TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN NO. 192 JUNE, 1916 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Soils of Grayson, Lee, MeLennan, Titus, and Tyler Counties POSTOFFICE .- COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS. _ AUSTIN, TEXAS: VON BOECKMANN-JONES 00., PRINTERS, 1916. [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] A252-7 1 6-1 5m .TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, BULLETIN NO. 192 JUNE, 1916 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY Soils of Grayson, Lee, McLennan, Titus, and Tyler Counties BY G. S. FRAPS,‘ PH. D. Chemist in Charge, State Chemist POSIDFFICE: COLLEGE STATION, BRAZOS COUNTY, TEXAS. AUSTIN, TEXAS: VON BOECKMANN-JONES 00., PRINTERS, 1916. W. B. BITZELL, A. M. D. C. L., President TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OFIHRECTORS L: O ill . AsTIN, . WILLIAMS, Paris..... . BATTLE, Marlin ....................... .. . . BREIHAM, Bartlett .................. .. . F. KUBENA, Fayetteville ............... .. Heme m“m~ ('1 €‘*€ > > U?! N I. GUIoN, President, Ballinger ...................... .. . HART, Vice-President, San Antonio ............. .. Bryan ................................................. .. .h4ILLER,JR“ AJnarn1o----"---IIIIIIII---IIIIIIL . DAVIDSON, Cuero ............................................ .. ..... ..Term expires 1919 .Term expires 1919 .Term expires 1919 .Term expires 1917 .Term expires 1917 .Term expires 1917 .... .. .Term expires 1921 .Term expires 1921 ........... ..Term expires 1921 MAIN STATION COMMITTEE L. J. HART, Chairman J. S. WILLIAMS W. A. MILLER, JR. GOVERNING BOARD, STATE SUBSTATIONS P. L. DowNs, President, Temple ........................ .. CHARLEs ROGAN, Vice-President, Austin .... .. W. P. HOBBY, Beaumont ..................... .. J. E. Booc-SccTT, Coleman ................ .. t STATION. .............................. .. ADMINISTRATION B. YOUNGBLOOD, M. S., Director A. B. CoNNER, B. S., Vice Director CHAS. A. FELKER, Chief Clerk A. S. WARE, Secretary DIVISION OF VETERINARY SCIENCE FRANcIs, D. V. S., Veterinarian in Charge " _ H. SCHMIDT, D. V. M., Veterinarian DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY _ _ G. S. FRAPs, Ph. D., Chemist in Charge; State Chemist _ R. H. RIDGELL, B. S., Assistant Chemist W. T. P. SPRoTr, B. S., Assistant Chemist H. LEBEsoN, M. S., Assistant Chemist DIVISION OF HORTICULTURE _ H. NEss, M. S., Horticulturist in Charge W. S. HOTCHKISS, Horticulturist DIVISION OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY J. C. BURNs, B. S., Animal Husbandman, Feeding Investigations J. M. JoNEs, A. M., Animal Husbandman, Breeding Investigations DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY _ _ F. B. PADDOCK, B. S. E., Entomologist In Charge; State Entomologist _ . K COURTNEY, B. S., Assistant Ento- mologist County Apiary Inspectors R. C. Abernathy, Ladonia; William Atch- ley, Mathis; J. W. E. Basham, Barstow; Victor Boeer, Jourdanton; T. W. Burle- son, Waxahachie; W. C. Collier, Goliad; E. W. Cothran, Roxton; G. F. Davidson, Pleasanton; John Donegan, Seguin; Geo. J. Elam, Marlin; A. R. Graham, Mi- lano; H. Grossenbacher, San Antonio; J. B. King, Batesville; N. G. LeGear, Waco; R. A. Little, Pearsall; H. L. Mo- field, Hondo; M. C. Stearns, Brady; _S. H. Stephens, Uvalde; M. B. Tally, V1c- toria; Jas. W. Traylor, Enloe; R._E. Watson, Heidenheimer; W. H. White, Greenville. DIVISION OF AGRONOMY . CoNNER, B. S., Agronomist in Charge A. H. LEIDIGH, B. S., Agronomist LOUIS WERMELSKIRCHEN, B. S., Agronomist DIVISION OF PLANT PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY , J. J_. TAUBENIIAUs, Ph. D., Plant Patholo- gist and Physiologist in Charge **DIVISION OF FARM MANAGEMENT REx E. WILLARD, M. S., Farm Manage- ment Expert in Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Term expires 1919 ........... ..Term expires 1917 ........... ..Term expires 1917 Term expires 1921 DIVISION OF POULTRY HUSBANDARY R. N. HARVEY, B. S., Poultryman in Charge DIVISION OF FORESTRY J. FosTER, M. F., Forester in Charge; State Forester DIVISION OF PLANT BREEDING _ E. P. HUMBERT, Ph. D., Plant Breeder 111' Charge DIVISION OF FEED CONTROL SERVICE JAMES SULLIVAN, Executive Secretary H. RooERs, Inspector . H. W001), Inspector . H. WoLTERs, Inspector . D. PEARcE, Inspector . M. WICKES, Inspector T. B. REEsE, Inspector SUBSTATION NO. 1: Beeville, Bee County E. . BINFORD, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO- 2: Troup, Smith County W. S. HOTCHKISS, Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 3: Angleton, County