables, canta- loupes, Watermelons, and cotton. Reeves gravelly fine Sandy 10am is a light-brown to yellowish-brown gravelly fine sandy loam, underlain by a light yellowish-brown or light buff-colored gravelly fine sandy clay. It occurs only in isolated areas north and east of F our-Mile Draw, usually on slopes and Well-rounded ridges. The drainage is good, but the soil is retentive of moisture. It is used entirely for pasture land. Reeves gravelly loam is grayish-brown, light-brown, or yellowish- broWn gravelly loam, underlain by light-buff gravelly loam, Which passes into Whitish chalk of high gypsum content. The surface is strewn With THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 67 gravel 0r quartz and vari-colored pebbles. It is widely distributed and is utilized for pasture. Reeves Silt)’ e18)’ 10am is light-brown, brownish-gray, or faintly buff- colored silty clay loam, underlain by pink chalky material. It occu- pies extensive areas and is devoted to pasture. It is not a valuable agricultural soil. There is also a deep phase of this typ-e, which is used t0 a small extent for the production of corn, alfalfa, and cantaloupes. T0Y=1h fine Sandy 10am is brown fine sandy loam or loamy fine sand, grading into light-brown or yellowish-brown fine sandy loam, which passes into brown or yellowish-brown friable loam or clay loam. It is confined to the first-bottoms of streams chiefly along Toyah Creek. The surface is flat, with good to excessive drainage. About 20 per cent is cultivated to alfalfa and cotton. T0yah 10am is a brown mellow loam, passing into brown friable _loam or clay loam. It is a first-bottom or recent-alluvial soil. The surface is nearly fiat, but with good surface drainage. The underdrainage is also good; a gravel stratum occurs. Most of it is under cultivation. T0Ya11 Silt)’ e1aY10am is a dark-brown to brown silty clay loam, pass- ing into dark-brown or chocolate-brown silty clay loam or silty clay. The soil is friable and easy to cultivate, forming a good tilth. It is a first-bottom alluvial soil, widely distributed along all the creeks of the area. The surface is nearly flat, With good surface drainage and under- drainage. A large fraction is under cultivation. Vefhelen e183’ typically is chocolate-brown clay, which passes into a stiffer and more reddish or reddish-brown clay. The surface is nearly flat, but with good surface drainage. The underdrainage is good owing to a gravel substratum, except when the gravel has formed into a hard- pan. Some of this soil is farmed under irrigation to alfalfa, cotton, kafir and milo. Verhfllen graveny e1aY10am is of reddish-brown or chocolate-brown gravelly clay loam, passing into chocolate-brown or light-brownish-red clay loam to clay, containing considerable gravel. It is extensively developed adjacent to the Davis Mountains. It occurs on gently rolling ridges with good drainage. The soil is used only for pasture. Verha1en 1031M’ fine Sand is reddish-brown loamy fine sand, under- lain by brownish-red or chocolate brownish-red loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam. It is not extensive. The surface is gently sloping, and the drainage is good. It would probably produce fair yields of the general farm crops of this section under irrigation but at present it is used for pasture. SOILS OF ROCKWALL COUNTY Eight types of soil occur in Rockwall county, in five series. The upland prairie soils are classed in the Houston and Wilson series. The terrace 68 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION soils, chiefly in the northwest section of the county, are of the Bell and Lewisville series. The alluvial soils are grouped in the Trinity series. The Houston clay is the most extensive type, occupying 38.1 per cent of the area. The Houston black clay, 28.1 per cent; the Trinity clay, 18.0 per cent, and the Wilson clay loam, 7.9 per cent, are extensive soils in the order given. . COIHDOSitiOII 0f Sflils- The chemical analyses of the soil types is given in Table 25 and the interpretation of the analyses in Table 26. The corn possibility of the nitrogen varies from 18 to 38 bushels per acre; that of the active phosphoric acid from 18 to 50, and that of the active potash from '73 to 196. This indicates that both nitrogen and phosphoric acid are needed by some of these soil types, especially phosphoric acid in those of the Wilson series. None of the soils are acid, and some are high in lime. P06 EXDe/rimellts- Pot experiments on a number of samples are given in Table 27. Decided increases in growth of the crops due to nitrogen and phosphoric acid are to be observed with the surface soils of the Houston black clay sample No. 2107 3, and with nitrogen on the surface soil of Houston black clay No. 21075. Less marked responses to nitro- gen and phosphoric acid can be observed with some of the other surface soils. Fertilizers-i These results indicate that the Houston soils which do not produce well need applications of fertilizer and that the lack of response to fertilizers observed with these soils may be due to other . limiting conditions, such as moisture. The response to applications of potash is small or none, and the soils seem to be well supplied with potash. Lime. Applications of lime are not needed on these soils. Classification of Soil Types, ‘Bottom-land soils. Surface SOll, dark ashy-gray to black or dark- brown. Subsoil, black 0r nearly black and dark ashy-gray, heavy plastic clay. Soils calcareous. Trinity clay. Upland Soils- Surface soil, black or dark-bluish-gray. Subsoil, dark- bluish-gray to very dark-brown, both soil and subsoil are calcareous. Bell series. Surface soil, black to brown. Subsoil, dark-yellowish-brown to whitish- yellow calcareous clay. Houston series. Surface soil, brown to yellowish-brown. Subsoil, pale-yellowish-brown, highly calcareous. Lewisville series. Surface soil, black or dark-brown to grayish-brown. Subsoil, dark- bluish gray. Heavy plastic clay. Wilson series. 69 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS to°® h@@% 30% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ENQH Uga gomw@a UOOW $00M wvOOw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hing; %.N~O HHOmZ; hi: UOOW Mm. Wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QWGHQ HHOmZ; ¢oow wuoom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .%N@U >a@g@hr%; @Oo@ @O°w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>NHU m:@@>m@R/Qw% too@ @Qnvm AL. w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>mw@U gowwnaAvTi. UOOW UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QANLQ 3067M GO.~mHHO~% wvQQw QCQW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . .%N—O 52305 H500 05: 55305 E00 02004 55035050 50005: Z 033cm 033cm 0H5030m05Q 02004 30¢ H504 033cm E0< 0500 505 20553 5H mfifiznwmmom 5500 435500 zm>>x0orH H0 mzom 000H5m 00 m0m3w5m 00 50Sm0~05Q5005HI|.oN 030k wmlwH Hih 05H . . . . . . . . . oHH 00. m5. mm m2. 5N0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .5502 5.55am 2:0 502$? 0T5. :0 9w H i. 00H mm. Him. Hm 0N0. 80. . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 305mm 055 502$? h|o 0.0 00. 0m. 0f NH. :0. 0m R0. $0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 555mm 2:0 50m=>> 538m 0.0 Ho. H m0. 00 mm. mo. HH 0N0 m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 >20 .8553 835m >0 0m. 00. 5: 0m. HH H mm .35. 2:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 >20 502$? .625 0.0 00. H i... H 50H HNH. B. mH 0N0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SE0 50mg’? 835m w .0 00 . H 0.0. H 0E 00. “m. 0m $0. 25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SE0 502$? 18.55 Hi5 5s 5H . mH hNH Q. m0. 05 mHH. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SE0 >555 02053 Hi5 5.5. £5 0i 8.. N5. 02 HmH. mmH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I520 525th. 000 ms oH . Hm 00.05 0» mm. 0.0. H mH oNH. m8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20 050/5304 wlo 0.5. 00 . Hm 8.5 0.2 H0. ma. Hm 0E. NoH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520 0235304 wmlmH a8 oodH . . . . . . . .. 3N . . . . . . . .. Rm m. wvo. mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 500502 iomnzm 0s 00.05 00.2 0m N0. mm. mH 02. S0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $20 5350i 00fi5m m S 00.0 3.2 HmH 3. m0. 00 m3. 02. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SEO 500503 HH0m35m Hi5 0N6 05.0 s: 00. 0.0.. R0 m8. 0%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $040 x053 500503 022:5 Hi5 3.0 00.0 0R 0m. m? HINH 000. omH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4920 x003 500m50H|H 0mm 0K. 00:0 omiH 50 . 0m” E... Q: $0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I520 =05 wlo m h N00 mwH m? No . . . . . . . . 2.0 000. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SE0 =05 0500 $5 5055.5 0500 505 0500 500 505:5 0500 $5 m0505H HHQ 0500 .65 0.5: 500 58005 £205 $5 .00 .855 0500 :0 550G 50S0Q0MH hfiBmmmH 035H0m 5230a 033cm 130M. .00 .350 130m. .6080? E04 02004 E04 0>S0< HMQHHHHOQ zw>$H0omH *0 mmom m0 m0mh_m5¢.l.mfl O-QNEI 70 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Condensed Description of Soils of Rockwall County Bell day is a black, dark ashy-brown, or dark ashy-gray, calcareous clay, with a dark-bluish-gray heavy, calcareous clay subsoil. The sur- face soil is very plastic and waxy when wet, but When dry it crumbles. It occurs on a high terrace bordering the west county line. The drainage is good. It is an important soil. Practically all of it is under culti- vation. HOIIStOII bla¢l< clay is a very dark-brown .to black calcareous clay, underlain by very dark-brown or dark-bluish-gray to black calcareous clay. The surface soil when Wet is very sticky, and locally the type is called “black waxy land.” When dry, however, it crumbles into a fine‘ condition. It is the most extensive and important soil type in the county. It occurs chiefly in a belt averaging about four miles in width, running north and south across the east-central part of the county. The surface is undulating to very gently rolling. The drainage is good. Erosion is going on. Practically all of it is in cultivation; It is the most productive upland soil in the county. HQIIStOII day is an ashy-brown or dark ashy-brown to dark ashy- gray, calcareous clay, underlain by yellowish-broxvn calcareous clay. Be- low this is a light-yellowish-brown to pale-brownish-yellow or cream- colored, highly calcareous clay, which grades beneath into the parent material, a whitish to pale-bluish-gray marly clay. While this soil is a heavy clay and is very plastic when wet, it crumbles to a desirable tilth on drying. It occurs on slopes along streams and drainage ways and on narrow divides where the surface layer of black soil has been thinned by erosion. Most of it is under cultivation. Lewisville Clay is a brown, highly calcareous clay’, underlain by a pale- yellowish-brown highly calcareous clay, which in turn grades into a sub- stratum of pale-yellow marly clay. It is a terrace soil of small extent and of minor importance. ' Trinity 618$’ is a black or nearly black, calcareous clay, which in places extends to depths of three feet or more without change. It is a first-bottom soil. The principal area, averaging about two miles in width, extends across the county in a north and south direction in the valley of the East Fork of the Trinity River. This type is Productive and important. WilSOII 61a)’ is a dark ashy-brown to nearly black, stiff, heavy clay, underlain by dark-bluish-gray to almost black very stiff clay, which grades downward into lighter-colored clay, and passes into brownish- yellow highly calcareous clay. It occurs in the eastern part of the county in a narrow belt running north and south and bordering the eastern margin of the Houston black clay. It is slightly more compact, and does not crumble and crack to such an extent as the Houston soils, and THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS . .. ..............QOMQ EQOQBOTZOESTEMA: EEOGOmZB 3m x.~m . mém .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. ...........aoco Em Eoxxoolxmoficclflaoxcxaxo comm? 3x ximm 9mm . . . . . . . . . .85 xocm amaxlxmoficm|fl¢ox 33 comm? 8m xaom mmx. . . . . . . c2". fix écoolxxoficmlccnox 33 comm? 3m ximm 9mm . . . . . . . Axoco xxxx. asoxxkoolooaicmlflwox .33 comm? . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......QO.5 wvnm .GOwaOO|0Od.fx5TaNOx xndxo COmZg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QmOMO fiifl xadxlgxdwhfimladOx Edxo QOmZg xmm New 3mm xsm 5Q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....:co.xo xmx écooloowxccmlcfiox 3m. comm? x3 max. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v.3. . . . . . . . .38 5x. aaoxxkoolxxoficmlkxfio comm? 2x m3 . . . . . . . wéw . . . tnoxo Em éoxxoolxxomxxcmlzwxo comm? . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . ........QQ.~O QQQ cafl¥lzfigflmllxmdév COw$N$ mmx xmm max mm xdx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........no._o xmx icoofxxooxxcmlcwxo comm? 23 mam .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I x56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ......co.6 5v anoxxkoolooamccmlmwxo comm? m5 mmm ... . . . . . . . .. mmm . . . . . . . . . . . I... . . . . . . . . :38 xocm éotoolooaxccmlxmxo comm? .- . . . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . ...QO.~O @i® ~aNu%IUOG%HDQII~AN_O iOmxwa m; “.8. ximm N? 93 . . . . _ . . . . . doxo 3x écoofwommccmlzwmocomxx? Sm o? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xaxx. . . . . . . . . . . 4x95 fix. xmwoakoolxxomncmlixwxo 3E1 ,x. 3x mdm . .. .. . . .. 9mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.3.6 Em doxxoolxxoficclxwxo xmcxrx. ¢ % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O @-N .h@NM@IZOBZQI~AN_O mmx mmx Wm cmx xfihx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . .. . . . . 11.38 3x Exoo/xxommcmlxwxo zmcwrx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . . . . . . . KMOMO iNQQBOQIQONY~ZMII~ANTv . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O fihm J~OuQOQIOON$~DmI~flEQ mmm xmxm x3 m.“ mam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gxoco xocm Fxxwxloowmxcmlzwm. zmcmrx. wmw wflv ma; Enw w.mv ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amoxo umw Jhxoolwodxxxxmixmflxo kfixxih. n: Z: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxoco x3 awoxxkoolmxommcmlcwxo xoaxxx coxmcofl 2x mxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . x... xx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axoco Em coxxoolxmoficclznxo x33 coxmcom mm m .2 m.» mm m. S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9: mcm immxlmoupcmlamxo x33 coxmcoxx 3x mm ox. x.m xxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . co: xmx écoolxmofixcwlmxaxo x33 coemcom as 0.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xflmv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axoco x3 .D.NQQSOOIOON%MDM’»AN—O x23 coicoxx mg. m. xm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . m. R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4x98 Em Eoxuoolooficcmlcwxo xom3 coxmcom w . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .QO.~O fiiN _h@fiu@’UOfl._-=xm’%fl O XQNQQ flOamfiOm mom xxm 5mm mmx m. xm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Icoco xmx icoolwowxccmlmdxo x33 coficoxm m5 f: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . c2... fix. aaonkoolxxowncm|mxwi x33 coxmcomx xcx o. mx ... . . . . . . . . I max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 Em .co£oo|xmoBcm|>@xo x33 couwcoxx mm. xixx m6 xiw 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........:coco xocw cxxaxlxxoficmlxwxo x33 coxmcofl xw “.2 x4“. o. h m. xm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . no.8 xmx écoolxxomxxcmlzwxo x33 coficoxx x2. x2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x. mx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Axoco fix. iaoxxkoolowwxxcmlcwxo x33 coficoxx . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QHmOhO fiufi JMOQaO0LON.?=~WI~AN~O XONQQ §Q&m:nvm 3x ZN m. xx o. h mmmx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . no.6 xocm awaxlooumccmlcwxo x33 coxmcowx N . © . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RQOMO &m.w x§HOQ|.®O_w.V~5m‘%fl—O 3057* xmOumiOm Q2. 9% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mam . . . . . . . doc. fix. awoxxkoulxxomxxcmlixwxo x33 coficoxx 2N .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9% . . . . . Axoco Em éofioolxmoficmlcxwxo x233 .523 2a Q o mmm o? 3.... 3m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do; ocm éfixlmoficmlcwxo x33 coxmcoxx fim 3 mm w . am 2N f: x . mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doco xmx dcoolxmomncclcwxo x23 coficoxx m3 ...... . . . . ... N3 .......... ...... mmw . .. ... . . 13.5 Em .coxxoo||oo&.=5||3xo x23 coxwcowx mmm xxx 2 o2 m . on xflwx m? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . doco xocw nxmaxloonmxcm|mamo xow3 coxmcoxx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AMO-xu amw xflhOTbOdw-xfimlxmdxu vxqfifi iOumxxOm x33 xqfioc 2o.» comobxc xocmmxcom 333m oioxcmoxnx cowocmZ 26mm? omcoxmxmoxc mcoxm? oxomxxcoo xcoxxm? mm? Educ on»? v.83 con mxoxfifi cx dkacmxxx? 1.)): riliu n> 51225453 14)) 33cm cm mxxoco fixwmo? dz .35 '72 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION is more difiicult to plow. It has less power to hold water and is not able to resist drought as the Houston soils. Wilson day 10am is an ashy-brown to dark ashy-brown clay loam, underlain by dark-bluish-gray, stiff, non-calcareous clay, below which is yellowish-brown or cream-colored calcareous clay. It is very sticky when wet but crumbles if cultivated at the proper time. It is locally called “rawhide land.” It occurs in a belt, with an average width of about one mile, extending across the county north and south, along the eastern county line. The surface is gently undulating to undulating. The drain- age is good. It is not as productive as the Houston black clay. Wilsvn fine Sandy 10am is a brown, mellow, friable, non-calcareous fine sandy loam. The subsurface layer is a bluish-gray, stifi’, plastic, non-calcareous clay, which in places is mottled with brown. Below this is a bluish-gray, stiff, plastic, non-calcareous clay, without mottling. It is of a minor importance, occurring only in two small areas in the south- eastern part of the county. The surface is undulating to rolling, and the drainage is good. SOILS OF TARRANT COUNTY Thirty-one types of soil were mapped in Tarrant county, classed in 24 series. The Crawford, Durant, Denton, San Saba, and Wilson series occur in the Fort Worth prairie, while the Houston and Ellis series occur in the Black Prairie section. The Nimrod and Windthorst series include upland soils of the West Cross Timbers. The Kirvin, Tabor, Lufkin, and Norfolk series are upland soils of the East Cross Timbers. The terrace soils include the Lewisville, Bell, Irving, Simmons, Leaf, Kalmia, and Amite series. The Lewisville and Bell soils are calcareous. The bottom soils include the Frio, Trinity, Catalpa, and Ochlockonee series. The Denton clay _is the most extensive type, occupying 