N. E. WINTERs, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 4: Coun f)’ H. H. LAUDE, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 5: Temple, Bell County D.dT . KILLOUGH, B. S., Acting Superinten- ent SUBSTATION NO. 6, Denton, Denton County V. L. CORY, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 7: Spur, Dickens County R. E. DICKSON, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 8: Lubbock, Lubbock County x _ R. E. KARPER, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 9, Pecos, Reeve County J. W. JAcKsoN, B. S., Superintendent SUBSTATION NO. 10: (Feeding and Breeding Substation), College Station, Brazos County T. M. REDDELL, Superintendent G. F. JORDAN, B. S., Scientific Assistant SUBSTATION NO. 11: Nacogdoches, Nacog- doches County _ G. T. McNEss, Superintendent **SUBSTATION NO. l2: Chillicothe, Harde- man County _ R. W. EDWARDS, B. S., SVPCTZHICIZIIBIII gwege Brazoria Beaumont, Jeflerson CLERICAL ASSISTANTS J . M. SCHAEDEL, Stenogra her DAISY LEE, Registration lerk W. CHRISTIAN, Stenographer ELIZABETH WALKER, Stenographer J . L. CQTTINGHAM, Stenographer *As of June 1, 1916. E. E. KILBoRN, Stenographer M. P. HoLLEMAN, R., Stenographer C. L. DURST, Mailing Clerk WILLIE JoHNsoN, Tao Clerk **In cooperation with United States Department of Agriculture. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5' Maintenance of Fertility . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 How to Use the Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ‘I’ Soils of Grayson County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '7 Description of Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Description of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13 Soils of Lee County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Description of Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Description of Samples . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Soils of McLennan County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2'7 Description of Types. . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Description of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 Soils of Titus County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Description of Types. . . l . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Description of Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 4-6 Soils of Tyler County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . é . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Description of Types . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1i?) Description of Samples . . . . . .4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5O Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 [Blank Page in Original Bulletin] Soils of Grayson, Lee, McLennan, Titus and Tyler Counties BY G. S. FRAPS, PH. D., CHEMIST IN CHARGE; STATE CHEMIST. This bulletin is the fifth of a series dealing with the chemical com- position of typical Texas soils. The preceding bulletins are Nos. 99, 125, 161, and 1'73. The samples were sent in by the soil survey agents of the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, with the exception of those for Lee and McLennan counties, which were collected by this station. ' Detailed reports of the surveys with maps showing the various soil types have been published by the Bureau of Soils, United States De- partment of Agriculture, from which the descriptions given in this bulletin are taken, as follows: Soil Survey of Grayson County, by Frank Bennet et al. Soil Survey of Lee County, by J. L. Burgess and W. S. Lyman. Soil Survey of the Waco, Area, by A. W. Mangun and Mr. Earl Carr (part of McLenn-an county). Soil Survey of Titus County, by Thomas B. Rice and E. B. Watson. Soil Survey of the Woodville Area, by J. E. Lapham and party (part of Tyler county). Bequests for copies of these surveys should be addressed to the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. MAINTENANCE OF FERTILITY. The following are the chief essentials to the maintenance of soil fertility : (1) Maintenance of vegetable matter and nitrogen by growing legumes and turning these under or grazing them off. - Correction of deficiency in phosphoric acid, ifneeded, by use of phosphates. (3) Correction for acidity, if present, by use of ground limestone or lime. (4) Correction for deficiency of potash, if needed, by use of potash fertilizers. . 1. l7egctable Zlfatter.