34.9 per cent of the county, Kirvin fine sandy loam occupies 14.4 per cent of the county, San Saba clay 7.2 per cent, Tabor fine sandy loam 6.5 per cent, Frio clay 5.7 per cent, and Houston black clay 5.0 per cent. (JOIIIDOSitiOn 0f SOiIS- The chemical analyses of the soils of Tarrant county are given in Table 28 and the interpretation ofthe analyses in Table 29. The Black Prairie soils ave-rage the highest in plant food. The alluvial, or first-bottom soils, come next, after which are those of the Fort Worth Prairie. The soils of the East Cross Timbers and of the West Cross Timbers are low in nitrogen, active phosphoric acid, and also in potash, although better supplied with potash than with the nitrogen or phosphoric acid. None of the soils or subsoils are acid. They are usually well supplied with lime and some are high in lime. Soil types particularly low in active phosphoric acid with a corn possibility of 6 to 18 bushels per acre, include the Amite fine sandy loam, Crawford clay, Durant clay loam, Durant fine sandy loam, Irving clay, Kalmia fine sandy loam, Leaf clay loam, Lewisville clay, Lufkin fine sandy loam, 73 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 063:0 H .8 Hm. H w8 wH. aw. w 000. wmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80:0 050/2302 80050 0 . 8 00.0 oH. H mHH 8H. o8. 0 00.0. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820 25/2301: wmlwH o.8 00.0 00. 00 Hm. 00. 0. wHo. 0.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 8:500 05c 000.: oml8 w . w 00. H 00. Ho ww. mw. w 000. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 8:500 05.0 :02: 81o o.8 8w.H 0.0. moH HH. 0.... wm 8Ho. 000. . . . . m . . . . . . . . . .502 8:500 2:0 .0002 £100 8.8 00.0 ow. H woH om. 88. w 50. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 80:0 .000: 063:0 0 . w wm. H mw. HNH 01... 3. H 0. 5.0. w8o. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502820 0001: 0005.0 m8 Ho. H 00. 0.2 om. Hw. 0 wwo. 8wo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 820 000A 00100 w.w w8. 00. ww ow. ww. w mwo. 0S. .500: 8:500 05.0 520M 53:0 w.w 2.. 0.0. 02 ow. aw. w wwo. 0E. .500: 8:500 05.0 55.5.! 000:5m o.8 00.. wH. N8 oH . E. 00 wmo. wmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 82000 05.0 520v: wmlmH o.8 ww. 2. wHH wm. 00. H 000. Hmo. ...........500:8H500 05.0 .2602 mHlo m8 w.w. mH. mm 8o. 00.. w 000. 20. T. IN . 1.5028250 020 25:0! wm|8 0 . 8 00. 00.. 00 S. 8:0. HH oHo. moo. M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H500 20:: 25:00,: 81o 8.8 88. 00.. 0.0 00o. 0.... 00. 000. wHo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H500 2:0 2510M wmlw v.8 8N.w 8m. mo 0m. Nw. m. Hmo. mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.820 m5>0H w|o H .8 00 .8 ow. woH 2. 00. HH 000. woH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820 05E; wmloH m8 oo.oH 3.2 wa 2.. oH.H wwH HHN. 0.00. fl..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..80:0 5000501 oH|o 00.8 08.0 HofiH 0.2 00. wH.H wmH mwH. HwH. ...._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . I820 5000501 wmloH 00.8 00.0 00.2 mw 2.. mo. 00 wwo. 0.00. .. . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .820 0:020 5000505 oH|o m8 mH . 0 00.0 000 8m. mo. H wwH moH. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . .820 0:020 5000503 0012 w.8 000. 00. ww om. om. H mH 000. 3.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 2W: 0T0 00.8 ww. ow. 8wH 00. 8N. H 00m 3.0. 0.00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 20h wmlw H .8 oH .0 00. wNH 0.0. ow. m... 8mo. mmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 8:500 05.0 20m: w|o m8 H8.w Q. w8H 00. m8. NNH Hoo. wwo. .... . . . . . . . . .500: 8:500 05.: 20h 200050. m8 00.0 ww. HH 00 ... . H8. H 0... 03. woH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180:0 20w: 000.:5m 0. 8 00.0 wo. HH 02 ww. S10 00 02. wmH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820 20w: wwlw H8 00.0 w8. moH 00. oH.H w 02. owo. ... . . . . .500: 8:500 02: 505m: wlo 0.0 wH.H 8m. 3H 00. 8w. 00H woH. woH. ..............500: 8:500 05.0 505m: wmlw w.8 00.0 ow. o8 00.. HH. H 0 omo. wwo. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 80:0 505m: w|o 0. 8 mH .H o8 00H 00. 8w. w w8o. .5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500: 80:0 505G 03.000 00.8 ww .w 00.2 mw 0%. HH. H 8 wmo. wwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .820 5050B 000:5m N8 00.0 mw8 03 Hm. wH.H 00 w8o. 000. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .80:0 5050C wmrw 0.8 HHw 2.0 wo 8m. mw. 8 000. Hwo. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .820 00003000 w|o w.w 00. 8w. 00 ww. ww. 0 $0. woH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820 0.0003000 wmlo m8 00. H ww. wwm 00. 00. H Hw 012. moH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820 020000 wmlom m8 00. H 00.0 woH 2.. wo.H ww wNH. Hwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280:0 5m omlw m8 00.0 NH .w ooH $0. mo. H 8w E0. mwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80:0 ::0mH w|o m8 8w.H 00.... 0E 8.. wo.H 000 000. 02. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80:0 =00 wmroH 8.w mH. wH. 80H 8.0. ww. 8 000. :0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 8:500 02H 00:54 oH|o H . 8 00. 00. 0.0 8H. 00m. o: mmo. wmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 82000 05.0 00:54 0500 00H: 522:5 500 .60 0500 02H 522:5 0500 02: 000:2: HHQ 0500 $0 05:: .000 500000 200000 .000: .00 02:0 0:00 .000 2000M: Q20000MH 80:200.»: 0:50:00 200000: 0:05:00 :000.H. .00 000:0 :00o.H. 000M827: H204 03004 H204 02.004 80.500 0:0.G0.H. 00 0:00 00 0008:204|.wm 0:00P 74 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 555 5.5 55. 55. 55 52. m5. m 520. 5S. . . . . . . . . .2502 22.255 5222 25202222225 wlo 2.2. om. 52. om 22 . 52.. o2 m2o. mmo. . . . . . . . . .2502 22.255 522.2 5.520.222.2225 25.5.2.5 m2. 2o.2 22.. m... mm. m2. 5 mmo. 5.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2502 2525 2052225 5552525 0.2. 2m. m5. 2222 52. mo. 2m 255. 55o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2502 2525 205223 555 2.2 55. 25. 552 mm. 5m. m2 5mo. mmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 2052225 ¢|o q.&~ ow. im- ca» . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . omlm2 m2. om.om 55 .o2 55 mm. m5. 2 2.5 om2. 550. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 22225.2. 