—The maintenance of the supply of vegetable matter in the soil is essential to the fertility of most soils, though some soils produce Well for a long time without additions of vegetable matter, through liberal use of fertilizers. Vegetable matter may be supplied in farmyard manure, which is sufficient if the quantity available is enough, but barnyard manure is usually not at hand in large enough quantities. Legume crops, in such cases, should be grown in rotation 6 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. with other crops, and either turned under or grazed off. Turning under a heavy green crop may sour the land; if the crop is heavy, it is best to allow it to become nearly mature before turning it under. ‘The plant tissues are then harder, decay less rapidly, and are less likely to cause sourness. We are still more in favor of grazing off the crop, as in this case, some of its feeding value. is secured, while the droppings from the animal, together with the liquid excrement, contain the bulk of the plant food taken up by the crop. To make the crop into hay and save the manure from it is not such a good plan, as a large part ‘of the fertility is lost in this way; and when the legume is made into ‘hay, to be sold, the land gains practically nothing in fertility. While other crops than legumes add vegetable matter to the soil when plowed under or grazed oif, the legumes are the only plants that can utilize the free nitrogen of the air. On account of this fact legumes are chosen for the crop to be turned under or grazed off. The maintenance of the nitrogen supply of the soil is more impor- tant than the maintenance of the vegetable matter. The only practical "way to do this for farm crops is to secure the nitrogen from the air by growing legumes. Nitrogen costs too much for the planter to pur- chase enough of it to maintain the nitrogen content of the soil. The purchase of a small supplementary quantity may be profitable, but the main supply must come either from the soil, which then loses in fer- tility, or from the air by means of legumes. It is not our intention to go into the matter of the kind of legumes to grow, except to sa_y that corn grown in six-foot rows with cowpeas between, often produces as many bushels of corn the first year as corn grown in the usual way, and the second year, if the legumes are turned under or grazed off, it often produces eight to twelve bushels more. A cotton crop following the corn and cowpeas, likewise, is considerably ‘ larger. 2. Phosphoric i4c1'(Z.—-Soils are often deficient in phosphoric acid. The tlcficiencies of the soils discussed here will be shown later on. For discussion of the use of phosphates and other fertilizers; see Bulletin 167. 3. illciditg/r-Some soils contain organic or inorganic acids, and are acid in character. Certain crops do not groxv well in acid soils, espe- cially clover, alfalfa, barley, rye, etc. There are other crops, such as cowpeas and. watermelons, which do well on acid soils. Acidity may be corrected by adding lime, either as slaked lime, quicklime, or ground limestone rock. The last mentioned is usually the cheapest, and is preferable in other respects. The acidity or non-acidity of the soils is shown in connection with the-analyses.- Many of the soils of the area contain an abundance of lime, and do not need further additions, 4. P0tash.-Soils as a rule contain an abundance of potash to pro- duce good crops, though there is a variation in this respect. In gen- eral, potash is least often needed, and often needlessly used. The use of manure, the turning under of green crops, and the use of lime when needed, appear to assist the plants to secure potash from highly in- SorLs GRAYsoN, LEE, BRLENNAN, Trrus, TYLER COUNTIES. '7 soluble forms. The farmer should endeavor to secure the greatest benefit from his soil potash, before undertaking to purchase the fertilizer potash. ' HOW TO USE THE ANALYSES. Analyses of the soils are given in connection with the various types. The interpretation of the analyses and the pot experiments are also given. If the soil is Well supplied with plant food, but does not give good yields, its physical condition is poor, due to had cultivation, poor drain- age, inferior physical character, or other unfavorable physical conditions. If the soil is Well supplied with total plant food. but low in active plant food, attempts should be made to increase the activity of soil agencies which make plant food available. by means of addition of manure, of green crops, plowed under, or, if the soil is acid, by addi- tion of lime or ground limestone. If the crop yields are low and the plant food is deficient, the table shows the plant food that should he used first. Suppose, for example, a farmer on Durant fine sand of Grayson county is securing a yield of one-fourth bale cotton p-er acre, what fertilizer should be used? A The table shows that this soil is deficient in nitrogen and in phos- phoric acid. The farmer then should apply acid phosphate, for the purpose of furnishing phosphoric acid and cotton seed meal, for the purpose of furnishing nitrogen. These should increase the yields. But it would he still better for him to secure the nitrogen by growing legumes, and turning them under or grazing them off, and using acid phosphate to supply the phosphoric acid. ' If truck crops were to be grown on this soil, some potash would probably be needed. ' In the case of the Wilson clay loam, the analysis indicates the need of phosphoric acid first. With Wilson clay, also of Grayson county, nitrogen is needed first. Other analyses should be examined in the same way. For methods of interpretation of the analyses, see Bulletin 161. In considering the pot experiments one should compare the soil con- taining the complete fertilizer (KPN) with the soil that has had the particular plant food, K (potash), P (phosphoric acid) or N, (nitrogen). Thus the effect of nitrogen is seen by comparing KP, which receives no nitrogen, with KPN. which had nitrogen, phos- phoric acid and potash; the effect of phosphoric acid, bv comparing KN, which receives no phosphoric acid, with KPN, which had nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. SOILS OF GRAYSON COUNTY. Grayson county has an area of 1010 square miles. Its altitude varies from 520 to 900 feet above sea level. The greater portion of the county is gently rolling to rolling, but there are some rough, hilly areas in the northern and northeastern section, and also large areas of comparatively level country. A large portion of the soils of Grayson 8 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Smrrox. county consists of black prairie lands of high fertility. Table 1 shows the areas of the various soils mapped in this county by the Bureau of Soils. TABLE 1. SOIL SURVEY OF GRAYSON COUNTY. Areas of Different Soils. x Soil. Acres. Per cent. Houston black clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,088 21.2 Wilson clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100,864 15.6 Susquehanna fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,664 12.6 Durant fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,848 7.2 Durant loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A40 7 .0 Houston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,096? 6.8 Wilson clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,224 5.6 Trinity clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 , 176 5.3 Meadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ,736 4.5 Miller fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 688 4 .1 Houston loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,120 2.0 _ Grayson clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 560 1.6 Crawford stony clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,664 1.5 Houston clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,168 1.1 Wilson loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,720 1 .1 Rough stony land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,528 1.0 Susquehanna clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,696 0.9 Crawford clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 3,590 0.6 Durant fine sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,600 0.3 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 646,400 . . . . . . . . . . The soils of this area are, as a rule, Well supplied with total phos- phoric acid, though the samples of Durant fine sand, Houston clay loam, and Wilson clay, are low in this respect. The analyses indicate that a number of these soils should, however, respond to fertilization with acid phosphate, as they appear to be somewhat lOW in active phos- phoric acid. This is also shown in the pot experiments. The Durant fine sandy loam (2826) produces 16.5 grams corn without phosphoric acid (KN), 48.5 grams with phosphoric acid (KPN). The Houston clay loam (2944) produces good crops at first Without phosphoric acid, but the second crops of corn (1912) without phosphoric acid (KN) is 17.6 grams, compared with 58.1 grams with phosphoric acid (PKN), and the following crops show large differences. The same is seen to occur in a number of the other pot experiments. ' The soils are much better supplied with potash than either ph.os- phoric acid or nitrogen. The soils are, as a rule, better supplied with nitrogen than with active phosphoric acid, though this is not the case with all the soils. However, as is shown both by the analyses and the pot experiments, a number of these soils need nitrogen. Nitrogen is also rapidly lost under cultivation. Not any of the soil samples were found to be acid. We conclude that the great needs of this area for the maintenance of soil fertility are: first, legume rotation to maintain vegetable matter and nitrogen; second, use of acid phosphate to supply phosphoric acid. SorLs GRAYsoN, LEE, MGLENNAN, TITUS, TYLER COUNTIES. 