555255 5.5 o2.m mo.m 5m2 25. mm. 2 m2 522. >55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 22222.22. wmlom 2.22 55. mm. 2m mm. 55. 2. 5mo. m5o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2502 22.255 5222 2025.2. 265255 2.5 m5 55H mm 2m. 55. 5 550. 25o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 22.255 5222 2025.2. 55522.5 0.... 5... m2 . 55 55. mm. 5m 2.55. 2mo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2252 22.255 52c 2025.2. om|m2 m2. 25 m >5 2 552 25. o2.2 5m 550. 2.55. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 5202222m m2|o 5.2 mm.m mm.2 5mm m5. 55. 2 om 55o. 2222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 520E222m 55:52 5s mmm 52.2 5m2 5... 52 . 2 om omo. mo2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 525w 25m m2|o 5.2. m5.m mm m 2om mm. 52 .2 m5 58. m52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2525 525m 25m 5515 5.2 mm. 2m. 2222 m2. mm. mm moo. 555. . . . . . . . .252 22.255 522.2 552052502256 55 5.5 o5. 22. om 2o. m5. 2m omo. 555. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.255 5222 522025072 55:5 5.5 5m. 50.. 2m 50. mm. 5 22o. m2o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.255 522 2.022272 wlo 2.5 om. m2. 22 50. o5. 52 m2o. 22o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.255 522 2.022272 55152 5s 5m. 5m. mm 52. 55. 2. 2mo. hmo. . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 22.255 5222 22222.2 o2lo 5.2. 55. mm. 25 55. 55. m 555. 555. . . . . . . . . . . . . .252 22.255 5222 22.2222 552522 222 2255 .2522 52222 2522 255.202 255202 25.2 .54 .5022 2255 .2522 2225C 222555.52 2225255m2 5222205 255202 5222205 25202. .54 502.52 2520.2. 25220222 Z 2.254 52254 2.254 5.22254 2.5222220221222200 22522512. .20 52205 20 55522524|wm 5225.2. THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 75 Nimrod fine sand, as well as others given in Table 29. Those low in total nitrogen, with a corn possibility of less than 23 bushels, include the Amite, Kalmia, Kirvin, and other soils shown in Table 29. Kalmia fine sand, Kalmia fine sandy loam, Nimrod fine sand, and Windthorst fine sandy loam are low in active potash. Pvt EXDerimeIltS- Pot experiments on some of the soils are given in Table 30. Increases in crops are shown by phosphoric acid on almost all the soils, including the Houston black clay. Responses to applications of nitrogen are also to be observed. Responses t0 potash do not occur, and the corn possibility of the potash removed is high. Fertilizer?» The analyses indicate the need for fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and in some cases, potash, on many of the soils of Tarrant county. While fertilizers cannot be recommended, at present, on the Black Prairie soils, they would probably produce good results on many of the other soils, as indicated by the interpretation of the analyses in Table 29. The need" of complete fertilizers for truck crops is especially indicated. Classification 0f the Soil Series Bottom-land $0ils- Surface soil, grayish-brown to brown or mostly black. Subsoil, grayish-brown and calcareous. Frio series. Surface soil, black or jet-black. Subsoil, black to bluish-gray and is calcareous. Trinity series. Surface soil, brown with lighter-brown calcareous subsoil. Catalpa series. Surface soils, light-brown to brown in color. Subsoil, light-brown- yellowish or grayish in color, not calcareous. Ochlockonee series. Upland Soils- Surface soil, grayish-brown to reddish color. Subsoil, brownish- red to red, calcareous. Amite series. Surface soil, black. Subsoil, black to bluish-black. Bell series. Surface soil, red to reddish-brown. Subsoil, stifi red clay. Calcareous in lower depths. Crawford series. - Surface soil, dark-brown to brown. Subsoil, brown. Denton series. Surface soil, dull-red to brownish-red. Subsoil, dull-red to red, con- taining varying amounts of iron concretions. Tarrant series. Surface soil, brown to black. Subsoil, calcareous, varying from black or brown to olive-colored. Houston series. Surface soil, dark ashy-gray. Subsoil, ashy-gray. Soils are not cal- careous. Irving series. Surface soil, grayish-brown. Subsoil, yellow or orange-yellow, Low in lime. Kalmia series. Surface soil, grayish-brown to reddish-brown. S-ubsoil, brownish-red to deep red and of a stiff texture. Kirvin series. Surface soil, grayish-brown to brown. Subsoil, plastic clay, generally mottled yellow red and gray. Leaf series. 76 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION .ZN% hwfl . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mum» am “wow. mm m. w ...................................... . aw...” .>.m.._mvwwwkwm_hwahwmw>» O0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hmm “mm Wsw w m Wm ............................................ . . . ..... . . Mmwww . .=N m; . . . . . 4 . . - - » . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \ . . “ma 2am. wow. m? Mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1a.... rimmsamwofiflwwww . @QO wvOQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~fiN_O NQWW “Sow b3 woom E wfl m; m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Emo~ 35mm 2E wwnoxooiuO W? QM“ fin Wm m w .mNYMHImHHuifiwmmnmwuumnwm“ ..... imweaaoroz “Mow a2 3% 8 w mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 mwwwwwwwawmwfiwm S fiflw UOOW © . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u u . . . .%N_D OZCIWIFQQ ©0.0m uiwk >>O~ Tw QN m; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .EGO_ ~n~uiflw wNvJ %voo@ mw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENQQ ~%N@U %NQA . @ M:w.# . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENQ@ ~%@QNW U=€ izr: .iflw* gal an: © mw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO@ \A@§fiw 05¢ woo Bo. B2 mm om w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UOOW paw.“ UOOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NMWCZNM an“: uoow uoow ww nw wv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hmfluw_..