9 DESCRIPTION OF GRAYSON COUNTY SOIL TYPES. Houston OZay.—The soil of the Houston clay varies from a brownish gray to an almost white clay with an average depth of 8 inches. The darker colored areas occupy shallow depressions and the more level places, while the color of the soil on the slopes is usually of a lighter shade and from a distance sometimes appears to- be almost pure white. Partially decomposed limestone fragments are scattered over the sur- face and are generally most numerous on the knolls and slopes. The subsoil of the Houston clay varies from a stiff brownish to a light gray clay, which becomes lighter as the depth increases, grading at from 20 to 30 inches into a white silty material composed of rather soft limestone. Below this, about 1 or 2 feet, is limestone hard enough to offer resistance to plant roots. . This type is a residual soil, and is rolling to rough and hilly in topography. The greater part of the type is found in the southeastern corner of the county along Cedar, Mill, Sister Grave, and other creeks. There are also areas in the southern and central parts of the county. The surface of the soil is frequently badly eroded and broken by ledges of out-cropping limestone. Owing to these conditions, a very small percentage of the soil is cultivated. When wet, the soil is very sticky, and bakes hard on drying. Where the topography is suitable, the soil gives good yields of corn, cotton, and oats. The productiveness of the soil varies widely in different areas, but on an average corn produces from 25 to 4O bushels, cotton from one-third to one-half bale, and oats from 35 to 50 bushels per acre. These soils are high in lime, and well supplied with plant food. They will probably need crop rotation and nitrogen first of all. Houston Black Olay.——'l‘he Houston black clay is composed of 10 to 15 inches of brownish black to jet black clay, resting on a subsoil very similar to the soil in texture and of dark gray color, frequently with a bluish tinge. The surface soil contains more organic matter than the subsoil and is less tenacious and impervious. Small lime concretions are mingled with both soil and subsoil, and a few frag- ments of limestone are occasionally found. This is one of the heaviest types in the county. It is sticky when wet and forms clods when plowed in this condition. These bake very hard and continued har- rowing is necessary to put the fields in condition. However, when properly cultivated, the soil breaks up into small granules and has the appearance of black gravel and sand, a good seed bed being secured with comparatively little trouble. Almost the entire area of the Houston black clay is adequately drained during years of normal rainfall. In topography the type varies from level to hill, the greater proportion being gently rolling. The hilly areas are found along the streams which flow in deep cut valleys, showing out-crops of the solid limestone. The soil is a residual one and is derived from the Austin chalk and Taylor marl formations. It is naturally rich in humus. Practically all this type is found east of a north and south line passing through 1O TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT SrArroN. Gunter and Soutlimayd, though there is one comparatively large area west of Gunter. Very little of it appears north of Sherman. It is found in large and uniform areas, the most conspicuous one extending south from Sherman through Howe and Van Alstyne and reaching the eastern limit of the county. Practically all of the Houston black clay is under cultivation and is regarded as one of the most productive types in the area. General‘ farm crops are suited to this type, and oats, cotton, corn and wheat are the principal crops. Cotton yields from one-fourth to three-fourths bale per acre, corn from 4O to 5O bushels, oats 40 to 60, and wheat 12 to 18 bushels. Many of the best farmers secure larger yields than those stated. This soil is well supplied with lime and with plant food. Its need will probably be crop rotation. Susquehanna CZay.--This soil consists of 4 inches or less of brown or reddish yellow fine sandy loam with a red to yellowish red sandy clay subsoil. This type is derived principally from the erosion of the Susquehanna fine sandy loam. The original timber growth was red oak, post oak, and lalackjack oak. The land is difficult to handle where the clay lies near the surface. If plowed too wet it bakes very hard, and requires some time to get it back again into proper condition. The greater proportion of this type occurs in one large area about three miles southeast of Denison. It is found on land which is from hilly to rolling with occasional level areas on top of the hills. The land does not produce well at present. It needs crop rotation, legumes, and probably phosphoric acid. Susquehanna Fine Sandy Loamw-This soil consists of 5 to 15 inches of gray or reddish brown fine sandy loam, resting on a reddish yellow to red sandy clay, containing some iron concretions. The depth of the soil is variable, being shallower on knolls and slopes. It is found on rolling to rough and hilly land. The drainage is good. The land has been badly damaged bv erosion. The largest body of this type occurs in the vicinity of Denison as a high broad ridge or broken ridges with a maximum width of five miles extending east and west. It also occurs in smaller spots in various portions of the county. Only a small por- tion of this soil is under cultivation. Where it is not too rolling or too badly eroded, it produces good yields of corn or cotton, but the average yields are 15 to 30 bushels of corn and about one-third bale cotton per acre. The soil responds well to fertilization. Orchards and small fruits and truck, such as cantaloupes, potatoes, and tomatoes, are grown to a certain extent on this land, and the soil also promises well as a peach soil. t This soil needs nitrogen, vegetable matter, crop rotation and phos- phoric acid. Wilson Clay L0am.-—The surface soil consists of about 10 inches of a dark brown clay loam, underlaid to a depth of 3O inches with a stiff tenacious clay, varying from yellow to dark yellow in color. Lime SorLs GRAYSON, LEE, iWIoLENNAN, TrTUs, TYLER CoUNTrEs. 11 nodules are found i11 the subsoil and occasionally on the surface. This type is somewhat similar to the Houston black clay, but is not as dark as the Houston black clay and is less productive. The type is most largely found in the central Western section of the county. The sur- face varies from rolling to almost level. Some of the more level areas are poorly drained during wet seasons. Corn yields 30 to 115 bushels, cotton one-third to one-half bale, and oats from 40 to 5O bushels per acre. The first need of this soil is legume rotation. Phosphates are also needed Wilson Clergy-The surface soil consists of 10 to 15 inches of very heavy clay, varying in color from a dull yellow to a dark brown or almost black. The subsoil is very similar to the soil in texture, but somewhat more tenacious. The soil is not uniform, as there are places where the fields appear to be striped alternately from yellow to dark, the stripes extending up and down the slope. This difference seems to be due to erosion and exposure of the yellow subsoil. Where the land has not been cultivated regularly the surface is frequently very uneven, owing to a succession of small depressions and knolls. Such land is known locally as hog wallow land. The darker colored phase of the soil is more fertile and more easily cultivated. The land is from rolling to level. The drainage under ordinary conditions is good, but in Wet years crops are badly damaged by excess of moisture, especially on the leval areas. The impervious subsoil permits little movement down through the soil. The greater proportion of the Wilson clay is found in one large body in the western part of the county. The area begins a little west of Southmayd and extends across the county line between Tioga and Gunter. It is about eighteen miles long and five miles wide. Corn produces 30 to 40 bushels, cotton one-third to one- half bale, oats from 35 to 55 bushels, and wheat from 12 to 15 bushels. The sample analyzed needs phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and rotation. Zlfiller Fine Sandy Loaim.