~.og%mmfi SW“: $00M UOOM min mv Mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ma? 3061a flOwmiOm EMMA UOOW UOOM fiw OM. wN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ENO~ O: flmwnmflmw fioow Ucow ww mv mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aims Evian 02G OU% . CO wuOO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . woom voom woom m» Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #52 35mm ocwfiumfiwfihvwgh doom Uoow doom mh w mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 18mg ha? UEFEQ Jwifi UOOM UOOM Mb QN wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qmfl Q GOQGQQ UOOW UOOW UOOM Om w Mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qmflfiu m0 36mm 100M UQOW UOOM mflw CV Mm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qmmflofimmw mwmU Awqn UOOM UOOM MK. mv wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . {Aw o~ QU mvOOm UOOW UOOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56A: ~nUQNw GEM“ .233 Eon 2:: .582“ 3am @234 Qiosmwonm .69.“: Z uEEQm @333 Qionmwona v>So< E04 w€< Bnfiow w€< 32w .6.» mqwsmsn E wofizfiimoa E00 ~A~GBOU 293k a0 mzom cesium wO womfimcm m0 GOSQQOuQMOwGMIHON 071W? 77 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS d9; Mo 2w?» 69a nvaafifiwm... wmfi w_ wm ~>~ ofi wv @@~ . wm @w wmm mm @@ ow vm mm wfifi mm Q“ mwfi @m mw _- vw fifl wmfi wm ww wwfi Q mw wwm fiv mh awn wfi fiv qwfi wm flu wmfi NH Qw mm” hv Mm ~@¢ @~ N» fimfi m_ fin How @ @~ @@ mm mm ~@_ mm QM * E3. smfiom oioaamoam cQmQEZ 0.5M “on Bangs AS. iwBdpfififik» woow 32m mo kflfimfiwmon F60 hv-IO KO v-l am QI"C\‘J®v—4OIO>¢-DIDCVDOI©CO\Q C!) v-i @:¢@z>> .633 mfifiw E macho gamma? mi 3a N4. 93 3N f” W2 Qdm 9» N2 .2 >4: Q3 NAN Q3 m.» ifi 2N m6 Tfi 9%.. 2N ~R§ m2 Q3 04mm 2 Yfi w; “Am Q3 w? Q3 vAm Yw 9E N? Q2 m3 Qw mien cwwobmc Qionnwonn Qzonfi? $22? Oikfifi\lC'ébQ$fiD@v-il\fifi@ifi\1@l\fl1lbv—iv—ifi‘ @%C\ICOO>©U§I\%UFCQYFU>QNv-4§DNQDI\\Q CQQICQCOv-ltfi) fi\lv—nc\lv-aq~l<.\lt\l0lv—ib\lcvt>v—<w_o spam gm . . . . . . . Q08 $3 .=Ho?|momnsm|l¢2o 3mm saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . n95 wan .B=nw.~om||oost:m|>w_e anaw saw ‘ . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Q96 wcm .E2~m~cm|momn=w|c~wo_ .85“ 2G 556w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O . . . . A63 a2 .a.~o=|:omn=m|n§o_ 35S 2E cw»: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . don. usm .E=nw~om|ooa%5m|8@o_ bxfim 2G 5?: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.8 a: .Eoolwo£.5m|8@o_ zwamw 2E swig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #96 wan .S:nw~omlAMoB:m|>£o x922 aapmsom . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - . . . . . O O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #98 cam énnfiomlooaismalma? “n33 555cm . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 a3 ékooLowtsmizww. x33 aofisofl . . . . . . . . . . . < . . . . . . . . . . < . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 p . . . . . . . . . A58 p3 dkoolzomnsm|zamv noaaoQ . . . . . . 4 4 . . . . . . . . . . .35 wan .8=Aw~ow|ou@t:m|>@€ 555G . . ‘ . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ...n¢¢. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , A86 wan .E=nm~om|zown:m|8ao_ macaw 2E v2.8a» . . . . . . . . . . . . . dob 82 .Eo¢|:omn=ml:8o_ >95“ 2E @284 . . . , . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . . . d9; wan .fisnm._owlwowv=_mli¢o_ 3E3 2G p525. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #96 v2 .Ec¢|vo£._=m|8¢o_ $52 2G 0x25 via: Rib mm~w_ mm~w_ Nmmwfi Nmmwfi _m~@_ Hmmwfi ¢m~w_ =m~wH >~Nw_ hwmwfi wmmmfi wwmwfi mmmwfi mmwwfi ¢m~w_ wmflwfi mflmwfi @-w_ wflmwfi wwmmfi QQQSOU Qcakhflw m0 26m i0 mQGQEiQQNQ 23d? 78 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Surface soil, brown to dark-brown. Subsoil, brown. Lewisville se-ries. Surface soil, gray to dark-gray. Subsoil, gray or mottled gray and yellow. Lufkin series. Surface soil, pale-yellow or yellowish-gray fine sand. Nimrod series. Surface soil, grayish-brown. Subsoil, yellow and friable. Norfolk series. Surface soil, black. Subsoil, black to dark-gray. San Saba series. Surfaec soil, black. Subsoil, black to bluish-gray or dark-gray. Sim- mons series. Surface soil, gray to brownish-gray. Subsoil, yellow or mottled gray and yellow plastic clay. Tabor series. Surface soil and subsoil vary from dark-gray to black. Non-calcareous. Wilson series. Surface soil, grayish-brown. Subsoil, red, usually stiff and often mot- tled with yellow in the lower part. Windthorst series. Condensed Description of Soils of Tarrant County Amite fine Sandy 10am is a brown to reddish-brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam; below which is a red to dull-red, friable, heavy, fine sandy loam to fine sandy clay. It occurs on the broad terraces along the bottoms of the West Fork of Trinity Rive-r. It is a very important type and the most of it is in cultivation to cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peanuts, sweet potatoes, watermelons, muskmelons, berries, and garden vegetables. * Bell clay is a black calcareous clay, which in place-s carries lime con- cretions on the surface and through the soil and subsoil. It occurs on the second bottoms of the West Fork of Trinity River and on the high terraces in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the county. The topography varies from nearly level to somewhat rolling. The drainage is good. It is fairly retentive of moisture, but crops suffer during ex- tended dry spells. When wet it is waxy, sticky, and plastic. This is a strong, productive soil used for cotton, corn, and sorghums. Cfltélpa day is a dark-brown to brown silty clay which may pass into a dark-brownish-gray to gray silty clay. It is developed in the first bottoms of streams issuing from the Black Prairie in the eastern part of the county. It is subject to overflow and not much of it is under cultivation. Cotton and corn are the chief crops. Crawford day is a reddish-brown to chocolate-brown clay, grading into brownish-red to reddish-brown stiff or moderately stiff clay. It occurs in small areas in the Grand Prairie section. The surface is gently rolling to rolling, and the drainage is good. It is inclined to be droughty. This is a productive soil. Cotton, wheat, kafir, milo, and feterita do well. THE CHEIVIICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 79 D0n1l0n 01a)’ is a calcareous dark-brown or brown to grayish-brown stiff clay, plastic and sticky When wet and friable when dry, below which is a brown or light-brown stiff clay that grade-s downward into yellowish- brown, brownish-yellow, or yellow stiff clay. The surface is gently sloping to gently rolling, and both the surface drainage and the internal drain- age are good. The area is large. The chief crops are cotton, corn, oats, and wheat. ' Durant 01a)’ 10am is a dull-red to brownish-red