—The surface soil consists of a loose fine sandy loam, 12 to 20 inches deep with an average depth of 15 inches. The color for the most part is gray to- reddish brown. The subsoil is similar in texture and structure but is lighter colored, and at the depth of about 30 inches a yellow sand is reached. The Miller fine sandy loam is a river deposit, and is not uniform in character. There are sometimes three terraces of this type of soil. The major portion of the type has good drainage, but there are some depressions where the soil is too wet for cultivation. These areas could be easily reclaimed by open ditches or by tile drains. The water table is generally found at the depth o-r 2 to 3 feet even in dry weather. It is a. result of deposits laid down by the Red River. The original timber growth consists principally of cottonwood, ash, pecan and elm. This is a very fertile soil, well adapted to corn but suited also to the other crops grown in this locality. Corn yields from 30 to 4O bushels per acre and cotton about one-half bale. This soil is also well adapted to truck crops, such as potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage, and cantaloupe. Alfalfa 12 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. produces 4 to 5 tons per acre. Peanuts do well. This soil is well sup- plied with plant food. It will need rotation, with legumes first of all. Gra-yson Clay Loq-mr-The surface soil consists of 8 to 10 inches of dark gray or brown loam with a. stiff yellow clay or silty clay subsoil, sometimes mottled in color. This type of soil is known locally as flat and covers an area resembling an old lake bed about nine miles long and one and one-half miles wide, extending north and south between Southmayd and Gunter. The soil is fiat and poorly drained, and most of it is uncultivated. The soil could be drained. The soil is well sup- plied with plant food. Durant Fine Sand.-—-The surface soil consists of 3 to 4 inches of light gray fine sand with a reddish gray or yellowish gray fine sandy subsoil to a depth of 30 to 36 inches. It is found principally around Collinsville. The soil is probably formed by wind action. It occurs in small spots in the Susquehanna sandy loam and the Durant fine sandy loam. The soil is drifted by the wind, does not hold water, and is for this reason unproductive. It is also low in phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Crawford OZay.—This is brown or chocolate colored clay soil 10 inches deep with a lighter colored stiff clay subsoil. It is found on slightly rolling to almost level areas. The drainage is good. Only a small area of this type is found about six miles southeast of Sherman. It is easily cultivated and produces well. Corn yields from 35 to 50 bushels, cotton one-half to three-fourths bale,- oats 40 to 50 bushels, and wheat from 12 to 20 bushels per acre. The soil is well supplied with plant food. It would perhaps respond to acid phosphate in a good season. Durfavnt L0am.—--This soil consists of 1O to- 15 inches of dark gray or grayish brown loam surface soil with a somewhat heavier subsoil passing by degrees into a. stiff brown or yellowish brown silty clay. It is found on areas that vary from almost level to slightly rolling. The drainage is good during an average year, but during wet seasons crops suffer to some extent from an excess of moisture on the level areas. A large area is found around Red Branch; other large areas are found in the vicinity of Whitesboro and Steedman. It is a productive soil, well adapted to- corn, cotton, and oats. Corn yields from 35 to 45 bushels per acre, cotton about one-half bale, and oats from 35 to 50 bushels. This soil is Well supplied with plant food. It will need crop rotation with legumes first. Durant Fine Sandy L0am'.-—The surface soil is a fine textured sandy loam of a dark gray color and about 8 to 15 inches deep. The surface soil varies from dull yellow to brown, and is a sticky clay containing some fine sand. Both the soil and subsoil vary in color. The surface ranges from level to gently rolling and the level areas are darker and have a deeper color than the rolling areas. The soil has a tendency to drift. Large areas are found in the Western part of the county north \ SorLs GRAYSON, LEE, MoLENNAN, Trrus, TYLER COUNTIES. 13 and south of Whitesboro. The soil is easily cultivated, and well adapted to corn, cotton, oats, and fruit. It is a fine peanut soil and also produces truck well, including sweet and Irish potatoes and canta- loupcs. Corn yields from 25 to 35 bushels, cotton about one-fourth bale, and peanuts from 35 to 50 bushels per acre. This soil is fairly well supplied with plant food. It will probably need nitrogen and legume rotation first of all. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES. 2834. Crawford clay: Brown or chocolate colored clay; 0"-8”; no rocks; taken five miles north of Howe. 2835. Subsoil to 2834: Chocolate colored, stiff clay; 8"-36". 2826. Durant fine sandy loam: Gray, fine sandy loam; 0"-18" depth; taken one and one-half miles southeast Whitesboro, Whitesboro Fruit Farm. 2827. Subsoil to 2826: Yellowish, mottled clay soil; 18"-36". 3355. Durant fine-sandy loam: O"-10”; W. A. Boaz’s farm,.three miles west of Whitesboro. Producesone-third bale cotton and 25 bushels corn; moderate. ~ 3356. Subsoil to 3355: 10"-22". y 2842. Durant fine sand: O”-4” ; three miles southeast of Denison; light gray; fine sand. 2843. Subsoil to 2842: 4”-36"; light gray, fine sand, slightly red~ dish tinge. 2822. Durant loam : 0"-10" ; one and one-half miles south of Whites- boro, Whitesboro Fruit Farm; gray loam, high per cent silt. 2823. Subsoil to 2832: 12”-36” ; yellowish mottled silty clay. 2946. Houston black clay: 0"-10" ; seven miles southeast of Sher- man; R. E. Fowler’s farm; heavy black clay. s 2947. Subsoil to 2946: 10"-36"; heavy black clay. 2840. Houston clay: 0”-8"; gray friable clay; seven miles southeast of Sherman. 2841. Subso-il to 2840: 8”-36"; yellowish clay, containing white spots. 2948. Houston clay: Q”-12"; gray friable clay; ten miles southeast of Sherman; Passel Head farm. 2944. Houston clay loam: O”-12"; brown clay loam; five miles southeast of Sherman; Wm. Leslie’s farm. 2945. ' Subsoil to 2944: 12"-36”; brown clay loam. 2836. Miller fine sandy loam: 0”-18"; grayish yellow sandy loam; one mileeast of Cedar Mills; Allen Gudyer’s place. 2837. Subsoil to 2836: Light reddish sandy clay; types get heavier as depth increases. 2838. Susquehanna clay: 0”-5"; reddish brown, heavy sandy loam; three and one-half miles southeast of Denison. ‘ 2839. Subsoil to 2838: 5"-36"; red sandy‘ clay. 2824. Susquehanna fine sandy loam: 0"-15"; brownish gray, fine sandy loam; one mile north of Whitesboro; Harper's estate. 14 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 2825. Subsoil t0 2824: 15”-36"’; red sandy clay. . 9335. Susquehanna fine sandy 10am: 0”-6" 3 fertility moderate and uniform; upland; five miles east of Denison; F. M. Glothlin’s farm. 9336. Subsoil to 9335: 6”-18”. 2828. Wilson clay: 0”-6”; land used as meadow; one-half mile southwest of Pottsboro; J. T. Bryanfs place. 2829. Subsoil to 2828: 5”-36". 2830. Wilson clay loam: 0”—10” ; one-half mile southeast of Potts- boro; J. T. BIyanTFs farm; land in corn. 2831. Subsoil to 2830': 10”-36”; 4 per cent. gravel. 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Qmw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........CQWO.~P@Z fifl- I %ov £0. £0. AI-O. flo¢ #6. £0; . - - . . - ~ . . u ~ - . - . - - . | - . - - - - . » - - - . . . . . . - . n n 9:03am $3 3mm N»? 5mm wfim mamm flaw wmmm 2mm zownsw oowisw zomnsw wuwfisw momnsm oowizw wuflisw mownsm oominw . Arefifiznv >30 .2504 39/30 Ahmed .ENO1~ 680A ooww? mt/FQ. 35mm warm 35mm aim zwcww vim mccwnwsvwsw .8252 .652 JFHZDOO Zi~o.ZU@U< N: 8 . . . . . . .. o2 t: NE 5N m: 2:... N2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . .....%N€m Q53 Q mw . . . . . . . . m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QTmOgfiwQfiQ Q>fiwQ< MQQ 3.5% 34 NN. N“: mm. ON. NN. S. _N. be 8; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............2=Eo2 $N S. NYN NON NN. NN; S. £4 “Na EN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........6E=E=¢wmoq mNNw NTNN 21% g2 ma? 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NEN wvmm NNNN QNN NQNN NmNN wmmN NNNN QNN NEN fiowssm oumfism fiOmfiiw oomtsw ZOMSDW ouwfzm ZOwQDZ OUSwpST‘ mcwnsw UOEYIJM AimOQ ACNOQ 6.5m warm finmw 05h 530A %fiiflw USMVQ wwsmw 057mm vZOwpOz vzoioz hwmmw 2th 59.52 50:02 E65 MMHZDOO wne~a|mqzvm m0 lQmaimOhgOO .2 MERE. TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. @ a @ Aw aw a Aw . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . mm; wow n3 wnm om; m: wmfi u: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153cm u>fio< mm C. 5 wm. mm wm wfi. mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eu< uiosnwosm o>$u< dozmwa Sm 3.8m 2M. Emu mwtm Qflm Dim mm. on. om. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..35£o§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . co WWQQ gm» 3.2% mfmw 84K 54% 34a 2&5 2.8 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..SEm 223cm Ea QEEoEC wmbfi fimd wfia wnd mod wwfl 09m $4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lnoé .3 QExO vim wfifisz w»... ma». mw. ma. 3». m7 mo. no. . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. mmwwcwwva m4. a. 3. 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