or reddish-brown clay loam or sandy clay loam, below which is a dull-red or brownish-red, stiff, heavy clay. It occurs chiefly along the western edge of the East Cross Timbers on the crests of ridges and hills and the slopes along streams, and is well drained. In dry years it is inclined to be droughty. Cotton, corn, wheat, and oats are grown. Durant fine Sandy 10am is reddish-brown to brown fine sandy loam, underlain by brownish-red to red clay, usually of stiff structure, with mottlings of yellow and yellowish-brown. It occurs mainly in the vicin~ ity of Crowley and Wheatland on flat to nearly level interstream areas. Drainage is poor in wet seasons. The area is small. Most of it is under cultivation to cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peanuts, watermelons, and musk- melons. ' E1118 ¢1aY is a greenish-brown to brown ‘clay, underlain by olive-col- ored heavy clay. It is very plastic when wet. Only a small area is found. The topography is rolling to hilly, making most of the land unsuited to cultivation, but suited for pasture. Fri0 01a)’ is a dark-brown, brown, or grayish-brown silty clay, pass- ing into a subsoil of brown, light-brown, or grayish-brown, stiff,.heavy silty clay. It occurs in the first bottoms of the larger streams in exten- sive areas. It is subject to overflow. Only a small proportion is under cultivation to cotton and corn. It is a strong, productive soil. FY10 fine Sandy 10am is a grayish-brown to brown fine sandy loam, which may be underlain by a subsoil that varies in texture from fine sandy loam to silty clay, normally of light-brown, yellowish-brown, brownish-gray, or gray color. It occurs in large bodies along the West - Fork of the Trinity River and most of the larger creeks of the area. It is a first-bottom soil, subject to overflow. The greater part of it is still unimproved. Cotton and corn are the chief crops. Fri0 10am is a dark-gray, dark-grayish-brown, or grayish-brown loam, below which is a grayish-brown to brown or gray clay loam or clay. It occupies first bottoms along the major streams of the “county, and is subject to overflow. About one-half of it is in cultivation to cotton and corn. H0llst0n b18011 01a? is a black calcareous clay, passing into black or very dark brown, stiff, plastic clay, and this, localljy, into dark yellowish- 80 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION brown calcareous clay. It occurs in the Black Prairie region east of Arlington and Mansfield and on the Grapevine Prairie. The topography varies from nearly level to undulating and slightly rolling. The surface drainage is good. It is an important soil and more than 90 per cent of it has been improved and is under cultivation. It is used for the pro- duction of corn, cotton, wheat, oats, Johnson grass hay, grain sorghum, and" broomcorn. HOIIStOn day is a dark-brown to brown, stiff clay, usually calcareous, below which is a brown to light-brown, heavy calcareous clay, which in turn generally grades into a yellowish-brown calcareous clay. It occurs on rolling country in the Black Prairie in small areas and on the Grape- vine Prairie. It is used for the same crops as the Houston black clay. Irving 01a)’ is a dark ashy-gray to black, stiff, silty clay, but gen- erally becomes ashy-gray or very dark-gray in the lower parts. It oo- cupies level areas on the terraces. The soil when wet is very plastic and sticky. The total area is not large. The principal crops are cotton, corn, wheat, and oats. Kalmia fine Sand is a light-brown, grayish-brown, or brown fine sand, only slightly loamy, grading into yellow or orange-yellow fine sand. It occurs on the terraces of the West Fork of Trinity River. Very little is under cultivation. It is used for peanuts, watermelons, and muskmelons, and for trucking. Kallnia fine Sandy 10am is brown to light-brown or grayish-brown fine sand to loamy fine sand or light fine sandy loam, grading into yellow, pale-yellow, or orange-yellow fine sand to light fine sandy loam, below which is yellow fine sandy clay. It occurs on the terraces of the West Fork of Trinity River. The surface is nearly level, but the drainage is good on account of the pervious character of the soil material. It is chiefly used for market gardening. All the more important vegetables are produced. Small fruits, chiefly dewberries and blackberries, are grown to some extent. Kifvin fine Sandy loam is a light reddish-brown to brown fine sand to fine sandy loam, passing into reddish-brown fine sand to fine sandy loam, and underlain at depths by red clay. It is the chief soil of the . East Cross Timbers. The surface is undulating to rolling and slightly hilly. The drainage is good to excessive. The greater part of the soil is under cultivation to corn and cotton, oats and wheat, potatoes and peanuts, watermelons, and muskmelons. Peaches and small fruits oc- cupy a considerable area. Leaf clay 108m is a light-brown to brown clay loam to sandy clay loam. In the better drained areas this passes into a subsoil consisting of red to dark-red stiff clay. This in turn grades into yellowish-brown, brown, or olive-brown, stifl’, heavy clay, which is rarely calcareous. In THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 81 the less Well drained areas the subsoil consists of a yellowish-brown or olive-brown heavy, stiff clay, which may be mottled in the upper part with gray 0r red. It occurs chiefly in the vicinity of Wheatland and Everman, on the terraces of Village Creek. The surface is mainly level. The drainage varies from fair to good. The greater part is under culti- vation to cotton and corn With some Wheat and oats. Leaf fine Sandy 10am is a grayish-brown to brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam, passing into light-brown or sometimes yellowish-brown fine sandy loam, below which is a mottled red and yellow or red, yellow, and gray, plastic, stiff, heavy clay. It occurs on the terraces of the West Fork of Trinity River and its tributaries, in positions varying from 15 to 50 feet or more above overflow. The drainage varies from good to excessive. Less than half of it is under cultivation, the rest being used for pasture. Cotton, corn, and peanuts are the leading crops. Lewisville elay is a dark-brown, fairly stiff clay, which grades into brown or dark-brown stiff clay, usually containing some cream-colored or whitish limy material. This passes into yellowish or cream-colored and whitish clay or chalky material. It occupies undulating areas on the high terraces in the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern parts of the county. The drainage is good and the soil is fairly retentive of moisture. Both soil and subsoil are very sticky and plastic when wet. Most of it is under cultivation to cotton and corn with some wheat, oats, and sorghums. Lllfkin fine Sandy 10am is brownish-gray to gray fine sandy loam to fine sand, usually passing into a gray or yellowish-gray loamy fine sand or fine sandy loam, and underlain by a subsoil of dark-gray, gray, yel- lowish-gray, or bluish-gray, stiff, heavy clay, which may be more or less mottled with yellowish-brown, yellow, and gray at lower depths. The subsoil when wet is very plastic and almost impervious to moisture. It occurs in small areas in the East Cross Timbers. It occupies poorly- drained flats and depressions and areas along small drainage ways. The underdrainage is restricted by the heavy subsoil. Only a small propor- tion is under cultivation, but the areas farmed give fairly good yields of cotton and corn. Nimrod fine sand is a grayish-brown fine sand of loose structure, un- derlain by a subsoil of light-gray to pale-yellow loose fine sand. It occurs in the West Cross Timbers in the northwestern part of the county. It occupies forested slopes and flats, and is generally well drained. Little of it is under cultivation, and the yields of crops are low. It is. best suited to peanuts, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, muskmelons, and water- melons. Norfolk fine sand is a grayish-brown fine sand passing into a subsoil of yellowish-brown fine sand. It occurs in the East Cross Timbers, and its are-a is not large. It is mostly covered with blackjack oak. ~ 82 BULLETIN NO. 430, TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Ochlockonee fine sandy loam includes a variety of first-bottom soils. The surface soil is chiefly a fine sandy loam, though ranging in texture from loamy fine sand to loam, and in color from gray to brown or dark- brown. It is a first-bottom soil, subject to overflow. It is chiefly in forest. San Saba oifly is a black calcareous clay, stiffer in the subsoil, and generally passing into a dark-gray or dark-brown, stiff, calcareous clay. The surface is flat, nearly level, and drainage is poor. It occurs on the Grand Prairie, in flat areas on the divides and depressions about the heads of and along small drainage ways. On account of its slow drain- age, the soil is necessarily late in spring. It is best suited to cotton and corn. Simmons clay is a very dark brown to black clay or silty clay grading into dark-brown, dark-gray, or dark-brownish-gray, heavy, stiff clay, which in turn passes into brownish-gray, gray, or olive-colored, heavy, rather tough clay. It occurs on the terraces of the West Fork of Trinity River; also on the terraces of the larger tributaries of that stream. The total area is not large. The surface is level or nearly level, and the drainage is imperfect. In the more poorly drained areas alkali spots are noticeable. The greater part of the type is under cultivation to cotton and corn, both of which do well. Tabor fine Sandy loam is a light-brown to brown or grayish-brown fine sand to fine sandy loam underlain by yellowish-brown to yellow or pale-yellow, stiff heavy clay loam to clay. It occurs in the East Cross Timbers on low slopes and flats adjacent to drainage ways. It is not as well drained as the Kirvin soils, nor as poorly drained as the Lufkin. It is one of the more extensive soils. Probably one-half of it is under cultivation to cotton, corn, oats, the sorghums, sweet potatoes, and peanuts. Trinity olay is a black calcareous clay. It occurs in the first bottoms of the West Fork of Trinity River and is subject to periodic overflow. Probably 40 per cent is under cultivation to cotton, corn, and alfalfa. Wilson oio-y is a black to ashy-black clay, which may pass into a bluish-black, olive-colored, or dark-bluish-gray heavy clay, stiff and plastic when wet and almost impervious to moisture. The surface is flat to nearly level, and drainage is poor during Wet seasons. Cotton and corn are the chief crops. Wilson oifly loam is an ashy-black or black heavy clay loam, underlain by black or ashy-black, stiff, heavy clay. The area is not large. The greater part is under cultivation to corn and cotton. The surface is flat to nearly level, and the drainage is imperfect. Windthorst fine Sandy loam is light-brown, grayish-brown, or reddish- brown loamy fine sand to fine sandy loam, passing into dull-red fine THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILS 83 sandy clay to clay loam, which becomes mottled with yellow in the lower subsoil, where the clay is usually plastic and rather tough. It is con- fined to the northwestern corner of the county. The surface varies from nearly level to rolling, and the drainage is good to excessive. The greater part of the type is in forest. Corn, cotton, peanuts, and sweet potatoes are grown with some watermelons and muskmelons. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Chemical analyses and other work involved in the preparation of this Bulletin have been taken part in by S. E. Asbury, E. C." Carlyle, J. F. Fudge, T. L. Ogier, W. H. Walker, and other members of the stafi. SUMMARY This Bulletin discusses the chemical composition and fertility of typi- cal soils of Cameron, Coleman, Dallas, Erath, Harris, Reeves, Bockwall, and Tarrant counties. Methods of maintenance of soil fertility are outlined, and an explana- tion of terms is given. Pot experiments were made on a number of the samples. Saline soils occur in some of the counties. The analyses were averaged in three groups: upland, second-bottom, and first-bottom, or alluvial soils. The forested upland soils are usually low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. They are a little better supplied with potash but contain less than the prairie soils. They are low in lime but are usually neutral and not acid, except in Harris county. ' The upland prairie soils are better supplied with plant food and with lime than are the forested soils. None are acid. The bottom or terrace soils are better supplied with plant food than the upland forested soils but not as well supplied _as the prairie soils. They are limestone soils and not acid.